Hydrochlorothiazide. Medical search

A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.

Agents that inhibit SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS. They act as DIURETICS. Excess use is associated with HYPOKALEMIA.

Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.

Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.

A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.

A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. Included are ANGIOTENSIN II analogs such as SARALASIN and biphenylimidazoles such as LOSARTAN. Some are used as ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS.

A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.

A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.

An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

Compounds with a BENZENE fused to IMIDAZOLES.

A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.

A family of fused-ring hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar that act as intermediates in various chemical reactions and are used in the production of coumarone-indene resins.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

A subclass of symporters found in KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL that are the major pathway for salt resorption. Inhibition of these symporters by BENZOTHIADIAZINES is the basis of action of some DIURETICS.

Solid dosage forms, of varying weight, size, and shape, which may be molded or compressed, and which contain a medicinal substance in pure or diluted form. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.

A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.

One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.

An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.

Heterocyclic compounds with SULFUR and NITROGEN in the ring. This term commonly refers to the BENZOTHIADIAZINES that inhibit SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS and are used as DIURETICS.

A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810)

Method in which repeated blood pressure readings are made while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It allows quantitative analysis of the high blood pressure load over time, can help distinguish between types of HYPERTENSION, and can assess the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy.

Derivatives of BENZOIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxybenzene structure.

A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.

A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.

One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.

Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.

A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827)

A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19.

A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705)

Na-Cl cotransporter in the convoluted segments of the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULE. It mediates active reabsorption of sodium and chloride and is inhibited by THIAZIDE DIURETICS.

A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.

Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

Gout suppressants that act directly on the renal tubule to increase the excretion of uric acid, thus reducing its concentrations in plasma.

An increase in the excretion of URINE. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).

A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

A method in which either the observer(s) or the subject(s) is kept ignorant of the group to which the subjects are assigned.

A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.

Compounds based on fumaric acid.

A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.

A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.

A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.

Low-dose combination therapy as first-line hypertension treatment for blacks and nonblacks. (1/504)

To assess the efficacy and safety of bisoprolol/6.25-mg hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), amlodipine, and enalapril in black and nonblack patients, data from two comparative studies were pooled and subgroup analyses performed. Both studies had similar designs and included all three active treatments. The second study also included a placebo group. Subjects (n = 541) with a sitting diastolic blood pressure of 95-114 mmHg were titrated to achieve a diastolic blood pressure < or = 90 mmHg. The studies included 114 blacks and 427 nonblacks. Results of an intention-to-treat analysis of mean change from baseline after 12 weeks of treatment showed the following: 1) blood pressure was significantly lowered by all three active drugs compared with baseline or placebo; 2) in blacks, bisoprolol/6.25-mg HCTZ resulted in significantly greater reductions of systolic and diastolic blood pressure than enalapril or placebo, but was not significantly different from amlodipine; 3) in nonblacks, bisoprolol/6.25-mg HCTZ resulted in significantly greater reduction of diastolic blood pressure than amlodipine, enalapril, or placebo. The placebo-corrected change in blood pressure was greater for blacks than whites on the bisoprolol/6.25-mg HCTZ combination, but this was not statistically significant. Bisoprolol/6.25-mg HCTZ controlled diastolic blood pressure to < or = 90 mmHg in significantly more patients than enalapril or placebo in blacks and nonblacks. The difference in control rates was not significant versus amlodipine. The incidence of drug-related adverse events was similar between treatments; however, bisoprolol/6.25-mg HCTZ had a lower discontinuation rate due to lack of blood pressure control or adverse experiences in both blacks and nonblacks. (+info)

Drug-induced hyponatraemia in psychogenic polydipsia. (2/504)

Two patients with psychogenic polydipsia developed hyponatraemia, one in association with administration of hydrochlorothiazide and the other with that of tolbutamide. It is suggested that the increased fluid intake in such patients may make them more susceptible to the development of hyponatraemia from thiazide or sulphonylurea compounds. (+info)

Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase accounts for the direct vascular effects of hydrochlorothiazide. (3/504)

Hydrochlorothiazide has been shown to exert direct vasodilator effects by activation of calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channels in human and guinea pig isolated resistance arteries. Since hydrochlorothiazide binds to and inhibits the enzyme carbonic anhydrase and because KCa channel activation is pH sensitive, we investigated the role of intracellular and extracellular carbonic anhydrase in the vascular effects of thiazide diuretics. Small arteries were isolated from guinea pig mesentery and studied by use of a microvascular myograph technique. In some experiments, tone and intracellular pH (pHi) were measured simultaneously with 2', 7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)'-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF-AM). Bendroflumethiazide, a thiazide diuretic with minimal inhibitory effects on carbonic anhydrase, had little effect on noradrenaline-induced tone (16+/-8% relaxation) compared with hydrochlorothiazide (74+/-12% relaxation). In contrast to hydrochlorothiazide, the action of bendroflumethiazide was unaffected by 100 nmol/L charybdotoxin, a selective blocker of KCa channels. All inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase relaxed noradrenaline-induced tone in a concentration-dependent manner, and this effect was blocked by charybdotoxin. Hydrochlorothiazide and the inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase failed to relax tone induced by a depolarizing potassium solution. Acetazolamide and hydrochlorothiazide increased pHi by 0.27+/-0.07 and 0.21+/-0.04, respectively, whereas bendroflumethiazide had a much smaller effect: 0.06+/-0.03. The rise in pHi induced by any agent was not inhibited by charybdotoxin. The vasorelaxant effect of hydrochlorothiazide is shared by other inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase. Inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase, but not bendroflumethiazide, cause intracellular alkalinization, which is associated with KCa channel opening. These data suggest that the vasodilator effect of thiazide diuretics results primarily from inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell carbonic anhydrase, which results in a rise in pHI, leading to KCa channel activation and vasorelaxation. (+info)

Treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride. (4/504)

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is characterised by the inability of the kidney to concentrate urine in response to arginine vasopressin. The consequences are severe polyuria and polydipsia, often associated with hypertonic dehydration. Intracerebral calcification, seizures, psychosomatic retardation, hydronephrosis, and hydroureters are its sequelae. In this study, four children with NDI were treated with 3 mg/kg/day hydrochlorothiazide and 0.3 mg/kg/day amiloride orally three times a day for up to five years. While undergoing treatment, none of the patients had signs of dehydration or electrolyte imbalance, all showed normal body growth, and there was no evidence of cerebral calcification or seizures. All but one had normal psychomotor development and normal sonography of the urinary tract. However, normal fluid balance was not attainable (fluid intake, 3.8-7.7 l/m2/day; urine output, 2.2-7.4 l/m2/day). The treatment was well tolerated and no side effects could be detected. Prolonged treatment with hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride appears to be more effective and better tolerated than just hydrochlorothiazide. Its efficacy appears to be similar to that of hydrochlorothiazide/indomethacin but without their severe side effects. (+info)

Regulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 by diuretics and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis. (5/504)

In the kidney and colon 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2) inactivates cortisol to cortisone, thereby protecting the non-selective mineralocorticoid receptor from cortisol. Deficiency of 11beta-HSD2 results in cortisol-mediated sodium retention and hypertension, suggesting that the physiological regulation of 11beta-HSD2 in mineralocorticoid target tissues may be important in modulating sodium homoeostasis and blood pressure control. Using the human epithelial colon cell line SW-620, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme kinetic analysis indicated expression of only 11beta-HSD2 (Km for cortisol 66 nmol/l). Bradykinin (10(-8) to 10(-12) mol/l), frusemide (10(-4) to 10(-9) mol/l), benzamiloride hydrochloride (10(-5) to 10(-10) mol/l) and atrial natriuretic peptide (10(-6) to 10(-10) mol/l) had no effect on 11beta-HSD2 expression. Using a range of concentrations of angiotensin II (2x10(-8) to 2x10(-5) mol/l) a significant reduction in activity was seen but only at supra-physiological concentrations, [e.g. 2x10(-6) mol/l at 4 h pretreatment: 36.7+/-2.0 pmol cortisone. h-1.mg-1 (mean+/-S.E.M.) compared with 45.1+/-1.7 pmol.h-1.mg-1 in control; P<0.05]. The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, perindopril, quinapril and trandolapril at 10(-7) mol/l, but not fosinopril, significantly increased 11beta-HSD2 activity after pretreatment for 16 or 24 h (P<0.05-P<0.01 compared with control). No effects were seen at 4 h pretreatment. Hydrochlorothiazide (10(-7) mol/l) significantly decreased 11beta-HSD2 activity (P<0.05 compared with control) at 4 h pretreatment. Commonly used diuretics, atrial natriuretic peptide and physiological concentrations of angiotensin II and bradykinin do not alter 11beta-HSD2 activity. In contrast, a series of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors significantly increase 11beta-HSD2 activity in vitro. This may explain how intrarenal infusions of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors increase renal sodium excretion independent of circulating concentrations of angiotensin II. The interaction between angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and 11beta-HSD2 may be an additional mechanism by which the former can lower blood pressure. (+info)

Optimization of urinary FDG excretion during PET imaging. (6/504)

Accumulation of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) activity in the urine interferes with the visualization of pelvic and, sometimes, abdominal abnormalities. Although this is a major problem, there are few data on the physiological variables affecting FDG urinary excretion that are critical to minimizing urinary FDG interference during PET imaging. METHODS: The excretion of FDG in urine was determined during 90 min in four groups of rats (n = 24) under the following conditions: normal, hydrated, hydrochlorothiazide treated and phlorizin treated. FDG clearance rates were measured in both normal and phlorizin-treated animals and compared with the glomeruler filtration rate measured with 99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid. We measured FDG excretion in 10 patients who had no known renal disease and were undergoing PET scanning (divided into two groups: hydrated and dehydrated) to relate the animal data to humans. RESULTS: The hydrated and phlorizin-treated animals had the highest excretion of FDG (39.68+/-5.00 % injected dose (%ID) and 45.64+/-9.77 %ID, respectively). Animals given the hydrochlorothiazide had the highest urinary volume, but the percentage excreted was comparable with the normal rats. Measurement of the clearance of FDG in animals before and after the administration of phlorizin determined the amount of FDG reabsorbed in the proximal tubules to be 56%+/-9.15%. The hydrated patients had a higher excretion of FDG than dehydrated patients (16.98+/-1.99 %ID versus 14.27+/-1.00 %ID, P < 0.021), and the volume of urine voided was significantly higher (P < 0.020). CONCLUSION: Hydrochlorothiazide increases urine volume without enhancing FDG excretion. The hydration of patients before PET scanning may lead to more FDG reaching the bladder. Reduction of bladder activity by more frequent voiding facilitated by increased urine volume in hydrated patients may be offset by increased delivery of FDG to the bladder. A preferable means of increasing urinary volume without increasing delivery of FDG to the bladder may be the use of a diuretic. (+info)

Effects of aging and antihypertensive treatment on aortic internal diameter in spontaneously hypertensive rats. (7/504)

The effect of antihypertensive treatment on the development of large-artery remodeling in young animals has been widely studied, but reversal of established changes in older hypertensive animals has been largely ignored, although the latter represents a better paradigm for the human condition. We studied the effect of treatment with captopril plus hydrochlorothiazide, from 3 months onward, on geometry and wall stress of the thoracic aorta of adult (9 months, maturation) and old (15 months, senescence) spontaneously hypertensive rats; normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats were used as controls. At 3 months of age, blood pressure, medial cross-sectional area, and internal diameter were higher in spontaneously hypertensive rats than in Wistar-Kyoto rats. In both strains, medial cross-sectional area and lumen diameter increased during maturation; there was little change with senescence. Changes in blood pressure were minor. Because medial hypertrophy failed to compensate for the wider lumen and higher intraluminal pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats, medial stress was higher in these rats than in Wistar-Kyoto rats. Captopril plus hydrochlorothiazide rapidly lowered blood pressure and medial cross-sectional area. Despite a marked fall in blood pressure, the internal diameter of the thoracic aorta of treated animals was similar to that of untreated animals after 6 months of treatment and started to fall only after the animals had been treated for 1 year. Thus, under treatment with captopril plus hydrochlorothiazide, medial stress remained elevated, even after very-long-term treatment, because medial cross-sectional area was not adapted to internal diameter. We suggest that some changes in large-artery structure associated with hypertension and aging, such as the increase in diameter, take considerable time to regress after blood pressure is lowered, and this may explain why, despite treatment, wall stress remains elevated. (+info)

Fosinopril/hydrochlorothiazide: single dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. (8/504)

AIMS: Fosinoprilat, the active product of fosinopril, is eliminated by an hepatic pathway in addition to the renal pathway shared by other angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). This study aimed to determine whether impaired renal function affects the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination of fosinopril and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). METHODS: The study had a parallel-group design comparing patients with renal impairment and body-mass-index-matched normal controls. The study was done in a University clinic in 13 patients with renal impairment (mean creatinine clearance 55.7+/-15.6 ml min-1 1.73 m-2 ) and 13 age-, sex-, and body-mass-index-matched normal controls (mean creatinine clearance 102.4+/-8.9 ml min-1 1.73 m-2 ). All patients and normal controls received fosinopril sodium 20 mg and HCTZ 12.5 mg as a daily oral administration on days 1-5. Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic parameters of fosinoprilat and HCTZ were determined from blood and urine samples obtained over 48 h starting on Day 1 (single dose) and Day 5 (steady state): maximum serum concentration (Cmax ), time to maximum serum concentration (tmax ), area under the serum concentration-time curve during the dosing interval (AUC), cumulative urinary excretion (CUE) and the accumulation index (AI; ratio of AUC-day 5/AUC-day 1). Pharmacodynamic parameters were also measured over 24 h on day 1 and over 48 h on day 5: serum ACE activity and arterial blood pressure. RESULTS: Fosinoprilat pharmacokinetic parameters on day 1 in renally impaired vs normal patients: Cmax=387+/-0.19 vs 324+/-0.25 ng ml-1 (P=0.07); tmax=3.5 vs 3.0 h (P=0.58); AUC=3510+/-0.29 vs 2701+/-0.35 ng ml-1 h (P=0. 072); CUE=5.08+/-2.70 vs 7.40+/-2.56% (P=0.009). Fosinoprilat parameters on day 5: Cmax=517+/-0.40 vs 357+/-0.19 ng ml-1 (P=0. 007); tmax=3.0 vs 3.0 h (P >0.99); AUC=4098+/-0.43 vs 2872+/-0.30 ng ml-1 h (P=0.027); CUE=6.81+/-3.53 vs 8.10+/-2.80% (P=0.068). AI=1. 17+/-0.33 vs 1.06+/-0.23 (P=0.29). In both groups ACE inhibition and blood pressure response were similar over 24 h and slightly greater 48 h after last dosing. CONCLUSIONS: In renally impaired subjects fosinopril and HCTZ can be coadministered without undue increases in fosinoprilat concentrations or any clinically significant pharmacodynamic effects. This is probably due to the dual excretory pathways for fosinoprilat. (+info)

There are two types of hypertension:

1. Primary Hypertension: This type of hypertension has no identifiable cause and is also known as essential hypertension. It accounts for about 90% of all cases of hypertension.
2. Secondary Hypertension: This type of hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition or medication. It accounts for about 10% of all cases of hypertension.

Some common causes of secondary hypertension include:

* Kidney disease
* Adrenal gland disorders
* Hormonal imbalances
* Certain medications
* Sleep apnea
* Cocaine use

There are also several risk factors for hypertension, including:

* Age (the risk increases with age)
* Family history of hypertension
* Obesity
* Lack of exercise
* High sodium intake
* Low potassium intake
* Stress

Hypertension is often asymptomatic, and it can cause damage to the blood vessels and organs over time. Some potential complications of hypertension include:

* Heart disease (e.g., heart attacks, heart failure)
* Stroke
* Kidney disease (e.g., chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease)
* Vision loss (e.g., retinopathy)
* Peripheral artery disease

Hypertension is typically diagnosed through blood pressure readings taken over a period of time. Treatment for hypertension may include lifestyle changes (e.g., diet, exercise, stress management), medications, or a combination of both. The goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life.

Treatment for hypercalciuria typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, this may involve medication to lower calcium levels or surgery to remove any kidney stones or tumors that may be contributing to the condition. It is important for individuals with hypercalciuria to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan and monitor their calcium levels regularly.

If you suspect you may have hypercalciuria, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider as soon as possible. They can perform tests to confirm the diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment. With proper treatment, it is possible to manage hypercalciuria and prevent any complications.

The normal range for potassium levels in the blood varies depending on age, gender, and other factors, but generally it is between 3.5 and 5.5 mEq/L (milliequivalents per liter).

Hypokalemia can be caused by a variety of factors such as diarrhea, vomiting, certain medications (diuretics, laxatives), kidney disease or malfunctioning of the parathyroid glands.

... is less effective than chlortalidone for prevention of heart attack or stroke. Hydrochlorothiazide is taken ... Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic medication often used to treat high blood pressure and swelling due to fluid build-up. Other ... While allergies to hydrochlorothiazide are reported to occur more often in those with allergies to sulfa drugs, this ... Hydrochlorothiazide is less potent but not necessarily less effective than chlorthalidone in reducing blood pressure. More ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochlorothiazide

Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of One Lot of Losartan Potassium and Hydrochlorothiazide Due to the Detection of Trace ... A version combined with hydrochlorothiazide is available which, in 2020, was the 93rd most commonly prescribed medication in ... "Hydrochlorothiazide; Losartan - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 7 October 2022. "Pharmaceutical formulation of ... Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets, USP". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 1 March 2019. Archived from the original on 7 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losartan

Aliskiren in combination with hydrochlorothiazide was approved by the FDA in 2008 under the tradename Tekturna HCT. In 2007, ... hydrochlorothiazide) tablets. (2011). From US Food and Drug Administration: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renin_inhibitor

Medications included in the polypill were atenolol, 100 mg; ramipril, 10 mg; hydrochlorothiazide, 25 mg; and simvastatin, 40 mg ... Bioavailability of the components of the Polycap (aspirin, ramipril, simvastatin, atenolol and hydrochlorothiazide) when ... and diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg). And despite containing multiple drugs, the pill has a fairly small size which can ... hydrochlorothiazide, ramipril, ramiprilat and dose normalized salicylic acid. However, for simvastatin the point estimate of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycap

The combination with hydrochlorothiazide, is known as hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene. Common side effects may include a ... 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide and 75 mg triamterene, compared with Dyazide's 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide and 50 mg triamterene) so it ... "Triamterene and Hydrochlorothiazide". MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. September ... Mylan itself developed a version of a triamterene/hydrochlorothiazide combination drug after the Dyazide patent expired, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triamterene

... /hydrochlorothiazide combination preparations are marketed under various brand names. It was developed by Sanofi ... "Hydrochlorothiazide mixture with irbesartan". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Portal: Medicine ( ... "Avalide- irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide tablet, film coated". DailyMed. 31 July 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2020. British ... "Irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide Advanced Patient Information". Drugs.com. 24 December 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2020. " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irbesartan

Diuretics: hydrochlorothiazide, spironolactone, chlortalidone. ACE inhibitors: captopril, enalapril. Other drugs: digoxin, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilic_myocarditis

"Hydrochlorothiazide mixture with valsartan". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Sacubitril mixture ... The patents for valsartan and valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide expired in September 2012. Valsartan is combined with amlodipine or ... On 6 July 2018, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) recalled certain batches of valsartan and valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide ... "Amlodipine besylate mixture with hydrochlorothiazide and valsartan". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsartan

"Hydrochlorothiazide vs chlorthalidone, indapamide, and potassium-sparing/hydrochlorothiazide diuretics for reducing left ... There is evidence that chlortalidone is superior to hydrochlorothiazide for reducing the mass of the left ventricle of the ... Some reviews have found a similar risk as hydrochlorothiazide, while other reviews found a higher risk of side effects. ... Hydrochlorothiazide for Treatment of Hypertension". American Family Physician. 92 (11): 1015-6. PMID 26760416. Fischer J, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlortalidone

Enalapril/hydrochlorothiazide (trade name Enalapril comp), wherein enalapril is the ACE inhibitor and hydrochlorothiazide is ... Quinapril/hydrochlorothiazide (trade name Accuretic) Lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide is marketed as Prinzide, Zestoretic, and ... Fosinopril/hydrochlorothiazide (trade name Monopril HCT) has a boxed warning about its risk to cause morbidity and mortality in ... "Monopril HCT (fosinopril/hydrochlorothiazide) 20/12.5mg and 10/12.5mg Tablets February 2009". FDA. (Articles with short ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_inhibitor_and_thiazide_combination

A thiazide option includes Hydrochlorothiazide. A study found that hydrochlorothiazide cleared hypercalciuria and increased ... Osteoporotic Men Treated with Hydrochlorothiazide". Annals of Internal Medicine. 130 (8): 658-660. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-130-8- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_hypercalcinuria

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Frei, M.; Küster, L.; Gardosch von Krosigk, P. P.; Koch, H. F.; Küppers, H. (1994). "Moxonidine and hydrochlorothiazide in ... Concomitant administration of moxonidine and a thiazide diuretic such as hydrochlorothiazide gave a synergistic ...

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Hydrochlorothiazide prevents the reabsorption of sodium and water from the distal convoluted tubule, allowing for the increased elimination of water in the urine. (cryptocoinpharma.com)
Hydrochlorothiazide inhibits reabsorption of sodium in distal tubules, causing increased excretion of sodium, water, potassium, and hydrogen ions. (medscape.com)

Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic (water pill). (mayoclinic.org)
Hydrochlorothiazide ( Hydrazide) 12.5 mg tablet is the most widely prescribed thiazide diuretic that is recommended for the treatment of edema and hypertension. (cryptocoinpharma.com)

P/226/2009: European Medicines Agency Decision of 4 November 2009 on the granting of a product specific waiver for olmesartan medoxomil / amlodipine besilate / hydrochlorothiazide (EMEA-000666-PIP01-09) in accordance wit. (europa.eu)

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Triamterene (Triamterene/ Hydrochlorothiazide) is apotassium-conserving (antikaliuretic) diuretic with relatively weak natriuretic properties. (canadianfamilypharmacy.su)
Triamterene pill combines Triamterene and Hydrochlorothiazide. (canadianfamilypharmacy.su)
With this action, triamterene increases sodium excretion and reduces the excessive loss of potassium and hydrogen associated with hydrochlorothiazide. (canadianfamilypharmacy.su)
La combinación de hydrochlorothiazide y triamterene es usada para tratar la retención de líquido (edema) y la presión arterial alta (hipertensión). (alpiedelamuralla.org)

2] Diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) are some of the least expensive and most commonly prescribed drugs for high blood pressure. (diabetestalk.net)
Knowing and understanding how hydrochlorothiazide affects the body is important since adverse reactions can be caused when certain medications are combined with diuretics. (diabetestalk.net)

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Oral combined hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril vs nifedipine for postpartum hypertension: a comparative-effectiveness pilot randomized controlled trial. (bvsalud.org)
We evaluated whether combined oral hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril therapy produced superior short-term blood pressure control when compared with nifedipine among postpartum individuals with hypertension requiring pharmacologic treatment . (bvsalud.org)
Participants were randomized to receive either combined hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril therapy or nifedipine therapy after stratifying the participants by diagnosis (chronic hypertension vs hypertensive disorders of pregnancy ). (bvsalud.org)
A pilot trial with 70 individuals was planned given the limited available data on combined hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril therapy use in postpartum care . (bvsalud.org)
Bayesian analysis indicated an 85% posterior probability of a reduction in the primary outcome with combined hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril therapy relative to nifedipine treatment . (bvsalud.org)
The results of the pilot trial suggest a high probability that combined hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril therapy produces superior short-term BP control when compared with nifedipine . (bvsalud.org)

A man is filling a syringe with insulin.Photo Credit: Images_By_Kenny/iStock/Getty Images Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic that treats water retention by reducing the amount of salt absorbed by the body. (diabetestalk.net)
Patients in the U.S. whose doctors follow national guidelines for treating high blood pressure are typically prescribed a diuretic such as hydrochlorothiazide as the primary therapy. (diabetestalk.net)

When used to treat edema, hydrochlorothiazide may be taken daily or only on certain days of the week. (medlineplus.gov)

Ask a doctor now Hydrochlorothiazide reduces the amount of salt the body absorbs and treats water retention. (diabetestalk.net)

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Benazepril and hydrochlorothiazide combination is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). (mayoclinic.org)

Report any suspected adverse reactions associated with hydrochlorothiazide-containing medicines to the Centre for Adverse Reactions Monitoring (CARM). (medsafe.govt.nz)
Combining certain medications with diabetes can cause adverse reactions, so you must know how hydrochlorothiazide affects your blood sugar. (diabetestalk.net)

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Hydrochlorothiazide may also be used to treat patients with diabetes insipidus and to prevent kidney stones in patients with high levels of calcium in their blood. (medlineplus.gov)
Se ha utilizado en el tratamiento de procesos graves como edemas, hipertensión, diabetes insípida e hipoparatiroidismo. (bvsalud.org)

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Do not use the medicine if you have allergy to hydrochlorothiazide or if you are unable to urinate. (theworldspharma.com)

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A link between hydrochlorothiazide and non-melanoma skin cancer has been found in some patients who have taken hydrochlorothiazide-containing medicines long-term. (medsafe.govt.nz)

tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to hydrochlorothiazide, 'sulfa drugs', penicillin, or any other drugs. (medlineplus.gov)
Hydrochlorothiazide is indicated alone or in combination with other drugs. (cryptocoinpharma.com)

Hydrochlorothiazide is used alone or in combination with other medications to treat high blood pressure. (medlineplus.gov)

Hydrochlorothiazide controls high blood pressure but does not cure it. (medlineplus.gov)

Hydrochlorothiazide may make your skin sensitive to sunlight and increase your risk of a certain types of skin cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
Hydrochlorothiazide can increase the sensitivity of your skin to sunlight and UV rays. (medsafe.govt.nz)

Do not stop taking hydrochlorothiazide without talking to your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
Your doctor may tell you not to take hydrochlorothiazide. (medlineplus.gov)
If you become pregnant while taking hydrochlorothiazide, call your doctor immediately. (medlineplus.gov)
Your doctor will check your skin for skin cancers during your treatment with hydrochlorothiazide. (medlineplus.gov)
Do not stop taking a hydrochlorothiazide-containing medicine unless instructed to by your doctor. (medsafe.govt.nz)

a high cumulative use: ≥50,000 mg, equivalent to 12.5mg hydrochlorothiazide taken daily for approximately 11 years or more. (medsafe.govt.nz)

Thoroughly discuss the risks and benefits of hydrochlorothiazide treatment with patients who have experienced previous non-melanoma skin cancer, taking into consideration other treatment options. (medsafe.govt.nz)
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Encourage patients taking a hydrochlorothiazide-containing medicine to check their skin and lips regularly and report any new or changed skin lesions or moles. (medsafe.govt.nz)

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Continue to take hydrochlorothiazide even if you feel well. (medlineplus.gov)

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Two studies from Denmark found an association between hydrochlorothiazide and non-melanoma skin cancer, specifically squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), squamous cell carcinoma of the lip, and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). (medsafe.govt.nz)
Two recent case-control studies using Danish population data have found an increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma of the lip) with exposure to hydrochlorothiazide. (medsafe.govt.nz)

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Hydrochlorothiazide can interfere with the results of a thyroid test. (theworldspharma.com)

Diseases3

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Low-dose combination therapy as first-line hypertension treatment for blacks and nonblacks. (1/504)

Drug-induced hyponatraemia in psychogenic polydipsia. (2/504)

Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase accounts for the direct vascular effects of hydrochlorothiazide. (3/504)

Treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride. (4/504)

Regulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 by diuretics and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis. (5/504)

Optimization of urinary FDG excretion during PET imaging. (6/504)

Effects of aging and antihypertensive treatment on aortic internal diameter in spontaneously hypertensive rats. (7/504)

Fosinopril/hydrochlorothiazide: single dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. (8/504)

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Hydrochlorothiazide

Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors

Diuretics

Antihypertensive Agents

Amlodipine

Triamterene

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Hypertension

Tetrazoles

Drug Therapy, Combination

Atenolol

Blood Pressure

Drug Combinations

Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers

Captopril

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Enalapril

Losartan

Double-Blind Method

Benzimidazoles

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Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory

Benzoates

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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Lisinopril

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Low-dose combination therapy as first-line hypertension treatment for blacks and nonblacks. (1/504)

Drug-induced hyponatraemia in psychogenic polydipsia. (2/504)

Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase accounts for the direct vascular effects of hydrochlorothiazide. (3/504)

Treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride. (4/504)

Regulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 by diuretics and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis. (5/504)

Optimization of urinary FDG excretion during PET imaging. (6/504)

Effects of aging and antihypertensive treatment on aortic internal diameter in spontaneously hypertensive rats. (7/504)

Fosinopril/hydrochlorothiazide: single dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. (8/504)

Hydrochlorothiazide

Losartan

Renin inhibitor

Polycap

Triamterene

Irbesartan

Eosinophilic myocarditis

Valsartan

Chlortalidone

ACE inhibitor and thiazide combination

Idiopathic hypercalcinuria

Thiazide

Lisinopril

Katusha-Alpecin

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