Hydrocarbons. Medical search

A major group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing two or more rings. The vast number of compounds of this important group, derived chiefly from petroleum and coal tar, are rather highly reactive and chemically versatile. The name is due to the strong and not unpleasant odor characteristic of most substances of this nature. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p96)

Cytoplasmic proteins that bind certain aryl hydrocarbons, translocate to the nucleus, and activate transcription of particular DNA segments. AH receptors are identified by their high-affinity binding to several carcinogenic or teratogenic environmental chemicals including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in cigarette smoke and smog, heterocyclic amines found in cooked foods, and halogenated hydrocarbons including dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls. No endogenous ligand has been identified, but an unknown natural messenger with a role in cell differentiation and development is suspected.

Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen in the form of an unsaturated, usually hexagonal ring structure. The compounds can be single ring, or double, triple, or multiple fused rings.

Compounds consisting of two or more fused ring structures.

A chemical by-product that results from burning or incinerating chlorinated industrial chemicals and other hydrocarbons. This compound is considered an environmental toxin, and may pose reproductive, as well as, other health risks for animals and humans.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator is a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF containing protein that forms a complex with DIOXIN RECEPTOR. The complex binds xenobiotic regulatory elements and activates transcription of a variety of genes including UDP GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE. AhR nuclear translocator is also a subunit of HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1.

Hydrocarbon compounds with one or more of the hydrogens replaced by CHLORINE.

A liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase capable of biotransforming xenobiotics such as polycyclic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons into carcinogenic or mutagenic compounds. They have been found in mammals and fish. This enzyme, encoded by CYP1A1 gene, can be measured by using ethoxyresorufin as a substrate for the ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity.

A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.

A large group of cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) monooxygenases that complex with NAD(P)H-FLAVIN OXIDOREDUCTASE in numerous mixed-function oxidations of aromatic compounds. They catalyze hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of substrates and are important in the metabolism of steroids, drugs, and toxins such as PHENOBARBITAL, carcinogens, and insecticides.

The generic name for the group of aliphatic hydrocarbons Cn-H2n+2. They are denoted by the suffix -ane. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants.

Four fused benzyl rings with three linear and one angular, that can be viewed as a benzyl-phenanthrenes. Compare with NAPHTHACENES which are four linear rings.

A group of condensed ring hydrocarbons.

A class of chemicals that contain an anthracene ring with a naphthalene ring attached to it.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons containing heteroatoms that are present as contaminants of herbicides. Dioxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic. They have been banned from use by the FDA.

Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.

Substances which pollute the soil. Use for soil pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading.

A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.

Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen. Three or more carbon atoms are arranged in a cyclic structure and they possess aliphatic properties.

Substances or energies, for example heat or light, which when introduced into the air, water, or land threaten life or health of individuals or ECOSYSTEMS.

Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen where no carbon atoms join to form a ring structure.

Complex petroleum hydrocarbons consisting mainly of residues from crude oil distillation. These liquid products include heating oils, stove oils, and furnace oils and are burned to generate energy.

Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc.

Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water.

Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.

Release of oil into the environment usually due to human activity.

The products of chemical reactions that result in the addition of extraneous chemical groups to DNA.

1,2-Benzphenanthrenes. POLYCYCLIC COMPOUNDS obtained from coal tar.

The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.

Organic compounds containing a BENZENE ring attached to a flavone group. Some of these are potent arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase inhibitors. They may also inhibit the binding of NUCLEIC ACIDS to BENZOPYRENES and related compounds. The designation includes all isomers; the 7,8-isomer is most frequently encountered.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons of the type Cn-H2n, indicated by the suffix -ene. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p408)

A by-product of the destructive distillation of coal used as a topical antieczematic. It is an antipruritic and keratoplastic agent used also in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin conditions. Occupational exposure to soots, tars, and certain mineral oils is known to be carcinogenic according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985) (Merck Index, 11th ed).

An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants.

A residue of coal, left after dry (destructive) distillation, used as a fuel.

A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308)

A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.

A concave exterior region on some POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS that have three phenyl rings in a non-linear arrangement.

A greasy substance with a smoky odor and burned taste created by high temperature treatment of BEECH and other WOOD; COAL TAR; or resin of the CREOSOTE BUSH. It contains CRESOLS and POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS which are CARCINOGENS. It has been widely used as wood preservative and in PESTICIDES and had former use medicinally in DISINFECTANTS; LAXATIVES; and DERMATOLOGIC AGENTS.

Carcinogenic substances that are found in the environment.

Tricyclic ethylene-bridged naphthalene derivatives. They are found in petroleum residues and coal tar and used as dye intermediates, in the manufacture of plastics, and in insecticides and fungicides.

A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism.

Any substance in the air which could, if present in high enough concentration, harm humans, animals, vegetation or material. Substances include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; and volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.

A widely used industrial solvent.

Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.

The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.

The outer covering of the body composed of the SKIN and the skin appendages, which are the HAIR, the NAILS; and the SEBACEOUS GLANDS and the SWEAT GLANDS and their ducts.

7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.

A family of isomeric, colorless aromatic hydrocarbon liquids, that contain the general formula C6H4(CH3)2. They are produced by the destructive distillation of coal or by the catalytic reforming of petroleum naphthenic fractions. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

A drug-metabolizing, cytochrome P-448 (P-450) enzyme which catalyzes the hydroxylation of benzopyrene to 3-hydroxybenzopyrene in the presence of reduced flavoprotein and molecular oxygen. Also acts on certain anthracene derivatives. An aspect of EC 1.14.14.1.

Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.

A refined petroleum fraction used as a fuel as well as a solvent.

Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc.

A body of water located at the southeastern corner of North America. It is bordered by the states to the north of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas; by five Mexican states to the west: Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan; and by Cuba to the southeast.

Air pollutants found in the work area. They are usually produced by the specific nature of the occupation.

7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.

The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.

Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon byproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide.

Gases, fumes, vapors, and odors escaping from the cylinders of a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.

Areas of the earth where hydrocarbon deposits of PETROLEUM and/or NATURAL GAS are located.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

Adverse effect upon bodies of water (LAKES; RIVERS; seas; groundwater etc.) caused by CHEMICAL WATER POLLUTANTS.

A cytochrome P450 enzyme subtype that has specificity for relatively planar heteroaromatic small molecules, such as CAFFEINE and ACETAMINOPHEN.

Two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics.

Pheromones that elicit sexual attraction or mating behavior usually in members of the opposite sex in the same species.

A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)

A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient.

Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen forming a closed ring that may be either alicyclic or aromatic.

Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.

A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions.

The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.

A group of compounds with three aromatic rings joined in linear arrangement.

The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.

Benzopyrenes saturated in any two adjacent positions and substituted with two hydroxyl groups in any position. The majority of these compounds have carcinogenic or mutagenic activity.

A family of diphenylenemethane derivatives.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

An agent that causes the production of physical defects in the developing embryo.

Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.

Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Oxidases that specifically introduce DIOXYGEN-derived oxygen atoms into a variety of organic molecules.

Family of small, surface-dwelling fish that inhabit fresh and brackish waters, and coastal marine areas.

A family of DNA-binding transcription factors that contain a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Chemical substances, excreted by an organism into the environment, that elicit behavioral or physiological responses from other organisms of the same species. Perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact.

Particles of any solid substance, generally under 30 microns in size, often noted as PM30. There is special concern with PM1 which can get down to PULMONARY ALVEOLI and induce MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION and PHAGOCYTOSIS leading to FOREIGN BODY REACTION and LUNG DISEASES.

A class of compounds composed of repeating 5-carbon units of HEMITERPENES.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Contamination of the air, bodies of water, or land with substances that are harmful to human health and the environment.

Tests of chemical substances and physical agents for mutagenic potential. They include microbial, insect, mammalian cell, and whole animal tests.

The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.

Closed vesicles of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum created when liver cells or tissue are disrupted by homogenization. They may be smooth or rough.

Organic compounds that include a cyclic ether with three ring atoms in their structure. They are commonly used as precursors for POLYMERS such as EPOXY RESINS.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Substances or organisms which pollute the water or bodies of water. Use for water pollutants in general or those for which there is no specific heading.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria whose organisms divide in three perpendicular planes and occur in packets of eight or more cells. It has been isolated from soil, grains, and clinical specimens.

Reduction of pharmacologic activity or toxicity of a drug or other foreign substance by a living system, usually by enzymatic action. It includes those metabolic transformations that make the substance more soluble for faster renal excretion.

A group of methane-based halogenated hydrocarbons containing one or more fluorine and chlorine atoms.

The hard rigid covering of animals including MOLLUSCS; TURTLES; INSECTS; and crustaceans.

High temperature destruction of waste by burning with subsequent reduction to ashes or conversion to an inert mass.

Oils which evaporate readily. The volatile oils occur in aromatic plants, to which they give odor and other characteristics. Most volatile oils consist of a mixture of two or more TERPENES or of a mixture of an eleoptene (the more volatile constituent of a volatile oil) with a stearopten (the more solid constituent). The synonym essential oils refers to the essence of a plant, as its perfume or scent, and not to its indispensability.

The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.

Any combustible hydrocarbon deposit formed from the remains of prehistoric organisms. Examples are petroleum, coal, and natural gas.

Hydrocarbon-rich byproducts from the non-fossilized BIOMASS that are combusted to generate energy as opposed to fossilized hydrocarbon deposits (FOSSIL FUELS).

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

The science, art, or technology dealing with processes involved in the separation of metals from their ores, the technique of making or compounding the alloys, the techniques of working or heat-treating metals, and the mining of metals. It includes industrial metallurgy as well as metallurgical techniques employed in the preparation and working of metals used in dentistry, with special reference to orthodontic and prosthodontic appliances. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p494)

Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.

A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.

The industry concerned with the removal of raw materials from the Earth's crust and with their conversion into refined products.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents by inhaling them.

Widely distributed enzymes that carry out oxidation-reduction reactions in which one atom of the oxygen molecule is incorporated into the organic substrate; the other oxygen atom is reduced and combined with hydrogen ions to form water. They are also known as monooxygenases or hydroxylases. These reactions require two substrates as reductants for each of the two oxygen atoms. There are different classes of monooxygenases depending on the type of hydrogen-providing cosubstrate (COENZYMES) required in the mixed-function oxidation.

Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.

A drug-metabolizing enzyme found in the hepatic, placental and intestinal microsomes that metabolizes 7-alkoxycoumarin to 7-hydroxycoumarin. The enzyme is cytochrome P-450- dependent.

Agents that modify interfacial tension of water; usually substances that have one lipophilic and one hydrophilic group in the molecule; includes soaps, detergents, emulsifiers, dispersing and wetting agents, and several groups of antiseptics.

Organic compounds that have a relatively high VAPOR PRESSURE at room temperature.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The scattering of x-rays by matter, especially crystals, with accompanying variation in intensity due to interference effects. Analysis of the crystal structure of materials is performed by passing x-rays through them and registering the diffraction image of the rays (CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, X-RAY). (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Oils which are used in industrial or commercial applications.

Waste products which threaten life, health, or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, disposed of, or otherwise managed.

A phase transition from liquid state to gas state, which is affected by Raoult's law. It can be accomplished by fractional distillation.

A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.

Compounds with a core of 10 carbons generally formed via the mevalonate pathway from the combination of 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. They are cyclized and oxidized in a variety of ways. Due to the low molecular weight many of them exist in the form of essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE).

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

The art or practice of preparing food. It includes the preparation of special foods for diets in various diseases.

Mixtures of many components in inexact proportions, usually natural, such as PLANT EXTRACTS; VENOMS; and MANURE. These are distinguished from DRUG COMBINATIONS which have only a few components in definite proportions.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Unctuous combustible substances that are liquid or easily liquefiable on warming, and are soluble in ether but insoluble in water. Such substances, depending on their origin, are classified as animal, mineral, or vegetable oils. Depending on their behavior on heating, they are volatile or fixed. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure.

Artificially produced membranes, such as semipermeable membranes used in artificial kidney dialysis (RENAL DIALYSIS), monomolecular and bimolecular membranes used as models to simulate biological CELL MEMBRANES. These membranes are also used in the process of GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION.

Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

ACNE-like skin eruptions caused by exposure to CHLORINE-containing compounds. Exposure can be by inhalation, ingestion, or through the skin. Chloracne is often seen in people who have occupational contact with chlorinated pesticides, wood preservatives, and sealants.

Differential thermal analysis in which the sample compartment of the apparatus is a differential calorimeter, allowing an exact measure of the heat of transition independent of the specific heat, thermal conductivity, and other variables of the sample.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A family of insects in the order Dictyoptera (COCKROACHES), including genera Blattella, Parcoblatta, and Symploce.

The contamination of indoor air.

Enzymes that catalyze reversibly the formation of an epoxide or arene oxide from a glycol or aromatic diol, respectively.

A solventless sample preparation method, invented in 1989, that uses a fused silica fiber which is coated with a stationary phase. It is used for sample cleanup before using other analytical methods.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Inland bodies of standing FRESHWATER usually smaller than LAKES. They can be man-made or natural but there is no universal agreement as to their exact size. Some consider a pond to be a small body of water that is shallow enough for sunlight to reach the bottom.

Sexual activities of animals.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.

Non-heme iron-containing enzymes that incorporate two atoms of OXYGEN into the substrate. They are important in biosynthesis of FLAVONOIDS; GIBBERELLINS; and HYOSCYAMINE; and for degradation of AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS.

A broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives. Many of these chemicals will frequently contain hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. They exist in either carbon chain or carbon ring form.

Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having two carbon-carbon double bonds.

Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

A plastic substance deposited by insects or obtained from plants. Waxes are esters of various fatty acids with higher, usually monohydric alcohols. The wax of pharmacy is principally yellow wax (beeswax), the material of which honeycomb is made. It consists chiefly of cerotic acid and myricin and is used in making ointments, cerates, etc. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Residue generated from combustion of coal or petroleum.

Removal of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS or contaminants for the general protection of the environment. This is accomplished by various chemical, biological, and bulk movement methods, in conjunction with ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and water as well as clinical specimens. Occasionally it is an opportunistic pathogen.

The maximum exposure to a biologically active physical or chemical agent that is allowed during an 8-hour period (a workday) in a population of workers, or during a 24-hour period in the general population, which does not appear to cause appreciable harm, whether immediate or delayed for any period, in the target population. (From Lewis Dictionary of Toxicology, 1st ed)

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.

Naphthalene derivatives carrying one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups at any ring position. They are often used in dyes and pigments, as antioxidants for rubber, fats, and oils, as insecticides, in pharmaceuticals, and in numerous other applications.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria characterized by an outer membrane that contains glycosphingolipids but lacks lipopolysaccharide. They have the ability to degrade a broad range of substituted aromatic compounds.

The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Any enterprise centered on the processing, assembly, production, or marketing of a line of products, services, commodities, or merchandise, in a particular field often named after its principal product. Examples include the automobile, fishing, music, publishing, insurance, and textile industries.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.

Hydrophobic interaction of human, mouse, and rabbit interferons with immobilized hydrocarbons. (1/984)

Interferons of human, mouse, and rabbit origin bind to straight chain hydrocarbons immobilized on agarose. The hydrophobic nature of binding is established by the following observations: (a) a positive correlation between the length of hydrocarbon ligand and the strength of interaction; (b) a stronger interaction with hydrocarbon ligands terminated with apolar rather than polar head groups; (c) a lack of dependence of binding on ionic strength and pH of the solvent; (d) a reversal of binding by ethylene glycol, a hydrophobic solute; (e) an increasing eluting efficacy of tetraalkylammonium ions with the length of their alkyl substituents. The hydrophobic interactions of human interferon underlie the efficiency of two-step chromatographic procedures. For example, human embryo kidney interferon can be purified about 3,600-fold by sequential chromatography on (a) concanavalin A-agarose, (b) octyl-agarose. Another two-step procedure: (a) concanavalin A-agarose, (b) L-tryptophan-agarose, gives about 10,000-fold purification. The overall recovery of interferon in both cases in close to 90%. (+info)

Hydrocarbon chain packing and the effect of ethanol on the thermotropic phase behavior of mixed-chain phosphatidylglycerols. (2/984)

Previous studies in this laboratory have delineated the relationship between the acyl chain asymmetry of mixed-chain phosphatidylcholines and the effect of ethanol concentration ([EtOH]) on their melting behavior (Li et al., Biophys J., 70 (1996) 2784-2794). This present investigation extends these findings to another phospholipid family by using high-resolution differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to characterize the effect of ethanol concentration on the main phase transition temperature (Tm) of five molecular species of mixed-chain phosphatidylglycerol (PG). For C(14):C(18)PG, C(15):C(17)PG, C(16):C(16)PG, and C(17):C(15)PG, a biphasic profile in the Tm versus [EtOH] plot was observed, and the minimum in the plot for each PG occurred at 33, 15, 19, and 36 mg/ml, respectively. This biphasic behavior is typical of phospholipids whose acyl chain asymmetry is fairly small. For C(18):C(14)PG, only a linear decrease in the Tm was observed as a function of ethanol concentration; this effect is characteristic of highly asymmetric phospholipids. Our DSC results obtained with mixed-chain PG in the presence of ethanol demonstrate that the acyl chain asymmetry of the five lipids studied can be ranked as follows: C(15):C(17)PG+info)

Resolution and purification of histones on homologous series of hydrocarbon-coated agaroses. (3/984)

Hydrophobic chromatography on alkyl-agarose columns has been applied to the fractionation of histones. This paper describes: (a) a two-column method for the resolution of whole histone from calf thymus into its five main components (H1, H2a, H2b, H3 and H4), (b) a rapid one-step procedure for the isolation of the H3 fraction from whole histone, (c) an alternative one-step procedure for the resolution of H3 and H2a (which co-elute during gel exclusion chromatography on Biogel P-60). These experiments are also used for gaining further insight into the mechanism of action of hydrocarbon-coated agaroses. (+info)

Histone-hydrocarbon interaction. Partition of histones in aqueous two-phase systems containing poly(ethylene glycol)-bound hydrocarbons. (4/984)

The hydrophobic properties of histones have been examined with help of the two-phase partition technique using dextran-poly(ethylene glycol)-water systems. We have found that different fatty acid esters of poly(ethylene glycol) interact with total histones in a manner similar to proteins of the type beta-lactoglobulin and serum albumins. Thus the maximum interaction occurs when the fatty acid contains 16-18 carbon atoms. With less than eight carbon atoms in the polymer-bound fatty acid, no histone-hydrocarbon interaction is observed. The interaction of the five individual histone fractions with palmitate depends on the type of salt used and on its concentration. We suggest that the histones can be divided into three groups with decreasing hydrophobic properties: H3, H2a greater than H4, H2b greater than H1. (+info)

Toxic polyneuropathy of shoe-industry workers. A study of 122 cases. (5/984)

The toxic polyneuropathy observed in a group of shoe-industry workers in Italy was clinically characterised by a symmetrical prevalently distal motor deficit, with occasional marked weakness of pelvic girdle muscles, and frequently by only subjective sensory symptoms; non-specific disturbances usually preceded neurological signs. Subclinical cases of 'minimal' chronic neuropathy, characterised by alterations of a neurogenic type in the EMG without a reduction of motor nerve conduction velocity, were also observed. Worsening of the clinical picture, with further lowering of nerve conduction velocity, was noted in some cases up to four months after removal from the toxic environment. In the most severe cases clinical recovery took up to three years. The electromyographic and electroneurographic features were consistent with a mixed axonal neuropathy, with clear prevalence of the damage in the distal part of the nerve (dying-back neuropathy). Volatile substances, such as n-hexane and other low boiling point hydrocarbons found in high percentage in solvents and glues, are suggested as the causative agent. (+info)

Microbial oxidation of methane and methanol: isolation of methane-utilizing bacteria and characterization of a facultative methane-utilizing isolate. (6/984)

A methane-utilizing organism capable of growth both on methane and on more complex organic substrates as a sole source of carbon and energy, has been isolated and studied in detail. Suspensions of methane-grown cells of this organism oxidized C-1 compounds (methane, methanol, formaldehyde, formate); hydrocarbons (ethane, propane); primary alcohols (ethanol, propanol); primary aldehydes (acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde); alkenes (ethylene, propylene); dimethylether; and organic acids (acetate, malate, succinate, isocitrate). Suspensions of methanol-or succinate-grown cells did not oxidize methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, propylene, or dimethylether, suggesting that the enzymatic systems required for oxidation of these substrates are induced only during growth on methane. Extracts of methane-grown cells contained a particulate reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent methane monooxygenase activity. Oxidation of methanol, formaldehyde, and primary alcohols was catalyzed by a phenazine methosulfate-linked, ammonium ion-requiring methanol dehydrogenase. Oxidation of primary aldehydes was catalyzed by a phenazine methosulfate-linked, ammonium ion-independent aldehyde dehydrogenase. Formate was oxidized by a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific formate dehydrogenase. Extracts of methane-grown, but not succinate-grown, cells contained the key enzymes of the serine pathway, hydroxypyruvate reductase and malate lyase, indicating that the enzymes of C-1 assimilation are induced only during growth on C-1 compounds. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was induced during growth on glucose. Extracts of methane-grown cells contained low levels of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, including alpha-keto glutarate dehydrogenase, relative to the levels found during growth on succinate. (+info)

Inhibition of Bacillus subtilis spore germination by various hydrophobic compounds: demonstration of hydrophobic character of the L-alanine receptor site. (7/984)

L-Alanine-initiated germination of Bacillus subtilis spores was inhibited by various kinds of hydrophobic compounds. Good correlation of inhibitory effect with hydrophobicity of the compound was demonstrated by using regression analysis in which the hydrophobic character was expressed by the partition coefficient in an octyl alcohol-water system. The correlation coefficient for 20 alcohols was 0.959, and that for 19 miscellaneous compounds was 0.906. Regression lines of the alcohols and other hydrophobic compounds were almost identical, showing that hydrophobic interaction played an important role in inhibition. Diphenylamine was one of the most effective inhibitors examined. n-Octyl, n-nonyl, and n-decyl alcohols were the most effective alcohols. The mode of inhibition by diphenylamine and n-octyl alcohol was a "mixed type" (competitive plus noncompetitive type) with respect to L-alanine; that by D-alanine was competitive inhibition. Sites for diphenylamine, n-octyl alcohol, and D-alanine may have overlapped. Inhibition was reversible by washing; heat resistance, stainability, and germination rate of the washed spores remained unaltered. Thus, we confirmed that the inhibition may occur before the initial trigger reaction of germination and that it may be due to the interaction between a hydrophobic compound and a hydrophobic region closely associated with the L-alanine receptor site on the spore. (+info)

Molecular analysis of microbial community structures in pristine and contaminated aquifers: field and laboratory microcosm experiments. (8/984)

This study used phylogenetic probes in hybridization analysis to (i) determine in situ microbial community structures in regions of a shallow sand aquifer that were oxygen depleted and fuel contaminated (FC) or aerobic and noncontaminated (NC) and (ii) examine alterations in microbial community structures resulting from exposure to toluene and/or electron acceptor supplementation (nitrate). The latter objective was addressed by using the NC and FC aquifer materials for anaerobic microcosm studies in which phylogenetic probe analysis was complemented by microbial activity assays. Domain probe analysis of the aquifer samples showed that the communities were predominantly Bacteria; Eucarya and Archaea were not detectable. At the phylum and subclass levels, the FC and NC aquifer material had similar relative abundance distributions of 43 to 65% beta- and gamma-Proteobacteria (B+G), 31 to 35% alpha-Proteobacteria (ALF), 15 to 18% sulfate-reducing bacteria, and 5 to 10% high G+C gram positive bacteria. Compared to that of the NC region, the community structure of the FC material differed mainly in an increased abundance of B+G relative to that of ALF. The microcosm communities were like those of the field samples in that they were predominantly Bacteria (83 to 101%) and lacked detectable Archaea but differed in that a small fraction (2 to 8%) of Eucarya was detected regardless of the treatment applied. The latter result was hypothesized to reflect enrichment of anaerobic protozoa. Addition of nitrate and/or toluene stimulated microbial activity in the microcosms, but only supplementation of toluene alone significantly altered community structures. For the NC material, the dominant subclass shifted from B+G to ALF, while in the FC microcosms 55 to 65% of the Bacteria community was no longer identifiable by the phylum or subclass probes used. The latter result suggested that toluene exposure fostered the proliferation of phylotype(s) that were otherwise minor constituents of the FC aquifer community. These studies demonstrated that alterations in aquifer microbial communities resulting from specific anthropogenic perturbances can be inferred from microcosm studies integrating chemical and phylogenetic probe analysis and in the case of hydrocarbon contamination may facilitate the identification of organisms important for in situ biodegradation processes. Further work integrating and coordinating microcosm and field experiments is needed to explore how differences in scale, substrate complexity, and other hydrogeological conditions may affect patterns observed in these systems. (+info)

Microbial degradation of hydrocarbons[edit]. Main article: Microbial biodegradation. Microbes can affect the quality of oil and ... Leahy, J. G.; Colwell, R. R. (1990). "Microbial degradation of hydrocarbons in the environment". Microbiological Reviews. 54 (3 ... gas deposits through their metabolic processes.[17] Microbes can influence the development of hydrocarbons by being present at ... or by dispersing through the rock column to colonize reservoir or source lithologies after the generation of hydrocarbons. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomicrobiology

Aromatic hydrocarbons[edit]. Aromatic hydrocarbons show distinct molecular ion peak.benzylic cleavage is pretty common. When ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrum_analysis

An aromatic hydrocarbon or arene[1] (or sometimes aryl hydrocarbon)[2] is a hydrocarbon with sigma bonds and delocalized pi ... Main article: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are aromatic hydrocarbons that consist ... Other monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon[edit]. Other monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon include Cyclotetradecaheptaene or ... after the simplest possible such hydrocarbon, benzene. Aromatic hydrocarbons can be monocyclic (MAH) or polycyclic (PAH). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arene

... s are plants that follow certain metabolic pathways that produce hydrocarbon products similar to petroleum. ... These hydrocarbon products are called terpenoids.[1] The plants that produce terpenoids in large enough quantities to be ... Most hydrocarbon plants are not trees, however, so this technique of tapping the tree is no longer feasible. Instead of tapping ... One particular tree, the Hevea tree, or more commonly known as the rubber tree, is probably the most famous hydrocarbon plant, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkweed_Latex_Gasoline

The cyclic hydrocarbons divide into alicyclics and aromatics (also called arenes).. Of the alicyclic compounds the cycloalkanes ... Aromatic hydrocarbons contain conjugated double bonds. One of the simplest examples of these is benzene, the structure of which ... Referring to the hydrocarbon types below, many, if not all of the functional groups which are typically present within ... The aliphatic hydrocarbons are subdivided into three groups of homologous series according to their state of saturation: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Rirunmot/User:Rirunmot/subpage7

Aliphatic hydrocarbons[edit]. Formula. Name. ΔfH⦵ /(kcal/mol). ΔfH⦵ /(kJ/mol) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formation_(data_table)

Hydrocarbon study[edit]. Hydrocarbons, being a significant source of energy due to their strong chemical bonds, were a prime ... Alkanes and acyclic hydrocarbons, both having single bonds, appeared to have deteriorated in only six months, while triterpane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea_oil_spill

Friedel-Crafts test for aromatic hydrocarbons[edit]. Reaction of chloroform with aromatic compounds using an aluminium chloride ... In the related Nenitzescu reductive acylation (1936) a saturated hydrocarbon is added making it a reductive acylation to ... 25.10 Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Aryl Halides - Classification test. ISBN 978-1-4390-4914-3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedel-Crafts_reaction

Role of diagenesis in hydrocarbon generation[edit]. When animal or plant matter is buried during sedimentation, the constituent ... It is generally accepted that hydrocarbons are formed by the thermal alteration of these kerogens (the biogenic theory). In ... Diagenesis has been divided, based on hydrocarbon and coal genesis into: eodiagenesis (early), mesodiagenesis (middle) and ... such studies aid in assessing the likelihood of finding various economically viable mineral and hydrocarbon deposits. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagenesis

"Hydrocarbons". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_227. Howell, J. O ... classified as an aromatic hydrocarbon. It is a flammable colorless liquid which is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in ... "Electron transfer from aromatic hydrocarbons and their pi-complexes with metals. Comparison of the standard oxidation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehnitene

"Hydrocarbons". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_227. ISBN 978- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentane

National Pollutant Inventory - Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Fact Sheet PAHs - including structural diagrams Entry at ... "Hydrocarbons". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_227. Allen, C. F. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acenaphthoquinone

... is an organic compound classified as an aromatic hydrocarbon. Its structure consists of a benzene ring ... "Hydrocarbons". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_227. Fieser, Louis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tert-Butylbenzene

"Hydrocarbons". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_227. Thody, A. J ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebacic_acid

"Hydrocarbons". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_227. Raecke, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,8-Naphthalic_anhydride

"Hydrocarbons". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_227.CS1 maint: ... reaction Tiemann rearrangement Wolff rearrangement Photochemical rearrangements Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rearrangement_reaction

... , a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is an ortho- and peri-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon. The molecule resembles ... Unlike many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, it has no fluorescence. Acenaphthylene occurs as about 2% of coal tar. It is ... "Hydrocarbons". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_227. N. G. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acenaphthylene

technology, Hydrocarbons. "Hydrocarbons technology". Hydrocarbons. Saudi Arabia portal News report v t e v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haradh

... for the hydrocarbons CnH2n+2, CnH2n, CnH2n−2, CnH2n−4, CnH2n−6. Now, the first three name hydrocarbons with single, double and ... Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons having only single covalent bonds between their carbons. They can be: linear (general ... oil is a mixture of liquid alkanes and other hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons were formed when marine animals and plants ( ... for alkanes is based on identifying hydrocarbon chains. Unbranched, saturated hydrocarbon chains are named systematically with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkane

Such a device can be used on a wide variety of fluids (aqueous, viscous, and volatile fluids; hydrocarbons; essential oils; and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipette

... is an organic compound classified as an aromatic hydrocarbon. Its structure consists of a benzene ring meta- ... "Hydrocarbons". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_227. v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-Cymene

"Hydrocarbons". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_227.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decalin

The purification of fluorene exploits its acidity and the low solubility of its sodium derivative in hydrocarbon solvents. Both ... Although sometimes classified as a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, the five-membered ring has no aromatic properties. Fluorene ... "Hydrocarbons". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_227. Fittig, Rud ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorene

"Hydrocarbons". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_227. v t e. ... classified as an aromatic hydrocarbon. It is a flammable colorless liquid which is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isodurene

... prospecting for hydrocarbons and strategic minerals; import and refining of petroleum derivatives and postal services; Uruguay ... electricity; hydrocarbons; basic petrochemicals, atomic energy; prospecting for strategic minerals; financial intermediation; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercosur

Hydrocarbons obtained by the action of methyl chloride on benzene in the presence of aluminum chloride]. Chem. Ber. 12: 329-332 ... "Hydrocarbons". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_227. Ador, E.; ... "Hydrocarbons". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_227. ISBN 3527306730. Röhrscheid, F. ( ... "Electron transfer from aromatic hydrocarbons and their pi-complexes with metals. Comparison of the standard oxidation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durene

Phenanthrenedione is a quinone derivative of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. It is an orange, water-insoluble solid. It has ... "Hydrocarbons". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_227. Wendland, Ray ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenanthrenequinone

As well as reducing the average chain length, straight-chain hydrocarbons are converted to branched isomers in the process, as ... Fuels containing branched hydrocarbons are favored for internal combustion engines for their higher octane rating. Terminal ... "Hydrocarbons". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_227.CS1 maint: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomerization

... is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) consisting of naphthalene with an ethylene bridge connecting positions ... "Hydrocarbons". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_227. S. B. Kim, S ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acenaphthene

... is a mixture of hydrocarbons, comprising liquid petroleum and natural gas, produced from petroleum reservoirs ... "Hydrocarbons". The Geology of Scotland: Edited by N.H. Trewin. Geological Society of London. p. 463. ISBN 978-1-86239-126-0. " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_oil

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arene

Hydrocarbon plants are plants that follow certain metabolic pathways that produce hydrocarbon products similar to petroleum. ... These hydrocarbon products are called terpenoids.[1] The plants that produce terpenoids in large enough quantities to be ... Most hydrocarbon plants are not trees, however, so this technique of tapping the tree is no longer feasible. Instead of tapping ... One particular tree, the Hevea tree, or more commonly known as the rubber tree, is probably the most famous hydrocarbon plant, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkweed_Latex_Gasoline

EURACTIV plays a vital role in bringing Europe closer to its citizens. EURACTIV has long recognised that the story of Europe has to be told across the continent, and not just in Brussels. We need to support a truly European and informed debate ...

https://www.euractiv.com/topics/hydrocarbons/?type_filter=special_report

Hydrocarbons depletion inescapable reality, al-Attiyah says. Hydrocarbons are a depleting resource and this is an inescapable ... Robust hydrocarbons, manufacturing sectors help boost Qatar industrial producers earnings in December. Robust hydrocarbons and ... Higher extraction of hydrocarbons and robust expansion in the production of beverages and refined petroleum products have led ... Natural gas will be the only form of hydrocarbons to increase its share during the next 30 years while fossil fuels will ...

https://www.gulf-times.com/stories/t/30828/0/hydrocarbons

Hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as biomarkers of exposure to wood smoke in wildland firefighters. Adetona O, ... Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (OH-PAH) metabolite concentrations and the effect of GST polymorphisms among US Air ... Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites as biomarkers to woodsmoke exposure - results from a controlled exposure ... Time trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in New York City from 2001 to 2012: assessed by repeat air and urine ...

https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/dls/oatb_capacity_11.html

Beizhan Yan, Uta Passow, Jeffrey P. Chanton, Eva-Maria Nöthig, Vernon Asper, Julia Sweet, Masha Pitiranggon, Arne Diercks, and Dorothy Pak ...

https://www.pnas.org/keyword/hydrocarbon

Your list has reached the maximum number of items. Please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items ...

http://www.worldcat.org/tags/hydrocarbons

What are total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH)?. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) is a term used to describe a large family of ... How can total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) affect my health?. *How likely are total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) to cause ... What are total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH)?. *What happens to total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) when they enter the ... This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions about total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). For more ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxFAQs/ToxFAQsDetails.aspx?faqid=423&toxid=75

... was developed and verified as a viable means for collecting gas phase hydrocarbons in the diesel fuel (C 10 +) range. The ... Trapping Gaseous Hydrocarbons for Mutagenic Testing 820776. A procedure using a porous polymer resin as a trapping medium, was ... The gasoline studies showed the gaseous hydrocarbon activity to be at or near background level. A comparison of the particle- ... Citation: Stump, F., Bradow, R., Ray, W., Dropkin, D. et al., "Trapping Gaseous Hydrocarbons for Mutagenic Testing," SAE ...

https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/820776/

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons usually occurs by breathing air contaminated by wild fires or coal tar, or by ... How might I be exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)?. *How can polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) affect my ... What are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)?. *What happens to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) when they enter the ... What are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)?. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of over 100 different ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxFAQs/ToxFAQsDetails.aspx?faqid=121&toxid=25

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (en); هيدرو كربون أروماتي متعدد الحلقات, هيدروكربون أروماتي ... aromatic hydrocarbon,. pollutant,. non-methane volatile organic compound. Part of. response to polycyclic arene (reactant),. ... Media in category "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons". The following 123 files are in this category, out of 123 total. ... hydrocarbons composed of multiple aromatic rings (en); węglowodór aromatyczny, w którym występują przynajmniej dwa ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons

The hydrocarbons differ both in the total number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in their molecules and in the proportion of ... hydrocarbon (hī´drōkär´bən), any organic compound composed solely of the elements hydrogen and carbon. ... Aromatic hydrocarbons. An aromatic hydrocarbon is any hydrocarbon that contains one or more benzene rings in its molecule. The ... Aromatic hydrocarbons. An aromatic hydrocarbon is any hydrocarbon that contains one or more benzene rings in its molecule. The ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/chemistry/organic-chemistry/hydrocarbon

hydrocarbons. Extraction and the State of the Progressive Left in Bolivia (Audio). ...

https://nacla.org/tags/hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons plunges into the complexities and contradictions of the oil era and thereby into the molecular basis of the ... Nitro- and hydrocarbon chemistry have shaped both the face of the Earth and the scope of politics on this planet by literally ... Industrial hydrocarbons are in our stomachs and in our veins, in our dreams and in our thoughts. They fuel mainstream and ... Hydrocarbons plunges into the complexities and contradictions of the oil era and thereby into the molecular basis of the ...

https://hkw.de/en/programm/projekte/veranstaltung/p_136823.php

The aim of this meeting is to present the relevant issues of the hydrocarbon sector in the country. ...

https://www.worldenergy.org/events/7f2581dd-fadb-e711-80c7-00155d050ff0/

... gaseous hydrocarbon are converted to liquid hydrocarbons. A second approach disclosed mixes gaseous hydrocarbon with alcohol to ... The approach uses a two-step process where in the second step after a first pass at converting alcohol to hydrocarbon, ... Researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have reported a method to accomplish reduction of gaseous hydrocarbon in the ... UTB ID 201503541, Liquid hydrocarbons from biomass derived ethanol, U.S. Patent App. 15/178,046. ...

https://www.ornl.gov/partnerships/liquid-hydrocarbons-biomass-derived-ethanol

Hydrocarbons, Halogen Derivatives - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN 9781483196299, 9781483221328 ... 1. Hydrocarbons, CnH2n. 2. Hydrocarbons Containing Several Double Bonds. 3. Acetylenes or Alkynes, CnH2N-2. 4. Hydrocarbons ... Chapter 1. the Saturated or Paraffin Hydrocarbons. Alkanes. 1. Introduction. 2. Natural Occurrence of Paraffin Hydrocarbons. 3 ... General Introduction: Hydrocarbons, Halogen Derivatives 1st Edition. A Modern Comprehensive Treatise. Write a review ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/general-introduction-hydrocarbons-halogen-derivatives/coffey/978-1-4831-9629-9

12, 2016) - Africa Hydrocarbons Inc. (NEX:NFK.H) (AHI or the Company) announces that John Nelson and... ... 12, 2016) - Africa Hydrocarbons Inc. (NEX:NFK.H) (AHI or the Company) announces that John Nelson and... ... Africa Hydrocarbons Announces Board Resignations. Email Print Friendly Share December 12, 2016 16:04 ET. , Source: Africa ... 12, 2016) - Africa Hydrocarbons Inc. (NEX:NFK.H) ("AHI" or the "Company") announces that John Nelson and Gord McKay have ...

http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2016/12/12/999016/0/en/Africa-Hydrocarbons-Announces-Board-Resignations.html

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of chemicals that occur naturally in coal, crude oil, and gasoline. They ... ToxFAQs for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Environmental Protection Agency. *Consumer Factsheet on: BENZO(A)PYRENE ...

https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/PAHs_FactSheet.html

... oxidation of hydrocarbon, including the JP-8 surrogates. While different facilities have their own advantages on different... ... Oxidation Of Hydrocarbon Essay. 985 Words , 4 Pages. oxidation of hydrocarbon, including the JP-8 surrogates. While different ... Essay On Hydrocarbons. 814 Words , 4 Pages. Effective and economical production of hydrocarbons has gained great attention ... Degrees Of Unsaturation Of Hydrocarbons. 1593 Words , 7 Pages. An Analysis into how Degrees of Unsaturation of Hydrocarbons ...

https://www.bartleby.com/topics/hydrocarbon

Onshore, when used in relation to hydrocarbons, refers to an oil, natural gas or condensate field that is under the land or to ... The hydrocarbon dewpoint changes with the prevailing ambient temperature, the seasonal variation is: Petroleum refining ... Separator vessels and coalescers stabilise the crude and remove any sediments, produced water and allow light hydrocarbons to ... Such processes may include glycol dehydration, gas sweetening, hydrocarbon dew-point control, fractionation, natural gas ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onshore_(hydrocarbons)

"Offshore", when used in relation to hydrocarbons, refers to operations undertaken at, or under the, sea in association with an ... Other facilities include storage vessels, tanker ships, and pipelines to transport hydrocarbons onshore for further treatment ... commissioned and operated to process and treat the hydrocarbon oil and gas. Permanent oil and gas installations and plant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_(hydrocarbons)

... 780457. A system is proposed for producing a mixture of ... Citation: Martin, M., "Gaseous Automotive Fuels from Steam Reformed Liquid Hydrocarbons," SAE Technical Paper 780457, 1978, ...

https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/780457/

Purchase Metabolic Activation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN 9780080238357, ... Metabolic Activation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons 1st Edition. 0.0 star rating Write a review ... This book begins with a brief review of the early work on the mechanism of chemical carcinogenesis by polynuclear hydrocarbons ... The mechanism of binding of metabolites derived from polynuclear hydrocarbons to key cellular sites is also discussed. ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/metabolic-activation-of-polynuclear-aromatic-hydrocarbons/tsang/978-0-08-023835-7

Representing organic compoundsHydrocarbon skeletonsFunctional groupsTrivial namesAcronymsIUPAC systemDrawing organic structures ...

http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resource/res00000110/afl-naming-hydrocarbons

Stock analysis for Mako Hydrocarbons Ltd (MKE) including stock price, stock chart, company news, key statistics, fundamentals ... Mako Hydrocarbons Ltd is a Canadian based junior oil and gas company operating in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. The ...

https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/MKE:AU

With only limited exceptions hydrocarbons lie in the ownership or control of states, but are frequently explored for and ... With only limited exceptions hydrocarbons lie in the ownership or control of states, but are frequently explored for and ... LS501E: STATE CONTROL OF HYDROCARBONS (2020-2021). Last modified: 14 Aug 2020 14:30 ...

https://www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/courses/postgraduate/2021/law/ls501e

The dark blue areas may contain water ice, though hydrocarbons are the dominant compounds on the surface. "Sinlap is the only ... "We know that there are prebiotic elements like light hydrocarbons-simple molecules. The conditions for life are there," Buratti ... veneer of hydrocarbons (organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon) and pockets of water ice. The drawing ...

Hydrocarbons are easily accessible in products such as gasoline, turpentine, furniture polish, household cleansers, propellants ... Exposure to hydrocarbons is common in modern society. ... hydrocarbons. Other hydrocarbons such as pine oil and ... encoded search term (Hydrocarbons Toxicity) and Hydrocarbons Toxicity What to Read Next on Medscape. Related Conditions and ... Exposure to hydrocarbons is common in modern society. Hydrocarbons are easily accessible in products such as gasoline, ...

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Aromatic hydrocarbons can be monocyclic (MAH) or polycyclic (PAH). (wikipedia.org)
This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions about polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). (cdc.gov)
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons usually occurs by breathing air contaminated by wild fires or coal tar, or by eating foods that have been grilled. (cdc.gov)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of over 100 different chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil and gas, garbage, or other organic substances like tobacco or charbroiled meat. (cdc.gov)
What happens to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) when they enter the environment? (cdc.gov)
How might I be exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)? (cdc.gov)
How can polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) affect my health? (cdc.gov)
How likely are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to cause cancer? (cdc.gov)
Is there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)? (cdc.gov)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of chemicals that occur naturally in coal, crude oil, and gasoline. (cdc.gov)
Introduction Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) consist of two or more benzene-ringed compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen. (bartleby.com)
What are the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the organ systems of aquatic invertebrates? (bartleby.com)
Research on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pertaining to the 'Bay-region' theory is also presented. (elsevier.com)
Wageningen Food Safety Research is National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for research into environmental contaminants in food and feed such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). (wur.nl)
Wageningen Food Safety Research is National Reference Laboratory for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and is involved in the analysis of PAHs in food and feed. (wur.nl)
The EU-RL for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Feed and Food as laid down in Regulation (EU) 2017/625 contributes to the implementation of high quality implementation and uniform results. (wur.nl)
For references , please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eper-chemicals-glossary/polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-pah or scan the QR code. (europa.eu)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants of high environmental concern with known carcinogenic activity. (hindawi.com)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of frequently detected organic pollutants in urban stormwater runoff. (hindawi.com)
This CSEM focuses on the toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. (cdc.gov)
Take the Initial Check to assess your current knowledge about the toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. (cdc.gov)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are naturally occurring compounds found in the environment. (foodstandards.gov.au)
Bituminous asphalt and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) The most widespread medium used for pavement is asphalt. (bartleby.com)
Once the more easily processed materials and their breakdown products have completed their complicated journeys through the Gulf ecosystems, that still leaves the toxins that don't break down easily, both the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals like arsenic that are associated with drilling accidents. (edf.org)

The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is known as a benzene ring, after the simplest possible such hydrocarbon, benzene . (wikipedia.org)
Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) is a term used to describe a large family of several hundred chemical compounds that originally come from crude oil. (cdc.gov)
Hydrocarbons are the underlying structures of all organic compounds. (encyclopedia.com)
They are also known as the paraffin hydrocarbons, from the Latin parum affinis, meaning " little affinity, " because these compounds are not very chemically reactive. (encyclopedia.com)
Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volume I, Part A: General Introduction: Hydrocarbons Halogen Derivatives covers the classification and nomenclature of hydrocarbons and their halogen derivatives. (elsevier.com)
Background Information Alcohols are a class of organic compounds characterised by one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon chain. (bartleby.com)
Radio data and electric-field measurements suggest that the moon is a mixture of water ice and rock dusted with a sandy, and in places sodden, veneer of hydrocarbons (organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon) and pockets of water ice. (popularmechanics.com)
The dark blue areas may contain water ice, though hydrocarbons are the dominant compounds on the surface. (popularmechanics.com)
Although hydrocarbons include all compounds composed predominantly of carbon and hydrogen, the compounds of interest are derived from petroleum and wood. (medscape.com)
of hydrocarbons , a highly effective microbial remediation for oil, fuels, diesel, hydraulic fluid and all varieties of aromatic compounds and organic solvents. (environmental-expert.com)
Complex mixtures of hydrocarbons and carbon- nitrogen compounds were seen throughout the range of masses measured by the Cassini ion and neutral mass spectrometer instrument. (universetoday.com)
The synthesis and stability of the compounds studied here as well as heavier hydrocarbons over the full range of conditions within the Earth's mantle now need to be explored. (innovations-report.com)
We provide you with the full spectrum of the testing required to identify non-hydrocarbon impurities, trace compounds and Benzene, Ethylbenzene, Toluene and Xylene (BETX) levels. (sgs.com)
The molecular structure of hydrocarbon compounds varies from the simplest to the very heavy and very complex. (conservapedia.com)
So-called hydrocarbons may be the simplest organic compounds, but they have mighty economic importance because they include stuff like petroleum and natural gas. (dummies.com)
Carbon compounds that come from living organisms include carbon dioxide, carbohydrates and hydrocarbons. (reference.com)
Chlorinated hydrocarbon (CHC) is a generic term given to compounds containing chlorine, carbon and hydrogen. (europa.eu)
Biological break down of the many compounds found in hydrocarbon contaminated soils. (environmental-expert.com)
In many sites contaminated by hydrocarbons the natural microbial population is unable to degrade the oil compounds. (environmental-expert.com)
Crude oil and petroleum refined products are composed of thousands of hydrocarbon compounds. (intertek.com)
When organic compounds are considered in general, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons are placed in the category known as aliphatic compounds , while aromatic hydrocarbons are categorized as aromatic compounds . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Hydrocarbons and lipids comprise extremely diverse organic compounds that play fundamental roles in biosphere and geosphere. (springer.com)

Benzene , C 6 H 6 , is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, and it was the first one named as such. (wikipedia.org)
aromatic hydrocarbons, which contain benzene rings in their structures, and aliphatic hydrocarbons, which are all the rest. (encyclopedia.com)
The carbon-atom skeletons of aliphatic hydrocarbons may consist of straight or branched chains, or of (non-benzene) rings. (encyclopedia.com)
This plume was initially identified by elevated levels of methane and light aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylenes, referred to collectively as BTEX). (bartleby.com)
Most of the dangerous hydrocarbons are derived from petroleum distillates and include aliphatic (straight-chain) hydrocarbons and aromatic (benzene-containing) hydrocarbons. (medscape.com)
The graph reveals a diversity of hydrocarbons in the high atmosphere above Titan, including benzene and diacetylene. (nasa.gov)
It boils at 80.1°C and solidifies at 5.5°C. Benzene is a hydrocarbon , with formula C 6 H 6. (factbites.com)

The alkanes are also called the saturated hydrocarbons, because all the bonds that are not used to make the skeleton itself are filled to their capacity - saturated - with hydrogen atoms. (encyclopedia.com)
These hydrocarbons that lack double bonds, triple bonds, or ring structures make up the class called alkanes . (dummies.com)
Mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) consist of linear and branched alkanes, and alkyl-substituted cyclo-alkanes, whilst mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) include mainly alkyl-substituted polyaromatic hydrocarbons. (europa.eu)
Alkanes are hydrocarbons with single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms, while alkenes are hydrocarbons with one or more double covalent bonds between. (reference.com)

In contrast, aliphatic hydrocarbons lack this delocalization. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, there can be three kinds of aliphatic hydrocarbons: those whose carbon skeletons contain only single bonds, those that contain some double bonds, and those that contain some triple bonds. (encyclopedia.com)
Unlike the aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbons, the halogenated hydrocarbons tend to cause a wider range of toxicity. (medscape.com)
While most aliphatic hydrocarbons have little GI absorption, aspiration frequently occurs, either initially or in a semidelayed fashion as the patient coughs or vomits, thereby resulting in pulmonary effects. (medscape.com)

An aromatic hydrocarbon or arene [1] (or sometimes aryl hydrocarbon ) [2] is a hydrocarbon with sigma bonds and delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms forming a circle. (wikipedia.org)
Every hydrocarbon molecule is built upon a skeleton of carbon atoms bonded to each other either in the form of closed rings or in a continuous rowlike links in a chain. (encyclopedia.com)
All organic molecules can be thought of as being derived from hydrocarbons by substituting other atoms or groups of atoms for some of the hydrogen atoms and occasionally for some of the carbon atoms in the skeleton. (encyclopedia.com)
Hydrocarbons containing as many as seven carbon atoms were observed, as well as nitrogen- containing hydrocarbons (nitriles). (universetoday.com)
Propane, butane, and isobutane are all hydrocarbons with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. (dummies.com)
5. The hydrocarbons of claim 1 drawn from a class composed of methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, n-butane, isopentane, n-pentane and hydrocarbons containing greater than five carbon atoms, 6. (freepatentsonline.com)
A hydrocarbon is any chemical compound that is constituted of just the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Each hydrocarbon molecule consists of a carbon backbone, or "carbon skeleton," with hydrogen atoms attached to that backbone. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Aromatic hydrocarbons, or arenes: Each molecule of an aromatic hydrocarbon contains at least one aromatic ring, in which the bonds between carbon atoms are aromatic bonds. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Ethane , with the formula C 2 H 6 , is a hydrocarbon (more specifically, an alkane ) in which each molecule has two carbon atoms held together with a single covalent bond , and three hydrogen atoms are bound to each carbon atom. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The hydrocarbons differ both in the total number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in their molecules and in the proportion of hydrogen to carbon . (factbites.com)
is a hydrocarbon , the molecular structure of which incorporates one or more planar sets of six carbon atoms that are connected by delocalised electrons numbering the same as if they consisted of alternating single and double covalent bonds . (factbites.com)

Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double bounds ( alkenes ) or triple bounds ( alkynes ). (conservapedia.com)

A method for recovering viscous hydrocarbons and synthetic fuels from a subterranean formation by drilling a well bore through the formation and completing the well by cementing a casing means in the upper part of the pay zone. (google.co.uk)
The combustion gases migrate to the top of the pay zone and form a gas cap which provides formation pressure to produce the viscous hydrocarbons and synthetic fuels. (google.co.uk)
As a political historian, my initial objective when writing Hydrocarbon Nation was simply to investigate the role that fossil fuels have played in influencing America's political and economic advance. (jhu.edu)
Everyday, the world uses up large amounts of hydrocarbon fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum crude oil and natural gas for energy. (prweb.com)
Thus, it is very important to appreciate, conserve and learn about hydrocarbon fossil fuels since we depend so much on them. (prweb.com)
Most information that is learned about hydrocarbon fossil fuels comes from the many different books out there that can be read on this subject along with different articles in business, industry and academic journals. (prweb.com)
This is being done by their making of hydrocarbon fossil fuel sets that consist of different geology specimens such as rocks, minerals and fossils that relate to hydrocarbon fossil fuels. (prweb.com)
Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis (DHA) provides in-depth molecular composition testing data for crude oil feedstocks, fuels, and other petroleum products. (intertek.com)
Hydrocarbons are of prime economic importance because they encompass the constituents of the major fossil fuels ( coal , petroleum , natural gas , etc.) and plastics , paraffin, waxes , solvents and oils . (factbites.com)

UTB ID 201503541, Liquid hydrocarbons from biomass derived ethanol, U.S. Patent App. (ornl.gov)
Upgrading of biomass and hydrocarbon resources in near and supercritical water has been an active topic in both university and industry labs for the past decade. (aiche.org)

Titan's atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen, followed by methane, the simplest hydrocarbon. (universetoday.com)
The simplest hydrocarbon is methane , the main constituent of natural gas . (newworldencyclopedia.org)

This book describes the structural features and properties of important types of hydrocarbons and lipids and gives an overview of their analytical characterization in biological and environmental matrices. (springer.com)

While his results were limited, due to growing season complications, [3] he did find there to be a substantial amount of hydrocarbon products. (wikipedia.org)
The amount of hydrocarbon ingested has not consistently been linked to the degree of aspiration and hence pulmonary toxicity. (medscape.com)

Higher extraction of hydrocarbons and robust expansion in the production of beverages and refined petroleum products have led Qatar's industrial production report a marginal 0.3% year-on-year growth in December 2018, according to the official estimates. (gulf-times.com)
The purpose of the HRL is to establish the regime applicable to the revenue obtained by the Mexican State from contracts executed with private parties or from direct assignments to PEMEX to carry out the exploration and extraction of hydrocarbons, and to regulate the management and oversight of the financial aspects of such contracts. (lexology.com)
The Law establishes the concepts and mechanisms whereby the Mexican State is to obtain revenue from hydrocarbon exploration and extraction activities, resulting from contracts models to be executed with private enterprises or assignments to state-owned enterprises (such as PEMEX). (lexology.com)
While the tax regime for state-owned enterprises is of major importance in the national context, this alert summarizes key issues for the private sector interested in hydrocarbon exploration and extraction through contracts to be executed with the Mexican State. (lexology.com)
The HRL provides the main concepts from which the Mexican State will obtain revenue from hydrocarbon exploration and extraction, defined as those activities specifically set forth in the Hydrocarbons Law, including the construction, location, operation, use, abandonment and winding up of facilities for the production, treatment and refining of oil and the processing of natural gas. (lexology.com)
In general, hydrocarbon exploration and extraction agreements establish considerations corresponding to the State and private parties. (lexology.com)
13 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures METHOD GF EXTRACTING IMMOBILE HYDROCARBONS The present invention generally concerns a method of extracting immobile hydrocarbons from the earth and more particularly concerns a method of extracting immobile hydrocarbons from the earth by converting the hydrocarbons in situ into a flowable state and in a manner such that the resultant product of the extraction is a solid fuel composition. (google.com)
The landowner must be notified in writing of the intention to acquire the land by way of one of the contracts specified in the Guidelines and Models of Contracts for the Use, Enjoyment, Affectation or Acquisition of Land, Property or Rights to Carry Out Hydrocarbon Exploration and Extraction and Pipeline Transport Activities. (lexology.com)
Especially designed for air and water treatment on contaminated site, the double phases extraction unit allows to pump air, water and free hydrocarbon phase from contaminated underground site in order to treat all phases separately. (environmental-expert.com)
The extraction of liquid hydrocarbon fuel from a number of sedimentary basins has been integral to modern energy development. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Now for the first time, scientists have found that ethane and heavier hydrocarbons can be synthesized under the pressure-temperature conditions of the upper mantle -the layer of Earth under the crust and on top of the core. (innovations-report.com)
Methane and ethane are the two simplest hydrocarbons. (reference.com)
Refineries and other processing plants that pump light hydrocarbons such as ethane, ethylene, propane, and butane, (specific gravity from 0.4 to 0.6) face a challenge. (machinedesign.com)

Exposure to hydrocarbons is common in modern society. (medscape.com)
As a general statement, exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbon has been associated with suppression of the immune system and cancer. (europa.eu)
Toxicity from hydrocarbon exposure can be thought of as different syndromes, depending on which organ system is predominately involved. (medscape.com)
Pulmonary complications, especially aspiration, are the most frequently reported adverse effect of hydrocarbon exposure. (medscape.com)

Pulmonary toxicity is the result of hydrocarbon aspiration causing direct effects on lung parenchyma. (medscape.com)
Hydrocarbon toxicity produces various CNS effects. (medscape.com)
Toxicity from hydrocarbon ingestion can affect many different organs, but the lungs are the most commonly affected. (medscape.com)
The chemical properties of the individual hydrocarbon determine the specific toxicity, while the dose and route of ingestion affect which organs are exposed to the toxicity. (medscape.com)
The toxicity of hydrocarbons is directly related to their physical properties, specifically the viscosity, volatility, surface tension, and chemical activity of the side chains. (medscape.com)

Robust hydrocarbons and manufacturing sector helped Qatar's industrial producers' earnings register an about 10% growth year-on-year in December 2018, according to official estimates. (gulf-times.com)
AUSTIN, Texas , Sept. 5, 2018 /PRNewswire/ -- JP3 Measurement, LLC (JP3) is pleased to announce that it has received the Best Analyzer Technology award for 2018 by Hydrocarbon Processing magazine. (prnewswire.com)

Separator vessels and coalescers stabilise the crude and remove any sediments, produced water and allow light hydrocarbons to flash-off. (wikipedia.org)

These groups are called petroleum hydrocarbon fractions. (cdc.gov)
Your primary role is to participate in the chromatography lab in support of the gas and petroleum hydrocarbon characterization team, develop analytical methods, mentor young scientists, and interact with proponents to solve their analytical and operational challenges through the available resources. (rigzone.com)

Because there is no apparent limit to the size and complexity of the carbon skeletons, there is in principle no limit to the number of different hydrocarbons that can exist. (encyclopedia.com)
The role of the upper atmosphere in this organic "factory" of hydrocarbons is very intriguing to scientists, especially given the large number of different hydrocarbons detected by Cassini during the flyby. (universetoday.com)

The gasoline studies showed the gaseous hydrocarbon activity to be at or near background level. (sae.org)
Trapping Gaseous Hydrocarbons for Mutagenic Testing," SAE Technical Paper 820776, 1982, https://doi.org/10.4271/820776 . (sae.org)
UT-Battelle, LLC, acting under its Prime Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for the management and operation of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), is seeking a commercialization partner for a new method to reduce gaseous hydrocarbon content in the conversion of alcohol to hydrocarbon. (ornl.gov)
Researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have reported a method to accomplish reduction of gaseous hydrocarbon in the production of alcohol to hydrocarbon. (ornl.gov)
The approach uses a two-step process where in the second step after a first pass at converting alcohol to hydrocarbon, gaseous hydrocarbon are converted to liquid hydrocarbons. (ornl.gov)
A second approach disclosed mixes gaseous hydrocarbon with alcohol to accomplish conversion into hydrocarbons. (ornl.gov)
A hydrocarbon (HC) is a substance that is made of carbon and hydrogen in the gaseous, liquid, or solid phase. (conservapedia.com)

Such processes may include glycol dehydration, gas sweetening, hydrocarbon dew-point control, fractionation, natural gas liquids (NGL) recovery, gas compression before gas distribution to users. (wikipedia.org)
Hydrocarbon liquids can flash to a vapor at ambient temperatures and pressures, causing seal faces to run dry and fail. (machinedesign.com)

One particular tree, the Hevea tree, or more commonly known as the rubber tree, is probably the most famous hydrocarbon plant, supplying an estimated one third of the world's rubber demand. (wikipedia.org)
With manufacturing facilities in North America and Europe and offices in major cities throughout the world, Sonneborn is the world's only specialty hydrocarbon producer that offers this global reach of expertise and depth of experience. (prweb.com)
He also stressed that Ukraine's cooperation with the world's leading companies in hydrocarbon production facilitated the introduction of modern technologies and experience in Ukraine while also strengthened energy security of the state. (prnewswire.co.uk)

Pentane is a high purity aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent primarily used as propellants in aerosols, as blowing agents in foams and as reaction media in polymerisation processes. (shell.com)
The problem with Hydrocarbon was not its cleaning qualities but the fact that it is a flammable and explosive solvent . (factbites.com)

Aspiration pneumonitis is the most common complication of hydrocarbon ingestion, followed by central nervous system (CNS) and cardiovascular complications. (medscape.com)
Local irritation is the usual GI manifestation of hydrocarbon ingestion. (medscape.com)
Symptoms of aliphatic hydrocarbon ingestion, in the absence of toxic substituents, are confined to the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory tract. (factbites.com)

Instead of tapping the tree, the hydrocarbons are extracted using various organic solvents . (wikipedia.org)
Hydrocarbon pneumonia is caused by drinking or breathing in gasoline , kerosene , furniture polish , paint thinner, or other oily materials or solvents. (medlineplus.gov)
Shell chemicals companies are leading suppliers of isoparaffins, a group of high purity, relatively high boiling synthetic hydrocarbon solvents. (shell.com)
Special boiling point (SBP) solvents are versatile fast to medium evaporating aliphatic hydrocarbon fluids with very low impurities and aromatics content and narrow boiling ranges. (shell.com)
The recreational use of inhaling hydrocarbons and other volatile solvents for the purposes of creating a euphoric state is becoming increasingly common. (medscape.com)
In fact, Hydrocarbon was one of the first solvents to be used in the early days of drycleaning. (factbites.com)

An alkene is a hydrocarbon with at least one double bond between carbons. (dummies.com)

Nitro- and hydrocarbon chemistry have shaped both the face of the Earth and the scope of politics on this planet by literally unbinding the molecules of the technosphere. (hkw.de)
However, it is surprising to find the plethora of complex hydrocarbon molecules in the upper reaches of the atmosphere. (universetoday.com)
Hydrocarbons are molecules composed only from hydrogen and carbon. (reference.com)
Hydrocarbons are a heterogenous group of organic substances that are primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen molecules. (medscape.com)
Halogenated hydrocarbons are a subgroup of aromatic hydrocarbons, in which one of the hydrogen molecules is substituted by a halogen group. (medscape.com)

Sonneborn, LLC, leading manufacturer of specialty hydrocarbons, microcrystalline waxes and vegetable based emollients, launches new interactive website, featuring detailed product information, chat line and industry resources. (prweb.com)
most are liquid, but some short-chain hydrocarbons (eg, butane) are gas at room temperature, whereas other long-chain hydrocarbons (eg, waxes) are solid at room temperature. (medscape.com)

TPH is a mixture of chemicals, but they are all made mainly from hydrogen and carbon, called hydrocarbons. (cdc.gov)

Advanced analytical instruments such as FPD GC analysis, mass spectrometry, XRF, XRD and SEM give us the tools to identify almost any naturally-occurring impurities in hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon deposits collected from the field. (sgs.com)
The method for analytical determination of sulfur in hydrocarbons is very fast compared to the standard lamp or bomb used in present ASTM methods. (astm.org)
Hydrocarbon analytical techniques produce composition information about the individual molecular and elemental components in hydrocarbon feedstocks, intermediate products, and final refined products. (intertek.com)

Hydrocarbons are mined from tar sands, oil shale and potentially extracted from sedimentary methane hydrates. (factbites.com)

Some of the sets that they make are called the 'Oil Rock Set', 'Fossil Fuel Set', 'Coal Rank Set', 'Petroleum Set' and 'Crude Oil Set' which all come with different hydrocarbon fossil fuel geology specimens and educational information sheets. (prweb.com)
The JP3 Digital Crude Signature (DCS) technology utilizes data from its Verax analyzer systems and software solutions to provide a composite picture of crude oil properties, including True Boiling Pointcuts, hydrocarbon composition, API gravity, RVP, and contaminants. (prnewswire.com)
In fact, petroleum distillate refers to a type of hydrocarbon which results from the processing of crude oil , and may be aliphatic or aromatic . (factbites.com)

The lake is filled with hot asphalt and bubbling with noxious hydrocarbon gases and carbon dioxide. (technologyreview.com)

These hydrocarbons are particularly harmful in large cities where, through chemical reactions with emissions from cars, they form ozone - a greenhouse gas which is a key component of smog and directly linked to increases in mortality. (enn.com)
This new study shows that global fossil fuel emissions of these hydrocarbons have been underestimated and are a factor of 2-3 times higher than previously thought. (enn.com)
It is conspicuous that twice as many hydrocarbon emissions can be produced in residential areas with little traffic but many parked vehicles: stopped traffic can produce twice as much hydrocarbon emissions as moving traffic. (berlin.de)
approximately 10 % of total hydrocarbon emissions. (berlin.de)
Benzol emissions are proportional to hydrocarbon emissions due to their close relationship (see Map 03.09.1). (berlin.de)

The HC-SERIES is our professional product line for the bio- remediation of deep soil and ground water hydrocarbon contamination. (environmental-expert.com)
This product has the ability to significantly reduce hydrocarbon contamination in these separators thereby reducing the high cost of disposal & transportation. (environmental-expert.com)
NavalKleen has the ability to significantly reduce hydrocarbon contamination in Bilges, Oily Waste Tanks and Oil Water Separators. (environmental-expert.com)
Bioremediation is a critical component in keeping our planet safe from hydrocarbon-based contamination. (environmental-expert.com)
Bacterial degradation of hydrocarbon contamination in soil and groundwater. (factbites.com)

In addition, many hydrocarbons serve as base materials for the synthesis of organic chemicals used in the production of consumer products and industrial materials. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Oil reserves in sedimentary rocks are the principal source of hydrocarbons for the energy and chemicals industries. (factbites.com)

Scientists divide TPH into groups of petroleum hydrocarbons that act alike in soil or water. (cdc.gov)
Scientists have debated for years whether some of these hydrocarbons could also have been created deeper in the Earth and formed without organic matter. (innovations-report.com)
Scientists have found the first widespread evidence of giant hydrocarbon lakes on the surface of Saturn?s planet-size moon Titan. (hindustantimes.com)
Intertek petroleum scientists and chemists have years of experience in detailed hydrocarbon analysis and other petroleum related testing. (intertek.com)
Various scientists have suggested that it is the closest thing on Earth to the kind of hydrocarbon lakes that we can see on Saturn's moon Titan. (technologyreview.com)

During its closest flyby of Saturn's moon Titan on April 16, the Cassini spacecraft came within 1,027 kilometers (638 miles) of the moon's surface and found that the outer layer of the thick, hazy atmosphere is brimming with complex hydrocarbons. (universetoday.com)
Titan is very cold, and complex hydrocarbons would be expected to condense and rain down to the surface. (universetoday.com)
As Schulze-Makuch and co put it: "Our research is a starting point on investigating what life's principle constraints are in a hydrocarbon matrix and whether the hydrocarbon lakes on Titan could possibly contain life. (technologyreview.com)

Hydrocarbons plunges into the complexities and contradictions of the oil era and thereby into the molecular basis of the technosphere. (hkw.de)
A "molecular graph" of a hydrocarbon is a simple representation of the carbon skeleton of the molecule under consideration. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
His research focuses on molecular mechanisms of biogeochemical key reactions and metabolic pathways in microorganisms, the origin, fate and transformation of hydrocarbons and petroleum in the environment and in the geosphere, and the reconstruction of past environments and climates using organic-geochemical proxy parameters. (springer.com)

At the surface (either on the seabed or above water) offshore facilities are designed, constructed, commissioned and operated to process and treat the hydrocarbon oil and gas. (wikipedia.org)
HANOI (Reuters) - Vietnamese state oil firm PetroVietnam made a significant offshore hydrocarbon find during recent exploration drilling, it said on Wednesday. (reuters.com)

Its formula contains biodegradable surfactants and a specialized blend of micro organisms, nutrients and growth stimulants that enhance biodegradation of hydrocarbons by indigenous bacterial populations. (environmental-expert.com)

TORONTO, ONTARIO--(Marketwired - Dec. 12, 2016) - Africa Hydrocarbons Inc. (NEX:NFK.H) (" AHI " or the " Company ") announces that John Nelson and Gord McKay have resigned effective immediately. (globenewswire.com)

Onshore, when used in relation to hydrocarbons, refers to an oil, natural gas or condensate field that is under the land or to activities or operations carried out in relation to such a field. (wikipedia.org)
Other facilities include storage vessels, tanker ships, and pipelines to transport hydrocarbons onshore for further treatment and distribution. (wikipedia.org)

Finally, for both kinds of electrochemical catalysts, our results have evidenced that the measurement of the open-circuit voltage during catalytic process can be an indicator of the hydrocarbon conversion. (springer.com)

Metabolic Activation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons deals with the metabolic activation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and covers topics ranging from the cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects of arene oxides to the role of secondary metabolites as ultimate carcinogens. (elsevier.com)
The mechanism of binding of metabolites derived from polynuclear hydrocarbons to key cellular sites is also discussed. (elsevier.com)
This book begins with a brief review of the early work on the mechanism of chemical carcinogenesis by polynuclear hydrocarbons, followed by a detailed survey of pertinent literature in the field. (elsevier.com)
Fate of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons during anaerobic digest. (ingentaconnect.com)
The fate of six polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons during anaerobic digestion of municipal sludges was investigated in a two-stage pilot-scale digester system. (ingentaconnect.com)

lt is another object of the present invention to provide a method of extracting immobile hydrocarbons from the earth by in situ conversion of the immobile hydrocarbon into a liquid state and flowing the hydrocarbon to a surface location where it is naturally solidified at atmospheric temperatures. (google.com)
Traceable standards for the measurement of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures such as LPG and LNG are required in order to support this important industrial sector. (npl.co.uk)
NPL's liquid hydrocarbon standards are typically provided in one litre constant pressure (piston) cylinders. (npl.co.uk)
Examples of some typical components in NPL's liquid hydrocarbon standards are listed below. (npl.co.uk)
Last year, Cassini found what appeared to be a liquid hydrocarbon lake about the size of Lake Ontario on Titan's south pole. (hindustantimes.com)
Petroleum is a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, while natural gas is mainly constituted of methane gas. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
For example, when one claim is to a solid resinous hydrocarbon polymer and another is to a liquid hydrocarbon polymer , the patent is classified as an original in the class which provides for the solid resinous polymer . (factbites.com)

Low-viscosity, highly volatile hydrocarbons, such as kerosene and mineral oils, are easiest to aspirate. (medscape.com)
In addition, many volatile substances that contain hydrocarbons (eg, glue, propellants) are commonly abused for their euphoric effects. (medscape.com)

After inhalation, hydrocarbons are absorbed through the lungs into the bloodstream. (medscape.com)
If you tried to drink these hydrocarbons, some would likely slip down your windpipe and into your lungs (aspiration) rather than going down your food pipe (esophagus) and into your stomach. (medlineplus.gov)

The method was then used in a series of diesel and gasoline powered passenger car studies aimed at comparing the gas phase with the particle-bound hydrocarbon mutagenic activity. (sae.org)
Petroleum distillates include kerosene, gasoline, and naphtha, whereas wood-derived hydrocarbons include turpentine and pine oil. (medscape.com)
Arabian American will build the plant at its South Hampton Resources Inc. subsidiary in Silsbee, Texas, and will process up to 10,000 gallons of Gevo's isobutanol - a naturally occurring alcohol - into renewable hydrocarbons for use in jet fuel, gasoline and other materials. (bizjournals.com)
The gasoline that serves as fuel for automobiles consists primarily of hydrocarbons. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Carbon dioxide and nitrogen content in natural hydrocarbons, important for controlling greenhouse gas emission levels and for process equipment design, are measured by conventional GPA GC methods. (sgs.com)

The minimum observation period after inhalation of a hydrocarbon is 6 hours. (medlineplus.gov)

Hydrocarbon degradation in the environment is typically limited by the bioavailability of nutrients, such as iron or phosphorous. (bartleby.com)

Anatomy6

Organisms9

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs117

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes25

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture7

Information Science2

Health Care28

Geographicals1

Hydrophobic interaction of human, mouse, and rabbit interferons with immobilized hydrocarbons. (1/984)

Hydrocarbon chain packing and the effect of ethanol on the thermotropic phase behavior of mixed-chain phosphatidylglycerols. (2/984)

Resolution and purification of histones on homologous series of hydrocarbon-coated agaroses. (3/984)

Histone-hydrocarbon interaction. Partition of histones in aqueous two-phase systems containing poly(ethylene glycol)-bound hydrocarbons. (4/984)

Toxic polyneuropathy of shoe-industry workers. A study of 122 cases. (5/984)

Microbial oxidation of methane and methanol: isolation of methane-utilizing bacteria and characterization of a facultative methane-utilizing isolate. (6/984)

Inhibition of Bacillus subtilis spore germination by various hydrophobic compounds: demonstration of hydrophobic character of the L-alanine receptor site. (7/984)

Molecular analysis of microbial community structures in pristine and contaminated aquifers: field and laboratory microcosm experiments. (8/984)

Hydrocarbons

Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

Polycyclic Compounds

Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

Hydrocarbons, Halogenated

Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator

Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated

Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1

Benzo(a)pyrene

Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases

Alkanes

Petroleum

Benz(a)Anthracenes

Pyrenes

Benzopyrenes

Dioxins

Biodegradation, Environmental

Soil Pollutants

Methylcholanthrene

Hydrocarbons, Alicyclic

Phenanthrenes

Environmental Pollutants

Hydrocarbons, Acyclic

Fuel Oils

Gasoline

Water Pollutants, Chemical

Carcinogens

Petroleum Pollution

DNA Adducts

Chrysenes

Environmental Monitoring

Benzoflavones

Alkenes

Coal Tar

Enzyme Induction

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Coke

beta-Naphthoflavone

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Bay-Region, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon

Creosote

Carcinogens, Environmental

Acenaphthenes

Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System

Air Pollutants

Toluene

Chromatography, Gas

Biotransformation

Integumentary System

7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide

Xylenes

Benzopyrene Hydroxylase

Benzene Derivatives

Mutagens

Kerosene

Xenobiotics

Gulf of Mexico

Air Pollutants, Occupational

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene

Occupational Exposure

Benzene

Vehicle Emissions

Octanes

Oil and Gas Fields

Soil Microbiology

Water Pollution, Chemical

Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2

Naphthalenes

Butanes

Sex Attractants

Ethane

Propane

Geologic Sediments

Mineral Oil

Hydrocarbons, Cyclic

Lipid Bilayers

Coal

Environmental Exposure