Human growth hormone. Medical search

A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as GH or somatotropin. Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency.

A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized.

Cell surface proteins that bind GROWTH HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Activation of growth hormone receptors regulates amino acid transport through cell membranes, RNA translation to protein, DNA transcription, and protein and amino acid catabolism in many cell types. Many of these effects are mediated indirectly through stimulation of the release of somatomedins.

A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.

A polypeptide hormone of approximately 25 kDa that is produced by the SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLASTS of the PLACENTA, also known as chorionic somatomammotropin. It has both GROWTH HORMONE and PROLACTIN activities on growth, lactation, and luteal steroid production. In women, placental lactogen secretion begins soon after implantation and increases to 1 g or more a day in late pregnancy. Placental lactogen is also an insulin antagonist.

Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.

A peptide of 44 amino acids in most species that stimulates the release and synthesis of GROWTH HORMONE. GHRF (or GRF) is synthesized by neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, GHRF stimulates GH release by the SOMATOTROPHS in the PITUITARY GLAND.

A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.

Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.

Surgical removal or destruction of the hypophysis, or pituitary gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.

A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.

Labile proteins on or in prolactin-sensitive cells that bind prolactin initiating the cells' physiological response to that hormone. Mammary casein synthesis is one of the responses. The receptors are also found in placenta, liver, testes, kidneys, ovaries, and other organs and bind and respond to certain other hormones and their analogs and antagonists. This receptor is related to the growth hormone receptor.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)

Establishment of the age of an individual by examination of their skeletal structure.

Gradual increase in the number, the size, and the complexity of cells of an individual. Growth generally results in increase in ORGAN WEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; and BODY HEIGHT.

Hormones produced by the placenta include CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN as well as steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE), and neuropeptide hormones similar to those found in the hypothalamus (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES).

Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.

Form of radioimmunoassay in which excess specific labeled antibody is added directly to the test antigen being measured.

Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.

Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.

The distance from the sole to the crown of the head with body standing on a flat surface and fully extended.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis. It secretes the ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES that regulate vital functions such as GROWTH; METABOLISM; and REPRODUCTION.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Forceful administration under the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the skin.

A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.

Insulin-like polypeptides made by the liver and some fibroblasts and released into the blood when stimulated by SOMATOTROPIN. They cause sulfate incorporation into collagen, RNA, and DNA synthesis, which are prerequisites to cell division and growth of the organism.

A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.

A POU domain factor that regulates expression of GROWTH HORMONE; PROLACTIN; and THYROTROPIN-BETA in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

Illegitimate use of substances for a desired effect in competitive sports. It includes humans and animals.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.

An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).

Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The injection of solutions into the skin by compressed air devices so that only the solution pierces the skin.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

A period in the human life in which the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system takes place and reaches full maturity. The onset of synchronized endocrine events in puberty lead to the capacity for reproduction (FERTILITY), development of secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS, and other changes seen in ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT.

A regulatory region first identified in the human beta-globin locus but subsequently found in other loci. The region is believed to regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION by opening and remodeling CHROMATIN structure. It may also have enhancer activity.

Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Stable iodine atoms that have the same atomic number as the element iodine, but differ in atomic weight. I-127 is the only naturally occurring stable iodine isotope.

Cell surface receptors that bind the hypothalamic hormones regulating pituitary cell differentiation, proliferation, and hormone synthesis and release, including the pituitary-releasing and release-inhibiting hormones. The pituitary hormone-regulating hormones are also released by cells other than hypothalamic neurons, and their receptors also occur on non-pituitary cells, especially brain neurons, where their role is less well understood. Receptors for dopamine, which is a prolactin release-inhibiting hormone as well as a common neurotransmitter, are not included here.

The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.

A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.

A benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.

Specific high affinity binding proteins for THYROID HORMONES in target cells. They are usually found in the nucleus and regulate DNA transcription. These receptors are activated by hormones that leads to transcription, cell differentiation, and growth suppression. Thyroid hormone receptors are encoded by two genes (GENES, ERBA): erbA-alpha and erbA-beta for alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors, respectively.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Transmembrane proteins that recognize and bind GHRELIN, a potent stimulator of GROWTH HORMONE secretion and food intake in mammals. Ghrelin receptors are found in the pituitary and HYPOTHALAMUS. They belong to the family of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS.

Glucose in blood.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.

An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.

A 28-amino acid, acylated, orexigenic peptide that is a ligand for GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTORS. Ghrelin is widely expressed but primarily in the stomach in the adults. Ghrelin acts centrally to stimulate growth hormone secretion and food intake, and peripherally to regulate energy homeostasis. Its large precursor protein, known as appetite-regulating hormone or motilin-related peptide, contains ghrelin and obestatin.

One of the six homologous soluble proteins that bind insulin-like growth factors (SOMATOMEDINS) and modulate their mitogenic and metabolic actions at the cellular level.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form.

A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percentage of body fat.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.

Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Structurally, they include polypeptide, protein, and glycoprotein molecules.

The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.

A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).

A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal.

The processes of milk secretion by the maternal MAMMARY GLANDS after PARTURITION. The proliferation of the mammary glandular tissue, milk synthesis, and milk expulsion or let down are regulated by the interactions of several hormones including ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; PROLACTIN; and OXYTOCIN.

MAMMARY GLANDS in the non-human MAMMALS.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

Instruments used for injecting or withdrawing fluids. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Sharp instruments used for puncturing or suturing.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))

Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.

Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.

The area between the EPIPHYSIS and the DIAPHYSIS within which bone growth occurs.

A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.

Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.

An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. This catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA yielding 5'-phosphodi- and oligonucleotide end-products. The enzyme has a preference for double-stranded DNA.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Anterior pituitary cells which produce GROWTH HORMONE.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Cell surface receptors that bind specific neuropeptides with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Many neuropeptides are also hormones outside of the nervous system.

Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.

An aromatized C18 steroid with a 3-hydroxyl group and a 17-ketone, a major mammalian estrogen. It is converted from ANDROSTENEDIONE directly, or from TESTOSTERONE via ESTRADIOL. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries, PLACENTA, and the ADIPOSE TISSUE of men and postmenopausal women.

Compounds, either natural or synthetic, which block development of the growing insect.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously).

A tripeptide that stimulates the release of THYROTROPIN and PROLACTIN. It is synthesized by the neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, TRH (was called TRF) stimulates the release of TSH and PRL from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.

Experimentally induced chronic injuries to the parenchymal cells in the liver to achieve a model for LIVER CIRRHOSIS.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Intracellular proteins that reversibly bind hydrophobic ligands including: saturated and unsaturated FATTY ACIDS; EICOSANOIDS; and RETINOIDS. They are considered a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed family of proteins that may play a role in the metabolism of LIPIDS.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.

A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes.

The major protein constituents of milk are CASEINS and whey proteins such as LACTALBUMIN and LACTOGLOBULINS. IMMUNOGLOBULINS occur in high concentrations in COLOSTRUM and in relatively lower concentrations in milk. (Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p554)

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (OSTEOGENESIS) with the actions of OSTEOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS.

Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A family of soluble proteins that bind insulin-like growth factors and modulate their biological actions at the cellular level. (Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1992;39(1):3-9)

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Peptide hormones produced by NEURONS of various regions in the HYPOTHALAMUS. They are released into the pituitary portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit PITUITARY GLAND functions. VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN, though produced in the hypothalamus, are not included here for they are transported down the AXONS to the POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY before being released into the portal circulation.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter.

Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures.

Peptides, natural or synthetic, that stimulate the release of PITUITARY HORMONES. They were first isolated from the extracts of the HYPOTHALAMUS; MEDIAN EMINENCE; PITUITARY STALK; and NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. In addition, some hypophysiotropic hormones control pituitary cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and hormone synthesis. Some can act on more than one pituitary hormone.

Genes that are introduced into an organism using GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.

A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to a variety of CYTOKINES. Stat5 activation is associated with transcription of CELL CYCLE regulators such as CYCLIN KINASE INHIBITOR P21 and anti-apoptotic genes such as BCL-2 GENES. Stat5 is constitutively activated in many patients with acute MYELOID LEUKEMIA.

Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.

A glycoprotein that causes regression of MULLERIAN DUCTS. It is produced by SERTOLI CELLS of the TESTES. In the absence of this hormone, the Mullerian ducts develop into structures of the female reproductive tract. In males, defects of this hormone result in persistent Mullerian duct, a form of MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM.

Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.

Hormones produced by the GONADS, including both steroid and peptide hormones. The major steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL and PROGESTERONE from the OVARY, and TESTOSTERONE from the TESTIS. The major peptide hormones include ACTIVINS and INHIBINS.

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by short stature, defective GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTOR, and failure to generate INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I by GROWTH HORMONE. Laron syndrome is not a form of primary pituitary dwarfism (GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY DWARFISM) but the result of mutation of the human GHR gene on chromosome 5.

High affinity receptors for THYROID HORMONES, especially TRIIODOTHYRONINE. These receptors are usually found in the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. They are encoded by the THRB gene (also known as NR1A2, THRB1, or ERBA2 gene) as several isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Mutations in the THRB gene cause THYROID HORMONE RESISTANCE SYNDROME.

Examinations that evaluate functions of the pituitary gland.

A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

The amount of a substance secreted by cells or by a specific organ or organism over a given period of time; usually applies to those substances which are formed by glandular tissues and are released by them into biological fluids, e.g., secretory rate of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex, secretory rate of gastric acid by the gastric mucosa.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.

Effect of growth hormone treatment on adult height of children with idiopathic short stature. Genentech Collaborative Group. (1/1891)

BACKGROUND: Short-term administration of growth hormone to children with idiopathic short stature results in increases in growth rate and standard-deviation scores for height. However, the effect of long-term growth hormone therapy on adult height in these children is unknown. METHODS: We studied 121 children with idiopathic short stature, all of whom had an initial height below the third percentile, low growth rates, and maximal stimulated serum concentrations of growth hormone of at least 10 microg per liter. The children were treated with growth hormone (0.3 mg per kilogram of body weight per week) for 2 to 10 years. Eighty of these children have reached adult height, with a bone age of at least 16 years in the boys and at least 14 years in the girls, and pubertal stage 4 or 5. The difference between the predicted adult height before treatment and achieved adult height was compared with the corresponding difference in three untreated normal or short-statured control groups. RESULTS: In the 80 children who have reached adult height, growth hormone treatment increased the mean standard-deviation score for height (number of standard deviations from the mean height for chronologic age) from -2.7 to -1.4. The mean (+/-SD) difference between predicted adult height before treatment and achieved adult height was +5.0+/-5.1 cm for boys and +5.9+/-5.2 cm for girls. The difference between predicted and achieved adult height among treated boys was 9.2 cm greater than the corresponding difference among untreated boys with initial standard-deviation scores of less than -2, and the difference among treated girls was 5.7 cm greater than the difference among untreated girls. CONCLUSION: Long-term administration of growth hormone to children with idiopathic short stature can increase adult height to a level above the predicted adult height and above the adult height of untreated historical control children. (+info)

Perioperative growth hormone treatment and functional outcome after major abdominal surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. (2/1891)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate short- and long-term effects of perioperative human growth hormone (hGH) treatment on physical performance and fatigue in younger patients undergoing a major abdominal operation in a normal postoperative regimen with oral nutrition. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Muscle wasting and functional impairment follow major abdominal surgery. METHODS: Twenty-four patients with ulcerative colitis undergoing ileoanal J-pouch surgery were randomized to hGH (12 IU/day) or placebo treatment from 2 days before to 7 days after surgery. Measurements were performed 2 days before and 10, 30, and 90 days after surgery. RESULTS: The total muscle strength of four limb muscle groups was reduced by 7.6% in the hGH group and by 17.1% in the placebo group at postoperative day 10 compared with baseline values. There was also a significant difference between treatment groups in total muscle strength at day 30, and at the 90-day follow-up total muscle strength was equal to baseline values in the hGH group, but still significantly 5.9% below in the placebo group. The work capacity decreased by approximately 20% at day 10 after surgery, with no significant difference between treatment groups. Both groups were equally fatigued at day 10 after surgery, but at day 30 and 90 the hGH patients were less fatigued than the placebo patients. During the treatment period, patients receiving hGH had reduced loss of limb lean tissue mass, and 3 months after surgery the hGH patients had regained more lean tissue mass than placebo patients. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative hGH treatment of younger patients undergoing major abdominal surgery preserved limb lean tissue mass, increased postoperative muscular strength, and reduced long-term postoperative fatigue. (+info)

Long-term effects of growth hormone (GH) on body fluid distribution in GH deficient adults: a four months double blind placebo controlled trial. (3/1891)

OBJECTIVE: Short-term growth hormone (GH) treatment normalises body fluid distribution in adult GH deficient patients, but the impact of long-term treatment on body fluid homeostasis has hitherto not been thoroughly examined in placebo controlled trials. To investigate if the water retaining effect of GH persists for a longer time we examined the impact of 4 months GH treatment on extracellular volume (ECV) and plasma volume (PV) in GH deficient adults. DESIGN: Twenty-four (18 male, 6 female) adult GH deficient patients aged 25-64 years were included and received either GH (n=11) or placebo (n=13) in a double blind parallel design. METHODS: Before and at the end of each 4 month period ECV and PV were assessed directly using 82Br- and 125I-albumin respectively, and blood samples were obtained. RESULTS: During GH treatment ECV increased significantly (before: 20.48+/-0.99 l, 4 months: 23.77+/-1.38 l (P<0.01)), but remained unchanged during placebo administration (before: 16.92+/-1.01 l, 4 months: 17.60+/-1.24 l (P=0.37)). The difference between the groups was significant (P<0.05). GH treatment also increased PV (before: 3.39+/-0.27 l. 4 months: 3.71+/-0.261 (P=0.01)), although an insignificant increase in the placebo treated patients (before: 2.81+/-0.18 l, 4 months: 2.89+/-0.20 l (P=0.37)) resulted in an insignificant treatment effect (P=0.07). Serum insulin-like growth factor-I increased significantly during GH treatment and was not affected by placebo treatment. Plasma renin (mIU/l) increased during GH administration (before: 14.73+/-2.16, 4 months: 26.00+/-6.22 (P=0.03)) and remained unchanged following placebo (before: 20.77+/-5.13, 4 months: 20.69+/-6.67 (P=0.99)) leaving no significant treatment effect (P=0.08). CONCLUSION: The long-term impact of GH treatment on body fluid distribution in adult GH deficient patients involves expansion of ECV and probably also PV. These data substantiate the role of GH as a regulator of fluid homeostasis in adult GH deficiency. (+info)

Long-term results of GH therapy in GH-deficient children treated before 1 year of age. (4/1891)

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long-term effects of GH therapy in early diagnosed GH-deficient patients treated before 1 year of age. STUDY DESIGN: We studied all 59 patients (33 males) recorded by Association France-Hypophyse and treated with GH (0.50+/-0.15 IU/kg (S.D.) per week) before 1 year of age. Clinical presentation and growth parameters under GH treatment were analyzed. RESULTS: Neonatal manifestations of hypopituitarism were frequent: hypoglycemia (n=50), jaundice (n=25) and micropenis (n=17/33). Although birth length was moderately reduced (-0.9+/-1.4), growth retardation at diagnosis (5.8+/-3.8 months) was severe (-3.5+/-1.9 standard deviation scores (SDS)). Fifty patients (85%) had thyrotropin and/or corticotropin deficiency. After a mean duration of GH therapy of 8.0+/-3.6 years, change in height SDS was +3.11+/-2.06 S.D., exceeding 4 SDS in 19 patients. Only 9 patients (15%) did not reach a height of -2 S.D. for chronological age and 20 patients (34%) exceeded their target height. Pretreatment height SDS was independently associated with total catch-up growth. CONCLUSION: Conventional doses of GH allow normalization of height in patients with early GH deficiency and treatment. (+info)

Changes in body composition and leptin levels during growth hormone (GH) treatment in short children with various GH secretory capacities. (5/1891)

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to follow changes in body composition, estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), in relation to changes in leptin during the first year of GH therapy in order to test the hypothesis that leptin is a metabolic signal involved in the regulation of GH secretion in children. DESIGN AND METHODS: In total, 33 prepubertal children were investigated. Their mean (S.D.) chronological age at the start of GH treatment was 11.5 (1.6) years, and their mean height was -2.33 (0.38) S.D. scores (SDS). GH was administered subcutaneously at a daily dose of 0.1 (n=26) or 0.2 (n=7) IU/kg body weight. Ten children were in the Swedish National Registry for children with GH deficiency, and twenty-three children were involved in trials of GH treatment for idiopathic short stature. Spontaneous 24-h GH secretion was studied in 32 of the children. In the 24-h GH profiles, the maximum level of GH was determined and the secretion rate estimated by deconvolution analysis (GHt). Serum leptin levels were measured at the start of GH treatment and after 10 and 30 days and 3, 6 and 12 months of treatment. Body composition measurements, by DXA, were performed at baseline and 12 months after the onset of GH treatment. RESULTS: After 12 months of GH treatment, mean height increased from -2.33 to -1.73 SDS and total body fat decreased significantly by 3.0 (3.3)%. Serum leptin levels were decreased significantly at all time points studied compared with baseline. There was a significant correlation between the change in total body fat and the change in serum leptin levels during the 12 months of GH treatment, whereas the leptin concentration per unit fat mass did not change. In a multiple stepwise linear regression analysis with 12 month change in leptin levels as the dependent variable, the percentage change in fat over 12 months, the baseline fat mass (%) of body mass and GHt accounted for 24.0%, 11.5% and 12.2% of the variability respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant correlations between changes in leptin and fat and endogenous GH secretion in short children with various GH secretory capacities. Leptin may be the messenger by which the adipose tissue affects hypothalamic regulation of GH secretion. (+info)

GH-binding protein in obese men with varying glucose tolerance: relationship to body fat distribution, insulin secretion and the GH-IGF-I axis. (6/1891)

Bioelectrical impedance for measurement of total body fat and computed tomography for visceral and subcutaneous fat at umbilicus levels were performed in 34 obese and 10 lean men. Insulin secretion in response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a GH stimulation test by L-dopa, growth hormone-binding protein (GHBP) and IGF-I were measured. Obese subjects were divided into three groups according to the OGTT. The obese type II diabetes mellitus group had the highest GHBP levels and the most visceral fat. GHBP levels were most strongly correlated with the ratio of visceral fat area to body weight (VWR) above any other parameters (r = 0.725, P<0.001). The insulin and free fatty acid (FFA) areas under curves (AUC) during the OGTT, and the IGF-I level, were also positively correlated with GHBP levels (r = 0.474, P<0.005; r = 0.572, P<0.005; r = 0.453. P<0.005). GH-AUC to the L-dopa stimulation test was negatively correlated with GHBP levels (r = -0.432. P<0.005). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that VWR, FFA-AUC and insulin-AUC significantly contributed to the variability of GHBP (r2 = 0.58). In conclusion, we demonstrated that: (i) visceral fat amount mainly determined GHBP levels in obese men with varying glucose tolerance: (ii) hyperglycemia per se did not influence the GHBP level, whereas insulin and FFA could play a role in regulation of GHBP: and (iii) although GH was not the main regulator of GHBP, the unchanged IGF-I level despite GH hyposecretion suggests that increased GHBP levels reflect GH hypersensitivity in order to compensate for decreased GH secretion in obesity. (+info)

Apo E phenotype and changes in serum lipids in adult patients during growth hormone replacement. (7/1891)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether apo E phenotype influences changes in lipid profiles induced by growth hormone replacement in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults. DESIGNS: Patients were treated for 6 months with recombinant human GH (hGH), given in a dose of 0.125 U/kg per week for 4 weeks followed by 0.25 U/kg per week thereafter. The effects on serum lipids and the influence of apo E phenotype were examined. METHODS: Thirty patients (aged 35.1+/-11.8 years: mean +/- S.D.) with adult growth hormone deficiency with included in the study. Fasting serum samples were analysed for apo E phenotype total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) and IGF-I. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol was calculated using the Friedwald formula. RESULTS: Six months of replacement treatment with hGH resulted in a reduction in HDL-cholesterol from 0.90+/-0.10 to 0.68+/-0.08 mmol/l (P<0.01), and a small, non-significant reduction in total cholesterol from 6.14+/-0.40 to 5.99+/-0.35 mmol/l (P = 0.06). There was no significant change in the other lipid parameters. The decrease in HDL-cholesterol concentration was greater in patients carrying the apo E2 allele (0.40+/-0.07 mmol/l, P<0.05) than in patients homozygous for the apo E3 allele (0.23+/-0.04 mmol/l) and patients carrying the apo E4 allele (0.15+/-0.36 mmol/l). Patients with the apo E4 allele had lower baseline cholesterol concentrations than patients lacking the apo E4 allele, and this persisted after treatment with hGH (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Apo E phenotype may be a determining factor in the response of HDL-cholesterol to hGH in GH-deficient adults. (+info)

Decreased hexosamine biosynthesis in GH-deficient dwarf rat muscle. reversal with GH, but not IGF-I, therapy. (8/1891)

Enhanced glucose flux via the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HNSP) has been implicated in insulin resistance. We measured L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase activity (GFAT, a rate-limiting enzyme) and concentrations of UDP-N-acetyl hexosamines (UDP-HexNAc, major products of HNSP) in muscle and liver of growth hormone (GH)-deficient male dwarf (dw) rats. All parameters measured, except body weight, were similar in 5-wk-old control and dw rats. Muscle GFAT activity declined progressively with age in controls and dw rats but was consistently 30-60% lower in 8- to 14-wk-old dw rats vs. age-matched controls; UDP-HexNAc concentrations in muscle were concomitantly 30% lower in dw rats vs. controls (P < 0.01). Concentrations of UDP-hexoses, GDP-mannose, and UDP in muscle were similar in control and dw rats. Muscle HNSP activity was similarly diminished in fed and fasted dw rats. In liver, only a small difference in GFAT activity was evident between controls and dw rats, and no differences in UDP-HexNAc concentrations were observed. Treatment with recombinant human GH (rhGH) for 5 days restored UDP-HexNAc to control levels in dw muscles (P < 0.01) and partially restored GFAT activity. Insulin-like growth factor I treatment was ineffective. We conclude that GH participates in HNSP regulation in muscle. (+info)

There are at least eight important hormones that decline with age: 1. human growth hormone (HGH); 2. the sexual hormones: ... and homeopathic substances that claim to contain growth hormones. Authentic growth hormones are only effective when injected, ... In theory, if all or some of these hormones are replaced, the body will respond to them as it did when it was younger, thus ... Of course animal cells are not able to be included in human tissue, but they can secrete factors for rejuvenating. That's why ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejuvenation_(aging)

Smith RG, Thorner MO (28 January 2000). Human Growth Hormone: Research and Clinical Practice. Springer Science & Business Media ... "Growth hormone-releasing hormone and growth hormone-releasing peptide as therapeutic agents to enhance growth hormone secretion ... and non-peptide agonist of the ghrelin receptor and a growth hormone secretagogue, mimicking the growth hormone (GH)- ... such as in children or elderly adults with growth hormone deficiency,[3][9][10][11] and human studies have shown it to increase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibutamoren

Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. N. Engl. J. Med. July 1990, 323 (1): 1-6. PMID 2355952.. ... Gordon, Mark L. M.D. Human Growth Hormone (HGH)as an Anti-Aging Agent 頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館 ... 主條目：Growth hormone treatment. 延緩衰老[編輯]. 1990年在新英格蘭醫學期刊的一篇研究論文，對12位六十歲以上的男性受試者施以生長激素的治療，這是目前已知最早利

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/生长激素

"Recombinant human growth hormone for treating burns and donor sites". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (9): ... Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in those with burns that involve more than 40% of their body appears to speed healing ... Alternatively, human skin can be treated to be left on permanently without rejection.[75] ... Skin grafts can involve temporary skin substitute, derived from animal (human donor or pig) skin or synthesized. They are used ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn

SHS distributed Protropin, a human growth hormone, and clotting factor. Accredo Health, Inc. was organized in 1996. The ... Tamara Lytle (March 1, 2014). "Soaring Specialty Drug Costs Require HR Response". Society for Human Resource Management. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accredo

"Sylvester Stallone Pleads Guilty to Bringing Human Growth Hormone Into Australia". Fox News. May 15, 2007. Retrieved April 3, ... In 2007, customs officials in Australia discovered 48 vials of the synthetic human growth hormone Jintropin in Stallone's ... Critics praised Stallone's performance, saying he made Rambo seem human, as opposed to the way he is portrayed in the book of ... The story centers around Nathaniel Hunter, a professional tracker who is hired to hunt a half-human beast created as an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone

"Naringenin and 17beta-estradiol coadministration prevents hormone-induced human cancer cell growth". IUBMB Life. 62 (1): 51-60 ... whereas it mediates the pubertal growth spurt (indirectly via increased growth hormone secretion)[13] and epiphyseal closure ( ... Allen and Doisy did not name the hormone, and simply referred to it as an "ovarian hormone" or "follicular hormone";[81] others ... In the female, estradiol acts as a growth hormone for tissue of the reproductive organs, supporting the lining of the vagina, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Estradiol

HGH stands for human growth hormone. HGH may also refer to: Atlantic Air Lift, a French airline Hamilton General Hospital, in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGH_(disambiguation)

Extrapituitary growth hormone synthesis in humans. Growth hormone & IGF research: official journal of the Growth Hormone ... "The human growth hormone locus: Nucleotide sequence, biology, and evolution". Genomics. 4 (4): 479-497. doi:10.1016/0888-7543( ... among which stand out his publications about the Growth Hormone family, human genome sequencing and development of HPV ... Barrera-Saldaña, Hugo A (April 1998). "Growth hormone and placental lactogen: biology, medicine and biotechnology". Gene. 211 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Barrera_Saldaña

... , sold under the brand name Sogroya, is a growth hormone medication. Somapacitan is a human growth hormone analog. ... growth hormone deficiency who had never received growth hormone treatment or had stopped treatment with other growth hormone ... Somapacitan is indicated for replacement of endogenous growth hormone in adults with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). GHD is a ... Somapacitan is the first human growth hormone (hGH) therapy that adults only take once a week by injection under the skin; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somapacitan

Juskevich JC, Guyer CG (August 1990). "Bovine growth hormone: human food safety evaluation". Science. 249 (4971): 875-84. ... The FDA has been criticised for allowing the use of recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) in dairy cows. rBGH-treated cows ... The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is ... IGF-1 signalling is thought to play a role in sustaining the growth of some tumors, although there is little or no evidence ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Food_and_Drug_Administration

Examples from the past include prion contamination in growth hormone extracted from pituitary glands harvested from human ... ISBN 978-0-471-21386-4. Alexander Dorozynski (2002). "Parents sue over contaminated human growth hormone". British Medical ... These peptide and protein pharmaceuticals may be hormones, vaccines, antibiotics, antibodies, and enzymes. The first human ... "Gene therapy". Human Genome Project. Ian Sample (17 October 2003). "Doctors discover why gene therapy gave boys cancer". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_vector

2315-. ISBN 978-0-323-32195-2. Roy G. Smith; Michael O. Thorner (28 January 2000). Human Growth Hormone: Research and Clinical ... Somatopause is the progressive decline in the levels of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), hormones ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatopause

"Purification and characterization of the human growth hormone obtained in the milk of transgenic rabbits." Annals of Animal ... culturing of human tumors in nude mice,[13][14] genetic engineering to produce human proteins of therapeutic value in domestic ... He has published more than fifty scientific papers[1] as well as two books[2][3] including the handbook for human embryology ... Handbook of Human Embryology for Medical Students (Three editions, in Polish). Warsaw, 1970, 1974, 1977. Print. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Pienkowski

... or misleadingly purport to be growth hormone or to increase the user's own secretion of natural human growth hormone to a ... Savine R, Sönksen P (2000). "Growth hormone - hormone replacement for the somatopause?". Hormone Research. 53 (Suppl 3): 37-41 ... human growth hormone for any use in humans other than the treatment of a disease or other recognized medical condition, where ... July 1990). "Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old". The New England Journal of Medicine. 323 (1): 1-6. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGH_controversies

In 1989, an injector pen form of human growth hormone was licensed in New Zealand.[28] In the US, a pen form of octreotide was ... "Evaluation of a pen injector system for growth hormone treatment". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 66 (6): 686-688. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_pen

... lühend GH tuleneb ingliskeelsest mõistest growth hormone, lühend hGH tähistab inimese kasvuhormooni human growth hormone) on ... "Functional promiscuity of squirrel monkey growth hormone receptor toward both primate and nonprimate growth hormones."". US ... "Human Growth Hormone Guide. Vaadatud 8. 11. 2015. Inglise. *↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 ""Somatropiini sisaldavate ravimite läbivaatamise ... "Athletes Don't Benefit From Human Growth Hormone, Study Finds"". 2008. Bloomberg. Vaadatud 8. 11. 2015. Inglise. ...

https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasvuhormoon

Williams, Lance; Fainaru-Wada, Mark (October 21, 2007). "Cleveland pitcher spent thousands on human growth hormone". San ... 25,000 worth of human growth hormone and syringes from a Florida anti-aging clinic that was targeted by law enforcement for ... Williams, Lance; Fainaru-Wada, Mark; Slusser, Susan (October 22, 2007). "Indians pitcher Byrd says growth hormone was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Byrd

He covers the effects of steroids on the human body. He also touches on human growth hormone effects. He reports on baseball's ... Players are also subject to announced blood tests for the use of human growth hormone (HGH) during the season, off-seasons, and ... Starting in 2011 the NFL implemented random blood test for the use of the human growth hormone (HGH). NFL sanctions include a ... specifically as it relates to testing for human growth hormone (HGH). The collective bargaining agreement that ended the NFL ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_in_the_United_States

Friesen H, Guyda H, Hardy J (December 1970). "The biosynthesis of human growth hormone and prolactin". The Journal of Clinical ... Human prolactin receptors are insensitive to mouse prolactin. Prolactin levels may be checked as part of a sex hormone workup, ... The structure of prolactin is similar to that of growth hormone and placental lactogen. The molecule is folded due to the ... Discovered in non-human animals around 1930 by Oscar Riddle and confirmed in humans in 1970 by Henry Friesen, prolactin is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin

Human growth hormone (HGH) deficiency may occur at any time during infancy or childhood, with the most obvious sign being a ... Pharmaceutical companies Genentech and Eli Lilly, makers of human growth hormone, have worked to medicalize short stature by ... Treatment is expensive and requires many years of injections with human growth hormones. The result depends on the cause, but ... It can also be due to one or more of many abnormal conditions, such as chronic (prolonged) growth hormone or thyroid hormone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_stature

Shim M, Cohen P (1999). "IGFs and human cancer: implications regarding the risk of growth hormone therapy". Horm. Res. 51 Suppl ... "Growth hormone-releasing hormone and growth hormone secretagogue-receptor ligands: focus on reproductive system". Endocrine. 14 ... Lengyel AM (2006). "Novel mechanisms of growth hormone regulation: growth hormone-releasing peptides and ghrelin". Braz. J. Med ... Kleinberg DL, Wood TL, Furth PA, Lee AV (2009). "Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in the transition from normal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonal_breast_enhancement

"Human Growth Hormone: Not a Life Extender After All?". Johns Hopkins Medicine. 26 January 2010. Paolini, Giulia Valentina; ... "Familial growth hormone deficiency with mutated GHRH receptor gene: clinical and hormonal findings in homozygous and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itabaianinha

Examples include production of human insulin (used to treat diabetes) and human growth hormone (somatotrophin used to treat ... "First Successful Bacterial Production of Human Growth Hormone Announced". Genetech. Retrieved 18 September 2019. Rastogi, VB ( ... 2002). "Predominant Growth of Alcanivorax Strains in Oil-contaminated and Nutrient-supplemented Sea Water". Environmental ... Bacteria cause a wide range of diseases in humans and other animals. These include superficial infections (e.g. impetigo), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_importance_of_bacteria

Felig P, Marliss EB, Cahill GF (February 1971). "Metabolic response to human growth hormone during prolonged starvation". J. ... This response is extremely important in human evolution and allowed for humans to continue to find food effectively even in the ... Because the human brain can use ketone bodies as major fuel sources, the body is not forced to break down skeletal muscles at a ... Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2008. pg. 111 Yamaguchi; et al. (2004). "CGI-58 interacts with perilipin and is localized to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation_response

De Clercq used human growth hormone and Aranesp, a synthetic drug which increases red blood cell levels, which Museeuw obtained ... Museeuw used human growth hormone which he obtained from Landuyt. The police recorded phone calls where Museeuw spoke of wasps ... He was found to have used human growth hormone on two occasions in 2003 and the anabolic steroid DHEA twice in 2003 and once in ... On 9 June, it was announced that Petr Ignatenko of Rusvelo had tested positive to human growth hormone on 8 April 2015. He was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_doping_cases_in_cycling

... no effects on serum human growth hormone and insulin in male weightlifters". International Journal of Sport Nutrition. 3 (3): ... are frequently marketed to bodybuilders and weightlifters with claims for increasing levels of human growth hormone (HGH), ... Chromiak JA, Antonio J (2002). "Use of amino acids as growth hormone-releasing agents by athletes". Nutrition. 18 (7-8): 657-61 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithine

... a human growth hormone, was found in his car; Angle maintained that he had a prescription for the drug. On September 15, a ... In the 2013 film Pro Wrestlers vs Zombies, he plays himself as both a human and a zombie. Angle also had a small role in the ... The magazine alleged that Angle had received prescriptions for trenbolone (which is not approved for human use by the FDA) and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Angle

During slow-wave sleep, humans secrete bursts of growth hormone. All sleep, even during the day, is associated with secretion ... also had high growth hormone secretion, while subjects with a low percentage of SWS (average 9%) had low growth hormone ... Anabolic hormones, such as growth hormones, are secreted preferentially during sleep. The brain concentration of glycogen ... Circadian rhythm exerts some influence on the nighttime secretion of growth hormone. The circadian rhythm influences the ideal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep

... from growth factors to hormones that modulate and influence the growth and development of functional connections between ... For instance, human beings seem to have an enormous capacity for memorizing and recognizing faces. One of the key goals of ... The Computational Representational Understanding of Mind (CRUM) is another attempt at modeling human cognition through ... Budapest Reference Connectome, web based 3D visualization tool to browse connections in the human brain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_neuroscientist

Human adults secrete between 12-18 g of bile acids into the intestine each day, mostly after meals. The bile acid pool size is ... Bile acids bind to some other proteins in addition to their hormone receptors (FXR and TGR5) and their transporters. Among ... Emerging evidence associates FXR activation with alterations in triglyceride metabolism, glucose metabolism, and liver growth.[ ... Bile acid synthesis occurs in liver cells, which synthesize primary bile acids (cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in humans ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acids

Fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptors regulate fetal bone growth and are expressed in cranial sutures ... "Human Molecular Genetics. 6 (10): 1647-56. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.10.1647. PMID 9300656.. ... Hyperthyroid induced craniosynostosis is a hormone mediated premature closure.[34] It is thought that the bone matures faster ... Compensatory growth occurs in a parallel plane, as well as in a perpendicular plane.[10][11] An increase in growth at the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniosynostosis

Growth hormone deficiency. *Hypoprolactinemia. *ACTH deficiency/Secondary adrenal insufficiency. *GnRH insensitivity. *FSH ... "Twin Research and Human Genetics. 18 (6): 762-771. doi:10.1017/thg.2015.83. ISSN 1832-4274. PMID 26678054.. ... 2011). "Chapter 17: Pancreatic hormones & diabetes mellitus". Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology (9th ed.). New York: ... and population growth". Diabetes Care. 35 (12): 2515-20. doi:10.2337/dc12-0669. PMC 3507562. PMID 23173134. Archived from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes_mellitus

Development in humans[edit]. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to ... This hormone is thought to be a satiety signal to the brain. Peptide YY 3-36 is a hormone released by the small intestine and ... typically to provide a heterotrophic organism with energy and to allow for growth. Animals and other heterotrophs must eat in ... The signals from the stomach are initiated by the release of the peptide hormone ghrelin. Ghrelin is a hormone that increases ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat

of Health and Human Services (US HHS). May 2002. Archived from the original on 2005-12-08. Retrieved 2006-07-11.. Cite journal ... One of the few growth industries in contemporary Britain is alternative medicine. An apparently endless stream of books, ... Some alternative practices are based on theories that contradict the science of how the human body works; others resort to the ... was reported as showing that the medical profession had responded to the growth of CAM in three phases, and that in each phase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrative_medicine

Shome B، Parlow AF (1974). "Human follicle stimulating hormone: first proposal for the amino acid sequence of the hormone- ... transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway. • positive regulation of cell migration. • positive regulation of ... "DNA sequence and regional assignment of the human follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit gene to the short arm of human ... Fox KM، Dias JA، Van Roey P (2001). "Three-dimensional structure of human follicle-stimulating hormone". Mol. Endocrinol. 15 (3 ...

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/هرمون_منبه_للجريب_بيتا

Hypopituitarism specifically growth hormone deficiency has been reported as the only most common late morbidity of this ... The CRH test uses recombinant human or bovine-sequence CRH, which is administered via a 100μg intravenous bolus dose. The ... Cushing's disease is a cause of Cushing's syndrome characterised by increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ... Any intermediate values need to be cautiously interpreted and a corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) test is advised in order ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing's_disease

High levels of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are also associated with worsened acne.[42] Both ... U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.. *^ a b c Kaplan YC, Ozsarfati J, Etwel F, Nickel C, Nulman I, Koren G (November ... signs or symptoms of excessive production of androgen hormones, cortisol, and growth hormone.[15] Comedones (blackheads and ... Hormones[edit]. Hormonal activity, such as occurs during menstrual cycles and puberty, may contribute to the formation of acne ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne_vulgaris

... growth factor-alpha mediate substance P-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and proliferation in human ... McGowan K, Guerina V, Wicks J, Donowitz M (1985). "Chapter 8: Secretory Hormones of Entamoeba histolytica". In D. Evered, J. ... Cell growth, proliferation, angiogenesis, and migrationEdit. The above processes are part and parcel to tissue integrity and ... Substance P has been known to stimulate cell growth in normal and cancer cell line cultures,[37] and it was shown that ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_P

This developing human is called an embryo for the first eight weeks of the pregnancy, and fetus for the rest of the pregnancy. ... Certain countries, like China have measures to control their population growth.. Any of these factors might force a pregnant ... This drug blocks the hormone progesterone in the body. Without progesterone, the embryo cannot survive. The lining of the ... Humans can also chose to end the pregnancy before birth takes place. This is called an induced abortion. Often, the term ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion

Aside from humans, octopuses may be preyed on by fishes, seabirds, sea otters, pinnipeds, cetaceans, and other cephalopods.[95] ... "Octopuses and Relatives: Feeding, diets and growth". A Snail's Odyssey. Retrieved 13 April 2017.. ... An optic gland creates hormones that cause the octopus to mature and age and stimulate gamete production. The gland may be ... Octopuses generally avoid humans, but incidents have been verified. For example, a 2.4-metre (8 ft) Pacific octopus, said to be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopoda

It may also be used to treat goiter via its ability to lower thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), a hormone that is considered ... Sherwood, Lauralee (2010). "19 The Peripheral Endocrine Glands". Human Physiology. Brooks/Cole. p. 694. ISBN 978-0-495-39184-5. ... Levothyroxine, also known as L-thyroxine, is a manufactured form of the thyroid hormone, thyroxine (T4).[1][4] It is used to ... Thyroid hormone requirements increase during and last throughout pregnancy.[11] As such, it is recommended that pregnant women ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levothyroxine

Abiotic stresses like frost, drought and increased salinity are a limiting factor to the growth of tomatoes.[15] While no ... In 1994, the Flavr Savr became the first commercially grown genetically engineered food to be granted a license for human ... a hormone that triggers ripening of fruit.[9] All three tomatoes inhibited ethylene production by reducing the amount of 1- ... The plant peptide hormone, systemin was first identified in tomato plants and genetic modification has been used to demonstrate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_tomato

... releases the hormones important for regulating growth, brain development, and metabolism. Also functions in very early ... Paired box gene 8, also known as PAX8, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PAX8 gene.[5] ... thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor activity. • protein binding. • transcription regulatory region DNA binding. • RNA ... thyroid-stimulating hormone signaling pathway. • negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process. • ventricular ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX8

Before the production of the pituitary hormone luteinizing hormone (LH) by the embryo starting at about weeks 11-12, human ... In adulthood, DHT contributes to balding, prostate growth, and sebaceous gland activity. ... Circulating levels of androgens can influence human behavior because some neurons are sensitive to steroid hormones. Androgen ... This action of androgens is supported by a hormone from Sertoli cells, Müllerian inhibitory hormone (MIH), which prevents the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen

... and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and are peptide hormones that signal the gonads to produce sex hormones. By suppressing ... They act as growth factors in the prostate gland, stimulating cell division and tissue growth.[13] In accordance, therapeutic ... Spencer A. Rathus; Jeffrey S. Nevid; Lois Fichner-Rathus (2005). Human sexuality in a world of diversity. Pearson Allyn and ... Msaouel P, Diamanti E, Tzanela M, Koutsilieris M (2007). "Luteinising hormone-releasing hormone antagonists in prostate cancer ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogen

... growth hormone, a hormone taken by menopausal women and anabolic steroids.[54] ... It described intake of EPO, growth hormones, testosterone and insulin on 114 days during the 200-day season of 2003.[53] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operación_Puerto_doping_case

Human horticultural practices that exploit epicormic growth rely on plants that have epicormic budding capabilities for ... Epicormic buds lie dormant beneath the bark, their growth suppressed by hormones from active shoots higher up the plant. Under ... The long-lived Pseudotsuga menziesii forms epicormic shoots not in response to damage but as a means of forming growth on ... Pruning leads to growth of suppressed shoots below the cut - these may be from epicormic buds, but they may also be other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicormic_shoots

... been conflicting findings with regard to moclobemide altering cortisol levels and whether moclobemide increases growth hormone ... In humans moclobemide is rapidly and almost completely absorbed and totally metabolised via the liver.[117] Peak plasma levels ... Platelet MAO is of the MAO-B and this is inhibited only to a small degree in humans; the inhibition is due to low levels of ... 1990). "Biotransformation of moclobemide in humans". Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 360: 87-90. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moclobemide

"Introduction to Human Evolution". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. January 27, 2010. Retrieved March 14, ... "Humanities are the Hormones: A Tarantella Comes to Newfoundland. What should we do about it?" Archived February 15, 2015, at ... The songs were sung by the group which appeared to result in the facilitation and growth of connectedness within the group. ... J., Levitin, Daniel (2007). This is your brain on music : the science of a human obsession. ISBN 978-0452288522. . OCLC ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologic_music_therapy

the adrenal cortex, which produces glucocorticoid hormones (mainly cortisol in humans) in response to stimulation by ACTH. ... Whereas maternal care improves cardiac response, sleep/wake rhythm, and growth hormone secretion in the neonate, it also ... the anterior pituitary hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); and the thyroid hormones T3 and T4.. •The hypothalamic- ... Vasopressin can be thought of as "water conservation hormone" and is also known as "antidiuretic hormone." It is released when ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal_axis

The period saw the growth of towns such as Truro, Totnes, Okehampton and Plympton in the west of the region, but these were ... There is evidence of human habitation in the caves at Cheddar Gorge 11,000-10,000 years BC, during a partial thaw in the ice ... make levothyroxine and other thyroid hormones. Dartington Crystal in Torrington makes Royal Brierley. Pall Europe make ... The human bone fragments it contained, from about 21 different individuals, are thought to be roughly between 10,200 and 10,400 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England

The archaeology of human bones. Routledge. Samuel J. Redman, 2016. Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in ... but growth does not, or does so at very reduced levels. If and when the stressor is overcome, bone growth will resume, ... The stress hormone cortisol is deposited in hair as it grows. This has been used successfully to detect fluctuating levels of ... Human skeletal remains: excavation, analysis, interpretation. Taraxacum. T. White, 1991. Human osteology. Academic Press. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioarchaeology

Nickel deficiency depressed growth in goats, pigs, and sheep, and diminished circulating thyroid hormone concentration in rats. ... Fluorine (as fluoride) is not considered an essential element because humans do not require it for growth or to sustain life. ... Main article: Composition of the human body. At least twenty chemical elements are known to be required to support human ... Gropper, Sareen S.; Smith, Jack L. (1 June 2012). Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism. Cengage Learning. pp. 527-8. ISBN 1- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_mineral

某些生理或心理疾病以及治疗它们的药物會增加患者罹患肥胖症的風險。生理疾病包括上述的罕见遗传病，以及一些先天或後天疾病，比如甲状腺功能低下、库欣综合征、生长激素缺乏症（英语：Growth hormone deficiency）等[129]，另外也包括了进食 ... The thrifty phenotype: An adaptation in growth or metabolism?. American Journal of Human Biology (Review). 2011, 23 (1): 65-75 ... Increased body fat mass

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/肥胖

"Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1→3)β-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans". Clin ... "High-Amylose Resistant Starch Increases Hormones and Improves Structure and Function of the Gastrointestinal Tract: A ... "Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1→3) beta-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-glucans

Human epidermal growth factor (EGF) module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor 3 is a new member of the EGF-TM7 family that ... Lin HH, Stacey M, Hamann J, Gordon S, McKnight AJ (2000). „Human EMR2, a novel EGF-TM7 molecule on chromosome 19p13.1, is ... Gene structure and transcript analysis of the human and mouse EGF-TM7 molecule, FIRE". DNA Seq. 17 (1): 8-14. PMID 16753812. ... an unusual member in the family of hormone receptors with seven transmembrane segments". Genomics. 26 (2): 334-44. PMID 7601460 ...

https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMR_receptor

... the milk secretion hormone[26] and Wilbur Swingle participated in the discovery of adrenocortical hormone, used to treat ... See Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Alfred A. Knopf, 1985); Elof A. Carlson ... A.D. Hershey and Martha Chase, "Independent Functions of Viral Protein and Nucleic Acid in Growth of Bacteriophage," J. General ... Oscar Riddle, Robert W. Bates and Simon W. Dykshorn "A New Hormone of the Anterior Pituitary," Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1932 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory

... hormone growth deficiency in adults 50 , supplement stores windsor ontario, natural increase human growth hormone zetsubou, ... growth hormone treatment dubai 5*, negative feedback control of growth hormone, weight loss drug called phentermine ... jobs Gat pre workout canada Growth hormones 18 years old 97s Pre workout snack womens health 50 Growth hormones of human Best ... Natural increase human growth hormone zetsubou,mp shred matrix para que sirve conjugation,health benefits of avocado fruit,easy ...

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Major League Baseballs Mitchell Report puts a spotlight on the growing use of human growth hormone. One reason: Baseball ... he took human growth hormone to help recover from injuries. As the focus shifts to growth hormone, its raising questions about ... Baseball Considers Human Growth Hormone Tests Major League Baseballs Mitchell Report puts a spotlight on the growing use of ... TOM GOLDMAN: The Mitchell Report says Fernando Vina got human growth hormone and steroids from a former New York Mets clubhouse ...

https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17390477?storyId=17390477

You should consult with a pediatric endocrinologist about whether to use human growth hormone (hGH) for height, but as far as a ... Will Human Growth Hormone Make Me Taller?. *Author: Richard Weil, MEd, CDE Richard Weil, MEd, CDE. ... I am not an expert on the effect of human growth hormone (hGH) on height, but in my work with pediatric endocrinologists, I ... Im 19-year-old male whos 5-foot-8. Ive considered taking human growth hormone (hGH) pills as a supplement for my workouts ...

https://www.medicinenet.com/human_growth_hormone_make_me_taller/ask.htm

Growing numbers of male weight lifters may be taking human growth hormone (HGH) to bulk up and enhance performance, a study ... 21, 2011 -- Growing numbers of male weight lifters may be taking human growth hormone (HGH) to bulk up and enhance performance ... Weight Lifters Turning to Human Growth Hormone. Researchers Blame Cheap Prices on Internet for Increasing Use of HGH ... "Hormones are incredibly powerful drugs and anytime you buy them off the Internet, you are living in a fools world to think it ...

https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/news/20110121/weight-lifters-turning-to-human-growth-hormone

GHR Platinum Human Growth Hormone Releaser GHR Platinum helps to increases Human Growth Hormone, HGH & Stimulates Muscle Growth ... Growth Hormone: Reversing Human Aging Naturally This is the most comprehensive, yet practical guide to using growth hormone ... Human Growth Hormone Pharmacology This book addresses a wide range of basic and clinical issues in the physiology and ... Provides valuable information on how to naturally raise human growth hormone levels within the body. ...

http://www.selfgrowth.com/store_hgh.html

Does human growth hormone have anti-aging powers or does it contribute to heightened cancer risk and earlier death? In the ... Does Human Growth Hormone Have Anti-Aging Powers?. Does human growth hormone have anti-aging powers or does it contribute to ... I ... its human growth hormone have anti aging powers or does it contribute ... to heighten cancer risk an earlier debt ... ... this moment in time is to only eat a growth hormone in a position and tells you due to low levels of insulin like growth factor ...

https://www.wsj.com/video/does-human-growth-hormone-have-anti-aging-powers/15B439E3-52B2-4A82-B162-04001859C90F.html

Doctor Bruce decided to take human growth hormone to see if he could speed up his recovery from hip surgery. He shares the ...

https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Human_Growth_Hormone_Los_Angeles.html

HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE. A. 191. Homo sapiens. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: GH1. ... THE CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF WILD-TYPE GROWTH-HORMONE AT 2.5 ANGSTROM RESOLUTION.. Chantalat, L., Jones, N.D., Korber, F., Navaza, ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1HGU

HGH is Human Growth Hormone, it is a peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in the brain. Learn more about ... the side effects of human growth hormone deficiency in women online at Empowher. ... See the latest posts about Human Growth Hormone Prevention in womens health ... The Latest in Human Growth Hormone Prevention. * Human Growth Hormone: Can It Prevent Aging? on June 10, 2008 - 7:30am ...

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A stable pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous formulation containing human growth hormone, a buffer, a non-ionic surfactant, and ... Human growth hormone aqueous formulation. US20070027083 *. Sep 28, 2006. Feb 1, 2007. Genentech, Inc.. Human growth hormone ... The terms "human growth hormone" or "hGH" denote human growth hormone produced by methods including natural source extraction ... Skottner et al., "Growth responses in a mutant dwarf rat to human growth hormone and recombinant human insulin-like growth ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US6448225?dq=5166694

Human growth hormone, which generates more than $1.4 billion in U.S. sales each year and is allegedly linked to NFL quarterback ... What is human growth hormone? Human growth hormone is a protein that promotes growth broadly in children and performs a variety ... Who manufactures human growth hormone? Synthetic growth hormone is manufactured in two basic forms and sold by at least eight ... How is human growth hormone used? There are only a handful of FDA-approved uses for HGH, and one analysis estimates the total ...

https://www.ibtimes.com/peyton-manning-doping-allegations-what-human-growth-hormone-2243534

A New England Journal of Medicine article by a leading human growth hormone researcher warns against using HGH as a therapy for ... 26, 2003 -- Sorry, folks, but the concept of effortlessly reversing the natural aging process with human growth hormone (HGH) ... These injectable hormones, naturally produced in the pituitary gland, are designed for those with a growth hormone deficiency ... Vance, a longtime growth hormone researcher, tells WebMD she wrote the article to warn doctors and their patients of these ...

https://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/news/20030226/growth-hormone-prompts-growing-concern

A new task for human growth hormone? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 283 :1145 ... A new task for human growth hormone?. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 283 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.283.6300.1145 ( ... A new task for human.... *A new task for human growth hormone? ...

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We have found no conclusive evidence to indicate that the use of recombinant human growth hormone therapy in children with X-linked hypophosphatemia is associated with changes in longitudinal growth, mineral metabolism, endocrine , renal function, bone mineral density, and body proportions. (cochrane.org)
Some clinical trials suggest that combining recombinant human growth hormone therapy with conventional treatment improves growth velocity, phosphate retention , and bone mineral density, but some clinical trials suggest that it appears to aggravate the pre-existent disproportionate stature of such children. (cochrane.org)
Crystals of recombinant human growth hormone were coated with a monomolecular layer of positively charged poly(arginine). (springer.com)
Bell J, Parker KL, Swinford RD, Hoffman AR, Maneatis T, Lippe B. Long-term safety of recombinant human growth hormone in children. (nih.gov)
Recombinant human Growth Hormone was purified by FPLC gel-filtration chromatography, after refolding of the isolated inclusion bodies in a renaturation buffer. (abcam.com)
Use this medication only for the why a lot buy HGH energizer of people lead to an improvement in the chance of a live birth short-term treatment with low doses of recombinant human GH stimulates lipolysis in visceral obese men. (bushin30seconds.org)
Local lipohypertrophy due to recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) administration is a rare phenomenon. (hindawi.com)
The reference treatment for patients with GHD is based on recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) which is identical to the growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland. (pmlive.com)
HGH therapy, typically in the form of recombinant human growth hormone (somatropin) is a prescribed treatment for growth failure, colloquially termed "dwarfism" or "stunted growth", and in these cases may be used to treat both adults and children where a growth hormone deficiency is isolated as the cause. (rationalwiki.org)
We undertook this study to determine the effects of recombinant human GH on LV function and mass among children with stable LV dysfunction attributable to DCM. (aappublications.org)
After enrollment, patients were randomly assigned to receive treatment for 6 months with either conventional therapy (determined by the patient's primary cardiologist) plus recombinant human GH (0.025-0.04 mg/kg per day), administered as daily subcutaneous injections, or conventional therapy alone. (aappublications.org)
In this prospective, single-center, randomized, partially blinded, crossover trial, recombinant human GH was administered to 8 pediatric patients with stable chronic heart failure secondary to DCM. (aappublications.org)
Recombinant human growth hormone has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for adult men and women in the treatment of hypopituitarism and somatotropin deficiency. (usdoctor.com)
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Recombinant human growth hormone treatment of children following renal transplantation. (biomedsearch.com)
Nine growth-retarded renal allograft recipients received either thrice weekly or daily subcutaneous recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) for 6-30 months. (biomedsearch.com)
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Recombinant Human Growth Hormone During Rehabilitation From Traumatic Brain Injury. (clinicaltrials.gov)
This study has one primary hypothesis, that treatment with recombinant human Growth Hormone (rhGH) in the subacute period after TBI results in improved functional outcome 6 months after injury. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Consistent exercise, regardless of intensity, increases nocturnal growth hormone secretion in obese adults with metabolic syndrome. (greenmedinfo.com)
Two hypothalamic peptides, growth hormone releasing hormone, which stimulates hGH secretion, and somatostatin, which inhibits hGH secretion by back regulation, regulate its secretion. (biosyn.com)
In addition, secretion of the hormone varies with normal physiological and pathological conditions and hGH levels are higher during slow wave sleep and are increased by exercise, stress, fever, fasting and, with increased levels of some amino acids (leucine and arginine). (biosyn.com)
Most growth hormone-deficient individuals exhibit a secretory defect rather than a primary defect in growth hormone production, however, and advances in our understanding of the neuroendocrine regulation of growth hormone secretion have established the basis for the use of drugs to stimulate release of endogenously synthesized growth hormone. (aspetjournals.org)
Aged garlic, l-arginine, l-lysine, S-allyl cysteine and pycnogenol increase human growth hormone secretion in an in vitro model. (greenmedinfo.com)
HGH also acts to create other indirect effects in the body by causing secretion of IGF-1, an insulin-like growth factor hormone. (nzhealth.net.nz)
The 26 N-terminal amino acids correspond to a signal peptide, which is essential for hormone secretion. (proteopedia.org)
Specifically, the Lys16Pro variant is associated with decreased levels of GH due to suppressed secretion, resulting in growth hormone deficiency isolated type 1B (IGHD1B) (Millar D.S. 2003) [2] . (proteopedia.org)
Increases human growth hormone secretion, helps overcome cognitive disorders, assists in processing the nerve impulses responsible for balance and coordination, contributes directly to improved mental focus. (sytropin.com)
Secretion of growth hormone (GH) in the pituitary is regulated by the neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus. (wikipedia.org)

Here, we report a case of an 11-year-old girl who presented with a paraumbilical swelling, approximately one year after the start of rhGH treatment for short stature due to the presumed diagnosis of partial growth hormone insensitivity. (hindawi.com)
Although the precise cause of local lipohypertrophy resulting from rhGH administration is still unclear, it might be related to the presumed diagnosis of partial growth hormone insensitivity. (hindawi.com)
To date, no U.S. or foreign court or arbitral tribunal has directly considered whether mandatory blood testing of athletes for banned performance-enhancing substances, including synthetic human growth hormone (rhGH), violates any internationally or nationally recognized individual rights to privacy or bodily integrity. (ssrn.com)
The serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels significantly increased at 6 months (P less than 0.009) and 12 months (P less than 0.002) following rhGH treatment compared with baseline values. (biomedsearch.com)
These preliminary data indicate that rhGH treatment may be effective in improving the growth velocity of growth-retarded renal allograft recipients. (biomedsearch.com)
The main growth hormone produced by recombinant DNA technology has the approved generic name (INN) somatropin and the brand name Humatrope, and is properly abbreviated rhGH in the scientific literature. (wikipedia.org)

Feb. 26, 2003 -- Sorry, folks, but the concept of effortlessly reversing the natural aging process with human growth hormone (HGH) injections has some serious holes -- beyond those in the skin . (webmd.com)
The efficacy of this crystalline formulation injected subcutaneously once a week was found to be equivalent to seven daily soluble injections in the standard weight gain assay using the hypophysectomized rat model and in measurement of serum insulin-like growth factor in monkeys. (springer.com)
New research published in the Annals of Internal Medicine finds that injections of human growth hormone can boost sprint capacity in athletes. (scpr.org)
A research team led by Daniel Rudman of the Medical College of Wisconsin gave regular growth hormone injections to a dozen men over the age of 60. (slate.com)
At least one clinical study has linked HGH injections to fluctuations in thyroid hormones, and it's clear that the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 have become popular among bodybuilders - often a reliable indicator of what doping methods are on the horizon for pro sports. (nydailynews.com)
One group received growth hormone injections six times per week. (brighthub.com)
By using human growth hormone injections , these individuals could have altered the metabolism rates, which may, in turn, decrease their cardiac problems and increase their life expectancy. (canyon-news.com)
In children, HGH injections have FDA approval for treating short stature of unknown causes as well as poor growth that may be associated with conditions such as Turner's syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, chronic kidney disease, or short bowel syndrome. (emaxhealth.com)
The health benefits of using human growth hormone injections to correct a hormone imbalance and promote cell regeneration are quite extensive, and they typically take weeks to months before they become evident. (emaxhealth.com)
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The human growth hormone is also called somatotropin is a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland which regulates cell regeneration and reproduction, cell growth and metabolism contributing to the development of human hormones. (openpr.com)
Human growth hormone (GH), also called somatotropin, is a protein that stimulates growth. (encyclopedia.com)
There are several test methods to detect human growth hormone levels, namely, Somatotropin hormone test, Somatomedin C, Growth hormone stimulation test and Growth hormone suppression test. (brighthub.com)
Somatotropin test is one of the test method to detect human growth hormone levels in the blood. (brighthub.com)
Growth hormone (GH or HGH) is also known as somatotropin or somatropin. (biosyn.com)
Human growth hormone , also called somatotropin, is a protein hormone of 190 amino acids (building blocks of protein) that is created and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. (nzhealth.net.nz)
Growth hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin (or as human growth hormone [hGH or HGH] in its human form), is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals. (wopular.com)
Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin, also known as human growth hormones (hGH or HGH) in its human form, is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals. (wikipedia.org)
The names somatotropin (STH) or somatotropic hormone refer to the growth hormone produced naturally in animals and extracted from carcasses. (wikipedia.org)

Growth factor most effective manner proton MR spectroscopy patients but increase during treatment with somatropin. (bushin30seconds.org)
It is illegal in the United States to advertise or sell (without a prescription) the growth hormone somatropin as a kind of fountain of youth. (rationalwiki.org)
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Full Set HGH Pen Somatropin with Real High Quality Descritiop HGH( Human Growth Hormone ) is a natural hormone secreted by the pituitary gland of a person. (frbiz.com)
A recombinant form of hGH called somatropin (INN) is used as a prescription drug to treat children's growth disorders and adult growth hormone deficiency. (wikipedia.org)

this protein is the receptor for the Ghrelin ligand and defines a neuroendocrine pathway for growth hormone release. (nih.gov)
Ghrelin Receptor Mutations and Human Obesity. (nih.gov)
Ghrelin acts through the growth hormone secretagogue-receptor (GHS-R), a seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor with high expression in the anterior pituitary, pancreatic islets, thyroid gland, heart and various regions of the brain. (nih.gov)
Title: Expression of ghrelin and ghrelin functional receptor GHSR1a in human pituitary adenomas. (nih.gov)
The expression, functional reconstitution and first NMR characterization of the human growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor reconstituted into bilayer membranes is described. (nih.gov)
Palbociclib is approved for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer, specifically those who have hormone receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative disease. (pmlive.com)
The position of the helices and the overall three-dimensional structure of this hormone are important for receptor binding. (biosyn.com)
The growth hormone binds to its receptor on target cells, then creates some particular action. (nzhealth.net.nz)
RECALL What happens to the human growth hormone receptor when it binds hGH? (bartleby.com)
Prolactin receptor (PRLR) can also bind to and be activated by growth hormone. (proteopedia.org)
Despite marked structural similarities between growth hormone from different species, only human and Old World monkey growth hormones have significant effects on the human growth hormone receptor. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, these variants circulate partially bound to a protein (growth hormone-binding protein, GHBP), which is the truncated part of the growth hormone receptor, and an acid-labile subunit (ALS). (wikipedia.org)
In humans, GHBP is formed by post-translational modification after the complete transcription and translation of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene into the cell-surface receptor protein. (wikipedia.org)
Conversely, high levels of GHBP protein show negative correlation with levels of growth hormone receptor expression. (wikipedia.org)

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The hormone used to treat these patients was produced and distributed by the National Hormone and Pituitary Program (NHPP, formerly the National Pituitary Agency) under an investigational exemption for the use of a new drug (IND). (cdc.gov)

Binding of the tissue-specific transcription factor Pit-1 to the promoter region of the growth hormone gene results in only one form of growth hormone that are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. (biosyn.com)
Human growth hormone is secreted from somatotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland in a pulsating fashion. (biosyn.com)
A number of animal experiments were performed in the early 20th century that unequivocally noted a growth promoting hormone from the anterior pituitary, with growth hormone finally purified from the human in the late 1940s. (frontiersin.org)
The GH somatotrope cells secrete approximately 50% of the hormone-producing cells of the anterior pituitary. (hgfound.org)
Human Growth Hormone (HGH) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland in the brain. (sytropin.com)

TOM GOLDMAN: The Mitchell Report says Fernando Vina got human growth hormone and steroids from a former New York Mets clubhouse attendant. (npr.org)
Players are drawing a distinct line between steroids, bad and selfish, - and human growth hormone, not so bad and something players takes so he can help his team. (npr.org)
Associate Professor of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine): These people who think they can take growth hormone with impunity that it's some lesser thing, the anabolic steroids is just frankly a dangerous and misguided. (npr.org)
Wadler says it's wrong to draw a line between steroids and growth hormone. (npr.org)
Instead, the disclosures and public shamings have focused on human growth hormone, an almost-undetectable substance that has recently replaced anabolic steroids as the trendy, performance-enhancing boogeyman. (slate.com)
But it's just plain wrong to put growth hormone in the same category as anabolic steroids. (slate.com)
Buy HGH human growth hormone, anabolic steroids in women, where to buy botulinum toxin. (afionline.org)
Transplantation to provide a natural-looking hairline, especially growth supplement who purchases either of these substances directly from foreign companies and has them shipped to the United States will be considered to be importing even if the steroids are intended for personal use. (afionline.org)
The Denver Broncos quarterback said he never used a human growth hormone (HGH) and called the report -- which alleges steroids and other drugs were shipped to Manning's home in his wife's name -- "completely fabricated" and "complete trash. (go.com)
True, steak and broccoli are both foods but one is a meat and one is a vegetable and while HGH and steroids are both hormones they belong to two very different classes of hormones. (steroid.com)
anabolic androgenic steroids are fat based hormones derived from and based on the male sex hormones. (steroid.com)
Steroids, on the other hand, are chemically engineered substances aimed to improve low sexual drive, liver toxicity, cholesterol and boosting human performance. (praguepost.com)
The scientific community has come to accept that not all talk of steroids or hormone manipulation is wrong. (canyon-news.com)

Is Human Growth Hormone the Fountain of Youth? (empowher.com)
Although it is not clinically proven, HGH is sometimes referred to as the fountain of youth hormone. (wisegeek.com)

Ruffoni and his teammate Stefano Pirazzi tested positive for growth hormones GH-Releasing Peptides (GHRPs) on April 25 and 26, respectively. (isteroids.com)
These cells release the peptides growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH or somatocrinin) and growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH or somatostatin) into the hypophyseal portal venous blood surrounding the pituitary. (wikipedia.org)

In the study of 231 male weight lifters aged 18 to 40, 12% reported use of HGH or a similar supplement known as insulin -like growth factor-1. (webmd.com)
Research suggests that insulin spikes can disrupt your natural growth hormone production ( 28 , 29 ). (healthline.com)
Refined carbs and sugar raise insulin levels the most, so reducing your intake may help optimize growth hormone levels ( 24 , 25 ). (healthline.com)
Human growth hormones include human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), luteinizing hormone (LH) and human growth hormone (HGH), insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). (howstuffworks.com)
Insulin is a natural protein hormone produced by the pancreas, which is important for metabolism of sugars, starches, fats, and proteins. (howstuffworks.com)
Some studies consider the benefits of supplementing HGH in elderly patients by looking at levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). (empowher.com)
This is a protein hormone that is similar to insulin. (empowher.com)
Sometomedin C test is also known as Insulin-like Growth Factor or IGF-1. (brighthub.com)
Growth hormone stimulation test is also known as insulin tolerance test, human growth hormone provocation test, and arginine test. (brighthub.com)
Gottlieb is also planning to take action on high prices for insulin and other drugs such as human growth hormone which have seen their prices escalate in recent years. (pmlive.com)
Heart failure is characterized by a number of neurohormonal abnormalities, including derangements in the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling axis. (aappublications.org)
We plan to investigate whether growth hormone, administered in a physiological or pulsatile fashion, can elicit relevant changes in the human immune system while at the same time associated with no change or even an improvement in the metabolic profiles such as insulin sensitivity. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Animal growth hormones were not active in the human (unlike insulin) and the first report of an adolescent with growth hormone deficiency treated with human growth hormone was noted in 1958. (frontiersin.org)
Arginine and ornithine supplementation increases growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 serum levels after heavy-resistance exercise in strength-trained athletes. (greenmedinfo.com)
However, the body binds most of the growth hormone in the liver and converts some of the hormone into Insulin-like Growth Factor- I (IGF-I). Since IGF-1 remains in the blood stream for 24-36 hours, a blood sample identifying IGF-1 will be a more dependable indicator of competent HGH production. (usdoctor.com)
Human growth hormone significantly increases the amount of insulin-like growth factor in a person's blood. (reference.com)
HGH also indirectly influences growth by stimulating the liver to produce additional growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factor-1. (proteopedia.org)
GH triggers the liver to produce a substanced called "insulin-like growth factor-I IGF-I (formerly somatomedin-C). It is IGF-I that is proximately responsible for commencing the metabolic functions that result in building bone, muscle, and tissue, including linear growth in children. (hgfound.org)
and Fat Loss IGF LR3 HGH Growth Hormone CAS 946870-92-4 Anti-wrinkle Unit Size: 1mg Appearance: Lyophilized White Powder CAS NO: 946870-92-4 Synonyms: Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I LR3 Storage: IGF-1 LR3. (phrmg.org)
I use measured doses of bovine colostrum, which if you avoid eating 2 hours before and a half hour after has the effect of raising insulin like growth factor 1. (atheistnexus.org)
There's new information about HGH, which works by elevating insulin like growth factor 1. (atheistnexus.org)
The most critical of those growth factors is insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), which stimulates an increase in cell size as well as an increase in cell number of most tissues, including bone. (emaxhealth.com)
Further, the major effector molecule of the somatotropic axis, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) has recently been recognized as an important neurotrophic agent. (clinicaltrials.gov)

The pituitary releases GH when it receives a signal from the brain's hypothalamus in the form of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH). (encyclopedia.com)
The principal form of growth hormone in humans is a complex protein that weighs 22 kd (kilodaltons) and contains 191 amino acids. (hgfound.org)

In young children, human growth hormone regulates growth by controlling the development of the skeleton and muscles. (empowher.com)
Injecting the human growth hormones regulates the mineral content in the body and intensifies the metabolism rate, which in turn leads to speedy regeneration of bones. (canyon-news.com)
Growth hormone is a major body system-wide metabolic hormone that regulates protein, lipid (fat), and carbohydrate homeostasis (balance). (hgfound.org)
In turn, the pituitary mediates or regulates the production of numerous hormones by various glands. (hgfound.org)
Studies elucidate another aspect of GHBP physiological role: The proteolytic cleavage activity that forms GHBP ultimately regulates GHR production in humans as well as rats. (wikipedia.org)

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Here are 11 evidence-based ways to increase human growth hormone (HGH) levels naturally. (healthline.com)
L-arginine has been shown to increase human growth hormone levels. (greenmedinfo.com)

If true anabolic promotion is what you're after, which will require high Human Growth Hormone doses, six months of use is the minimum time frame of use. (steroid.com)
It's responsible for the production of IGF-1, a protein tightly linked with a human's anabolic growth. (canyon-news.com)
In addition to being an anabolic hormone, it also has fat mobilizing diabetogenic properties (i.e., can cause a rise in blood glucose levels). (hgfound.org)
One of the chemical triggers that stimulates anabolic muscle growth. (sytropin.com)

It is a peptide or protein hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration in humans. (biosyn.com)
Human Growth Hormone (HGH), or growth hormone in a more general sense, is a protein based peptide hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, that stimulates growth and regeneration, and also stimulates the immune system . (rationalwiki.org)
It eventually reaches and stimulates growth of all major organs (particularly the liver where it stimulates the production of growth factors) with the exception of the brain. (proteopedia.org)

Standard treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemia can heal rickets but does not always raise the level of phosphates in the blood or return growth levels to normal. (cochrane.org)
It is unclear whether combining human growth hormone therapy with standard treatment improves the phosphate levels, growth rates and bone mineral density. (cochrane.org)
Provides valuable information on how to naturally raise human growth hormone levels within the body. (selfgrowth.com)
Another is to treat kids and adults with growth hormone deficiency, or naturally low levels of the hormone. (ibtimes.com)
But in recent years, they have been administered to growing numbers of the elderly, whose hormone levels naturally decline as they reach their 60s to levels half of those in their 20s or 30s. (webmd.com)
In the recent past, research has shown that having high levels of human growth hormones could be beneficial in building muscle, particularly as a person gets older. (selfgrowth.com)
One study found that obese individuals had lower levels of IGF-1 - a growth-related protein - as well as HGH. (healthline.com)
Excessive HGH levels increase muscle mass by stimulating protein synthesis, strengthen bones by stimulating bone growth and reduce body fat by stimulating the breakdown of fat cells. (howstuffworks.com)
Lower levels of this hormone are associated with the aging process. (wisegeek.com)
The growth hormone levels in the human body should be optimum for normal growth and regulated by factors that include sleep, stress, lower glucose levels, and exercise. (openpr.com)
It has various side effects such as joint and muscle pain, high blood sugar levels, carpal tunnel syndrome, and fluid retention may impact the market growth. (openpr.com)
Additionally, higher and lower growth hormones affect the quality of life thus growing the risks of diseases includes poor bone density, growth hormone deficiency, and high cholesterol levels. (openpr.com)
The human growth hormone levels are reduced along with age and this natural slowdown in the production of growth hormones in the human has an interest in using synthetic growth hormones therapies across the globe. (openpr.com)
In 1996, the FDA approved growth hormone as a replacement therapy for adults whose HGH secretions had fallen below normal levels. (slate.com)
Decreased levels of growth hormone happens mostly in children, which results in very small statures but with normal body proportions, and is known as pituitary dwarfism. (brighthub.com)
Decreased levels may mean deficiency in growth hormone level, hypothyroidism, nutritional deficiencies, or severe liver disease. (brighthub.com)
Increased levels may indicate increased growth hormone level, pituitary tumor, or hyperpituitarism. (brighthub.com)
Growth hormone levels decline with age - leading to HGH joining the burgeoning list of panaceas that promise longevity, or at least an enhanced quality of life. (rationalwiki.org)
As for how it works, the theory behind it centers around the idea that hormones taper off as we get older and if we replace them, returning them to the levels we had when we were 30 or 35, we can regain the good health, energy levels and libido that we had at that age. (stylecaster.com)
Decreased serum levels of GH, which acts on cardiac myocytes primarily through IGF-1, are associated with impaired myocardial growth and function, which can be improved with restoration of GH/IGF-1 homeostasis. (aappublications.org)
Other echocardiographic indices of LV function, somatic growth, and somatotropic/thyroid hormone levels were also monitored. (aappublications.org)
During the growth spurt of youth, HGH levels are maximum and the IGF-1 will be measured well over 600- 800 ng/ml. (usdoctor.com)
While aging and decreasing growth hormone levels go 'hand-in-hand' those who lose their pituitary production of HGH due to surgery, infection or accident, instantly suffer many profound, ill effects. (usdoctor.com)
Anti-doping experts have long wondered whether abnormal levels of thyroid hormones can indicate doping. (nydailynews.com)
Common side effects of short-term human growth hormone supplementation in children include excessive leanness, joint pain, and increased blood glucose levels, according to the Physician's Committee for Responsible Medicine. (reference.com)
Scientists also have found that individuals with naturally high levels of human growth hormone are at an increased risk for cancer, carpal tunnel syndrome and joint issues. (reference.com)
With that in mind, we want to take a look at Human Growth Hormone doses for all possible points and levels of use and answer any questions you might have. (steroid.com)
As we become older, deficiencies in our hormone levels begin to drop. (canyon-news.com)
As you can see, the effects of low growth hormone levels can be of extreme concern to any woman, but that doesn't mean you have to sit there and accept it. (canyon-news.com)
The more serious potential side effects of HGH treatment include bloating and increased glucose levels, but given the extent of the problems caused by low growth hormone levels, many may agree the pros outweigh the cons, which are by no means guaranteed to occur. (canyon-news.com)
Improves plasma hormone levels in the body, aids in proper neurotransmission, enhances the functioning of the central nervous system, promotes fat loss, and improves the body's sleep cycle, resulting in a deeper, more restful sleep. (sytropin.com)
Levels of human growth hormone (and some other hormones as well) drop dramatically as we get older, resulting in a hormone imbalance. (emaxhealth.com)
Low levels of human growth hormone disrupt the body's ability to fall asleep and maintain restful sleep. (emaxhealth.com)
This experiment has been done many times, but in this case the scientists measured the blood levels of growth hormone and followed when the pituitary gland released the hormone. (sleepdex.org)
They found the peak levels of hormone released during sleep decreased significantly . (sleepdex.org)

However, we cannot argue with the numbers, regardless of the Human Growth Hormone doses in question, subcutaneous will always provide a stronger concentration. (steroid.com)

If the person is young enough, a high enough HGH injection into the body would shock the body into vertical growth for the last time. (amazonaws.com)
HGH] is important for muscle maintenance and many cells in the body have receptors for the hormone, so it is probably responsible for most aspects of growth," said Dr. Sofiya Milman , an endocrinologist at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York. (ibtimes.com)
In addition to the HGH that the body naturally produces, companies have figured out how to manufacture synthetic versions of the hormone that can be injected into patients. (ibtimes.com)
GH controls the overall growth of all systems in the human body, especially the skeletal and muscular systems. (prezi.com)
Growth Hormone deficiency in adults may result in increased body fat, as a result of slowed metabolism. (prezi.com)
Description: The primary hormone in the body, information and sales. (mygreencorner.com)
Also known as growth hormone (GH), it plays a key role in growth, body composition, cell repair and metabolism ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ). (healthline.com)
This gland produces a variety of hormones which are chemicals that control functions in the body such as metabolism and growth. (empowher.com)
Scientists have found that growth hormone, that promotes body growth, is produced in the brain according to an article published in the National Academy of Sciences. (medindia.net)
Hormones in the brain may not be obvious compared to what they are doing in the rest of the body. (medindia.net)
Human growth hormone helps to increase muscle mass while decreasing body fat. (wisegeek.com)
Human growth hormone enables in controlling body composition, body fluids, recovery from injury, sugar & fat metabolism and muscle & bone growth. (openpr.com)
The lower level of human growth hormone growing the risk and that leadsto fat accumulation throughout the body. (openpr.com)
Its major role in stimulating body growth is to stimulate the liver and other tissues to secrete IGF-1. (abcam.com)
Nathan Pritikin doctor, however, will not provide prescription for a safe factor (IGF-1), which has growth-promoting properties on every cell in the body. (bushin30seconds.org)
The pharmaceutical firm of Hoffmann-La Roche announced in 1989 that it had developed an artificially produced growth hormone releasing hormone which, when administered, stimulates the body to produce normal amounts of growth hormone. (encyclopedia.com)
It is usually done to evaluate the capacity of the body to create human growth hormone, to determine a possible decreased human growth hormone production, and to confirm diagnosis of acromegaly. (brighthub.com)
In the body the hormone is rather heterogeneous. (biosyn.com)
This decline in immune system function may be related to the decline in the body s production of growth hormone, which helps regulate human development and may contribute to the health of the immune system. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Researchers are interested in studying whether growth hormone, given as an infusion over time, can improve the function of the immune system and other body systems associated with good health. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Study I and Study IB participants will receive pulses of growth hormone through the infusion pump at regular intervals to monitor the body s response to the hormone. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Its multiple benefits include growth of bone, tissues, and muscles and enhance body strength. (hcgexpressdiet.com)
It has two types of effects, both of which are highly beneficial to the vital, active human body. (nzhealth.net.nz)
More recently, pharmaceutical companies and natural supplement companies have fine-tuned the science of HGH stimulation in the body by means of a Growth Hormone releaser. (nzhealth.net.nz)
One of the 6 key hormones of the life-pyramid, Growth hormone is obviously natural and quite plentiful in the human body during youth. (usdoctor.com)
Since we now realize that HGH is indispensable throughout life, it must be considered a vital hormone for maintenance of the adult body. (usdoctor.com)
Female hormone supplementation changes fat and muscle distribution in the male body, reduces the size and capacity of the male reproductive system, and enh. (reference.com)
In children with chronic kidney disease, growth retardation occurs because chronic kidney disease affects how the body uses and responds to human growth hormone. (brighthub.com)
So, although they may perform similar functions, they are different both in their effect on the human body and how dangerous they can prove to be. (praguepost.com)
Modern science has found ways of treating these waning (and completely natural) responses from the body, and a deficiency in growth hormone is now regarded as a great concern-particularly for women. (canyon-news.com)
HGH is a chemical produced by the body that's essential to normal growth in children, and scientists have now come to realize it's important in adults, too. (straightdope.com)
The pituitary gland produces various hormones, and each affect a specific part of the body. (howstuffworks.com)
Conversely, if a child's body produces an excess of HGH, he or she may experience exaggerated bone growth and become exceptionally tall. (howstuffworks.com)
The body produces several kinds of growth hormone. (hgfound.org)
Growth hormone (GH) is required for growth, development, and maintenance of the body and mind of humans and many other forms of life from conception through the end of life. (hgfound.org)
Wholesale price hgh buy CAS No.12629-01-5 on hot sale HGH Introduction HGH is a hormone that is naturally produced by the body. (phrmg.org)
Its major roles in the body are regeneration of cells and the growth and maintenance of human tissue throughout the body, including the brain and other organs. (emaxhealth.com)
This has spurred interest in use of supplemental hormones to keep the body young. (sleepdex.org)

Lower risk of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in pituitary growth hormone recipients initiating treatment after 1977. (nih.gov)

This book addresses a wide range of basic and clinical issues in the physiology and pharmacology of growth hormone. (selfgrowth.com)
Additional roles for growth hormone in human physiology are likely to be discovered in the areas of sleep research and reproduction. (aspetjournals.org)
Moreover, one can now study physiology, pathophysiology, and learn about the "metabolic" hormone, which may be a more proper name for growth hormone. (frontiersin.org)

However, there have been an accumulation of new evidence suggesting that for some people even in their mid-20s, after full epiphyseal growth plate closure, could notice height increases, but at a smaller level. (amazonaws.com)
GABA significantly increases indicators of Human Growth Hormone production in human subjects. (greenmedinfo.com)
Growth hormone also increases blood flow to the kidneys. (brighthub.com)
At the conclusion of the study, investigators determined that human growth hormone supplementation and therapy with sex hormone replacement increases the adult height of females who have Turner syndrome. (brighthub.com)
In fact, nowadays there are some people who believe they've found youth's fountain -- a hormone that helps you to lose weight, reduces wrinkles, lowers blood pressure, adds muscle mass, increases energy and actually reverses the aging process. (howstuffworks.com)

specifically protein based peptide hormones that exist based on amino acids that converge and enter into the blood. (steroid.com)

Estrogen presence also triggered the production of growth hormones. (medindia.net)

Human growth hormone is a protein naturally produced by the pituitary gland (at the base of the brain) that helps regulate growth during childhood and metabolism in adults. (scientificamerican.com)
The pituitary has a direct effect on the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids and controls the growth rate of the skeleton and internal organs. (encyclopedia.com)
Growth hormone, usually secreted in episodic bursts during early sleep, promotes skeletal growth by stimulating liver production of proteins, and affects lipid as well as glucose metabolism. (brighthub.com)
Growth hormone, first identified for its dramatic effect on longitudinal growth, is now known to exert generalized effects on protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. (aspetjournals.org)

Growth hormone is made up of 191 amino acids and is produced in the pituitary gland of the brain. (canyon-news.com)
Note that in all four isoforms, the first 26 amino acids on the N-terminus are only present in the precursor form, and are not part of the active hormone. (proteopedia.org)

These injectable hormones, naturally produced in the pituitary gland, are designed for those with a growth hormone deficiency and whose growth has been thwarted. (webmd.com)
Human growth hormone is a substance that is naturally produced in the pituitary gland and spurs growth in children and adolescents. (emaxhealth.com)

A practical guide to gaining all the benefits of HGH through diet, exercise, nutrients, supplements, and hormone replacement. (selfgrowth.com)
Because of this perceived advantage to muscle growth and strength, bodybuilders and athletes are tempted to take performance-enhancing drugs and supplements like HGH in order to gain an athletic advantage, or for rapid muscle growth. (selfgrowth.com)
Kreukels BPC supplements on the Market those not lacking in growth hi, am 26yrs Male, I have issues with my height 160-5. (bushin30seconds.org)
Human growth hormone enhancing supplements are selling well worldwide. (hcgexpressdiet.com)
You will find some of the best Human Growth Hormone supplements for sale. (220.ro)

Human Growth Hormone doses above 10iu per day are not unheard of but do increase the risk of use substantially. (steroid.com)
Jintropin HGH Human Growth Hormone Peptide for Slimming Quick Detail: Place of Origin: Hubei, China Brand Name: Jintropin HGH Specification: 100iu (10iu x 10 vials) Supply Ability: 880 kits/month Jintropin 191aa Human Growth Hormone kit for. (frbiz.com)

Synthetic versions of hGH produced by recombinant DNA technology are used to treat growth disorders associated with hGH deficiencies. (proteopedia.org)

This patient was evaluated for growth failure at 7 years of age and was found to be growth hormone deficient. (cdc.gov)
growth hormone is one of several endocrine hormones I am deficient in. (drugs.com)

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has only approved the drug, now produced synthetically, to treat children with short stature (caused by growth hormone deficiency and some diseases and other growth problems)--and to treat adults who suffer from a growth hormone deficiency causing conditions like bone loss, high cholesterol and low energy. (scientificamerican.com)
Although girls with this condition do not have a deficiency of growth hormone, clinical human growth hormone studies indicate that treatment with hGH can help them overcome short stature. (brighthub.com)
Dr. David K. Stephure and his colleagues conducted a controlled trial of growth hormone supplementation in girls who had short stature due to Turner syndrome. (brighthub.com)
Because children need this hormone for proper growth, growth hormone deficiency leads to short stature and improper growth of muscle and bone. (brighthub.com)

Release is inhibited by the hormone somatostatin and may be inhibited by lack of sleep, high blood sugar (hyperglycemia), obesity, a high blood level of free fatty acids, and by growth hormone itself. (encyclopedia.com)

Synthetic Growth Hormone was developed and approved by the FDA in 1985 to help treat children and adults with deficiencies. (prezi.com)
Since the introduction of synthetic growth hormone in the late 1980s, a controversy has arisen over efforts to boost the growth rate of children who are on the border between being of regular height and being unusually short. (encyclopedia.com)
A few weeks ago, Sylvester Stallone, portrayer of Rocky Balboa, was charged with importing 48 vials of synthetic growth hormone into Australia. (slate.com)

The hypothalamic neuroendocrine messenger that directs the anterior lobe of the pituitary to produce GH is called growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH). (hgfound.org)
Hypothalamic GHD is the failure of the hypothalamus to produce and/or transmit the neuroendocrine messaging hormone, GHRH, which directs a properly functioning pituitary to produce GH. (hgfound.org)

Reports of rapidly progressive and fatal degenerative neurologic disorders in three recipients of human growth hormone (hGH) have been received by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). (cdc.gov)
MAGIC (Major Aspects of Growth in Children) Foundation is a national, nonprofit organization that provides support and education about growth disorders in children and growth hormone deficiency in adults. (nih.gov)
The Human Growth Foundation (HGF) is a nonprofit organization concerned with children's growth disorders and adult growth hormone deficiency. (nih.gov)

Dr. WADLER: In either case, you're injecting a hormone into your muscles. (npr.org)
Human Growth Hormone (HGH) is a naturally occurring hormone that is essential for human growth i.e. development of muscles and the skeletal systems of humans. (selfgrowth.com)
The human growth hormone targets muscles and bones, and the pituitary gland produces the most HGH during adolescence. (howstuffworks.com)

No such definitive data exists for growth hormone, as to whether it enhances performance or heals injuries in healthy athletes. (npr.org)
Mark Cuban, a billionaire tech entrepreneur and owner of the Dallas Mavericks basketball team, is even funding a trial through the University of Michigan to explore whether growth hormone can help athletes recover from a torn ACL. (ibtimes.com)
The human growth hormone is very popular among bodybuilders and athletes because of the numerous benefits it provides. (selfgrowth.com)
Touted as an anti-aging agent, athletes and others are taking human growth hormone to build up muscle and lose fat. (harvard.edu)
What athletes, fans, and the sports media don't understand about human growth hormone. (slate.com)
If growth hormone doesn't help, why are athletes breaking league rules to get it? (slate.com)

Growth Hormone Polyclonal antibody specifically detects Growth Hormone in Human, Porcine samples. (fishersci.com)
The antibody reacts with the Growth Hormone antigen. (fishersci.com)
The Growth Hormone antibody can be used for the diagnosis of tumors of the pituitary. (fishersci.com)

The hormone shares structural homologies with prolactin and human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS). (biosyn.com)
growth hormone variant), are localized in the q22-24 region of chromosome 17 and are closely related to human chorionic somatomammotropin (also known as placental lactogen) genes. (wikipedia.org)
GH, human chorionic somatomammotropin, and prolactin belong to a group of homologous hormones with growth-promoting and lactogenic activity. (wikipedia.org)

The HGF offers a brochure about adult growth hormone deficiency. (nih.gov)
The foundation also sponsors adult and pediatric Internet discussion forums to support the exchange of information about growth hormone deficiency and growth hormone replacement therapy. (nih.gov)
Human growth hormone is commonly used to treat children with predicted adult heights less than 5 feet 3 inches for males or 4 feet 11 inches for females, reports the Physician's Committee for Responsible Medicine. (reference.com)
The study, titled Sante Adult GH Enfant (SAGhE), found that some people treated with synthetic human growth hormone during childhood had a small increased risk of death when compared with those who did not receive this treatment. (brighthub.com)
Adult Human Growth Hormone Deficiency - Can you help me find an hgh support group? (drugs.com)
Adult Human Growth Hormone Deficiency - sir/mam my dad aged 78,daibetic,cardiac problem ( unstable? (drugs.com)
Adult Human Growth Hormone Deficiency - Hallo my boyfriend never used to eat during the day and in? (drugs.com)
Adult Human Growth Hormone Deficiency - Due to adult growth hormone deficiency I have been on daily? (drugs.com)
Adult Human Growth Hormone Deficiency - Anyone else have trembling as a side effect of HGH? (drugs.com)
Adult growth hormone deficiency" (AGHD) may be classified broadly into three categories based on the stage of life the GH deficiency became manifest: (1) child-onset, (2) adult-acquired onset, and (3) child-onset idiopathic GHD which can be divided into organic and idiopathic causes. (hgfound.org)

It is possible that this development which could occur with physical stimulation or with elevated HGH due to acromegaly could continue into adulthood and contribute to longitudinal bone growth. (amazonaws.com)
Recombinant hGH has been used with good results in the treatment of patients with hGH deficiency allowing bone growth and impacting on the patient's final stature. (biosyn.com)
Its ability to stimulate muscle and bone growth, as well as the operation of most internal organs, has been cited as justification for its use. (rationalwiki.org)
It is a supplement given to children who suffer with abnormally slow bone growth to enable them to grow taller. (usdoctor.com)

This occurs because when the ligand binds to the receptors, a conformational change occurs in them that potentially blocks the proteolytic activity of T.A.C.E. In humans, studies have shown that alternative splicing of the GHR gene can lead to increased rates of proteolysis. (wikipedia.org)

Long-term supplementation with human growth hormone results in an increased risk of colorectal cancer and Hodgkin's disease. (reference.com)
A 2002 study by British researchers linked long-term human growth hormone supplementation with higher risks of cancer, cautions the Physician's Committee for Responsible Medicine. (reference.com)
The individuals studied had undergone human growth hormone supplementation and were monitored from 1985 to 2000. (reference.com)

Supports the body's ability to stimulate the natural release of growth hormone. (sytropin.com)
Human growth hormone (often abbreviated HGH, or GH for growth hormone, or hGH) is an important part of the body's endocrine system and is especially active in the growing child's maturation. (sleepdex.org)

HGH also boosts muscle growth, strength and exercise performance, while helping you recover from injury and disease ( 4 , 7 , 8 ). (healthline.com)
This same effect is also the power behind muscle growth. (nzhealth.net.nz)
Though there's considerable debate on whether HGH can have a significant impact on muscle growth, it will improve your mass. (praguepost.com)
Stimulates muscle growth and burning of fat from fat cells. (sytropin.com)

In addition to performing certain independent endocrine functions, growth hormone is the principal means of producing IGF-I. All hormones are regulated in substantial measure by substances known as "binding proteins. (hgfound.org)

Yang HM, Mao M, Yang F, Wan C. Recombinant growth hormone therapy for X-linked hypophosphatemia in children. (cochrane.org)
This is the most comprehensive, yet practical guide to using growth hormone therapy. (selfgrowth.com)
So say leading researchers in the latest round of what is becoming a controversial healthcare topic -- using growth hormones as therapy in otherwise healthy seniors to try to stop the ravages of time. (webmd.com)
Patients have a positive response and immunologic tolerance to growth hormone therapy. (abcam.com)
Those prescribed by Hormone Replacement Therapy doctors who specialise in HGH is even better. (abilogic.com)
In addition to its cardiovascular effects, GH therapy was associated with significant acceleration of somatic growth. (aappublications.org)
What are some side effects of bioidentical hormone replacement therapy? (reference.com)
Bioidentical hormone replacement therapies have the same side effects as conventional hormone replacement therapy, including an increased risk of breast ca. (reference.com)
Girls in both growths received sex hormone replacement therapy starting at 13 years of age. (brighthub.com)
Researchers started studying the use of growth hormone therapy in children with Prader-Willi syndrome in 1981. (brighthub.com)
In a critical appraisal of the use of hGH in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome, Dr. David B. Allen and Dr. Aaron L. Carrel indicate that growth hormone therapy improves physical strength, growth and agility in children with Prader-Willi syndrome. (brighthub.com)
Hormone specialists who provide a breakdown of the ideal dosage for women seeking Human Growth Hormone therapy, first of all, will tell you as much as he could about therapy before you decide to start it. (canyon-news.com)
Growth after renal transplantation: correlation with immunosuppressive therapy. (biomedsearch.com)

IGF-1 is secreted from the liver and other tissues in response to growth hormone. (nzhealth.net.nz)
When the pituitary gland releases HGH into the bloodstream, it remains there for only a few minutes, but that's long enough for the liver to transform it into numerous different growth factors. (emaxhealth.com)

There is a cluster of five genes from which these polypeptide hormones may be synthesized but normally only one gene expressed tissue-specifically. (biosyn.com)
In adults, human growth hormone is responsible for tissue repair and maintenance rather than height-associated growth. (nurse.com)
The hormone is a complex protein produced by the pituitary gland in the brain, and in addition to promoting growth in childhood, it helps maintain healthy bodily tissue even during adulthood. (sleepdex.org)

The notion of a growth hormone arose from clinical observations on gigantism and acromegaly. (encyclopedia.com)
The co-editors of this Research Topic welcome original research and review articles with a broad range of relevance to the growth hormone/IGF-1 system from basic metabolic studies to clinical trials in order to sharpen the focus on the conditions that are already approved as well as to determine if there are others that may benefit, for example, those adults with the Prader-Willi syndrome. (frontiersin.org)

LH is a peptide hormone secreted by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain. (howstuffworks.com)

What are some other reasons that people might take human growth hormone? (ibtimes.com)
The point needs to be made that the only people who should be taking growth hormones are those with a history of pituitary diseases -- not those who take them for anti-aging or athletics," says endocrinologist Mary Lee Vance, MD, who wrote the journal article. (webmd.com)
As many as one in three people uses growth hormones for reported anti-aging benefits -- and not the FDA-approved deficiencies resulting from disease. (webmd.com)
Also, Human Growth Hormone is used medically to stimulate growth in people who lack this hormone or, in some cases, to help in recovering from a serious illness. (selfgrowth.com)
It is estimated that as many as 30,000 people in the U.S. used human growth hormone as an anti-aging agent in 2004, about 10 times as many as in the 1990s, despite the hefty price tag and the fact that it is not approved for such use. (scientificamerican.com)
Mr Goldie, of Gosport, Hampshire, was taken off the hormone treatment in 1985 when it was first linked with conventional CJD - which is more likely to afflict older people. (rense.com)
In a great many people, growth hormone lack is brought about by a kind tumor on the pituitary organ or by treatment of an adenoma with medical procedure or radiotherapy. (selfgrowth.com)
Regardless of any test results, many people have jumped on the growth hormone band-wagon. (empowher.com)
People used to think of females as a male with hormones. (medindia.net)
Healthy people secrete growth hormone naturally throughout their lifespan, with the highest concentration coming during adolescence. (slate.com)
Given a bad reputation due to athletic "doping" scandals, human growth hormone actually has the power to help people facing chronic diseases. (brighthub.com)
Most people do not understand hormones to begin with and most do not have a desire to and that's fine. (steroid.com)
There are so many questions that people have regarding Human Growth Hormones (HGH). (praguepost.com)
Given the rising number of older adults in the United States, the fact that people are living longer, and the desire to make those later years as vital and productive as possible, more and more people are interested in the benefits of human growth hormone and how fast they can expect to experience results. (emaxhealth.com)

The activity of growth hormone in humans has been known since at least Biblical times and then through the centuries with many giants/those with acromegaly noted in paintings (e.g. (frontiersin.org)

Similarly as with other key hormones, for example, testosterone and estrogen, having solid degrees of growth hormone are significant. (selfgrowth.com)
That's just not the case.Sex hormones, like estrogen, have a tremendous effect on the growth and architecture of the brain. (medindia.net)

[1] but in 1985 after an outbreak of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in recipients, human-derived HGH was pulled off the market. (rationalwiki.org)
Experts have been studying human growth hormone for a little more than a century, but synthetic HGH has been around for a lesser amount of time, since its development in 1985. (emaxhealth.com)

All randomized controlled trials or quasi- randomized controlled trials comparing growth hormone (alone or combined with conventional treatment) with either placebo or conventional treatment alone in children with X-linked hypophosphatemia. (cochrane.org)
Human growth hormone is a protein that promotes growth broadly in children and performs a variety of key functions in adults. (ibtimes.com)
Growth Hormone, produced in the pituitary gland, releases to spur growth in children and adolescents. (prezi.com)
HGH is a naturally occurring protein hormone produced by the pituitary gland and is important for normal human growth and development, especially in children and teenagers. (howstuffworks.com)
Have these common about these these metabolic data following growth hormone treatment of children with intrauterine growth retardation. (bushin30seconds.org)
With a greater amount of growth hormone available, it's possible to treat children and adults who have numerous conditions which have approval from the regulatory bodies in addition to growth hormone deficiency. (frontiersin.org)
What are the side effects of human growth hormone in children? (reference.com)
In children with growth hormone deficiency, the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone. (brighthub.com)
As of March 2011, the FDA had not finished reviewing the results of the study, so it is unclear how the results will affect the future use of growth hormone in children with this deficiency. (brighthub.com)

Earlier this month, scientists who study aging challenged claims by those in the so-called "anti-aging movement" that growth hormones can stop the ravages of time in healthy seniors. (webmd.com)
The scientists have also zeroed in on the fact that more growth hormones are produced in females than in males, and more so during adulthood. (medindia.net)
The scientists also doubt the effect of growth hormones on reasoning and mood which may be altered by the differences in the amount of growth hormone in the brain. (medindia.net)
Other scientists isolated growth hormones in different animal species. (encyclopedia.com)

They had been treated during childhood and adolescence with hGH extracted from pooled human cadaver pituitary glands. (cdc.gov)

The human growth hormone treatment improved the z score for height and briefly increased the level of phosphates in the blood. (cochrane.org)
However, we found no conclusive evidence that favours the use of human growth hormone treatment for this condition. (cochrane.org)
Conventional treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemia with oral phosphate and calcitriol can heal rickets, but it does not always raise serum phosphate concentrations significantly, nor does it always normalize linear growth. (cochrane.org)
HGH treatment is additionally affirmed to treat grown-ups with AIDS-or HIV-related growth hormone lack that causes the unpredictable circulation of muscle to fat ratio. (selfgrowth.com)
HGH treatment is affirmed in the United States just for the treatment of growth hormone insufficiency and related issues related to HIV contamination. (selfgrowth.com)
Growth hormone treatment and risk of second neoplasms in the childhood cancer survivor. (nih.gov)
It is used to assess pituitary function, and to observe the effectiveness of treatment for growth hormone replacement. (brighthub.com)
Before recombinant technology was available, the only source of hGH was human cadavers, but the contamination that led to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease made this form of treatment obsolete. (biosyn.com)
In animal models and among human adults with heart failure attributable to DCM, treatment with GH results in acquisition of left ventricular (LV) mass and improved LV function, through a combination of mechanisms. (aappublications.org)
Safety of growth hormone treatment over the longer term and new safety issues with the various Long-acting preparations. (frontiersin.org)
The control group received no growth hormone treatment. (brighthub.com)
In June 2000, the Food and Drug Administration approved growth hormone for the treatment of Prader-Willi syndrome. (brighthub.com)
How Fast Will I See Benefits of Human Growth Hormone Treatment? (emaxhealth.com)
Generally, improvements such as better optimism or sense of human may occur before the first month of treatment is done. (emaxhealth.com)

Anatomy25

Organisms10

Diseases20

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment38

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes55

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care3

Effect of growth hormone treatment on adult height of children with idiopathic short stature. Genentech Collaborative Group. (1/1891)

Perioperative growth hormone treatment and functional outcome after major abdominal surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. (2/1891)

Long-term effects of growth hormone (GH) on body fluid distribution in GH deficient adults: a four months double blind placebo controlled trial. (3/1891)

Long-term results of GH therapy in GH-deficient children treated before 1 year of age. (4/1891)

Changes in body composition and leptin levels during growth hormone (GH) treatment in short children with various GH secretory capacities. (5/1891)

GH-binding protein in obese men with varying glucose tolerance: relationship to body fat distribution, insulin secretion and the GH-IGF-I axis. (6/1891)

Apo E phenotype and changes in serum lipids in adult patients during growth hormone replacement. (7/1891)

Decreased hexosamine biosynthesis in GH-deficient dwarf rat muscle. reversal with GH, but not IGF-I, therapy. (8/1891)

Human Growth Hormone

Growth Hormone

Receptors, Somatotropin

Dwarfism, Pituitary

Placental Lactogen

Growth Disorders

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone

Prolactin

Hormones

Insulin-Like Growth Factor I

Hypophysectomy

Pituitary Gland

Dwarfism

Receptors, Prolactin

Recombinant Proteins

Acromegaly

Age Determination by Skeleton

Growth

Placental Hormones

Pituitary Neoplasms

Immunoradiometric Assay

Thyroid Hormones

Hypopituitarism

Body Height

Molecular Sequence Data

Base Sequence

Radioimmunoassay

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Pituitary Gland, Anterior

Luteinizing Hormone

Insulin

Turner Syndrome

RNA, Messenger

Injections, Subcutaneous

Triiodothyronine

Somatomedins

Iodoproteins

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Parathyroid Hormone

Transcription Factor Pit-1

Doping in Sports

Transfection

Hydrocortisone

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Gonadal Steroid Hormones

Gene Expression Regulation

Pituitary Hormones

Cell Line

Cloning, Molecular

Injections, Jet

Time Factors

Craniopharyngioma

Body Weight

Liver

Puberty

Locus Control Region

Peptide Hormones

Amino Acid Sequence

Promoter Regions, Genetic

Iodine Isotopes

Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone

Sex

Oxandrolone

Adenoma, Chromophobe

Receptors, Thyroid Hormone

Genes

Kinetics

Receptors, Ghrelin

Blood Glucose

Cattle

Transcription, Genetic

Biological Assay

Fluoxymesterone

Ghrelin

Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3

DNA

Fatty Acids, Nonesterified

Cyproheptadine

Mice, Transgenic

Binding Sites