Human defensins. Medical search

Human beta defensins (HBDs), small cationic antimicrobial peptides that exert a broad-spectrum antibacterial function at epithelial surfaces and within some mesenchymal tissues, could probably help to reduce such contamination. (edu.au)

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), human osteoblasts, human keratinocytes (control), and the HeLa cancer cell line (control) were incubated with recombinant HBD-2 (1, 5, 10, or 20 姯mL). (edu.au)

Human beta-defensin 2 is produced by a number of epithelial cells and exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria and Candida, but not Gram-positive S. aureus. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to antimicrobial activity, β-defensins also have immunomodulatory functions. (biomedcentral.com)
β-Defensin 3 encodes defensin, beta 103B, which has broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and may play an important role in innate epithelial defense. (sigmaaldrich.com)
DEF6_HUMAN ] Has very low antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. (proteopedia.org)
Whereas antimicrobial and chemotactic activity of HNP4 is somewhat comparable to that of other human neutrophil defensins, neither of the intestinal defensins appears to be chemotactic, and for HD6 also an antimicrobial activity has yet to be observed. (proteopedia.org)
This molecule has the disulfide-bridged β-sheet core structure of natural β-defensins and shows a robust salt-sensitive antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeast, as well as a chemotactic activity against immature dendritic cells. (biochemj.org)
We recently showed that beta-defensins have antimicrobial activity against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and that interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) up-regulates the transcription of beta-defensin 2 (DEFB4 according to new nomenclature of the Human Genome Organization) in human middle ear epithelial cells via a Src-dependent Raf-MEK1/2-ERK signaling pathway. (springer.com)

PURPOSE: To investigate human beta-defensins (HBDs) and cathelicidin LL-37 (LL-37) expressions in patients with pterygium. (jefferson.edu)
We previously reported that Treponema denticola, a periodontal pathogen, suppressed the expression of human beta-defensins (HBDs) and IL-8 in human gingival epithelial cells. (snu.ac.kr)

It was shown that defensins isolated from neutrophils or from sputum samples of COPD patients did not kill H. influenzae from these patients, but they did stimulate its adherence to human bronchial epithelial cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. (nih.gov)
hBD-2 represents the first human defensin that is produced following stimulation of epithelial cells by contact with microorganisms such as P. aeruginosa or cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta. (wikipedia.org)
Our hypothesis is that cigarette smoke exposure will affect the expression of β-defensins in human lung alveolar epithelial cells (A549). (biomedcentral.com)
α-defensins are not expressed in epithelial cells, and were not measured in the present study. (biomedcentral.com)
Beta-defensins are involved also in wound healing processes and may affect proliferation of epithelial cells. (exp-oncology.com.ua)
Notably, recent research has demonstrated that AMPs also have a key function in human immune defenses by contributing to the microbicidal activity of neutrophils, platelets, and epithelial cells. (pnas.org)
In recent years it has been shown that epithelial cells are capable of actively counteracting H. pylori by the secretion of human beta defensin 3 (hBD-3). (fu-berlin.de)
Based on these observations, we investigated if human middle ear epithelial cells could release IL-1 alpha upon exposure to a lysate of NTHi and if this cytokine could have a synergistic effect on beta-defensin 2 up-regulation by the bacterial components. (springer.com)
Middle ear epithelial cells released IL-1 alpha when stimulated by NTHi components and this cytokine acted in an autocrine/paracrine synergistic manner with NTHi to up-regulate beta-defensin 2. (springer.com)
We demonstrate that IL-1 alpha is secreted by middle ear epithelial cells upon exposure to NTHi components and that it can synergistically act with certain of these molecules to up-regulate beta-defensin 2 via the p38 MAP kinase pathway. (springer.com)

The proteins were identified as α-defensins 1, 2, and 3 on the basis of specific antibody recognition and amino acid sequencing. (aappublications.org)
A significant proportion of CAF activity was eliminated or neutralized by antibody specific for human α-defensins. (aappublications.org)
Antibody specific for beta-defensins 3 has been pre-coated onto a microplate. (mybiosource.com)
Standards and samples are pipetted into the wells and any beta-defensins 3 present is bound by the immobilized antibody. (mybiosource.com)
After removing any unbound substances, a biotin-conjugated antibody specific for beta-defensins 3 is added to the wells. (mybiosource.com)
Anti-β-Defensin 3 antibody produced in rabbit is suitable for immunoblotting at a working dilution of 1:500 to 1:1000 and for immunohistochemistry at 1:2 dilution. (sigmaaldrich.com)
This biotinylated polyclonal antibody, in conjunction with Polyclonal Anti-Human BD-4 (TA328267) as a capture antibody, allows the detection of at least 0.2-0.4 ng/well of recombinant hBD-4. (acris-antibodies.com)
The antibody was purified by affinity chromatography employing immobilized human beta 2 Defensin matrix. (genetex.com)
This antibody is specific for beta 2 Defensin. (genetex.com)

Alpha-Defensin-5 (HD-5) is expressed in Paneth cells in intestinal epithelium, thus, falls into a distinct subclass of human alpha-Defensin. (peptanova.de)
Alpha defensin are increased in several cancers, including colorectal cancer. (wikipedia.org)
The authors suggested that alpha-defensin levels might prove a useful marker for schizophrenia risk. (wikipedia.org)
In this study, we prove that combining alpha-defensin and C-reactive protein (CRP) as biomarkers possesses the potential to provide accurate PJI diagnosis. (nature.com)
A total of 10 synovial fluid samples were tested using the msLFIA, and the results showed that the combined measurements of synovial fluid alpha-defensin and CRP levels were consistent with those obtained from a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. (nature.com)
So far, only one structure of human alpha-defensin (HNP3) has been reported, and the properties of the intestine defensins 5 and 6 are particularly poorly understood. (proteopedia.org)
Here, we characterize the expression and relevance of the AMP human alpha-defensin 5 (HD5) in the human kidney and urinary tract in normal and infected subjects. (elsevier.com)
A team of researchers led by UC Davis Health System has found that human alpha-defensin 6 (HD6) -- a key component of the body's innate defense system -- binds to microbial surfaces and forms "nanonets" that surround, entangle and disable microbes, preventing bacteria from attaching to or invading intestinal cells. (ucdavis.edu)

Ouellette A. J. Secretion of microbicidal alpha-defensins by intestinal Paneth cells in response to bacteria. (springer.com)
Low levels of enteric defensin expression in the fetus may be characteristic of an immaturity of local defense, which is thought to predispose infants born prematurely to infection from intestinal microorganisms. (elsevier.com)
In addition to their response to food stimuli, enteroendocrine cells sense the presence of bacterial Ags through TLRs and are involved in neutralizing intestinal bacteria by releasing chemokines and defensins, and maybe in removing them by releasing hormones such as cholecystokinin, which induces contraction of the muscular tunica, favoring the emptying of the distal small intestine. (jimmunol.org)
HIE, human intestinal enteroid. (cdc.gov)
The defensin-rich secretions of Paneth cells work in conjunction with nearby intestinal stem cells to maintain micro flora balance and renew intestinal cellular surfaces. (ucdavis.edu)

Construction of recombinant E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) strains for the expression and secretion of defensins. (semanticscholar.org)

Two other β-defensins, hBD1 and 2, lacked this protective activity. (jimmunol.org)
Certain human β-defensins (e.g., hBD1) are expressed constitutively ( 9 ), and others (e.g., hBD2 and 3) show increased expression in response to inflammation or infection ( 10 , 11 , 12 ). (jimmunol.org)
HBD1 has been reported to have low activity against HIV-1 compared to other defensins, suggesting that in vivo induced defensins may not significantly contribute to the robust early antiviral response against HIV-1. (harvard.edu)
Based on quantitative PCR, expression of hBD2 mRNA by human keratinocytes was significantly induced by contact with S. aureus , and expression of hBD3 and CAP18 mRNA was slightly induced, while hBD1 mRNA was constitutively expressed irrespective of the presence of S. aureus . (asm.org)
Ec-LDP-hBD1 effectively bound to EGFR highly expressed human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. (chinaphar.com)
The results demonstrate that the novel recombinant EGFR-targeting β-defensin Ec-LDP-hBD1 displays both selectivity and enhanced cytotoxicity against relevant cancer cells by inducing mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and exhibits high therapeutic efﬁcacy against the EGFR-expressed carcinoma xenograft. (chinaphar.com)
Here, the function and mechanism of the human β-defensin 1 (hBD1) binding to potassium channels was investigated. (usda.gov)
Based on the structural similarity between hBD1 and Kv1.3 channel-sensitive hBD2, hBD1 was found to selectively inhibit human and mouse Kv1.3 channels with IC50 values of 11.8 ± 3.1 μM and 13.2 ± 4.0 μM, respectively. (usda.gov)
Different from hBD2 modifying Kv1.3 channel activation and increasing activation time constant, hBD1 did not affect the activation feature of both human and mouse Kv1.3 channels. (usda.gov)

The protein encoded by this gene is secreted and is a member of the beta defensin protein family. (mybiosource.com)

Among the AIIMs, human β-defensin 2 is the most potent molecule and is inducible by exposure to inflammatory stimuli such as bacterial components or proinflammatory cytokines. (biomedcentral.com)
Expression of β-defensins can be induced via NF-κB activation mainly through TLR receptor binding to microbial components, or via pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL1-β. (biomedcentral.com)
We evaluate the expression of TLRs and the response to specific agonists in terms of cytokines, defensins, and hormones in enteroendocrine cells. (jimmunol.org)
Human cytokine macroarray analysis was performed to detect the released cytokines in response to NTHi exposure. (springer.com)

While this is the first identified mechanism of resistance to α-defensins in H. ducreyi, our in vivo data suggest that resistance to cathelicidin may be more important than defensin resistance to H. ducreyi pathogenesis. (iupui.edu)
In addition to α and β defensins, humans possess one member of the cathelicidin class of AMP, LL-37, which was also assessed in these experiments. (biomedcentral.com)
Cathelicidin (LL-37) and human β-defensin 1 (hBD-1) are important components of the innate defense in the urinary tract. (forskningsdatabasen.dk)

Because adherence is the first step in the onset of respiratory tract infections, our findings indicate that neutrophil defensins likely contribute to the pathogenesis of H. influenzae infection in the lower respiratory tract. (nih.gov)
We postulated that altered β-defensin production may play a role in the pathogenesis observed in the lungs of smokers. (biomedcentral.com)
As HBD-2 has been shown to control growth of M. tuberculosis and has chemotactic activity, our results suggest that HBD-2 induction by M. tuberculosis may have a role in the pathogenesis of human tuberculosis. (elsevier.com)

Modulation of the in vitro candidacidal activity of human neutrophil defensins by target cell metabolism and divalent cations. (jci.org)
Synthetic and purified preparation of α-defensins inhibited the replication of HIV isolates in vitro. (aappublications.org)
In this study, we investigated the ability of human β-defensin (HBD) 2 to promote antiviral immunity in vitro and in vivo using a receptor-binding domain (RBD) of Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) spike protein (S RBD) as a model antigen (Ag). (springer.com)
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Ten clinical S. aureus isolates, including five MRSA isolates, induced various levels of expression of hBD2, hBD3, and CAP18 mRNA by human kertinocytes. (asm.org)
In this study, data from an anchored polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategy suggest that only two defensin mRNA isoforms are expressed in the human small intestine, far fewer than the number expressed in the mouse. (elsevier.com)
Analysis of human fetal RNA by reverse transcriptase-PCR detected enteric defensin HD-5 mRNA at 13.5 weeks of gestation in the small intestine and the colon, but by 17 weeks HD-5 was restricted to the small intestine. (elsevier.com)
Northern analysis of total RNA from small intestine revealed quantifiable enteric defensin mRNA in five samples from 19-24 weeks of gestation at levels approximately 40-250-fold less than those observed in the adult, with HD-5 mRNA levels greater than those of HD-6 in all samples. (elsevier.com)
In situ hybridization analysis localized expression of enteric defensin mRNA to Paneth cells at 24 weeks of gestation, as is seen in the newborn term infant and the adult. (elsevier.com)
Consistent with earlier morphological studies, the ratio of Paneth cell number per crypt was reduced in samples at 24 weeks of gestation compared with the adult, and this lower cell number partially accounts for the lower defensin mRNA levels as determined by Northern analysis. (elsevier.com)
I. persulcatus defensin mRNA transcripts were detected at all life cycle stages of fed ticks and found to be predominantly expressed in the midguts of adult female ticks, but not in the salivary glands, a finding corroborated by Western blotting analysis. (unboundmedicine.com)

Bacterial defensins have also been identified, but are by far the least studied. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, many human tissues produce anionic AMPs, such as the dermcidins ( 4 ), that are not subject to the bacterial resistance mechanisms based on the repulsion of positively charged molecules. (pnas.org)

Expression of at least two subfamilies of defensins (α- and β-defensins) has been shown in insects, plants and humans in respect to a difference in the position and connectivity of cystein disulfide bonds [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In humans and other vertebrates, the defensins can be divided into the α- and β-defensin subfamilies on the basis of the position and bonding of six conserved cysteine residues. (springer.com)

Among its related pathways are Defensins and Innate Immune System . (genecards.org)

Interaction of human defensins with Escherichia coli. (nih.gov)
It was found that primary human keratinocytes stimulated with Escherichia coli cells for 8 h offered an upregulation of hBD-2 to about 2,000 fold, while hBD-1 was only marginally regulated. (springer.com)
Expression and purification of recombinant human alpha-defensins in Escherichia coli. (semanticscholar.org)
Here we report an effective method of biosynthesis of human alpha-defensins (hNP-1 to hNP-3 and hD-5 and hD-6) in the Escherichia coli. (semanticscholar.org)
The defensin from I. persulcatus markedly inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Corynebacterium renale, but not Gram-negative bacteria except Escherichia coli O157. (unboundmedicine.com)

If so, the administration of extrinsic defensins or the stimulation of in vivo production of defensins would be appropriate therapeutic goals. (aappublications.org)

The strongest cationic properties and unique distribution of charged residues on the molecular surface of HD5 may be associated with its highest bactericidal activity among human alpha-defensins. (proteopedia.org)

These observations suggest that defensins may play an important role in the host defense against M. avium-M. intracellulare. (asm.org)
Upregulated HBD-2 expression in renal tubulus epithelium indicates a role of a wider range of human defensins for antimicrobial host defense in the urogenital tract than previously recognized. (biomedcentral.com)
To survive during colonization or infection of the human body, microorganisms must circumvent mechanisms of innate host defense. (pnas.org)

Although, the human epithelium is constantly challenged by a broad spectrum of microorganisms, invasive infections are rather rare. (springer.com)
Establishing differential β-defensin expression following CSE treatment will add to our understanding of the molecular response of the lung alveolar epithelium to cigarette smoke exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
Breach of the epithelium leaves the cornea vulnerable to infection so we sought to determine if there is an increase in defensin expression after injury. (northumbria.ac.uk)
Methods - The epithelium from human cadaver corneas was collected by scraping (original samples). (northumbria.ac.uk)

There might be a dual protection manner by defensins against fungal inflammation in infected buccal epithelia locally. (elsevier.com)

Constitutive expression and localization of antimicrobial human β-defensin-1 (HBD-1) in human kidneys as a potential mechanism of antimicrobial defense has been previously reported. (biomedcentral.com)
Even though the β-defensin 2 is an important AIIM, the induction mechanism of this molecule has not been clearly established. (biomedcentral.com)
HNP-1 and HNP-3, as well as HD-5, should be valuable tools to clarify the function and mechanism of innate immunity in human beings. (peptanova.de)
The discovery of human β-defensin 2 (hBD2), as a Kv1.3 channel inhibitor with the unique molecular mechanism and novel immune modulatory function, suggests that human β-defensins are a novel class of channel ligands. (usda.gov)

In addition to their direct antimicrobial actions, β-defensins enhance other innate and adaptive immune responses ( 13 , 14 , 15 ). (jimmunol.org)

Pre-incubation of tachyzoites with human α-defensin-5 followed by exposure to a mouse embryonal cell line (NIH/3T3) significantly reduced T. gondii infection in these cells. (springer.com)
Thus, human α-defensin-5 is an innate immune molecule that causes severe toxocity to T. gondii and plays an important role in reducing cellular infection. (springer.com)
This study examined the ability of nine human defensins (HD) to protect against herpes simplex virus infection. (jimmunol.org)
Noncytotoxic concentrations of all six α-defensins (HNP1-4, HD5, and HD6) and human β-defensin (hBD) 3 inhibited HSV infection. (jimmunol.org)
These observations provide additional insights for further investigating the complex interplay between β-defensin genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to, or the progression or severity of, HIV infection/disease. (cdc.gov)
Most of the approved drugs date from the last 5 years, and at least half of them are used for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. (thefreelibrary.com)
Using immunoblot and ELISA assays, HD5 was not routinely detected in non-infected human urine samples while mean urinary HD5 production increased with E.coli urinary tract infection. (elsevier.com)
Post-infection production of interleukin-8 and human β-defensin-3 in LS174T cells significantly reduced because of yqiC deleted in S . Typhimurium. (frontiersin.org)

That certain rabbit ( 25 ) and human ( 26 ) α-defensins directly inactivate HSV-1 and HSV-2 was demonstrated over 20 years ago. (jimmunol.org)
Like HNP3 but in contrast to murine or rabbit alpha-defensins, human defensins 4-6 form characteristic dimers. (proteopedia.org)

Immortalized human oral mucosal epithelial (Leuk-1) cells were exposed to WCS for various time periods. (biomedcentral.com)

This novel format of β-defensin, which induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, may play an active role in EGFR-targeting cancer therapy. (chinaphar.com)

Test your therapeutic antibodies in immunohistochemistry against a broad panel of normal frozen human tissue types in order to determine potential unintended binding. (lsbio.com)

Release of keratinocyte-derived chemokine and β-defensin 2 was also observed after stimulation of STC-1 cells with the three TLR agonists, but not with fatty acids. (jimmunol.org)

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Organisms2

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Chemicals and Drugs13

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science5

DEFA4

DEFA1B

Wound licking

DEFA6

DEFB106A

DEFB104A

DEFA5

Virtual colony count

DEFB103A

Protegrin

DEFB105A

Immune system

C-C chemokine receptor type 6

Intestinal epithelium

ELF4

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Cathelicidin

Genetically modified organism

DEFB119

DEFB129

Sperm-associated antigen 11B

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DEFB126

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Nanonet

Microbial symbiosis and immunity

8p23.1 duplication syndrome

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Category:Blood proteins

Histatin

Innate immune system

CCR5 - Википедија, слободна енциклопедија

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Peptide

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Labrador Retriever coat colour genetics

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Ursodeoxycholic acid

CCL20

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Dense granule

Neutrophil

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Lung

Defensin

Portal:Plants

Plant disease resistance

Platypus venom

Helicobacter pylori

Lung

Dermcidin

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