HTLV-I (Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1) infection is a retroviral infection that primarily targets CD4+ T-cells, potentially leading to the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/myelopathy (TSP/HAM), as well as other inflammatory diseases.
Antibodies reactive with various types of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma antigens or bovine leukemia virus antigens.
An island in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is Kingston. It was discovered in 1494 by Columbus and was a Spanish colony 1509-1655 until captured by the English. Its flourishing slave trade was abolished in the 19th century. It was a British colony 1655-1958 and a territory of the West Indies Federation 1958-62. It achieved full independence in 1962. The name is from the Arawak Xaymaca, rich in springs or land of springs. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p564 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p267)
A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 isolated from mature T4 cells in patients with T-lymphoproliferation malignancies. It causes adult T-cell leukemia (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED), T-cell lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, T-CELL), and is involved in mycosis fungoides, SEZARY SYNDROME and tropical spastic paraparesis (PARAPARESIS, TROPICAL SPASTIC).
A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2 that can transform normal T-lymphocytes and can replicate in both T- and B-cell lines. The virus is related to but distinct from HTLV-1.
Infections caused by the HTLV or BLV deltaretroviruses. They include human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED).
A genus in the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of exogenous horizontally-transmitted viruses found in a few groups of mammals. Infections caused by these viruses include human B- or adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED), and bovine leukemia (ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS). The type species is LEUKEMIA VIRUS, BOVINE.
A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 3 that is genetically similar to STLV-3.
A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2, closely related to the human HTLV-1 virus. The clinical, hematological, and histopathological characteristics of the disease in STLV-infected monkeys are very similar to those of human adult T-cell leukemia. Subgroups include the African green monkey subtype (STLV-I-AGM), for which the nucleotide sequence is 95% homologous with that of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1, and the Asian rhesus macaque subtype (STLV-I-MM), for which the nucleotide sequence is 90% homologous with that of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.
DNA sequences that form the coding region for at least three proteins which regulate the expression of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 and HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2. The proteins are p21(x), p27(rex), and p40(tax). The tax (trans-activator x) and rex (regulator x) genes are part of pX but are in overlapping reading frames. X was the original designation for the sequences or region (at that time of unknown function) in the long open reading frame (lor) which is now called pX.
A species of DELTARETROVIRUS that includes the strains SIMIAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 3 and HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 3.
'Blood donors' are individuals who voluntarily and safely donate a specific amount of their own blood, which can be further separated into components, to be used for transfusion purposes or for manufacturing medical products, without receiving remuneration that is intended to reward them financially.
Transcriptional trans-acting proteins of the promoter elements found in the long terminal repeats (LTR) of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 and HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2. The tax (trans-activator x; x is undefined) proteins act by binding to enhancer elements in the LTR.
Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.
Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).
Retroviral proteins, often glycosylated, coded by the envelope (env) gene. They are usually synthesized as protein precursors (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into the final viral envelope glycoproteins by a viral protease.
A republic in central Africa lying east of CHAD and the CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC and west of NIGERIA. The capital is Yaounde.
A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE inhabiting the African forests. They are also known as mangabeys.
Diseases of chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.
Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that "collagen" was equivalent to "connective tissue", but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term "collagen diseases" now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)
Retroviral proteins that have the ability to transform cells. They can induce sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and mammary carcinomas. Not all retroviral proteins are oncogenic.
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.
Sensitive assay using radiolabeled ANTIGENS to detect specific ANTIBODIES in SERUM. The antigens are allowed to react with the serum and then precipitated using a special reagent such as PROTEIN A sepharose beads. The bound radiolabeled immunoprecipitate is then commonly analyzed by gel electrophoresis.
A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS I. Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1239)
A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Proteins from the family Retroviridae. The most frequently encountered member of this family is the Rous sarcoma virus protein.
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).
A syndrome with overlapping clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and Raynaud's phenomenon. The disease is differentially characterized by high serum titers of antibodies to ribonuclease-sensitive extractable (saline soluble) nuclear antigen and a "speckled" epidermal nuclear staining pattern on direct immunofluorescence.
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.
Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.
Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)
West Germany refers to the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), which was the democratic and economically prosperous part of Germany that existed from 1949 to 1990, consisting of the states in the American, British, and French zones of occupation after World War II, and reunified with East Germany in 1990 to form a unified Federal Republic of Germany.
A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of inflammatory or degenerative processes and metabolic derangement of connective tissue structures which pertain to a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, such as arthritis.

HLA alleles determine human T-lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I) proviral load and the risk of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. (1/708)

The risk of disease associated with persistent virus infections such as HIV-I, hepatitis B and C, and human T-lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I) is strongly determined by the virus load. However, it is not known whether a persistent class I HLA-restricted antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response reduces viral load and is therefore beneficial or causes tissue damage and contributes to disease pathogenesis. HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP) patients have a high virus load compared with asymptomatic HTLV-I carriers. We hypothesized that HLA alleles control HTLV-I provirus load and thus influence susceptibility to HAM/TSP. Here we show that, after infection with HTLV-I, the class I allele HLA-A*02 halves the odds of HAM/TSP (P < 0.0001), preventing 28% of potential cases of HAM/TSP. Furthermore, HLA-A*02(+) healthy HTLV-I carriers have a proviral load one-third that (P = 0.014) of HLA-A*02(-) HTLV-I carriers. An association of HLA-DRB1*0101 with disease susceptibility also was identified, which doubled the odds of HAM/TSP in the absence of the protective effect of HLA-A*02. These data have implications for other persistent virus infections in which virus load is associated with prognosis and imply that an efficient antiviral CTL response can reduce virus load and so prevent disease in persistent virus infections.  (+info)

Primary gastric T-cell lymphomas: report of two cases and a review of the literature. (2/708)

To understand more fully the clinicopathological features of primary gastric T-cell lymphomas (PGTL), we report two cases of PGTL and review the literature. The present cases were not associated with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and were at clinical stage IIE. In both cases, T-cell origin of the lymphoma cells was diagnosed immunohistochemically. The clinical courses of these two cases were different: one followed a very aggressive clinical course and the patient died 6 months after the diagnosis, whereas the other patient survived more than 2 years without adjuvant chemotherapy. Clinicopathological features of 23 patients with PGTL are summarized with regard to their differences from primary small intestinal T-cell lymphomas (PSITL) and by association with HTLV-1. The median age at onset of PGTL was 58 years. The gender ratio was male-dominant (M:F = 2.3:1). About two-thirds (10 of 17) of PGTL cases had evidence of HTLV-1 infection. The most common presenting symptom for PGTL was upper abdominal discomfort and/or pain (76%), whereas that in PSITL was weight loss (61%) and diarrhea (42%). Typical lesions for PGTL were large ulcerations at the corpus to antrum. Neoplastic cells had no typical morphological characteristics for PGTL including HTLV-1-associated cases. CD3+4+8- was the most frequently observed surface phenotype of PGTL cells. Laboratory findings at diagnosis were not informative. Most patients were treated by gastrectomy with or without chemotherapy. PGTL, excluding that with HTLV-1, showed better prognosis than PSITL, although PGTL with HTLV-1 had a poorer prognosis.  (+info)

HTLV-I associated Sjogren's syndrome is aetiologically distinct from anti-centromere antibodies positive Sjogren's syndrome. (3/708)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether Sjogren's syndrome (SS) with anti-HTLV-I antibodies is aetiopathologically distinguishable from SS without these antibodies, the study compared prevalence of autoantibodies in serum samples of SS patients with or without anti-HTLV-I antibodies. METHODS: The test group included 135 patients with primary SS and 97 patients with secondary SS. Serum samples of the patients were examined for the presence of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-SS-A/Ro antibodies, anti-SS-B/La antibodies, anti-centromere antibodies (ACA), and anti-HTLV-I antibodies. RESULTS: Anti-HTLV-I antibodies were detected in 25.0% of primary SS patients and in 29.2% of secondary SS patients. There were no significant differences in the mean age, sex, values of asparate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, serum complements and IgG between HTLV-I seropositive and seronegative SS patients. The rheumatoid factor, ANA, anti-SS-A/Ro, and anti-SS-B/La antibodies in serum samples of SS patients were detected in 60.0%, 84.0%, 51.9%, and 12.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of these antibodies between HTLV-I seropositive and seronegative SS patients. Using the indirect immunofluorescence test, 14.2% showed a discrete speckled staining pattern. All serum samples contained significant amounts of ACA determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. These antibodies were detected in only 4% of HTLV-I seropositive SS patients but were present in 19.9% of HTLV-I seronegative SS patients. Furthermore, the prevalences of anti-SS-A/Ro and anti-SS-B/La antibodies in serum samples of ACA positive patients were significantly lower than those in ACA negative SS patients. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that SS patients with anti-SS-A/Ro or anti-SS-B/La antibodies, or both, might be aetiopathologically distinct from SS patients with ACA. HTLV-I might be involved in the pathogenesis of SS in a subset of patients with anti-SS-A/Ro or anti-SS-B/La antibodies, or both, but not SS patients with ACA.  (+info)

Limiting amounts of p27Kip1 correlates with constitutive activation of cyclin E-CDK2 complex in HTLV-I-transformed T-cells. (4/708)

Human T-cells immortalized (interleukin-2 [IL-2] dependent) by the human T-cell lymphotropic/leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), in time, become transformed (IL-2 independent). To understand the biochemical basis of this transition, we have used the sibling HTLV-I-infected T-cell lines, N1186 (IL-2 dependent) and N1186-94 (IL-2 independent), as models to assess the responses to antiproliferative signals. In N1186 cells arrested in G1 after serum/interleukin-2 (IL-2) deprivation, downregulation of the cyclin E-CDK2 kinase activity correlated with decreased phosphorylation of CDK2 and accumulation of p27Kip1 bound to the cyclin E-CDK2 complex, as seen in normal activated PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells). In contrast, N1186-94 cells failed to arrest in G1 upon serum starvation, displayed constitutive cyclin E-associated kinase activity, and, although CDK2 was partially dephosphorylated, the amount of p27Kip1 bound to the complex did not increase. This observation, extended to two other IL-2-dependent as well as to three IL-2-independent HTLV-I-infected T-cell lines, suggests that the lack of cyclin E-CDK2 kinase downregulation found in the late phase of HTLV-I transformation may correlate with insufficient amounts of p27Kip1 associated with the cyclin E-CDK2 complex. Reconstitution experiments demonstrated that the addition of p27Kip1 to lysates from N1186-94 starved cells resulted in the downregulation of cyclin E-associated kinase activity supporting the notion that the unresponsiveness of the cyclin E-CDK2 complex to growth inhibitory signals may be due to inadequate amounts of p27Kip1 assembled with the complex in HTLV-I-transformed T-cells. In fact, the amount of p27Kip1 protein was lower in most HTLV-I-transformed (IL-2-independent) than in the immortalized (IL-2-dependent) HTLV-I-infected T-cells. Furthermore, specific inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (P13K) induced an increase of p27Kip1 protein levels, which correlated with G1 arrest, in both IL-2-dependent and IL-2-independent HTLV-I-infected T-cells. Altogether, these results suggest that maintaining a low level of expression of p27Kip1 is a key event in HTLV-I transformation.  (+info)

Expression of mitogen activated protein kinases in labial salivary glands of patients with Sjogren's syndrome. (5/708)

OBJECTIVE: The expression of CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD40L) in mononuclear cells (MNCs) infiltrating the salivary glands of patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS) has recently been reported. This study determined the expression of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) superfamilies, which act as downstream effector molecules of CD40, in MNCs infiltrating labial salivary tissues in SS patients. METHODS: Six HTLV-I seronegative SS patients and 10 HTLV-I seropositive patients including five HTLV-I associated myelopathy (HAM) patients were examined. The expression of MAP kinase superfamilies in labial salivary glands was examined by immunohistochemistry containing the mirror section technique. RESULTS: Both active forms of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 were found in salivary infiltrating MNCs of SS patients. Only minimal expression of the active form of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) was observed in these tissues, however, co-expression of active JNK and active p38 was confirmed by the mirror section technique. Furthermore, these protein kinases were co-expressed in CD40(+) MNCs. No difference in expression levels of active JNK and p38 was found in patients who were positive or negative for anti-HTLV-I antibody. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that JNK and p38, but not ERK, function as downstream effector molecules of CD40 in salivary infiltrating MNCs in SS patients, and suggest that these molecules may be involved in the pathological process of chronic sialadenitis in SS.  (+info)

Prevalence of antibody to human T cell lymphotropic virus types 1/2 among aboriginal groups inhabiting northern Argentina and the Amazon region of Peru. (6/708)

We carried out a seroepidemiologic survey to define the prevalence of human T cell lymphotropic virus types 1/2 (HTLV-1/2) infections among aboriginal populations from isolated regions of northern Argentina and the Amazon region of Peru. Antibodies against HTLV were measured with agglutination tests and confirmed with by an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blotting. Five (6.94%) of 72 samples from the Tobas Indians in Argentina were positive by the IFA; two samples were typed as HTLV-1 (2.78%), two as HTLV-2 (2.78%), and one (1.39%) could not be typed because it had similar antibody titers against both viruses. No positive samples were found among 84 Andinos Punenos and 47 Matacos Wichis Indians. Seroprevalences of 2.50% (1 of 40) and 1.43% (1 of 70) for HTLV-1 were observed among Wayku and San Francisco communities in the Amazon region of Peru, and seroprevalences of 4.54% (1 of 22) and 2.38% (1 of 42) for HTLV-2 were observed among Boca Colorada and Galilea communities. No serologic evidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was found among the Indians tested. These results indicated the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in the indigenous populations of Argentina and Peru. Moreover, the lack of HIV infection indicates that the virus has probably not yet been introduced into these populations.  (+info)

Mechanisms of T-cell activation by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I. (7/708)

The interactions between human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and the cellular immune system can be divided into viral interference with functions of the infected host T cell and the subsequent interactions between the infected T cell and the cellular immune system. HTLV-I-mediated activation of the infected host T cell is induced primarily by the viral protein Tax, which influences transcriptional activation, signal transduction pathways, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. These properties of Tax may well explain the ability of HTLV-I to immortalize T cells. It is not clear, though, how HTLV-I induces T-cell transformation (interleukin-2 [IL-2] independence). Recent evidence suggests that Tax may promote the G1- to S-phase transition, although this may involve additional proteins. A role for other viral proteins that may constitutively activate the IL-2 receptor pathway has also been suggested. By virtue of their activated state, HTLV-I-infected T cells can nonspecifically activate resting, uninfected T cells via virus-mediated upregulation of adhesion molecules. This may favor viral dissemination. Moreover, the induction of a remarkably high frequency of antiviral CD8(+) T cells does not appear to eliminate the infection. Indeed, individuals with a high frequency of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells have a high viral load, indicating a state of chronic immune system stimulation. Thus, while an activated immune system is needed to eradicate the infection, the spread of the HTLV-I is also accelerated under these conditions. A detailed knowledge of the molecular interactions between virus-specific CD8(+) T cells and immunodominant viral epitopes holds promise for the development of specific antiviral therapy.  (+info)

Thioredoxin, a redox enzyme released in infection and inflammation, is a unique chemoattractant for neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells. (8/708)

Thioredoxin (Trx) is a ubiquitous intracellular protein disulfide oxidoreductase with a CXXC active site that can be released by various cell types upon activation. We show here that Trx is chemotactic for monocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and T lymphocytes, both in vitro in the standard micro Boyden chamber migration assay and in vivo in the mouse air pouch model. The potency of the chemotactic action of Trx for all leukocyte populations is in the nanomolar range, comparable with that of known chemokines. However, Trx does not increase intracellular Ca2+ and its activity is not inhibited by pertussis toxin. Thus, the chemotactic action of Trx differs from that of known chemokines in that it is G protein independent. Mutation of the active site cysteines resulted in loss of chemotactic activity, suggesting that the latter is mediated by the enzyme activity of Trx. Trx also accounted for part of the chemotactic activity released by human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1-infected cells, which was inhibited by incubation with anti-Trx antibody. Since Trx production is induced by oxidants, it represents a link between oxidative stress and inflammation that is of particular interest because circulating Trx levels are elevated in inflammatory diseases and HIV infection.  (+info)

HTLV-I (Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1) infection is a viral infection that attacks the CD4+ T-cells (a type of white blood cell) and can lead to the development of various diseases, including Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-I Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The virus is primarily transmitted through breastfeeding, sexual contact, or contaminated blood products. After infection, the virus becomes integrated into the host's DNA and can remain dormant for years, even decades, before leading to the development of disease. Most people infected with HTLV-I do not develop any symptoms, but a small percentage will go on to develop serious complications.

Deltaretroviruses are a genus of retroviruses that include human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types 1 and 2, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), and simian T-lymphotropic viruses. Antibodies against deltaretroviruses are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with one of these viruses.

Antibodies are formed when the immune system recognizes a foreign substance, such as a virus, as harmful. The immune system then produces specific proteins called antibodies to bind to and help neutralize or remove the foreign substance from the body. Detection of deltaretrovirus antibodies in an individual's blood can indicate a current or past infection with one of these viruses.

It is important to note that the presence of deltaretrovirus antibodies does not necessarily mean that the person has symptoms or will develop disease related to the virus. Some people with deltaretrovirus antibodies may never develop symptoms, while others may develop serious illnesses such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (HTLV-1) or neurological disorders (HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis).

If you suspect that you may have been exposed to a deltaretrovirus, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider for further evaluation and testing.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Jamaica" is not a medical term. It is a country located in the Caribbean Sea, known for its beautiful beaches, vibrant culture, and as the birthplace of reggae music. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those!

Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is a complex retrovirus that infects CD4+ T lymphocytes and can cause adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The virus is primarily transmitted through breastfeeding, sexual contact, or contaminated blood products. After infection, the virus integrates into the host's genome and can remain latent for years or even decades before leading to disease. HTLV-1 is endemic in certain regions of the world, including Japan, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and parts of Africa.

Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 (HTLV-2) is a retrovirus that primarily infects CD4+ T lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system. It is a deltaretrovirus closely related to HTLV-1, but with distinct biological properties and geographic distribution.

HTLV-2 infection is usually asymptomatic, although some individuals may develop neurological or skin disorders. However, the association between HTLV-2 and these diseases is not as clear as it is for HTLV-1 and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma or tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM).

HTLV-2 is primarily transmitted through breastfeeding, sexual contact, and sharing of needles among injecting drug users. It is endemic in certain populations, particularly indigenous communities in the Americas, such as the Guaraní and Kayapó in Brazil, and the Navajo and Pima in the United States. Prevalence rates can reach up to 30% in some of these populations.

There is currently no vaccine or specific treatment for HTLV-2 infection, and prevention efforts focus on reducing transmission risks through education and harm reduction strategies.

Deltaretroviruses are a genus of retroviruses that can cause chronic infections in humans and animals. The two main deltaretroviruses that infect humans are the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 2 (HTLV-2).

HTLV-1 is primarily transmitted through breastfeeding, sexual contact, and contaminated blood products. It can cause several diseases, including Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) and a neurological disorder called HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP).

HTLV-2 is primarily transmitted through intravenous drug use and sexual contact. While it has been associated with some diseases, such as neurological disorders and rare cases of leukemia, the link between HTLV-2 and disease is not as clear as it is for HTLV-1.

Deltaretrovirus infections can be diagnosed through blood tests that detect antibodies to the viruses or through genetic testing to detect the virus itself. There is currently no cure for deltaretrovirus infections, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) may help manage the infection and reduce the risk of transmission.

It's important to note that deltaretrovirus infections are relatively rare, and most people who are infected do not develop symptoms or disease. However, if you believe you may have been exposed to these viruses, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider for further evaluation and testing.

Deltaretroviruses are a genus of retroviruses that include human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types 1 and 2, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), and simian T-lymphotropic viruses. These viruses are characterized by their ability to cause persistent infections and can lead to the development of various diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM).

The genome of deltaretroviruses contains two copies of single-stranded RNA, which are reverse transcribed into double-stranded DNA during the replication process. The viral DNA is then integrated into the host cell's genome, leading to a lifelong infection.

Deltaretroviruses primarily infect CD4+ T cells and other immune cells, and transmission typically occurs through bodily fluids such as breast milk, blood, and sexual contact. Prevention measures include avoiding high-risk behaviors, screening blood products, and implementing strict infection control practices in healthcare settings.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but there seems to be no established medical definition for "Human T-lymphotropic virus 3" (HTLV-3). So far, only three types of Human T-lymphotropic viruses have been officially recognized and classified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). These are HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and HTLV-3/HTLV-4 provisional. The proposed HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 were identified in a few cameroonian hunters and not widely found in humans yet. Therefore, it's crucial to rely on validated and widely accepted sources when researching medical definitions and information.

Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1 (STLV-1) is a retrovirus that primarily infects Asian monkeys and apes. It is closely related to the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and there is evidence to suggest that STLV-1 may have been transmitted to humans through close contact with infected non-human primates, resulting in the emergence of HTLV-1.

Like HTLV-1, STLV-1 primarily infects CD4+ T lymphocytes and can cause a persistent infection. However, unlike HTLV-1, which is associated with several diseases including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM), STLV-1 has not been definitively linked to any specific human diseases.

STLV-1 infection is typically asymptomatic in both monkeys and humans, but it can cause a range of clinical manifestations in some individuals, including lymphadenopathy, hepatitis, and neurological symptoms. The virus is primarily transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood, breast milk, and semen.

Research on STLV-1 is important for understanding the evolution and epidemiology of retroviruses, as well as for developing strategies to prevent transmission and manage related diseases in both humans and non-human primates.

I'm sorry for the confusion, but "pX" is not a standard term in genetics or genomic medicine. It may be a typo or a specific shorthand used in certain contexts. If you could provide more context or clarify what "pX" is intended to represent, I would be happy to help further.

In general, genes are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for making proteins or RNA molecules. These instructions are encoded in a genetic alphabet consisting of four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). The sequence of these bases determines the genetic information within a gene, which can vary among individuals and contribute to differences in traits and disease susceptibility.

Primate T-lymphotropic virus 3 (PTLV-3) is not a widely recognized or established medical term. However, it's possible that you are referring to Primate T-cell Leukemia Virus type 3 (PTLV-3), which is a retrovirus that primarily infects non-human primates. It is closely related to the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2). PTLV-3, like other T-cell leukemia viruses, has been associated with the development of certain types of cancer, particularly adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) in its natural host species. However, there is no known human infection with PTLV-3 to date.

A blood donor is a person who voluntarily gives their own blood or blood components to be used for the benefit of another person in need. The blood donation process involves collecting the donor's blood, testing it for infectious diseases, and then storing it until it is needed by a patient. There are several types of blood donations, including:

1. Whole blood donation: This is the most common type of blood donation, where a donor gives one unit (about 450-500 milliliters) of whole blood. The blood is then separated into its components (red cells, plasma, and platelets) for transfusion to patients with different needs.
2. Double red cell donation: In this type of donation, the donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates two units of red cells from the whole blood. The remaining plasma and platelets are returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every 112 days.
3. Platelet donation: A donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates platelets from the whole blood. The red cells and plasma are then returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every seven days, up to 24 times a year.
4. Plasma donation: A donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates plasma from the whole blood. The red cells and platelets are then returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every 28 days, up to 13 times a year.

Blood donors must meet certain eligibility criteria, such as being in good health, aged between 18 and 65 (in some countries, the upper age limit may vary), and weighing over 50 kg (110 lbs). Donors are also required to answer medical questionnaires and undergo a mini-physical examination before each donation. The frequency of blood donations varies depending on the type of donation and the donor's health status.

A gene product is the biochemical material, such as a protein or RNA, that is produced by the expression of a gene. Gene products are the result of the translation and transcription of genetic information encoded in DNA or RNA.

In the context of "tax," this term is not typically used in a medical definition of gene products. However, it may refer to the concept of taxing or regulating gene products in the context of genetic engineering or synthetic biology. This could involve imposing fees or restrictions on the production, use, or sale of certain gene products, particularly those that are genetically modified or engineered. The regulation of gene products is an important aspect of ensuring their safe and effective use in various applications, including medical treatments, agricultural production, and industrial processes.

Retroviridae infections refer to diseases caused by retroviruses, which are a type of virus that integrates its genetic material into the DNA of the host cell. This allows the virus to co-opt the cell's own machinery to produce new viral particles and infect other cells.

Some well-known retroviruses include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), which can cause certain types of cancer and neurological disorders.

Retroviral infections can have a range of clinical manifestations depending on the specific virus and the host's immune response. HIV infection, for example, is characterized by progressive immunodeficiency that makes the infected individual susceptible to a wide range of opportunistic infections and cancers. HTLV infection, on the other hand, can cause adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma or tropical spastic paraparesis, a neurological disorder.

Prevention and treatment strategies for retroviral infections depend on the specific virus but may include antiretroviral therapy (ART), vaccination, and behavioral modifications to reduce transmission risk.

Retroviridae is a family of viruses that includes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other viruses that primarily use RNA as their genetic material. The name "retrovirus" comes from the fact that these viruses reverse transcribe their RNA genome into DNA, which then becomes integrated into the host cell's genome. This is a unique characteristic of retroviruses, as most other viruses use DNA as their genetic material.

Retroviruses can cause a variety of diseases in animals and humans, including cancer, neurological disorders, and immunodeficiency syndromes like AIDS. They have a lipid membrane envelope that contains glycoprotein spikes, which allow them to attach to and enter host cells. Once inside the host cell, the viral RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which is then integrated into the host genome by the enzyme integrase.

Retroviruses can remain dormant in the host genome for extended periods of time, and may be reactivated under certain conditions to produce new viral particles. This ability to integrate into the host genome has also made retroviruses useful tools in molecular biology, where they are used as vectors for gene therapy and other genetic manipulations.

A gene product is the biochemical material, such as a protein or RNA, that is produced by the expression of a gene. Env, short for "envelope," refers to a type of gene product that is commonly found in enveloped viruses. The env gene encodes the viral envelope proteins, which are crucial for the virus's ability to attach to and enter host cells during infection. These envelope proteins typically form a coat around the exterior of the virus and interact with receptors on the surface of the host cell, triggering the fusion or endocytosis processes that allow the viral genome to enter the host cell.

Therefore, in medical terms, 'Gene Products, env' specifically refers to the proteins or RNA produced by the env gene in enveloped viruses, which play a critical role in the virus's infectivity and pathogenesis.

I'm not aware of any medical condition or term that is specifically associated with or referred to as "Cameroon." Cameroon is a country located in Central Africa, known for its rich biodiversity and cultural diversity. If you have more context about why you are looking for a medical definition of "Cameroon," I may be able to provide a more helpful response.

"Cercocebus" is a genus of Old World monkeys that includes several species, such as the sooty mangabey and the gray-cheeked mangabey. These monkeys are native to central Africa and are known for their distinctive appearance, with a long tail, dark fur, and light cheek whiskers. They are omnivorous and live in social groups. The name "Cercocebus" comes from the Greek words "kerkos," meaning tail, and "kephale," meaning head, referring to their long tails.

I'm not aware of a specific medical term called "Ape diseases." However, many primates, including apes, can suffer from diseases that are similar to those that affect humans. Some examples include:

1. Tuberculosis (TB): Both humans and apes can be infected with this bacterial disease, which primarily affects the lungs but can also impact other parts of the body.
2. Hepatitis: Apes can contract various forms of hepatitis, such as hepatitis B and C, just like humans. These viral infections affect the liver and can cause acute or chronic illness.
3. Respiratory infections: Both apes and humans are susceptible to respiratory infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
4. Gastrointestinal diseases: Apes can suffer from gastrointestinal issues, such as diarrhea, due to various bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections.
5. Retroviral infections: Some apes are known to be infected with retroviruses, like simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which is similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). SIV can lead to a condition called simian AIDS in apes.
6. Zoonotic diseases: Apes can contract zoonotic diseases, which are transmitted from animals to humans, such as Ebola and Marburg viruses.
7. Cardiovascular diseases: Apes can develop heart conditions similar to those seen in humans, including hypertension and atherosclerosis.
8. Neurological disorders: Some apes may suffer from neurological issues, like Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease, although research on these topics is still ongoing.

It's important to note that while apes can contract many of the same diseases as humans, there are also numerous diseases specific to each species due to differences in genetics, environment, and behavior.

Collagen diseases, also known as collagen disorders or connective tissue diseases, refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the body's connective tissues. These tissues provide support and structure for various organs and systems in the body, including the skin, joints, muscles, and blood vessels.

Collagen is a major component of connective tissues, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining their strength and elasticity. In collagen diseases, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy collagen, leading to inflammation, pain, and damage to the affected tissues.

There are several types of collagen diseases, including:

1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): This is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect various organs and systems in the body, including the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, and lungs.
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): This is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints, causing pain, swelling, and stiffness.
3. Scleroderma: This is a rare autoimmune disorder that causes thickening and hardening of the skin and connective tissues, leading to restricted movement and organ damage.
4. Dermatomyositis: This is an inflammatory muscle disease that can also affect the skin, causing rashes and weakness.
5. Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD): This is a rare autoimmune disorder that combines symptoms of several collagen diseases, including SLE, RA, scleroderma, and dermatomyositis.

The exact cause of collagen diseases is not fully understood, but they are believed to be related to genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, lifestyle changes, and physical therapy to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Leukemia is a type of cancer that originates from the bone marrow - the soft, inner part of certain bones where new blood cells are made. It is characterized by an abnormal production of white blood cells, known as leukocytes or blasts. These abnormal cells accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells, leading to a decrease in red blood cells (anemia), platelets (thrombocytopenia), and healthy white blood cells (leukopenia).

There are several types of leukemia, classified based on the specific type of white blood cell affected and the speed at which the disease progresses:

1. Acute Leukemias - These types of leukemia progress rapidly, with symptoms developing over a few weeks or months. They involve the rapid growth and accumulation of immature, nonfunctional white blood cells (blasts) in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The two main categories are:
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) - Originates from lymphoid progenitor cells, primarily affecting children but can also occur in adults.
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) - Develops from myeloid progenitor cells and is more common in older adults.

2. Chronic Leukemias - These types of leukemia progress slowly, with symptoms developing over a period of months to years. They involve the production of relatively mature, but still abnormal, white blood cells that can accumulate in large numbers in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The two main categories are:
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) - Affects B-lymphocytes and is more common in older adults.
- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) - Originates from myeloid progenitor cells, characterized by the presence of a specific genetic abnormality called the Philadelphia chromosome. It can occur at any age but is more common in middle-aged and older adults.

Treatment options for leukemia depend on the type, stage, and individual patient factors. Treatments may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these approaches.

Retroviridae proteins, oncogenic, refer to the proteins expressed by retroviruses that have the ability to transform normal cells into cancerous ones. These oncogenic proteins are typically encoded by viral genes known as "oncogenes," which are acquired through the process of transduction from the host cell's DNA during retroviral replication.

The most well-known example of an oncogenic retrovirus is the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1), which encodes the Tax and HBZ oncoproteins. These proteins manipulate various cellular signaling pathways, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and malignant transformation.

It is important to note that not all retroviruses are oncogenic, and only a small subset of them have been associated with cancer development in humans or animals.

Cell transformation, viral refers to the process by which a virus causes normal cells to become cancerous or tumorigenic. This occurs when the genetic material of the virus integrates into the DNA of the host cell and alters its regulation, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and division. Some viruses known to cause cell transformation include human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and certain types of herpesviruses.

Seroepidemiologic studies are a type of epidemiological study that measures the presence and levels of antibodies in a population's blood serum to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and transmission of infectious diseases. These studies help to identify patterns of infection and immunity within a population, which can inform public health policies and interventions.

Seroepidemiologic studies typically involve collecting blood samples from a representative sample of individuals in a population and testing them for the presence of antibodies against specific pathogens. The results are then analyzed to estimate the prevalence of infection and immunity within the population, as well as any factors associated with increased or decreased risk of infection.

These studies can provide valuable insights into the spread of infectious diseases, including emerging and re-emerging infections, and help to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination programs. Additionally, seroepidemiologic studies can also be used to investigate the transmission dynamics of infectious agents, such as identifying sources of infection or tracking the spread of antibiotic resistance.

A Radioimmunoprecipitation Assay (RIA) is a highly sensitive laboratory technique used to measure the presence and concentration of specific antigens or antibodies in a sample. This technique combines the use of radioisotopes, immunochemistry, and precipitation reactions.

In an RIA, a known quantity of a radioactively labeled antigen (or hapten) is incubated with a sample containing an unknown amount of antibody (or vice versa). If the specific antigen-antibody pair is present in the sample, they will bind together to form an immune complex. This complex can then be selectively precipitated from the solution using a second antibody that recognizes and binds to the first antibody, thus forming an insoluble immune precipitate.

The amount of radioactivity present in the precipitate is directly proportional to the concentration of antigen or antibody in the sample. By comparing this value to a standard curve generated with known concentrations of antigen or antibody, the unknown concentration can be accurately determined. RIAs have been widely used in research and clinical settings for the quantification of various hormones, drugs, vitamins, and other biomolecules. However, due to safety concerns and regulatory restrictions associated with radioisotopes, non-radioactive alternatives like Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) have become more popular in recent years.

Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) is a type of myelopathy (spinal cord disorder) that is associated with chronic infectious or inflammatory conditions. The term "paraparesis" refers to partial weakness in the lower extremities, which is a characteristic feature of TSP.

In Tropical spastic paraparesis, there is a slow and progressive degeneration of the spinal cord, leading to symptoms such as muscle weakness, stiffness, and spasticity (involuntary muscle contractions) in the legs. Other common symptoms include sensory loss, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and sexual impairment.

TSP is often caused by a chronic infection with the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), which is endemic in certain tropical and subtropical regions, including the Caribbean, South America, Central America, Africa, and parts of Asia. The virus is transmitted through blood transfusions, sexual contact, and breastfeeding.

There is no cure for TSP, but symptoms can be managed with physical therapy, medications to relieve muscle spasticity, and other supportive measures. It is important to diagnose and treat TSP early to prevent or slow down the progression of the disease and improve quality of life.

Mycosis fungoides is the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), a rare cancer that affects the skin's immune system. It is characterized by the infiltration of malignant CD4+ T-lymphocytes into the skin, leading to the formation of patches, plaques, and tumors. The disease typically progresses slowly over many years, often starting with scaly, itchy rashes that can be mistaken for eczema or psoriasis. As the disease advances, tumors may form, and the lymphoma may spread to other organs, such as the lymph nodes, lungs, or spleen. Mycosis fungoides is not contagious and cannot be spread from person to person. The exact cause of mycosis fungoides is unknown, but it is thought to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors.

T-lymphocytes, also known as T-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the adaptive immune system's response to infection. They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. There are several different types of T-cells, including CD4+ helper T-cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, and regulatory T-cells (Tregs).

CD4+ helper T-cells assist in activating other immune cells, such as B-lymphocytes and macrophages. They also produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help coordinate the immune response. CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells directly kill infected cells by releasing toxic substances. Regulatory T-cells help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases by suppressing the activity of other immune cells.

T-lymphocytes are important in the immune response to viral infections, cancer, and other diseases. Dysfunction or depletion of T-cells can lead to immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to infections. On the other hand, an overactive T-cell response can contribute to autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation.

Retroviridae is a family of viruses that includes HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Retroviridae proteins refer to the various structural and functional proteins that are encoded by the retroviral genome. These proteins can be categorized into three main groups:

1. Group-specific antigen (Gag) proteins: These proteins make up the viral matrix, capsid, and nucleocapsid. They are involved in the assembly of new virus particles.

2. Polymerase (Pol) proteins: These proteins include the reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease enzymes. Reverse transcriptase is responsible for converting the viral RNA genome into DNA, which can then be integrated into the host cell's genome by the integrase enzyme. The protease enzyme is involved in processing the polyprotein precursors of Gag and Pol into their mature forms.

3. Envelope (Env) proteins: These proteins are responsible for the attachment and fusion of the virus to the host cell membrane. They are synthesized as a precursor protein, which is then cleaved by a host cell protease to form two distinct proteins - the surface unit (SU) and the transmembrane unit (TM). The SU protein contains the receptor-binding domain, while the TM protein forms the transmembrane anchor.

Retroviral proteins play crucial roles in various stages of the viral life cycle, including entry, reverse transcription, integration, transcription, translation, assembly, and release. Understanding the functions of these proteins is essential for developing effective antiretroviral therapies and vaccines against retroviral infections.

Lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates from the white blood cells called lymphocytes, which are part of the immune system. These cells are found in various parts of the body such as the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs. Lymphoma can be classified into two main types: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).

HL is characterized by the presence of a specific type of abnormal lymphocyte called Reed-Sternberg cells, while NHL includes a diverse group of lymphomas that lack these cells. The symptoms of lymphoma may include swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue.

The exact cause of lymphoma is not known, but it is believed to result from genetic mutations in the lymphocytes that lead to uncontrolled cell growth and division. Exposure to certain viruses, chemicals, and radiation may increase the risk of developing lymphoma. Treatment options for lymphoma depend on various factors such as the type and stage of the disease, age, and overall health of the patient. Common treatments include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation.

There is no single medical definition for "Monkey Diseases." However, monkeys can carry and be infected with various diseases that are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted from animals to humans. Some examples include:

1. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV): A virus similar to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes AIDS in monkeys. It is not typically harmful to monkeys but can cause AIDS in humans if transmitted, which is rare.
2. Herpes B Virus: Also known as Macacine herpesvirus 1 or Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, it is a virus that commonly infects macaque monkeys. It can be transmitted to humans through direct contact with an infected monkey's saliva, eye fluid, or cerebrospinal fluid, causing a severe and potentially fatal illness called B encephalitis.
3. Tuberculosis (TB): Monkeys can contract and transmit tuberculosis to humans, although it is not common.
4. Simian Retrovirus (SRV): A virus that can infect both monkeys and great apes, causing immunodeficiency similar to HIV/AIDS in humans. It is not known to infect or cause disease in humans.
5. Various parasitic diseases: Monkeys can carry and transmit several parasites, including malaria-causing Plasmodium species, intestinal worms, and other parasites that can affect human health.

It's important to note that while monkeys can carry and transmit these diseases, the risk of transmission is generally low, and most cases occur in individuals who have close contact with monkeys, such as primatologists, zookeepers, or laboratory workers. Always follow safety guidelines when interacting with animals, including monkeys, to minimize the risk of disease transmission.

Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD) is a rare overlapping condition of the connective tissues, characterized by the presence of specific autoantibodies against a protein called "U1-snRNP" or "U1-small nuclear ribonucleoprotein." This disorder has features of various connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, polymyositis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Symptoms may include swollen hands, joint pain and swelling, muscle weakness, skin thickening, lung involvement, and Raynaud's phenomenon. The exact cause of MCTD is unknown, but it is believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors leading to an autoimmune response. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for better disease management and preventing severe complications.

Rheumatic diseases are a group of disorders that cause pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or bones. They include conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), gout, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and many others. These diseases can also affect other body systems including the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, kidneys, and nervous system. Rheumatic diseases are often chronic and may be progressive, meaning they can worsen over time. They can cause significant pain, disability, and reduced quality of life if not properly diagnosed and managed. The exact causes of rheumatic diseases are not fully understood, but genetics, environmental factors, and immune system dysfunction are believed to play a role in their development.

Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) are a group of disorders that involve the abnormal production and accumulation of abnormal connective tissues in various parts of the body. Connective tissues are the structural materials that support and bind other tissues and organs together. They include tendons, ligaments, cartilage, fat, and the material that fills the spaces between cells, called the extracellular matrix.

Connective tissue diseases can affect many different systems in the body, including the skin, joints, muscles, lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and blood vessels. Some CTDs are autoimmune disorders, meaning that the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy connective tissues. Others may be caused by genetic mutations or environmental factors.

Some examples of connective tissue diseases include:

* Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
* Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
* Scleroderma
* Dermatomyositis/Polymyositis
* Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
* Sjogren's syndrome
* Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
* Marfan syndrome
* Osteogenesis imperfecta

The specific symptoms and treatment of connective tissue diseases vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Treatment may include medications to reduce inflammation, suppress the immune system, or manage pain. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged tissues or organs.

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are a type of autoantibody that target structures found in the nucleus of a cell. These antibodies are produced by the immune system and attack the body's own cells and tissues, leading to inflammation and damage. The presence of ANA is often used as a marker for certain autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, and polymyositis.

ANA can be detected through a blood test called the antinuclear antibody test. A positive result indicates the presence of ANA in the blood, but it does not necessarily mean that a person has an autoimmune disease. Further testing is usually needed to confirm a diagnosis and determine the specific type of autoantibodies present.

It's important to note that ANA can also be found in healthy individuals, particularly as they age. Therefore, the test results should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and symptoms.

Polymyositis is defined as a rare inflammatory disorder that causes muscle weakness and inflammation (swelling) of the muscles. It primarily affects the skeletal muscles, which are the muscles responsible for voluntary movements such as walking, talking, and swallowing. The onset of polymyositis can occur at any age but is most commonly seen in adults between 31 to 60 years old, with women being slightly more affected than men.

The exact cause of polymyositis remains unknown; however, it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own muscle tissue. Certain factors such as genetics, viral infections, and exposure to certain drugs may contribute to the development of this condition.

Polymyositis can cause various symptoms, including:
- Progressive muscle weakness and wasting, particularly affecting the proximal muscles (those closest to the trunk of the body) such as the hips, thighs, shoulders, and upper arms.
- Difficulty climbing stairs, lifting objects, or rising from a seated position.
- Fatigue and stiffness, especially after periods of inactivity.
- Joint pain and swelling.
- Difficulty swallowing or speaking.
- Shortness of breath due to weakened respiratory muscles.

Diagnosis of polymyositis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, electromyography (EMG), and muscle biopsy. Treatment usually includes medications such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants to reduce inflammation and control the immune response. Physical therapy may also be recommended to help maintain muscle strength and flexibility.

If left untreated, polymyositis can lead to significant disability and complications, including respiratory failure, malnutrition, and cardiovascular disease. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing long-term complications.

"West Germany" is not a medical term. It is a geopolitical term that refers to the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) which existed from 1949 to 1990. The FRG was established in the western part of defeated Nazi Germany and was supported by the Western Allies (the United States, the United Kingdom, and France) after World War II.

In medical contexts, references to "West Germany" might appear in older studies or publications that compare health outcomes, disease prevalence, or healthcare systems between different regions or countries, including East and West Germany before reunification in 1990. However, it is essential to understand that such distinctions are historical and do not have current medical relevance.

Rheumatology is a subspecialty of internal medicine that deals with the diagnosis and management of more than 200 diseases affecting the joints, muscles, and bones. These diseases are often complex, chronic, and systemic, meaning they can affect the whole body. Some common rheumatic diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, lupus, gout, osteoporosis, and various forms of vasculitis and connective tissue disorders.

Rheumatologists are medical doctors who have completed additional training in this field, becoming experts in the non-surgical treatment of musculoskeletal diseases. They use a combination of physical examination, patient history, laboratory testing, and imaging to diagnose and manage these conditions. Treatment may involve medications, lifestyle changes, physical therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

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AIDS-related encephalomyelitis, caused by opportunistic Human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) infection. Chronic ... MD Subacute encephalomyelitis of AIDS and its relation to HTLV‐III infection Neurology April 1987 vol. 37 no. 4 562 doi:10.1212 ... possibly triggered by viral infection. Encephalomyelitis disseminata, a synonym for multiple sclerosis. AntiMOG associated ...
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"Lack of Transmission of HTLV-III/LAV Infection to Household Contacts of Patients with AIDS or AIDS-Related Complex with Oral ... Earlier that year, HTLV-III was identified and isolated by American research scientists, confirming the work done by French ... The study concluded that the risk of infection was "minimal to nonexistent," even when contact included sharing toothbrushes, ... Ryan White entered Riley Hospital for Children in Indianapolis with a respiratory tract infection. As his condition ...
NK cells can be important source of CC chemokines and may suppress HIV infection by inhibition replication of HIV-1 virus by ... Genomic structure, HTLV-I/Tax responsiveness of 5' upstream sequences, and chromosomal localization". The Journal of Biological ... Zhao RY, Elder RT (March 2005). "Viral infections and cell cycle G2/M regulation". Cell Research. 15 (3): 143-149. doi:10.1038/ ... Joseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D (January 2005). "Nef: "necessary and enforcing factor" in HIV infection". Current HIV Research. 3 ( ...
HTLV-2 is associated with milder neurologic disorders and chronic pulmonary infections. In the United States, HTLV-1/2 ... Mahieux, R; Gessain, A (2005). "Les nouveaux rétrovirus humains HTLV-3 et HTLV-4" [New human retroviruses: HTLV-3 and HTLV-4] ( ... HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are both involved in actively spreading epidemics, affecting 15-20 million people worldwide. HTLV-1 is the ... Mahieux, R.; Gessain, Antoine (2009). "The human HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 retroviruses: New members of the HTLV family". Pathologie ...
He has also discovered pathways responsible for activation of latent infection by the Human T Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Virus Type ... 1 (HTLV-1). Rabson helped found the Transcriptional Regulation and Oncogenesis Program at Rutgers Cancer Institute of New ... His laboratory has studied the molecular pathogenesis of human retroviral infections leading to the discoveries of the roles of ...
"HTLV-1 Tax Specific CD8+ T Cells Express Low Levels of Tim-3 in HTLV-1 Infection: Implications for Progression to Neurological ... "HTLV-1 Tax Specific CD8+ T Cells Express Low Levels of Tim-3 in HTLV-1 Infection: Implications for Progression to Neurological ... The current Improved Samba Mahsuri rice in the market is suited for areas affected by bacterial blight infection. CCMB has ... recombinant DNA technology based diagnostic kit for detection of pathogens causing ophthalmic infections Discovered high ...
HTLV-III). HIV-1 is more virulent and more infective than HIV-2, and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. ... HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of abortively infected T ... When simultaneous infection occurs, the genome of progeny virions may be composed of RNA strands from two different strains. ... Thus, during the course of infection, viral adaptation to the use of CXCR4 instead of CCR5 may be a key step in the progression ...
... leading to an increased rate of co-infection. The natural history of HIV infection has greatly changed over time. As a ... Additionally, other retroviruses, such as HTLV, may be spread by the same mechanisms that spread HIV, ... HIV infection. Some chemicals, like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), diphenylhydantoin, dioxin, and phenoxy herbicides. ... Risk factors include poor immune function, autoimmune diseases, Helicobacter pylori infection, hepatitis C, obesity, and ...
Infection with HTLV-I, like infection with other retroviruses, probably occurs for life. A patient infected with HTLV can be ... HTLV-1 infection has also been associated with Tuberculosis. Treatment of opportunistic infections varies depending on the type ... Seven HTLV-1 genotypes are recognised-HTLV-1a through HTLV-1g. It is estimated that from 10 to 20 million people worldwide are ... HTLV-I infection in the United States appears to be about half as prevalent among IV drug users and about one-tenth as ...
Serwadda, D. et al (1985) Slim disease: A new disease in Uganda and its associations with HTLV-III infection, The Lancet, Vol. ... Rates of HIV-1 transmission per Coital Act, by stage of HIV-1 infection, in Rakai, Uganda. (co-author) published in the Journal ... As a medical researcher he has been involved in several scientific studies some of which are listed below; HIV-1 infection ... Wawer, Maria J. (2005). "Rates of HIV-1 Transmission per Coital Act, by Stage of HIV-1 Infection, in Rakai, Uganda". academic. ...
"HTLV-1 Task Force - GVN". gvn.org. Retrieved 2018-11-30. "HTLV-1 Task Force - GVN". gvn.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29. Official ... The virus causes a high fever and has the same intensity as that of an acute viral infection, similar to any virus present and ... HTLV-1 affects one's T-cells, though the virus usually causes no visible signs or symptoms. However, severe symptoms include ... The task force made up of experts working on the HTLV-1 virus spans 11 countries, and is led by Dr. Robert Gallow in Maryland, ...
He has received numerous awards for his research on human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a retrovirus which causes ... In 2010, Retraction Watch reported that five of Mori's papers had been retracted by the journal Infection and Immunity. (The ... By October 2011, 30 papers coauthored by Mori had been retracted, including five from Infection and Immunity, seven from the ...
It has been studied as a potential treatment for infection with human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), since it has been shown to ...
This virus turned out to be HTLV-1 and the research established the causal role of the HTLV-1 virus to ATL. Between 1984 and ... Secondly, asymptomatic virus infection and carriage is the norm for most tumor viruses, which violates Koch's third principle. ... Gallo RC (September 2005). "History of the discoveries of the first human retroviruses: HTLV-1 and HTLV-2". Oncogene. 24 (39): ... Human papillomavirus infection is a major cause of cervical cancer, vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, penis cancer, anal cancer, ...
These cytokines are first to respond to viral infection and are also important in immunosurveillance for malignant cells. ERVs ... HTLV-1); 2) RNA viruses - influenza A virus, hepatitis C virus (HCV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV- ... Patience C, Takeuchi Y, Weiss RA (March 1997). "Infection of human cells by an endogenous retrovirus of pigs". Nature Medicine ... Most retroviruses infect somatic cells, but occasional infection of germline cells (cells that produce eggs and sperm) can also ...
Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) causes chronic infection for which there is no cure or neutralising vaccine. HTLV-I ... A key issue in current HTLV-I research is to better understand the dynamic interaction between persistent infection by HTLV-I ... HTLV-I infection: a dynamic struggle between viral persistence and host immunity. ... SED-ML file of Lim2014 - HTLV-I infection A dynamic struggle between viral persistence and host immunity. 2.18 KB. Preview , ...
Recommendations for Preventing Transmission of Infection with Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III/ Lymphadenopathy-Associated ... The epidemiology of HTLV-III/LAV infection is similar to that of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and much that has been ... The risk of transmission of infection, including HTLV-III/LAV infection, from infected persons to providers of prehospital ... and prevention of HTLV-III/LAV infection.. Risk of HCWs acquiring HTLV-III/LAV in the workplace. Using the HBV model, the ...
Respiratory and Urinary Tract Infections, Arthritis, and Asthma Associated with HTLV-I and HTLV-II Infection Edward L. Murphy ... Respiratory and Urinary Tract Infections, Arthritis, and Asthma Associated with HTLV-I and HTLV-II Infection. ... HTLV) status, through visits 2 and 3 of prospective observation. HTLV-I-infected (triangles) and HTLV-II-infected (squares) ... Panels are as follows: A) pneumonia; B) acute bronchitis; C) bladder or kidney infection; and D) hypertension. The vertical ...
HTLV belongs to the Retroviridae family in the genus Deltaretrovirus. ... HTLV-1 infection and, to a lesser degree, HTLV-2 infection have been associated with various other disease manifestations with ... In the United States, the overall prevalence of HTLV infection is 22 per 100,000 population, with HTLV-2 more common than HTLV- ... Short communication: no evidence of HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 infection in New York State subjects at risk for retroviral infection. ...
... نویسندگان. * Abbas Shirdel Department of Internal ... Association Between HTLV-I Infection with Chronic Lupoid Leishmaniasis OBJECTIVE(S) One of the different types of skin ... Association between HLA-DRB1*01 and HLA-Cw*08 and Outcome Following HTLV-I Infection Background: Human T cell lymphotropic ... Is there any Association Between Human Lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-I) Infection and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? An ...
HTLV-1 encephalomyelitis; a case report of a treatable manifestation of HTLV-1 infection. Josh King-Robson et al., Journal of ... The association of HTLV-1 infection, persistent intestinal infection with Strongyloides stercoralis and gastrointestinal ... Neuropsychological assessment in HTLV-1 infection: a comparative study among TSP/HAM, asymptomatic carriers, and healthy ... Sarcoidosis and HTLV-1 infection. D H McKee et al., Journal of Clinical Pathology, 2005 ...
... and both were found to be seropositive for HTLV-1 infection. We found no evidence of HTLV-1 infection in 20 other patients ... In addition the serum from 20 anti-HTLV-1 positive patients did not contain antinuclear antibodies or antibodies to U1RNP. We ... conclude that rheumatological disease is associated with HTLV-1 through geographical rather than aetiological means. ... and both were found to be seropositive for HTLV-1 infection. We found no evidence of HTLV-1 infection in 20 other patients ...
Hopkins, D R "Key Epidemiologic Questions About Aids And Infection With Htlv-Iii/Lav" 101, no. 3 (1986). Hopkins, D R "Key ... Title : Key Epidemiologic Questions About Aids And Infection With Htlv-Iii/Lav Personal Author(s) : Hopkins, D R Published Date ... Hopkins, D R (1986). Key Epidemiologic Questions About Aids And Infection With Htlv-Iii/Lav. 101(3). ... Epidemiologic Questions About Aids And Infection With Htlv-Iii/Lav" vol. 101, no. 3, 1986. Export RIS Citation Information.. ...
... BMC Infect Dis. 2019 Aug 9;19(1):706. ... Background: HTLV-1 infection is a neglected disease, despite infecting 10-15 million people worldwide and severe illnesses ... HTLV-1 infection in solid organ transplant donors and recipients in Spain, 2019 (548.5Kb) ... HTLV-1 infection in solid organ transplant donors and recipients in Spain. ...
title = "Neurologic disease due to HTLV-1 infection",. abstract = "Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first ... the epidemiology of HTLV-1 infection, basic virology, and basic aspects of the immunologic response to the infection. It will ... the epidemiology of HTLV-1 infection, basic virology, and basic aspects of the immunologic response to the infection. It will ... the epidemiology of HTLV-1 infection, basic virology, and basic aspects of the immunologic response to the infection. It will ...
by Scientific Group on Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1) Infections and Associated Diseases. Meeting 1992: Kagoshima, ... Scientific Group on Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1 Infections and Associated Diseases, Kagoshima, Japan, 13-14 ... Cultural factors and the epidemiology of malaria and viral infections in women : a study in Madang, Papua New Guinea / Loretta ...
Does helminthic infection alter the clinical course of HTLV-1 infection?. *Michael A Sundberg. 1, ... Sundberg, M.A., Glesby, M.J. & Carvalho, E.M. Does helminthic infection alter the clinical course of HTLV-1 infection?. ... Because helminthic infection may modify the immune response and influence clinical outcomes in HTLV-1 infection, we ... address the potential association between specific helminthic infections and risk of neurologic disease in HTLV-1 infection. ...
Seroprevalence and Cofactors of HTLV-I Infection in Tumaco, Colombia. AIDS research and human retroviruses. 1992 May;8(5):651- ... Seroprevalence and Cofactors of HTLV-I Infection in Tumaco, Colombia. In: AIDS research and human retroviruses. 1992 ; Vol. 8, ... Seroprevalence and Cofactors of HTLV-I Infection in Tumaco, Colombia. Jorge M. Trujillo, Mauricio Concha, Alvaro Muñoz, Gustavo ... Age was very strongly associated to HTLV-I infection among females. At early ages prevalence was not different between sexes, ...
Biological properties of HTLV-III/LAV: A possible pathway of natural infection in vivo. / Popovic, M.; Read-Connole, E.; ... Popovic M, Read-Connole E, Gartner S. Biological properties of HTLV-III/LAV: A possible pathway of natural infection in vivo. ... Popovic, M, Read-Connole, E & Gartner, S 1986, Biological properties of HTLV-III/LAV: A possible pathway of natural infection ... Popovic, M. ; Read-Connole, E. ; Gartner, S. / Biological properties of HTLV-III/LAV : A possible pathway of natural infection ...
An estimated 5-10 million individuals have been exposed to infection with HTLV type-1 globally, with specific hyperendemic ... International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV 2022 On World HTLV Day (10 November 2021) we recorded a podcast on the ... HTLV 22 held in Melbourne, Australia. HTLV-1 is a sexually and vertically […] ... From the Editors desk - Highlights Sexually Transmitted Infections Volume 98-2. Posted on April 12, 2022. by haustin ...
Known to have HTLV-1 infection. *With hematologic malignancies including leukemias and lymphomas ... The symptomatic spectrum of Strongyloides infection ranges from subclinical in acute and chronic infection to severe and fatal ... However, the risk of treatment in pregnant women who are known to have an infection needs to be balanced with the risk of ... However, the risk of treatment in pregnant women who are known to have an infection needs to be balanced with the risk of ...
The lifelong infection with the human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has been associated with a variety of clinical ... Imaging of lung damage caused by the HTLV-1 hyperinflammatory cascade can be similar to sequelae from TB infection. Our study ... and functional characteristics of pulmonary diseases among htlv-1 infected patients without prior active tuberculosis infection ... aims to describe the pulmonary lesions of HTLV-1-positive patients without past or current active TB and evaluate pulmonary ...
What is the risk of transfusion-transmitted arbovirus infection? HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection and how is it prevented? ... Global epidemiology of HTLV-I infection and associated diseases. Oncogene. 2005 Sep 5. 24(39):6058-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [ ... Infection with these retroviruses may result in HTLV-related myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T-cell ... What is the risk of transfusion-transmitted HAV and HEV infection?. What is the risk of transfusion-transmitted HCV infection? ...
Herpes simplex infection. HTLV-I infection. Graft-versus-host disease. Antigen Processing-Cross presentation. ER-Phagosome ... Human cytomegalovirus infection. Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection. Class I MHC mediated antigen processing and ...
We conclude that HTLV-I infection initiates a process leading to a complete loss of CD3 membrane expression by an epigenetic ... chromatin remodeling of the CD3 gene at different time-points post HTLV-I infection. The onset of this phenomenon coincided ... In uninfected and cells immediately post-infection all three DHS sites were open, then the CD3γ promoter became non accessible ... Transient transfection experiments showed that the CD3 γ promoter was still active in CD3- HTLV-I infected cells demonstrating ...
... infection is an. Individual T-cell lymphotropic computer virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is an endemic condition in Northeast ... As a result in todays study the regularity of linked risk elements for HTLV-1 an infection was looked into among bloodstream ... A complete of 54 436 people donated bloodstream which 321 people (0.59%; 95% CI: 0.53%-0.66%) had HTLV-1 an infection based on ... 11 12 13 14 To your knowledge no study continues to be performed to look for the risk elements for HTLV-1 an infection in Iran ...
November 1986). "Spinal Myoclonus Associated With HTLV III/LAV Infection". Arch. Neurol. 43 (11): 1203-1204. doi:10.1001/ ...
HTLV belongs to the Retroviridae family in the genus Deltaretrovirus. ... Acute HTLV infection is rarely seen or diagnosed, as most infections are asymptomatic. Infection might be diagnosed after an ... Short communication: no evidence of HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 infection in New York State subjects at risk for retroviral infection. ... Respiratory and urinary tract infections, arthritis, and asthma associated with HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection. Emerg Infect Dis ...
Infecções por HTLV-I/diagnóstico; Infecções por HTLV-I/epidemiologia; Infecções por HTLV-II/diagnóstico; Infecções por HTLV-II/ ... have robust information about HTLV-1/2 infection, however there is no information available about this infection in the general ... Therefore, the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 was 0.53% (8/1502, 95% CI 0.2-1.0%). The infection rate was 0.7% in men (5/711, 95% CI ... To determine the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection in adults from the municipality of Vitoria, ES. METHODS:. A cross sectional ...
Human T-lymphotropic disease type 1 (HTLV-1) infection causes adult T-cell leukemia. Human T-lymphotropic disease type 1 (HTLV- ... HTLV-1 viral manifestation in rabbits was monitored by testing ex lover vivo lymphocyte HTLV-1 p19 production serologic ... CsA treatment before HTLV-1 illness enhanced early viral manifestation compared with untreated HTLV-1-infected rabbits and did ... Our data indicated that CsA treatment before HTLV-1 illness enhanced early viral manifestation compared with untreated HTLV-1- ...
HTLV infection and cessation of breastfeeding: context and challenges in implementing universal prevention policies in Brazil. ... Considering the role of host genetics and immune responses in HTLV-1 infection, in this case-control study, included 81 ... Analysis of Programmed Cell Death-1 (PD-1) Gene Variations (re11568821 and rs41386349) in HTLV-1 Infection Using One Primer ... Decoding pathogenesis factors involved in the progression of ATLL or HAM/TSP after infection by HTLV-1 through a... ...
NEUROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TROPICAL DISEASE: HTLV-1 and HIV infections of the central nervous system in tropical areas ... NEUROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TROPICAL DISEASE: HTLV-1 and HIV infections of the central nervous system in tropical areas ... Co-infections, secondary infections, and antimicrobial use in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 during the first pandemic ... Malaria infection and severe disease risks in Africa * Feasibility study of a field survey to measure antimicrobial usage in ...
Infections for which Breast Feeding is contraindicated. *HIV Infection. *HTLV-1. *Ebola ... Approach: Infections *Most maternal infections do not require interruption of Breast Feeding ... Airborne infections in which direct Breast Feeding is contraindicated, but Breast Pumping and feeding may continue. *Varicella ...
Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology, Vaccines, Unified Health System, COVID-19 Dia Mundial do HTLV. ... Technical Cooperation, Coronavirus Infections, Scientific and Technical Publications, International Cooperation, Brasil, Itália ...
Research Interests: Immunopathogenesis and neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 and HTLV-I infection; transcriptional regulation of ... Research Interests: Impact of HIV infection on colorectal cancer, and the role of the HIV-1 Nef protein; impact of age and HIV/ ... Research Interests: Macrophage tropism and neurotropism of HIV-1; cellular senescence during HIV-1 infection and HIV-1 ... Research Interests: Immune responses to cancer, chronic virus infection; T cell differentiation; T cell development ...
  • Antibodies to HTLV-1 were fount, and the vitreous specimen revealed flower cell infiltration with HTLV-1 DNA detected via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (medscape.com)
  • Both had antinuclear antibodies and antibodies to the extractable nuclear antigen U1RNP, and both were found to be seropositive for HTLV-1 infection. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We found no evidence of HTLV-1 infection in 20 other patients known to have antibodies to U1RNP or in 36 British and West German patients with idiopathic adult polymyositis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In addition the serum from 20 anti-HTLV-1 positive patients did not contain antinuclear antibodies or antibodies to U1RNP. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Results: A total of 5751 individuals were tested for HTLV antibodies at 8 sites. (gencat.cat)
  • Overall, 9 individuals (0.16%) were initially reactive for HTLV antibodies. (gencat.cat)
  • Venous blood samples were collected and tested for anti- HTLV-1 /2 antibodies by chemiluminescent immunoassay (CMIA). (bvsalud.org)
  • From then on all donated bloods are screened for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 antibodies in a few provinces from Northeastern Iran [8]. (healthweeks.com)
  • The situations included 316 bloodstream donation volunteers from Mashhad town with verified HTLV-1 seropositivity as well as the handles had been selected arbitrarily from AZ-20 Mashhadi donors who acquired proven no reactivity for HTLV-1 antibodies in testing tests. (healthweeks.com)
  • Rome Italy) was utilized as a principal detection device of HTLV-1 antibodies as well as the positive results had been confirmed with a American blot evaluation (MP-Diagnostics HTLV-Blot 2.4 MP Biomedicals Asia Pacific Pte. (healthweeks.com)
  • The risk of HTLV-1 transmission reaches 20% and is affected by the duration of breastfeeding, the proviral load, and the quantity of maternal antibodies. (medscape.com)
  • Individuals with IDH have a higher proviral load than asymptomatic carriers of HTLV-1. (medscape.com)
  • High proviral load, high HTLV-I-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte frequency (CTL) and host genetic factors such as HLA all appear to be associated with HTLV-I infection. (virascience.com)
  • Considering the role of host genetics and immune responses in HTLV-1 infection, in this case-control study, included 81 asymptomatic carriers (ACs) and 162 healthy controls (HCs), rs11568821 and rs41386349 polymorphisms of PD-1 gene were evaluated by Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method which investigated by one primer pair for both polymorphisms also, proviral load (PVL) measured by quantitative real-time PCR (Q-RT-PCR). (htlv.net)
  • Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) DNA proviral load quantification and immunological. (usp.br)
  • Correlation of HTLV-1 proviral load and CD4+ and CD8+ cells quantification from asymptomatic. (usp.br)
  • The epidemiology of HTLV-III/LAV infection is similar to that of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and much that has been learned over the last 15 years related to the risk of acquiring hepatitis B in the workplace can be applied to understanding the risk of HTLV-III/LAV transmission in the health-care and other occupational settings. (cdc.gov)
  • In this review we discuss the epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of HTLV-1, focussing specifically on the neurological manifestations. (bmj.com)
  • Cultural factors and the epidemiology of malaria and viral infections in women : a study in Madang, Papua New Guinea / Loretta Brabin. (who.int)
  • This chapter will provide an overview of the virus discovery, the epidemiology of HTLV-1 infection, basic virology, and basic aspects of the immunologic response to the infection. (utmb.edu)
  • This review looks at the burden of HIV infection in Somali and the impact of civil war on its epidemiology. (who.int)
  • In this review we look at the burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Somalia and the impact of civil war on its epidemiology. (who.int)
  • However, HTLV-1 has been linked to ATL and HTLV-associated myelopathy, or tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). (medscape.com)
  • We highlight the circumstances in which HTLV-1 should be suspected and outline the current understanding of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy and other neurological presentations. (bmj.com)
  • Clustering of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1 (IDH) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. (fiocruz.br)
  • It is also strongly implicated in non-neoplastic chronic inflammatory diseases such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). (kegg.jp)
  • Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) causes chronic infection for which there is no cure or neutralising vaccine. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • Persons at increased risk of acquiring infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV), the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), include homosexual and bisexual men, intravenous (IV) drug abusers, persons transfused with contaminated blood or blood products, heterosexual contacts of persons with HTLV-III/LAV infection, and children born to infected mothers. (cdc.gov)
  • Kaplan-Meier survival curves showing disease-free survival for one noninfectious and three infectious diseases, by human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) status, through visits 2 and 3 of prospective observation. (cdc.gov)
  • In 1979, human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) was isolated in a patient with adult cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (ATL). (medscape.com)
  • Human T cell lymphotropic virus type1 (HTLV-I) and cutanous leishmaniasis exists endemically in Mashhad. (virascience.com)
  • Background: Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopa-thy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is an inflammatory disease which occurs in less than 2% of HTLV-I -infected individuals. (virascience.com)
  • Is there any Association Between Human Lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-I) Infection and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? (virascience.com)
  • Scientific Group on Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1 Infections and Associated Diseases, Kagoshima, Japan, 13-14 October 1992 : report. (who.int)
  • by Scientific Group on Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1) Infections and Associated Diseases. (who.int)
  • About 90% of people infected with Human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) virus are asymptomatic, so it can be said that the prevalence of this virus is not completely clear. (htlv.net)
  • The mission of the International Retrovirology Association (IRVA) is to encourage research in retrovirology, especially the study of human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infections and the associated diseases, to foster collaborations between research groups, provide a platform for critical analysis of new data, and contribute to the dissemination of knowledge about these infections. (htlv.net)
  • A weakened immune system, especially from corticosteroid therapy or an infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1). (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection in a cohort followed up. (usp.br)
  • Human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection in neurological patients in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. (fiocruz.br)
  • Infection of human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTL V-2) in individuals. (usp.br)
  • In the past biennium, working groups have concluded that there is sufficient evidence to classify infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus 8 as carcinogenic to humans (IARC 0RQRJUDSKV, Vol. 67 and 70). (who.int)
  • Neither HTLV-3 nor HTLV-4 has been linked to human disease, and considerably less is known about these viruses. (medscape.com)
  • Isolation of similar retroviruses in nonhuman primates, simian T-cell lymphotropic viruses (STLV), STLV-1, STLV-2, and STLV-3, have also been discovered, suggesting that HTLV arose as an interspecies transmission between monkeys and humans. (medscape.com)
  • Prevalence of infection by human T Cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV-1/2) in adult population in Vitória-ES. (bvsalud.org)
  • For example, some viruses protect the host against other infections. (medicinenet.com)
  • Certain viruses -- like the ones that cause chickenpox and cold sores -- may be inactive or "latent" after the initial infection. (medicinenet.com)
  • These include the hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses, which can lead to chronic infections and liver cancer and claim more than a million lives each year. (pasteur.fr)
  • A higher prevalence of helminthic coinfection has been observed among those infected with HTLV-1. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The prevalence of bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoea and syphilis has been increasing globally1,2,3 .Clinically the presumptive antibiotic treatment of these bacterial STIs in symptomatic patients and their contacts is advocated to reduce morbidity and transmission risk4. (bmj.com)
  • To determine the prevalence of HTLV-1 /2 infection in adults from the municipality of Vitoria, ES. (bvsalud.org)
  • To estimate the prevalence and incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among patients attending three STD clinics in Pune, India, and to identify associated risk factors. (bmj.com)
  • A high prevalence and incidence of HBV infection, seen in STD clinic attendees underscore the need to provide HBV vaccine to commercial sex workers and their clients in India. (bmj.com)
  • A high prevalence of HBV infection has also been reported among individuals practising risky behaviours and HIV infected individuals in India. (bmj.com)
  • HTLV-I associated tropical spastic paraparesis. (fiocruz.br)
  • How Long Are Viral Infections Contagious? (medicinenet.com)
  • Viral infections are contagious for varying periods of time depending on the virus. (medicinenet.com)
  • Respiratory viral infections affect the lungs, nose, and throat. (medicinenet.com)
  • HTLV-2 Encoded Antisense Protein APH-2 Suppresses HIV-1 Replication Abstract Antisense protein of Human T-cell. (htlv.net)
  • International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV 2022 On World HTLV Day (10 November 2021) we recorded a podcast on the patient, clinician and scientist's perspective of Human T Leukaemia Virus-1 (HTLV-1). (bmj.com)
  • Today we present you an update on the latest International Retrovirology Conference: HTLV 22 held in Melbourne, Australia. (bmj.com)
  • On the other hand, HTLV-I has been known to exist in some infectious diseases. (virascience.com)
  • The primary focus of the chapter is the neurologic diseases associated with HTLV-1. (utmb.edu)
  • Collectively these data show immunologic control is definitely a key determinant of early HTLV-1 spread and have important implications for restorative treatment during HTLV-1-connected diseases. (biotechnologyconsultinggroup.com)
  • Our data show that immunologic control during early disease exposure determines subsequent HTLV-1 spread and has important implications for restorative intervention strategies and the development of HTLV-1-connected diseases. (biotechnologyconsultinggroup.com)
  • Use of large-scale comparative genomic technologies to explore the molecular pathogenesis of chronic infectious diseases and the human genetics of susceptibility and resistance to infection. (drexel.edu)
  • They do not protect the body from infections or other diseases. (daviddarling.info)
  • This study presents an analysis of the factors associated with HTLV-I seroprevalence in the endemic area of Tumaco, Colombia. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • McKendall, RR 2014, ' Neurologic disease due to HTLV-1 infection ', Handbook of Clinical Neurology , vol. 123, pp. 507-530. (utmb.edu)
  • Future studies should address the potential association between specific helminthic infections and risk of neurologic disease in HTLV-1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Examining the particular roles of viral expression and host immunity during the chronic phase of HTLV-I infection offers important insights regarding the evolution of viral persistence and proposes a hypothesis for pathogenesis. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • HTLV-I has been clinically linked to the development of adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL), an aggressive blood cancer, and HAM/TSP, a progressive neurological and inflammatory disease. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • For reasons that are not completely understood, a minority of individuals infected with HTLV-1 develop these symptomatic disease states. (medscape.com)
  • For reasons that are not completely understood, a minority of individuals infected with HTLV-1 develop disease. (medscape.com)
  • Furthermore, the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms between HTLV-1 infection and disease development are not completely described and require further research. (medscape.com)
  • Autoimmune disease and HTLV-1 infection. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We conclude that rheumatological disease is associated with HTLV-1 through geographical rather than aetiological means. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Background: HTLV-1 infection is a neglected disease, despite infecting 10-15 million people worldwide and severe illnesses develop in 10% of carriers lifelong. (gencat.cat)
  • Disease-free survival for OB was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the relationship between helminthic infection and development of OB was assessed by Cox proportional hazard modeling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hyperinfection syndrome and disseminated strongyloidiasis are most frequently associated with subclinical infection in patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids for the treatment of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. (cdc.gov)
  • one of the less-explored is HTLV-1-associated pulmonary disease. (uchile.cl)
  • Infection might be diagnosed after an attempted blood donation, a familial history of the infection, or workup of a disease caused by the virus (eg, a recent diagnosis of ATL or HAM/TSP). (medscape.com)
  • 200 cells/ μ L). In 2012, "Option B+" expanded ART eligibility to all pregnant and breastfeeding women with HIV infection ( 8 ), and in 2015, "Treat All" expanded ART eligibility to all persons with HIV infection regardless of disease severity or other criteria. (cdc.gov)
  • To the best of our knowledge, these are the first cases of a proven association between HTLV-I and TSP/HAM in Belem, Para, and emphasize the need to actively look for cases of neurological disease associated to the virus. (scielo.br)
  • Additional ocular manifestations in individuals with HTLV-1 infection include retinal vasculitis, choroidopathy, and keratopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Infected individuals typically mount a large, persistently activated CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against HTLV-I-infected cells, but ultimately fail to effectively eliminate the virus. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • Amostras de sangue testadas por ELISA e Western blot foram positivos para HTLV-I. A análise familiar de um dos pacientes, mostrou um possível padrão de transmissão sexual e vertical do vírus. (scielo.br)
  • [ 1 ] This led to the discovery of the first HTLV, designated HTLV-1, and marked the beginning of the human retrovirus era. (medscape.com)
  • Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus discovered when it was linked to an unusual T-cell lymphoma in 1980. (utmb.edu)
  • a retrovirus associated with a rare form of leukemia (HTLV-1 ), and several types of papillomavirus responsible for cervical cancer. (pasteur.fr)
  • Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a pathogenic retrovirus that is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). (kegg.jp)
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Infants and Children Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is caused by the retrovirus HIV-1 (and less commonly by the related retrovirus HIV-2). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Acknowledging a greater risk for developing HTLV-1 associated illnesses due to immunosuppression, screening is being widely considered in the transplantation setting. (gencat.cat)
  • You will find limited reports of the effects of immune suppression on early HTLV-1 illness because of the lack of clinical materials and failure to simulate the initial exposure of HTLV-1 illness on humans. (biotechnologyconsultinggroup.com)
  • 95% CI: 0.53%-0.66%) had HTLV-1 an infection based on verification and subsequent confirmatory test outcomes. (healthweeks.com)
  • HTLV-I infection can lead to the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) in 2-5% of infected individuals depending upon geographic location and exposure to etiologic factors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The second major milestone in the history of infection-related cancer took place in 1958, when British surgeon Denis Burkitt described a lymphoma (since renamed "Burkitt's lymphoma") that was affecting children in Equatorial Africa, and put forward the theory that this cancer was caused by infection. (pasteur.fr)
  • Having a weak immune system (from an inherited condition, HIV infection, or certain drugs) increases the risk of developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. (daviddarling.info)
  • Certain infections: Having certain types of infections increases the risk of developing lymphoma. (daviddarling.info)
  • People who have HIV infection are at much greater risk of some types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. (daviddarling.info)
  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): Infection with EBV has been linked to an increased risk of lymphoma. (daviddarling.info)
  • In Africa, EBV infection is linked to Burkitt's lymphoma. (daviddarling.info)
  • Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV-1): Infection with HTLV-1 increases a person's risk of lymphoma and leukemia. (daviddarling.info)
  • There is a well-characterized association of gastric lymphoma with Helicobacter pylori infection. (oncolink.org)
  • Recent experimental hypotheses for the persistence of HTLV-I in vivo have led to the development of mathematical models illuminating the balance between proviral latency and activation in the target cell population. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • Popovic, M, Read-Connole, E & Gartner, S 1986, ' Biological properties of HTLV-III/LAV: A possible pathway of natural infection in vivo ', Annales de l'Institut Pasteur - Immunology , vol. 137, no. 3 D, pp. 413-417. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • HTLV-1 viral manifestation in rabbits was monitored by testing ex lover vivo lymphocyte HTLV-1 p19 production serologic guidelines and proviral lots from peripheral blood lymphocyte ethnicities. (biotechnologyconsultinggroup.com)
  • Briefly, HTLV antibody screening was performed retrospectively in all specimens collected from solid organ donors and recipients attended since the year 2008. (gencat.cat)
  • HIV infection can be diagnosed by antibody, nucleic acid (HIV RNA), or antigen (p24) testing. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Of the 2098 patients screened at STD clinics in Pune during 1996, 497, who returned for at least one follow up visit, were screened for various markers of HBV infection (HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc), HIV antibody, and VDRL. (bmj.com)
  • An important concept in the evaluation of data regarding transfusion-transmitted bacterial infections (TTBIs) is the definition of a case. (medscape.com)
  • Is it a Bacterial or Viral Infection? (medicinenet.com)
  • Does helminthic infection alter the clinical course of HTLV-1 infection? (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because helminthic infection may modify the immune response and influence clinical outcomes in HTLV-1 infection, we investigated the development of HAM/TSP and OB in HTLV-1 positive individuals with and without helminthic coinfection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sundberg, M.A., Glesby, M.J. & Carvalho, E.M. Does helminthic infection alter the clinical course of HTLV-1 infection? (biomedcentral.com)
  • A key issue in current HTLV-I research is to better understand the dynamic interaction between persistent infection by HTLV-I and virus-specific host immunity. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • However, increasing migration may mean that the virus will be encountered more frequently in areas traditionally thought of as virtually free of HTLV-1. (bmj.com)
  • Individual T-cell lymphotropic computer virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is an endemic condition in Northeast Iran and as such recognition of risk factors associated with the infection in this region seems to be a necessity. (healthweeks.com)
  • A viral infection is a proliferation of a harmful virus inside your body. (medicinenet.com)
  • With an active viral infection, a virus makes copies of itself and bursts the host cell (killing it) to set the newly-formed virus particles free. (medicinenet.com)
  • Blood samples tested by an enzyme immune assay and a discriminatory Western blot were positive for HTLV-I. The familial analysis of one patient showed a possible pattern of sexual and vertical transmission of the virus. (scielo.br)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from 1 of 2 similar retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain infections and cancers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an important health problem in developing countries, including India. (bmj.com)
  • The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has dramatically reduced AIDS-associated morbidity and mortality, and greatly improved life expectancy of people with HIV ( 1 - 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • and those who have virologic or serologic evidence of infection with HTLV-III/LAV but who are not ill. (cdc.gov)
  • The gold standard for the diagnosis of Strongyloides infection is serial stool examination. (cdc.gov)
  • Strongyloidiasis is an infection with the parasitic worm Strongyloides. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Most people have strong enough immune systems to keep a Strongyloides infection from causing serious illness. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Cutaneous symptoms include chronic urticaria and larva currens- a recurrent serpiginous maculopapular or urticarial rash along the buttocks, perineum, and thighs due to repeated auto-infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Chronic infection with Schistosoma can lead to bladder cancer, but it took 50 years to establish proof of the parasite's role. (pasteur.fr)
  • During 2004-2022, the number of persons with HIV infection receiving PEPFAR-supported ART increased by almost 5,000%, to more than 1.3 million, averting nearly 500,000 HIV infections, including more than 230,000 among HIV-exposed infants, and approximately 600,000 HIV-related deaths. (cdc.gov)
  • By September 2022, more than 1.3 million persons with HIV infection in Uganda were receiving PEPFAR-supported ART, an increase of approximately 5,000% from September 2004. (cdc.gov)
  • During 2004-2022, ART scale-up helped avert nearly 500,000 HIV infections, including more than 230,000 infections among HIV-exposed infants, and approximately 600,000 HIV-related deaths. (cdc.gov)
  • Our data indicated that CsA treatment before HTLV-1 illness enhanced early viral manifestation compared with untreated HTLV-1-infected rabbits and modified long-term viral manifestation parameters. (biotechnologyconsultinggroup.com)
  • However CsA treatment 1 week after illness diminished HTLV-1 manifestation throughout the 10-week study program. (biotechnologyconsultinggroup.com)
  • Age was very strongly associated to HTLV-I infection among females. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • History of i.v. administered medications was very strongly associated in the univariate analysis and, although significance was borderline in the multivariate analysis, it had the effect of doubling the odds of HTLV-I infection. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Our study aims to describe the pulmonary lesions of HTLV-1-positive patients without past or current active TB and evaluate pulmonary function. (uchile.cl)
  • Methods Rabbit and human being cell lines and blood leukocyte isolation A CD4+ rabbit lymphocyte collection (R49) was used to establish HTLV-1 illness in New Zealand white rabbits as explained.19 The derivation and infectious properties of the full-length wild-type HTLV-1 proviral clone (ACH) and generation of the R49 cell line have been previously. (biotechnologyconsultinggroup.com)
  • Written before the discovery of HTLV-III/LAV as the AIDS agent, a national case study found: 'Blood from rectal mucosal lesions which are known to be common in homosexual males who engage in rectal intercourse, could contain the infectious agent responsible for this epidemic. (fourwinds10.com)
  • The following recommendations have been developed for all workers, particularly workers in occupations in which exposure might occur to blood from individuals infected with HTLV-III/LAV. (cdc.gov)
  • These age-related immunological changes resemble those seen during treated HIV-1 infection and include high levels of soluble inflammatory proteins, high levels of monocyte and T cell activation, T cell exhaustion and senescence, and low levels of naïve T cells ( 14 - 25 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We have used the rabbit model Melanocyte stimulating hormone release inhibiting factor of HTLV-1 illness in part because of the simplicity and regularity of transmission of the viral illness in this varieties. (biotechnologyconsultinggroup.com)
  • New Zealand white rabbits were divided into organizations and treated with 10 mg/kg CsA 20 mg/kg CsA or saline vehicle control before illness by intravenous inoculation of HTLV-1-infected rabbit cells. (biotechnologyconsultinggroup.com)
  • Another group of rabbits was treated with 20 mg/kg CsA 1 week after HTLV-1 illness. (biotechnologyconsultinggroup.com)
  • Initial infection may cause nonspecific febrile illness. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The activation of the Akt/Bad pathway generates a progressive resistance to apoptosis, at a time HTLV-I genes expression is silenced. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a result in today's study the regularity of linked risk elements for HTLV-1 an infection was looked into among bloodstream donors in Mashhad Northeastern Iran. (healthweeks.com)
  • Confirmatory test using real-time PCR (qPCR) identified seven individuals positive for HTLV-1 and one for HTLV-2 . (bvsalud.org)
  • No vaccine or antiviral therapy exists for HTLV infection, and viral management focuses on patient education to prevent further spread of infection. (medscape.com)
  • This leads us to study the consequences of UPF1 inhibition by HTLV-1 and evaluate its impact on the associated pathologies (project 1) . (ens-lyon.fr)
  • All bloodstream donors had been routinely visited with the physician from the bloodstream transfusion middle before donation and examined for the current presence of any blood-borne attacks such as for example HBV HCV HIV HTLV and beliefs of significantly less than 0.05. (healthweeks.com)
  • Id of people with these elements and excluding them from bloodstream donation would create a reduced amount of transfusion-transmitted situations from the an infection. (healthweeks.com)
  • The kind of nonsexual person-to-person contact that generally occurs among workers and clients or consumers in the workplace does not pose a risk for transmission of HTLV-III/LAV. (cdc.gov)
  • Because of public concern about the purported risk of transmission of HTLV-III/LAV by persons providing personal services and by food and beverages, these recommendations contain information and recommendations for personal-service and food-service workers. (cdc.gov)
  • Finally, these recommendations address workplaces in general where there is no known risk of transmission of HTLV-III/LAV (e.g., offices, schools, factories, construction sites). (cdc.gov)
  • Thus, some of the same major groups at high risk for HBV infection (e.g., homosexual men, IV drug abusers, persons with hemophilia, infants born to infected mothers) are also the groups at highest risk for HTLV-III/LAV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • HTLV-1 is a significant global health problem but remains largely confined to endemic areas and risk groups. (bmj.com)
  • There was no association between helminthic infection and risk of OB (hazard ratio 0.91, 95% CI 0.43-1.89, p = 0.79, adjusted for sex). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found no difference in the risk of development of OB in HTLV-1 and helminthic coinfected and non-coinfected patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lack of variability or small sample size could be reasons of failure to detect some well-known risk factors for HTLV-1 AZ-20 an infection such as extended breastfeeding and intimate promiscuity. (healthweeks.com)
  • When considering HTLV infection, the most important historical information pertains to risk assessment. (medscape.com)
  • For HTLV-2, the quantitative risk remains uncertain for both breastfeeding and intrauterine transmission. (medscape.com)
  • Multicentre case-control studies clearly demonstrated a cervical cancer risk associated with infection with a variety of human papillomaviruses (HPV) other than types 16 and 18. (who.int)
  • Infection leads to progressive immunologic deterioration and. (msdmanuals.com)
  • and verification for blood-borne realtors including HBV HCV HIV HTLV and with accurate and private assays [8]. (healthweeks.com)