The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.
Diseases of plants.
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
The etiologic agent of CHOLERA.
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE service for health professionals and consumers. It links extensive information from the National Institutes of Health and other reviewed sources of information on specific diseases and conditions.
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
A genus of VIBRIONACEAE, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in humans, other primates, CATTLE; DOGS; and some other animals which have contact with humans. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM.
An independent state in eastern Africa. Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by Eritrea, on the east by Djibouti and Somalia, on the south by Kenya, and on the west and southwest by Sudan. Its capital is Addis Ababa.
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.
One of several skin tests to determine past or present tuberculosis infection. A purified protein derivative of the tubercle bacilli, called tuberculin, is introduced into the skin by scratch, puncture, or interdermal injection.
The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

Respiratory syncytial virus-induced acute and chronic airway disease is independent of genetic background: an experimental murine model. (1/5992)

BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading respiratory viral pathogen in young children worldwide. RSV disease is associated with acute airway obstruction (AO), long-term airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and chronic lung inflammation. Using two different mouse strains, this study was designed to determine whether RSV disease patterns are host-dependent. C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were inoculated with RSV and followed for 77 days. RSV loads were measured by plaque assay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and whole lung samples; cytokines were measured in BAL samples. Lung inflammation was evaluated with a histopathologic score (HPS), and AO and AHR were determined by plethysmography. RESULTS: Viral load dynamics, histopathologic score (HPS), cytokine concentrations, AO and long-term AHR were similar in both strains of RSV-infected mice, although RSV-infected C57BL/6 mice developed significantly greater AO compared with RSV-infected BALB/c mice on day 5. PCR detected RSV RNA in BAL samples of RSV infected mice until day 42, and in whole lung samples through day 77. BAL concentrations of cytokines TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and chemokines MIG, RANTES and MIP-1alpha were significantly elevated in both strains of RSV-infected mice compared with their respective controls. Viral load measured by PCR significantly correlated with disease severity on days 14 and 21. CONCLUSION: RSV-induced acute and chronic airway disease is independent of genetic background.  (+info)

Genetic variation in response to an indirect ecological effect. (2/5992)

Indirect ecological effects (IEEs) are widespread and often as strong as the phenotypic effects arising from direct interactions in natural communities. Indirect effects can influence competitive interactions, and are thought to be important selective forces. However, the extent that selection arising from IEEs results in long-term evolutionary change depends on genetic variation underlying the phenotypic response-that is, a genotype-by-IEE interaction. We provide the first data on genetic variation in the response of traits to an IEE, and illustrate how such genetic variation might be detected and analysed. We used a model tri-trophic system to investigate the effect of host plants on two populations of predatory ladybirds through a clonal aphid herbivore. A split-family experimental design allowed us to estimate the effects of aphid host plant on ladybird traits (IEE) and the extent of genetic variation in ladybird predators for response to these effects (genotype-by-indirect environmental effect interaction). We found significant genetic variation in the response of ladybird phenotypes to the indirect effect of host plant of their aphid prey, demonstrating the potential for evolutionary responses to selection arising from the prey host.  (+info)

Poor maternal environment enhances offspring disease resistance in an invertebrate. (3/5992)

Natural populations vary tremendously in their susceptibility to infectious disease agents. The factors (environmental or genetic) that underlie this variation determine the impact of disease on host population dynamics and evolution, and affect our capacity to contain disease outbreaks and to enhance resistance in agricultural animals and disease vectors. Here, we show that changes in the environmental conditions under which female Daphnia magna are kept can more than halve the susceptibility of their offspring to bacterial infection. Counter-intuitively, and unlike the effects typically observed in vertebrates for transfer of immunity, mothers producing offspring under poor conditions produced more resistant offspring than did mothers producing offspring in favourable conditions. This effect occurred when mothers who were well provisioned during their own development then found themselves reproducing in poor conditions. These effects likely reflect adaptive optimal resource allocation where better quality offspring are produced in poor environments to enhance survival. Maternal exposure to parasites also reduced offspring susceptibility, depending on host genotype and offspring food levels. These maternal responses to environmental conditions mean that studies focused on a single generation, and those in which environmental variation is experimentally minimized, may fail to describe the crucial parameters that influence the spread of disease. The large maternal effects we report here will, if they are widespread in nature, affect disease dynamics, the level of genetic polymorphism in populations, and likely weaken the evolutionary response to parasite-mediated selection.  (+info)

Cytokine responses of bovine macrophages to diverse clinical Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis strains. (4/5992)

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD) persistently infects and survives within the host macrophages. While it is established that substantial genotypic variation exists among MAP, evidence for the correlates that associate specific MAP genotypes with clinical or sub-clinical disease phenotypes is presently unknown. Thus we studied strain differences in intracellular MAP survival and host responses in a bovine monocyte derived macrophage (MDM) system. RESULTS: Intracellular survival studies showed that a bovine MAP isolate (B1018) and a human MAP isolate (Hu6) persisted in relatively higher numbers when compared with a sheep MAP isolate (S7565) at 24-hr, 48-hr and 96-hr post infection (PI). MDMs stimulated with B1018 up-regulated IL-10 at the transcript level and down-regulated TNFalpha at the protein and transcript levels compared with stimulations by the S7565 and Hu6. MDMs infected with Hu6 showed a down regulatory pattern of IL-10 and TNFalpha compared to stimulations by S7565. Cells stimulated with B1018 and Hu6 had low levels of matrix metalloprotease-3 (MMP3) and high levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 (TIMP1) at 96-hr PI relative to MDMs stimulated by S7565. CONCLUSION: Taken together, results suggest that the bovine (B1018) and the human (Hu6) MAP isolates lead to anti-inflammatory and anti-invasive pathways in the macrophage environment whereas the sheep (S7565) MAP isolate induces a pro-inflammatory pathway. Thus the infecting strain genotype may play a role in polarizing the host immune responses and dictate the clinicopathological outcomes in this economically important disease.  (+info)

Compositional discordance between prokaryotic plasmids and host chromosomes. (5/5992)

BACKGROUND: Most plasmids depend on the host replication machinery and possess partitioning genes. These properties confine plasmids to a limited range of hosts, yielding a close and presumably stable relationship between plasmid and host. Hence, it is anticipated that due to amelioration the dinucleotide composition of plasmids is similar to that of the genome of their hosts. However, plasmids are also thought to play a major role in horizontal gene transfer and thus are frequently exchanged between hosts, suggesting dinucleotide composition dissimilarity between plasmid and host genome. We compared the dinucleotide composition of a large collection of plasmids with that of their host genomes to shed more light on this enigma. RESULTS: The dinucleotide frequency, coined the genome signature, facilitates the identification of putative horizontally transferred DNA in complete genome sequences, since it was found to be typical for a certain genome, and similar between related species. By comparison of the genome signature of 230 plasmid sequences with that of the genome of each respective host, we found that in general the genome signature of plasmids is dissimilar from that of their host genome. CONCLUSION: Our results show that the genome signature of plasmids does not resemble that of their host genome. This indicates either absence of amelioration or a less stable relationship between plasmids and their host. We propose an indiscriminate lifestyle for plasmids preserving the genome signature discordance between these episomes and host chromosomes.  (+info)

Protein synthesized by dengue infected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. (6/5992)

The main objective of this study was to compare protein profiles of whole mosquitoes of Malaysian Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus after infection with virus and to investigate whether dengue virus would induce protein secretion in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Using SDS -PAGE, it was shown that in uninfected Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, the protein bands were within the range of 14 - 80 kDa with most of the bands overlapping for the two species. Comparison of the protein profile of infected and uninfected Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus showed five distinct molecular weight grouping at 73 - 76 kDa (Group 1), 44 - 50 kDa (Group 2), 28 - 31 kDa (Group 3), 20 - 25 kDa (Group 4) and 14 - 17 kDa (Group 5). Predominant bands for both species (infected and uninfected) were between 21 - 25 kDa and 44 - 50 kDa. Protein bands having a molecular weight of 70 kDa were only present in infected Ae. albopictus and those bands having molecular weight of 21 kDa were observed only in infected Ae. aegypti. The rate of digestion of blood meals was more rapid in Ae. albopictus than Ae. aegypti. Uninfected Ae. albopictus completed the blood digestion 2 days after ingestion of a blood meal whereas Ae. aegypti needed 3 days to complete the digestion. The rate of digestion for blood meals was slower for both mosquito species when fed with dengue virus infected blood. The digestion processes were completed 3 and 4 days after blood ingestion for Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti, respectively. This could be due to the presence of dengue virus in the blood, which slow down the digestion process. Appearance and disappearance of new protein bands was also observed even after the digestion has completed for both infected mosquito species. In conclusion, dengue virus was shown to induce specific proteins in both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.  (+info)

Association and host selectivity in multi-host pathogens. (7/5992)

The distribution of multi-host pathogens over their host range conditions their population dynamics and structure. Also, host co-infection by different pathogens may have important consequences for the evolution of hosts and pathogens, and host-pathogen co-evolution. Hence it is of interest to know if the distribution of pathogens over their host range is random, or if there are associations between hosts and pathogens, or between pathogens sharing a host. To analyse these issues we propose indices for the observed patterns of host infection by pathogens, and for the observed patterns of co-infection, and tests to analyse if these patterns conform to randomness or reflect associations. Applying these tests to the prevalence of five plant viruses on 21 wild plant species evidenced host-virus associations: most hosts and viruses were selective for viruses and hosts, respectively. Interestingly, the more host-selective viruses were the more prevalent ones, suggesting that host specialisation is a successful strategy for multi-host pathogens. Analyses also showed that viruses tended to associate positively in co-infected hosts. The developed indices and tests provide the tools to analyse how strong and common are these associations among different groups of pathogens, which will help to understand and model the population biology of multi-host pathogens.  (+info)

Is adipose tissue a place for Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence? (8/5992)

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), has the ability to persist in its human host for exceptionally long periods of time. However, little is known about the location of the bacilli in latently infected individuals. Long-term mycobacterial persistence in the lungs has been reported, but this may not sufficiently account for strictly extra-pulmonary TB, which represents 10-15% of the reactivation cases. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We applied in situ and conventional PCR to sections of adipose tissue samples of various anatomical origins from 19 individuals from Mexico and 20 from France who had died from causes other than TB. M. tuberculosis DNA could be detected by either or both techniques in fat tissue surrounding the kidneys, the stomach, the lymph nodes, the heart and the skin in 9/57 Mexican samples (6/19 individuals), and in 8/26 French samples (6/20 individuals). In addition, mycobacteria could be immuno-detected in perinodal adipose tissue of 1 out of 3 biopsy samples from individuals with active TB. In vitro, using a combination of adipose cell models, including the widely used murine adipose cell line 3T3-L1, as well as primary human adipocytes, we show that after binding to scavenger receptors, M. tuberculosis can enter within adipocytes, where it accumulates intracytoplasmic lipid inclusions and survives in a non-replicating state that is insensitive to the major anti-mycobacterial drug isoniazid. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Given the abundance and the wide distribution of the adipose tissue throughout the body, our results suggest that this tissue, among others, might constitute a vast reservoir where the tubercle bacillus could persist for long periods of time, and avoid both killing by antimicrobials and recognition by the host immune system. In addition, M. tuberculosis-infected adipocytes might provide a new model to investigate dormancy and to evaluate new drugs for the treatment of persistent infection.  (+info)

Host-pathogen interactions refer to the complex and dynamic relationship between a living organism (the host) and a disease-causing agent (the pathogen). This interaction can involve various molecular, cellular, and physiological processes that occur between the two entities. The outcome of this interaction can determine whether the host will develop an infection or not, as well as the severity and duration of the illness.

During host-pathogen interactions, the pathogen may release virulence factors that allow it to evade the host's immune system, colonize tissues, and obtain nutrients for its survival and replication. The host, in turn, may mount an immune response to recognize and eliminate the pathogen, which can involve various mechanisms such as inflammation, phagocytosis, and the production of antimicrobial agents.

Understanding the intricacies of host-pathogen interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat infectious diseases. This knowledge can help identify new targets for therapeutic interventions, inform vaccine design, and guide public health policies to control the spread of infectious agents.

A plant disease is a disorder that affects the normal growth and development of plants, caused by pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or nematodes, as well as environmental factors like nutrient deficiencies, extreme temperatures, or physical damage. These diseases can cause various symptoms, including discoloration, wilting, stunted growth, necrosis, and reduced yield or productivity, which can have significant economic and ecological impacts.

Virulence, in the context of medicine and microbiology, refers to the degree or severity of damage or harm that a pathogen (like a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can cause to its host. It is often associated with the ability of the pathogen to invade and damage host tissues, evade or suppress the host's immune response, replicate within the host, and spread between hosts.

Virulence factors are the specific components or mechanisms that contribute to a pathogen's virulence, such as toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and capsules. These factors enable the pathogen to establish an infection, cause tissue damage, and facilitate its transmission between hosts. The overall virulence of a pathogen can be influenced by various factors, including host susceptibility, environmental conditions, and the specific strain or species of the pathogen.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

"Vibrio cholerae" is a species of gram-negative, comma-shaped bacteria that is the causative agent of cholera, a diarrheal disease. It can be found in aquatic environments, such as estuaries and coastal waters, and can sometimes be present in raw or undercooked seafood. The bacterium produces a toxin called cholera toxin, which causes the profuse, watery diarrhea that is characteristic of cholera. In severe cases, cholera can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, which can be life-threatening if not promptly treated with oral rehydration therapy or intravenous fluids.

MedlinePlus is not a medical term, but rather a consumer health website that provides high-quality, accurate, and reliable health information, written in easy-to-understand language. It is produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, the world's largest medical library, and is widely recognized as a trusted source of health information.

MedlinePlus offers information on various health topics, including conditions, diseases, tests, treatments, and wellness. It also provides access to drug information, medical dictionary, and encyclopedia, as well as links to clinical trials, medical news, and patient organizations. The website is available in both English and Spanish and can be accessed for free.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.

"Vibrio" is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, curved-rod bacteria that are commonly found in marine and freshwater environments. Some species of Vibrio can cause diseases in humans, the most notable being Vibrio cholerae, which is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal illness. Other pathogenic species include Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which can cause gastrointestinal or wound infections. These bacteria are often transmitted through contaminated food or water and can lead to serious health complications, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Latent Tuberculosis (TB) infection is defined as a state of persistent immune response to stimulation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis without evidence of clinically manifest active TB disease. The individuals with latent TB infection do not feel ill and are not infectious. However, they may develop active TB disease later in their lives, typically within the first 2 years after infection. It's estimated that about 5-10% of people with latent TB infection will develop active TB disease during their lifetime. The risk is higher in people who have weakened immune systems due to HIV infection, malnutrition, aging, or use of immunosuppressive medications. Diagnosis of latent TB infection is typically made through a tuberculin skin test or an interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). Treatment of latent TB infection can reduce the risk of developing active TB disease.

'Mycobacterium tuberculosis' is a species of slow-growing, aerobic, gram-positive bacteria that demonstrates acid-fastness. It is the primary causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) in humans. This bacterium has a complex cell wall rich in lipids, including mycolic acids, which provides a hydrophobic barrier and makes it resistant to many conventional antibiotics. The ability of M. tuberculosis to survive within host macrophages and resist the immune response contributes to its pathogenicity and the difficulty in treating TB infections.

M. tuberculosis is typically transmitted through inhalation of infectious droplets containing the bacteria, which primarily targets the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body (extrapulmonary TB). The infection may result in a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from latent TB infection (LTBI) to active disease. LTBI represents a dormant state where individuals are infected with M. tuberculosis but do not show symptoms and cannot transmit the bacteria. However, they remain at risk of developing active TB throughout their lifetime, especially if their immune system becomes compromised.

Effective prevention and control strategies for TB rely on early detection, treatment, and public health interventions to limit transmission. The current first-line treatments for drug-susceptible TB include a combination of isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for at least six months. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of M. tuberculosis present significant challenges in TB control and require more complex treatment regimens.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also involve other organs and tissues in the body. The infection is usually spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.

The symptoms of pulmonary TB include persistent cough, chest pain, coughing up blood, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, chest X-ray, and microbiological tests such as sputum smear microscopy and culture. In some cases, molecular tests like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be used for rapid diagnosis.

Treatment usually consists of a standard six-month course of multiple antibiotics, including isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. In some cases, longer treatment durations or different drug regimens might be necessary due to drug resistance or other factors. Preventive measures include vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine and early detection and treatment of infected individuals to prevent transmission.

I must clarify that "Ethiopia" is not a medical term or condition. Ethiopia is a country located in the Horn of Africa, known for its rich history and cultural heritage. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with diverse ethnic groups, languages, and religious practices.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, please feel free to ask! I'm here to help.

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The infection typically enters the body when a person inhales droplets containing the bacteria, which are released into the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.

The symptoms of pulmonary TB can vary but often include:

* Persistent cough that lasts for more than three weeks and may produce phlegm or blood-tinged sputum
* Chest pain or discomfort, particularly when breathing deeply or coughing
* Fatigue and weakness
* Unexplained weight loss
* Fever and night sweats
* Loss of appetite

Pulmonary TB can cause serious complications if left untreated, including damage to the lungs, respiratory failure, and spread of the infection to other parts of the body. Treatment typically involves a course of antibiotics that can last several months, and it is essential for patients to complete the full treatment regimen to ensure that the infection is fully eradicated.

Preventive measures include vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which can provide some protection against severe forms of TB in children, and measures to prevent the spread of the disease, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, wearing a mask in public places, and avoiding close contact with people who have active TB.

A tuberculin test is a medical procedure used to determine if someone has developed an immune response to the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The test involves injecting a small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) from the TB bacteria under the skin, usually on the forearm. After 48-72 hours, the area is examined for signs of a reaction, such as swelling, redness, or hardness. A positive result suggests that the person has been infected with TB at some point in the past, although it does not necessarily mean that they have active TB disease. However, individuals who have a positive tuberculin test should be evaluated further to determine if they need treatment for latent TB infection or active TB disease.

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a soluble cytokine that is primarily produced by the activation of natural killer (NK) cells and T lymphocytes, especially CD4+ Th1 cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of the immune response against viral and intracellular bacterial infections, as well as tumor cells. IFN-γ has several functions, including activating macrophages to enhance their microbicidal activity, increasing the presentation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules on antigen-presenting cells, stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of T cells and NK cells, and inducing the production of other cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, IFN-γ has direct antiproliferative effects on certain types of tumor cells and can enhance the cytotoxic activity of immune cells against infected or malignant cells.

Depending on how the pathogen interacts with the host, it can be involved in one of three host-pathogen interactions. ... Virus-Host protein-protein interaction Networks knowledgebase PHI-base - Pathogen-Host Interaction Database Virus Human ... The host-pathogen interaction is defined as how microbes or viruses sustain themselves within host organisms on a molecular, ... As we learn more about the host-pathogen interaction and the amount of variability within hosts, the definition of the ...
Yamazaki, N.; Fry, S. C.; Darvill, A. G.; Albersheim, P. (1983). "Host-pathogen interactions: XXIV. Fragments isolated from ... form and host-pathogen relations. The association of WAKs with The Plant Cell wall was first compromised by immunolocalization ... A pathogen's path to infection begins with the cell wall; the proteins that connect the cell wall to the plasma membrane are ... The interaction of pectin polyanion with the cell wall or plasmalemma could induce conformational changes in the pectin ...
Flor HH (1955). "Host-parasite interaction in flax rust - its genetics and other implications". Phytopathology. 45: 680-685. ... Whitham SA, Qi M, Innes RW, Ma W, Lopes-Caitar V, Hewezi T (August 2016). "Molecular Soybean-Pathogen Interactions". Annual ... DeYoung BJ, Innes RW (December 2006). "Plant NBS-LRR proteins in pathogen sensing and host defense". Nature Immunology. 7 (12 ... In contrast, for the NBS-LRR class of R genes, direct interaction has not been shown for most of the R/avr pairs. This lack of ...
Fung, To Sing; Liu, Ding Xiang (2019). "Human Coronavirus: Host-Pathogen Interaction". Annual Review of Microbiology. 73: 529- ...
"Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction". Department of Pediatrics. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2022. "CNN.com - Expert: Window ... "Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction". Department of Pediatrics. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2022. "Public Affairs". ... where she directs the Center for Host Pathogen Interaction. In 2022, Moscona was elected as president of the American Society ... PLOS Pathogens. 6 (10): e1001168. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001168. ISSN 1553-7374. PMC 2965769. PMID 21060819. Outlaw, Victor ...
Fung, To Sing; Liu, Ding Xiang (2019). "Human Coronavirus: Host-Pathogen Interaction". Annual Review of Microbiology. 73: 529- ... A Review of Virus-Host Interactions". Diseases. 4 (3): 26. doi:10.3390/diseases4030026. ISSN 2079-9721. PMC 5456285. PMID ... A Review of Virus-Host Interactions". Diseases. 4 (3): 26. doi:10.3390/diseases4030026. ISSN 2079-9721. PMC 5456285. PMID ... The virus is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the N-acetyl-9-O- ...
Dheilly, Nolwenn Marie (2014-07-03). "Holobiont-Holobiont Interactions: Redefining Host-Parasite Interactions". PLOS Pathogens ... Examples include gut microbe or viral genomes linked to human or animal genomes for host-microbe interaction research. ... have been found with holobiont-holobiont interactions. Maturation of mammalian host immune systems has been known to involve ... hologenomics uses an integrative framework to investigate interactions between the host and its associated species. ...
1999, with Liise-anne Pirofski, Host-pathogen interactions: redefining the basic concepts of virulence and pathogenicity , in: ... Casadevall, Arturo; Pirofski, Liise-anne (1999). "Host-pathogen interactions: redefining the basic concepts of virulence and ... Casadevall, Arturo; Pirofski, Liise-anne (2001). "Host-pathogen interactions: the attributes of virulence". The Journal of ... Casadevall, Arturo; Pirofski, Liise-anne (2000). "Host-Pathogen Interactions: The basic concepts of microbial commensalism, ...
"Transcript Profiling in Host-Pathogen Interactions". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 45 (1): 329-369. doi:10.1146/annurev. ... Bogdanove's present research focuses on the pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae and its interactions with species of rice. "People in ... understanding bacterium-plant interactions". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 9 (5): 344-355. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2558. PMID ... portion of his work uncovered the mechanisms by which TAL effectors increase disease susceptibility by manipulating host gene ...
Host response to bark beetle and pathogen colonization. Pages 157 - 173 in T. Schowalter, editor. Beetle-pathogen interactions ... Manipulation of host plant quality: Herbivores keep leaves in the dark. Functional Ecology 6:741 - 743. Sandberg, S. L., and M ... Host specialization in phytophagous insects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 21:243 - 273. Mallet, J., & Porter, P. ... Polyphagy often develops when a herbivore's host plants are rare as a necessity to gain enough food. Monophagy is favored when ...
"Host-Pathogen Interaction During Bacterial Vaccination". Current Opinion in Immunology. 36: 1-7. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2015.04.002 ... the host's immune system is no longer able to recognize and eliminate a pathogen, such as a virus. This process can occur in a ... While a host's homologous recombination can act as a defense mechanisms for fixing DNA double stranded breaks (DSBs), it can ... This results in the pathogens being able to attack targets of the immune system different than those intended to be targeted by ...
The applications range from understanding host-pathogen interactions and infectious diseases, cancer, to understanding better ... "Multi-Omics Strategies Uncover Host-Pathogen Interactions". ACS Infectious Diseases. 5 (4): 493-505. doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis. ... Innovating the Pathogen-Host Research Paradigm". mBio. 2 (1): e00325-10. doi:10.1128/mbio.00325-10. ISSN 2150-7511. PMC 3034460 ... The complexity of interactions in the human immune system has prompted the generation of a wealth of immunology-related multi- ...
Candida albicans proteinases and host/pathogen interactions. Cellular Microbiology Volume 6, Issue 10, pages 915-926, October ... candida albicans is a good pathogen. Host adaptation can also be used in reference to the host. Hosts have the ability to adapt ... Pathogens like Salmonella, which is a food borne pathogen, are able to adapt to the host environment and maintain virulence via ... In this case, the ability or lack thereof of a pathogen to adapt to its host environment is an indicator of the pathogen's ...
"Using the pathogen-host interactions database (PHI-base) to investigate plant pathogen genomes and genes implicated in ... The Pathogen-Host Interactions database was developed to utilise effectively the growing number of verified genes that mediate ... Urban, M.; Pant, R.; Raghunath, A.; Irvine, A.G.; Pedro, H.; Hammond-Kosack, K.E. (2015). "The Pathogen-Host Interactions ... the pathogen-host interactions database". Nucleic Acids Research. 48 (D1): D613-D620. doi:10.1093/nar/gkz904. PMC 7145647. PMID ...
Doherty CP (May 2007). "Host-pathogen interactions: the role of iron". The Journal of Nutrition. 137 (5): 1341-4. doi:10.1093/ ... Skaar EP (2010). "The battle for iron between bacterial pathogens and their vertebrate hosts". PLOS Pathogens. 6 (8): e1000949 ... which are iron-binding chelators made by microorganisms.Iron serves as a key nutrient in host-pathogen interactions, and ... To evade the host defences, pathogens evolved to produce structurally varied siderophores that would not be recognized by ...
... host cell-pathogen interactions evolve during infection;[excessive citations] and, tumor cells evade therapeutic treatment and ... 2020-11-25). "Single-Cell Profiling of Ebola Virus Disease In Vivo Reveals Viral and Host Dynamics". Cell. 183 (5): 1383-1401. ... "Single-Cell Profiling of Ebola Virus Disease In Vivo Reveals Viral and Host Dynamics". Cell. 183 (5): 1383-1401.e19. doi: ... and nanotechnology to establish accessible approaches to profile and control cells and their interactions. In addition to these ...
Hovius JW, van Dam AP, Fikrig E (September 2007). "Tick-host-pathogen interactions in Lyme borreliosis" (PDF). Trends in ... The white-footed mouse is a reservoir host in which the pathogen for Lyme disease can survive. Availability of hosts can have ... A greater diversity of hosts, or of those that don't support the pathogen, tends to decrease the likelihood that the disease ... Some species, such as lizards, are referred to as "dilution hosts" because they don't tend to support Lyme disease pathogens ...
She studies host and pathogen interactions and epidemiology. She won the 2018 Royal Society Africa Prize. Yeboah-Manu is from ... "NATIONAL FACULTY - West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens". www.waccbip.org. Archived from the original ... the National Faculty of the World Bank Centre of Excellence funded West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens ...
Clarke, Margaret (2010). "Recent insights into host-pathogen interactions from Dyctiostelium". Cellular Microbiology. 12 (3): ... Sentinel cells are present in the slug even when there are no toxins or pathogens to be removed. Sentinel cells have been ... D. discoideum is also a host for Legionella and is a suitable model for studying the infection process. Specifically, D. ... Free-living amoebae seem to play a crucial role for persistence and dispersal of some pathogens in the environment. Transient ...
"Host Recognition by Fungal Pathogens". In San-Blas, Gioconda; Calderone, Richard A. (eds.). Pathogenic Fungi: Host Interactions ... The pathogen enters hosts through developing roots, where it can infect the host. After infection, F. solani produces asexual ... The pathogen can persist in the soil for a decade, and if left unchecked can cause complete crop loss. F. solani have 5-13 ... F. solani is a facultative pathogen of the castor bean tick. It is also lethal to southern pine beetles. F. solani rots the ...
... and their insect hosts". Parasites and Pathogens of Insects. Volume 2: Pathogens. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0120844425. Lu, D., ... Akhurst, RJ; Dunphy, GB (1993). "Tripartite interactions between symbiotically associated entomopathogenic bacteria, nematodes ... All other life stages (L1, L2, L3, L4, and adult) occur within an insect host. The IJ enters the host through natural openings ... After the death of the host, nematodes continue to feed on the host tissue and the multiplying bacteria. They develop into ...
"Host-pathogen interaction during pneumococcal infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Infection and ... Host-pathogen interaction during Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization and infection. Wikidata: Q108731858 (thesis) Debby ...
PHI-base: a database of multiple pathogen-host interactions. In 2012 Rothamsted started testing genetically modified wheat ... Additions to the pathogen host interaction database". Nucleic Acids Research. 36 (Database issue): D572-D576. doi:10.1093/nar/ ...
... and Host-Pathogen Interactions". Trends in Microbiology. 29 (5): 458-471. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2020.09.003. hdl:1885/219768. PMID ... These enterotoxins are all produced in the small intestine of the host, thus thwarting digestion by host endogenous enzymes. ... Gillis A, Mahillon J (July 2014). "Prevalence, genetic diversity, and host range of tectiviruses among members of the Bacillus ... Bottone EJ (April 2010). "Bacillus cereus, a volatile human pathogen". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 23 (2): 382-398. doi: ...
In host-pathogen interactions, gram negative bacteria produce vesicles which play roles in establishing a colonization niche, ... Kuehn MJ, Kesty NC (November 2005). "Bacterial outer membrane vesicles and the host-pathogen interaction". Genes & Development ... Bleb (cell biology) Host-pathogen interface Membrane contact sites Membrane nanotube Membrane vesicle trafficking Micelle ... carrying and transmitting virulence factors into host cells and modulating host defense and response. Ocean cyanobacteria have ...
Kuehn, M.J.; Kesty, N.C. (2005). "Bacterial outer membrane vesicles and the host-pathogen interaction". Genes & Development. 19 ... It was discovered in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which uses this system to introduce the Ti plasmid and proteins into the host, ... PLOS Pathogens. 4 (1): e8. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0040008. PMC 2211552. PMID 18208324. Miserez, A; Li, Y; Waite, H; Zok, F ( ... pestis and showed that toxins could be injected directly from the bacterial cytoplasm into the cytoplasm of its host's cells ...
Kuehn MJ, Kesty NC (November 2005). "Bacterial outer membrane vesicles and the host-pathogen interaction". Genes & Development ... Bacterial effector protein Bacterial outer membrane vesicles Host-pathogen interface Membrane vesicle trafficking Secretomics ... The Hrp system in plant pathogens inject harpins and pathogen effector proteins through similar mechanisms into plants. This ... and are deployed for membrane vesicle trafficking to manipulate environment or invade at host-pathogen interface. Vesicles from ...
"Host-pathogen interactions in Campylobacter infections: the host perspective". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 21 (3): 505-518. ... Mono PGTs are unique to prokaryotes and essential for the production of glycoconjugates which mediate cell-host interactions ... Glycoconjugates, such as glycoproteins, are imperative for bacterial communication as well as host cell interactions between ... Glycoconjugates are also known to comprise adhesins used for host colonization and invasion. C. jejuni utilizes adhesins to ...
The transparent early life stages are well suited for in vivo imaging and genetic dissection of host-pathogen interactions. ... Meijer AH, Spaink HP (June 2011). "Host-pathogen interactions made transparent with the zebrafish model". Current Drug Targets ... "Macrophage-pathogen interactions in infectious diseases: new therapeutic insights from the zebrafish host model". Disease ... Meijer AH, van der Vaart M, Spaink HP (January 2014). "Real-time imaging and genetic dissection of host-microbe interactions in ...
Host-pathogen interaction during Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization and infection. p. 349. OCLC 66590154. de:Jan Ackersdijck ...
Depending on how the pathogen interacts with the host, it can be involved in one of three host-pathogen interactions. ... Virus-Host protein-protein interaction Networks knowledgebase PHI-base - Pathogen-Host Interaction Database Virus Human ... The host-pathogen interaction is defined as how microbes or viruses sustain themselves within host organisms on a molecular, ... As we learn more about the host-pathogen interaction and the amount of variability within hosts, the definition of the ...
Pathogen-Host Interaction Phenotype Ontology. Contribute to PHI-base/phipo development by creating an account on GitHub. ... Pathogen-Host Interaction Phenotype Ontology. PHIPO is a formal ontology of species-neutral phenotypes observed in pathogen- ... Pathogen-Host Interaction Phenotype Ontology Versions Stable release versions Editors version Contact Acknowledgements ... the multi-species Pathogen-Host Interactions database available online at http://www.phi-base.org. PHIPO is pre-composed and ...
Cell Biology of Host - Pathogen Interaction Moritz Treeck The research group is investigating how parasites such as those that ... The Cell Biology of Host - Pathogen Interaction Lab wants to find out how these parasites manage to infect human cells, how ... iii) how pathogens achieve tolerance in a host which is ultimately required for success, iv) learn about the immune response ... of unbiased genetic screens and reverse genetics to uncover the function of the secreted proteins in host-pathogen interaction ...
Host-pathogen Interactions During Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection (LTBI). Even though LTBI is estimated to affect ...
Whole-blood models can help to elucidate host-pathogens interactions and have been used for several Candida species in human ... We also observed host-dependent differences for interaction of platelets with C. albicans, showing enhanced platelet ... We also observed host-dependent differences for interaction of platelets with C. albicans, showing enhanced platelet ... For human blood, opsonization was shown to decrease platelet interaction suggesting that complement factors interfere with ...
Host-directed therapies (HDTs) can improve immune mechanisms by augmenting the ability of host cells to kill M... ... This novel approach will dissect crucial mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction during Mtb infection and will point to new ... Progress with HDT development has been slowed down by the limited understanding of host-pathogen interactions during Mtb ... Using CRISPR genome screens and dual transcriptome analyses to dissect host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis. ...
This review considers the emerging importance of senescence in the host-pathogen interaction: we discuss the pathogen ... Humphreys, D. orcid.org/0000-0002-1038-2538, ElGhazaly, M. and Frisan, T. (2020) Senescence and host-pathogen interactions. ... Bacterial and viral pathogens are masters of exploiting weak points to establish infection and cause devastating diseases. ... This review highlights the dichotomous role of senescence in infection: an innate defence that is exploited by pathogens to ...
... pathogens have evolved strategies to survive in the host. Of course, the interaction of a pathogen with a host is a dynamic ... HostPathogen interactions and immune evasion Diane Williamson, Defence Science & Technology Laboratory (DSTL), Porton Down, ... Many pathogens also deploy diverse immune evasion tactics in the host to achieve host cell invasion and colonisation and may ... so that advances made by the pathogen are countered by the host. Thus, the expansion of cytotoxic T cells (Tc) in the host can ...
Zebrafish Larvae Aspergillus Infection Host-pathogen Interactions Immune Responses Larval Zebrafish Model Therapeutic Targets ... Infection of Zebrafish Larvae with Aspergillus Spores for Analysis of Host-Pathogen Interactions. ... Infection of Zebrafish Larvae with Aspergillus Spores for Analysis of Host-Pathogen Interactions ... Infection of Zebrafish Larvae with Aspergillus Spores for Analysis of Host-Pathogen Interactions… ...
2021) Host-pathogen genetic interactions underlie tuberculosis susceptibility in genetically diverse mice CBI Gene Expression ... making the CC a unique population for identifying specific host-pathogen genetic interactions that influence pathogenesis. ... depends on the pathogens ability to adapt to the variable immune pressures exerted by the host. Understanding this interplay ... identifying a large fraction of the pathogens genome that has been maintained to ensure fitness in a diverse population. Both ...
The Smith Lab @ Duke MGM investigate the host-pathogen interactions that underlie tuberculosis infection. ... Check out how we combine diverse Mammalian and Mycobacterial genetics to map the host-interacting with pathogen loci (hipQTL) ... Check out new collaborative papers on host susceptibility loci with the Coers Lab and on ancient Mycobacterial effectors with ...
... has become an attractive animal model to study host-pathogen interactions. My group is investigating the feasibility of this ... Study » Student projects » Caenorhabditis elegans as a potential animal model to study host-pathogen interactions ... Caenorhabditis elegans as a potential animal model to study host-pathogen interactions. ... has become an attractive animal model to study host-pathogen interactions. My group is investigating the feasibility of this ...
Host-pathogen interactions in cystic fibrosis (CF). This figure illustrates a few of the various interactions between bacterial ... Current concepts: host-pathogen interactions in cystic fibrosis airways disease. Anthony C. Tang, Stuart E. Turvey, Marco P. ... Current concepts: host-pathogen interactions in cystic fibrosis airways disease. Anthony C. Tang, Stuart E. Turvey, Marco P. ... Current concepts: host-pathogen interactions in cystic fibrosis airways disease. Anthony C. Tang, Stuart E. Turvey, Marco P. ...
Direct detection of bacteremia by exploiting host-pathogen interactions of lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide Kubicek- ... Taken together, these results demonstrate the significance of biochemistry in both our understanding of host-pathogen biology, ... Specifically, we have exploited the interaction of amphiphilic pathogen biomarkers such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Gram- ... negative bacteria and lipoteichoic acids (LTA) from Gram-positive bacteria with host lipoprotein carriers in blood, in order to ...
Overall, this work helps elucidate the importance of host-pathogen interactions in influencing fungal cell wall dynamics during ... particularly within the context of host-pathogen interactions. Special attention was paid to elucidating mechanisms of β-glucan ... The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans is a good example, as it masks the inflammatory component β-glucan in its ... albicans and alterations in the organization and composition of the Candida cell wall can influence host responses. This ...
Life History Characteristics and Infection Risk of the Host Host-Pathogen Interactions Conclusions Cite This Article ... or host specificity of an endemic pathogen as a result of environmental changes that alter host-pathogen interactions (25). ... life history characteristics of the host, and host-pathogen interactions. We found striking similarities between these aspects ... Host-Pathogen Interactions. The pathologies of chytridiomycosis and WNS are broadly similar in that both diseases result from ...
Host pathogen interaction 1 Host pathogen interaction 2 Vaccines Bioinformatics Grant Writing Career Student Presentations ... Day 4 - Pathogen-induced Immune Dysregulation and Cancer. *Day 5 - Understanding of Host-Pathogen Interaction and Applications ... Host pathogen interaction 2. This content is restricted to site members. If you are an existing user, please log in. New users ... Pathogen-Induced Immune Dysregulation & Cancer. *Understanding of Host-Pathogen Interaction & Applications (SARS-CoV-2) ...
We also identified 648 and 575 effectors in the interactions from T. caries and T. laevis, respectively. The major host hubs ... Subcellular localization suggested that most of the pathogen proteins target the host in the plastid. Furthermore, a comparison ... We also identified novel host candidates that are resistant to disease. Additionally, the host proteins that serve as ... The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of the host proteins revealed ...
Host-microbe interactions[edit , edit source]. The interaction of humans with disease-causing bacteria is often thought of in ... and variations in host-microbe interactions. "Opportunistic pathogens" *example, Escherichia coli *Discussion. Escherichia coli ... There are 3 main types of pathogen: bacteria, viruses and fungi. Not all bacteria and fungi are pathogens - pathogens are ... Strict pathogens[edit , edit source]. Some (relatively few) microbes can infect essentially all human hosts who are exposed to ...
... Musculoskeletal Biology Pathogen Flow in Ecosystems Sustainable Food Systems ... Opportunistic pathogens must adapt to and survive in a wide range of complex ecosystems. Streptococcus zooepidemicus is an ... The phylum Apicomplexa includes serious pathogens of humans and animals. Understanding the distribution and population ... opportunistic pathogen of horses and many other animals, including humans. The assembly of different surface architecture pheno ...
Vasta, G. Galectins in Host-Pathogen Interactions: Structural, Functional and Evolutionary Aspects. Advances in experimental ... Vasta, G. "Galectins in Host-Pathogen Interactions: Structural, Functional and Evolutionary Aspects". Advances in experimental ... place = {Country unknown/Code not available}, title = {Galectins in Host-Pathogen Interactions: Structural, Functional and ... Accepted Manuscript: Galectins in Host-Pathogen Interactions: Structural, Functional and Evolutionary Aspects ...
Background: The specific roles that gut microbiota, known pathogens, and host energy-regulating hormones play in the ... Interactions between fecal gut microbiome, enteric pathogens, and energy regulating hormones among acutely malnourished rural ... 4 NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London ... 11 NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London ...
We are interested in the chemical biology of metabolism as a mediator of the host-pathogen interaction. We focus specifically ... Research in my group is focused on the evolutionary genomics of insect-pathogen interactions, emphasizing such questions as how ... My lab is interested in host-cell-virus interactions. We primarily study mammalian orthoreoviruses. Current projects include: ... Our lab studies Legionella infection and host interaction. Legionella are mainly environmental bacteria. Several species, in ...
MBI 540 - Advanced Topics in Host Pathogen Interactions. * Offered in the spring, at least three must be taken by members of ... Host-Pathogen Interactions Track. Track requirements. * MBI 519 - Experimental Design and Analysis ...
Probiotics are commensal or nonpathogenic microbes that confer beneficial effects on the host through several mechanisms such ... Immunomodulation Induced By Host Pathogen Interaction. View this Special Issue. Review Article , Open Access. Volume 2019. , ... The immunomodulation induced by probiotics is a complex interaction between different hosts and microorganisms, so the ... which can improve the host microecological balance and regulate the host immune system. Smith et al. cultured K. marxianus and ...
Mycobacteria up-regulate host kinase OXSR1 preventing potassium efflux and inflammasome activation. Depletion or inhibition of ... Electron tomography reveals four classes of cytopathic vesicles-II (CPV-II) stemming from the host Golgi apparatus after ...
Influenza virus host-pathogen interactions at the molecular/cellular and systemic levels are represented. Host immune response ... Influenza virus host-pathogen interactions at the molecular/cellular and systemic levels are represented. Host immune response ... Influenza virus host-pathogen interactions at the molecular/cellular and systemic levels are represented. Host immune response ... Influenza virus host-pathogen interactions at the molecular/cellular and systemic levels are represented. Host immune response ...
The pathogenic potential of this microbe to cause disease depends on both the fungal virulence factors and the host immune ... albicans is a human fungal pathogen that can also exist as a normal member of the healthy human mucosal microbiota. ... Insights into the host-pathogen interaction: C. albicans manipulation of macrophage pyroptosis - C. ... We can also think beyond the initial host-pathogen interaction and examine what happens at the level of the infected host when ...
JCVI projects focus on elucidating gene pathways, understanding host responses and ultimately developing new anti-fungal ...
pathogen-host interaction phenotype: Annotate normal or abnormal phenotypes of organisms within this pathogen-host interaction ... In the case where your publication contains host organisms with no genes specified, you can pick these hosts using the organism ... pathogen phenotype: Annotate normal or abnormal phenotypes of pathogen organisms with this genotype. ... host phenotype: Annotate normal or abnormal phenotypes of host organisms with this genotype. ...
  • Dissemination of pathogens from a primary site of colonization or infection can occur via different routes, including lymphatic vessels and the blood stream ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, we previously established an ex vivo human whole-blood infection model that allowed us to define which immune cells interact with the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans ( 4 ), to identify cross-talk between different components of the host response ( 5 ), and to detect substantial differences between related fungal pathogens ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Bacterial and viral pathogens are masters of exploiting weak points to establish infection and cause devastating diseases. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • This review considers the emerging importance of senescence in the host-pathogen interaction: we discuss the pathogen exploitation of ageing cells and senescence as a novel hijack target of bacterial pathogens that deploys senescence-inducing toxins to promote infection. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • The persistent induction of senescence by pathogens, mediated directly through virulence determinants or indirectly through inflammation and chronic infection, also contributes to age-related pathologies such as cancer. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • This review highlights the dichotomous role of senescence in infection: an innate defence that is exploited by pathogens to cause disease. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Full recovery entails the achievement of physiological (and immunological) homeostasis in the host, and the length of time this takes will depend on the nature and severity of the infection and whether there has been any prophylactic or therapeutic intervention. (immunology.org)
  • The main advantage of the larval zebrafish model is that we can visualize immune cell pathogen interactions and infection progression inside a live host animal throughout a multi-day infection. (jove.com)
  • The Smith Lab @ Duke MGM investigate the host-pathogen interactions that underlie tuberculosis infection. (duke.edu)
  • Some (relatively few) microbes can infect essentially all human hosts who are exposed to the particular microbe AND cause essentially the same sort of infection and disease symptoms in every infected person. (wikiversity.org)
  • Most microbes are more efficient at infecting some people than others and many microbes can cause several different types of disease depending on the type of infection (for example, depending on the site of infection) and variations in host-microbe interactions. (wikiversity.org)
  • infection, have been "subverted" by certain pathogens by unique evolutionary adaptations of their surface glycome to gain host entry, and the acquisition of effective mechanisms to evade the host's immune responses. (nsf.gov)
  • 4 NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom. (nih.gov)
  • Our lab studies Legionella infection and host interaction. (cornell.edu)
  • Electron tomography reveals four classes of cytopathic vesicles-II (CPV-II) stemming from the host Golgi apparatus after Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • Host immune response to influenza infection is conveyed through the display of experimentally determined antibody and T-cell epitopes curated from the scientific literature or as derived from computational predictions. (mssm.edu)
  • 2018 mBio], we set out to map the genetic circuitry in both the fungus and the host macrophage that leads to pyroptosis, and determine the impact of altered pyroptosis on infection. (microbialcell.com)
  • Accordingly, the mechanisms by which bats tolerate virulent pathogens (and whether such patterns hold across both bat and pathogen taxa) remain poorly understood.The gaps in our understanding of bat-pathogen interactions have been exacerbated by limited integration among field studies of the bat immune response to infection, in vitro and in vivo experimental tests, and modeling frameworks that cross scales of biological organization. (frontiersin.org)
  • op den Brouw, ML 2010, ' Dendritic cells in Hepatitis B virus infection: Host-pathogen interaction and immune modulation ', Erasmus University Rotterdam. (eur.nl)
  • My research has centred on investigating fungal pathogenesis and virulence, focussing mainly on the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans and mouse models of infection. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • More recently, my research has extended into examining host responses, particularly immune responses, during infection in mice. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • By examining host responses to different C. albicans clinical isolates, I have demonstrated that low virulence isolates stimulate a lower innate immune response than more virulent isolates and that it is the early host response that determines infection outcome (PLoS One, 2009). (abdn.ac.uk)
  • The central nervous system (CNS) is extremely resistant to infection by bacterial pathogens due to a combination of protective effects of its bony structures (skull and vertebral column), the meninges, and the blood-brain barrier. (medscape.com)
  • I am mainly interested in the processes of disease ecology, principally the interactions between the host-microbiome and pathogens, as well as co-infection processes. (uni-ulm.de)
  • Thus, my PhD research aims to understand the I) epidemiology and aetiology of Fusarium pathogens, II) interaction of the host-associated bacterial microbiome and fungal mycobiome with Fusariosis infection and hatching success of the yellow-spotted Amazon river turtle, and III) effects of pollution and forest fragmentation on the microbiome and how these stressors can affect disease susceptibility and adaptability processes. (uni-ulm.de)
  • Associations of natural variation in the cd163 and other candidate genes on host response of nursery pigs to PRRSV infection. (usda.gov)
  • Figure 4.3 illustrates the concept of how infection and illness are assumed to occur as a result of the ingestion of a pathogen. (fao.org)
  • There are multiple barriers within the human body that the ingested pathogen needs to successfully pass in order to arrive at an appropriate site in the body at which the infection and subsequent illness can be initiated. (fao.org)
  • For example, the authors of a recent article suggested that tolerance-based treatment of HIV infection -focused on increasing the infected patient's ability to remain well despite high HIV load (host tolerance) rather than reducing viral load (host resistance)-could be "evolution-proof," although evolution of the virus toward greater virulence remains a possibility. (cdc.gov)
  • Similarly, by using host gene microarrays, one can explore host response at the level of gene expression and provide a molecular description of the events that follow infection. (medscape.com)
  • His interests are in the development and use of molecular methods for pathogen discovery, human microbial ecology, genomewide host and microbial responses to infection, and Bordetella pathogenesis. (medscape.com)
  • The student shall also understand host-pathogen interactions and the infection processes from both a mechanistic and an evolutionary perspective. (lu.se)
  • The course deals with pathogenic microorganisms, the function of the immune system, host pathogenic interactions and the course of infection from a mechanistic and an evolutionary perspective. (lu.se)
  • This article is confined to human microbial pathogens, although plant and animal pathogens are also widespread in nature. (immunology.org)
  • 3) destroying elements of the immune system (e.g. the structures which present microbial antigens to immune effectors to initiate a response in the host). (immunology.org)
  • Mammalian host cells have also evolved an array of pattern recognition receptors for microbes or microbial factors, such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which when bound, trigger intracellular signalling cascade(s) with antimicrobial effects. (immunology.org)
  • Many microbial infections are called "endogenous infections" because they are caused by microbes that normally are found on the surface of human hosts. (wikiversity.org)
  • Thus, this evidence has established a newparadigm by which galectins can function not only as pattern recognition receptors but also as effector factors, by binding to the microbial surface and inhibiting adhesion and/or entry into the host cell, directly killing the potential pathogen by disrupting its surface structures, or by promoting phagocytosis, encapsulation, autophagy, and pathogen clearance from circulation. (nsf.gov)
  • Marasmus SAM was characterized by lower microbial richness and biomass, significant enrichments in Enterobacteriaceae, altered interactions between specific Enterobacteriaceae and key energy regulating hormones and their receptors. (nih.gov)
  • We aim to employ MPM and LSFM in combination with dual-color PALM/ d STORM to 3D tissue models to study microbial infections by human pathogens. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Our investigators study all aspects of infectious disease ranging from the fundamental science of microbial pathogens to the clinical outcomes of the infections they cause. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Typically, human feeding trial data has been used to describe this relationship for several microbial pathogens. (fao.org)
  • Complete genomic sequences of microbial pathogens and hosts offer sophisticated new strategies for studying host-pathogen interactions. (medscape.com)
  • The complex interaction between a microbial pathogen and a host is the underlying basis of infectious disease. (medscape.com)
  • By understanding the molecular details of this interaction, we can identify virulence-associated microbial genes and host-defense strategies and characterize the cues to which they respond and mechanisms by which they are regulated. (medscape.com)
  • Whilst many bacterial pathogens are intracellular in nature, others do not need to invade the host cell, but instead use various secretion processes which effect the delivery of toxins and other virulence factors into the host cell. (immunology.org)
  • The deficiency of immunologic components in the CNS is crucial, as specific antibody and complement components are essential for opsonization of encapsulated bacterial pathogens and their efficient phagocytosis and elimination. (medscape.com)
  • In recent years, C. elegans (a soil-dwelling nematode) has become an attractive animal model to study host-pathogen interactions. (edu.au)
  • We will develop set-ups to study host-pathogen interactions in 3D tissue models under conditions closely approximating those of a natural environment. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • The outcome of an encounter with Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) depends on the pathogen's ability to adapt to the variable immune pressures exerted by the host. (elifesciences.org)
  • Characterize host and bacterial pathways that are important in Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in the host and identify targets whose inhibition will render Mtb more susceptible to host defenses. (cornell.edu)
  • The lab is interested in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and explores the mechanisms by which this pathogen establishes and maintains persistent infections. (cornell.edu)
  • The BioHealthBase Bioinformatics Resource Center (BRC) (www.biohealthbase.org) is a public bioinformatics database and analysis resource for the study of specific biodefense and public health pathogens - Influenza virus, Francisella tularensis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Microsporidia species and ricin toxin. (mssm.edu)
  • Mycobacterium marinum, a relatively rapid-growing fish and human pathogen, has become an important model for the investigation of mycobacterial pathogenesis. (tamu.edu)
  • His team's work identified molecular cascades used by certain types of intracellular bacteria such as Shigella flexneri , Salmonella enterica , and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, enabling them to access the host cell cytosol. (pasteur.fr)
  • Because of this, the definition has been expanded to how known pathogens survive within their host, whether they cause disease or not. (wikipedia.org)
  • The specific roles that gut microbiota, known pathogens, and host energy-regulating hormones play in the pathogenesis of non-edematous severe acute malnutrition (marasmus SAM) and moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) during outpatient nutritional rehabilitation are yet to be explored. (nih.gov)
  • Both immunological and bacterial traits can be associated with genetic variants distributed across the mouse genome, making the CC a unique population for identifying specific host-pathogen genetic interactions that influence pathogenesis. (elifesciences.org)
  • The characteristics of the organism itself, e.g. mechanism of pathogenesis, virulence factors, and resistance to host factors such as gastric acidity and immune response. (fao.org)
  • However, more of this type of data is unlikely to be produced due to ethical concerns, especially for highly virulent pathogens. (fao.org)
  • Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic pathogen of humans. (jove.com)
  • PTT has a longer cultivated host association and, notably, a greater range of host-pathogen genetic interactions compared to other Pyrenophora spp. (edu.au)
  • The immunology of enzyme inhibitors synthesized in the host cells are summarized in this article, with case studies in mammal species, insect species, plant species. (natural-foundation-science.org)
  • Now molecular methods are enabling much closer inspection of pathogen-host interactions and bridging the fields of microbiology and immunology. (cdc.gov)
  • My laboratory focuses on the impact of pathogens and the microbiota on body homeostasis. (cornell.edu)
  • Our findings highlight the critical role of the local environment in establishing the gut microbiota in very early life, and identify colonization with antimicrobial-resistance-containing opportunistic pathogens as a previously underappreciated risk factor in hospital births. (nature.com)
  • C. albicans is a human fungal pathogen that can also exist as a normal member of the healthy human mucosal microbiota. (microbialcell.com)
  • The host-pathogen interaction is defined as how microbes or viruses sustain themselves within host organisms on a molecular, cellular, organismal or population level. (wikipedia.org)
  • On the molecular and cellular level, microbes can infect the host and divide rapidly, causing disease by being there and causing a homeostatic imbalance in the body, or by secreting toxins which cause symptoms to appear. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza virus host-pathogen interactions at the molecular/cellular and systemic levels are represented. (mssm.edu)
  • At the molecular/cellular level, the BioHealthBase BRC has developed biological pathway representations relevant to influenza virus host-pathogen interaction in collaboration with the Reactome database (www.reactome.org). (mssm.edu)
  • Jost Enninga's research relates to host-pathogenic bacteria interactions at cellular and molecular level. (pasteur.fr)
  • The GRK consortium provides an ideal environment to foster interdisciplinary collaboration and highly innovative research to quantitatively elucidate host-pathogen interactions at unprecedented molecular, cellular, microanatomical and functional detail in a unique setting that mimics the onset and progression of infectious diseases in a human tissue environment. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Plant Viruses As Molecular Pathogens is the only book to bring you all of this information--22 chapters--in a single volume, compiled by specialists around the globe! (routledge.com)
  • With helpful illustrations, photos, figures, models that explain viral mechanisms, and easy-to-understand reference tables, Plant Viruses As Molecular Pathogens will stimulate your thinking on this fascinating area of plant science! (routledge.com)
  • With toll-like receptor (TLR)-5 and TLR-4/MD2/CD-14 complex, macrophages recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as flagella and lipopolysaccharides. (medscape.com)
  • There will be involved gene engineering and molecular biology methods such as PCR, SDS-PAGE, qPCR, western blot, DNA-protein interaction assays, flow cytometry etc. (lu.se)
  • HIV and hepatitis B are viral infections caused by blood-borne pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hematogenous is by far the most frequent route for systemic infections of various bacterial and fungal pathogens, in the most severe cases leading to blood stream infections ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Matched large-scale culturing and whole-genome sequencing of over 800 bacterial strains from these babies identified virulence factors and clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance in opportunistic pathogens that may predispose individuals to opportunistic infections. (nature.com)
  • Yet, to date allogeneic HCT is facing three major challenges: First, adequate immune reconstitution and control of infections, second, overreaching immune responses that can result in life-threatening graft-versus-host disease and, third, impaired immune effector functions that are not sufficient to control the underlying disease, e.g. eliminating remaining leukemic cells. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Since the emergence of fungal pathogens is increasing considerably, investigating the interaction of the host-associated microbiome and fungal infections is timely. (uni-ulm.de)
  • Since the incidence of fungal systemic infections drastically increased over the last years, it is a major goal to investigate the pathobiology of A. fumigatus and in particular the interactions of A. fumigatus conidia with immune cells. (ilrs.de)
  • Our group is interested in the research of clinically relevant bacterial species that mainly cause upper and lower airway infections and their interactions with the host. (lu.se)
  • 2022 ) Gene Expression Regulation in Airway Pathogens: Importance for Otitis Media. (lu.se)
  • 2022 ) Protein domain-dependent vesiculation of Lipoprotein A, a protein that is important in cell wall synthesis and fitness of the human respiratory pathogen Haemophilus influenzae . (lu.se)
  • The 'pathogenic potential' of this microbe to cause disease depends on both the fungal virulence factors and the host immune responses. (microbialcell.com)
  • JCVI projects focus on elucidating gene pathways, understanding host responses and ultimately developing new anti-fungal treatments. (jcvi.org)
  • Expansion of the Emerging Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus bacillisporus Into America: Linking Phylogenetic Origin, Geographical Spread and Population Under Exposure Risk. (cdc.gov)
  • Check out new collaborative papers on host susceptibility loci with the Coers Lab and on ancient Mycobacterial effectors with the Tobin lab . (duke.edu)
  • Understanding these interactions can allow us to extend the knowledge about the susceptibility and the adaptability of host species threatened by new emerging diseases. (uni-ulm.de)
  • To prevent clearance by the host immune system, they remodel their host cells by secreting proteins that co-opt, or interfere with host cell functions. (gulbenkian.pt)
  • In the lab we use a combination of unbiased genetic screens and reverse genetics to uncover the function of the secreted proteins in host-pathogen interaction. (gulbenkian.pt)
  • Another serious human pathogen, Bacillus anthracis, causative of anthrax , has well-developed virulence mechanisms involving the secretion of three proteins, one of which, protective antigen (PA), binds host cell receptors to effect entry of either lethal factor (LF) or edema factor (EF). (immunology.org)
  • As part of the interaction with innate immune cells, C. albicans can induce pyroptosis, an inflammatory programmed cell death that depends on the NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 proteins. (microbialcell.com)
  • These proteins form an inflammasome protein complex that activates caspase-1, allowing it to cleave gasdermin D, resulting in a gasdermin fragment that can form pores in the host cell membrane. (microbialcell.com)
  • Our project offers a unique opportunity for Master's student to gain hands-on experience focused on transcriptional regulators with importance in expression of genes of outer membrane proteins that are essential in host-pathogen interaction. (lu.se)
  • Virulence generally involves the employment of various mechanisms to destroy, or cause the malfunction of, host cells. (immunology.org)
  • To sustain their virulence mechanisms, many bacteria can sequester free iron in the mammalian host, through the elaboration of iron-binding siderophores. (immunology.org)
  • Thus to protect itself from such virulence mechanisms, the host cell fights back by synthesising siderocalin receptors which competitively bind iron. (immunology.org)
  • Probiotics are commensal or nonpathogenic microbes that confer beneficial effects on the host through several mechanisms such as competitive exclusion, antibacterial effects, and modulation of immune responses. (hindawi.com)
  • Host defense mechanisms that are normally seen in other areas of the body are inadequate in the CNS for preventing bacterial replication and progression of the disease process. (medscape.com)
  • Toxoplasma and Plasmodium falciparum are two distantly related eukaryotic, single cell parasites of humans and animals that live and replicate in cells of their eukaryotic host. (gulbenkian.pt)
  • The interaction of humans with disease-causing bacteria is often thought of in terms of a host-invader interaction. (wikiversity.org)
  • SCIN infects a broad range of animal species, including horses, humans, pigs, which is evolved into strong adaptiveness through genome modification (such as by gene communications with external genetic segments aiming to host-invasion interactions). (natural-foundation-science.org)
  • In the contest between humans and pathogens, each faction has an evolutionary advantage: we have the brains to plot antimicrobial strategies but they have the means to defeat them through rapid reproduction, genetic selection, and recombination. (cdc.gov)
  • In this manuscript, we have developed and clinically validated a novel method for the direct detection of amphiphilic pathogen biomarkers indicative of bacteremia, directly in aqueous blood, by mimicking innate immune recognition. (listlabs.com)
  • A key aspect of the interaction between C. albicans and innate immune cells is the ability of C. albicans to induce macrophage pyroptosis, an inflammatory cell death program. (microbialcell.com)
  • The lysogenic cycle, however, is when the viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome, allowing it to go unnoticed by the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many of the more than 30 bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens that are transmissible sexually, including HIV, are transmitted predominantly through sexual intercourse. (who.int)
  • However, our understanding of how pathogens interact with cellular and humoral host factors in blood is limited, mainly due to technical issues: While it is relatively easy to study the interaction of pathogens with isolated blood cells, or their survival in serum or plasma, such approaches lack the complexity of interactions between different types of immune cells and additional factors, e.g., complement, present in blood. (frontiersin.org)
  • Our findings suggest that marasmus SAM is characterized by the collapse of a complex system with nested interactions and key associations between the gut microbiome, enteric pathogens, and energy regulating hormones. (nih.gov)
  • The human microbiome has an important role in protecting the human host against colonization by harmful invaders and keeping their numbers in check. (cdc.gov)
  • Automated image analysis of the host-pathogen interaction between phagocytes and Aspergillus fumigatus . (ilrs.de)
  • Mech F, Thywissen A, Guthke R, Brakhage AA, Figge MT (2011) Automated image analysis of the host-pathogen interaction between phagocytes and Aspergillus fumigatus . (ilrs.de)
  • Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous airborne fungus and opportunistic human pathogen. (ilrs.de)
  • Whole-blood models can help to elucidate host-pathogens interactions and have been used for several Candida species in human blood. (frontiersin.org)
  • In general, infectious diseases can emerge from 2 distinct scenarios: 1) the geographic spread of a novel pathogen into a new area with naive hosts or 2) a shift in pathogenicity or host specificity of an endemic pathogen as a result of environmental changes that alter host-pathogen interactions ( 25 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The goal of the BioHealthBase is to facilitate the development of therapeutics, diagnostics and vaccines by integrating all available data in the context of host-pathogen interactions, thus allowing researchers to understand the root causes of virulence and pathogenicity. (mssm.edu)
  • 8.Sarkar J, Guha R. Infectivity, virulence, pathogenicity, host-pathogen interactions of SARS and SARS-CoV-2 in experimental animals: a systematic review. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pathogenic fungi have substantial effects on global biodiversity, and 2 emerging pathogenic species-the chytridiomycete Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , which causes chytridiomycosis in amphibians, and the ascomycete Geomyces destructans , which causes white-nose syndrome in hibernating bats-are implicated in the widespread decline of their vertebrate hosts. (cdc.gov)
  • Fungi and fungus-like organisms have been recognized historically as prominent plant pathogens that can have detrimental effects on agricultural crops and wild flora ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • There are 3 main types of pathogen: bacteria, viruses and fungi. (wikiversity.org)
  • Not all bacteria and fungi are pathogens - pathogens are microbes that cause disease. (wikiversity.org)
  • Many pathogens also deploy diverse immune evasion tactics in the host to achieve host cell invasion and colonisation and may successfully exploit host cells to access target tissues. (immunology.org)
  • Viruses can also infect the host with virulent DNA, which can affect normal cell processes (transcription, translation, etc.), protein folding, or evading the immune response. (wikipedia.org)
  • this is when the virus inserts its DNA or RNA into the host cell, replicates, and eventually causes the cell to lyse, releasing more viruses into the environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Viruses such as Varicella zoster ( chickenpox ) and Herpesviridae ( herpes simplex viruses, Varicella-Zoster virus, cytomegalovirus etc ) can hide from the immune system in neurons and non-neuronal cells where they may persist for many years, before emerging in pathogenic form when the host has a lowered resistance. (immunology.org)
  • Strikingly, some viruses, bacteria, and protistan parasites take advantage of the aforementioned recognition roles of the vector/host galectins, for successful attachment and invasion. (nsf.gov)
  • Bats have been increasingly identified as hosts for zoonotic pathogens, including but not limited to viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. (frontiersin.org)
  • Vector-borne pathogens not currently found in the United States, such as chikungunya, Chagas disease, and Rift Valley fever viruses, are also threats. (cdc.gov)
  • How do obligate intracellular parasites remodel your host cells to survive in a host? (gulbenkian.pt)
  • This review will update our knowledge on this intracellular pathogen and highlight the most recent breakthroughs. (pasteur.fr)
  • We leveraged the genetically diverse Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse panel in conjunction with a library of Mtb mutants to create a resource for associating bacterial genetic requirements with host genetics and immunity. (elifesciences.org)
  • Such shifts can alter disease incidence depending on vector-host interaction, host immunity, and pathogen evolution. (cdc.gov)
  • High-resolution microscopy of three dimensional environments has become powerful tools to dissect host-pathogen interactions. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • This study provides genomic resources for functional genetics to help dissect factors underlying the host-pathogen interactions. (edu.au)
  • causative of melioidosis or glanders ) have multiple secretion processes through which they deliver virulence factors into the host cell. (immunology.org)
  • The specificity of host-pathogen interactions with emphasis on the specific i. (natural-foundation-science.org)
  • 2021). Article 14: The specificity of host-pathogen interactions with emphasis on the specific inhibitor enzyme synthesized in the invasion-defense process. (natural-foundation-science.org)
  • Global analysis of Mtb transposon mutant fitness (TnSeq) across the CC panel revealed that many virulence pathways are only required in specific host microenvironments, identifying a large fraction of the pathogen's genome that has been maintained to ensure fitness in a diverse population. (elifesciences.org)
  • Check out how we combine diverse Mammalian and Mycobacterial genetics to map the host-interacting with pathogen loci (hipQTL) across the genome. (duke.edu)
  • a property which associates better with genome size than pathogen lifestyle. (edu.au)
  • As of August 10, 2000, draft sequence was available for 87% of the human genome (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/seq/), and at least 39 prokaryotic genomes, including those of more than a dozen human pathogens, had been completely sequenced https://www.tigr.org/tdb/mdb/mdbcomplete.html). (medscape.com)
  • Many pathogenic bacteria, such as food-borne Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium botulinum, secrete toxins into the host to cause symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • This causes an immune response, resulting in common symptoms as phagocytes break down the bacteria within the host. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many of the bacteria aid in the breaking down of nutrients for the host and, in return, our bodies act as their ecosystem. (wikipedia.org)
  • Specifically, we have exploited the interaction of amphiphilic pathogen biomarkers such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria and lipoteichoic acids (LTA) from Gram-positive bacteria with host lipoprotein carriers in blood, in order to develop two tailored assays - lipoprotein capture and membrane insertion - for their direct detection. (listlabs.com)
  • The bacteria then induce their host macrophages to attract more macrophages. (medscape.com)
  • Bacteria that do not reinfect the host are typically shed in the stool and are then available to infect other hosts. (medscape.com)
  • Promising areas of investigation such as the increasingly recognized relevance for the infectious process, of RNA-mediated regulations in the bacterium, and the role of bacterially controlled posttranslational and epigenetic modifications in the host will also be discussed. (pasteur.fr)
  • Infectious disease transmission is sensitive to local, small-scale differences in weather, human modification of the landscape, the diversity of animal hosts, and human behavior that affects vector-human contact, among other factors. (cdc.gov)
  • The models highlighted areas where pathogens of infectious disease were dispersed locally by examining the interactions between vectors, reservoirs and susceptible people (hosts) in a spatially explicit environment. (lu.se)
  • Host profiling might also identify gene expression signatures unique for each pathogen, thus providing a novel tool for diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical management of infectious disease. (medscape.com)
  • Fish monocytes as a model for mycobacterial host-pathogen interactions. (tamu.edu)
  • We conclude from these observations that monocytic cells from fish, a natural host for M. marinum, provide an extremely valuable model for the identification and characterization of mycobacterial virulence determinants in the laboratory. (tamu.edu)
  • disruption of normal host tissue functions due to immune system response to an otherwise harmless microbe. (wikiversity.org)
  • Thus, our research focuses on the interactions of the immune system with pathogens, cancer and the tissue environment [3-6]. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • However, there are many types of human-microbe interactions, so we need a more complex understanding of micro-organisms and their roles in normal human health and disease processes. (wikiversity.org)
  • The various types of human-microbe interactions are the result of hundreds of millions of years of interactions between animals and micro-organisms. (wikiversity.org)
  • We often speak of "the human body" and "human-microbe interactions" but it is wrong to think that all people have similar interactions with micro-organisms. (wikiversity.org)
  • Metagenomic studies are revealing that human-microbe interactions are more complex and dynamic than previously imagined and that our use of antibiotics may have unanticipated consequences. (cdc.gov)
  • Taken together, these results demonstrate the significance of biochemistry in both our understanding of host-pathogen biology, and development of assay methodology, as well as demonstrate a potential new approach for the rapid, sensitive and accurate diagnosis of bacteremia at the point of need. (listlabs.com)
  • The two laureats: Sigolène Meilhac, head of the Heart Morphogenesis 5-year group at the Institut Pasteur and Jost Enninga, head of the Institut Pasteur's Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit. (pasteur.fr)
  • Jost Enninga is a director of research at the Institut Pasteur where he manages the Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions unit. (pasteur.fr)
  • Functional genomics is a powerful approach to examine gene function and identify the genes governing this host-pathogen interface. (microbialcell.com)
  • We developed an imaging-based screen to examine the interaction between C. albicans and macrophages, with a focus on genes that are required for the induction of pyroptosis. (microbialcell.com)
  • This term is most commonly used to refer to disease-causing microorganisms although they may not cause illness in all hosts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since then, many other organisms have been identified as pathogens, such as H. pylori and E. coli, which have allowed scientists to develop antibiotics to combat these harmful microorganisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • The definition states that probiotics are "live strains of strictly selected microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. (hindawi.com)
  • In the United States, the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis has changed dramatically in the last few decades, primarily due to the introduction of vaccination against common meningeal pathogens. (medscape.com)
  • Each of these different types of organisms can then be further classified as a pathogen based on its mode of transmission. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we report the disrupted transmission of maternal Bacteroides strains, and high-level colonization by opportunistic pathogens associated with the hospital environment (including Enterococcus , Enterobacter and Klebsiella species), in babies delivered by caesarean section. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 4: Extensive and frequent colonization of babies delivered by caesarean section with diverse opportunistic pathogens. (nature.com)
  • Iron is an essential component of metabolism in both the host and the micro-organism. (immunology.org)
  • We are interested in the chemical biology of metabolism as a mediator of the host-pathogen interaction. (cornell.edu)
  • Climate is one of the factors that influence the distribution of diseases borne by vectors (such as fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes, which spread pathogens that cause illness). (cdc.gov)
  • The Cell Biology of Host - Pathogen Interaction Lab wants to find out how these parasites manage to infect human cells, how they evade the immune system, how they move through the body, and how they emerge to infect other people. (gulbenkian.pt)
  • Retroviruses: Biology, Evolution, and Host-Virus. (hhmi.org)
  • Any microorganism which is able to cause disease in a host organism is termed a pathogen . (immunology.org)
  • The probability that the organism is able to survive and infect the host once it is ingested. (fao.org)
  • The characteristics of the food in which the pathogen is carried, e.g. a food with high fat content will protect the organism from the gastric acidity of the stomach. (fao.org)
  • Given the large surface area and extensive ventilation of the lung, it is prone to exposure to airborne substances, such as pathogens, allergens, chemicals, and particulate matter. (cdc.gov)
  • We use cell-biological and biochemical approaches to study protein function and aim to put it all into context of the co-evolution of the parasite and the host. (gulbenkian.pt)
  • By doing so we hope to learn i) basic principles of pathogen evolution, ii) what makes one parasite strain more lethal than another, iii) how pathogens achieve tolerance in a host which is ultimately required for success, iv) learn about the immune response and v) identify therapeutic entry points that may allow development of intervention strategies. (gulbenkian.pt)
  • Effect of the host genotype at a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) resistance marker on evolution of the modified-live PRRS vaccine virus in pigs. (usda.gov)
  • Furthermore, if bacteremia or fungemia occurs transiently or intermittingly, pathogens might not be detectable in every blood sample during hematogenous dissemination ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In immunocompromised hosts, the fungus can cause life-threatening diseases like invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. (ilrs.de)
  • Exposures can be conducted using particulates, aerosols, gases, vapors generated from volatile and semi-volatile substances, and respiratory pathogens. (cdc.gov)
  • Although toxicity evaluations using human airway ALI models require further standardization and validation, this approach shows promise in supplementing or replacing in vivo animal models for conducting research on respiratory toxicants and pathogens. (cdc.gov)
  • You will also employ functional assays investigating host-pathogen interactions in vitro, such as serum bactericidal assay or adherence to eukaryotic cells. (lu.se)