AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth CareGeographicals
HIV InfectionsHIV SeropositivityHIV SeroprevalenceHIV-1Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeHIV SeronegativityAnti-HIV AgentsAIDS SerodiagnosisHIVSexual BehaviorCD4 Lymphocyte CountHomosexuality, MaleRisk-TakingAnti-Retroviral AgentsViral LoadSubstance Abuse, IntravenousAIDS-Related Opportunistic InfectionsPrevalenceSouth AfricaAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveSexual PartnersHIV AntigensRisk FactorsCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesAIDS Dementia ComplexProstitutionZimbabweHIV Protease InhibitorsCondomsHIV Core Protein p24HomosexualityInfectious Disease Transmission, VerticalUnsafe SexCross-Sectional StudiesUgandaSyphilisPregnancy Complications, InfectiousHeterosexualityHIV AntibodiesHIV Envelope Protein gp120Africa South of the SaharaMalawiCoinfectionCohort StudiesAIDS-Related ComplexUnited StatesHIV Wasting SyndromeCounselingCircumcision, MaleReceptors, HIVSafe SexHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeVirus ReplicationRNA, ViralReceptors, CCR5Sexually Transmitted DiseasesIncidenceVoluntary ProgramsPregnancyZidovudineEpidemicsHIV-2Population SurveillanceHIV Reverse TranscriptaseHIV Long-Term SurvivorsTuberculosisSubstance-Related DisordersZambiaMass ScreeningTanzaniaHIV EnteropathyNeedle SharingAntigens, CD4Sex WorkersHepatitis CSexually Transmitted Diseases, ViralCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesHIV ProteasePrisonersIndiaKenyaRural PopulationCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)RwandaProspective StudiesViremiaDisease ProgressionSocioeconomic FactorsSimian Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeDrug Resistance, ViralNew York CityLogistic ModelsAfricaTime FactorsOrganophosphonatesTuberculosis, PulmonaryInfant, NewbornSimian immunodeficiency virusCrack CocaineReverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
HIV Seropositivity
Development of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV).
HIV Seroprevalence
Studies of the number of cases where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is present in a specific population at a designated time. The presence in a given individual is determined by the finding of HIV antibodies in the serum (HIV SEROPOSITIVITY).
HIV-1
The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.
HIV Seronegativity
Immune status consisting of non-production of HIV antibodies, as determined by various serological tests.
Anti-HIV Agents
Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.
AIDS Serodiagnosis
Immunologic tests for identification of HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) antibodies. They include assays for HIV SEROPOSITIVITY and HIV SERONEGATIVITY that have been developed for screening persons carrying the viral antibody from patients with overt symptoms of AIDS or AIDS-RELATED COMPLEX.
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.
Sexual Behavior
Sexual activities of humans.
CD4 Lymphocyte Count
The number of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.
Homosexuality, Male
Sexual attraction or relationship between males.
Risk-Taking
Undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. It may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her.
Anti-Retroviral Agents
Agents used to treat RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.
Viral Load
The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.
Substance Abuse, Intravenous
Abuse, overuse, or misuse of a substance by its injection into a vein.
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
Prevalence
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
South Africa
A republic in southern Africa, the southernmost part of Africa. It has three capitals: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), and Bloemfontein (judicial). Officially the Republic of South Africa since 1960, it was called the Union of South Africa 1910-1960.
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
Drug regimens, for patients with HIV INFECTIONS, that aggressively suppress HIV replication. The regimens usually involve administration of three or more different drugs including a protease inhibitor.
Sexual Partners
Married or single individuals who share sexual relations.
HIV Antigens
Antigens associated with specific proteins of the human adult T-cell immunodeficiency virus (HIV); also called HTLV-III-associated and lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) antigens.
Risk Factors
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes
A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.
AIDS Dementia Complex
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)
Prostitution
The practice of indulging in sexual relations for money.
Zimbabwe
A republic in southern Africa, east of ZAMBIA and BOTSWANA and west of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Harare. It was formerly called Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia.
HIV Protease Inhibitors
Inhibitors of HIV PROTEASE, an enzyme required for production of proteins needed for viral assembly.
Condoms
A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease.
HIV Core Protein p24
A major core protein of the human immunodeficiency virus encoded by the HIV gag gene. HIV-seropositive individuals mount a significant immune response to p24 and thus detection of antibodies to p24 is one basis for determining HIV infection by ELISA and Western blot assays. The protein is also being investigated as a potential HIV immunogen in vaccines.
Homosexuality
The sexual attraction or relationship between members of the same SEX.
Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding.
Unsafe Sex
Sexual behaviors which are high-risk for contracting SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES or for producing PREGNANCY.
Cross-Sectional Studies
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Uganda
A republic in eastern Africa, south of SUDAN and west of KENYA. Its capital is Kampala.
Syphilis
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.
Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
Heterosexuality
The sexual attraction or relationship between members of the opposite SEX.
HIV Antibodies
Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS.
HIV Envelope Protein gp120
External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 120 kDa and contains numerous glycosylation sites. Gp120 binds to cells expressing CD4 cell-surface antigens, most notably T4-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Gp120 has been shown to interfere with the normal function of CD4 and is at least partly responsible for the cytopathic effect of HIV.
Africa South of the Sahara
All of Africa except Northern Africa (AFRICA, NORTHERN).
Malawi
A republic in southern Africa east of ZAMBIA and MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Lilongwe. It was formerly called Nyasaland.
Coinfection
Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.
Cohort Studies
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
AIDS-Related Complex
A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.
United States
HIV Wasting Syndrome
Involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue for more than 30 days in the absence of a defined cause other than HIV infection. A constant feature is major muscle wasting with scattered myofiber degeneration. A variety of etiologies, which vary among patients, contributes to this syndrome. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1611).
Counseling
The giving of advice and assistance to individuals with educational or personal problems.
Circumcision, Male
Excision of the prepuce of the penis (FORESKIN) or part of it.
Receptors, HIV
Cellular receptors that bind the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. Included are CD4 ANTIGENS, found on T4 lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophages, which bind to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.
Safe Sex
Sexual behavior that prevents or reduces the spread of SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES or PREGNANCY.
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).
Virus Replication
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
RNA, Viral
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Receptors, CCR5
CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL3; CHEMOKINE CCL4; and CHEMOKINE CCL5. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; and NK CELLS. The CCR5 receptor is used by the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS to infect cells.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.
Incidence
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
Voluntary Programs
Programs in which participation is not required.
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Zidovudine
A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.
Epidemics
Sudden outbreaks of a disease in a country or region not previously recognized in that area, or a rapid increase in the number of new cases of a previous existing endemic disease. Epidemics can also refer to outbreaks of disease in animal or plant populations.
HIV-2
An HIV species related to HIV-1 but carrying different antigenic components and with differing nucleic acid composition. It shares serologic reactivity and sequence homology with the simian Lentivirus SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and infects only T4-lymphocytes expressing the CD4 phenotypic marker.
Population Surveillance
Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
HIV Reverse Transcriptase
A reverse transcriptase encoded by the POL GENE of HIV. It is a heterodimer of 66 kDa and 51 kDa subunits that are derived from a common precursor protein. The heterodimer also includes an RNAse H activity (RIBONUCLEASE H, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS) that plays an essential role the viral replication process.
HIV Long-Term Survivors
Persons who have experienced prolonged survival of HIV infection. This includes the full spectrum of untreated, HIV-infected long-term asymptomatics to those with AIDS who have survived due to successful treatment.
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM.
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance abuse.
Zambia
A republic in southern Africa, south of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and TANZANIA, and north of ZIMBABWE. Its capital is Lusaka. It was formerly called Northern Rhodesia.
Mass Screening
Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.
Tanzania
A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and north of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Dar es Salaam. It was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of TANGANYIKA and ZANZIBAR.
HIV Enteropathy
A syndrome characterized by chronic, well-established DIARRHEA (greater than one month in duration) without an identified infectious cause after thorough evaluation, in an HIV-positive individual. It is thought to be due to direct or indirect effects of HIV on the enteric mucosa. HIV enteropathy is a diagnosis of exclusion and can be made only after other forms of diarrheal illness have been ruled out. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, pp1607-8; Haubrich et al., Bockus Gastroenterology, 5th ed, p1155)
Needle Sharing
Usage of a single needle among two or more people for injecting drugs. Needle sharing is a high-risk behavior for contracting infectious disease.
Antigens, CD4
55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.
Sex Workers
People who engage in occupational sexual behavior in exchange for economic rewards or other extrinsic considerations.
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral
Viral diseases which are transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct.
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.
HIV Protease
Enzyme of the human immunodeficiency virus that is required for post-translational cleavage of gag and gag-pol precursor polyproteins into functional products needed for viral assembly. HIV protease is an aspartic protease encoded by the amino terminus of the pol gene.
Prisoners
India
Kenya
A republic in eastern Africa, south of ETHIOPIA, west of SOMALIA with TANZANIA to its south, and coastline on the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Nairobi.
Rural Population
The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
An agency of the UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE that conducts and supports programs for the prevention and control of disease and provides consultation and assistance to health departments and other countries.
Rwanda
A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA, east of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, west of TANZANIA. Its capital is Kigali. It was formerly part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urund.
Prospective Studies
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Viremia
The presence of viruses in the blood.
Disease Progression
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
Socioeconomic Factors
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs naturally in macaques infected with SRV serotypes, experimentally in monkeys inoculated with SRV or MASON-PFIZER MONKEY VIRUS; (MPMV), or in monkeys infected with SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
Drug Resistance, Viral
The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation.
New York City
Logistic Models
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
Africa
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Organophosphonates
Carbon-containing phosphonic acid compounds. Included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either OXYGEN atom or the PHOSPHOROUS atom of the (P=O)O2 structure.
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.
Infant, Newborn
An infant during the first month after birth.
Simian immunodeficiency virus
Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV.
Crack Cocaine
The purified, alkaloidal, extra-potent form of cocaine. It is smoked (free-based), injected intravenously, and orally ingested. Use of crack results in alterations in function of the cardiovascular system, the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal system. The slang term "crack" was derived from the crackling sound made upon igniting of this form of cocaine for smoking.
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE), an enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template.
Questionnaires
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
Drug Users
People who take drugs for a non-therapeutic or non-medical effect. The drugs may be legal or illegal, but their use often results in adverse medical, legal, or social consequences for the users.
Prisons
Penal institutions, or places of confinement for war prisoners.
Patient Acceptance of Health Care
The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.
Lymphoma, AIDS-Related
B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.
San Francisco
AIDS Vaccines
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.
HIV Envelope Protein gp41
Transmembrane envelope protein of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 41,000 and is glycosylated. The N-terminal part of gp41 is thought to be involved in CELL FUSION with the CD4 ANTIGENS of T4 LYMPHOCYTES, leading to syncytial formation. Gp41 is one of the most common HIV antigens detected by IMMUNOBLOTTING.
Multivariate Analysis
A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.
Developing Countries
Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.
Ethiopia
An independent state in eastern Africa. Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by Eritrea, on the east by Djibouti and Somalia, on the south by Kenya, and on the west and southwest by Sudan. Its capital is Addis Ababa.
Antitubercular Agents
Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. They are divided into two main classes: "first-line" agents, those with the greatest efficacy and acceptable degrees of toxicity used successfully in the great majority of cases; and "second-line" drugs used in drug-resistant cases or those in which some other patient-related condition has compromised the effectiveness of primary therapy.
Urban Population
The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.
CD4-CD8 Ratio
Ratio of T-LYMPHOCYTES that express the CD4 ANTIGEN to those that express the CD8 ANTIGEN. This value is commonly assessed in the diagnosis and staging of diseases affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM including HIV INFECTIONS.
Cameroon
A republic in central Africa lying east of CHAD and the CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC and west of NIGERIA. The capital is Yaounde.
AIDS-Associated Nephropathy
Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.
Retrospective Studies
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Contact Tracing
Identification of those persons (or animals) who have had such an association with an infected person, animal, or contaminated environment as to have had the opportunity to acquire the infection. Contact tracing is a generally accepted method for the control of sexually transmitted diseases.
China
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.
Thailand
Formerly known as Siam, this is a Southeast Asian nation at the center of the Indochina peninsula. Bangkok is the capital city.
Social Stigma
A perceived attribute that is deeply discrediting and is considered to be a violation of social norms.
Interviews as Topic
Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.
Case-Control Studies
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
HIV Fusion Inhibitors
Inhibitors of the fusion of HIV to host cells, preventing viral entry. This includes compounds that block attachment of HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120 to CD4 RECEPTORS.
Leukocytes, Mononuclear
Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.
Disease Transmission, Infectious
The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal or vertical (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).
Lymphocyte Activation
Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.
British Columbia
A province of Canada on the Pacific coast. Its capital is Victoria. The name given in 1858 derives from the Columbia River which was named by the American captain Robert Gray for his ship Columbia which in turn was named for Columbus. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p178 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p81-2)
Risk Reduction Behavior
Reduction of high-risk choices and adoption of low-risk quantity and frequency alternatives.
Swaziland
A kingdom in southern Africa, west of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Mbabane. The area was settled by the Swazi branch of the Zulu nation in the early 1880's, with its independence guaranteed by the British and Transvaal governments in 1881 and 1884. With limited self-government introduced in 1962, it became independent in 1968. Swazi is the Zulu name for the people who call themselves Swati, from Mswati, the name of a 16th century king, from a word meaning stick or rod. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1170 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p527)
Ambulatory Care Facilities
Those facilities which administer health services to individuals who do not require hospitalization or institutionalization.
Comorbidity
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
Age Factors
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Health Education
Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis.
Transients and Migrants
People who frequently change their place of residence.
United States Health Resources and Services Administration
A component of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE that provides leadership related to the delivery of health services and the requirements for and distribution of health resources, including manpower training.
Mozambique
A republic in southern Africa, south of TANZANIA, east of ZAMBIA and ZIMBABWE, bordered on the west by the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Maputo. It was formerly called Portuguese East Africa.
African Americans
Persons living in the United States having origins in any of the black groups of Africa.
Anonymous Testing
Testing in which the source of the specimen or the person being tested is not individually identified.
Adenine
A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.
Needle-Exchange Programs
Organized services for exchange of sterile needles and syringes used for injections as a potential means of reducing the transmission of infectious diseases.
Blood Donors
Namibia
A republic in southern Africa, south of ANGOLA and west of BOTSWANA. Its capital is Windhoek.
Stereotyping
An oversimplified perception or conception especially of persons, social groups, etc.
Seroepidemiologic Studies
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome
Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.
HIV Integrase Inhibitors
Inhibitors of HIV INTEGRASE, an enzyme required for integration of viral DNA into cellular DNA.
T-Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Treatment Outcome
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Receptors, CXCR4
CXCR receptors with specificity for CXCL12 CHEMOKINE. The receptors may play a role in HEMATOPOIESIS regulation and can also function as coreceptors for the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
Puerto Rico
An island in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is San Juan. It is a self-governing commonwealth in union with the United States. It was discovered by Columbus in 1493 but no colonization was attempted until 1508. It belonged to Spain until ceded to the United States in 1898. It became a commonwealth with autonomy in internal affairs in 1952. Columbus named the island San Juan for St. John's Day, the Monday he arrived, and the bay Puerto Rico, rich harbor. The island became Puerto Rico officially in 1932. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p987 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p436)
World Health
The concept pertaining to the health status of inhabitants of the world.
Hispanic Americans
Persons living in the United States of Mexican (MEXICAN AMERICANS), Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin. The concept does not include Brazilian Americans or Portuguese Americans.
Antiviral Agents
Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.
tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Proteins encoded by the TAT GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.
Longitudinal Studies
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
Cells, Cultured
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Harm Reduction
The application of methods designed to reduce the risk of harm associated with certain behaviors without reduction in frequency of those behaviors. The risk-associated behaviors include ongoing and active addictive behaviors.
Vaginal Douching
The washing of the VAGINA cavity or surface with a solution. Agents or drugs can be added to the irrigation solution.
Delayed Diagnosis
Non-optimal interval of time between onset of symptoms, identification, and initiation of treatment.
Urban Health
The status of health in urban populations.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Communicable Disease Control
Programs of surveillance designed to prevent the transmission of disease by any means from person to person or from animal to man.
Sarcoma, Kaposi
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.
Sentinel Surveillance
Monitoring of rate of occurrence of specific conditions to assess the stability or change in health levels of a population. It is also the study of disease rates in a specific cohort such as in a geographic area or population subgroup to estimate trends in a larger population. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Demography
Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure.
Truth Disclosure
Truthful revelation of information, specifically when the information disclosed is likely to be psychologically painful ("bad news") to the recipient (e.g., revelation to a patient or a patient's family of the patient's DIAGNOSIS or PROGNOSIS) or embarrassing to the teller (e.g., revelation of medical errors).
Cote d'Ivoire
A republic in western Africa, south of MALI and BURKINA FASO, bordered by GHANA on the east. Its administrative capital is Abidjan and Yamoussoukro has been the official capital since 1983. The country was formerly called Ivory Coast.
Emigration and Immigration
The process of leaving one's country to establish residence in a foreign country.
Administration, Intravaginal
The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.
Sex Factors
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Ritonavir
An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.
DNA, Viral
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Patient Compliance
Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.
Brazil
Haiti
A republic in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is Port-au-Prince. With the Dominican Republic it forms the island of Hispaniola - Haiti occupying the western third and the Dominican Republic, the eastern two thirds. Haiti belonged to France from 1697 until its rule was challenged by slave insurrections from 1791. It became a republic in 1820. It was virtually an American protectorate from 1915 to 1934. It adopted its present constitution in 1964 and amended it in 1971. The name may represent either of two Caribbean words, haiti, mountain land, or jhaiti, nest. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p481 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p225)
Attitude to Health
Public attitudes toward health, disease, and the medical care system.
Medication Adherence
Voluntary cooperation of the patient in taking drugs or medicine as prescribed. This includes timing, dosage, and frequency.
Lesotho
A kingdom in southern Africa, within the republic of SOUTH AFRICA. Its capital is Maseru.
Risk Assessment
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
Lipodystrophy
A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.
Nigeria
A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Abuja.
Immunocompromised Host
A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation.
Nevirapine
A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.
Drug Therapy, Combination
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
Candidiasis, Oral
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Herpesvirus 2, Human
A species of SIMPLEXVIRUS associated with genital infections (HERPES GENITALIS). It is transmitted by sexual intercourse and close personal contact.
Follow-Up Studies
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Mouth Diseases
Disease Outbreaks
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
Contraceptive Devices, Male
Contraceptive devices used by males.
Botswana
A republic in southern Africa, between NAMIBIA and ZAMBIA. It was formerly called Bechuanaland. Its capital is Gaborone. The Kalahari Desert is in the west and southwest.
Transgendered Persons
Persons having a sense of persistent identification with, and expression of, gender-coded behaviors not typically associated with one's anatomical sex at birth, and with or without a desire to undergo SEX REASSIGNMENT PROCEDURES.
London
Health Services Accessibility
The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.
Los Angeles
Lymphocyte Count
The number of LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD.
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Odds Ratio
The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.
Rape
Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim.
Age Distribution
The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.

Analysis of the adult thymus in reconstitution of T lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. (1/30267)

A key question in understanding the status of the immune system in HIV-1 infection is whether the adult thymus contributes to reconstitution of peripheral T lymphocytes. We analyzed the thymus in adult patients who died of HIV-1 infection. In addition, we studied the clinical course of HIV-1 infection in three patients thymectomized for myasthenia gravis and determined the effect of antiretroviral therapy on CD4(+) T cells. We found that five of seven patients had thymus tissue at autopsy and that all thymuses identified had inflammatory infiltrates surrounding lymphodepleted thymic epithelium. Two of seven patients also had areas of thymopoiesis; one of these patients had peripheral blood CD4(+) T-cell levels of <50/mm3 for 51 months prior to death. Of three thymectomized patients, one rapidly progressed to AIDS, one progressed to AIDS over seven years (normal progressor), whereas the third remains asymptomatic at least seven years after seroconversion. Both latter patients had rises in peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells after antiretroviral therapy. Most patients who died of complications of HIV-1 infection did not have functional thymus tissue, and when present, thymopoiesis did not prevent prolonged lymphopenia. Thymectomy before HIV-1 infection did not preclude either peripheral CD4(+) T-cell rises or clinical responses after antiretroviral therapy.  (+info)

High level inhibition of HIV replication with combination RNA decoys expressed from an HIV-Tat inducible vector. (2/30267)

Intracellular immunization, an antiviral gene therapy approach based on the introduction of DNA into cells to stably express molecules for the inhibition of viral gene expression and replication, has been suggested for inhibition of HIV infection. Since the Tat and Rev proteins play a critical role in HIV regulation, RNA decoys and ribozymes of these sequences have potential as therapeutic molecular inhibitors. In the present study, we have generated several anti-HIV molecules; a tat-ribozyme, RRE, RWZ6 and TAR decoys and combinations of decoys, and tested them for inhibition of HIV-1 replication in vitro. We used T cell specific CD2 gene elements and regulatory the HIV inducible promoter to direct high level expression and a 3' UTR sequence for mRNA stabilization. We show that HIV replication was most strongly inhibited with the combination TAR + RRE decoy when compared with the single decoys or the tat-ribozyme. We also show that the Tat-inducible HIV promoter directs a higher level of steady-state transcription of decoys and inhibitors and that higher levels of expression directly relate to increased levels of inhibition of HIV infection. Furthermore, a stabilization of the 3' end of TAR + RRE inhibitor transcripts using a beta-globin 3' UTR sequence leads to an additional 15-fold increase in steady-state RNA levels. This cassette when used to express the best combination decoy inhibitor TAR + RRE, yields high level HIV inhibition for greater than 3 weeks. Taken together, both optimization for high level expression of molecular inhibitors and use of combinations of inhibitors suggest better therapeutic application in limiting the spread of HIV.  (+info)

Tuberculosis outbreaks in prison housing units for HIV-infected inmates--California, 1995-1996. (3/30267)

During 1995-1996, staff from the California departments of corrections and health services and local health departments investigated two outbreaks of drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB). The outbreaks occurred in two state correctional institutions with dedicated HIV housing units. In each outbreak, all cases were linked by IS6110-based DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. This report describes the investigations of both outbreaks; the findings indicated that M. tuberculosis can spread rapidly among HIV-infected inmates and be transmitted to their visitors and prison employees, with secondary spread to the community.  (+info)

A review of statistical methods for estimating the risk of vertical human immunodeficiency virus transmission. (4/30267)

BACKGROUND: Estimation of the risk of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been complicated by the lack of a reliable diagnostic test for paediatric HIV infection. METHODS: A literature search was conducted to identify all statistical methods that have been used to estimate HIV vertical transmission risk. Although the focus of this article is the analysis of birth cohort studies, ad hoc studies are also reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: The standard method for estimating HIV vertical transmission risk is biased and inefficient. Various alternative analytical approaches have been proposed but all involve simplifying assumptions and some are difficult to implement. However, early diagnosis/exclusion of infection is now possible because of improvements in polymerase chain reaction technology and complex estimation methods should no longer be required. The best way to analyse studies conducted in breastfeeding populations is still unclear and deserves attention in view of the many intervention studies being planned or conducted in developing countries.  (+info)

Demographic, clinical and social factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection and other sexually transmitted diseases in a cohort of women from the United Kingdom and Ireland. MRC Collaborative Study of women with HIV. (5/30267)

BACKGROUND: Clinical experience suggests many women with HIV infection have experienced no other sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Our objective was to test the hypothesis that a substantial proportion of women with HIV infection in the United Kingdom and Ireland have experienced no other diagnosed STD and to describe the demographic, clinical and social factors associated with the occurrence of other STD in a cohort of HIV infected women. METHOD: Analysis of cross-sectional baseline data from a prospective study of 505 women with diagnosed HIV infection. The setting was 15 HIV treatment centres in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The main outcome measures were occurrence of other STD diagnosed for the first time before and after HIV diagnosis. Data were obtained from interview with women and clinic notes. We particularly focused on occurrence of gonorrhoea, chlamydia and trichomoniasis after HIV diagnosis, as these are the STD most likely to reflect recent unprotected sexual intercourse. RESULTS: The women were mainly infected via heterosexual sex (n = 304), and injection drug use (n = 174). 151 were black Africans. A total of 250 (49.5%) women reported never having been diagnosed with an STD apart from HIV, 255 (50.5%) women had ever experienced an STD besides HIV, including 109 (21.6%) who had their first other STD diagnosed after HIV. Twenty-five (5%) women reported having had chlamydia, gonorrhoea or trichomoniasis diagnosed for the first time after HIV diagnosis, possibly reflecting unprotected sexual intercourse since HIV diagnosis. In all 301 (60%) women reported having had sex with a man in the 6 months prior to entry to the study. Of these, 168 (58%) reported using condoms 'always', 66(23%) 'sometimes' and 56 (19%) 'never'. CONCLUSIONS: Half the women in this study reported having never experienced any other diagnosed STD besides HIV. However, after HIV diagnosis most women remain sexually active and at least 5% had an STD diagnosed which reflect unprotected sexual intercourse.  (+info)

Pregnancy, body weight and human immunodeficiency virus infection in African women: a prospective cohort study in Kigali (Rwanda), 1992-1994. Pregnancy and HIV Study Group (EGE). (6/30267)

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and body weight in African women during and after pregnancy. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was initiated at the Centre Hospitalier de Kigali in July 1992. Every woman seen at the antenatal clinic and with a gestational age of <28 weeks was offered HIV-1 antibody testing. Comparable numbers of HIV-infected (HIV+) and uninfected (HIV-) women were recruited. At inclusion, socio-demographic characteristics and self-reported pre-pregnancy weight were recorded; height and weight were measured. Each woman enrolled had a monthly follow-up until 9 months after delivery, with a clinical examination including weighing. Three anthropometric indices were used to answer the study objectives: weight, body mass index (BMI), and pregnancy balance. RESULTS: As of April 1994, 101 HIV+ and 106 HIV- women were followed until 5 months after delivery. Weight and BMI during pregnancy were lower in HIV+ women than in HIV- women. After delivery, weight and BMI gains were significantly lower in HIV+ women. Until 5 months after delivery, the mean weight variation was -2.2 kg (standard deviation [SD] = 5.9 kg) in HIV+ women and +0.2 kg (SD = 6.6 kg) in HIV- women (P = 0.007) in comparison to pre-pregnancy weight. Comparisons of the slopes of the weight curves did not show statistical differences throughout the pregnancy, but it did during the post-partum period (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that HIV infection could impair nutritional status in pregnant women, especially during the post-partum period. Family planning and maternal and child health services including HIV testing and counselling, should consider a nutritional assessment and intervention programme targeted to HIV+ pregnant women.  (+info)

Short course antiretroviral regimens to reduce maternal transmission of HIV.(7/30267)

 (+info)

Clinical experience and choice of drug therapy for human immunodeficiency virus disease. (8/30267)

To determine if providers experienced in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease preferred different treatment regimens than providers with less experience, we analyzed data from a national survey of primary care providers' preferred regimens for the management of 30 HIV-related medical conditions. We mailed questionnaires to 999 correct addresses of providers in > 20 cities in the United States in May 1996. We received 524 responses (response rate, 52%). We found a statistically significant association between the number of HIV-infected patients cared for by the provider and the likelihood that the provider would report prescribing highly active antiretroviral therapy and multidrug combinations for treatment of opportunistic infections. Providers with few HIV-infected patients were substantially less likely to report using new therapeutic regimens or new diagnostic tools. We concluded that the preferred regimens of experienced providers are more likely to be consistent with the latest information on treatment for HIV disease than are those of less experienced providers.  (+info)

Immune Complexes in Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection<...Immune Complexes in Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Immune Complexes in Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. AU - Ellaurie, Maadhava. AU - Calvelli, Theresa. AU - Rubinstein, Arye. PY - 1990/11. Y1 - 1990/11. N2 - Circulating immune complexes (CIC) were analyzed in a cohort of 30 children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Elevated CIC were detected by the C1 q assay in 70% (21/30) of all patients and by the Raji cell assay in 93% (28/30) of all patients. While only less than one third of patients with elevated CIC had free serum antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus, 80% (16/20) of them had detectable antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus associated with CIC. Enriched CIC in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children contained low levels of complement. These findings document that, as an expression of the humoral immunodeficiency, CIC in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children are deficient in complement and can thus be underestimated if complement-precipitating methods are used for their ...
https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/immune-complexes-in-pediatric-human-immunodeficiency-virus-infect-2
Uveitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons with CD4+ T-lymphocyte count over 200 cells/mL<...Uveitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons with CD4+ T-lymphocyte count over 200 cells/mL<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Uveitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons with CD4+ T-lymphocyte count over 200 cells/mL. AU - Rose-Nussbaumer, Jennifer. AU - Goldstein, Debra A.. AU - Thorne, Jennifer E.. AU - Arantes, Tiago E.. AU - Acharya, Nisha R.. AU - Shakoor, Akbar. AU - Jeng, Bennie H.. AU - Yeh, Steven. AU - Rahman, Hassan. AU - Vemulakonda, G. Atma. AU - Flaxel, Christina J.. AU - West, Sarah K.. AU - Holland, Gary N.. AU - Smith, Justine R.. PY - 2014/3. Y1 - 2014/3. N2 - Background: Introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has altered the course of disease for persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus by elevating CD4+ T-lymphocyte levels. Changes in the spectrum of systemic diseases encountered in human immunodeficiency virus-positive individuals are reported in the general medical literature. Design: Retrospective case series. Participants: Sixty-one individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus, who presented with uveitis when the peripheral CD4+ ...
https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/uveitis-in-human-immunodeficiency-virus-infected-persons-with-cd4-2
Colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children<...Colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. AU - Polack, Fernando P.. AU - Flayhart, Diane C.. AU - Zahurak, Marianna L.. AU - Dick, James D.. AU - Willoughby, Rodney E.. PY - 2000/7. Y1 - 2000/7. N2 - Objective. Children with HIV infection are particularly susceptible to invasive pneumococcal disease, yet the effect of HIV infection and its medical management on colonization and resistance to antibiotics are poorly described. To provide a basis for medical practice, we determined the prevalence of nasopharyngeal colonization and antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with HIV infection. Methods. Cross- sectional prevalence sample of children attending the pediatric HIV and pulmonary clinics to examine nasopharyngeal colonization with S. pneumoniae and antibiotic resistance to beta-lactams and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (T/S). Subjects were matched by age and date of clinic visit. Results. The colonization ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/colonization-by-streptococcus-pneumoniae-in-human-immunodeficienc-4
Efavirenz liquid formulation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children<...Efavirenz liquid formulation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Efavirenz liquid formulation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. AU - Starr, Stuart E.. AU - Fletcher, Courtney V.. AU - Spector, Stephen A.. AU - Brundage, Richard C.. AU - Yong, Florence H.. AU - Douglas, Steven D.. AU - Flynn, Patrizia M.. AU - Kline, Mark W.. PY - 2002/7/23. Y1 - 2002/7/23. N2 - Background. This study determined the safety, pharmacokinetics, antiviral activity and immunologic effects of efavirenz liquid formulation, nelfinavir and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in HIV-infected children, 3 to 9 years of age. Methods. Plasma HIV-1 RNA and lymphocyte subsets were measured at various intervals after initiation of therapy. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed at Week 2, and doses of efavirenz and nelfinavir were adjusted if area under the curve values fell outside specified target ranges. Results. This combination of antiretrovirals was well-tolerated. Pharmacokinetic values were similar to those observed in a previous study ...
https://nebraska.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/efavirenz-liquid-formulation-in-human-immunodeficiency-virus-infe
Adenovirus viremia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. - Semantic ScholarAdenovirus viremia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. - Semantic Scholar
Semantic Scholar extracted view of Adenovirus viremia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. by Ronald M. Ferdman et al.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Adenovirus-viremia-in-human-immunodeficiency-virus-Ferdman-Ross/916e9cd7a70f7757a30e35bf1c38301711833907
Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2008 Recommendations of the international AIDS society-USA panel<...Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2008 Recommendations of the international AIDS society-USA panel<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection. T2 - 2008 Recommendations of the international AIDS society-USA panel. AU - Hammer, Scott M.. AU - Eron, Joseph J.. AU - Reiss, Peter. AU - Schooley, Robert T.. AU - Thompson, Melanie A.. AU - Walmsley, Sharon. AU - Cahn, Pedro. AU - Fischl, Margaret A.. AU - Gatell, Jose M.. AU - Hirsch, Martin S.. AU - Jacobsen, Donna M.. AU - Montaner, Julio S.G.. AU - Richman, Douglas D.. AU - Yeni, Patrick G.. AU - Volberding, Paul A.. PY - 2008/8/6. Y1 - 2008/8/6. N2 - Context: The availability of new antiretroviral drugs and formulations, including drugs in new classes, and recent data on treatment choices for antiretroviral-naive and -experienced patients warrant an update of the International AIDS Society-USA guidelines for the use of antiretroviral therapy in adult human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Objectives: To summarize new data in the field and to provide current recommendations for the antiretroviral management and ...
https://miami.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/antiretroviral-treatment-of-adult-hiv-infection-2008-recommendati
Are HIV-infected patients with rapid CD4 cell decline a subgroup who benefit from early antiretroviral therapy? - University of...Are HIV-infected patients with rapid CD4 cell decline a subgroup who benefit from early antiretroviral therapy? - University of...
We have developed a model to determine whether asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals who have a rapid CD4 cell decline are a subgroup who might benefit from early antiretroviral therapy. Data were obtained from a subgroup of participants in the Concorde and EACG020 trials, two randomized, double-blind, comparative trials of immediate (IMM) versus deferred (DEF) zidovudine therapy in asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals. The subgroup comprised 297 patients (IMM = 154, DEF = 143) who had at least one CD4 cell count before and after randomization. The median CD4 cell count at randomization was 491 x 10(6)/L, and the median follow-up was 61 months. The rate of CD4 decline before and after randomization was estimated using multi-level linear regression analysis, and patients were stratified into quartiles according to the rate of CD4 cell decline before randomization. Outcome measures were the development of AIDS, a 50% drop in CD4 count from the baseline, and death. A Cox proportional hazards model was
https://www.phc.ox.ac.uk/publications/396876
Africa free of New HIV Infections - WACI HealthAfrica free of New HIV Infections - WACI Health
AfNHi is an Africa based network of HIV Prevention Research advocates whose vision is an Africa Free of New HIV Infections hence the name AfNHi. The network began after extended conversations on the need to champion Africans led advocacy in biomedical HIV Prevention Research among partners. AfNHi is seeking to influence and fast-track the biomedical HIV Prevention Research agenda on the continent through local ownership and use of indigenous strategies to enhance Africas contribution to the global goals. The network will not only advocate for use of the tools available for preventing new HIV infections but also advocate for the development of New Tools and Technology (NTP). Why We Exist. Africa has less than 20% of the global population and is home to approximately 70% of people living with HIV (PLWH). The landscape of HIV response has changed over the years with the development of rapid response and user-friendly HIV test kits, affordable and effective antiretroviral drugs, and impactful ...
https://wacihealth.org/afnhi/
HIV-1 RNA testing of pooled dried blood spots is feasible to diagnose acute HIV infection in resource limited settingsHIV-1 RNA testing of pooled dried blood spots is feasible to diagnose acute HIV infection in resource limited settings
Objectives: Rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody tests, routinely used for diagnosis in adults and older children in resource-limited settings (RLS), do not detect early HIV infections prior to seroconversion or when antibody levels are still low. Nucleic acid amplification to detect HIV-1 RNA is the most sensitive method for acute HIV infection diagnosis, but is costly. We therefore investigated HIV- 1 RNA testing of pooled dried blood spots (DBS) to diagnose acute HIV infection. Design: Laboratory-based investigation. Methods: DBS were collected from HIV-1 Voluntary Counselling and Testing (HVCT) clients who tested negative on the Advanced QualityTM HIV antibody rapid test. DBS samples from five participants were pooled and tested on the COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 (CAP/CTM) Test v2. Individual DBS were tested when pools tested positive (, 200 RNA copies/ml). Acute infection was confirmed by HIV viral load testing, two fourth-generation HIV serological assays, and ...
https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/107463?show=full
High cellular monocyte activation in people living with human immunodeficiency virus on combination antiretroviral therapy and...High cellular monocyte activation in people living with human immunodeficiency virus on combination antiretroviral therapy and...
Background. Increased monocyte activation and intestinal damage have been shown to be predictive for the increased morbidity and mortality observed in treated people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV). Methods. A cross-sectional analysis of cellular and soluble markers of monocyte activation, coagulation, intestinal damage, and inflammation in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of PLHIV with suppressed plasma viremia on combination antiretroviral therapy and age and demographically comparable HIV-negative individuals participating in the Comorbidity in Relation to AIDS (COBRA) cohort and, where appropriate, age-matched blood bank donors (BBD). Results. People living with HIV, HIV-negative individuals, and BBD had comparable percentages of classical, intermediate, and nonclassical monocytes. Expression of CD163, CD32, CD64, HLA-DR, CD38, CD40, CD86, CD91, CD11c, and CX3CR1 on monocytes did not differ between PLHIV and HIV-negative individuals, but it differed significantly from ...
http://orca.cf.ac.uk/124849/
Effects of Two Anti-HIV Drug Regimens on HIV Transmission Risk Behavior Among SMART Study Participants - Full Text View -...Effects of Two Anti-HIV Drug Regimens on HIV Transmission Risk Behavior Among SMART Study Participants - Full Text View -...
It is important to consider the role that HIV infected individuals play in ongoing HIV transmission. Different anti-HIV treatment regimens may lead to variations in HIV transmission risk behavior among HIV infected individuals. HIV infected people with viral loads of less than 1,000 copies/ml are less likely to transmit HIV through heterosexual sex. However, condom use sometimes decreases after individuals start combination antiretroviral therapy (ART); also, some studies have shown an increased rate in acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs) following initiation of ART, and those on ART may transmit a drug-resistant strain of HIV. In the SMART study, participants were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups:. ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00386035?order=413
Effects of Two Anti-HIV Drug Regimens on HIV Transmission Risk Behavior Among SMART Study Participants - Full Text View -...Effects of Two Anti-HIV Drug Regimens on HIV Transmission Risk Behavior Among SMART Study Participants - Full Text View -...
It is important to consider the role that HIV infected individuals play in ongoing HIV transmission. Different anti-HIV treatment regimens may lead to variations in HIV transmission risk behavior among HIV infected individuals. HIV infected people with viral loads of less than 1,000 copies/ml are less likely to transmit HIV through heterosexual sex. However, condom use sometimes decreases after individuals start combination antiretroviral therapy (ART); also, some studies have shown an increased rate in acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs) following initiation of ART, and those on ART may transmit a drug-resistant strain of HIV. In the SMART study, participants were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups:. ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00386035?order=252
HIV Prevention Trials Network: Network Laboratory - Susan EshlemanHIV Prevention Trials Network: Network Laboratory - Susan Eshleman
The mission of the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) is to discover and develop interventions that can be used globally to prevent sexual and/or parenteral t...
http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/UM1-AI068613-07S2
Two-Year Clinical and Immune Outcomes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children Who Reconstitute CD4 T Cells Without...Two-Year Clinical and Immune Outcomes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children Who Reconstitute CD4 T Cells Without...
By several parameters known to be associated with HIV disease progression, children who are treated with protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral therapy and reconstitute their CD4 T cells despite viral rebound have similar outcomes to those who optimally suppress viral replication. In our study, discordant viral and immune response outcome groups showed sustained increases in CD4 T-cell counts and displayed growth parameters, prevalence of HIV-associated illnesses, and levels of functional immunity that were equivalent to VS/IS children. The substantial restoration of CD4 T-cell counts in the VS/IS and VF/IS response groups during the initial 24 weeks of treatment was sustained over the subsequent 72 weeks in both outcome groups. The durability of CD4 reconstitution in VF/IS children who were enrolled in our study is in contrast to previous examinations of CD4 T-cell reconstitution in HIV-infected adults in which 30% to 40% of patients who displayed discordant viral and immune responses ...
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/114/5/e604
Surveillance of pediatric HIV infection<...Surveillance of pediatric HIV infection<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Surveillance of pediatric HIV infection. AU - Wilfert, C.. AU - Beck, D. T.. AU - Fleischman, A. R.. AU - Mofenson, L. M.. AU - Pantell, R. H.. AU - Schonberg, S. Kenneth. AU - Scott, G. B.. AU - Sklaire, M. W.. AU - Whitley-Williams, P. N.. AU - Rogers, M. F.. PY - 1998/2. Y1 - 1998/2. N2 - Pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) surveillance should expand to include perinatal HIV exposure and HIV infection as well as AIDS to delineate completely the extent and impact of HIV infection on children and families, accurately assess the resources necessary to provide services to this population, evaluate the efficacy of public health recommendations, and determine any potential long- term consequences of interventions to prevent perinatal transmission to children ultimately determined to be uninfected as well as for those who become infected. Ensuring the confidentiality of information collected in the process of surveillance is ...
https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/surveillance-of-pediatric-hiv-infection-2
Human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals contain provirus in small numbers of peripheral mononuclear cells and at low...Human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals contain provirus in small numbers of peripheral mononuclear cells and at low...
In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, the proportion of circulating mononuclear cells (PBMCs) which carry HIV provirus and the number of HIV proviral sequences per infected PBMC have been matters for conjecture. Using a double polymerase chain reaction which allows the detection of single molecules of provirus and a method of quantifying the provirus molecules, we have measured provirus frequencies in infected individuals down to a level of one molecule per 10(6) PBMCs. As a general rule, only a small proportion of PBMCs contain provirus (median value of samples from 12 patients, one per 8,000 cells), and most if not all of the infected cells carry a single provirus molecule. The frequency of provirus-carrying cells correlated positively both with the progression of the disease and with the success with which virus could be isolated from the same patients by cocultivation methods. Of seven asymptomatic (Centers for Disease Control stage II) patients, all but one contained one
https://www.immunology.ox.ac.uk/publications/626651
Black, Male and Endangered: HIV infections double among Black men (Part I)Black, Male and Endangered: HIV infections double among Black men (Part I)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently released new data regarding the HIV infection rate in the USA. The data, covering the years 2003 through 2009 showed that the HIV infection rate is holding steady at about 50,000 new cases per year. However a breakdown of the numbers revealed a shocking disparity in the HIV infection rate among Black men who have sex with men (MSM). During this period, the infection rate for Black MSM nearly doubled! Within Palm Beach County, similar trends have been evident since 2006. A 2007 Care Council of West Palm Beach Bulletin indicated that gay, Black men had one of the highest infection rates, not just in the county, but in the country.. There are no doubt a myriad of interconnected factors contributing to the staggering HIV infection rates among Black males. Even the CDC acknowledges that there is no clear explanation as to why Black men are being decimated by HIV infections in ways that arent quite as prominent among other groups.. One of ...
https://joltleft.com/black-male-and-endangered-hiv-infections-double-among-black-men-part-i/
CD4 cell count and the risk of AIDS or death in HIV-Infected adults on combination antiretroviral therapy with a suppressed...CD4 cell count and the risk of AIDS or death in HIV-Infected adults on combination antiretroviral therapy with a suppressed...
BACKGROUND. Most adults infected with HIV achieve viral suppression within a year of starting combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). It is important to understand the risk of AIDS events or death for patients with a suppressed viral load.. METHODS AND FINDINGS. Using data from the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe (2010 merger), we assessed the risk of a new AIDS-defining event or death in successfully treated patients. We accumulated episodes of viral suppression for each patient while on cART, each episode beginning with the second of two consecutive plasma viral load measurements ,50 copies/µl and ending with either a measurement ,500 copies/µl, the first of two consecutive measurements between 50-500 copies/µl, cART interruption or administrative censoring. We used stratified multivariate Cox models to estimate the association between time updated CD4 cell count and a new AIDS event or death or death alone. 75,336 patients contributed 104,265 ...
http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/47082/
Increased HAART Coverage Associated With 50% Drop in New HIV Diagnoses Among Injection Drug Users | BC Centre for Excellence in...Increased HAART Coverage Associated With 50% Drop in New HIV Diagnoses Among Injection Drug Users | BC Centre for Excellence in...
Improved Uptake of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Also Leads to Decrease in Community HIV Plasma Viral LoadVancouver - A comprehensive population-based study, conducted by the BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS (BC-CfE) and presented at the 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in San Francisco, shows that expanded highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) coverage was associated with a 50% decrease in new yearly HIV infections among injection drug users.
http://www.cfenet.ubc.ca/node/3933
UCD School of Medicine & Medical Science : December 2012UCD School of Medicine & Medical Science : December 2012
World AIDS day on December 1st is marked this year by UNAIDS, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, with the theme Getting to Zero - Zero new HIV infections. Zero discrimination. Zero AIDS-related deaths.. The latest estimates conducted by UNAIDS, show that there are 700,000 fewer new HIV infections across the world in 2011 compared to 2001. Although the numbers are still high - 2.5 million new HIV infections detected in 2011 - this shows a dramatic decrease, some by as much as 50%, in low and middle income sub-Saharan African countries like Malawi, Botswana and Namibia. The overall number detected as living with HIV/AIDS remains stubbornly high at 34 million people.. The scaling up of antiretroviral therapy in low- and middle-income countries has transformed national HIV/AIDS responses and has contributed to an overall reduction in global AIDS related deaths by 24% in the last 6 years alone.. In Ireland the number of new HIV infections reflects the global trend of declining numbers, ...
http://www.ucd.ie/medicine/news/2012/december2012/title,155303,en.html
Timothy MastroTimothy Mastro
The International AIDS Society (IAS) Conference on HIV Science (IAS 2017) in Paris last week brought together over 6,000 scientists, clinicians, public health practitioners and officials to review the state of the science intended to control and eventually end the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The central thrust of the global effort to control the epidemic is achieving the 90-90-90 targets set by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). These targets state that, by 2020, 90% of those living with HIV know their status, 90% of known HIV-positive individuals receive sustained antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 90% of individuals on ART have durable viral suppression. We know that HIV-infected persons with viral suppression, while not cured, do not transmit HIV infection - hence the focus on treatment, which is prevention. While some countries have made encouraging progress, we are far short of the global 90-90-90 targets, and worse, there were 1.8 million new HIV infections in 2016. We need ...
https://researchforevidence.fhi360.org/tag/timothy-mastro
The role of immune-genetic factors in modelling longitudinally measured HIV bio-markers including the handling of missing data.The role of immune-genetic factors in modelling longitudinally measured HIV bio-markers including the handling of missing data.
Since the discovery of AIDS among the gay men in 1981 in the United States of America, it has become a major world pandemic with over 40 million individuals infected world wide. According to the Joint United Nations Programme against HIV/AIDS epidermic updates in 2012, 28.3 million individuals are living with HIV world wide, 23.5 million among them coming from sub-saharan Africa and 4.8 million individuals residing in Asia. The report showed that approximately 1.7 million individuals have died from AIDS related deaths, 34 million ± 50% know their HIV status, a total of 2:5 million individuals are newly infected, 14:8 million individuals are eligible for HIV treatment and only 8 million are on HIV treatment (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and health sector progress towards universal access: progress report, 2011). Numerous studies have been carried out to understand the pathogenesis and the dynamics of this deadly disease (AIDS) but, still its pathogenesis is poorly understood. More ...
http://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/xmlui/handle/10413/10277
The impact of alcohol on HIV prevention and treatment for South Africans in primary healthcareThe impact of alcohol on HIV prevention and treatment for South Africans in primary healthcare
Introduction. Despite HIV prevalence reaching a plateau in South Africa, rates of new infection are still unacceptably high (Department of Health 2012:37). The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimated that there were 5.6 million HIV-infected people living in South Africa in 2011. This figure, around 11% of the South African population (Doyle & Dorrington 2011), makes up about 17% of the total global number of people living with HIV. Largely as a result of the expanded antiretroviral treatment (ART) programme, the biggest in the world (Shisana et al. 2009:viii), there has been a substantial reduction in AIDS-related mortality in South Africa. There were, however, still an estimated 194 000 HIV-related deaths in 2008, down from 388 000 in 2003 (Actuarial Society 2011:1).. South Africans are heavy drinkers, with amongst the highest per capita consumption rates for alcohol in the world, namely, 9.46 litres of pure alcohol per person annually (World Health Organization 2011:276). ...
http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2223-62792014000100010&lang=en
Large Increases in HIV Suppression Needed to Reduce New Infections in Critical Population | News | AIDSinfoLarge Increases in HIV Suppression Needed to Reduce New Infections in Critical Population | News | AIDSinfo
NIH-Funded Study Aims to Identify and Treat HIV-Infected Men Who Have Sex With Men. Achieving moderate reduction of new HIV infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) will depend on significantly increasing the percentage of HIV-infected MSM whose viral load is suppressed to undetectable levels, according to a new mathematical model based on data from Baltimore. Access and adherence to antiretroviral therapy are key to sustained HIV suppression, which dramatically reduces the risk of transmitting HIV to others. Researchers from the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-supported HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) will present their results on Oct. 19 at the HIV Research for Prevention (HIVR4P) 2016 conference in Chicago. Scientists performed the modeling as part of a large clinical research study called HPTN 078, which is funded by NIHs National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). HPTN 078 began enrolling participants ...
https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/news/1713/large-increases-in-hiv-suppression-needed-to-reduce-new-infections-in-critical-population
Persistent immune activation in chronic HIV infection: do any interventions work?<...Persistent immune activation in chronic HIV infection: do any interventions work?<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Persistent immune activation in chronic HIV infection: do any interventions work?. AU - Rajasuriar, Reena. AU - Khoury, Gabriela. AU - Kamarulzaman, Adeeba Binti. AU - French, Martyn A. AU - Cameron, Paul Urquhart. AU - Lewin, Sharon R. PY - 2013. Y1 - 2013. N2 - Persistent immune activation (IA) is a hallmark of chronic HIV infection. IA has been associated with poor CD4 T-cell recovery, non-AIDS defining illnesses and mortality during combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Measures of chronic immune activation, namely T-cell activation and more recently monocyte activation and plasma inflammatory and thrombotic biomarkers, have all been shown to remain elevated despite years of suppressive cART. Here we review recent clinical trials and therapeutic approaches targeted to reduce persistent IA in HIV patients and discuss the impact of each of these approaches on clinically relevant end-points.. AB - Persistent immune activation (IA) is a hallmark of chronic HIV infection. IA ...
https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/persistent-immune-activation-in-chronic-hiv-infection-do-any-inte
Human Papillomavirus infection and cervical lesions in HIV-1-infected women on antiretroviral treatment in Thailand - fdi...Human Papillomavirus infection and cervical lesions in HIV-1-infected women on antiretroviral treatment in Thailand - fdi...
Delory T., Ngo-Giang-Huong Nicole, Rangdaeng S., Chotivanich N., Limtrakul A., Putiyanun C., Suriyachai P., Matanasarawut W., Jarupanich T., Liampongsabuddhi P., Heard I., Jourdain Gonzague, Lallemant Marc, Le Coeur S., PapilloV study group (collab.). (2017). Human Papillomavirus infection and cervical lesions in HIV-1-infected women on antiretroviral treatment in Thailand. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 20 (Suppl. 5), 92-93. IAS Conference on HIV Science (IAS 2017) , 9., Paris (FRA), 2017/07/23-26. ISSN 1758-2652. ...
http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010070847
Phase III Data Show Emtricitabine Maintains Viral Load Suppression as Part of Once-Daily, Protease-Sparing Anti-HIV Regimen |...Phase III Data Show Emtricitabine Maintains Viral Load Suppression as Part of Once-Daily, Protease-Sparing Anti-HIV Regimen |...
BOSTON, Feb 11, 2003 (BUSINESS WIRE) --. 48-Week Data from Alize Trial Presented Today at 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. French researchers presented new 48-week data from a Phase III clinical trial today. These data demonstrate that emtricitabine (FTC), an investigational once-daily nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), suppresses HIV when taken as part of a once-daily, protease inhibitor (PI)-sparing antiretroviral regimen. Emtricitabine is being developed by Triangle Pharmaceuticals, which was acquired by Gilead Sciences (Nasdaq:GILD) in January 2003. Dr. Jean-Michel Molina presented the 48-week results of the ANRS 099 Alize trial (Abstract #551) at the 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Boston, Massachusetts. The ANRS 099 Alize trial is an ongoing three-year, open-label, multicenter study involving 355 patients who at baseline had to have HIV RNA less than 400 copies/mL while receiving PI-based antiretroviral therapy. ...
http://www.gilead.com/news/press-releases/2003/2/phase-iii-data-show-emtricitabine-maintains-viral-load-suppression-as-part-of-oncedaily-proteasesparing-antihiv-regimen
Comorbidity Rates Higher in Over-49 HIV Group Than in Matched HIV NegativesComorbidity Rates Higher in Over-49 HIV Group Than in Matched HIV Negatives
The study included 34,766 HIV-infected people who were 50 or older, 104,298 HIV-negative 50-or-older people, and 74,476 HIV-infected people between 18 and 49. In the 50-and-older HIV group, 78% were men and 74% were between 50 and 59. Only 55% of the 50-and-older HIV group had ever taken antiretrovirals, compared with 44% of the younger HIV group. The younger HIV group had a higher proportion of women than the older HIV group (31% versus 22%). The older and younger age groups were similar in proportions with a CD4 count below 200 (16% and 15%), a viral load below 400 copies (53% and 50.5%), and a viral load above 100,000 copies (6% versus 8 ...
http://www.natap.org/2010/AGE/AGE_09.htm
Activated B lymphocytes from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals induce virus expression in infected T cells and...Activated B lymphocytes from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals induce virus expression in infected T cells and...
PubMed Central Canada (PMC Canada) provides free access to a stable and permanent online digital archive of full-text, peer-reviewed health and life sciences research publications. It builds on PubMed Central (PMC), the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature and is a member of the broader PMC International (PMCI) network of e-repositories.
http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC2118767/?lang=en-ca
19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Report: prevention/PrEP, eradication, the brain, new HIV...19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Report: prevention/PrEP, eradication, the brain, new HIV...
Several studies intensively evaluated the effect of antiretroviral therapy initiated during acute HIV infection has on the size of the cellular reservoir. One such study compared the reservoir as measured by HIV DNA as total, integrated and 2-long terminal repeat (LTR) in those treated during acute infection (n=9), chronic infection (n=26) and amongst elite controllers (n=37) (15). It was not surprising that HIV DNA was detectable regardless of how early therapy was initiated and amongst the elite controllers. Nevertheless, they did find that the levels were significantly lower in those treated during acute infection than during chronic. Moreover, the levels in the early treatment group were similar to the elite controller. While early treatment did not eliminate the reservoir, even amongst those with 10 years of follow-up, it is conceivable that the success of any future strategies to target the reservoir may be more successful in those with a smaller reservoir, such as those initiating therapy ...
http://www.natap.org/2012/CROI/croi_70.htm
ASPPH | Johns Hopkins: Male Circumcision, Antiviral Drugs Appear to Sharply Reduce HIV Infection RateASPPH | Johns Hopkins: Male Circumcision, Antiviral Drugs Appear to Sharply Reduce HIV Infection Rate
A steep drop in the local incidence of new HIV infections accompanied the rollout of a U.S.-funded anti-HIV program in a large East African population, according to a study led by researchers at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.. The study, published Nov. 29 in the New England Journal of Medicine, is the first to track a large group of people before, during and after the start of an HIV prevention program and show that the program is likely working on a large scale. The researchers found that as the program began and matured from the early 2000s until 2016, there was a 42 percent decline in the rate of new HIV infections.. The ongoing HIV prevention program - in Ugandas rural Rakai District on the shore of Lake Victoria - has been funded by the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), set up in 2004 by the George W. Bush administration. The program provides multiple free services, including anti-HIV drugs for infected people, ...
https://www.aspph.org/johns-hopkins-male-circumcision-antiviral-drugs-appear-to-sharply-reduce-hiv-infection-rate/
The impact of HAART on the respiratory complications of HIV infection: longitudinal trends in the MACS and WIHS cohorts.The impact of HAART on the respiratory complications of HIV infection: longitudinal trends in the MACS and WIHS cohorts.
Author(s): Gingo, Matthew R; Balasubramani, GK; Kingsley, Lawrence; Rinaldo, Charles R; Alden, Christine B; Detels, Roger; Greenblatt, Ruth M; Hessol, Nancy A; Holman, Susan; Huang, Laurence; Kleerup, Eric C; Phair, John; Sutton, Sarah H; Seaberg, Eric C; Margolick, Joseph B; Wisniewski, Stephen R; Morris, Alison | Abstract: OBJECTIVE:To review the incidence of respiratory conditions and their effect on mortality in HIV-infected and uninfected individuals prior to and during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). DESIGN:Two large observational cohorts of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men (Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study [MACS]) and women (Womens Interagency HIV Study [WIHS]), followed since 1984 and 1994, respectively. METHODS:Adjusted odds or hazards ratios for incident respiratory infections or non-infectious respiratory diagnoses, respectively, in HIV-infected compared to HIV-uninfected individuals in both the pre-HAART (MACS only) and HAART eras; and adjusted Cox proportional
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/72p3k8tj
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) production in whole blood cultures from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals studied in ...Interleukin-12 (IL-12) production in whole blood cultures from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals studied in ...
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http://dare.uva.nl/search?metis.record.id=137227
Increases in CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell count at antiretroviral therapy initiation among HIV-positive illicit drug users during a...Increases in CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell count at antiretroviral therapy initiation among HIV-positive illicit drug users during a...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Increases in CD4+ T-cell count at antiretroviral therapy initiation among HIV-positive illicit drug users during a treatment-as-prevention initiative in Canada. AU - Tran, Mimi. AU - Wood, Evan. AU - Kerr, Thomas. AU - Patterson, Sophie. AU - Bangsberg, David. AU - Dong, Huiru. AU - Guillemi, Silvia. AU - Montaner, Julio S.G.. AU - Milloy, M. J.. PY - 2017/1/1. Y1 - 2017/1/1. N2 - Background: Although treatment-as-prevention (TasP) efforts are a new cornerstone of efforts to respond to the HIV/AIDS pandemic, their effects among people who use drugs (PWUD) have not been fully evaluated. This study characterizes temporal trends in CD4+ T-cell (CD4) count at ART initiation and rates of virological response among HIV-positive PWUD during a TasP initiative. Methods: We used data on individuals initiating ART within a prospective cohort of PWUD linked to comprehensive clinical records. Using multivariable linear regression, we evaluated the relationship between CD4 count prior to ART ...
https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/increases-in-cd4supsup-t-cell-count-at-antiretroviral-therapy-ini
What medications are used to treat HIV infection? | HealthShareWhat medications are used to treat HIV infection? | HealthShare
The medications used to treat HIV infection are known as anti-retroviral medications. Your doctor caring for you will in conjunction with you make a decision about the best time to commence you on medications for HIV. This decision will be based on your health and blood test results. Once you have the virus, it cannot be cured however using medications can manage the disease and stop it damging your immune system. In most instances you will need to take a combination of medications, this is known as HAART therapy, which stands for Highly active anti-retroviral treatment. Each different medication attacks the HIV at a different level with the aim that this stops the virus from spreading amongst the cells of your immune system. ...
https://www.healthshare.com.au/questions/42739-what-medications-are-used-to-treat-hiv-infection/
Nutritional status and CD4 cell counts in patients with HIV/AIDS receiving antiretroviral therapyNutritional status and CD4 cell counts in patients with HIV/AIDS receiving antiretroviral therapy
DISCUSSION. The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) reports the feminization of HIV, and in sub-Saharan Africa, six in 10 adults living with HIV are currently woman18. However, this characteristic was not supported by the findings of the present study, which may be explained by the advanced degree of infection in the patients analyzed, as women are generally more concerned with their health and consequently more likely to adhere to HAART. Moreover, with the introduction of erectile dysfunction medications and the aging of the population worldwide, there has been an increase in the incidence of AIDS among elderly individuals. However, the present sample was composed mainly of young, sexually active, promiscuous individuals.. The findings revealed a malnourished sample with important clinical and biochemical alterations. Despite the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, these characteristics have also been reported by other studies2,3,19. The mean BMI in the present ...
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0037-86822013000600698&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
Maternal HIV infection influences the microbiome of HIV-uninfected infants | Science Translational MedicineMaternal HIV infection influences the microbiome of HIV-uninfected infants | Science Translational Medicine
More than 1 million HIV-exposed, uninfected infants are born annually to HIV-positive mothers worldwide. This growing population of infants experiences twice the mortality of HIV-unexposed infants. We found that although there were very few differences seen in the microbiomes of mothers with and without HIV infection, maternal HIV infection was associated with changes in the microbiome of HIV-exposed, uninfected infants. Furthermore, we observed that human breast milk oligosaccharides were associated with bacterial species in the infant microbiome. The disruption of the infants microbiome associated with maternal HIV infection may contribute to the increased morbidity and mortality of HIV-exposed, uninfected infants. ...
http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/8/349/349ra100
Impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on mortality among young men and women in Spain. | Base documentaire | BDSPImpact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on mortality among young men and women in Spain. | Base documentaire | BDSP
Background. This paper describes the impact of human immunodeficiency virus HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS mortality among young adults in Spain with specific reference to other causes of death. Methods. Based on death registration data for the period 1980-1993, HIV/AIDS was compared against all other causes of death by gender,...
http://www.bdsp.ehesp.fr/Base/158225/
HIV testing and burden of HIV infection in black cancer patients in Johannesburg, South Africa: a cross-sectional study | BMC...HIV testing and burden of HIV infection in black cancer patients in Johannesburg, South Africa: a cross-sectional study | BMC...
HIV infection is a known risk factor for cancer but little is known about HIV testing patterns and the burden of HIV infection in cancer patients. We did a cross-sectional analysis to identify predictors of prior HIV testing and to quantify the burden of HIV in black cancer patients in Johannesburg, South Africa. The Johannesburg Cancer Case-control Study (JCCCS) recruits newly-diagnosed black cancer patients attending public referral hospitals for oncology and radiation therapy in Johannesburg . All adult cancer patients enrolled into the JCCCS from November 2004 to December 2009 and interviewed on previous HIV testing were included in the analysis. Patients were independently tested for HIV-1 using a single ELISA test . The prevalence of prior HIV testing, of HIV infection and of undiagnosed HIV infection was calculated. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors associated with prior HIV testing. A total of 5436 cancer patients were tested for HIV of whom 1833[33.7%
https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-015-1171-7
The effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy on albuminuria in HIV-infected persons: Results from a randomized trial<...The effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy on albuminuria in HIV-infected persons: Results from a randomized trial<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy on albuminuria in HIV-infected persons. T2 - Results from a randomized trial. AU - Gupta, Samir K.. AU - Parker, Robert A.. AU - Robbins, Gregory K.. AU - Dubé, Michael P.. PY - 2005/10/1. Y1 - 2005/10/1. N2 - Background. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens, especially those containing protease inhibitors (PIs), are at increased risk for cardiovascular events. Albuminuria is a known independent predictor for the development of cardiovascular disease and may potentially increase in patients receiving PIs. Alternatively, albuminuria may improve with HAART as a result of treating renal parenchymal HIV infection. Longitudinal studies have not been performed previously addressing the effects of HAART on albuminuria. Methods. We evaluated the effects of HAART on albumin to creatinine ratios (ACRs) during the initial 64 weeks of therapy in 68 previously ...
https://indiana.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-effects-of-highly-active-antiretroviral-therapy-on-albuminuri
Metabolic and Cardiovascular Complications of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection | Bentham ScienceMetabolic and Cardiovascular Complications of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection | Bentham Science
Title: Metabolic and Cardiovascular Complications of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection. VOLUME: 4 ISSUE: 1. Author(s):Giuseppe Barbaro. Affiliation:Viale Anicio Gallo 63,00174 Rome, Italy.. Keywords:Human immunodeficiency virus, highly active antiretroviral therapy, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, metabolic syndome, cardiovascular disease. Abstract: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens, especially those including protease inhibitors have been shown to cause, in a high proportion of HIV-infected patients, a metabolic syndrome (lipodystrophy/lipoatrophy, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance) that may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. A careful stratification of the cardiovascular risk of HIVinfected patients under HAART is needed according to the most recent clinical guidelines. ...
http://www.eurekaselect.com/57544/article/metabolic-and-cardiovascular-complications-highly-active-antiretroviral-therapy-hiv?tracking-code=4
Renal Function Impairment and Associated Risk Factors among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Individuals at Flege Hiwot...Renal Function Impairment and Associated Risk Factors among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Individuals at Flege Hiwot...
Results: A total 307 human immunodeficiency virus positive patients, 153 highly active antiretroviral therapy na ve (who didnt take highly active antiretroviral therapy) and 154 on highly active antiretroviral therapy were enrolled in the study. The mean ( SD) age of the participants was 34.69 ( 8.86) years and about 61% were females. The prevalence of renal impairment in highly active antiretroviral therapy na ve and on highly active antiretroviral therapy individuals was 30.1% and 12.9% respectively. Proteinuria was found in 17.9 % of the participant. Low CD4 count (Adjusted odds ratio= 24.11; (95% CI 11.06, 52.56) and being highly active antiretroviral therapy na ve (Adjusted odds ratio = 6.58; 95% CI 2.99, 14.47) showed significant association with the prevalence of renal impairment ...
http://www.scopemed.org/?mno=35088
Impact of the highly active antiretroviral therapy era on the epidemiology of primary HIV-associated thrombocytopenia | BMC...Impact of the highly active antiretroviral therapy era on the epidemiology of primary HIV-associated thrombocytopenia | BMC...
Primary HIV-associated thrombocytopenia (PHAT) typically improves with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); however, cases continue to occur. Data comparing the epidemiology of PHAT between the pre-HAART and HAART eras are limited. We retrospectively examined the incidence of PHAT over 28 years in the US Military HIV Natural History Study (NHS) from 1986 to 2013. Subjects had a nadir platelet count |100 × 109/l with no other identifiable cause. Time periods were categorized as pre-HAART (1986-1995), early HAART (1996-2001), and later HAART (2002-2013). Incidence, demographic data, and CD4 count were compared across the three eras. A generalized estimating equations model was used to assess any association of platelet count and HIV viral load in cases diagnosed during the HAART eras. 218 participants met the case definition. 86.2 % of cases occurred prior to 2002. The incidence of PHAT per 1000 person-years of follow-up was 16.3, 4.6, and 1.9 during pre-HAART, early HAART and later HAART eras
https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-015-1548-3
Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on time to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or death using marginal structural...Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on time to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or death using marginal structural...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on time to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or death using marginal structural models. AU - Cole, Stephen R.. AU - Hernán, Miguel A.. AU - Robins, James M.. AU - Anastos, Kathryn. AU - Chmiel, Joan. AU - Detels, Roger. AU - Ervin, Carolyn. AU - Feldman, Joseph. AU - Greenblatt, Ruth. AU - Kingsley, Lawrence. AU - Lai, Shenghan. AU - Young, Mary. AU - Cohen, Mardge. AU - Muñoz, Alvaro. N1 - Funding Information: The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study is funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, with additional supplemental funding from the National Cancer Institute (grants UO1-AI-35042, 5-MO1-RR-00722 (General Clinical Research Center), UO1-AI-35043, UO1-AI-37984, UO1-AI-35039, UO1-AI-35040, UO1-AI-37613, and UO1-AI-35041). The Womens Interagency HIV Study is funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, with supplemental funding from the National Cancer Institute, the National ...
https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/effect-of-highly-active-antiretroviral-therapy-on-time-to-acquire
A review of mathematical models of HIV/AIDS interventions and their implications for policy<...A review of mathematical models of HIV/AIDS interventions and their implications for policy<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - A review of mathematical models of HIV/AIDS interventions and their implications for policy. AU - Johnson, Leigh F.. AU - White, Peter. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2012 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2011/12. Y1 - 2011/12. N2 - Objectives: This review aims to summarise key messages emerging from mathematical models of HIV/AIDS interventions and identifies ways in which models can assist policy makers. Methods: A search of the PubMed database was conducted and studies were included if they modelled the effects of HIV prevention or treatment programes. Conclusions of relevance to policy makers were summarised under a number of key themes. Results: Mathematical models have evaluated a wide range of different HIV prevention and treatment programmes. Central themes include the positive effects of interventions beyond the groups in which they are introduced, the importance of intervening early, the potential for risk compensation to reverse gains made in HIV prevention and the ...
https://researchportal.phe.gov.uk/en/publications/a-review-of-mathematical-models-of-hivaids-interventions-and-thei
Racial/Ethnic Disparities Among Children with Diagnoses of Perinatal HIV Infection --- 34 States, 2004--2007Racial/Ethnic Disparities Among Children with Diagnoses of Perinatal HIV Infection --- 34 States, 2004--2007
Racial/ethnic disparities in the incidence of HIV/AIDS among children have been documented since 1981--1986, when 78% of children with AIDS were black or Hispanic (1). These racial/ethnic disparities have been reflected in rates of perinatal HIV infection. Although the total number of annual perinatal HIV infections in the United States has decreased approximately 90% since 1991 (3) and the findings in this report indicate a continued decrease during 2004--2007, racial/ethnic disparities persist. Of all reported diagnoses of perinatal HIV infection during 2004--2007, 85% were in children who were black or Hispanic, and rates were several-fold higher among black and Hispanic children than among white children. To eliminate perinatal transmission and racial/ethnic disparities, continued measures are needed, including primary HIV prevention for women, reproductive health and family planning for women with HIV infection, and prenatal care and early treatment with antiretroviral medications for ...
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5904a2.htm?s_cid=mm5904a2_e
Alleles of the gene encoding IL-1?? may predict control of plasma viraemia in HIV-1 patients on highly active antiretroviral...Alleles of the gene encoding IL-1?? may predict control of plasma viraemia in HIV-1 patients on highly active antiretroviral...
Objective: Some HIV patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) do not resolve their plasma viraemia or HIV RNA can reappear after a period of virological control. We investigate whether polymorphisms in cytokine genes affect the control of plasma HIV RNA over 5 years on HAART. Design: The study utilized adult HIV-infected patients in Western Australia. Plasma HIV-RNA levels were assessed from commencement of HAART in patients who had a CD4 T-cell count less than 100 cells/μl before HAART and achieved immune reconstitution assessed by CD4 T-cell counts. Results: Control of plasma viraemia could be predicted from carriage of allele 2 at position -889 in the IL1A gene (IL1A-889*2). This was significant when assessed by the proportion of patients with a plasma HIV-RNA level of 400 copies/ml or less (P = 0.002). At 48 months post-HAART, proportions were approximately 0.76, 0.51 and 0.32 for IL1A (1,1), (1,2) and (2,2) patients, respectively. The outcome was independent of the ...
http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/16440/
Multicenter evaluation of quantification methods for plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 rna<...Multicenter evaluation of quantification methods for plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 rna<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Multicenter evaluation of quantification methods for plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 rna. AU - Lin, Hsiang Ju. AU - Myers, Lawrence E.. AU - Yen-Lieberman, Belinda. AU - Blaine Hollinger, F.. AU - Henrard, Denis. AU - Hooper, Carol J.. AU - Kokka, Robert. AU - Kwok, Shirley. AU - Rasheed, Suraiya. AU - Vahey, Maryanne. AU - Winters, Mark A.. AU - Mc Quay, Lisa J.. AU - Nara, Peter L.. AU - Reichelderfer, Patricia. AU - Coombs, Robert W.. AU - Brooks Jackson, J.. PY - 1994. Y1 - 1994. N2 - Six procedures for quantifying plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA were evaluated by nine laboratories. The procedures differed in their sample volume and preparation of samples and methods of amplification and detection. Coded samples in a IO-folddilution series of HIV-L-spiked plasma were correctly ranked by all six procedures. Subsequently, coded duplicate plasma samples from 16 HIV-I-infected patients were tested using a common set of standards. Several HIV-1 ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/multicenter-evaluation-of-quantification-methods-for-plasma-human-4
Serval - Effect of antiretroviral therapy on viral load, CD4 cell count, and progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome...Serval - Effect of antiretroviral therapy on viral load, CD4 cell count, and progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome...
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of different antiretroviral treatment regimens on viral load, CD4 lymphocyte counts, and rates of progression to clinical acquired immunodeficiency syndrome events among treatment-naive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients enrolled in a large community cohort study. METHODS: Based in 7 outpatient clinics, the Swiss HIV Cohort Study is a cohort with national coverage. Virological, immunologic, and clinical results of 755 treatment-naive patients (median age, 36 years; 28.2% female) who initiated antiretroviral therapy between July 1, 1995, and June 30, 1997, were analyzed. Patients started undergoing monotherapy with 1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI), combination therapy with at least 2 RTIs, or highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with RTIs and protease inhibitors. RESULTS: Antiretroviral treatment led to a mean reduction of viremia of 1.8 log10 copies per milliliter with HAART, 1.2 log10 copies per milliliter with RTI comb
https://serval.unil.ch/en/notice/serval:BIB_BBD42C8C5A03
Barriers to use of free antiretroviral therapy in injection drug users | BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDSBarriers to use of free antiretroviral therapy in injection drug users | BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS
CONTEXT: In British Columbia, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons eligible for antiretroviral therapy may receive it free but the extent to which HIV-infected injection drug users access it is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To identify patient and physician characteristics associated with antiretroviral therapy utilization in HIV-infected injection drug users. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with record linkage between survey data and data from a provincial HIV/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) drug treatment program.
http://www.cfenet.ubc.ca/publications/barriers-use-free-antiretroviral-therapy-injection-drug-users
Acute cytomegalovirus infection in Kenyan HIV-infected infants. - Target Discovery InstituteAcute cytomegalovirus infection in Kenyan HIV-infected infants. - Target Discovery Institute
OBJECTIVE: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) coinfection may influence HIV-1 disease progression during infancy. Our aim was to describe the incidence of CMV infection and the kinetics of viral replication in Kenyan HIV-infected and HIV-exposed uninfected infants. METHODS: HIV-1 and CMV plasma viral loads were serially measured in 20 HIV-exposed uninfected and 44 HIV-infected infants born to HIV-infected mothers. HIV-infected children were studied for the first 2 years of life, and HIV-exposed uninfected infants were studied for 1 year. RESULTS: CMV DNA was detected frequently during the first months of life; by 3 months of age, CMV DNA was detected in 90% of HIV-exposed uninfected infants and 93% of infants who had acquired HIV-1 in utero. CMV viral loads were highest in the 1-3 months following the first detection of virus and declined rapidly thereafter. CMV peak viral loads were significantly higher in the HIV-infected infants compared with the HIV-exposed uninfected infants (mean 3.2 versus 2.7 log10 CMV DNA
https://www.tdi.ox.ac.uk/publications/2775
Oral lesions and immune reconstitution syndrome in HIV+/AIDS patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. :...Oral lesions and immune reconstitution syndrome in HIV+/AIDS patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. :...
Objective: To determine whether opportunistic oral infections associated to HIV infection (OOI-HIV) are found in HIV+/AIDS patients with immune reconstitution related to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Methods. From among 1100 HIV+/AIDS patients (Service of Internal Medicine, Carlos Haya Hospital, Malaga, Spain) subjected to review of the oral cavity between January 1996 and May 2007, we identified those examined in 1996 and which were again examined between 1997 and 2007, and were moreover receiving HAART. The following data were collected: age, gender, form of contagion, antiretroviral therapy at the time of review, number of CD4+ lymphocytes/ml, and viral load (from 1997 onwards). We identified those subjects with an increase in CD4+ lymphocytes/ml associated to HAART, and classified them as subjects with quantitative evidence of immune reconstitution (QEIR). Among these individuals with QEIR we moreover identified those with undetectable viral loads (QEIR+VL), and ...
http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/60704
Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the molecular epidemiology of newly diagnosed HIV infectionsImpact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the molecular epidemiology of newly diagnosed HIV infections
Objective:To evaluate HIV-1 transmission trends and the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on newly diagnosed HIV infections in Geneva, Switzerland.Design:Retrospective molecular epidemiology analysis of all newly HIV-diagnosed individuals between 2008 and 2010.Methods:Phylogenet
https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00002030-201210230-00010
Cash Transfers Conditional on Schooling Do Not Prevent HIV Infection Among Young South African Women - Crowd 360Crowd 360Cash Transfers Conditional on Schooling Do Not Prevent HIV Infection Among Young South African Women - Crowd 360Crowd 360
Written by HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN). This post originally appeared on the HPTN website.. VANCOUVER, B.C. and DURHAM, N.C. - A Phase III, individually randomized trial has found conditional cash transfers for school attendance did not reduce the risk of HIV among high-school aged women in South Africa, investigators from the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) reported today at the 8th International AIDS Society (IAS) Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention in Vancouver, Canada. The new finding is from HPTN 068, the first individually randomized study of young women conditioned on school attendance with an HIV incidence endpoint. In the trial, young women and their parent/guardian were randomized to one of two study arms: 1) a monthly cash transfer of 300 rand ($30) per month conditional on 80 percent school attendance, or 2) a control arm that did not receive cash transfer. Provision of cash conditional on school attendance has been proposed as an intervention for ...
https://crowd360.org/cash-transfers-conditional-on-schooling-do-not-prevent-hiv-infection-among-young-south-african-women/
Lack of Detectable HIV-1 Molecular Evolution during Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy | proLékaře.czLack of Detectable HIV-1 Molecular Evolution during Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy | proLékaře.cz
1. PalmerS, MaldarelliF, WiegandA, BernsteinB, HannaGJ, et al. (2008) Low-level viremia persists for at least 7 years in patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105: 3879-3884.. 2. MaldarelliF, PalmerS, KingMS, WiegandA, PolisMA, et al. (2007) ART suppresses plasma HIV-1 RNA to a stable set point predicted by pretherapy viremia. PLoS Pathog 3: e46.. 3. CoffinJM (1995) HIV population dynamics in vivo: implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy. Science 267: 483-489.. 4. CoffinJM (1996) HIV viral dynamics. Aids 10(Suppl 3): S75-84.. 5. PerelsonAS, EssungerP, CaoY, VesanenM, HurleyA, et al. (1997) Decay characteristics of HIV-1-infected compartments during combination therapy. Nature 387: 188-191.. 6. DinosoJB, KimSY, WiegandAM, PalmerSE, GangeSJ, et al. (2009) Treatment intensification does not reduce residual HIV-1 viremia in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106: 9403-9408.. 7. GandhiRT, ZhengL, BoschRJ, ...
https://www.prolekare.cz/casopisy/plos-pathogens/2014-3/lack-of-detectable-hiv-1-molecular-evolution-during-suppressive-antiretroviral-therapy-53954
The distribution of new HIV infections by mode of exposure in Morocco<...The distribution of new HIV infections by mode of exposure in Morocco<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The distribution of new HIV infections by mode of exposure in Morocco. AU - Mumtaz, Ghina R.. AU - Kouyoumjian, Silva. AU - Hilmi, Nahla. AU - Zidouh, Ahmed. AU - Rhilani, Houssine El. AU - Alami, Kamal. AU - Bennani, Aziza. AU - Gouws, Eleanor. AU - Ghys, Peter Denis. AU - Aburaddad, Laith. PY - 2013. Y1 - 2013. N2 - Objectives Building on a wealth of new empirical data, the objective of this study was to estimate the distribution of new HIV infections in Morocco by mode of exposure using the modes of transmission (MoT) mathematical model. Methods The MoT model was implemented within a collaboration with the Morocco Ministry of Health and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. The model was parameterised through a comprehensive review and synthesis of HIV and risk behaviour data in Morocco, mainly through the Middle East and North Africa HIV/AIDS Synthesis Project. Uncertainty analyses were used to assess the reliability of and uncertainty around our calculated ...
https://qfrd.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-distribution-of-new-hiv-infections-by-mode-of-exposure-in-mor
Journal of AIDS and HIV Research - evaluation of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in hiv patients on highly active anti...Journal of AIDS and HIV Research - evaluation of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in hiv patients on highly active anti...
A pilot longitudinal study was conducted for 3 months on HIV positive and AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy, at a day care clinic at the Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon, between April and July 2008. A total of 223 HIV patients were recruited following initiation and each patient benefited from pretherapeutic tests. Social-demographic, clinical and biological data were recorded for each subject and finally analyzed using standard statistical procedures. Out of the 223 subjects on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the study, 153 were females (68. 6%) and 70 were males (31. 6%). The age group that was most represented was 30 - 39 (37.7%). The mean age of patients was 39.34 ± 11.31 years. At initiation the highest administered antiretroviral (ARV) regimen was Zidulam N (34.10%). For hepatotoxicity evaluation, with aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) study, 5.8% of patients showed degree 1 and 1.3% of patients had degree 2 changes. In alanine amino transferase
https://academicjournals.org/journal/JAHR/article-abstract/E6DF1E4990
Retention and viral suppression in a cohort of HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in Zambia: Regionally representative...Retention and viral suppression in a cohort of HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in Zambia: Regionally representative...
Retention and viral suppression in a cohort of HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in Zambia: Regionally representative estimates using a multistage-sampling-based approach
https://figshare.com/articles/Retention_and_viral_suppression_in_a_cohort_of_HIV_patients_on_antiretroviral_therapy_in_Zambia_Regionally_representative_estimates_using_a_multistage-sampling-based_approach/8210798/1
WHO | UNAIDS statement on South African trial findings regarding male circumcision and HIVWHO | UNAIDS statement on South African trial findings regarding male circumcision and HIV
26 July 2005 , Rio de Janeiro - The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS notes with considerable interest the results of a trial examining the potential link between male circumcision and a lower risk of HIV acquisition that were presented today at the 3rd International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment, being held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The trial was carried out in Gauteng province in South Africa among men aged 18-24 years and was funded by the French Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA (ANRS).. Although the trial shows promising protective effects of adult male circumcision in reducing HIV acquisition, UNAIDS emphasizes that more research is needed to confirm the reproducibility of the findings of this trial and whether or not the results have more general application. In particular the findings from two ongoing trials in Uganda and Kenya, funded by the US National Institutes of Health, will be important to clarify the relationship between male ...
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2005/pr32/en/
Immunologic and Clinical Responses to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients with HIV Infection Aged >50 Years :...Immunologic and Clinical Responses to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients with HIV Infection Aged >50 Years :...
We analyzed the effect of age on highly active antiretroviral therapy efficacy and tolerance in 639 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (99 of whom were aged ,50 years, and 540 of whom were aged ,50 years). Late testing, which was more frequent in the older age group, was the only independent factor associated with immunologic and clinical evolution of infection. Age ,50 years was associated with earlier treatment discontinuation.. ...
http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1086/520652
Receptive Anal Intercourse and HIV InfectionReceptive Anal Intercourse and HIV Infection
Objective: Inform the public that receptive anal intercourse (RAI) is a key transmission route of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in the United States. Method: The role of receptive anal intercourse (RAI) in this epidemic will be examined using the following approach: 1) Risk comparison of HIV transmission via RAI to the other major routes of transmission. 2) HIV transmission risks of RAI using some of the present risk reduction techniques. 3) HIV infection via anal intercourse among male youth. 4) HIV infection via anal intercourse among women. Results: Of the major transmission routes of HIV, receptive anal intercourse has the highest transmission risk for acquiring HIV infection. RAI is 2 times the risk of needle-sharing during injection drug use (IDU) and 17 times the risk of receptive vaginal intercourse. The estimated per act probability of acquiring HIV from an infected source by the exposure route of RAI is high in most circumstances: 1) Condoms alone only partially reduce the
https://m.scirp.org/papers/81454
Antimicrobial-Specific Cell-Mediated Immune Reconstitution in Children with Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection...Antimicrobial-Specific Cell-Mediated Immune Reconstitution in Children with Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection...
To identify virological and immunological correlates of microbial-specific immune reconstitution in children with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, Candida- and tetanus-specific lymphocyte proliferation was measured in 165 children initiating a new highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen. During the study, the proportions of children with immunity to Candida and tetanus increased from 53% to 66% and 19% to 22%, respectively. Tetanus immunity was associated with an HIV load ⩽400 RNA copies/mL and with Candida immunity. At the end of the study, 23% of the patients with baseline negative lymphocyte proliferation had tetanus immunity, and 65% had Candida immunity. Reconstitution of tetanus immunity correlated with lower end-of-study HIV loads and activated CD8+ cell percentages and higher baseline and in-study CD4+ cell percentages, but not with a gain of CD4+ cells. Reconstitution of Candida immunity showed similar trends. In conclusion, children with advanced ...
http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1086/420931
Duffy antigen systemDuffy antigen system
HIV infection[edit]. A connection has been found between HIV susceptibility and the expression of the Duffy antigen. The ... "Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines Mediates trans-Infection of HIV-1 from Red Blood Cells to Target Cells and Affects HIV- ... The association between the Duffy antigen and HIV infection appears to be complex. Leukopenia (a low total white cell count) is ... Similar infections have been reported in Brazil[68][69] and Kenya.[64] Additional cases of infection in Duffy antigen negative ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_ethnic_neutropenia
CD4CD4
HIV infection[edit]. HIV-1 uses CD4 to gain entry into host T-cells and achieves this through its viral envelope protein known ... HIV pathology[edit]. HIV infection leads to a progressive reduction in the number of T cells expressing CD4. Medical ... Joseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D (January 2005). "Nef: "necessary and enforcing factor" in HIV infection". Current HIV Research. 3 ( ... If CD4 cells become depleted, for example in untreated HIV infection, or following immune suppression prior to a transplant, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD4+
PLOS MedicinePLOS Medicine
Male Circumcision for Reduction of HIV Infection Risk (2005)[edit]. The first randomized controlled trial to assess the effect ... Controlled Intervention Trial of Male Circumcision for Reduction of HIV Infection Risk: The ANRS 1265 Trial". PLOS Medicine. 2 ... "Achieving the HIV Prevention Impact of Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision: Lessons and Challenges for Managing Programs". www. ... The trial estimated that male circumcision provided protection of 60% (95% CI: 32%-76%) for female to male HIV transmission. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLoS_Med
T helper cellT helper cell
In the advanced stages of HIV infection, loss of functional CD4+ T cells leads to the symptomatic stage of infection known as ... These cells undergo abortive infection with HIV.[23] Cell death is triggered when the host cell detects HIV foreign DNA ... HIV infection[edit]. Perhaps the best example of the importance of CD4+ T cells is demonstrated with human immunodeficiency ... CD8+ T cells are not stimulated as effectively during the AIDS stage of HIV infection, making AIDS patients very susceptible to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helper_T_cells
Adenovirus infectionAdenovirus infection
... the clinical spectrum of disease associated with infection varies depending on the site of infection; for example, infection ... and infection is usually acquired during childhood. Other types cause sporadic infection and occasional outbreaks; for example ... Adenovirus infections most commonly cause illness of the respiratory system; however, depending on the infecting serotype, they ... Most infections are mild and require no therapy or only symptomatic treatment. Because there is no virus-specific therapy, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngoconjunctival_fever
Ranoidea chlorisRanoidea chloris
Frog secretions block HIV infections. Exploration, Vanderbilt University Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranoidea_chloris
Non-Hodgkin lymphomaNon-Hodgkin lymphoma
... leading to an increased rate of co-infection. The natural history of HIV infection has been greatly changed over time. As a ... Lee B, Bower M, Newsom-Davis T, Nelson M (2010). "HIV-related lymphoma". HIV Therapy. 4 (6): 649-659. doi:10.2217/hiv.10.54. ... HIV infection. Some chemicals, like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), diphenylhydantoin, dioxin, and phenoxy herbicides. ... Immune suppression rather than HIV itself is implicated in the pathogenesis of this malignancy, with a clear correlation ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hodgkin_lymphoma
Histoplasma duboisiiHistoplasma duboisii
... infections have been known to occur in HIV patients in endemic zones, particularly in individuals whose ... duboisii infections in HIV-infected patients". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 13 (11): 1647-52. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070665. PMC ... These infections are often of the disseminated type. Unlike classical histoplasmosis, infections caused by H. duboisii are ... The baboon species Papio papio and Papio cynocephalus are known to be susceptible to infection by H. duboisii, Infections have ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoplasma_duboisii
Robert R. RedfieldRobert R. Redfield
ISBN 0-943742-06-4. Haseltine, William A. (June 1, 1989). "Silent HIV Infection". New England Journal of Medicine. 320 (22): ... for research into the virology and therapeutic treatments of HIV infection and AIDS. In the early years of investigations into ... He also developed the staging system now in use worldwide for the clinical assessment of HIV infection. Under his clinical ... HIV) gp160 as a therapeutic vaccine in early-stage HIV-1-infected volunteers". J Infect Dis. 181 (3): 881-889. doi:10.1086/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_R._Redfield
JC virusJC virus
Opportunistic Infections of HIV: JC Virus (JCV)". Microbiology. Illustrated Reviews. 3. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 389. ... Infection and pathogenesis[edit]. The initial site of infection may be the tonsils,[4] or possibly the gastrointestinal tract.[ ... Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in HIV at eMedicine *^ Theodoropoulos, G., Panoussopoulos, D., Papaconstantinou, I ... JCV also appears to mediate encephalopathy, due to infection of cortical pyramidal neurons (CPN) and astrocytes.[14] Analysis ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jc_virus
Chromosome 3Chromosome 3
HIV infection, susceptibility/resistance to. *Hypobetalipoproteinemia, familial. *Hypothermia. *Leukoencephalopathy with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_3_(human)
SyphilisSyphilis
... prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis among MSM in China". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 85 (5): 354-8. doi:10.1136/sti. ... Karp, G; Schlaeffer, F; Jotkowitz, A; Riesenberg, K (January 2009). "Syphilis and HIV co-infection". European Journal of ... UCSF HIV InSite Knowledge Base Chapter: Syphilis and HIV. *Recommendations for Public Health Surveillance of Syphilis in the ... Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.[3] The signs and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_syphilis
Four-step impact assessmentFour-step impact assessment
Pediatric HIV Infections in the HAART Era. 2003. 14(4):314-22. Campbell C. Prostitution, AIDS, and preventive health behavior. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-step_impact_assessment
Indolent lymphomaIndolent lymphoma
Patients with HIV infection tends to have similar median survival than patients who are HIV negative. Younger patients have ... Grogg, K L; Miller, R F; Dogan, A (2007). "HIV infection and lymphoma". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 60 (12): 1365-1372. doi: ... People infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at a slightly higher risk of developing indolent lymphoma than the ... First degree family history of NHL, hematological malignancy and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are linked to an increased ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indolent_lymphoma
CerageninCeragenin
"Chemical 'blocks HIV infection'". BBC News Online. 2006-02-09. Retrieved 2006-03-24. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) ... Paul B. Savage) announced that a Ceragenin compound, CSA-54, appears to inactivate HIV. This conclusion seems to still be ... "Vanderbilt University, Brigham Young University, and Ceragenix Pharmaceuticals Report Novel Drug Compound Kills Multiple HIV ... tested several CSAs in his laboratory for their ability to kill HIV directly. According to Unutmaz, "We have some preliminary ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceragenin
Extranuclear inheritanceExtranuclear inheritance
Patrick Duff (1996). "HIV infection in women". Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS. 3 (2): 45-49. doi:10.1016/S1068-607X(95)00062-N ... This is of particular concern with mothers carrying HIV or Hepatitis C viruses. Symbiotic cytoplasmic bacteria are also ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extranuclear_inheritance
Avery AugustAvery August
"Immunopathogenesis of HIV infection." (1988) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1:559-65. A. August (GS). "On the molecular basis of ... The importance of these cells is illustrated by the fact that the virus HIV infects helper T cells, and thus disables effective ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_August
Cédric BlanpainCédric Blanpain
The young researcher showed that endocytosis of the HIV is essential to the cell's infection. He was able to find the first ... Cedric Blanpain earned his PhD in 2001 for his work on CCR5 and HIV infection and received the 2002 Galen Award of Pharmacology ... During this period, the Parmentier lab characterized the CCR5 GPCR and discovered its role as a co-receptor in HIV infection. ... He also studied the Delta32 inactivating allele of CCR5 which prevents HIV infection Member of the Royal Academy of Medicine of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cédric_Blanpain
WHO Model List of Essential MedicinesWHO Model List of Essential Medicines
Medicines for prevention of HIV-related opportunistic infections[edit]. *Isoniazid/pyridoxine/sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim ... Medicines for ectoparasitic infections[edit]. *Ivermectin. Antimigraine medicines[edit]. For treatment of acute attack[edit]. * ... To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection *^ To be used for the treatment of the initial phase of ... To be used for the treatment of T. b. gambiense infection *^ Only to be used in combination with eflornithine, for the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Health_Organization_Essential_Medicines
AlefaceptAlefacept
... reduces CD4+ T cell counts and may worsen the clinical course of HIV infections. It is therefore contraindicated in ... Infections : In clinical studies 0.9% of patients experienced significant infections compared to 0.2% in the placebo group. ... Among the infections were serious ones such as sepsis, pneumonia, abscesses, wound infections and toxic shock syndrome. ... patients with HIV infections. Pretreatment CD4+ and/or CD8+ cell counts below the accepted lower limit History of systemic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alefacept
Selenium in biologySelenium in biology
Stone CA, Kawai K, Kupka R, Fawzi WW (November 2010). "Role of selenium in HIV infection". Nutr. Rev. 68 (11): 671-81. doi: ... The ingredient is also used in body lotions to treat Tinea versicolor due to infection by a different species of Malassezia ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium_in_biology
CircumcisionCircumcision
Main article: Circumcision and HIV. There is strong evidence that circumcision reduces the risk of men acquiring HIV infection ... Krieger JN (May 2011). "Male circumcision and HIV infection risk". World Journal of Urology. 30 (1): 3-13. doi:10.1007/s00345- ... Evidence supports that male circumcision reduces the risk of HIV infection among heterosexual men in sub-Saharan Africa.[10][11 ... An association between circumcision and reduced heterosexual HIV infection rates was suggested in 1986.[22] Experimental ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision
Nduku KilonzoNduku Kilonzo
Murumba, Stellar (31 May 2016). "New HIV infections drop to 78,600 per year". Business Daily Africa. Nairobi. Retrieved 31 May ... As time passed, Nduku focused on the relationship between gender-based violence and the spread of HIV. Later, she studied at ... a Kenyan NGO focusing on reducing the transmission of HIV/AIDS. In May 2014, she was appointed to her present position of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nduku_Kilonzo
Rajeev SadanandanRajeev Sadanandan
"HIV infections level off in southern Indian state". SciDev.Net South Asia. Retrieved 2017-12-09.CS1 maint: numeric names: ... SHARE strategic HIV/AIDS responses by enterprises", International Labour Organisation, Geneva, 2008 "HIV/AIDS in India - The ... 2006 (Co-Author) "Practical Guidelines for Intensifying HIV Prevention: Towards Universal Access", UNAIDS, Geneva, 2007 (Co- ... HIV infected and affected". www.india-seminar.com. Retrieved 2017-12-09. Ramani, K. V.; Mavalankar, Dileep V.; Govil, Dipti ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajeev_Sadanandan
FosdevirineFosdevirine
Highest Development Phases: Discontinued, HIV-1 infections "Fosdevirine". MedKoo Biosciences. GSK2248761 is no longer in ... March 2016). "Discovery of the Aryl-phospho-indole IDX899, a Highly Potent Anti-HIV Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase ... "Unexpected finding of delayed-onset seizures in HIV-positive, treatment-experienced subjects in the Phase IIb evaluation of ... agent of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor class that was studied for potential use in the treatment of HIV- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosdevirine
Same-sex marriage in the United StatesSame-sex marriage in the United States
"Study Links Gay Marriage Bans to Rise in HIV infections". Emory.edu. Retrieved June 27, 2010. "Gay marriage 'improves health ... "Emory researchers: Gay marriage bans increase HIV infections". Webcitation.org. Archived from the original on August 18, 2009. ... University tied the passage of state bans on same-sex marriage in the US to an increase in the rates of HIV/AIDS infection. The ... study linked the passage of same-sex marriage ban in a state to an increase in the annual HIV rate within that state of roughly ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States
Human polyomavirus 2Human polyomavirus 2
Opportunistic Infections of HIV: JC Virus (JCV)". Microbiology. Illustrated Reviews. 3. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 389. ... This syndrome, called JCV granule cell layer neuronopathy (JCV GCN), is characterized by a productive and lytic infection by a ... The boxed warning for the drug rituximab (Rituxan) includes a statement that Human polyomavirus 2 infection resulting in ... Human polyomavirus 2 also appears to mediate encephalopathy, due to infection of cortical pyramidal neurons (CPN) and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_polyomavirus_2
World Health OrganizationWorld Health Organization
... reducing new HIV infections in children by 90%; and reducing HIV-related deaths by 25%. In 2003, the WHO denounced the Roman ... Among the points made, it seems clear that although the prevalence of HIV transmission is declining, there is still a need for ... WHO, a sector of the United Nations, partners with UNAIDS to contribute to the development of HIV responses in different areas ... "Global health sector strategy on HIV/AIDS 2011-2015" (PDF). WHO. 2011. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2015. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization
Zinc deficiencyZinc deficiency
Kupka R, Fawzi W (March 2002). "Zinc nutrition and HIV infection". Nutrition Reviews. 60 (3): 69-79. doi:10.1301/ ... or other infections, e.g., pneumonia. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α) in blood plasma ... and opportunistic candidiasis and bacterial infections. Numerous small bowel diseases which cause destruction or malfunction of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_deficiency
ImmunodeficiencyImmunodeficiency
Examples of these extrinsic factors include HIV infection and environmental factors, such as nutrition. Immunocompromisation ... An immunocompromised individual may particularly be vulnerable to opportunistic infections, in addition to normal infections ... including HIV infection". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 125 (2 Suppl 2): S195-203. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08 ... HIV). HIV directly infects a small number of T helper cells, and also impairs other immune system responses indirectly. Various ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunodeficiency
T细胞 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书T细胞 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书
... and HIV-1 infection. Annual Review of Immunology. 2000, 18: 529-560. ISSN 0732-0582. PMID 10837068. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol ... Mucosal associated invariant T cells and the immune response to infection. Microbes and Infection. August 2011, 13 (8-9): 742-8 ... Infection and Immunity. 2007-05, 75 (5): 2171-2180. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 1865739. PMID 17353286. doi:10.1128/IAI.01178-06.. ... Infection : microbiology and management 3rd ed. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub. 2006: 435. ISBN 978-1-4443-2393-1. OCLC 592756309 ...
https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/T细胞
IndinavirIndinavir
They were able to show that indinavir, when used with two other anti-HIV drugs, could significantly reduce the HIV viral load.[ ... The end point of the study was death or development of opportunistic infections.[13] ... Indinavir does not cure HIV/AIDS, but it can extend the length of a person's life for several years by slowing the progression ... It is normally used as one of the three drugs in a triple-combination therapy for the HIV virus.[1] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indinavir
Alternative medicineAlternative medicine
Treatments for severe diseases such as cancer and HIV infection have well-known, significant side-effects. Even low-risk ... especially for diseases that are not expected to get better by themselves such as cancer or HIV infection, multiple studies ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrative_medicine
Streptococcus pneumoniaeStreptococcus pneumoniae
... and of septicemia in those infected with HIV. The organism also causes many types of pneumococcal infections other than ... Infection[edit]. Main article: Pneumococcal infection. S. pneumoniae is part of the normal upper respiratory tract flora. As ... Historically, Haemophilus influenzae has been a significant cause of infection, and both H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae can be ... S. pneumoniae infection stimulates polymorphonuclear leukocytes (granulocytes) to produce an oxidative burst that is ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._pneumoniae
EbolaEbola
Peters, C. J. (December 1998). Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers in the African Health Care Setting (PDF). ... "African monkey meat that could be behind the next HIV". The Independent. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. 25 people ... Simpson DI (1977). Marburg and Ebola virus infections: a guide for their diagnosis, management, and control. World Health ... Filoviral infection also interferes with proper functioning of the innate immune system.[50][52] EBOV proteins blunt the human ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease
Health in NepalHealth in Nepal
HIV infections are more common among men than women, as well as in urban areas and the far western region of Nepal, where ... Labor migrants make up 41 percent of the total known HIV infections in Nepal, followed by clients of sex workers (15.5 percent ... of the infections and the remaining more than one‐third (34%) of infections are in females, out of which around 92.2% are in ... As of 2007, HIV prevalence among female sex workers and their clients was less than 2 percent and 1 percent, respectively, and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Nepal
Oral candidiasisOral candidiasis
... and this helps prevent recurrence of candidal infections. Patients who are immunocompromised, either with HIV/AIDS or as a ... by far the most common fungal infection of the mouth, and it also represents the most common opportunistic oral infection in ... It was first observed in HIV infected individuals and termed "HIV-gingivitis", but the condition is not confined to this group ... The HIV/AIDs global pandemic has been the greatest factor in the increased incidence of oral candidiasis since the 1980s. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_candidiasis
Substance PSubstance P
Infections: HIV-AIDS, Measles, RSV, othersEdit. The role of SP in HIV-AIDS has been well-documented.[58] Doses of aprepitant ... and infections such as HIV/AIDS and respiratory syncytial virus,[54] as well as in cancer.[55][56] When assayed in the human, ... The symptoms of infection are diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain.[68][69] This protozoan was found to secrete serotonin ... Ho WZ, Douglas SD (Dec 2004). "Substance P and neurokinin-1 receptor modulation of HIV". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 157 (1-2 ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_P
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantationHematopoietic stem cell transplantation
This genetic trait confers resistance to HIV infection by blocking attachment of HIV to the cell. Roughly one in 1000 people of ... Lunzen, J.; Fehse, B.; Hauber, J. (2011). "Gene Therapy Strategies: Can We Eradicate HIV?". Current HIV/AIDS Reports. 8 (2): 78 ... "Evidence for the cure of HIV infection by CCR5 32/ 32 stem cell transplantation". Blood. 117 (10): 2791-99. doi:10.1182/blood- ... researchers cannot detect HIV in the transplant recipient's blood or in various biopsies of his tissues.[60] Levels of HIV- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_Marrow_Transplant
MedicineMedicine
... in infection, uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis). Four actions are the basis of physical examination: inspection, palpation (feel ... and truth-telling was not emphasized to a large extent before the HIV era. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical
Genetically modified tomatoGenetically modified tomato
HIV, anthrax and respiratory syncytial virus.[41] Korean scientists are looking at using the tomato to express a vaccine ... "Heterologous expression of taro cystatin protects transgenic tomato against Meloidogyne incognita infection by means of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_tomato
Lyme diseaseLyme disease
HIV, or other autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. As all people with later-stage infection will have a positive antibody ... Early localized infection[edit]. Early localized infection can occur when the infection has not yet spread throughout the body ... Early disseminated infection[edit]. Within days to weeks after the onset of local infection, the Borrelia bacteria may spread ... Singh SK, Girschick HJ (July 2004). "Lyme borreliosis: from infection to autoimmunity". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 10 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease
Medical deviceMedical device
Recipients of this typically suffered infection at the entrance of the electrodes, which led to the subsequent trial of the ... HIV diagnostic tests, automated external defibrillators, and endosseous implants.[18] ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_device
Commercial sexual exploitation of childrenCommercial sexual exploitation of children
Much like if they are found to have HIV or AIDS the girls are thrown out of the brothels with nowhere to go.[13] Many of the ... Whether the children be in pornography, brothels, or trafficked they are all at risk for sexually transmitted infections, ... Research has shown that "fifty to ninety percent of children in brothels in Southeast Asia are infected with HIV.[14]" In many ... They face early pregnancy and risk sexually transmitted diseases, particularly HIV. They are often inadequately protected by ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children
Pulmonya, ang malayang ensiklopedyaPulmonya, ang malayang ensiklopedya
International HIV-associated Opportunistic Pneumonias (IHOP), Study; Lung HIV, Study (June 2011). "HIV-associated Pneumocystis ... Fein, Alan (2006). Diagnosis and management of pneumonia and other respiratory infections (ika-2nd ed. (na) edisyon). Caddo, OK ... Vijayan, VK (2009 May). "Parasitic lung infections". Current opinion in pulmonary medicine. 15 (3): 274-82. PMID 19276810.. ... Ang wastong paggamot ng nasa ilalim na mga karamdaman (tulad ng HIV/AIDS, diabetes mellitus, at malnutrisyon) ay maaaring ...
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonya
Swarup SarkarSwarup Sarkar
His works have shown that sex inequality and education for women and girls are strongly associated factors for HIV infection, ... UNDP HIV & Development Project, South and Southwest Asia (8 June 2001). National Consultation on HIV/AIDS and the media (PDF). ... acceptance of the HIV problem by the Governments, allocation of resources, mitigation of stigma associated with HIV/AIDS and an ... "Sexually Transmitted Infections. 86 (Suppl 1): i2-i3. doi:10.1136/sti.2009.039289. ISSN 1368-4973. PMC 3252600. PMID 20167726. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarup_Sarkar
肥胖症 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书肥胖症 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书
在非洲許多地區，仍視肥胖為富裕與健康的象徵，尤其在HIV疫情發生後，這樣的看法變得越來越常見[2]。 ... Falagas ME, Kompoti M. Obesity and infection. Lancet Infect Dis (Review
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/肥胖
Beta-glucanBeta-glucan
"Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi. 48 (4): 351-361. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2014.06. ... D-Glucan Detection in non-HIV Immunocompromised Mechanical Ventilated Critically Ill Patients with ARDS and Suspected ... D-glucan in blood is marketed as a means of identifying invasive or disseminated fungal infections.[21][22][23] This test ... and a negative test does not rule out infection. False positives may occur because of fungal contaminants in the antibiotics ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-glucans
Health professionalHealth professional
a TB test in accordance with the guidelines for Testing for TB Infection[34] ... and HIV/AIDS through needlestick injuries or contact with bodily fluids.[19][20] This risk can be mitigated with vaccination ... levels of personal protective equipment created to unique standards are used in situations where the risk of infection is ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_professional
TATA boxTATA box
MicroRNAs also play a role in replicating viruses such as HIV-1.[44] Novel HIV-1-encoded microRNA have been found to enhance ... "Expression and nuclear localization of the TATA-box-binding protein during baculovirus infection". The Journal of General ... and HIV-1. The TATA-binding protein (TBP) could also be targeted by viruses as a means of viral transcription.[6] ... "A novel HIV-1-encoded microRNA enhances its viral replication by targeting the TATA box region". Retrovirology. 11: 23. doi ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_box
Toxoplasma gondii - Viquipèdia, lenciclopèdia lliureToxoplasma gondii - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure
Cabezón O, Cerdà-Cuéllar M, Morera V, García-Bocanegra I, et al «Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Seagull Chicks Is Related to ... Soto Hernández, JL «Toxoplasmosis cerebral en pacientes con infección por HIV-SIDA» (en castellà). Enf Infec y Microbiol, 1999 ... Sugden K, Moffitt TE, Pinto L, Poulton R, et al «Is Toxoplasma Gondii Infection Related to Brain and Behavior Impairments in ... Hartmann K, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, et al «Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and ...
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondii
Momordica charantiaMomordica charantia
HIV and AIDS, and treatment of infections, there is preliminary laboratory research, but no clinical studies in humans showing ... Momordica charantia has a number of purported uses including cancer prevention, treatment of diabetes, fever, HIV and AIDS, and ... infections.[9] While it has shown some potential clinical activity in laboratory experiments, "further studies are required to ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_melon
DolutegravirDolutegravir
... to treat HIV/AIDS.[4] It may also be used, as part of post exposure prophylaxis, to prevent HIV infection following potential ... It can be used to treat HIV-infected adults who have never taken HIV therapy (treatment-naïve) and HIV-infected adults who have ... In June 2020, dolutegravir was approved in the US with an indication to treat HIV-1 infection in children at least four weeks ... "GSK wins priority status for new HIV drug in U.S". Reuters. 16 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.. [dead link] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolutegravir
Healthcare in CubaHealthcare in Cuba
new HIV infections are on the rise, and Cuba's preventive measures appear not to be keeping pace with conditions that favour ... Education in Cuba concerning issues of HIV infection and AIDS is implemented by the Cuban National Center for Sex Education. ... "WHO , WHO validates elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis in Cuba". www.who.int. Retrieved 2017-12-06 ... "High HIV-1 genetic diversity in Cuba AIDS 2002". Official Journal of the International AIDS society.. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_of_Cuba
Ken StraussKen Strauss
In Janossy G, Autran B. Miedema F (eds): Immunodefiency in HIV Infection and AIDS, Karger Publishers, Basel, 1992:185-194. D. ... Can repeated plasma donation by asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals delay the onset of AIDS? Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London. B, ... His interest in immunology has led to publications in HIV disease, cellular activation and natural killer cell function, tumor ... Enumeration of CD4+ T-cells in the peripheral blood of HIV-infected patients: interlaboratory study of the FACSCount system. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Strauss
Herb RittsHerb Ritts
"Herb was HIV-positive, but this particular pneumonia was not PCP (pneumocystis pneumonia), a common opportunistic infection of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Ritts
Artificial induction of immunityArtificial induction of immunity
Immunity against infections that can cause serious illness is generally beneficial. Since Pasteur provided support for a germ ... Tetanus toxin is so lethal that humans cannot develop immunity to a natural infection, as the amount of toxin and time required ... Temporary immunity to a specific infection can be induced in a subject by providing the subject with externally produced immune ... which is the controlled infection of a subject with a less lethal natural form of smallpox (known as Variola Minor) to make him ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_induction_of_immunity
Index of HIV/AIDS-related articlesIndex of HIV/AIDS-related articles
... acute HIV infection - Acute HIV Infection and Early Diseases Research Program (AIEDRP) - ADAP - ADC - adenopathy - adherence - ... HIV disease - HIV prevention trials network (HPTN) - HIV set point - HIV vaccine trials network (HVTN) - HIV-1 - HIV-2 - HIV- ... subclinical infection - subcutaneous (SQ) - Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) - subunit HIV ... primary HIV infection - primary isolate - primaquine - proctitis - prodrome - prodrug - progressive multifocal ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_AIDS-related_topics
White blood cellWhite blood cell
In HIV infection, these T cells are the main index to identify the individual's immune system integrity. ... They defend against bacterial or fungal infection. They are usually first responders to microbial infection; their activity and ... Infection. *Chronic inflammation - especially juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Still's disease, Crohn's ... Basophils can also release chemical signals that attract eosinophils and neutrophils to an infection site.[9] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_cell
People living with HIV/AIDS | Fungal Infections | Fungal | CDCPeople living with HIV/AIDS | Fungal Infections | Fungal | CDC
... you have a greater chance of getting some types of fungal infections, like cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, ... HIV/AIDS and Fungal Infections. United States. One of the first signs that the HIV/AIDS epidemic was beginning in the United ... Thrush, an infection in the mouth and throat, is sometimes seen among people living with HIV/AIDS. This infection is not ... Since then, the numbers of fungal infections and deaths due to fungal infections in people living with HIV/AIDS have decreased ...
https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/infections/hiv-aids.html
HIV Infection - Chapter 4 - 2020 Yellow Book | Travelers Health | CDCHIV Infection - Chapter 4 - 2020 Yellow Book | Travelers' Health | CDC
HIV infection occurs worldwide. As of June 2017, an estimated 36.7 million people were living with HIV infection. Sub-Saharan ... The risk of HIV infection for international travelers is generally low. Travelers risk of HIV exposure and infection is ... As many as 90% of people will recall experiencing symptoms during the acute phase of HIV infection. Acute HIV infection can ... HIV can be diagnosed with laboratory-based or point-of-care assays that detect anti-HIV antibodies, HIV p24 antigen, or HIV-1 ...
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/hiv-infection
Vaccination of Adults with HIV | CDCVaccination of Adults with HIV | CDC
Learn more about which vaccines you may need if you have HIV Infection. ... Vaccinations for Adults with HIV Infectionpdf iconexternal icon. *For Adults with HIV/AIDS: Important information about a ... If you have HIV infection and your CD4 count is less than 200[2], talk with your doctor about:. *Influenza vaccine each year to ... If you have HIV infection and your CD4 count is 200 or greater[1], talk with your doctor about:. *Influenza vaccine each year ...
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/adults/rec-vac/health-conditions/hiv.html
Antiretroviral drugs used in the treatment of HIV infectionAntiretroviral drugs used in the treatment of HIV infection
More in HIV/AIDS Treatment. HIV Related Therapies Antiretroviral drugs used in the treatment of HIV infection Approved medical ... Drugs Used in the Treatment of HIV Infection. FDA-approved medicines used in the treatment of HIV can be found at [email protected] or ... HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors. FDA-approved medicines used in the treatment of HIV can be found at [email protected] or ... FDA-approved medicines used in the treatment of HIV can be found at [email protected] or DailyMed. ...
https://www.fda.gov/ForPatients/Illness/HIVAIDS/Treatment/ucm118915.htm
DJO | Digital Journal of OphthalmologyDJO | Digital Journal of Ophthalmology
HIV-1 infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111:582-92. 2-UNAIDS/WHO report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic. Geneva: World ... The optic nerve may be affected by HIV due to direct infection. Another explanation is related to HIV viral proteins. Tat and ... Ocular opportunistic infection incidences among patients who are HIV positive compared to patients who are HIV negative: ... Orbital infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ophthalmology 1996; 103:1483-92.. 16-Hoare S. HIV ...
http://www.djo.harvard.edu/site.php?url=/physicians/oa/674
HIV/HCV Co-infection: An AETC National Curriculum | AIDS Education and Training Centers National Coordinating Resource Center ...HIV/HCV Co-infection: An AETC National Curriculum | AIDS Education and Training Centers National Coordinating Resource Center ...
A team of AETC Program faculty and staff identified six core competencies for providers treating coinfected people with HIV. ... Section 5: Recommendations for Subpopulations of HIV/HCV Co-infected Persons. *Section 6: Addressing Barriers for Co-infected ... HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection among people of color in the United States and its territories. Topics covered ... as a component of the Secretarys Minority AIDS Initiative-Funded Jurisdictional Approach to Curing Hepatitis C among HIV/HCV ...
https://aidsetc.org/hivhcv
An Algorithm for the Evaluation of Peripheral Neuropathy - American Family PhysicianAn Algorithm for the Evaluation of Peripheral Neuropathy - American Family Physician
These three patterns of neuropathy occur only in the AIDS stage of HIV infection. Medications used to treat HIV infection, such ... Diabetes, HIV infection and alcoholism can cause several patterns of neuropathy. They most commonly cause a distal, symmetric ... HIV) infection account for an increasing number of cases. Peripheral neuropathy has numerous other causes, including hereditary ... HIV seroconversion rarely can be associated with an acute or chronic demyelinating neuropathy. In AIDS, polyradiculopathy or ...
https://www.aafp.org/afp/1998/0215/p755.html
HIV Infections and zoonosesHIV Infections and zoonoses
... role in the epidemiology of AIDS and to provide a practical and manageable tool for health workers involved in the care of HIV ... are truly complex and health care providers should be aware of the potential role of animals in infectious diseases of HIV ... HIV and the immune system: a complicated interplay Zoonoses and AIDS Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis Enteric infection ... Fungal infections References FAO technical papers Back cover ... HIV INFECTIONS AND ZOONOSES. P. Pasquali. Istituto Superiore di ...
http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5516e/y5516e00.htm
HIV Infections and zoonosesHIV Infections and zoonoses
... role in the epidemiology of AIDS and to provide a practical and manageable tool for health workers involved in the care of HIV ... are truly complex and health care providers should be aware of the potential role of animals in infectious diseases of HIV ... PREVENTION OF INFECTION. In order to develop a control strategy to reduce the incidence of infection, the following features of ... parvum infection in neonatal calves (Fayer et al., 1998). This scenario suggests an age-related susceptibility to infection ...
http://www.fao.org/3/y5516e/y5516e07.htm
HIV Opportunistic Infections |Health24HIV Opportunistic Infections |Health24
HIV Opportunistic Infections If a person is diagnosed & treated for mulluscum contagiousum (an HIV opportunistic infection) ... does it confirm they are HIV positive. Is the HI virus the only course of the lesions? If yes, can you tell at which stage/ ...
https://www.news24.com/health24/Experts/Question/hiv-opportunistic-infections-20030205
BBC NEWS | Health | HIV infections top 40 millionBBC NEWS | Health | HIV infections top 40 million
More women are now infected with HIV/Aids than men and over 40 million people are now living with the disease, latest figures ... Some 30m people in sub-Saharan Africa have HIV - 58% of these are women. There were approximately 3.5m new infections last year ... However, among the growing tally of HIV infections, there have been some success stories - in Brazil, for example, where ... HIV is spreading from these people into the wider population. Dr Piot wants to tackle stigma ...
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2512771.stm
Preventing Infections During Travel for HIV PatientsPreventing Infections During Travel for HIV Patients
... you need to be particularly careful to avoid infections, especially when youre traveling. WebMD gives you tips on how to ... A Guide for People with HIV Infection: Preventing Infections During Travel. Last revised, November 1998. (Online) http://www. ... This is very important for HIV-infected children who are traveling.. *If you are leaving the United States, make sure you know ... These rules can include vaccinations that may not be safe for HIV-infected people to take. Your doctor or local health ...
https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/guide/preventing-infections-travel
Kyrgyzstan: Officials Investigate Accidental HIV/AIDS InfectionsKyrgyzstan: Officials Investigate Accidental HIV/AIDS Infections
... were infected with the HIV/AIDS virus in the southern part of the country. A number... ... An HIV-positive Ukrainian woman and her daughter (epa) FACES OF THE EPIDEMIC: HIV-infection rates continue to soar in many ... Zuhra Nurlaminova, of Tajikistans HIV/AIDS prevention center, told RFE/RLs Tajik Service that the infections could have come ... had been reprimanded in 2005 for the HIV infections of two children at the hospital. This information was confirmed to RFE/RL ...
https://www.rferl.org/a/1077927.html
HIV/AIDS and Infections | Opportunistic Infection | MedlinePlusHIV/AIDS and Infections | Opportunistic Infection | MedlinePlus
This can lead to serious infections that are called opportunistic infections (OIs). Read more. ... Having HIV/AIDS weakens your bodys immune system. ... and COVID-19 Among People with HIV. * HIV/AIDS and Infections ... HIV/AIDS and Fungal Infections (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) * HIV/AIDS and Oral Health (National Institute of ... Having HIV/AIDS can make infections harder to treat. People with HIV/AIDS are also more likely to have complications from ...
https://medlineplus.gov/hivaidsandinfections.html
HIV prevention drugs could dramatically cut new infections | ReutersHIV prevention drugs could dramatically cut new infections | Reuters
... dramatically reduced new infections in a large group of high risk gay men, Australian researchers report. ... Reuters Health) - An HIV-prevention drug pill, dubbed PrEP, ... Although HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) had been shown to ... Reuters Health) - An HIV-prevention drug pill, dubbed PrEP, dramatically reduced new infections in a large group of high risk ... The men were required to be tested for HIV at one month and three months after starting the drug regimen, then every three ...
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-hiv-prep/hiv-prevention-drugs-could-dramatically-cut-new-infections-idUSKCN1MR2VJ
U.N. report: New HIV infections decreasing - CNN.comU.N. report: New HIV infections decreasing - CNN.com
New HIV infections have fallen worldwide by 17 percent over the past eight years, a testament to prevention efforts, according ... CNN) -- New HIV infections have fallen worldwide by 17 percent over the past eight years, a testament to prevention efforts, ... The prevalence of HIV continues to increase in those regions because of the new infections, the report said. ... Health officials say the decline in the number of new HIV infections could be attributed to better prevention programs. ...
http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/11/24/hiv.aids.decline/index.html
Homeopathic HIV infection | ScienceBlogsHomeopathic HIV 'infection' | ScienceBlogs
... and doctors about my plan to make a documentary short film about drawing blood from an HIV-positive patient, properly making a ... No way HIV is happy there. Now, babies, on the other hand, ingestion of HIV particles or HIV infected cells is a big problem. ... Assuming he found someone to donate HIV that was at acute infection or end-stage AIDS, the highest viral load you might ... 1-- HIV doesnt like water. Certainly some viruses *are* happy as a clam in water, but HIV is not one of them, as being in ...
https://scienceblogs.com/erv/2014/06/16/homeopathic-hiv-infection
Transmission dynamics of HIV infection | NatureTransmission dynamics of HIV infection | Nature
Study of Public Health Education Effect on Spread of HIV Infection in a Density-Dependent Transmission Model *M. H. Ostadzad ... Optimization of Public Health Education Parameters for Controlling the Spread of HIV/AIDS Infection *Mohammad Hossein Ostadzad ... May, R., Anderson, R. Transmission dynamics of HIV infection. Nature 326, 137-142 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1038/326137a0 ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/326137a0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=7525f2b6-8c43-40b1-bebf-8caaefad015f
HIV Infections | ASPEHIV Infections | ASPE
Analysis of Integrated HIV Housing and Care Services. I. Community HIV and Housing planning We are interested in learning more ... Analysis of Integrated HIV Housing and Care Services. G. Linkage to HIV Care How is housing assistance coordinated with medical ... Analysis of Integrated HIV Housing and Care Services. Analysis of Integrated HIV Housing and Care Services Florida Ihhp Project ... Analysis of Integrated HIV Housing and Care Services. J. Program Implementation and Progress Id like to wrap up this ...
https://aspe.hhs.gov/document-terms/hiv-infections?page=10
HIV Infections | ASPEHIV Infections | ASPE
A commonly cited example is that HIV-AIDS data are much more sensitive than, say, data about wrist fracture. Whether ... Increase the Availability and Effectiveness of Services for the Treatment and Management of HIV/AID How We Will Accomplish Our ... HIV-AIDS status, or genetics. All of these will have implications for research. ...
https://aspe.hhs.gov/document-terms/hiv-infections?page=1
Which ocular infections are associated with HIV infection?Which ocular infections are associated with HIV infection?
Infections that can affect the eye include HSV, herpes zoster virus (HZV), syphilis, CMV retinitis (CD4 count , 100/µL), ... HIV Surveillance Report, 2016; vol. 28. Diagnoses of HIV Infection in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2016. Accessed 9/6 ... Which ocular infections are associated with HIV infection?. Updated: Apr 09, 2019 ... Drugs & Diseases , Infectious Diseases , Primary Care of Patients With HIV Infection Q&A ...
https://www.medscape.com/answers/2061054-163256/2172322-overview
What Opportunistic Infections Do You Get With HIV?What Opportunistic Infections Do You Get With HIV?
Find out which infections are more common and how you can try to prevent them. ... Immune systems weakened by HIV are targets for opportunistic infections. ... What Opportunistic Infections Do You Get With HIV?. If you have HIV, treating it early with antiretroviral medicines will help ... Certain opportunistic infections are signs that your HIV has become AIDS.. If your CD4 count stays up, opportunistic infections ...
https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/hiv-diagnosis-19/aids-hiv-opportunistic-infections-stay-healthier
How are coexisting HIV and HBV infections treated?How are coexisting HIV and HBV infections treated?
HBV infection should be treated only in conjunction with HIV infection. Treatment of HBV infection alone without addressing the ... In patients with HIV and HBV coinfection, HBV infection should be treated only in conjunction with HIV infection. Treatment of ... encoded search term (How are coexisting HIV and HBV infections treated?) and How are coexisting HIV and HBV infections treated ... HBV infection alone without addressing the HIV infection will lead to emergence of HIV strains that are resistant to nucleoside ...
https://www.medscape.com/answers/2041434-196140/how-are-coexisting-hiv-and-hbv-infections-treated
HIV Infection, AIDS, and CancerHIV Infection, AIDS, and Cancer
... a small portion of cancers are thought to be linked to infections. Learn more about some of the infectious agents linked to ... HIV Infection, AIDS, and Cancer. People with HIV infection or AIDS are at higher risk for some types of cancer than people who ... How are HIV and AIDS related to cancer? * What can people with HIV or AIDS do to try to lower their risk of cancer or find it ... Here we will discuss the risks of certain cancers in people with HIV infection or AIDS, what tests these people might need to ...
http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/infectious-agents/hiv-infection-aids.html
HIV Infection LawsHIV Infection Laws
California enacts a new law reducing intentional HIV infection from a felony to a misdemeanor. There are a lot of issues on ... California enacts a new law reducing intentional HIV infection from a felony to a misdemeanor. There are a lot of issues on ... HIV no longer a death sentence. Much has changed since the early days of HIV, when there were no effective treatments available ... Signs of a shift in HIV attitudes. The legislative overhaul of HIV laws in California and Colorado may be a sign that the ...
https://www.healthline.com/health-news/california-law-hiv-transmission-felony
HIV and Co-Infections Through the Lifecycle | Global WAChHIV and Co-Infections Through the Lifecycle | Global WACh
... including HIV exposure, HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment, and other factors), the influence of HIV exposure or infection ... measure maternal HIV viral load and prevalence of TDR among 100 women with incident HIV infection during pregnancy/postpartum, ... The Effect of HIV Exposure and Infection on Immunity to TB in Children (Peds TB). ... Preventing, Detecting, and Treating Incident Maternal HIV Infection for PMTCT. Sponsor: National Institute of Health ( ...
https://depts.washington.edu/gwach/hiv-and-co-infections/
U.S. Statistics: New HIV Infections | TheBodyU.S. Statistics: New HIV Infections | TheBody
... the number of annual HIV infections began to level off in 2013, t ... Approximately 38,700 people became newly infected with HIV in ... Estimated New HIV Infections. New HIV infections ("HIV incidence") refers to the estimated number of people who are newly ... HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report 2019;24(No. 1). CDC. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, ... By HIV transmission category, between 2010-2016, the annual number of HIV infections decreased among male and female adults and ...
https://www.thebody.com/article/us-statistics-new-hiv-infections
U.N. summit sets plan to stop HIV child infections | ReutersU.N. summit sets plan to stop HIV child infections | Reuters
AIDS summit launched a plan on Thursday to try to eliminate by 2015 most new HIV infections among children, who inherit the ... AIDS summit launched a plan on Thursday to try to eliminate by 2015 most new HIV infections among children, who inherit the ... 2.5 billion more would be needed by 2015 to achieve the campaigns target of eliminating mother-to-child HIV infections. ... But providing HIV-positive pregnant women with treatment can reduce the risk of a child being born with the virus to less than ...
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-aids/u-n-summit-sets-plan-to-stop-hiv-child-infections-idUSTRE7587DJ20110609?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+reuters%2FhealthNews+%28Reuters+Health+News%29
Asymptomatic HIV infection: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaAsymptomatic HIV infection: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
During this stage, there are no symptoms of HIV infection. This stage is also called chronic HIV infection or clinical latency. ... Asymptomatic HIV infection is the second stage of HIV/AIDS. ... Asymptomatic HIV infection is the second stage of HIV/AIDS. ... HIV overview: the stages of HIV infection. aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/fact-sheets/19/46/the-stages-of-hiv- ... During this stage, there are no symptoms of HIV infection. This stage is also called chronic HIV infection or clinical latency. ...
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000682.htm
Neuropathy in HIV infectionNeuropathy in HIV infection
Peripheral nerve complications in patients infected with HIV usually result from the virus itself, or are due to some of the ... Neuropathy in HIV infection Curr Opin Neurol. 2000 Oct;13(5):589-92. doi: 10.1097/00019052-200010000-00014. ... Peripheral nerve complications in patients infected with HIV usually result from the virus itself, or are due to some of the ... including recombinant human nerve growth factor and the reduction of HIV viral load with antiretroviral drugs. ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11073368/?dopt=Abstract
AIDS2019Opportunistic infectionAntibodiesPrevalenceTuberculosisImmune systemSexuallyViral loadDiagnosesSymptomsUNAIDSPrimary HIV infection2018AntigenEpidemicTransmissionTreatmentOccurAcuteRetroviruses and Opportunistic InfectionsHuman immunIncidenceAntibodyRecurrent2017Weeks after HIV infectionVirus2001Fungal infectionsStrains2016ResearchersCondomsDiseaseYeast infectionsSearchClinicalStigmaDetectAdults and AdolescentsEpidemicsHealthAntiviralHepatitisNucleoside reverse trResult of HIV infectionCancersBlood transfusionChronicAfricaInfectious DiseasesPopulationsInjectVirologicRegimen
AIDS153
  • As a person living with HIV/AIDS, you have many opportunities for a healthy and full life. (cdc.gov)
  • If you have HIV/AIDS and live in or visit these areas, you're more likely to get these infections than the general population. (cdc.gov)
  • Thrush , an infection in the mouth and throat, is sometimes seen among people living with HIV/AIDS. (cdc.gov)
  • In areas of the world with high rates of HIV/AIDS and where cryptococcosis is common, high-risk HIV patients can be tested for this infection before symptoms appear. (cdc.gov)
  • 1) A global summary of the HIV/AIDS epidemic from December 2003 by the Joint United Nations Programee on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are 40 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS. (harvard.edu)
  • Approximately 5 million people were infected with HIV and there were about 3 million AIDS deaths in 2003. (harvard.edu)
  • This curriculum was developed as a component of the Secretary's Minority AIDS Initiative-Funded Jurisdictional Approach to Curing Hepatitis C among HIV/HCV Coinfected People of Color project through the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) HIV/AIDS Bureau (HAB). (aidsetc.org)
  • Due to their immunological deficiency, HIV infected and AIDS affected patients are at a high risk of contracting cryptosporidiosis. (fao.org)
  • NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Standard tests for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, can't identify people very recently infected with the virus, but a more sensitive test can, new research shows. (reuters.com)
  • The study was supported by funding from the California HIV/AIDS Research Program and the National Institutes of Health. (reuters.com)
  • More women are now infected with HIV/Aids than men and well above 40 million people are now living with the disease, latest figures reveal. (bbc.co.uk)
  • The food crises faced in three of these are linked to the toll of their longstanding HIV/Aids epidemics, especially on the lives of young, productive adults. (bbc.co.uk)
  • If you have human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) -- the virus that causes AIDS -- you should have all the facts. (webmd.com)
  • AFP) August 1, 2007 (RFE/RL) -- Kyrgyz authorities are investigating how 11 people -- including nine children -- were infected with the HIV/AIDS virus in the southern part of the country. (rferl.org)
  • At least six people, including a 4-year-old boy, were accidentally infected with HIV/AIDS at a hospital in Tajikistan at the end of last year also. (rferl.org)
  • Zuhra Nurlaminova, of Tajikistan's HIV/AIDS prevention center, told RFE/RL's Tajik Service that the infections could have come from blood donors and she admitted that the system for recording donors still needs to be improved. (rferl.org)
  • Boris Shapiro, the founder and former head of Kyrgyzstan's HIV/AIDS prevention center, laments the fact that accidental infections of hospital patients are occurring. (rferl.org)
  • I want to say that as the creator of this [HIV/AIDS prevention] service and as someone who for many years headed the service, I also feel myself to be guilty,' he says. (rferl.org)
  • Having HIV/AIDS weakens your body's immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Having HIV/AIDS can make infections harder to treat. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People with HIV/AIDS are also more likely to have complications from common illnesses such as the flu. (medlineplus.gov)
  • You can help prevent infections by taking your HIV/AIDS medicines . (medlineplus.gov)
  • In addition, the number of people living with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, has increased, and over the last five years, AIDS deaths have declined by 10 percent, thanks to antiretroviral drug therapy and access to lifesaving treatments, said the report by the Joint U.N. Program on HIV/AIDS and World Health Organization . (cnn.com)
  • In all settings and for diverse types of epidemics, it is clear that programs to prevent new infections among these key populations must constitute an important part of national AIDS responses. (cnn.com)
  • I've been speaking with lab managers, AIDS researchers, and doctors about my plan to make a documentary short film about drawing blood from an HIV-positive patient, properly making a 30C homeopathic dilution of it using safe, legal laboratory procedures, and then drinking it. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Assuming he found someone to 'donate' HIV that was at acute infection or end-stage AIDS, the highest viral load you might expect would be 10 8 viruses/ml. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Wouldn't homeopaths believe he just immunized himself against getting HIV / AIDS? (scienceblogs.com)
  • Please describe how the program collects and tracks client-level demographic, service use, and program outcome data, including HIV/AIDS status? (hhs.gov)
  • A commonly cited example is that HIV-AIDS data are much more sensitive than, say, data about wrist fracture. (hhs.gov)
  • Some States are revising their medical-privacy laws covering information on mental health, HIV-AIDS status, or genetics. (hhs.gov)
  • Guideline] Adapted from Guide for HIV/AIDS Clinical Care. (medscape.com)
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources and Services Administration HIV/AIDS Bureau: Published January 2011. (medscape.com)
  • Acute AIDS retrovirus infection: Definition of a clinical illness associated with seroconversion. (medscape.com)
  • Screening guidelines for non-AIDS defining cancers in HIV-infected individuals. (medscape.com)
  • Certain opportunistic infections are signs that your HIV has become AIDS. (webmd.com)
  • People with HIV infection or AIDS are at higher risk for some types of cancer than people who are not infected. (cancer.org)
  • Here we will discuss the risks of certain cancers in people with HIV infection or AIDS, what tests these people might need to look for cancers early, and how these cancers are generally treated. (cancer.org)
  • The law follows on the heels of a 2015 report by the Obama White House on the country's HIV/AIDS strategy. (healthline.com)
  • Many of the HIV laws date back to the late 1980s, when AIDS arose as a public health crisis around the country, often in already stigmatized populations. (healthline.com)
  • HIV/AIDS is the second leading cause of death in adolescents globally and, programmatically, adolescents are often an afterthought. (washington.edu)
  • Our Center has cultivated expertise in HIV/AIDS since its inception, particularly as it relates to women, adolescents, and children in resource-limited settings. (washington.edu)
  • Asymptomatic HIV infection is the second stage of HIV/AIDS . (medlineplus.gov)
  • When an HIV victim reaches the final stages, the symptoms of HIV infections turn into AIDS, and this happens normally in the first 10 to 12 years after they get infected. (infobarrel.com)
  • Eventually the immune system will shut down and the person will die from an infection their body is unable to fight off, as there is no cure for AIDs. (infobarrel.com)
  • That is why it is vital to recognize the symptoms of HIV infections, as when it is still in this stage , contracting full blown AIDs can be delayed by using certain types of medications to strengthen the immune system. (infobarrel.com)
  • It could also improve the ability of scientists to monitor the development of resistance to anti-viral drugs in patients with HIV/AIDS. (fda.gov)
  • A little over 1 million Americans are living with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. (ap.org)
  • Although HIV treatment advances now mean that AIDS-defining cancers (such as Kaposi's sarcoma) are rarely a risk, research is showing that people living with HIV have an increased risk of developing age-related or lifestyle cancers such as lung or liver cancer. (avert.org)
  • Prague, 4 July 2003 (RFE/RL) -- By global standards, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS remains relatively low in Kazakhstan, but the country is suffering from one of the fastest infection rates in the world. (rferl.org)
  • In 2002, the Kazakh government estimated some 25,000 persons were living with HIV/AIDS. (rferl.org)
  • Kazakhstan is believed to have more than double the number of persons with HIV/AIDS than the other four Central Asian nations combined. (rferl.org)
  • According to UNAIDS, which coordinates UN AIDS programs, 85 percent of new HIV/AIDS cases in Kazakhstan involve intravenous drug users, of which there are some 200,000 in the country. (rferl.org)
  • In a report released this week, New York-based Human Rights Watch (HRW) says the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Kazakhstan is being fueled by human rights abuses against intravenous drug users and sex workers. (rferl.org)
  • Struthers of Human Rights Watch says the Kazakh government has taken some positive steps in combating HIV/AIDS by setting up health centers and needle-exchange programs. (rferl.org)
  • The country established a five-year prevention and treatment plan to combat HIV/AIDS for 2001-2005 that is estimated to cost about $150 million, most of which is expected to come from outside sources. (rferl.org)
  • And she notes the government has taken the progressive step of ordering a full review of existing laws and regulations with respect to international standards on HIV/AIDS and human rights. (rferl.org)
  • But Struthers insists the Kazakh government needs to set a tone of tolerance and respect for the rights of intravenous drug users, sex workers, and people living with HIV/AIDS. (rferl.org)
  • According to Struthers, many of those who are infected with HIV/AIDS hesitate to access information that could save their lives because they fear they will be detained or identified. (rferl.org)
  • In the history of the AIDS epidemic, researchers have reported only one convincing case that an HIV-infected person, Timothy Brown ( Science , 13 May 2011, p. 784), stopped treatment and did not have the virus return. (wired.com)
  • With increased access to antiretroviral therapy and improved monitoring of treatment effectiveness in much of the world, fewer people are dying from AIDS-related causes, and those with HIV are living longer than ever before. (iasociety.org)
  • The HIV/AIDS pandemic has been halted and is beginning to reverse, at least by some measures, according to a report from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) . (medpagetoday.com)
  • New HIV infections in 2012 were down slightly from 2011 and by 33% since 2001, while AIDS-related deaths continued to fall from their peak in 2005, the report said. (medpagetoday.com)
  • But many countries have increased their domestic financial outlays for HIV/AIDS, although the low- and middle-income countries most affected by the pandemic remain in need of international help, the report says. (medpagetoday.com)
  • December 1 is observed as World AIDS Day - a day set aside as a show of solidarity with people who are living with HIV/Aids, and those who have died from the disease. (allafrica.com)
  • New HIV infections in Swaziland have fallen by nearly one half (44%) since 2011, and the number of people who are virally suppressed more than doubled, according to exciting data presented at the International AIDS Society (IAS) Conference on HIV Science in Paris yesterday. (avert.org)
  • The findings from SHIMS 2 are a testimony to the remarkable commitment by the Government of Swaziland to confronting the HIV epidemic," said Dr. Wafaa El-Sadr, Director of the International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs (ICAP) at Columbia University. (avert.org)
  • Preventing HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections in. (bartleby.com)
  • CASE STUDY #2: Preventing HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Thailand Miami Dade College Abstract Our second team project answers five questions about Case Study #2, Preventing HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Thailand and Chapter 10, Introduction to Global Health. (bartleby.com)
  • HIV and AIDS have had a great impacted throughout varies countries. (bartleby.com)
  • Now, in 2004, we know from bitter experience that AIDS is caused by the virus HIV, and that it can devastate families, communities and whole continents. (bartleby.com)
  • As of 2012, three world renown AIDS organizations have published a global statistics of HIV and AIDS epidemic estimating that at least 34 million people have been affected by HIV and of the 34 million, 3.8 million are children living with HIV. (bartleby.com)
  • Elizabeth Pisani is an epidemiologist with years of experience working on HIV/AIDS (or sex and drugs, as she puts, which sounds a lot, well, sexier) at a variety of agencies, including UNAIDS. (bartleby.com)
  • Special signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS in women : 3 5. (bartleby.com)
  • The challenges that HIV/AIDS infected women faced : 4 7. (bartleby.com)
  • Global distribution of HIV/AIDS among women : 5 9. (bartleby.com)
  • AIDS awareness group Deutsche AIDS-Hilfe (DAH), which had hoped for an acquittal, was unhappy with the decision, arguing that people infected with HIV now risked further stigma and would not be encouraged to come clean about the virus. (ibtimes.com)
  • The talent agent later contracted full-blown AIDS, while the other man was not infected with HIV. (ibtimes.com)
  • AIDS research has been hampered by the lack of an animal model that utilizes HIV-1 as the challenge virus, the central problem being the absence of a practical host species in which HIV-1 replicates efficiently ( 1 ). (pnas.org)
  • While chimpanzees can be productively infected, they are endangered, expensive, do not typically develop AIDS after HIV-1 infection, and their use in research engenders ethical concerns ( 2 ). (pnas.org)
  • Consequently, the most widely used animal models of human HIV-1 infection and AIDS comprise infection of rhesus or pig-tailed macaques with simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) or chimeras encoding the HIV-1 envelope or reverse transcriptase (SHIV, or RT-SHIV), which can cause simian AIDS ( 3 - 7 ). (pnas.org)
  • In 2009, a clinical study known as the "Thai trial" produced the first vaccine to offer some protection against HIV, the virus that causes AIDS , but it only lessened transmission by a modest degree. (medicinenet.com)
  • With any traditional vaccine, the idea is to get the immune system to generate antibodies that will recognize and attack a specific foreign invader, explained Rowena Johnston, vice president of research for amfAR, a nonprofit that supports HIV/AIDS research. (medicinenet.com)
  • Any of the opportunistic infections or cancers associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) can also occur in the absence of HIV infection, although they usually develop in patients with some other form of immune suppression or defect. (medscape.com)
  • 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. (medscape.com)
  • Jeffrey S. FDA approves first antidiarrheal drug for HIV/AIDS. (medscape.com)
  • About 1.8 million people around the world were newly infected with HIV in 2017 , according to the United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS. (washingtonpost.com)
  • Current and past threats and outbreaks of HIV infection and AIDS. (europa.eu)
  • BEIJING - China's health and education authorities on Monday required the country's schools to establish systems to report HIV/AIDS infection cases in students. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • The National Health and Family Planning Commission and the Ministry of Education said in a joint circular that infections of the virus among young students saw a marked rise in recent years, a sign of problems in education and students' awareness about HIV/AIDS prevention. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • Students in secondary schools and older should attend special classes on HIV/AIDS prevention focused on prevention of unsafe behavior as well as sexual responsibility and morality, the circular said. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • The circular said HIV/AIDS voluntary counselling and testing services should be improved and schools should encourage students with risky behaviors to use the services. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • RATODERO, Pakistan: Doctors in a town in Pakistan are struggling to cope with a surge in patients infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, with nearly 700 cases since April, most of them children. (arabnews.com)
  • About 60 percent of Ratodero patients were infected by reused needles and syringes, or through transfusions of blood that were not screened properly for HIV, said Dr. Sikander Memon, head of the AIDS control program in the province. (arabnews.com)
  • Pakistan has some 163,000 HIV and AIDS patients, of whom only 25,000 are registered with provincial and federal AIDS control programs, said Zafar Mirza, a health adviser to Prime Minister Imran Khan. (arabnews.com)
  • Staff of Sindh AIDS control programs screen patients for HIV at Ratodero in May. (arabnews.com)
  • According to estimates, Pakistan is registering about 20,000 new HIV infections annually even as, globally, the number of people newly infected with HIV, especially children, and the number of AIDS-related deaths have been declining. (arabnews.com)
  • The National AIDS Control Program estimates that 60,000 people carry the HIV virus in Sindh, and estimates that there are 9,500 AIDS cases. (arabnews.com)
  • Only Punjab, Pakistan's biggest and most populous province, has heavier HIV and AIDS caseloads. (arabnews.com)
  • AIDS is the name given to a number of potentially life-threatening illnesses that can happen when the immune system has been severely damaged by HIV. (arabnews.com)
  • However, most people with HIV do not develop AIDS if they receive regular antiretroviral therapy. (arabnews.com)
  • According to Dr Arbani, the situation calls for extraordinary measures with "25 children and two adults having died, indicating that HIV has reached the next dangerous level of AIDS in certain cases. (arabnews.com)
  • Mass screening is usually conducted in "key HIV populations," said Dr Safdar Kamal Pasha, who consults for WHO on HIV/AIDS in Pakistan. (arabnews.com)
  • Despite a downward turn in local AIDS deaths, more minority Los Angeles residents are living with HIV than ever before, according to testimony Wednesday at forum on AIDS and HIV. (latimes.com)
  • The "Los Angeles AIDS Summit: People of Color and HIV" was held at Los Angles Unified School District headquarters and addressed such topics as "Are HIV Infections Dropping in Communities of Color? (latimes.com)
  • Recent declines in AIDS cases and deaths obscure the fact that the number of persons who are living with AIDS and HIV infections are actually increasing. (latimes.com)
  • AIDS and HIV Infection a Growing Problem Worldwide, Report. (latimes.com)
  • More than 25 million people in sub-Saharan Africa have HIV or AIDS, with 9 out of 10 children in world who have one of the diseases living there, according to the World Health Organization. . (upi.com)
  • Writing in a linked Comment, Professor Salim Karim, Director of the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, pointed out that the reduction in HIV infections reported here may not be specifically attributable to a protective effect of the antivirals on people who become infected through injecting drugs. (elsevier.com)
  • Doctors now consider HIV infection to be a chronic disease rather than a death sentence because of the success of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), which stop the infection's progression to AIDS. (scientificamerican.com)
  • For the first time, an experimental vaccine has prevented infection with the AIDS virus, a watershed event in the deadly epidemic and a surprising result. (thehindu.com)
  • The vaccine cut the risk of becoming infected with HIV by more than 31 per cent in the world's largest AIDS vaccine trial of more than 16,000 volunteers in Thailand, researchers announced on Thursday in Bangkok. (thehindu.com)
  • This is the third big vaccine trial since 1983, when HIV was identified as the cause of AIDS. (thehindu.com)
  • A 42-year-old HIV patient with leukemia appears to have no detectable HIV in his blood and no symptoms after a stem cell transplant from a donor carrying a gene mutation that confers natural resistance to the virus that causes AIDS. (slashdot.org)
  • In 1980, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was identified as the causative organism of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (facs.org)
  • India saw a decline of 32 percent in number of new infections of AIDS virus in 2015 compared to 2007," said Mary Kay Carlson, deputy chief of Mission at US Embassy. (medindia.net)
  • India is the only nation that achieved a 32 percent decline in the infections and death rates by 50 percent through AIDS control programme. (medindia.net)
  • In the last 25 years, the AIDS control programme has grown and the number of new infections have been brought down by 32 percent and AIDS related deaths by over 50 per cent. (medindia.net)
  • However, HIV prevention should be delivered as a comprehensive package including bio-medical interventions, behavioral interventions and infrastructural interventions to effectively deal with AIDS," he added. (medindia.net)
  • HIV/AIDS can be reduced and controlled with early detection and treatment of the virus but is possible only if people come forward before its too late. (medindia.net)
  • Simran Shaikh from India HIV/AIDS Alliance said that there is a need to implement early testing and for reducing the stigma attached to HIV treatment. (medindia.net)
  • AIDS is an epidemic disease, a potentially preventable, deadly infection for which there is no cure, no vaccine, and it is not under control. (medindia.net)
  • AIDS or HIV is an epidemic disease, a potentially deadly infection that can be prevented with precautions. (medindia.net)
  • AIDS/HIV symptoms manifest long after the actual infection occurs. (medindia.net)
  • In this ethnography, I explored the impact of an HIV/AIDS education program on the lives of 24 Ugandan nurses and nurse-midwives. (uleth.ca)
  • World closing in on Millennium Development Goal 6, globally the AIDS epidemic has been halted and reversed-race is on to reach universal access to HIV treatment. (unric.org)
  • As world leaders prepare to meet at the United Nations General Assembly to review progress towards the Millennium Development Goals-a new report from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS ( UNAIDS ) shows dramatic acceleration towards reaching 2015 global targets on HIV. (unric.org)
  • As well as outlining new global HIV estimates, the 2013 UNAIDS Report on the global AIDS epidemic reviews progress on ten specific targets which were set by United Nations Member States in the 2011 UN Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS. (unric.org)
  • Title: Alternative Treatment for HIV Infection Authors: Dr. Magnolia Goh and Dr. Tang Zhaoliang Publisher: Science Press As a person with AIDS, the thing I like most about this book is that it provides an answer to the most common question I hear. (bio.net)
  • BEIJING - China reported some 70,000 cases of new HIV infections in the first nine months of the year, bringing the total number of people living with HIV/AIDS to 434,000, the country's health authority said Sunday. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • China tested 7.43 million pregnant women for HIV/AIDS in the first nine months of the year to prevent possible mother-to-child transmission, the statement said. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • Eight of the 10 states with the highest rates of new HIV and AIDS diagnoses are in the South. (indyweek.com)
  • She says care for HIV and AIDS patients in New York City has greatly improved due to a city program that connects low-income people with HIV to medical care, food stamps, Medicaid and other resources. (indyweek.com)
  • Unfortunately, people in the South with HIV or AIDS can't access many of these resources, even though the region, in particular North Carolina, has the highest rates of new HIV diagnoses and HIV-related deaths in the U.S. (indyweek.com)
  • These numbers are part of an analysis released last week by the Southern HIV/ AIDS Strategy Initiative (SASI), which is affiliated with the Duke University AIDS Legal Assistance Project. (indyweek.com)
  • About 35,000 people are living with HIV/ AIDS in North Carolina, where high rates of the infection are partly caused by the large number of rural areas, says Carolyn McAllaster, the director of the SASI project. (indyweek.com)
  • While access to services is a major barrier to treatment and prevention, the report also identifies social conservatism as another contributing factor to the disproportionate prevalence of HIV and AIDS in the South. (indyweek.com)
  • McAllaster, who is also director of the Duke AIDS Legal Assistance Project, says the stigma people associate with HIV or AIDS often prevents them from seeking help or even practicing safe sex or safe needle-sharing. (indyweek.com)
  • Sharing needles is the third leading cause of new HIV and AIDS diagnoses in the United States, according to the CDC, and improperly discarded needles can lead to accidental transmission. (indyweek.com)
  • Efforts to stop the spread of the virus that causes AIDS have slowed the epidemic in recent years, but the rate of new infections is still too high, said a new report on AIDS prevention from the Institute of Medicine (IOM). (stanford.edu)
  • Renewed efforts in AIDS prevention are particularly important now because in some groups and in some regions of the country the infection rates for the AIDS virus (HIV) are rising, said Stanford assistant professor of medicine, Andrew Zolopa, one of the members of the committee that compiled the report. (stanford.edu)
  • The committee, which was composed of many national figures in the fields of AIDS research and public health, recommended that authorities adopt a national strategy to better track HIV infections, and that funding be funneled to the most cost-effective prevention programs. (stanford.edu)
  • In addition, the effectiveness of new AIDS drugs has given people a false sense of security about their risk of being infected with HIV and has also increased the pool of people who carry the virus and can infect others. (stanford.edu)
  • When we look at the rate of new AIDS cases, we are looking at infections that happened eight or 10 or more years ago. (stanford.edu)
  • Zolopa has spent considerable time studying how best to bring the message of HIV prevention to AIDS clinics. (stanford.edu)
  • Seven countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the world's worst-hit region in the global AIDS epidemic, have cut the number of new HIV infections in children by 50 percent since 2009, the United Nations AIDS program said on Tuesday. (newsmax.com)
  • The report said much of the reduction in new HIV cases in children was thanks to more use of AIDS drug treatment for HIV-positive pregnant women. (newsmax.com)
  • AIDS medicines known as antiretroviral therapy not only improve the health of mothers with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS, but can also prevent HIV from being transmitted to their children. (newsmax.com)
  • Eric Goosby, global AIDS coordinator for the United States government, called on the international community to 'continue working together to see the day when no children are born with HIV, which is within our reach. (newsmax.com)
  • If you had asked me 6 years ago about using gene therapy to fight HIV/AIDS, I would have given you a nice rant about how expensive it is, how non-viable it is in the places that need anti-HIV strategies the most, how dangerous it can be, and I would have been damn offended you even considered it. (scienceblogs.com)
  • This results in progressive weakening of the immune system leading to acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ), when the body is no longer able to fight infection effectively. (medicinenet.com)
  • Truvada was launched in 2004, initially used in combination with other drugs as the basic treatment for people who have HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. (voanews.com)
  • Dr. Uriel Felsen, the medical director of HIV counseling and testing at the HIV/AIDS Center at Montefiore Medical Center in New York, who was not involved in the woman's case, said, "This is the first time that I have seen something as close to a confirmed case of HIV being transmitted through shared manicure utensils. (livescience.com)
  • In 1993, the CDC added pulmonary tuberculosis, recurrent pneumonia, and invasive cervical cancer to the list of clinical conditions in the AIDS surveillance case definition published in 1987 and expanded the AIDS surveillance case definition to include all HIV-infected persons with CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts of less than 200 cells/uL or a CD4+ percentage of less than 14. (wikipedia.org)
20193
  • Free mail-order HIV tests for high-risk men offer a potentially better strategy for curbing disease spread than usual care, according to a U.S. government study published Monday, Nov. 18, 2019, in JAMA Internal Medicine, that resulted in many more infections detected - including among friends with whom recipients shared extra kits. (click2houston.com)
  • To ask the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, pursuant to the Answer of 22 October 2019 to Question 1684 on HIV Infection: Males, what steps the Government is taking to prevent people contracting HIV while waiting to obtain a place on the PrEP impact trial. (parliament.uk)
  • 2019) Metabolic plasticity of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells is associated with enhanced antiviral potential and natural control of HIV-1 infection, Nature Metabolism . (news-medical.net)
Opportunistic infection5
  • If a person is diagnosed & treated for mulluscum contagiousum (an HIV opportunistic infection) does it confirm they are HIV positive. (news24.com)
  • What is an Opportunistic Infection? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Almost any disease can become an opportunistic infection when your immune system is weak. (webmd.com)
  • Because the HIV virus makes copies of itself more quickly when you have an opportunistic infection, early treatment is important. (webmd.com)
  • Past or present HIV opportunistic infection of the brain, learning disability, head injury with prolonged loss of consciousness or cognitive sequelae, or other non-HIV risk factor that may impact cognitive performance. (pfizer.com)
Antibodies29
  • HIV can be diagnosed with laboratory-based or point-of-care assays that detect anti-HIV antibodies, HIV p24 antigen, or HIV-1 RNA. (cdc.gov)
  • In the United States, the recommended laboratory-based screening test for HIV is a combination antigen/antibody assay that detects antibodies against HIV, as well as p24 antigen. (cdc.gov)
  • By testing for HIV's genetic material in addition to antibodies against the virus in more than 3,000 people, Dr. Sheldon R. Morris of the University of California San Diego and colleagues identified 15 HIV-infected patients who the standard test would have missed. (reuters.com)
  • this approach can identify an HIV-positive person about 12 days before that person begins making antibodies against the virus. (reuters.com)
  • The test looks for antibodies produced by the immune system to fight HIV. (thebody.com)
  • Before the immune system produces antibodies to fight it, HIV multiplies rapidly. (thebody.com)
  • In June 2010 the FDA approved a new HIV test that detects both antibodies to HIV and HIV proteins. (thebody.com)
  • This new test should detect HIV infection earlier than a test for antibodies alone. (thebody.com)
  • This is because the tests are typically designed to detect the HIV-specific antibodies that are produced by the immune system during a process called seroconversion. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Tests that use p24 antigen detection can also help detect HIV infection before antibodies are produced. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The HIV transmission levels are high during the acute stage of the condition because the blood contains high levels of the virus, but no antibodies. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In the fall of 2012, when the baby was 21 months old and returned to care, UMMS pediatrician Hannah Gay couldn't find HIV antibodies or the virus on standard tests. (wired.com)
  • Acute HIV infection is the phase of infection right after people are infected but before they develop antibodies to HIV. (cdc.gov)
  • During acute infection, you may seem to be HIV-negative (uninfected) because you have not yet developed antibodies to HIV-but you're infected. (cdc.gov)
  • Most current HIV tests work by detecting the HIV antibodies a person develops after becoming infected. (cdc.gov)
  • Researchers from the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) found that each of four HIV antibodies helped protect macaque monkeys from repeated exposure to a modified version of HIV, although some of the antibodies protected the animals longer than others. (medicinenet.com)
  • But scientists have also wondered whether it could be possible to directly inject HIV-targeting antibodies into the body, said Johnston, who was not involved in the latest study. (medicinenet.com)
  • In recent years, researchers have isolated a number of powerful antibodies that certain people with HIV produce against the virus. (medicinenet.com)
  • For the study, the NIAID scientists started with three HIV-fighting antibodies -- VRC01 and two others. (medicinenet.com)
  • The researchers found that all four antibodies temporarily protected macaque monkeys from infection with SHIV -- a combination of HIV and the simian form of HIV that naturally infects many primates. (medicinenet.com)
  • A single infusion of one of the antibodies -- dubbed 10-1074 -- kept the infection at bay for up to 23 weeks. (medicinenet.com)
  • And even if one or more antibodies can safely stave off HIV infection in humans, there are practical barriers to using them in the real world, both Johnston and Hardy said. (medicinenet.com)
  • But Hardy also pointed to the bigger picture: Now that researchers are learning which antibodies neutralize HIV, they may be able to "work backwards" to develop vaccines that spur the immune system to produce those antibodies. (medicinenet.com)
  • FDA approves first rapid diagnostic test to detect both HIV-1 antigen and HIV-1/2 antibodies. (medscape.com)
  • Lowes R. FDA OKs First Rapid Test for HIV-1/2 Antibodies, HIV-1 Antigen. (medscape.com)
  • The test works by measuring the antibodies that your body makes to fight the infection. (zocdoc.com)
  • As soon as a virus is present in your body, infection fighting parts of your blood start making antibodies. (zocdoc.com)
  • These antibodies are then measured to tell you if you have HIV. (zocdoc.com)
  • Using antibodies directed at these proteins, the researchers were able to pull EVs out of laboratory preparations of HIV. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Prevalence11
  • Although the reported adult HIV prevalence in many regions of the world is low, certain populations are disproportionately affected, such as sex workers, people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, transgender people, and prisoners. (cdc.gov)
  • It states: "In four southern African countries, national adult HIV prevalence has risen higher than thought possible. (bbc.co.uk)
  • The prevalence of HIV continues to increase in those regions because of the new infections, the report said. (cnn.com)
  • Prevalence of hepatitis C and B virus among patients infected with HIV: a cross-sectional analysis of a large HIV care programme in Myanmar. (medscape.com)
  • Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection among patients in the HIV Outpatient Study, 1996-2007. (medscape.com)
  • The enduring threat that TB presents to people living with HIV is exacerbated by the growing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB. (iasociety.org)
  • Swaziland - the country with the world's largest HIV prevalence - is showing signs of getting the epidemic under control, as more people access treatment and become virally suppressed. (avert.org)
  • According to UNAIDS, an estimated 220,000 people were living with HIV in Swaziland, and it has the highest HIV prevalence globally at an estimated 27% in 2016. (avert.org)
  • ATLANTA, June 13-The prevalence of people living with HIV in the United States has topped one million, CDC researchers reported Monday at the 2005 National HIV Prevention Conference. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The new figures give us the clearest picture of the HIV epidemic," said Kate Glynn, DVM, a CDC epidemiologist who will present details of the prevalence data Tuesday at the conference. (medpagetoday.com)
  • ROCKVILLE, Md., Feb. 23 (UPI) -- When used properly and consistently, a vaginal ring emitting an experimental drug reduced HIV prevalence significantly among women, according to a clinical trial in four sub-Saharan African countries. (upi.com)
Tuberculosis13
  • Tuberculosis , or "TB," is very common worldwide, and can be severe in people with HIV. (webmd.com)
  • Tuberculosis (TB), a bacterial infection that attacks your lungs. (webmd.com)
  • This puts the penalty for HIV in line with that for other infectious diseases, such as SARS, hepatitis, and tuberculosis. (healthline.com)
  • Worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) is the most common co-infection among people living with HIV . (avert.org)
  • Your healthcare professional should test you for tuberculosis and if you have got it, you should receive treatment which cures the infection. (avert.org)
  • Address existing gaps in the response to HIV co-infections and co-morbidities, in particular at the intersection of HIV with hepatitis C, tuberculosis and non-communicable diseases. (iasociety.org)
  • Among people living with HIV, morbidity and mortality is increasingly driven by co-infection with other diseases, including hepatitis C (HCV) and tuberculosis (TB), and co-morbidity with non-communicable diseases (NCDs). (iasociety.org)
  • Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading killer of people living with HIV: it causes 40% of all HIV deaths worldwide. (iasociety.org)
  • Tuberculosis-related deaths in people living with HIV have fallen by 36% since 2004, although TB still remains the leading killer of people with HIV. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Some of the opportunistic infections that can occur are cytomegalovirus infection, cryptococcal meningitis , Cryptosporidium diarrhea, Pneumocystic jiroveci pneumonia (previously called Pneumocystic carinii pneumonia or PCP), Toxoplasma encephalitis , tuberculosis , and herpesvirus infections. (rxlist.com)
  • HIV co-infection is associated with low TB treatment success on tuberculosis patients. (europa.eu)
  • Significant results have also been achieved towards meeting the needs of tuberculosis (TB) patients living with HIV, as TB-related deaths among people living with HIV have declined by 36% since 2004. (unric.org)
  • OBJECTIVE: To determine the etiology of lower respiratory tract disease among persons with suspected tuberculosis (TB) and abnormal chest X-rays in a setting with very high HIV seroprevalence. (ingentaconnect.com)
Immune system25
  • Because HIV weakens the immune system, you have a greater chance of getting some types of fungal infections, like cryptococcosis , coccidioidomycosis , histoplasmosis , and pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) . (cdc.gov)
  • Prompt medical care and effective treatment with antiretrovirals can partially reverse HIV-induced damage to the immune system, and prolong life. (cdc.gov)
  • They are called "opportunistic" because a person may get the infection when their weakened immune system gives it the opportunity to develop. (webmd.com)
  • OIs are serious infections that take advantage of your weak immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you have HIV, treating it early with antiretroviral medicines will help your immune system and allow you to stay in good health. (webmd.com)
  • But untreated HIV, over the course of years, will harm your immune system and can lead to opportunistic infections. (webmd.com)
  • Opportunistic" means they take advantage of the weaker immune system of someone with HIV. (webmd.com)
  • Take your HIV medicines and see your doctor regularly to make sure that they are working and that your immune system remains strong. (webmd.com)
  • It will help you avoid the serious consequences of infection as well as preserve your immune system. (webmd.com)
  • Your doctor might also prescribe medication to prevent the infection from coming back, and if your immune system recovers, you may be able to stop taking that. (webmd.com)
  • The lining of the intestine -- an important part of the immune system -- also loses a significant number of CD4 cells within 4 to 6 weeks after infection. (thebody.com)
  • At first, the immune system produces white blood cells that recognize and kill HIV-infected cells. (thebody.com)
  • Early treatment can protect the immune system from damage by HIV. (thebody.com)
  • Investigating the role of the innate immune system in early viral infection, and focusing on the potential roles of natural killer (NK) cells, we have discovered complex interactions involving several cytokines that support NK activation, including IL-2, IL-18 and IL-12. (fda.gov)
  • If your HIV treatment isn't working, your immune system will get weaker and you may be at risk of opportunistic infections. (avert.org)
  • They used a substance secreted by the immune system known as interleukin 15 (IL-15) to boost the mitochondrial activity of non-controllers' cells and increase their anti-HIV potential. (news-medical.net)
  • HIV entry into mature T-helper cells (cells essential to the immune system) proceeds by attachment of the virus to specific targets on T-helper cells, uptake of the virus, fusion of its envelope with the cell membranes, and release of the virus into the cells. (redorbit.com)
  • HIV kills immune system cells. (scientificamerican.com)
  • The study actually tested a two-vaccine combo in a "prime-boost" approach, where the first one primes the immune system to attack HIV and the second one strengthens the response. (thehindu.com)
  • I am only HIV positive I have no symptom, but I would like to keep my condition as present, what can I do for my immune system? (bio.net)
  • The goal of blocking the toxin with maraviroc or other agents is to enable the immune system to better control the infection. (uspharmacist.com)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infection is caused by a virus that attacks the T-cells of the human immune system. (medicinenet.com)
  • Scientists at Johns Hopkins report that compounds they hoped would "wake up" dormant reservoirs of HIV inside immune system T cells -- a strategy designed to reverse latency and make the cells vulnerable to destruction -- have failed to do so in laboratory tests of such white blood cells taken directly from patients infected with HIV. (eurekalert.org)
  • While inactive, the dormant HIV lurks in the cells but does not replicate in the amounts needed to produce proteins that can be recognized by the immune system. (eurekalert.org)
  • Without that recognition, the immune system cannot eliminate the last remaining HIV from the body. (eurekalert.org)
Sexually12
  • They were also tested every three months for other sexually transmitted infections. (reuters.com)
  • Last month, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced that it agreed with scientific evidence showing that "people who take ART daily as prescribed, and achieve and maintain an undetectable viral load have effectively no risk of sexually transmitting the virus to an HIV-negative partner. (healthline.com)
  • Using a condom to protect yourself from sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is important for everyone's health, but it's especially important if you're living with HIV. (avert.org)
  • Cervical cancer is caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is the most common sexually transmitted infection. (avert.org)
  • Youth sexual education has been correlated with preventing unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). (bartleby.com)
  • We would encourage people at high risk of HIV transmission to practice safe sex by using condoms, which also help protect against HIV and sexually transmitted infections. (parliament.uk)
  • She said clinicians have to continue to discuss risk factors for HIV infection with patients, especially if those patients are sexually active or tend to engage in risky behavior. (medpagetoday.com)
  • All women in the trial also received counseling on HIV risk reduction, advice on treating sexually transmitted infections, and free condoms. (upi.com)
  • All were given condoms, counselling and treatment for any sexually transmitted infections, and were tested every six months for HIV. (thehindu.com)
  • HIV is a retrovirus and can be transmitted vertically, sexually, or via contaminated blood products or IV drug abuse. (medscape.com)
  • Data on the spread and control of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections in the community. (aidsmap.com)
  • PrEP is great at blocking HIV, but as its use grows, so do fears that people will be more sexually reckless and spread other STIs. (aidsmap.com)
Viral load9
  • More recently, there has been a focus on treatments that improve nerve function, including recombinant human nerve growth factor and the reduction of HIV viral load with antiretroviral drugs. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, this test will show a high viral load during acute infection. (thebody.com)
  • A negative HIV antibody test and a very high viral load indicate recent HIV infection, most likely within the past two months. (thebody.com)
  • However, a screening method called nucleic acid amplification testing or detecting an HIV-viral load (the amount of HIV in the bloodstream) can help to detect HIV infection in people who have been recently infected. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • 73% of all people living with HIV in Swaziland , both diagnosed and undiagnosed, now have an undetectable viral load - meaning they cannot transmit the virus to others. (avert.org)
  • Lower human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 2 viral load reflects the difference in pathogenicity of HIV-1 and HIV-2. (medscape.com)
  • Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. (medscape.com)
  • The failure challenges the idea that a single so-called latency-reversing agent can uncover the HIV hiding out in the cells of patients whose viral load is essentially undetectable with blood tests. (eurekalert.org)
  • This means "she would have had a high HIV viral load at the time that they would have shared this equipment," Felsen said. (livescience.com)
Diagnoses16
  • The annual number of new HIV diagnoses in the U.S. remained stable from 2012 to 2016. (thebody.com)
  • HIV diagnoses are not evenly distributed across states and regions. (thebody.com)
  • Of the 38,739 new HIV diagnoses in the U.S in 2017, 19,968 (52%) were in the South. (thebody.com)
  • HIV diagnoses refers to the number of people who have received an HIV diagnosis during a year, regardless of when they were infected. (thebody.com)
  • In 2017, 38,739 people received an HIV diagnosis in the U.S. The annual number of new HIV diagnoses remained stable between 2012 and 2016 in the U.S. and dependent areas. (thebody.com)
  • Gay and bisexual men accounted for 66% (25,748) of all HIV diagnoses and 82% of HIV diagnoses among males. (thebody.com)
  • Black/African American gay and bisexual men accounted for the largest number of HIV diagnoses (9,807), followed by Hispanic/Latinos (7,436) and whites (6,982). (thebody.com)
  • HIV diagnoses among African American gay and bisexual men remained stable. (thebody.com)
  • Heterosexuals accounted for 24% of HIV diagnoses. (thebody.com)
  • Heterosexual men accounted for 7% (2,829) of HIV diagnoses. (thebody.com)
  • Heterosexual women accounted for 16% (6,341) of HIV diagnoses. (thebody.com)
  • People who inject drugs accounted for 6% of HIV diagnoses. (thebody.com)
  • A journal editorial notes that since 2013, the U.S. rate of new HIV diagnoses has stabilized, not decreased. (ap.org)
  • More than half of all new HIV diagnoses in 2017 were concentrated in the South. (nihcm.org)
  • more than 1,700 of those diagnoses were in North Carolina, where 350 people died of HIV-related causes that year. (indyweek.com)
  • However, Daskalakis said use among young black and Hispanic men - who account for a majority of new HIV diagnoses - lags behind. (voanews.com)
Symptoms25
  • As many as 90% of people will recall experiencing symptoms during the acute phase of HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • During this stage, there are no symptoms of HIV infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Others may have symptoms and worsening immune function within a few years after the original infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you have any of these symptoms and if there is any chance that you were recently exposed to HIV, talk to your health care provider about getting tested for HIV. (thebody.com)
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a disease that is important for one to know the symptoms of HIV infections in order to be able to treat it as soon as possible. (infobarrel.com)
  • When HIV is first contracted, it can remain dormant and take years to show the symptoms of HIV infections. (infobarrel.com)
  • Even if the affected person doesn't show more symptoms of HIV infections for the next several years, the virus is still there and multiplying. (infobarrel.com)
  • Besides the previous symptoms of the first stages of the HIV virus, a victim may also have night sweats, appetite loss, swallowing pain, changes in their fingernails or toenails, cold sores, thrush, or numbness or tingling in the arms or legs. (infobarrel.com)
  • Symptoms of HIV infections in women may also involve getting several yeast infections in the same year, having an abnormal PAP test, showing up with pelvic inflammatory disease or cervical cancer. (infobarrel.com)
  • Whatever the case, it is very important to know the symptoms of HIV infections so that you can get treatment as soon as possible if you do indeed have HIV. (infobarrel.com)
  • So, if you are suffering the symptoms of HIV infections, see your doctor immediately. (infobarrel.com)
  • An acute HIV infection may have initial flu-like symptoms such as swollen glands, sore throat, and fever. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Some reports describe the initial symptoms of acute HIV infection as being like "the worst flu ever. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The signs of acute HIV infection can be easily mistaken for the symptoms of different illnesses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • If a person experiences these symptoms and they think they may have recently been exposed to HIV, they should speak to their doctor about what testing options are available. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Neurosyphilis, ocular syphilis, and otosyphilis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neurologic, ocular, and other signs and symptoms among persons with HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Some people with acute infection get flu-like symptoms, but not everyone with acute infection feels sick. (cdc.gov)
  • If you have these symptoms, that doesn't mean you have HIV. (cdc.gov)
  • But, if you have these symptoms after a potential exposure to HIV, see a health care provider and tell them about your risk. (cdc.gov)
  • Most symptoms of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection do not appear until an individual has begun to experience the immune deficiency that develops after a long-term infection. (rxlist.com)
  • On average, the symptoms of immune deficiency appear eight to 10 years after viral infection, but they may not appear for even longer time periods. (rxlist.com)
  • The symptoms and signs of the initial HIV infection have also been compared to infectious mononucleosis . (rxlist.com)
  • Typically after years of infection with the virus, symptoms begin to appear that reflect a decreasing immune function due to a decline in the number of CD4 T cells. (rxlist.com)
  • These symptoms can include recurrent infections, including fungal infection of the mouth (oral thrush ) or vagina, rashes, fungal infections of the nails, fatigue , diarrhea , vomiting, leukoplakia of the tongue, and weight loss . (rxlist.com)
  • If there is a further decline in immune function, more serious symptoms and signs can develop, such as dementia and cognitive changes, severe weight loss, wasting syndrome, opportunistic infections, and malignant tumors. (rxlist.com)
UNAIDS8
  • While the decline in new infections is welcome, 'if we do a better job of getting resources and programs to where they will make most impact, quicker progress can be made and more lives saved,' said Michael Sidibe, executive director of UNAIDS in Geneva, Switzerland. (cnn.com)
  • The UNAIDS report notes that 26 states saw the annual number of new HIV infections among adults and adolescents fall by 50% or more between 2001 and 2012, but many others have not had similar success, underscoring "the importance of intensifying prevention efforts. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The statistics suggest that Swaziland has reached the UNAIDS 90-90-90 Fast-Track Goals of getting 73% of all people living with HIV virally suppressed. (avert.org)
  • Not only can we meet the 2015 target of 15 million people on HIV treatment-we must also go beyond and have the vision and commitment to ensure no one is left behind," said Michel Sidibé, Executive Director of UNAIDS. (unric.org)
  • The dramatic reductions - in Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa and Zambia - mean tens of thousands more babies are now being born free of HIV, UNAIDS said in a report on its Global Plan to tackle the disease in around 20 of the worst affected countries. (newsmax.com)
  • The progress in the majority of countries is a strong signal that with focused efforts every child can be born free from HIV,' said Michel Sidibé, UNAIDS' executive director. (newsmax.com)
  • Among places causing concern, UNAIDS said, are Angola and Nigeria, where new infections in children have increased and remained unchanged respectively since 2009. (newsmax.com)
  • Botswana and South Africa have reduced mother to child HIV transmission rates to 5 percent or less, according to UNAIDS. (newsmax.com)
Primary HIV infection3
  • This first stage of HIV disease is called 'acute HIV infection' or 'primary HIV infection. (thebody.com)
  • Acute HIV infection, also known as "primary HIV infection," is the first stage of HIV. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It's sometimes called acute HIV syndrome, acute retroviral syndrome, or primary HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
20186
  • bit.ly/2AfCk4g and bit.ly/2P9viGc The Lancet HIV, online October 17, 2018. (reuters.com)
  • Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2018 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. (medscape.com)
  • The 2018 International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection (HIV Glasgow 2018) was held in Glasgow, UK, from 28 to 31 October 2018. (aidsmap.com)
  • Behind the scenes at European Testing Week 29 October 2018 European Testing Week started in 2013, as an initiative of HIV. (aidsmap.com)
  • Coming soon: news from HIV Glasgow 2018 25 October 2018 The International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection (HIV Glasgow). (aidsmap.com)
  • Coming soon: news from HIVR4P 2018 18 October 2018 The third HIV Research for Prevention conference (HIVR4P) in Madrid next. (aidsmap.com)
Antigen6
  • The combination antigen/antibody assay becomes reactive approximately 2-3 weeks after HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • It is estimated that 99% of people will develop a reactive combination antigen/antibody result within 6 weeks of infection, but in rare cases, it can take up to 6 months to develop a reactive test result. (cdc.gov)
  • Emtricitabine and lamivudine show efficacy against HBV infection in both hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive and HBeAg-negative patients, but these medications are associated with greater development of resistance. (medscape.com)
  • Recent progress in diagnostic test development includes the availabilily of reliable HIV p-24 antigen capture assays with improved sensitivity due lo the elimination of immune complexes of antibody and p-24 antigen and enhanced specificity due lo the availabilily of confirmatory (neutralizing) reagents. (hindawi.com)
  • HIV-1 infection as documented by ELISA and confirmed by either Western blot, HIV-1 culture, HIV-1 antigen, plasma HIV-1 RNA by RT-PCR or bDNA at any time prior to study entry. (pfizer.com)
  • Standard anti-HIV IgG antibody tests cannot be used to reliably indicate a child's infection status before 18 months of age, so viral antigen tests are used. (wikipedia.org)
Epidemic13
  • In Eastern Europe, a region that had seen a dramatic increase in new infections among intravenous drug users, 'the epidemic has leveled off considerably,' the report said. (cnn.com)
  • In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, an HIV epidemic that once resulted from injected drug use is spreading to the sexual partners of those drug users, according to the report. (cnn.com)
  • The people who contracted HIV in the early years of the epidemic were people that most Americans thought of as criminals - injection drug users, sex workers, and homosexuals," said Hoppe. (healthline.com)
  • Self-testing, along with HIV prevention medication designed for high-risk people, may help "accelerate the end of the epidemic," the editorial says. (ap.org)
  • Within the context of the global HIV epidemic, TB is the leading cause of death for people living with HIV worldwide. (iasociety.org)
  • It is the first time an HIV-prevention method controlled by women, who bear the brunt of the epidemic in Africa, has been shown to work. (wsj.com)
  • Our ability to monitor the HIV epidemic is central to our efforts to reduce the HIV burden in the United States. (medpagetoday.com)
  • That is critical to controlling the epidemic because it is believed that most new infections occur because the virus is spread by people who do not know they are infected, he said. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Truvada and the truth: is HIV prevention propelling the STI epidemic? (aidsmap.com)
  • In the MSM community, a rapidly expanding STI epidemic is fueling questions about whether the steadily rising number of people who start Truvada for HIV prevention subsequently change their sexual behavior in ways that increase their risk of contracting chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis and, in rarer cases, hepatitis C. (aidsmap.com)
  • Over the past three decades, the HIV epidemic has gained a stranglehold in sub-Saharan Africa, where 10% of the world‟s population comprises more than 60% of all people living with the disease. (uleth.ca)
  • The IOM study, called No Time to Lose: Getting More from HIV Prevention, resulted from a request by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for recommendations on how to prevent such a shifting epidemic. (stanford.edu)
  • We've got the tools to not only end the fear of HIV, but to end it as an epidemic,'' said the center's chief of staff, Darrel Cummings. (voanews.com)
Transmission38
  • Effective treatment also substantially reduces the risk of HIV transmission to others. (cdc.gov)
  • Kyrgyzstan is not the only Central Asian country to be affected by the accidental transmission of HIV at hospitals. (rferl.org)
  • Most of the cases in the state involved sexual exposure without transmission of HIV. (healthline.com)
  • The technologies that we have today to stop HIV transmission in its track really undermine any argument that disclosure is always justifiable from a public health perspective," said Hoppe. (healthline.com)
  • We are committed to preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission by prioritizing biologic determinants of conveyance, mobile health (mHealth) interventions, and systematic evaluations of the programs currently in place. (washington.edu)
  • By HIV transmission category , between 2010-2016, the annual number of HIV infections decreased among male and female adults and adolescents with infection attributed to injection drug use, and among females with infection attributed to heterosexual contact. (thebody.com)
  • We approach these goals through developing detection technologies, and improving our understanding of viral pathogenesis and immune responses to virus infection and characterizing host cofactors involved in viral replication towards the goal of identifying surrogate markers for viral transmission, repliation and pathogenesis. (fda.gov)
  • Regardless of gender or sexual preference, HIV transmission is about 7.25 times more likely during acute infection than it is during chronic infection, which is the second stage of HIV infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The approximately 9.7 million people living with HIV who had access to antiretroviral therapy represent 61% of people eligible for treatment under the 2010 WHO guidelines and 34% of those eligible under the 2013 WHO guidelines, which expanded access because of mounting evidence that treatment prevents transmission. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The 2015 UN development goals call for 50% reductions in both sexual and drug-related HIV transmission, eliminating new HIV infections among children, reaching 15 million people with HIV treatment, and mobilizing $22 billion to $24 billion a year for HIV programs. (medpagetoday.com)
  • But there is no evidence to suggest that new infections among injection drugs users are declining, meaning the "world is not on track" to meet the target of a 50% cut in transmission, the report said. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Transmission of HIV to women : 5 8. (bartleby.com)
  • The difference in transmission risk between a person living with acute HIV and someone on treatment and virally suppressed is even greater. (cdc.gov)
  • Transmission from a pregnant woman to her fetus is another possible cause of HIV infection. (rxlist.com)
  • The Trump administration has pledged to halt 90 percent of new HIV transmission in the United States by 2030. (washingtonpost.com)
  • Previous studies have established that pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) effectively reduces sexual transmission of HIV in both heterosexual couples and men who have sex with men, as well as reducing mother to child transmission of HIV. (elsevier.com)
  • According to Dr Martin: "This study completes the picture of PrEP efficacy for all major HIV risk groups - we now know that pre-exposure prophylaxis can be a potentially vital option for HIV prevention in people at very high risk for infection, whether through sexual transmission or injecting drug use. (elsevier.com)
  • Some injecting drug users engage in risky sexual behavior, such as selling sex to fund their drug habit, so it is possible that the protective effect observed in this trial is at least partly attributable to the already established positive effects of PrEP on sexual transmission of HIV. (elsevier.com)
  • Even though questions remain about the extent to which PrEP can be effective in preventing either of the routes of transmission in this group, the overall result is that daily tenofovir does reduce HIV transmission in injecting drug users. (elsevier.com)
  • HIV Glycans in Infection and Immunity provides an overview of the roles of glycans in the transmission/infection, antigenicity, and immunogenicity of HIV and the HIV envelope glycoprotein. (springer.com)
  • In the U.S. and Canada, the only identified HIV transmission from a health care worker to patients occurred in a dentist's office in Florida. (facs.org)
  • Proof does not exist as to how this transmission of infection occurred. (facs.org)
  • There has been no documented transmission of HIV infection in the performance of surgical treatment from a surgeon to a patient to this date. (facs.org)
  • Reasons for the low risk of HIV transmission from the surgical team are readily available and include routine utilization of sterile surgical technique and universal precautions. (facs.org)
  • The surgical team is continually aware of the dangers of transmission of infections, which is inclusive of, but not limited to, HIV infection. (facs.org)
  • Surgical barriers and surgical techniques should be further developed whenever possible to avoid intraoperative injury and to further diminish any possible risk of transmission of HIV or other pathogens. (facs.org)
  • The surgical community emphasizes that available scientific data indicate that transmission of HIV infection from physician, surgeon, or nurse to patient is extremely rare. (facs.org)
  • The overall risk of transmission of HIV from infected surgeons to patients appears to be so low that costly measures, such as testing and limiting of work, are not justified. (facs.org)
  • We continue to believe in operating room behavior that will minimize the risk of transmission of HIV or any other blood-borne or environmentally transmissible pathogen. (facs.org)
  • We should continue to emphasize the absence of scientific data about any transmissions in the operating room environment, so that a healthy atmosphere can be maintained in the minds of patients and the public regarding the problem of HIV transmission. (facs.org)
  • During his State of the Union address on 5 February, US president Donald Trump announced a goal of ending HIV transmission in the US by 2030. (newscientist.com)
  • ART controls the viral growth and minimizes the chances of transmission of HIV infection. (medicinenet.com)
  • This is the first case of HIV transmission through the use of manicure utensils reported in the medical literature that the researchers know of, he said. (livescience.com)
  • Even though I think it is unlikely that many people have been infected through those unlikely modes of transmission, the fact of the matter is that people misperceive their risk all of the time, and there is a large proportion of people who have HIV and don't know it because they didn't realize that they were actually at risk at some point," he said. (livescience.com)
  • Moreover, the case report said that the infected cousin was not taking any HIV medications at the time when the transmission would have occurred. (livescience.com)
  • What we know from research about both maternal-to-child transmission of HIV, and also about sexual transmission of HIV, [is that] if the source patient actually has their virus under control, on effective HIV medications, then the likelihood of transmission is much, much less," Felsen said. (livescience.com)
  • Although it cannot be determined for sure, Felsen said he thinks that if the cousin had been taking HIV medications when the women were sharing the manicure equipment, it may have prevented the transmission of the virus to the other woman, he said. (livescience.com)
  • These days we are talking a lot about treatment of HIV as a form of prevention, so if all of the people that have HIV are actually on effective treatment, it really would decrease the risk of ongoing transmission of the virus," he said. (livescience.com)
Treatment52
  • Because of this, it's important to seek treatment as soon as possible to try to avoid serious infection. (cdc.gov)
  • If the test detects early cryptococcal infection, treatment can prevent it from becoming deadly. (cdc.gov)
  • FDA-approved medicines used in the treatment of HIV can be found at [email protected] or DailyMed . (fda.gov)
  • All patients with HIV disease should undergo routine ophthalmologic examinations, since proper diagnosis and treatment may help to maintain vision and prolong life. (harvard.edu)
  • Treatment of HBV infection alone without addressing the HIV infection will lead to emergence of HIV strains that are resistant to nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI). (medscape.com)
  • Only tenofovir is fully active for treatment in patients with known or suspected lamivudine-resistant HBV infection. (medscape.com)
  • In treatment-naive patients with HIV/HBV coinfection, a regimen containing TDF plus FTC or TDF plus 3TC should be used as the backbone of HIV therapy. (medscape.com)
  • Kaplan JE, Benson C, Holmes KH, Brooks JT, Pau A, Masur H. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. (medscape.com)
  • We now leverage expertise in HIV to commit to a vision of transforming HIV testing and treatment approaches through integrated, innovative, and impactful research. (washington.edu)
  • These research efforts focus on HIV testing models, financial incentives, immunologic and virologic determinants of acquisition and disease, co-infections, HIV-exposed uninfected children adherence and disclosure within care, treatment interruption, and accelerated ART. (washington.edu)
  • CDC estimates that the decline in HIV infections has plateaued because effective HIV prevention and treatment are not adequately reaching those who could most benefit from them. (thebody.com)
  • It covers: introduction to HIV infection, management of HIV-infected adults at primary-care clinics, preparing patients for antiretroviral (ARV) treatment, ARV drugs, starting and. (merlot.org)
  • United States guidelines for using HIV medications recommend treatment for all persons living with HIV. (thebody.com)
  • Researchers have studied people who start treatment during acute infection and then stop taking ARVs. (thebody.com)
  • Researchers currently believe that starting treatment very early might allow a patient to stop taking ART after a period of controlling HIV, or even cure the infection (as appears to be the case of a young girl in the United States). (thebody.com)
  • If you've recently been diagnosed with HIV and have a pre-existing health condition, you should talk to your healthcare professional about any medication you're currently on as it may affect antiretroviral treatment. (avert.org)
  • When you're first diagnosed with HIV , it's likely that starting and adhering to your treatment will be your main health concern for a while. (avert.org)
  • In some cases, drugs for another condition can interact with your HIV treatment , making one or both of them less effective, so it's important that your healthcare professionals know about the drugs you're taking. (avert.org)
  • We end with an overview of promising new studies of bromodomain inhibitory compounds for the treatment of HIV latency. (nih.gov)
  • such as the diagnosis of perinatal infections and measuring the efficacy of potential agents for the treatment of HIV disease. (hindawi.com)
  • 1 year) comparative data are lacking, no treatment regimens for syphilis have been demonstrated to be more effective in preventing neurosyphilis among persons with HIV infection than the syphilis regimens recommended for persons without HIV ( 609 ). (cdc.gov)
  • concerns regarding adequate treatment of syphilis among persons with HIV infection might not apply to those with HIV virologic suppression ( 624 , 625 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The majority of persons with HIV infection respond appropriately to the recommended benzathine penicillin G treatment regimen for primary and secondary syphilis ( 626 ). (cdc.gov)
  • A baby in rural Mississippi appears to have been cured of an HIV infection, likely because doctors started treatment 30 hours after birth. (wired.com)
  • Persaud, who works at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland, has not treated the child herself, but did intensive studies of blood samples that led her and colleagues to conclude that unusually early treatment may have set the stage for the two-and-a-half -year-old from rural Mississippi - whose gender and caretakers aren't being identified for privacy reasons - to clear a robust infection. (wired.com)
  • Typically, noted Persaud, up to six weeks can pass before labs perform the two tests required to determine that a newborn has an HIV infection, but this baby's hospitalization led to more aggressive testing and treatment. (wired.com)
  • Persaud's team, which has ongoing studies of babies who start treatment early and which uses an array of utlrasensistive tests to screen their blood for HIV, first tested the baby's blood 24 months after birth. (wired.com)
  • With statistics showing that five people become infected with HIV for every two entering treatment, researchers are anxious to find ways of cutting the stubbornly high infection rates in many parts of Southern Africa. (allafrica.com)
  • It is a demonstration that all the efforts put into the scale-up of HIV prevention, care, and treatment services have borne fruit. (avert.org)
  • Thus, the development of animal models that use HIV-1 as the challenge virus would undoubtedly facilitate the evaluation of candidate prevention and treatment strategies. (pnas.org)
  • For each sex act, the risk of getting HIV from someone not on treatment is about 7 times greater if they have acute HIV than the risk of getting HIV from someone who has asymptomatic HIV. (cdc.gov)
  • For each sex act, the risk of getting HIV from someone with acute infection and not on treatment is 180 times greater than the risk of getting HIV from someone who has HIV but is on treatment and virally suppressed. (cdc.gov)
  • Some people have the ability to control HIV naturally, without treatment. (news-medical.net)
  • In these very rare individuals (less than 1% of people living with HIV), no multiplication of the virus in the blood can be detected after more than 10 years of infection without treatment. (news-medical.net)
  • She said that the advent of treatment with antiretroviral drug cocktails allow persons with HIV to control their disease. (medpagetoday.com)
  • We need to incorporate testing for HIV into a patient's routine treatment," Dr. Glynn said. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The government has ordered 50,000 HIV screening kits and is setting up three treatment centers. (arabnews.com)
  • Few families can afford proper treatment for HIV, which usually involves regular trips to Karachi. (arabnews.com)
  • There are children with HIV infection belonging to other towns who went to other doctors for treatment," he told Arab News. (arabnews.com)
  • The findings could help lead to the development of novel therapies for HIV prevention and treatment by providing a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of HIV's lifecycle. (eurekalert.org)
  • The first trial to assess whether preventative treatment with HIV drugs could affect rates of HIV infection in people who inject drugs has found that daily tablets of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tenofovir), an antiretroviral drug, reduced HIV incidence by nearly half compared to placebo, according to new results published Online First in The Lancet . (elsevier.com)
  • All trial participants were offered monthly HIV testing and risk-reduction counselling and services, plus access to drug rehabilitation treatment. (elsevier.com)
  • So preventing opportunistic infections is an important part of treatment for HIV. (cardiosmart.org)
  • HIV treatment is not a cure, but it is keeping millions of people well. (aidsmap.com)
  • An introduction to key issues about HIV treatment and living with HIV, presented as a series of illustrated leaflets. (aidsmap.com)
  • A range of interactive tools to support people living with HIV to get involved in decisions about their treatment and care. (aidsmap.com)
  • In 2011, UN Member States agreed to a 2015 target of reaching 15 million people with HIV treatment. (unric.org)
  • However, as countries scaled up their treatment coverage and as new evidence emerged showing the HIV prevention benefits of antiretroviral therapy, the World Health Organization set new HIV treatment guidelines, expanding the total number of people estimated to be in need of treatment by more than 10 million. (unric.org)
  • New York, NY- The HIV drug maraviroc could be a potential treatment for Staphylococcus aureus infections, according to researchers at NYU School of Medicine. (uspharmacist.com)
  • Overall, across 21 priority countries in Africa, there were 130,000 fewer new HIV infections among children in 2012 - a drop of 38 percent since 2009 - mostly due to increased drug treatment of pregnant women with the virus. (newsmax.com)
  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a treatment regimen for HIV infection with a combination of three or more classes of drugs . (medicinenet.com)
  • Current treatment with antiretroviral drug regimens known as HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) does not target the dormant HIV. (eurekalert.org)
Occur7
  • According to epidemiological animal health data, cryptosporidiosis is a major problem in cattle, where the majority of infections occur in fattening units, in multiple suckler beef herds and in dairy farms with multiple-cow maternity facilities (Reynolds et al. (fao.org)
  • It has been shown that a prepatent and a patent period ranging from 3-6 days and 4-13 days respectively, occur following an experimental C. parvum infection in neonatal calves (Fayer et al. (fao.org)
  • And in Swaziland in southern Africa, more than two-thirds of adult infections occur in people 25 and older, but few programs are aimed at those adults, the report said. (cnn.com)
  • This can all occur before a person tests positive for HIV. (thebody.com)
  • If you feel like you have the flu and you had a potential HIV medicines to prevent or treat HIV . This can also occur when sharing needles or works, including cottons, cookers, or rinse water.">exposure in the past month, talk to your health care provider about what Enter your ZIP code here to find free, fast, and confidential testing near you. Click here to find contact information for your local health department. Call 1-800-458-5231 to find a confidential HIV testing site near you. Send a text message from your mobile phone with your ZIP code to KnowIt (566948) and receive a return text with an HIV testing site near you. Some sites may offer free tests. ">type of HIV test you should take and what its window period is. (cdc.gov)
  • But it's not yet clear, according to Hardy, whether antibody infusions could be realistically adopted in the low-income countries where most HIV infections occur. (medicinenet.com)
  • Infection with HPV is generally believed to be required for cervical cancer to occur. (wikipedia.org)
Acute21
  • Acute HIV infection can present as an infectious mononucleosis-like or influenzalike syndrome, but the clinical features are highly variable. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinical manifestations of acute infection with human immunodeficiency virus in a cohort of gay men. (medscape.com)
  • It is easy to overlook the signs of acute HIV infection. (thebody.com)
  • Up to 60% of infection-fighting 'memory' CD4 cells (see Fact Sheet 124 ) are infected during acute infection, and after 14 days of infection, up to half of all memory CD4 cells can be killed. (thebody.com)
  • The number of HIV particles in the blood is much higher during acute HIV infection than later on. (thebody.com)
  • Exposure to the blood of someone in the acute phase of infection is more likely to result in infection than exposure to someone with long-term infection. (thebody.com)
  • One research study estimated that the risk of infection is approximately 20 times higher during acute HIV infection. (thebody.com)
  • The risk of passing HIV infection through sexual activity is also much higher during the early stage of acute infection. (thebody.com)
  • Starting ARVs during acute HIV infection might protect the HIV-specific immune response. (thebody.com)
  • During the acute period of infection, the level of virus in a person's blood is very high as their body is not yet able to mount an immune response. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Conventional HIV tests may not detect acute HIV infection, so misdiagnoses are common . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • How is acute HIV infection diagnosed? (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The most common HIV tests are unable to detect HIV at the acute infection stage. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This means that someone who has recently been infected with HIV and is tested during the acute infection stage may not be diagnosed as HIV-positive. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It is estimated that up to 50 percent of new HIV infections are unknowingly transmitted from people who have acute HIV infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Since acute HIV infection is difficult to diagnose, people with HIV may engage in high-risk behavior without realizing that they pose a risk to other individuals. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Importantly, infection of pig-tailed macaques with stHIV-1 results in acute viremia, approaching the levels observed in HIV-1-infected humans, and an ensuing persistent infection for several months. (pnas.org)
  • Acute HIV infection is the earliest phase of HIV infection, occurring within 2 to 4 weeks after HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • When people have acute infection, they're much more likely to transmit HIV to others because the amount of virus in their blood is very high. (cdc.gov)
  • This means that a person is much more likely to get HIV from someone who has acute infection than from someone who has been infected with HIV longer, even if the person who has been infected longer is not taking HIV medicines. (cdc.gov)
  • A fourth-generation or nucleic acid test (NAT) test can be used to find out whether someone may have acute infection. (cdc.gov)
Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections2
  • This is 'the first well-documented case' of its kind, said pediatrician Deborah Persaud at a press conference held at the start of the 20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections here. (wired.com)
  • Researchers today presented results from the HPTN 071 (PopART) study at the annual Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) in Seattle. (allafrica.com)
Human immun14
  • The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has spread worldwide, with various adverse health and economic implications, particularly in the developing world. (harvard.edu)
  • The goal of this curriculum is to provide an evidence-based online curriculum for healthcare providers and trainers of healthcare providers to increase their knowledge on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection among people of color in the United States and its territories. (aidsetc.org)
  • 1 Neuropathies associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection account for an increasing number of cases. (aafp.org)
  • Disparities in the Magnitude of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-related Opportunistic Infections Between High and Low/Middle-income Countries: Is Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Changing the Trend? (medscape.com)
  • We study blood-borne viruses belonging to two classes: retroviruses (including simple retroviruses as well as complex retrovirus such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus - HIV) and flaviviruses (West Nile Virus - WNV - and dengue virus - DV). (fda.gov)
  • We study blood-borne and/or bioterrorism viral agents belonging to two classes: retroviruses (primarily Human Immunodeficiency Virus - HIV, but also simple retroviruses) and flaviviruses (primarily West Nile Virus - WNV - and dengue virus - DV). (fda.gov)
  • Also searched for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome , HIV , and Human Immunodeficiency Virus . (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • During the five-year period 1984-1988 we received 192 specimens from 180 patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) for investigation of Legionella infection. (springer.com)
  • The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus transmitted by body fluids. (rxlist.com)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection should be considered in any patient with unusual or recurrent serious infections without another cause, especially in those with risk factors for HIV infection. (medscape.com)
  • Positive results were found in the blood tests of hundreds of people for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) after a mass screening was undertaken between April 26 and June 6 in Ratodero, a small town on the outskirts of the city of Larkana. (arabnews.com)
  • Since the first cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were identified, the number of children infected with HIV has risen dramatically in developing countries, the result of an increased number of HIV-infected women of childbearing age in these areas. (medscape.com)
  • Genome layout of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and HIV-2. (medscape.com)
  • It is estimated that over 15 million people are suffering from the disease and many more are harboring the dreaded Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). (medindia.net)
Incidence4
  • Our trial examined whether large scale, targeted and rapid introduction of PrEP in a big population would reduce the incidence of HIV in the whole population," said lead author Andrew Grulich, head of the HIV Epidemiology and Prevention Program at the Kirby Institute at the University of New South Wales. (reuters.com)
  • New HIV infections ("HIV incidence") refers to the estimated number of people who are newly infected with HIV during a year, which is different from the number of people diagnosed with HIV during a year. (thebody.com)
  • The findings come from the second Population HIV Impact Assessment (PHIA) Swaziland HIV Incidence Measurement Survey (SHIMS 2), and are the first to show the impact of the scale-up to 'Treat All' in a high-burden setting. (avert.org)
  • Dr. Greenberg said the new figures were calculated using a mix of HIV surveillance data and statistical modeling procedures to update estimates that last suggested HIV incidence, at the end of 2000, ranging between 850,000 and 950,000. (medpagetoday.com)
Antibody7
  • Point-of-care HIV antibody tests performed on oral fluid (instead of blood) have been associated with a lower sensitivity during early HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • The laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection has progressed greatly since the introduction of the commercially prepared, HIV antibody assay in 1985. (hindawi.com)
  • WEDNESDAY, April 27, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- A single injection of a powerful HIV -fighting antibody protected monkeys from an HIV -like infection for up to six months, scientists report. (medicinenet.com)
  • That antibody has already moved into early human clinical trials , said Dr. David Hardy, a spokesperson for the HIV Medicine Association. (medicinenet.com)
  • Detection of antibody to HIV is the usual first step in diagnosing HIV infection. (medscape.com)
  • When an infant is born to an HIV-infected mother, diagnosis of an HIV infection is complicated by the presence of maternal anti-HIV IgG antibody, which crosses the placenta to the fetus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Indeed, virtually all children born to HIV-infected mothers are HIV-antibody positive at birth, although only 15%-30% are actually infected. (wikipedia.org)
Recurrent3
  • About your yeast infection: if you have recently had a negative HIV test (especially without recent exposure), it is VERY unlikely that your recurrent infection is because of HIV. (zocdoc.com)
  • Even so, you should seek the advice of your primary care doctor if there are any questions about either HIV, recurrent yeast infections, or any other STD. (zocdoc.com)
  • bilateral = one site) Hepatomegaly Splenomegaly Dermatitis Parotitis Recurrent or persistent upper respiratory infection, sinusitis, or otitis media Children who have symptomatic conditions other than those listed for Category A or C that are attributed to HIV infection. (wikipedia.org)
20173
  • As of June 2017, an estimated 36.7 million people were living with HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • While only representing 13% of the U.S. population, 43% of people newly diagnosed with HIV in 2017 were black/African American. (nihcm.org)
  • Extracellular Vesicles Carry HIV Env and Facilitate Hiv Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue , Anush Arakelyan, Wendy Fitzgerald, Sonia Zicari, Christophe Vanpouille & Leonid Margolis, Scientific Reports , doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01739-8, published online 10 May 2017. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Weeks after HIV infection1
  • The amount of HIV in the blood gets very high within a few days or weeks after HIV infection. (thebody.com)
Virus40
  • HIV, an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus in the Retroviridae family. (cdc.gov)
  • In the first few days after becoming infected with HIV a person has extremely high amounts of HIV in the blood, meaning he or she can transmit the virus to others much more readily, Morris and his team note. (reuters.com)
  • However, that area remains the region hardest-hit by the virus, accounting for 67 percent of infections worldwide, the report said. (cnn.com)
  • While the risk of infection playing this 'game' is low, intentionally exposing someone to a deadly virus in this manner might be bad news. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Current Practices of Screening for Incident Hepatitis C Virus Infection among HIV- Infected, HCV-Uninfected Individuals in Primary Care. (medscape.com)
  • How long this stage lasts depends on how quickly the HIV virus copies itself, and how the person's genes affect the way the body handles the virus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Peripheral nerve complications in patients infected with HIV usually result from the virus itself, or are due to some of the antiretroviral drugs (zalcitabine, didanosine or stavudine). (nih.gov)
  • Most people contract HIV after coming into contact with body fluids that contain the virus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The virus is usually spread from person to person as a result of having sex or sharing needles with someone who has HIV. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • She says, 'Routine police abuse, including instances of violent police brutality, a lack of due process, and constant harassment and stigmatization drive injecting drug users and sex workers -- who are among the persons most vulnerable to contracting the HIV virus -- underground. (rferl.org)
  • Image: Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1 virus particles budding from a white blood cell. (wired.com)
  • To assess whether the baby harbored 'replication competent' HIV, they mixed the child's blood with uninfected CD4 cells - HIV's main target - to see if they would produce new virus. (wired.com)
  • A participant in research into HIV infections is tested for the virus. (allafrica.com)
  • A German pop singer who confessed to knowingly exposing two men to the risk of HIV after finding out she had the virus herself was convicted by a court Thursday of grievous bodily harm. (ibtimes.com)
  • Some here to find contact information for your local health department.">health care providers may not know about the NAT, but it can detect the virus earlier than any other test, about 10 days after infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Specifically, Wen-Zhe Ho of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and colleagues found that methadone boosted HIV infection of human microglial cells and macrophagescells that serve as reservoirs for the virus in an infected individual. (scientificamerican.com)
  • This typically happens many years after an initial infection with the virus. (rxlist.com)
  • Effect of daily aciclovir on HIV disease progression in individuals in Rakai, Uganda, co-infected with HIV-1 and herpes simplex virus type 2: a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. (medscape.com)
  • An early test of a new drug and method of blocking HIV infection suggests they could overcome one of the biggest obstacles to combating the virus by keeping people on their medication, according to research released Tuesday. (washingtonpost.com)
  • Newer versions of the HIV test have made this 'window' even shorter by testing for parts of the virus directly. (zocdoc.com)
  • The UK's National Physical Laboratory (NPL) with the University of Edinburgh and IBM's TJ Watson Research Center have published new research about the structure of an HIV-1 protein that could help to develop new drugs to stop the virus infecting healthy cells. (redorbit.com)
  • The research provides a new insight into how the changes in structure of a small part of an HIV protein (a membrane proximal peptide) may alter the infection of the virus into healthy cells. (redorbit.com)
  • Authorities in Pakistan realized there was an HIV outbreak in Ratodero when Dr. Arbani raised the alarm in April this year after 18 local children tested positive for the virus. (arabnews.com)
  • During the course of infection, HIV fuses onto a target immune cell and delivers its capsid -- a cone that holds the genetic material of the virus -- into the cell's cytoplasm. (eurekalert.org)
  • Raltegravir stops HIV late in its life cycle, just before the virus integrates into the human chromosome. (scientificamerican.com)
  • ALVAC uses canarypox, a bird virus altered so it can't cause human disease, to ferry synthetic versions of three HIV genes into the body. (thehindu.com)
  • The vaccines are not made from whole virus - dead or alive - and cannot cause HIV. (thehindu.com)
  • During the HIV infection, several mutants of the virus arise, which are able to use different chemokine receptors, in particular the CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors (termed R5 and X4 phenotypes, respectively). (springer.com)
  • Scientists and engineers have identified a critical cancer-causing component for the first time in the virus that causes Kaposi's sarcoma, the most common cancer among HIV-infected people. (medindia.net)
  • EVs from HIV-infected cells are believed to form in much the same way as a new virus forms (link is external). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Under federal guidelines, prime candidates for preventive use of Truvada include some gay and bisexual men with multiple sexual partners, and anyone who does not have HIV but has an ongoing sexual relationship with someone who has the virus. (voanews.com)
  • Despite our high hopes, none of the compounds we tested in HIV-infected cells taken directly from patients activated the latent virus," says Robert F. Siliciano, M.D., Ph.D., a professor of medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. (eurekalert.org)
  • The dormant virus is found in roughly one of every million white blood cells in someone with HIV. (eurekalert.org)
  • Typical models have used white blood cells infected with HIV in a test tube that are then cultured until the virus becomes latent. (eurekalert.org)
  • They also created a yardstick by which to judge future successes with perhaps other compounds or combinations of therapies: If a T cell is activated in an HIV-infected person, that cell produces virus at the maximum level, essentially the equivalent of a 100-fold increase in viral RNA production. (eurekalert.org)
  • A 22-year-old woman in Brazil who tested positive for HIV likely contracted the virus through the use of manicure instruments that she had shared with an HIV-infected cousin, according to a new report of her case. (livescience.com)
  • The cousin had been diagnosed with HIV 17 years before, but at the time when the women shared the equipment, the woman in the new case did not know that her cousin had the virus. (livescience.com)
  • This report should serve as a reminder that people should get tested for HIV regardless of how likely they think it is that they have the virus, he said. (livescience.com)
  • Since 2006, the CDC has recommended that people should be tested for HIV at least once between ages 13 and 64, regardless of their perceived risk of contracting the virus, Felsen said. (livescience.com)
  • The implications of a possible link between hormonal injections and the virus alarm both HIV and birth control campaigners…" (Boseley, 1/8). (kff.org)
20015
  • There were 2.3 million new HIV infections worldwide, down from 2.5 million in 2011 and down 33% from the 3.4 million in 2001. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The drop in new infections was observed in both adults and children but was more marked in children -- 260 000 in 2012, down 52% from the 550,000 in 2001. (medpagetoday.com)
  • On the other hand, researchers and CDC officials conceded that the 2001 goal of reducing new infections by 50% by the year 2005 had not been accomplished. (medpagetoday.com)
  • New HIV infections among adults and children were estimated at 2.3 million in 2012, a 33% reduction since 2001. (unric.org)
  • New HIV infections among children have been reduced to 260 000 in 2012, a reduction of 52% since 2001. (unric.org)
Fungal infections10
  • Many fungal infections are called opportunistic infections, which means that they usually affect people with weak immune systems. (cdc.gov)
  • Fungal infections can range from mild to life-threatening. (cdc.gov)
  • Some fungal infections are mild skin rashes, but others can be deadly, like fungal meningitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Fungal infections can look like bacterial or viral infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Some fungal infections can interfere with taking your medications. (cdc.gov)
  • Learn about fungal infections. (cdc.gov)
  • There are different types of fungal infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Fungal infections often resemble other illnesses. (cdc.gov)
  • Your healthcare provider may prescribe medication to prevent fungal infections. (cdc.gov)
  • 2 It's important to note that although these actions are recommended, they have not been proven to prevent fungal infections. (cdc.gov)
Strains6
  • Based on an understanding of species-specific variation in primate TRIM5 and APOBEC3 antiretroviral genes, we constructed simian-tropic (st)HIV-1 strains that differ from HIV-1 only in the vif gene. (pnas.org)
  • One, called VRC01, was isolated from an HIV-infected man and later found to neutralize almost all known HIV strains in the world, according to NIAID. (medicinenet.com)
  • In a separate study also released at the conference, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies announced progress in broadening the response produced by a vaccine for a wide range of HIV strains circulating throughout the world. (washingtonpost.com)
  • The Thailand Ministry of Public Health conducted the study, which used strains of HIV common in Thailand. (thehindu.com)
  • Using the chemokine tree topology as conceptual framework for HIV viral speciation, we present a model of viral phenotypic mutations from R5 to X4 strains which reflect HIV late infection dynamics. (springer.com)
  • C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5), which HIV uses to enter T cells in order to replicate and cause infection, has been found to be essential to the ability of certain Staphylococcus (staph) strains to kill CCR5-containing cells, which execute an immune response against the bacteria. (uspharmacist.com)
20169
  • Sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected part of the world (25.5 million cases or 69% of all people living with HIV infection), and the Eastern Europe and central Asia region has experienced the largest increases in new HIV infections (60% increase from 2010 to 2016). (cdc.gov)
  • Recommendations for Use of Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines in HIV-Infected Persons - Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2016. (medscape.com)
  • An estimated 38,700 Americans became newly infected with HIV in 2016. (thebody.com)
  • Approximately 38,700 people became newly infected with HIV in the United States in 2016. (thebody.com)
  • By age group , between 2010-2016, the annual number of HIV infections decreased among persons aged 13-24 and 45-54 but increased among persons aged 25-34. (thebody.com)
  • By race/ethnicity , between 2010-2016, the annual number of HIV infections decreased among blacks/African Americans, whites, and persons of multiple races and remained stable for Asians and Hispanics/Latinos. (thebody.com)
  • By sex , between 2010-2016, the annual number of new HIV infections decreased among females but remained stable among males. (thebody.com)
  • New infections also fell more sharply among women from 2011 to 2016 - by 2.0% for adult women and 0.9% for adult men. (avert.org)
  • A 51-year-old HIV-positive man was recently acquitted of murdering his minor son in 2016 after his wife, the complainant in the case, turned hostile. (indiatimes.com)
Researchers19
  • Reuters Health) - An HIV-prevention drug pill, dubbed PrEP, dramatically reduced new infections in a large group of high risk gay men, Australian researchers report. (reuters.com)
  • Although HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) had been shown to be effective in past clinical trials, the Australian researchers write in The Lancet HIV that the current study looks at the impact of the medication in a more real-world situation. (reuters.com)
  • This complicates interpretation of tests that researchers use to predict if a specific variant of HIV will be resistant to a specific anti-viral drug. (fda.gov)
  • Other studies have tested the benefits of home HIV tests but the current one is the first internet-based effort with a mail-order advantage, the researchers said. (ap.org)
  • The researchers only found a single copy of HIV RNA in the plasma. (wired.com)
  • There is a need to overcome the fragmentation of research agendas related to the various aspects of HIV and its co-infections and co-morbidities by promoting interdisciplinary research and bringing together researchers from diverse fields together. (iasociety.org)
  • Researchers have long known that intravenous drug users are at high risk for HIV infection. (scientificamerican.com)
  • The new drug, islatravir, and the implant were developed by the drug company Merck and described at a news conference at an international gathering of HIV researchers in Mexico City. (washingtonpost.com)
  • Researchers said the dapivirine vaginal ring could have more success at controlling the spread of HIV because women can fully control its use, unlike condoms. (upi.com)
  • For the study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine , researchers in the ASPIRE study enrolled 2,629 women at 15 health clinics in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe between the ages of 18 and 45 who were at high risk for HIV infection, giving them either the dapivirine ring or a placebo. (upi.com)
  • When researchers did not count results from two sites with lower numbers of patients continuing to participate or following instructions, the infection rate among women using the ring was 37 percent lower than the placebo group. (upi.com)
  • The researchers found women older than 25 had a 61 percent lower risk of HIV infection, because younger women used the ring less consistently, based on lower levels of the drug found in blood tests. (upi.com)
  • If safe and effective, it could become a two-in-one device: researchers are developing a dapivirine ring with birth control to prevent both HIV and pregnancy. (scientificamerican.com)
  • HIV appears to enlist the aid of nano-sized structures released by infected cells to infect new cells, according to a study by researchers at the National Institutes of Health. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In the current study, the NICHD researchers isolated HIV and EVs from infected cultures, separated the two, and then tested the ability of HIV to infect new cultures - both in the presence of EVs and on its own. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • When the researchers added the EV-depleted sample to blocks of human lymphatic tissue, HIV infections in the cultures were 55 percent lower, compared to a control sample that retained EVs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The researchers believe that the loss of the gp120 that would have been provided by the EVs (had they not been removed from the HIV cultures) was responsible for the drop in HIV infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • While EVs lack the HIV RNA to infect a cell, the researchers theorize that the gp120 on the EV surface can interact with the host cell, allowing HIV to infect it more easily. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Because cells with latent HIV are so rare and difficult to retrieve from infected people, researchers have used engineered latent HIV cell models to test HDAC inhibitors in the past, says study co-author Janet D. Siliciano, Ph.D., an associate professor of medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. (eurekalert.org)
Condoms5
  • They can avoid sexual encounters with people whose HIV status is unknown, and use condoms consistently and correctly with all partners who are HIV infected or whose HIV status is unknown. (cdc.gov)
  • Critics of the bill also point to cases like one in Scotland , where a man was accused of trying to intentionally infect 10 sexual partners with HIV by sabotaging condoms. (healthline.com)
  • Last week it announced that it planned to start distributing condoms in schools and was considering giving away HIV self-testing kits, triggering an angry reaction from church leaders. (gulf-times.com)
  • Using condoms Use a condom every time you have vaginal or anal sex. Put the condom on after the penis is hard and before the penis touches the vagina or anus. Take the penis out of the vagina or anus right after ejaculating. Throw out the condom right away. ">the right way every time you have sex will reduce your HIV risk. (cdc.gov)
  • The introduction of PrEP for HIV prevention in injecting drug users should be considered as an additional component to accompany other proven prevention strategies like needle exchange programmes, methadone programmes, promotion of safer sex and injecting practices, condoms, and HIV counselling and testing. (elsevier.com)
Disease18
  • There may be some ways to lower your chances of getting a serious fungal infection by trying to avoid disease-causing fungi in the environment. (cdc.gov)
  • These types of laws are typically overly broad, and enforced in ways that reinforce stigma and inequality against the most marginalized people in our country," said Trevor Hoppe, a professor of sociology at the University at Albany, SUNY, and author of " Punishing Disease: HIV and the Criminalization of Sickness . (healthline.com)
  • If a person's HIV level is so low that it isn't possible to transmit the disease to a partner, are they obligated to disclose that information? (healthline.com)
  • Unless they use antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), their HIV disease will progress. (thebody.com)
  • Davis, G. S., Winn, W. C. Legionnaires' disease: Respiratory infections caused by Legionella bacteria. (springer.com)
  • The response to HIV, especially in resource-limited settings, has provided many lessons that can give orientation for the scale up of care in other disease areas, in particular HIV co-infections and co-morbidities. (iasociety.org)
  • But there is no reason for anyone to die from this curable disease, and all should commit to intensify and accelerate TB/HIV efforts to save the millions at risk. (iasociety.org)
  • Here we examine the relationship between Th17 cells and HIV disease pathogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • Not only does the disease spread through HIV-contaminated needles, but the drugs that are often usedopiates such as heroin and morphinestimulate HIV replication in immune cells. (scientificamerican.com)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now estimates that by the end of 2003 between 1,039,000 to 1,185,000 HIV-infected persons are living in the United States," said Alan Greenberg, M.D., acting director for science in the Division of HIV/AID Prevention. (medpagetoday.com)
  • There were a total of 71 HIV infections in the dapivirine group and 97 in the placebo group -- a 27 percent reduction in spread of the disease. (upi.com)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention evaluated the gel in macaques in March and found it highly effective in preventing infection up to three hours after exposure. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Today, two years after his transplantation, he is still without any signs of HIV disease and without antiretroviral medication. (slashdot.org)
  • The authors and contributors are all specialists on HIV and research to find alternative means of treating this disease without the use of highly toxic medicines. (bio.net)
  • SETTING: In countries with high HIV rates, diagnosis of lower respiratory disease etiology is both challenging and clinically important. (ingentaconnect.com)
  • The CDC Classification System for HIV Infection is the medical classification system used by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to classify HIV disease and infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • This classification system is how the United States agency, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classifies HIV disease and infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the new system, HIV-infected children are classified into mutually exclusive categories according to three parameters: a) infection status b) clinical status c) immunologic status This classification system reflects the stage of the child's disease, establishes mutually exclusive classification categories, and balances simplicity and medical accuracy in the classification process. (wikipedia.org)
Yeast infections2
  • Does HIV cause yeast infections? (zocdoc.com)
  • Yes, HIV can make a person more prone to all types of infections, including yeast infections. (zocdoc.com)
Search1
  • are used to search for the presence of HIV genclic informalion. (hindawi.com)
Clinical8
  • 9, 10, 11) The clinical presentation of HIV related diseases may be modified by HAART, which has dramatically improved the prognosis of HIV infection. (harvard.edu)
  • The infection often seems to be subclinical and according to clinical findings, it seems that Cryptosporidium has a minor pathogenic effect in healthy individuals. (fao.org)
  • The most common clinical signs of Cryptosporidium infection are profuse and watery diarrhoea. (fao.org)
  • This stage is also called chronic HIV infection or clinical latency. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Assays for determining the antiviral sensitivity of HIV to specific drugs and for phenotyping viral isolates have been developed in research centres and are presently being introduced into clinical laboratories across Canada. (hindawi.com)
  • An NIAID-run clinical trial is starting in sub-Saharan Africa, looking at whether VRC01 infusions can prevent HIV infection in women at high risk. (medicinenet.com)
  • Morbidity and aging in HIV-infected persons: the swiss HIV cohort study," Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 1130-1139, 2011. (hindawi.com)
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection was quite common despite clinical suspicion of TB, and sputum induction and PCR did not significantly improve our ability to diagnose TB, although clinical presentation had some predictive value. (ingentaconnect.com)
Stigma1
  • Stigma is probably still one of the largest factors that impact people who are living with HIV and thinking about getting tested," McAllaster says. (indyweek.com)
Detect1
  • In other studies we have adapted interferometric techniques to detect HIV-1 p24 with rapid technology suitable for point of care and battlefield use, achieving over a log better sensitivity than EIA. (fda.gov)
Adults and Adolescents1
  • Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1 Infected Adults and Adolescents, December. (medscape.com)
Epidemics3
  • A prominent watchdog group has released a report saying civil rights abuses against intravenous drug users and sex workers in Kazakhstan are fueling one of the fastest growing HIV epidemics in the world. (rferl.org)
  • Successfully addressing the challenge of co-infections requires tackling the complexities of multiple epidemics, including reaching vulnerable populations and expanding access to new diagnostics and curative medicines. (iasociety.org)
  • The Catholic country has one of the fastest-growing epidemics of HIV in the Asia-Pacific because successive governments have failed to promote contraceptives and give sex education to gay or bisexual men, it said. (gulf-times.com)
Health25
  • Vaccines are especially critical for people with chronic health conditions such as HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • According to a release from Kyrgyzstan's Health Ministry, the head of the children's section, Tolon Shaynazarov, had been reprimanded in 2005 for the HIV infections of two children at the hospital. (rferl.org)
  • Health officials say the decline in the number of new HIV infections could be attributed to better prevention programs. (cnn.com)
  • Supporters of the reform, which included public health, civil liberties, and LGBT and HIV groups in the state, say this is an important step away from treating people living with HIV as criminals. (healthline.com)
  • It's important to take time to learn about HIV and how best to manage it, as well as thinking about other aspects of your health. (avert.org)
  • Some people have HIV and another long-term health conditions, such as diabetes or epilepsy. (avert.org)
  • As well as staying healthy and looking after your mental health , we can avoid some other infections by having vaccinations where available, or using an insecticide-treated bed net in areas where malaria is common for example. (avert.org)
  • When you're managing another health condition alongside HIV, communicating with the healthcare professionals treating you is important. (avert.org)
  • HIV programmes will represent an opportunity to address these issues, given their strength in countries where health systems are often otherwise weak. (iasociety.org)
  • The HIV Co-Infections and Co-Morbidities initiative contributes to the broader health policy environment, encouraging integration of HIV with co-infections and co-morbidities, and strengthening health and community systems. (iasociety.org)
  • This includes a need for the key concepts from the HIV differentiated service delivery movement to be applied to HIV co-infections and co-morbidities to improve the cascade of care, maximize efficiencies and reduce the burden on health systems. (iasociety.org)
  • Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. (medscape.com)
  • Screening for HIV in health care settings: a guidance statement from the American College of Physicians and HIV Medicine Association. (medscape.com)
  • The two authorities required local health and education agencies to improve awareness at schools and called for establishment of an infection reporting system and regular consultation mechanism to analyze the cause of infections and formulate countermeasures. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • Sindy Paul, M.D., of the New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services in Trenton, said, "The duration of survival is definitely a component of the increase in people living with HIV. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Health officials say 681 people have tested positive for HIV in Ratodero, of whom 537 are children, since April 25. (arabnews.com)
  • In addition to conducting ASPIRE in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, the International Partnership for Microbicides also found in The Ring Study that the dapivirine ring decreased HIV infection by 31 percent over a placebo. (upi.com)
  • Patients have been concerned about their potential risk of exposure to HIV infection from blood transfusions, other patients, health care workers, and surgeons. (facs.org)
  • From January to September, 80.7 million people received tests for HIV, an increase of 8.9 percent from the same period last year, said a National Health and Family Planning Commission statement. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • She helps patients living with HIV in Eastern North Carolina find resources for medical care and tries to identify the obstacles that prevent patients from getting or continuing it: lack of affordable housing, mental health problems, substance abuseand especially insurance. (indyweek.com)
  • Active surveillance of blood samples taken in hospitals and clinics would give public health officials a better idea of where hot spots of HIV infection are. (stanford.edu)
  • Knowing where new infections are greatest would give public health officers the best chance of curbing the spread of HIV infection. (stanford.edu)
  • If we remove extracellular vesicles from HIV laboratory preparations, we also reduce HIV infection of human tissues in culture," said the study's senior author Leonid Margolis, Ph.D., of the Section of Intercellular Interactions at NIH's Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • From gritty neighborhoods in New York and Los Angeles to clinics in Kenya and Brazil, health workers are trying to popularize a pill that has proven highly effective in preventing HIV but which - in their view - remains woefully underused. (voanews.com)
  • We have to start thinking of it not as a luxury but as an essential public health component of this nation's response to HIV. (voanews.com)
Antiviral2
  • Adefovir has weaker antiviral activity than tenofovir in both HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative patients with chronic HBV infection. (medscape.com)
  • Sasadeusz J. The anti-HIV antiviral activity of entecavir: the loss of a trusted friend? (medscape.com)
Hepatitis1
  • Therapeutic management and evolution of chronic hepatitis B: does HIV still have an impact? (medscape.com)
Nucleoside reverse tr2
  • 7, 8) The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which consists of a combination of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors and non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, has decreased plasma levels of HIV RNA and increased CD4+ T lymphocytes counts, improving the immune function of patients with HIV infection. (harvard.edu)
  • Current nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), higher MCV and hemoglobin, and lower HIV RNA and haptoglobin were associated with greater A1C-glucose discordance. (diabetesjournals.org)
Result of HIV infection1
  • Malignancies that typically arise as a result of HIV infection include Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. (rxlist.com)
Cancers3
  • Without enough CD4 cells to fight them off, infections can lead to illnesses, cancers, and brain and nerve problems. (webmd.com)
  • Women have a greater chance of getting certain infections like HPV that can lead to cancers of the reproductive system such as cervical cancer. (webmd.com)
  • If you're a woman, get regular pelvic exams and Pap tests to spot infections, precancers, and cancers. (webmd.com)
Blood transfusion1
  • There are so few lots of infected blood out there now that it turns out that preventing the one HIV infection from a blood transfusion costs something like $7.5 million," Zolopa said. (stanford.edu)
Chronic4
  • [ 16 ] Tenofovir is considered a first-line agent in patients with chronic HBV infection because the virologic efficacy is high and the risk of HBV resistance is low. (medscape.com)
  • Worldwide, 71 million people are estimated to be living with chronic HCV infection, and approximately 700,000 die each year from HCV-related causes. (iasociety.org)
  • As HIV becomes a chronic illness, the growing population of people living and aging with HIV will be confronted with an increasing burden of NCDs. (iasociety.org)
  • Photosensitivity with HIV infection is a skin condition resembling polymorphous light eruption, actinic prurigo, or chronic actinic dermatitis, seen in about 5% of HIV-infected people. (wikipedia.org)
Africa3
  • 2) At present, around 90% of HIV-infected persons live in developing countries, particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. (harvard.edu)
  • Some 30m people in sub-Saharan Africa have HIV - 58% of these are women. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Success was seen particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where new infections declined about 15 percent, or some 400,000 people, according to the report. (cnn.com)
Infectious Diseases2
  • Primary care guidelines for the management of persons infected with HIV: 2013 update by the HIV medicine association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. (medscape.com)
  • Women need a discreet, long-acting form of HIV prevention that they control and want to use," Dr. Anthony S. Fauci , director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said in a press release . (upi.com)
Populations3
  • In recent years, studies have documented elevated levels of infection in these populations in nearly all regions,' according to the report. (cnn.com)
  • The IAS HIV Co-Infections and Co-Morbidities initiative focuses on a number of areas, taking advantage of overlapping populations and service delivery needs of HIV and related co-infections and co-morbidities. (iasociety.org)
  • One of the things we have learned about HIV is that the infection affects diverse populations. (medpagetoday.com)
Inject2
  • Heterosexuals and people who inject drugs also continue to be affected by HIV. (thebody.com)
  • The intersection of HCV with HIV presents an opportunity to accelerate the global HCV response and to bring increased attention to those disproportionately affected by both diseases, in particular people who inject drugs. (iasociety.org)
Virologic1
  • If the HIV therapy requires modification (eg, due to HIV virologic failure), the HBV-active antiretroviral must be continued and new antiretrovirals added to achieve HIV viral suppression. (medscape.com)
Regimen6
  • The men were required to be tested for HIV at one month and three months after starting the drug regimen, then every three months thereafter. (reuters.com)
  • The study hypothesis is that the addition of Maraviroc to a HIV antiretroviral regimen in HIV-infected individuals with high levels of HIV-infected monocyte/macrophages will lead to a decrease in the levels of infected monocyte/macrophages and to decrease in brain inflammation as studied by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS, a form of MRI study). (pfizer.com)
  • We demonstrate the potential utility of this HIV-1-based animal model in a chemoprophylaxis experiment, by showing that a commonly used HIV-1 therapeutic regimen can provide apparently sterilizing protection from infection following a rigorous high-dose stHIV-1 challenge. (pnas.org)
  • If it is proved safe and successful in larger studies, the method could be a major improvement for people at high risk of contracting HIV who have trouble adhering to the once-a-day pill regimen and other available methods. (washingtonpost.com)
  • The combination of a complete regimen typically consists of two NRTIs and one or more of the other drug classes, depending on the patient's condition and stage of infection. (medicinenet.com)
  • A complete regimen only for adults who have well-controlled infection, on a stable ART regimen for 6 months or more, with no history of drug resistance . (medicinenet.com)
Wisconsin HIV infections stabilizing over years | WLUK
Wisconsin HIV infections stabilizing over years | WLUK (fox11online.com)
Study finds long-acting shot helps women avoid HIV infection
Study finds long-acting shot helps women avoid HIV infection (ca.news.yahoo.com)
End Adolescent HIV infections and Aids Deaths by Moses E.: Support my fundraising event
End Adolescent HIV infections and Aids Deaths by Moses E.: Support my fundraising event (betterplace.org)
Cryptococcus gattii VGIII Isolates Causing Infections in HIV/AIDS Patients in Southern California: Identification of the Local...
Cryptococcus gattii VGIII Isolates Causing Infections in HIV/AIDS Patients in Southern California: Identification of the Local... (journals.plos.org)
HIV infection and AIDS: Symptoms, Treatments, Causes, Tests & Preventions
HIV infection and AIDS: Symptoms, Treatments, Causes, Tests & Preventions (doctor.ndtv.com)
Half of newly diagnosed HIV patients have late-stage infection: MOH, HPB
Half of newly diagnosed HIV patients have late-stage infection: MOH, HPB (todayonline.com)
China needs more access to drugs that stop new HIV infections, Aids education advocate | South China Morning Post
China needs more access to drugs that stop new HIV infections, Aids education advocate | South China Morning Post (scmp.com)
Gilead Receives Approval in Canada for BIKTARVY™ (bictegravir, emtricitabine, tenofovir alafenamide) for the Treatment of HIV-1...
Gilead Receives Approval in Canada for BIKTARVY™ (bictegravir, emtricitabine, tenofovir alafenamide) for the Treatment of HIV-1... (calgaryherald.com)
Man 'stunned' after Birmingham Children's Hospital kept HIV infection... - Smooth West Midlands
Man 'stunned' after Birmingham Children's Hospital kept HIV infection... - Smooth West Midlands (smoothradio.com)
HIV Prevalence, Risks for HIV Infection, and Human Rights among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in Malawi, Namibia, and Botswana
HIV Prevalence, Risks for HIV Infection, and Human Rights among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in Malawi, Namibia, and Botswana (journals.plos.org)
B Cell Responses to HIV Antigen Are a Potent Correlate of Viremia in HIV-1 Infection and Improve with PD-1 Blockade
B Cell Responses to HIV Antigen Are a Potent Correlate of Viremia in HIV-1 Infection and Improve with PD-1 Blockade (journals.plos.org)
Factors Associated with HIV Infection in Married or Cohabitating Couples in Kenya: Results from a Nationally Representative...
Factors Associated with HIV Infection in Married or Cohabitating Couples in Kenya: Results from a Nationally Representative... (journals.plos.org)
HIV, AIDS, and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections | Case Files: Family Medicine 4th ed. | AccessMedicine | McGraw-Hill...
HIV, AIDS, and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections | Case Files: Family Medicine 4th ed. | AccessMedicine | McGraw-Hill... (accessmedicine.mhmedical.com)
Vol. 2 No. 2 | HIV Surveillance Data Tables | Reports | Resource Library | HIV/AIDS | CDC
Vol. 2 No. 2 | HIV Surveillance Data Tables | Reports | Resource Library | HIV/AIDS | CDC (cdc.gov)
Preventing New HIV Infections | Fact Sheets | Budget | NCHHSTP | CDC
Preventing New HIV Infections | Fact Sheets | Budget | NCHHSTP | CDC (cdc.gov)
People with Certain Medical Conditions | CDC
People with Certain Medical Conditions | CDC (cdc.gov)
Congolese Refugee Health Profile | CDC
Congolese Refugee Health Profile | CDC (cdc.gov)
Best Dating Sites For People With Herpes, Hsv, Hiv Or Other STDs | people with herpes, Herpes Simplex Virus Infections | can...
Best Dating Sites For People With Herpes, Hsv, Hiv Or Other STDs | people with herpes, Herpes Simplex Virus Infections | can... (s3.amazonaws.com)
HIV Testing in Nonclinical Settings | HIV Testing | HIV/AIDS | CDC
HIV Testing in Nonclinical Settings | HIV Testing | HIV/AIDS | CDC (cdc.gov)
Duffy antigen system - Wikipedia