Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Development of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV).
Studies of the number of cases where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is present in a specific population at a designated time. The presence in a given individual is determined by the finding of HIV antibodies in the serum (HIV SEROPOSITIVITY).
The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.
Immune status consisting of non-production of HIV antibodies, as determined by various serological tests.
Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.
Immunologic tests for identification of HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) antibodies. They include assays for HIV SEROPOSITIVITY and HIV SERONEGATIVITY that have been developed for screening persons carrying the viral antibody from patients with overt symptoms of AIDS or AIDS-RELATED COMPLEX.
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.
Sexual activities of humans.
The number of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.
Sexual attraction or relationship between males.
Undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. It may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her.
Agents used to treat RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.
The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.
Abuse, overuse, or misuse of a substance by its injection into a vein.
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
A republic in southern Africa, the southernmost part of Africa. It has three capitals: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), and Bloemfontein (judicial). Officially the Republic of South Africa since 1960, it was called the Union of South Africa 1910-1960.
Drug regimens, for patients with HIV INFECTIONS, that aggressively suppress HIV replication. The regimens usually involve administration of three or more different drugs including a protease inhibitor.
Married or single individuals who share sexual relations.
Antigens associated with specific proteins of the human adult T-cell immunodeficiency virus (HIV); also called HTLV-III-associated and lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) antigens.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)
The practice of indulging in sexual relations for money.
A republic in southern Africa, east of ZAMBIA and BOTSWANA and west of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Harare. It was formerly called Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia.
Inhibitors of HIV PROTEASE, an enzyme required for production of proteins needed for viral assembly.
A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease.
A major core protein of the human immunodeficiency virus encoded by the HIV gag gene. HIV-seropositive individuals mount a significant immune response to p24 and thus detection of antibodies to p24 is one basis for determining HIV infection by ELISA and Western blot assays. The protein is also being investigated as a potential HIV immunogen in vaccines.
The sexual attraction or relationship between members of the same SEX.
The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding.
Sexual behaviors which are high-risk for contracting SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES or for producing PREGNANCY.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
A republic in eastern Africa, south of SUDAN and west of KENYA. Its capital is Kampala.
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
The sexual attraction or relationship between members of the opposite SEX.
Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS.
External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 120 kDa and contains numerous glycosylation sites. Gp120 binds to cells expressing CD4 cell-surface antigens, most notably T4-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Gp120 has been shown to interfere with the normal function of CD4 and is at least partly responsible for the cytopathic effect of HIV.
All of Africa except Northern Africa (AFRICA, NORTHERN).
A republic in southern Africa east of ZAMBIA and MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Lilongwe. It was formerly called Nyasaland.
Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.
Involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue for more than 30 days in the absence of a defined cause other than HIV infection. A constant feature is major muscle wasting with scattered myofiber degeneration. A variety of etiologies, which vary among patients, contributes to this syndrome. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1611).
The giving of advice and assistance to individuals with educational or personal problems.
Excision of the prepuce of the penis (FORESKIN) or part of it.
Cellular receptors that bind the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. Included are CD4 ANTIGENS, found on T4 lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophages, which bind to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.
Sexual behavior that prevents or reduces the spread of SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES or PREGNANCY.
Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL3; CHEMOKINE CCL4; and CHEMOKINE CCL5. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; and NK CELLS. The CCR5 receptor is used by the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS to infect cells.
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
Programs in which participation is not required.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.
Sudden outbreaks of a disease in a country or region not previously recognized in that area, or a rapid increase in the number of new cases of a previous existing endemic disease. Epidemics can also refer to outbreaks of disease in animal or plant populations.
An HIV species related to HIV-1 but carrying different antigenic components and with differing nucleic acid composition. It shares serologic reactivity and sequence homology with the simian Lentivirus SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and infects only T4-lymphocytes expressing the CD4 phenotypic marker.
Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
A reverse transcriptase encoded by the POL GENE of HIV. It is a heterodimer of 66 kDa and 51 kDa subunits that are derived from a common precursor protein. The heterodimer also includes an RNAse H activity (RIBONUCLEASE H, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS) that plays an essential role the viral replication process.
Persons who have experienced prolonged survival of HIV infection. This includes the full spectrum of untreated, HIV-infected long-term asymptomatics to those with AIDS who have survived due to successful treatment.
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM.
Disorders related to substance abuse.
A republic in southern Africa, south of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and TANZANIA, and north of ZIMBABWE. Its capital is Lusaka. It was formerly called Northern Rhodesia.
Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.
A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and north of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Dar es Salaam. It was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of TANGANYIKA and ZANZIBAR.
A syndrome characterized by chronic, well-established DIARRHEA (greater than one month in duration) without an identified infectious cause after thorough evaluation, in an HIV-positive individual. It is thought to be due to direct or indirect effects of HIV on the enteric mucosa. HIV enteropathy is a diagnosis of exclusion and can be made only after other forms of diarrheal illness have been ruled out. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, pp1607-8; Haubrich et al., Bockus Gastroenterology, 5th ed, p1155)
Usage of a single needle among two or more people for injecting drugs. Needle sharing is a high-risk behavior for contracting infectious disease.
55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.
People who engage in occupational sexual behavior in exchange for economic rewards or other extrinsic considerations.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.
Viral diseases which are transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct.
A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.
Enzyme of the human immunodeficiency virus that is required for post-translational cleavage of gag and gag-pol precursor polyproteins into functional products needed for viral assembly. HIV protease is an aspartic protease encoded by the amino terminus of the pol gene.
A republic in eastern Africa, south of ETHIOPIA, west of SOMALIA with TANZANIA to its south, and coastline on the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Nairobi.
The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.
An agency of the UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE that conducts and supports programs for the prevention and control of disease and provides consultation and assistance to health departments and other countries.
A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA, east of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, west of TANZANIA. Its capital is Kigali. It was formerly part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urund.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The presence of viruses in the blood.
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs naturally in macaques infected with SRV serotypes, experimentally in monkeys inoculated with SRV or MASON-PFIZER MONKEY VIRUS; (MPMV), or in monkeys infected with SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Carbon-containing phosphonic acid compounds. Included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either OXYGEN atom or the PHOSPHOROUS atom of the (P=O)O2 structure.
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV.
The purified, alkaloidal, extra-potent form of cocaine. It is smoked (free-based), injected intravenously, and orally ingested. Use of crack results in alterations in function of the cardiovascular system, the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal system. The slang term "crack" was derived from the crackling sound made upon igniting of this form of cocaine for smoking.
Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE), an enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
People who take drugs for a non-therapeutic or non-medical effect. The drugs may be legal or illegal, but their use often results in adverse medical, legal, or social consequences for the users.
Penal institutions, or places of confinement for war prisoners.
The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.
B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.
An inhibitor of ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASES that retards the digestion and absorption of DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES in the SMALL INTESTINE.
Transmembrane envelope protein of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 41,000 and is glycosylated. The N-terminal part of gp41 is thought to be involved in CELL FUSION with the CD4 ANTIGENS of T4 LYMPHOCYTES, leading to syncytial formation. Gp41 is one of the most common HIV antigens detected by IMMUNOBLOTTING.
A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.
Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.
An independent state in eastern Africa. Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by Eritrea, on the east by Djibouti and Somalia, on the south by Kenya, and on the west and southwest by Sudan. Its capital is Addis Ababa.
Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. They are divided into two main classes: "first-line" agents, those with the greatest efficacy and acceptable degrees of toxicity used successfully in the great majority of cases; and "second-line" drugs used in drug-resistant cases or those in which some other patient-related condition has compromised the effectiveness of primary therapy.
The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.
Ratio of T-LYMPHOCYTES that express the CD4 ANTIGEN to those that express the CD8 ANTIGEN. This value is commonly assessed in the diagnosis and staging of diseases affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM including HIV INFECTIONS.
A republic in central Africa lying east of CHAD and the CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC and west of NIGERIA. The capital is Yaounde.
Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Identification of those persons (or animals) who have had such an association with an infected person, animal, or contaminated environment as to have had the opportunity to acquire the infection. Contact tracing is a generally accepted method for the control of sexually transmitted diseases.
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.
Formerly known as Siam, this is a Southeast Asian nation at the center of the Indochina peninsula. Bangkok is the capital city.
A perceived attribute that is deeply discrediting and is considered to be a violation of social norms.
Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Inhibitors of the fusion of HIV to host cells, preventing viral entry. This includes compounds that block attachment of HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120 to CD4 RECEPTORS.
Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.
The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal or vertical (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).
Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.
A province of Canada on the Pacific coast. Its capital is Victoria. The name given in 1858 derives from the Columbia River which was named by the American captain Robert Gray for his ship Columbia which in turn was named for Columbus. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p178 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p81-2)
Reduction of high-risk choices and adoption of low-risk quantity and frequency alternatives.
A kingdom in southern Africa, west of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Mbabane. The area was settled by the Swazi branch of the Zulu nation in the early 1880's, with its independence guaranteed by the British and Transvaal governments in 1881 and 1884. With limited self-government introduced in 1962, it became independent in 1968. Swazi is the Zulu name for the people who call themselves Swati, from Mswati, the name of a 16th century king, from a word meaning stick or rod. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1170 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p527)
Those facilities which administer health services to individuals who do not require hospitalization or institutionalization.
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis.
People who frequently change their place of residence.
A component of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE that provides leadership related to the delivery of health services and the requirements for and distribution of health resources, including manpower training.
A republic in southern Africa, south of TANZANIA, east of ZAMBIA and ZIMBABWE, bordered on the west by the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Maputo. It was formerly called Portuguese East Africa.
Persons living in the United States having origins in any of the black groups of Africa.
Testing in which the source of the specimen or the person being tested is not individually identified.
Organized services for exchange of sterile needles and syringes used for injections as a potential means of reducing the transmission of infectious diseases.
A republic in southern Africa, south of ANGOLA and west of BOTSWANA. Its capital is Windhoek.
An oversimplified perception or conception especially of persons, social groups, etc.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.
Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.
Inhibitors of HIV INTEGRASE, an enzyme required for integration of viral DNA into cellular DNA.
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
CXCR receptors with specificity for CXCL12 CHEMOKINE. The receptors may play a role in HEMATOPOIESIS regulation and can also function as coreceptors for the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
An island in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is San Juan. It is a self-governing commonwealth in union with the United States. It was discovered by Columbus in 1493 but no colonization was attempted until 1508. It belonged to Spain until ceded to the United States in 1898. It became a commonwealth with autonomy in internal affairs in 1952. Columbus named the island San Juan for St. John's Day, the Monday he arrived, and the bay Puerto Rico, rich harbor. The island became Puerto Rico officially in 1932. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p987 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p436)
The concept pertaining to the health status of inhabitants of the world.
Persons living in the United States of Mexican (MEXICAN AMERICANS), Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin. The concept does not include Brazilian Americans or Portuguese Americans.
Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.
Proteins encoded by the TAT GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
The application of methods designed to reduce the risk of harm associated with certain behaviors without reduction in frequency of those behaviors. The risk-associated behaviors include ongoing and active addictive behaviors.
The washing of the VAGINA cavity or surface with a solution. Agents or drugs can be added to the irrigation solution.
Non-optimal interval of time between onset of symptoms, identification, and initiation of treatment.
The status of health in urban populations.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Programs of surveillance designed to prevent the transmission of disease by any means from person to person or from animal to man.
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.
Monitoring of rate of occurrence of specific conditions to assess the stability or change in health levels of a population. It is also the study of disease rates in a specific cohort such as in a geographic area or population subgroup to estimate trends in a larger population. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure.
Truthful revelation of information, specifically when the information disclosed is likely to be psychologically painful ("bad news") to the recipient (e.g., revelation to a patient or a patient's family of the patient's DIAGNOSIS or PROGNOSIS) or embarrassing to the teller (e.g., revelation of medical errors).
A republic in western Africa, south of MALI and BURKINA FASO, bordered by GHANA on the east. Its administrative capital is Abidjan and Yamoussoukro has been the official capital since 1983. The country was formerly called Ivory Coast.
The process of leaving one's country to establish residence in a foreign country.
The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.
A republic in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is Port-au-Prince. With the Dominican Republic it forms the island of Hispaniola - Haiti occupying the western third and the Dominican Republic, the eastern two thirds. Haiti belonged to France from 1697 until its rule was challenged by slave insurrections from 1791. It became a republic in 1820. It was virtually an American protectorate from 1915 to 1934. It adopted its present constitution in 1964 and amended it in 1971. The name may represent either of two Caribbean words, haiti, mountain land, or jhaiti, nest. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p481 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p225)
Public attitudes toward health, disease, and the medical care system.
Voluntary cooperation of the patient in taking drugs or medicine as prescribed. This includes timing, dosage, and frequency.
A kingdom in southern Africa, within the republic of SOUTH AFRICA. Its capital is Maseru.
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.
A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Abuja.
A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation.
A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A species of SIMPLEXVIRUS associated with genital infections (HERPES GENITALIS). It is transmitted by sexual intercourse and close personal contact.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
Contraceptive devices used by males.
A republic in southern Africa, between NAMIBIA and ZAMBIA. It was formerly called Bechuanaland. Its capital is Gaborone. The Kalahari Desert is in the west and southwest.
Persons having a sense of persistent identification with, and expression of, gender-coded behaviors not typically associated with one's anatomical sex at birth, and with or without a desire to undergo SEX REASSIGNMENT PROCEDURES.
The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.
The number of LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.
Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim.
The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.

Analysis of the adult thymus in reconstitution of T lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. (1/30267)

A key question in understanding the status of the immune system in HIV-1 infection is whether the adult thymus contributes to reconstitution of peripheral T lymphocytes. We analyzed the thymus in adult patients who died of HIV-1 infection. In addition, we studied the clinical course of HIV-1 infection in three patients thymectomized for myasthenia gravis and determined the effect of antiretroviral therapy on CD4(+) T cells. We found that five of seven patients had thymus tissue at autopsy and that all thymuses identified had inflammatory infiltrates surrounding lymphodepleted thymic epithelium. Two of seven patients also had areas of thymopoiesis; one of these patients had peripheral blood CD4(+) T-cell levels of <50/mm3 for 51 months prior to death. Of three thymectomized patients, one rapidly progressed to AIDS, one progressed to AIDS over seven years (normal progressor), whereas the third remains asymptomatic at least seven years after seroconversion. Both latter patients had rises in peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells after antiretroviral therapy. Most patients who died of complications of HIV-1 infection did not have functional thymus tissue, and when present, thymopoiesis did not prevent prolonged lymphopenia. Thymectomy before HIV-1 infection did not preclude either peripheral CD4(+) T-cell rises or clinical responses after antiretroviral therapy.  (+info)

High level inhibition of HIV replication with combination RNA decoys expressed from an HIV-Tat inducible vector. (2/30267)

Intracellular immunization, an antiviral gene therapy approach based on the introduction of DNA into cells to stably express molecules for the inhibition of viral gene expression and replication, has been suggested for inhibition of HIV infection. Since the Tat and Rev proteins play a critical role in HIV regulation, RNA decoys and ribozymes of these sequences have potential as therapeutic molecular inhibitors. In the present study, we have generated several anti-HIV molecules; a tat-ribozyme, RRE, RWZ6 and TAR decoys and combinations of decoys, and tested them for inhibition of HIV-1 replication in vitro. We used T cell specific CD2 gene elements and regulatory the HIV inducible promoter to direct high level expression and a 3' UTR sequence for mRNA stabilization. We show that HIV replication was most strongly inhibited with the combination TAR + RRE decoy when compared with the single decoys or the tat-ribozyme. We also show that the Tat-inducible HIV promoter directs a higher level of steady-state transcription of decoys and inhibitors and that higher levels of expression directly relate to increased levels of inhibition of HIV infection. Furthermore, a stabilization of the 3' end of TAR + RRE inhibitor transcripts using a beta-globin 3' UTR sequence leads to an additional 15-fold increase in steady-state RNA levels. This cassette when used to express the best combination decoy inhibitor TAR + RRE, yields high level HIV inhibition for greater than 3 weeks. Taken together, both optimization for high level expression of molecular inhibitors and use of combinations of inhibitors suggest better therapeutic application in limiting the spread of HIV.  (+info)

Tuberculosis outbreaks in prison housing units for HIV-infected inmates--California, 1995-1996. (3/30267)

During 1995-1996, staff from the California departments of corrections and health services and local health departments investigated two outbreaks of drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB). The outbreaks occurred in two state correctional institutions with dedicated HIV housing units. In each outbreak, all cases were linked by IS6110-based DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. This report describes the investigations of both outbreaks; the findings indicated that M. tuberculosis can spread rapidly among HIV-infected inmates and be transmitted to their visitors and prison employees, with secondary spread to the community.  (+info)

A review of statistical methods for estimating the risk of vertical human immunodeficiency virus transmission. (4/30267)

BACKGROUND: Estimation of the risk of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been complicated by the lack of a reliable diagnostic test for paediatric HIV infection. METHODS: A literature search was conducted to identify all statistical methods that have been used to estimate HIV vertical transmission risk. Although the focus of this article is the analysis of birth cohort studies, ad hoc studies are also reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: The standard method for estimating HIV vertical transmission risk is biased and inefficient. Various alternative analytical approaches have been proposed but all involve simplifying assumptions and some are difficult to implement. However, early diagnosis/exclusion of infection is now possible because of improvements in polymerase chain reaction technology and complex estimation methods should no longer be required. The best way to analyse studies conducted in breastfeeding populations is still unclear and deserves attention in view of the many intervention studies being planned or conducted in developing countries.  (+info)

Demographic, clinical and social factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection and other sexually transmitted diseases in a cohort of women from the United Kingdom and Ireland. MRC Collaborative Study of women with HIV. (5/30267)

BACKGROUND: Clinical experience suggests many women with HIV infection have experienced no other sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Our objective was to test the hypothesis that a substantial proportion of women with HIV infection in the United Kingdom and Ireland have experienced no other diagnosed STD and to describe the demographic, clinical and social factors associated with the occurrence of other STD in a cohort of HIV infected women. METHOD: Analysis of cross-sectional baseline data from a prospective study of 505 women with diagnosed HIV infection. The setting was 15 HIV treatment centres in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The main outcome measures were occurrence of other STD diagnosed for the first time before and after HIV diagnosis. Data were obtained from interview with women and clinic notes. We particularly focused on occurrence of gonorrhoea, chlamydia and trichomoniasis after HIV diagnosis, as these are the STD most likely to reflect recent unprotected sexual intercourse. RESULTS: The women were mainly infected via heterosexual sex (n = 304), and injection drug use (n = 174). 151 were black Africans. A total of 250 (49.5%) women reported never having been diagnosed with an STD apart from HIV, 255 (50.5%) women had ever experienced an STD besides HIV, including 109 (21.6%) who had their first other STD diagnosed after HIV. Twenty-five (5%) women reported having had chlamydia, gonorrhoea or trichomoniasis diagnosed for the first time after HIV diagnosis, possibly reflecting unprotected sexual intercourse since HIV diagnosis. In all 301 (60%) women reported having had sex with a man in the 6 months prior to entry to the study. Of these, 168 (58%) reported using condoms 'always', 66(23%) 'sometimes' and 56 (19%) 'never'. CONCLUSIONS: Half the women in this study reported having never experienced any other diagnosed STD besides HIV. However, after HIV diagnosis most women remain sexually active and at least 5% had an STD diagnosed which reflect unprotected sexual intercourse.  (+info)

Pregnancy, body weight and human immunodeficiency virus infection in African women: a prospective cohort study in Kigali (Rwanda), 1992-1994. Pregnancy and HIV Study Group (EGE). (6/30267)

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and body weight in African women during and after pregnancy. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was initiated at the Centre Hospitalier de Kigali in July 1992. Every woman seen at the antenatal clinic and with a gestational age of <28 weeks was offered HIV-1 antibody testing. Comparable numbers of HIV-infected (HIV+) and uninfected (HIV-) women were recruited. At inclusion, socio-demographic characteristics and self-reported pre-pregnancy weight were recorded; height and weight were measured. Each woman enrolled had a monthly follow-up until 9 months after delivery, with a clinical examination including weighing. Three anthropometric indices were used to answer the study objectives: weight, body mass index (BMI), and pregnancy balance. RESULTS: As of April 1994, 101 HIV+ and 106 HIV- women were followed until 5 months after delivery. Weight and BMI during pregnancy were lower in HIV+ women than in HIV- women. After delivery, weight and BMI gains were significantly lower in HIV+ women. Until 5 months after delivery, the mean weight variation was -2.2 kg (standard deviation [SD] = 5.9 kg) in HIV+ women and +0.2 kg (SD = 6.6 kg) in HIV- women (P = 0.007) in comparison to pre-pregnancy weight. Comparisons of the slopes of the weight curves did not show statistical differences throughout the pregnancy, but it did during the post-partum period (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that HIV infection could impair nutritional status in pregnant women, especially during the post-partum period. Family planning and maternal and child health services including HIV testing and counselling, should consider a nutritional assessment and intervention programme targeted to HIV+ pregnant women.  (+info)

Short course antiretroviral regimens to reduce maternal transmission of HIV.(7/30267)

 (+info)

Clinical experience and choice of drug therapy for human immunodeficiency virus disease. (8/30267)

To determine if providers experienced in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease preferred different treatment regimens than providers with less experience, we analyzed data from a national survey of primary care providers' preferred regimens for the management of 30 HIV-related medical conditions. We mailed questionnaires to 999 correct addresses of providers in > 20 cities in the United States in May 1996. We received 524 responses (response rate, 52%). We found a statistically significant association between the number of HIV-infected patients cared for by the provider and the likelihood that the provider would report prescribing highly active antiretroviral therapy and multidrug combinations for treatment of opportunistic infections. Providers with few HIV-infected patients were substantially less likely to report using new therapeutic regimens or new diagnostic tools. We concluded that the preferred regimens of experienced providers are more likely to be consistent with the latest information on treatment for HIV disease than are those of less experienced providers.  (+info)

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is a condition in which the body is infected with HIV, a type of retrovirus that attacks the body's immune system. HIV infection can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), a condition in which the immune system is severely damaged and the body is unable to fight off infections and diseases.

There are several ways that HIV can be transmitted, including:

1. Sexual contact with an infected person
2. Sharing of needles or other drug paraphernalia with an infected person
3. Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Blood transfusions ( although this is rare in developed countries due to screening processes)
5. Organ transplantation (again, rare)

The symptoms of HIV infection can be mild at first and may not appear until several years after infection. These symptoms can include:

1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Swollen glands in the neck, armpits, and groin
4. Rash
5. Muscle aches and joint pain
6. Night sweats
7. Diarrhea
8. Weight loss

If left untreated, HIV infection can progress to AIDS, which is a life-threatening condition that can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:

1. Opportunistic infections (such as pneumocystis pneumonia)
2. Cancer (such as Kaposi's sarcoma)
3. Wasting syndrome
4. Neurological problems (such as dementia and seizures)

HIV infection is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests and physical examination. Treatment typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is a combination of medications that work together to suppress the virus and slow the progression of the disease.

Prevention methods for HIV infection include:

1. Safe sex practices, such as using condoms and dental dams
2. Avoiding sharing needles or other drug-injecting equipment
3. Avoiding mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which is a short-term treatment that can prevent infection after potential exposure to the virus
5. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), which is a daily medication that can prevent infection in people who are at high risk of being exposed to the virus.

It's important to note that HIV infection is manageable with proper treatment and care, and that people living with HIV can lead long and healthy lives. However, it's important to be aware of the risks and take steps to prevent transmission.

HIV seropositivity is typically diagnosed through a blood test called an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This test detects the presence of antibodies against HIV in the blood by using specific proteins on the surface of the virus. If the test is positive, it means that the individual has been infected with HIV.

HIV seropositivity is an important diagnostic criterion for AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), which is a condition that develops when the immune system is severely damaged by HIV infection. AIDS is diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms and laboratory tests, including HIV seropositivity.

HIV seropositivity can be either primary (acute) or chronic. Primary HIV seropositivity occurs when an individual is first infected with HIV and their immune system produces antibodies against the virus. Chronic HIV seropositivity occurs when an individual has been living with HIV for a long time and their immune system has produced antibodies that remain in their bloodstream.

HIV seropositivity can have significant implications for an individual's health and quality of life, as well as their social and economic well-being. It is important for individuals who are HIV seropositive to receive appropriate medical care and support to manage their condition and prevent the transmission of HIV to others.

The symptoms of AIDS can vary depending on the individual and the stage of the disease. Common symptoms include:

1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Swollen glands
4. Rash
5. Muscle aches and joint pain
6. Night sweats
7. Diarrhea
8. Weight loss
9. Memory loss and other neurological problems
10. Cancer and other opportunistic infections.

AIDS is diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of HIV antibodies or the virus itself. There is no cure for AIDS, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Prevention methods include using condoms, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and avoiding sharing needles or other injection equipment.

In summary, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a severe and life-threatening condition caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It is characterized by a severely weakened immune system, which makes it difficult to fight off infections and diseases. While there is no cure for AIDS, antiretroviral therapy can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Prevention methods include using condoms, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and avoiding sharing needles or other injection equipment.

IV drug use can cause a range of short-term and long-term health problems, including infections, abscesses, blood-borne illnesses such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis, and overdose. In addition to physical health issues, IV substance abuse can also lead to mental health problems, financial and legal problems, and social isolation.

Treatment for IV substance abuse typically involves a combination of behavioral therapy and medication. Behavioral therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and contingency management can help individuals modify their drug-seeking behaviors and develop coping skills to maintain sobriety. Medications such as methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone can also be used to manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings for drugs.

Prevention strategies for IV substance abuse include education and awareness campaigns, community-based outreach programs, and harm reduction services such as needle exchange programs. These strategies aim to reduce the initiation of IV drug use, particularly among young people and other vulnerable populations.

Examples of AROIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): a type of pneumonia caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii.
2. Tuberculosis (TB): a bacterial infection that can affect the lungs, brain, or other organs.
3. Toxoplasmosis: an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii that can affect the brain, eyes, and other organs.
4. Cryptococcosis: a fungal infection that can affect the lungs, brain, or skin.
5. Histoplasmosis: a fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum that can affect the lungs, skin, and other organs.
6. Aspergillosis: a fungal infection caused by Aspergillus species that can affect the lungs, sinuses, and other organs.
7. Candidiasis: a fungal infection caused by Candida species that can affect the mouth, throat, vagina, or skin.
8. Kaposi's sarcoma: a type of cancer that is caused by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and can affect the skin and lymph nodes.
9. Wasting syndrome: a condition characterized by weight loss, fatigue, and diarrhea.
10. Opportunistic infections that can affect the gastrointestinal tract, such as cryptosporidiosis and isosporiasis.

AROIs are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with HIV/AIDS, and they can be prevented or treated with antimicrobial therapy, supportive care, and other interventions.

The exact cause of ADC is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to the progression of HIV infection in the brain. As HIV replicates in the brain, it can damage brain cells and disrupt normal brain function.

ADC typically affects individuals who have advanced HIV infection and a low CD4 cell count (a measure of immune system health). It is more common in women than men and tends to occur at an older age.

There are several symptoms of ADC, including:

1. Cognitive impairment: difficulty with memory, concentration, and decision-making.
2. Changes in personality and behavior: depression, anxiety, and agitation.
3. Difficulty with speech and language: slurred speech, trouble finding the right words.
4. Coordination and balance problems: unsteadiness, tremors, and difficulty with movement.
5. Seizures: ADC can cause seizures, which can be a sign of a more severe form of the disorder.

There is no cure for ADC, but treatment can help manage its symptoms and slow its progression. Treatment typically involves a combination of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to suppress HIV replication, and medications to manage cognitive and behavioral symptoms. In addition, supportive care, such as physical therapy and occupational therapy, can help improve quality of life.

In conclusion, AIDS Dementia Complex (ADC) is a serious neurological disorder that affects individuals with advanced HIV infection. It is characterized by cognitive impairment, changes in personality and behavior, and difficulty with speech and movement. While there is no cure for ADC, treatment can help manage its symptoms and slow its progression.

There are three stages of syphilis:

1. Primary stage: A small, painless sore or ulcer (called a chancre) appears at the site of infection, usually on the genitals, rectum, or mouth. This sore heals on its own within 2-6 weeks, but the infection remains in the body.
2. Secondary stage: A rash and other symptoms can appear weeks to months after the primary stage. The rash can be accompanied by fever, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes.
3. Latent stage: After the secondary stage, the infection can enter a latent (hidden) phase, during which there are no visible symptoms but the infection remains in the body. If left untreated, syphilis can progress to the tertiary stage, which can cause serious complications such as damage to the heart, brain, and other organs.

Syphilis is diagnosed through a physical examination, blood tests, and/or a lumbar puncture (spinal tap). Treatment typically involves antibiotics, and early treatment can cure the infection and prevent long-term complications.

Prevention measures include safe sex practices such as using condoms and dental dams, avoiding sexual contact with someone who has syphilis, and getting regularly tested for STIs. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms of syphilis are present, as early treatment can prevent long-term complications.

1. Group B streptococcus (GBS): This type of bacterial infection is the leading cause of infections in newborns. GBS can cause a range of complications, including pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.
2. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): These are common during pregnancy and can be caused by bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) or Staphylococcus saprophyticus. UTIs can lead to complications such as preterm labor and low birth weight.
3. HIV: Pregnant women who are infected with HIV can pass the virus to their baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
4. Toxoplasmosis: This is an infection caused by a parasite that can be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta. Toxoplasmosis can cause a range of complications, including birth defects and stillbirth.
5. Listeriosis: This is a rare infection caused by eating contaminated food, such as soft cheeses or hot dogs. Listeriosis can cause complications such as miscarriage, stillbirth, and premature labor.
6. Influenza: Pregnant women who contract the flu can be at higher risk for complications such as pneumonia and hospitalization.
7. Herpes simplex virus (HSV): This virus can cause complications such as preterm labor, low birth weight, and neonatal herpes.
8. Human parvovirus (HPV): This virus can cause complications such as preterm labor, low birth weight, and stillbirth.
9. Syphilis: This is a sexually transmitted infection that can be passed to the fetus during pregnancy, leading to complications such as stillbirth, premature birth, and congenital syphilis.
10. Chickenpox: Pregnant women who contract chickenpox can be at higher risk for complications such as preterm labor and low birth weight.

It's important to note that the risks associated with these infections are relatively low, and many pregnant women who contract them will have healthy pregnancies and healthy babies. However, it's still important to be aware of the risks and take steps to protect yourself and your baby.

Here are some ways to reduce your risk of infection during pregnancy:

1. Practice good hygiene: Wash your hands frequently, especially before preparing or eating food.
2. Avoid certain foods: Avoid consuming raw or undercooked meat, eggs, and dairy products, as well as unpasteurized juices and soft cheeses.
3. Get vaccinated: Get vaccinated against infections such as the flu and HPV.
4. Practice safe sex: Use condoms or other forms of barrier protection to prevent the spread of STIs.
5. Avoid close contact with people who are sick: If someone in your household is sick, try to avoid close contact with them if possible.
6. Keep your environment clean: Regularly clean and disinfect surfaces and objects that may be contaminated with germs.
7. Manage stress: High levels of stress can weaken your immune system and make you more susceptible to infection.
8. Get enough rest: Adequate sleep is essential for maintaining a healthy immune system.
9. Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to help flush out harmful bacteria and viruses.
10. Consider taking prenatal vitamins: Prenatal vitamins can help support your immune system and overall health during pregnancy.

Remember, it's always better to be safe than sorry, so if you suspect that you may have been exposed to an infection or are experiencing symptoms of an infection during pregnancy, contact your healthcare provider right away. They can help determine the appropriate course of action and ensure that you and your baby stay healthy.

Coinfection can be caused by various factors, including:

1. Exposure to multiple pathogens: When an individual is exposed to multiple sources of infection, such as contaminated food or water, they may contract multiple pathogens simultaneously.
2. Weakened immune system: A compromised immune system can make it more difficult for the body to fight off infections, making it more susceptible to coinfection.
3. Increased opportunities for transmission: In some situations, such as in healthcare settings or during travel to areas with high infection rates, individuals may be more likely to come into contact with multiple pathogens.

Examples of common coinfections include:

1. HIV and tuberculosis (TB): TB is a common opportunistic infection that affects individuals with HIV/AIDS.
2. Malaria and bacterial infections: In areas where malaria is prevalent, individuals may also be at risk for bacterial infections such as pneumonia or diarrhea.
3. Influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae: During flu season, individuals may be more susceptible to both influenza and bacterial infections such as pneumonia.

Coinfection can have significant consequences for an individual's health, including increased morbidity and mortality. Treatment of coinfections often requires a combination of antimicrobial therapies targeting each pathogen, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Preventing coinfection is important for maintaining good health, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems. This can include:

1. Practicing good hygiene: Washing hands regularly and avoiding close contact with individuals who are sick can help reduce the risk of infection.
2. Getting vaccinated: Vaccines can protect against certain infections, such as influenza and pneumococcal disease.
3. Taking antimicrobial prophylaxis: In some cases, taking antibiotics or other antimicrobial drugs may be recommended to prevent infection in individuals who are at high risk of coinfection.
4. Managing underlying conditions: Effectively managing conditions such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and heart disease can help reduce the risk of infection and coinfection.
5. Avoiding risky behaviors: Avoiding risky behaviors such as sharing needles or engaging in unprotected sex can help reduce the risk of infection and coinfection.

1. Chronic diarrhea
2. Fever
3. Fatigue
4. Night sweats
5. Weight loss
6. Swollen glands in the neck, armpits, or groin
7. Rashes or skin lesions
8. Muscle aches and joint pain
9. Memory loss and other neurological problems
10. Yeast infections in the mouth, throat, or vagina

ARC is a stage of HIV infection that occurs before the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is characterized by a decline in CD4 cell counts and an increase in HIV viral load. If left untreated, ARC can progress to AIDS, which is a life-threatening condition that affects the body's ability to fight off opportunistic infections and cancers.

The diagnosis of ARC is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests (such as CD4 cell counts and HIV viral load), and medical imaging studies. Treatment for ARC typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART) to suppress the virus, manage symptoms, and prevent complications.

It's important to note that the term "AIDS-related complex" is no longer used in modern medicine, as it has been replaced by the term "HIV disease." This change reflects the understanding that HIV infection is a continuous spectrum of illness, rather than a distinct set of conditions.

The exact cause of HIV Wasting Syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a combination of factors, including chronic inflammation, immune activation, and the direct effects of HIV on the body's metabolism. The syndrome typically affects individuals with advanced stages of HIV infection and can have a significant impact on their quality of life, functional status, and survival.

Symptoms of HIV Wasting Syndrome include:

1. Weight loss (more than 10% of body weight)
2. Muscle wasting and weakness
3. Fatigue
4. Decreased appetite
5. Diarrhea
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Abdominal pain
8. Dehydration
9. Poor wound healing
10. Fever

Diagnosis of HIV Wasting Syndrome is based on a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include measurements of serum albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin, as well as assessment of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Imaging studies, such as computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET), may be used to evaluate body composition and tissue distribution.

Treatment of HIV Wasting Syndrome involves a combination of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and supportive care, including:

1. ART to suppress HIV replication and reduce inflammation
2. Nutritional support with high-calorie diets or supplements
3. Prophylaxis for opportunistic infections
4. Management of related complications such as diarrhea, nausea, and pain
5. Physical therapy to maintain muscle mass and strength.

In addition, HIV Wasting Syndrome is also associated with other comorbidities such as HIV-associated neuropathy, HIV-associated dementia, and HIV-related kidney disease, which can further complicate the management of wasting syndrome. Therefore, it is important to address these comorbidities simultaneously while managing HIV Wasting Syndrome.

STDs can cause a range of symptoms, including genital itching, burning during urination, unusual discharge, and painful sex. Some STDs can also lead to long-term health problems, such as infertility, chronic pain, and an increased risk of certain types of cancer.

STDs are usually diagnosed through a physical exam, blood tests, or other diagnostic tests. Treatment for STDs varies depending on the specific infection and can include antibiotics, antiviral medication, or other therapies. It's important to practice safe sex, such as using condoms, to reduce the risk of getting an STD.

Some of the most common STDs include:

* Chlamydia: A bacterial infection that can cause genital itching, burning during urination, and unusual discharge.
* Gonorrhea: A bacterial infection that can cause similar symptoms to chlamydia.
* Syphilis: A bacterial infection that can cause a painless sore on the genitals, followed by a rash and other symptoms.
* Herpes: A viral infection that can cause genital itching, burning during urination, and painful sex.
* HPV: A viral infection that can cause genital warts and increase the risk of cervical cancer.
* HIV/AIDS: A viral infection that can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, fatigue, and weight loss, and can lead to AIDS if left untreated.

It's important to note that some STDs can be spread through non-sexual contact, such as sharing needles or mother-to-child transmission during childbirth. It's also important to know that many STDs can be asymptomatic, meaning you may not have any symptoms even if you are infected.

If you think you may have been exposed to an STD, it's important to get tested as soon as possible. Many STDs can be easily treated with antibiotics or other medications, but if left untreated, they can lead to serious complications and long-term health problems.

It's also important to practice safe sex to reduce the risk of getting an STD. This includes using condoms, as well as getting vaccinated against HPV and Hepatitis B, which are both common causes of STDs.

In addition to getting tested and practicing safe sex, it's important to be aware of your sexual health and the risks associated with sex. This includes being aware of any symptoms you may experience, as well as being aware of your partner's sexual history and any STDs they may have. By being informed and proactive about your sexual health, you can help reduce the risk of getting an STD and maintain good sexual health.

There are two main forms of TB:

1. Active TB: This is the form of the disease where the bacteria are actively growing and causing symptoms such as coughing, fever, chest pain, and fatigue. Active TB can be contagious and can spread to others if not treated properly.
2. Latent TB: This is the form of the disease where the bacteria are present in the body but are not actively growing or causing symptoms. People with latent TB do not feel sick and are not contagious, but they can still become sick with active TB if their immune system is weakened.

TB is a major public health concern, especially in developing countries where access to healthcare may be limited. The disease is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical imaging, and laboratory tests such as skin tests or blood tests. Treatment for TB typically involves a course of antibiotics, which can be effective in curing the disease if taken properly. However, drug-resistant forms of TB have emerged in some parts of the world, making treatment more challenging.

Preventive measures against TB include:

1. Vaccination with BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccine, which can provide some protection against severe forms of the disease but not against latent TB.
2. Avoiding close contact with people who have active TB, especially if they are coughing or sneezing.
3. Practicing good hygiene, such as covering one's mouth when coughing or sneezing and regularly washing hands.
4. Getting regular screenings for TB if you are in a high-risk group, such as healthcare workers or people with weakened immune systems.
5. Avoiding sharing personal items such as towels, utensils, or drinking glasses with people who have active TB.

Overall, while TB is a serious disease that can be challenging to treat and prevent, with the right measures in place, it is possible to reduce its impact on public health and improve outcomes for those affected by the disease.

Types of Substance-Related Disorders:

1. Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD): A chronic disease characterized by the excessive consumption of alcohol, leading to impaired control over drinking, social or personal problems, and increased risk of health issues.
2. Opioid Use Disorder (OUD): A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of opioids, such as prescription painkillers or heroin, leading to withdrawal symptoms when the substance is not available.
3. Stimulant Use Disorder: A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of stimulants, such as cocaine or amphetamines, leading to impaired control over use and increased risk of adverse effects.
4. Cannabis Use Disorder: A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of cannabis, leading to impaired control over use and increased risk of adverse effects.
5. Hallucinogen Use Disorder: A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of hallucinogens, such as LSD or psilocybin mushrooms, leading to impaired control over use and increased risk of adverse effects.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetics: Individuals with a family history of substance-related disorders are more likely to develop these conditions.
2. Mental health: Individuals with mental health conditions, such as depression or anxiety, may be more likely to use substances as a form of self-medication.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to substances at an early age, peer pressure, and social environment can increase the risk of developing a substance-related disorder.
4. Brain chemistry: Substance use can alter brain chemistry, leading to dependence and addiction.

Symptoms:

1. Increased tolerance: The need to use more of the substance to achieve the desired effect.
2. Withdrawal: Experiencing symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, or nausea when the substance is not present.
3. Loss of control: Using more substance than intended or for longer than intended.
4. Neglecting responsibilities: Neglecting responsibilities at home, work, or school due to substance use.
5. Continued use despite negative consequences: Continuing to use the substance despite physical, emotional, or financial consequences.

Diagnosis:

1. Physical examination: A doctor may perform a physical examination to look for signs of substance use, such as track marks or changes in heart rate and blood pressure.
2. Laboratory tests: Blood or urine tests can confirm the presence of substances in the body.
3. Psychological evaluation: A mental health professional may conduct a psychological evaluation to assess symptoms of substance-related disorders and determine the presence of co-occurring conditions.

Treatment:

1. Detoxification: A medically-supervised detox program can help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.
2. Medications: Medications such as methadone or buprenorphine may be prescribed to manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.
3. Behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and contingency management are effective behavioral therapies for treating substance use disorders.
4. Support groups: Joining a support group such as Narcotics Anonymous can provide a sense of community and support for individuals in recovery.
5. Lifestyle changes: Making healthy lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and getting enough sleep can help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.

It's important to note that diagnosis and treatment of substance-related disorders is a complex process and should be individualized based on the specific needs and circumstances of each patient.

The exact cause of HIV enteropathy is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to the direct effects of HIV on the intestinal epithelium, as well as the immune system's response to the virus. Studies have shown that HIV can infect the cells lining the intestines and cause inflammation and damage to the gut tissue. Additionally, HIV can also disrupt the normal functioning of the enteric nervous system, leading to abnormal motility and secretion.

The diagnosis of HIV enteropathy is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and endoscopy or radiologic imaging. Treatment of HIV enteropathy typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART) to suppress the virus, as well as management of symptoms such as diarrhea, malnutrition, and dehydration. In some cases, medications such as proton pump inhibitors or laxatives may be prescribed to manage specific symptoms.

In conclusion, HIV enteropathy is a complex condition that affects people living with HIV/AIDS and can lead to significant gastrointestinal symptoms and malabsorption. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve quality of life for those affected by the disease.

There are several types of hepatitis C, including genotype 1, which is the most common and accounts for approximately 70% of cases in the United States. Other genotypes include 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The symptoms of hepatitis C can range from mild to severe and may include fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, pale stools, and itching all over the body. Some people with hepatitis C may not experience any symptoms at all.

Hepatitis C is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies against HCV or the virus itself. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, including interferon and ribavirin, which can cure the infection but may have side effects such as fatigue, nausea, and depression. In recent years, new drugs known as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have become available, which can cure the infection with fewer side effects and in a shorter period of time.

Prevention measures for hepatitis C include avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, using condoms to prevent sexual transmission, and ensuring that any tattoos or piercings are performed with sterilized equipment. Vaccines are also available for people who are at high risk of contracting the virus, such as healthcare workers and individuals who engage in high-risk behaviors.

Overall, hepatitis C is a serious and common liver disease that can lead to significant health complications if left untreated. Fortunately, with advances in medical technology and treatment options, it is possible to manage and cure the virus with proper care and attention.

Examples of viral STDs include:

1. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): HIV attacks the body's immune system, making it harder to fight off infections and diseases. It can be spread through sex, sharing needles, or mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
2. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): HSV causes genital herpes, which can cause painful blisters and sores on the genitals. It can be spread through skin-to-skin contact with an infected person.
3. Human Papillomavirus (HPV): HPV can cause genital warts, as well as cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, or anus. It is usually spread through skin-to-skin contact with an infected person.
4. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV): HBV can cause liver disease and liver cancer. It is usually spread through sex, sharing needles, or mother-to-child transmission during childbirth.
5. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): HCV can cause liver disease and liver cancer. It is usually spread through sex, sharing needles, or mother-to-child transmission during childbirth.

Preventing the spread of viral STDs includes:

1. Practicing safe sex, such as using condoms and dental dams.
2. Getting vaccinated against HPV and Hepatitis B.
3. Avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia.
4. Being in a mutually monogamous relationship with someone who has been tested and is negative for STDs.
5. Regularly getting tested for STDs, especially if you have a new sexual partner or engage in risky behavior.
6. Using condoms and other barrier methods consistently and correctly during all sexual activities.
7. Avoiding sexual contact with someone who has symptoms of an STD.
8. Being aware of your own sexual health status and the status of your partners, and being open and honest about your sexual history and any STDs you may have.
9. Seeking medical attention immediately if you suspect you or a partner has an STD.
10. Following safe sex practices and taking precautions to prevent the spread of STDs can help reduce the risk of developing these infections.

It's important to note that not all STDs have symptoms, so it's possible to have an STD and not know it. Regular testing is important for early detection and treatment, which can help prevent long-term health problems and the spread of infection.

Viremia is a condition where the virus is present in the bloodstream, outside of infected cells or tissues. This can occur during the acute phase of an infection, when the virus is actively replicating and spreading throughout the body. Viremia can also be seen in chronic infections, where the virus may persist in the blood for longer periods of time.

In some cases, viremia can lead to the development of antibodies against the virus, which can help to neutralize it and prevent its spread. However, if the viremia is not controlled, it can cause serious complications, such as sepsis or organ damage.

Diagnosis of viremia typically involves laboratory tests, such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), which can detect the presence of virus in the blood. Treatment of viremia depends on the underlying cause and may include antiviral medications, supportive care, and management of any related complications.

Disease progression can be classified into several types based on the pattern of worsening:

1. Chronic progressive disease: In this type, the disease worsens steadily over time, with a gradual increase in symptoms and decline in function. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and Parkinson's disease.
2. Acute progressive disease: This type of disease worsens rapidly over a short period, often followed by periods of stability. Examples include sepsis, acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), and stroke.
3. Cyclical disease: In this type, the disease follows a cycle of worsening and improvement, with periodic exacerbations and remissions. Examples include multiple sclerosis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Recurrent disease: This type is characterized by episodes of worsening followed by periods of recovery. Examples include migraine headaches, asthma, and appendicitis.
5. Catastrophic disease: In this type, the disease progresses rapidly and unpredictably, with a poor prognosis. Examples include cancer, AIDS, and organ failure.

Disease progression can be influenced by various factors, including:

1. Genetics: Some diseases are inherited and may have a predetermined course of progression.
2. Lifestyle: Factors such as smoking, lack of exercise, and poor diet can contribute to disease progression.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins, allergens, and other environmental stressors can influence disease progression.
4. Medical treatment: The effectiveness of medical treatment can impact disease progression, either by slowing or halting the disease process or by causing unintended side effects.
5. Co-morbidities: The presence of multiple diseases or conditions can interact and affect each other's progression.

Understanding the type and factors influencing disease progression is essential for developing effective treatment plans and improving patient outcomes.

SAIDS was first identified in the 1980s in monkeys that were being used in research laboratories, and it has since been studied extensively as a model for HIV/AIDS research. Like HIV/AIDS, SAIDS is caused by the transmission of a virus from one animal to another through contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood or semen.

The symptoms of SAIDS are similar to those of HIV/AIDS and include fever, fatigue, weight loss, and opportunistic infections. As the disease progresses, animals may also experience neurological symptoms, such as seizures and difficulty coordinating movements.

There is currently no cure for SAIDS, and treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and preventing complications. Research into the disease has led to a greater understanding of the immunopathogenesis of HIV/AIDS and has contributed to the development of new therapies for the disease.

SAIDS is important in medical research because it provides a valuable model for studying the immunopathogenesis of HIV/AIDS and for testing new therapies and vaccines. It also serves as a reminder of the importance of strict safety protocols when working with infectious agents, particularly in laboratory settings.

Pulmonary tuberculosis typically affects the lungs but can also spread to other parts of the body, such as the brain, kidneys, or spine. The symptoms of pulmonary TB include coughing for more than three weeks, chest pain, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

Pulmonary tuberculosis is diagnosed by a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and radiologic imaging, such as chest X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans. Treatment for pulmonary TB usually involves a combination of antibiotics and medications to manage symptoms.

Preventive measures for pulmonary tuberculosis include screening for latent TB infection in high-risk populations, such as healthcare workers and individuals with HIV/AIDS, and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in countries where it is available.

Overall, pulmonary tuberculosis is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications and death.

Example of how the term 'Lymphoma, AIDS-Related' could be used in a medical context:

"The patient was diagnosed with AIDS-related lymphoma and was started on ART and chemotherapy to treat the cancer."

Symptoms of AAN include:

1. Proteinuria (excess protein in the urine)
2. Hematuria (blood in the urine)
3. Reduced kidney function
4. Swelling in the legs and ankles
5. Fatigue
6. Weight loss

Causes and risk factors:

1. HIV infection
2. Chronic immune activation and inflammation
3. High blood pressure
4. Diabetes mellitus
5. Obesity

Diagnosis:

1. Urine test for protein and blood
2. Kidney function tests (estimated glomerular filtration rate)
3. Biopsy of the kidney to examine for inflammation and scarring

Treatment:

1. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control HIV infection
2. Blood pressure-lowering medications
3. Medications to control proteinuria (e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers)
4. Medications to reduce inflammation and slow progression of the disease (e.g., corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs)
5. Dialysis or kidney transplant for advanced ESRD

Prognosis:

The prognosis for AAN is generally poor, with a high risk of progression to ESRD and mortality. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. It is essential for individuals living with HIV/AIDS to receive regular monitoring and screening for kidney disease to prevent or delay the progression of AAN.

HALS typically involves the accumulation of fat in the face, neck, and torso, while the arms and legs become thin and wasted. This can lead to a characteristic "buffalo hump" appearance on the back of the neck and a "spare tire" around the waist. In addition to the cosmetic changes, HALS can also cause metabolic problems such as insulin resistance, high blood sugar, and high levels of lipids (fats) in the blood.

HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome is thought to be caused by a combination of factors, including genetics, hormonal imbalances, and side effects of certain HIV medications. Treatment for HALS typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise, as well as medication therapy to manage metabolic abnormalities and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome is a significant health concern for individuals living with HIV, as it can increase the risk of other serious health problems such as heart disease and stroke. It is important for individuals infected with HIV to be aware of the risk of developing HALS and to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage this condition effectively.

There are several types of ulcers, including:

1. Peptic ulcer: A type of ulcer that occurs in the lining of the stomach or duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). Peptic ulcers are caused by excess acid production and are often associated with stress, spicy foods, and certain medications.
2. Stomal ulcer: A type of ulcer that occurs in the stoma (the opening) of a surgically created ostomy (a procedure that creates an artificial opening in the abdominal wall).
3. Pressure ulcer: A type of ulcer that occurs as a result of prolonged pressure on the skin, often seen in people who are bedridden or have mobility issues.
4. Venous ulcer: A type of ulcer that occurs on the legs and is caused by poor blood flow and increased pressure in the veins.
5. Diabetic foot ulcer: A type of ulcer that occurs on the feet of people with diabetes, often as a result of nerve damage (neuropathy) and poor blood flow.

The symptoms of an ulcer can vary depending on its location and severity, but may include:

* Pain or discomfort in the affected area
* Redness and swelling around the ulcer
* Discharge or pus from the ulcer
* Fever or chills
* Difficulty healing

Treatment for an ulcer will depend on its cause and severity, but may include:

* Antibiotics to treat any underlying infections
* Medications to reduce acid production or protect the stomach lining
* Wound care and dressing changes to promote healing
* Surgery to close the ulcer or remove any dead tissue
* Changes to diet and lifestyle to manage underlying conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure.

A rare and aggressive type of cancer that affects the connective tissue cells of the body, including blood vessels, lymph nodes, and soft tissue. It is caused by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and is more common in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS.

Symptoms:

* Painless lumps or lesions on the skin or mouth
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats

Diagnosis:

* Biopsy of affected tissue
* Imaging tests, such as CT scans or MRI

Treatment:

* Chemotherapy to shrink the tumors
* Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells
* Surgery to remove the affected tissue

Prognosis:

* Poor, especially in people with HIV/AIDS

Etymology:

* Named after the Hungarian-born Jewish doctor, Georg Kaposi, who first described the condition in 1872.

Lipodystrophy can be caused by genetic mutations, hormonal imbalances, or certain medications. It can also be associated with other medical conditions such as metabolic disorders, endocrine problems, and neurological diseases.

The symptoms of lipodystrophy can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:

1. Muscle wasting and weakness
2. Fat redistribution to certain areas of the body (such as the face, neck, and torso)
3. Metabolic problems such as insulin resistance and high blood sugar
4. Hormonal imbalances
5. Abnormal body shape and proportions
6. Poor wound healing
7. Easy bruising and bleeding
8. Increased risk of infections
9. Joint pain and stiffness
10. Mood changes such as depression, anxiety, and irritability

Treatment for lipodystrophy depends on the underlying cause of the condition. Medications, lifestyle modifications, and surgery may be used to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. In some cases, lipodystrophy can be a sign of an underlying medical condition that needs to be treated.

Lipodystrophy can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, affecting their physical appearance, self-esteem, and ability to perform daily activities. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. With proper diagnosis and treatment, individuals with lipodystrophy can improve their symptoms and overall health.

The infection is usually caused by an overgrowth of Candida, which is a normal flora in the mouth, but can become pathogenic under certain conditions. Risk factors for developing OC include taking antibiotics, wearing dentures, pregnancy, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS.

OC can be diagnosed by examining the mouth and throat with a mirror and torch, as well as through laboratory tests such as cultures or PCR. Treatment typically involves antifungal medication, good oral hygiene practices, and addressing any underlying conditions. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Preventative measures include practicing good oral hygiene, avoiding smoking, and managing any underlying medical conditions. In addition, early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent the infection from spreading to other parts of the body, such as the bloodstream or heart.

1. Tooth decay (cavities): A bacterial infection that causes tooth enamel to break down, leading to holes in the teeth.
2. Periodontal disease: An infection of the gums and bone that support the teeth, caused by bacteria.
3. Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gums, usually caused by poor oral hygiene or smoking.
4. Oral thrush: A fungal infection of the mouth, typically affecting people with weakened immune systems.
5. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections: Viral infections that cause sores on the lips, tongue, or gums.
6. Cold sores: Caused by the herpes simplex virus, these are small, painful blisters that appear on the lips, nose, or mouth.
7. Canker sores: Small, shallow ulcers that develop on the inside of the mouth, tongue, lips, or gums.
8. Leukoplakia: A condition where thick, white patches form on the insides of the mouth, usually due to excessive tobacco use or other irritants.
9. Oral cancer: Cancer that develops in any part of the mouth, including the lips, tongue, gums, or throat.
10. Dry mouth (xerostomia): A condition where the mouth does not produce enough saliva, which can increase the risk of tooth decay and other problems.

These are just a few examples of mouth diseases. It's important to maintain good oral hygiene and visit a dentist regularly to help prevent these conditions and ensure early detection and treatment if they do occur.

Symptoms include:

* Painful blisters or sores on the genitals, anus, or mouth
* Itching, burning, or tingling sensations in the affected area
* Flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache, and fatigue
* Swollen lymph nodes in the groin

Complications:

* Recurrent episodes of herpes can cause scarring and inflammation of the genitals, anus, or mouth.
* Herpes simplex virus can be transmitted to the eye, leading to a condition called ocular herpes. This can cause vision loss if left untreated.
* Herpes simplex virus can also be transmitted to the central nervous system, leading to a condition called meningitis or encephalitis. This can be life-threatening.

Diagnosis:

* Physical examination and medical history
* Viral culture or PCR test to confirm the presence of the virus

Treatment:

* Antiviral medications such as acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir to reduce symptoms and prevent complications.
* Pain relief medication to manage discomfort.
* Topical creams or ointments to soothe blisters and sores.

Prevention:

* Avoid sexual contact during outbreaks.
* Use condoms or dental dams to reduce the risk of transmission.
* Practice safe oral sex.
* Avoid sharing personal items such as towels or lip balm.

Note: This is a general overview of herpes genitalis and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you suspect you have herpes or have any concerns, it's important to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and care.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), gender incongruence, which is the distress that can occur when a person's gender identity does not align with the sex they were assigned at birth, should be treated with gender-affirming care rather than pathologized as a mental disorder.

Therefore, instead of transsexualism, individuals who experience gender dysphoria are now diagnosed with Gender Dysphoria according to the ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision). This diagnosis is intended to help clinicians provide appropriate care and support for individuals struggling with gender incongruence.

In conclusion, transsexualism is an outdated term that is no longer used in modern medicine to describe individuals who experience gender dysphoria. Instead, the more accurate and respectful term is Gender Dysphoria, which acknowledges the distress caused by gender incongruence without pathologizing the individual.

Examples of OIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): A type of pneumonia caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii, which is commonly found in the lungs of individuals with HIV/AIDS.
2. Cryptococcosis: A fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, which can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, central nervous system, and skin.
3. Aspergillosis: A fungal infection caused by Aspergillus fungi, which can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, sinuses, and brain.
4. Histoplasmosis: A fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, which is commonly found in the soil and can cause respiratory and digestive problems.
5. Candidiasis: A fungal infection caused by Candida albicans, which can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, mouth, throat, and vagina.
6. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which can affect various parts of the body, including the brain, eyes, and lymph nodes.
7. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
8. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV): A viral infection that can cause various types of cancer, including Kaposi's sarcoma, which is more common in individuals with compromised immunity.

The diagnosis and treatment of OIs depend on the specific type of infection and its severity. Treatment may involve antibiotics, antifungals, or other medications, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. It is important for individuals with HIV/AIDS to receive prompt and appropriate treatment for OIs to help prevent the progression of their disease and improve their quality of life.

The symptoms of hepatitis B can range from mild to severe and may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, joint pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In some cases, hepatitis B can be asymptomatic, meaning that individuals may not experience any symptoms at all.

Hepatitis B is diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of HBV antigens or antibodies in the body. Treatment for acute hepatitis B typically involves rest, hydration, and medication to manage symptoms, while chronic hepatitis B may require ongoing therapy with antiviral drugs to suppress the virus and prevent liver damage.

Preventive measures for hepatitis B include vaccination, which is recommended for individuals at high risk of infection, such as healthcare workers, sexually active individuals, and those traveling to areas where HBV is common. In addition, safe sex practices, avoiding sharing of needles or other bodily fluids, and proper sterilization of medical equipment can help reduce the risk of transmission.

Overall, hepatitis B is a serious infection that can have long-term consequences for liver health, and it is important to take preventive measures and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Symptoms of hemophilia A can include spontaneous bleeding, easy bruising, and prolonged bleeding after injury or surgery. Treatment typically involves replacing the missing factor VIII with infusions of clotting factor concentrate, which helps to restore the blood's ability to clot and stop bleeding. Regular infusions are often needed to prevent bleeding episodes, and patients with severe hemophilia A may require lifelong treatment.

Complications of hemophilia A can include joint damage, muscle weakness, and chronic pain. In severe cases, the condition can also increase the risk of bleeding in the brain or other internal organs, which can be life-threatening. However, with proper treatment and management, most patients with hemophilia A can lead active and relatively normal lives.

It is important to note that there is no cure for hemophilia A, but advances in medical technology and treatment have significantly improved the quality of life for many patients with the condition.

Examples of acute diseases include:

1. Common cold and flu
2. Pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
4. Heart attacks and strokes
5. Asthma attacks and allergic reactions
6. Skin infections and cellulitis
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Sinusitis and meningitis
9. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
10. Sprains, strains, and fractures.

Acute diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other therapies. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic conditions or complications that may require long-term care. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

There are several types of disease susceptibility, including:

1. Genetic predisposition: This refers to the inherent tendency of an individual to develop a particular disease due to their genetic makeup. For example, some families may have a higher risk of developing certain diseases such as cancer or heart disease due to inherited genetic mutations.
2. Environmental susceptibility: This refers to the increased risk of developing a disease due to exposure to environmental factors such as pollutants, toxins, or infectious agents. For example, someone who lives in an area with high levels of air pollution may be more susceptible to developing respiratory problems.
3. Lifestyle susceptibility: This refers to the increased risk of developing a disease due to unhealthy lifestyle choices such as smoking, lack of exercise, or poor diet. For example, someone who smokes and is overweight may be more susceptible to developing heart disease or lung cancer.
4. Immune system susceptibility: This refers to the increased risk of developing a disease due to an impaired immune system. For example, people with autoimmune disorders such as HIV/AIDS or rheumatoid arthritis may be more susceptible to opportunistic infections.

Understanding disease susceptibility can help healthcare providers identify individuals who are at risk of developing certain diseases and provide preventive measures or early intervention to reduce the risk of disease progression. Additionally, genetic testing can help identify individuals with a high risk of developing certain diseases, allowing for earlier diagnosis and treatment.

In summary, disease susceptibility refers to the predisposition of an individual to develop a particular disease or condition due to various factors such as genetics, environment, lifestyle choices, and immune system function. Understanding disease susceptibility can help healthcare providers identify individuals at risk and provide appropriate preventive measures or early intervention to reduce the risk of disease progression.

Heroin dependence can be diagnosed based on a combination of the following criteria:

1. Taking heroin in larger quantities or for longer than intended.
2. Desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use.
3. Spending a lot of time obtaining, using, or recovering from the effects of heroin use.
4. Craving or strong desire to use heroin.
5. Intermittent or persistent heroin use despite negative consequences (such as relationship problems, financial issues, legal problems, or health problems).
6. Developing tolerance, which means that more heroin is needed to achieve the same effects.
7. Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when heroin use stops or decreases.

Withdrawal symptoms can include:

1. Anxiety and restlessness.
2. Muscle and bone pain.
3. Teary eyes and runny nose.
4. Yawning and sweating.
5. Chills and tremors.
6. Nausea and vomiting.
7. Diarrhea and stomach cramps.
8. Severe heroin cravings.

Heroin dependence can lead to a range of social, economic, legal, and health problems, including overdose and death. Treatment for heroin dependence usually involves a combination of medication and behavioral therapy, such as methadone maintenance or buprenorphine treatment, along with counseling and support groups.

The condition is characterized by an exaggerated immune response, which can cause inflammation in various parts of the body, including the skin, eyes, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. IRIS can manifest as a range of symptoms, such as fever, fatigue, pain, and swelling in the affected areas.

The exact cause of IRIS is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to the restoration of immune function after being suppressed by HIV. When ART is initiated, the immune system begins to recover, and the body mounts an immune response against previously latent viral reservoirs. This can lead to inflammation and tissue damage in some individuals.

The diagnosis of IRIS is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as antibiotics for bacterial infections, anti-inflammatory medications, and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Prevention strategies for IRIS include careful monitoring of patients on ART, early detection and treatment of opportunistic infections, and the use of corticosteroids to prevent or treat inflammation. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of the risk of IRIS and to monitor patients closely, particularly during the early stages of ART. With appropriate management, most cases of IRIS resolve without long-term complications.

Symptoms of gonorrhea in men include:

* A burning sensation when urinating
* Discharge from the penis
* Painful or swollen testicles
* Painful urination

Symptoms of gonorrhea in women include:

* Increased vaginal discharge
* Painful urination
* Painful intercourse
* Abnormal vaginal bleeding

Gonorrhea can be diagnosed through a physical exam and laboratory tests, such as a urine test or a swab of the affected area. It is typically treated with antibiotics.

If left untreated, gonorrhea can cause serious complications, including:

* Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women
* Epididymitis (inflammation of the tube that carries sperm) in men
* Infertility
* Chronic pain
* Increased risk of HIV transmission

Gonorrhea is a reportable disease, meaning that healthcare providers are required by law to report cases to public health authorities. This helps to track and prevent the spread of the infection.

Prevention methods for gonorrhea include:

* Safe sex practices, such as using condoms or dental dams
* Avoiding sexual contact with someone who has gonorrhea
* Getting regularly tested for STIs
* Using pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention

It is important to note that gonorrhea can be asymptomatic, meaning that individuals may not experience any symptoms even if they have the infection. Therefore, regular testing is important for early detection and treatment.

Example sentence: "After completing her antibiotic course for pneumonia, Mary experienced a superinfection with a fungal infection that required hospitalization."

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

In this article, we will explore the definition and impact of chronic diseases, as well as strategies for managing and living with them. We will also discuss the importance of early detection and prevention, as well as the role of healthcare providers in addressing the needs of individuals with chronic diseases.

What is a Chronic Disease?

A chronic disease is a condition that lasts for an extended period of time, often affecting daily life and activities. Unlike acute diseases, which have a specific beginning and end, chronic diseases are long-term and persistent. Examples of chronic diseases include:

1. Diabetes
2. Heart disease
3. Arthritis
4. Asthma
5. Cancer
6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
7. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
8. Hypertension
9. Osteoporosis
10. Stroke

Impact of Chronic Diseases

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the WHO. In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

Chronic diseases can also have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, limiting their ability to participate in activities they enjoy and affecting their relationships with family and friends. Moreover, the financial burden of chronic diseases can lead to poverty and reduce economic productivity, thus having a broader societal impact.

Addressing Chronic Diseases

Given the significant burden of chronic diseases, it is essential that we address them effectively. This requires a multi-faceted approach that includes:

1. Lifestyle modifications: Encouraging healthy behaviors such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and smoking cessation can help prevent and manage chronic diseases.
2. Early detection and diagnosis: Identifying risk factors and detecting diseases early can help prevent or delay their progression.
3. Medication management: Effective medication management is crucial for controlling symptoms and slowing disease progression.
4. Multi-disciplinary care: Collaboration between healthcare providers, patients, and families is essential for managing chronic diseases.
5. Health promotion and disease prevention: Educating individuals about the risks of chronic diseases and promoting healthy behaviors can help prevent their onset.
6. Addressing social determinants of health: Social determinants such as poverty, education, and employment can have a significant impact on health outcomes. Addressing these factors is essential for reducing health disparities and improving overall health.
7. Investing in healthcare infrastructure: Investing in healthcare infrastructure, technology, and research is necessary to improve disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
8. Encouraging policy change: Policy changes can help create supportive environments for healthy behaviors and reduce the burden of chronic diseases.
9. Increasing public awareness: Raising public awareness about the risks and consequences of chronic diseases can help individuals make informed decisions about their health.
10. Providing support for caregivers: Chronic diseases can have a significant impact on family members and caregivers, so providing them with support is essential for improving overall health outcomes.

Conclusion

Chronic diseases are a major public health burden that affect millions of people worldwide. Addressing these diseases requires a multi-faceted approach that includes lifestyle changes, addressing social determinants of health, investing in healthcare infrastructure, encouraging policy change, increasing public awareness, and providing support for caregivers. By taking a comprehensive approach to chronic disease prevention and management, we can improve the health and well-being of individuals and communities worldwide.

Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) can develop when a person with TB does not complete their full treatment course as prescribed by a healthcare provider, or if they do not take their medications correctly. It can also develop in people who have weakened immune systems or other underlying health conditions that make them more susceptible to the development of drug-resistant bacteria.

MDR-TB is a significant global public health concern because it is harder to treat and can spread more easily than drug-sensitive TB. Treatment for MDR-TB typically involves using stronger medications that are more effective against drug-resistant bacteria, such as fluoroquinolones or aminoglycosides. However, these medications can have more side effects and may be less effective in some cases.

Preventing the development of MDR-TB is crucial, and this can be achieved by ensuring that all patients with TB receive complete and correct treatment as prescribed by a healthcare provider. Additionally, screening for drug resistance before starting treatment can help identify patients who may have MDR-TB and ensure they receive appropriate treatment from the outset.

... is a skin condition resembling polymorphous light eruption, actinic prurigo, or chronic ... actinic dermatitis, seen in about 5% of HIV-infected people.: 38 Skin lesion James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. ( ...
When an infant is born to an HIV-infected mother, diagnosis of an HIV infection is complicated by the presence of maternal anti ... HIV IgG antibody, which crosses the placenta to the fetus. Indeed, virtually all children born to HIV-infected mothers are HIV- ... a revised classification system for HIV infection in children was developed in 1994 that replaced the pediatric HIV ... Standard anti-HIV IgG antibody tests cannot be used to reliably indicate a child's infection status before 18 months of age, so ...
... was first produced in 1990 by the World Health Organization and ... WHO (1990). "Interim proposal for a WHO Staging System for HIV infection and Disease" (PDF). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 65 (29): 221- ... The staging system is different for adults and adolescents and children.[citation needed] Stage I: HIV disease is asymptomatic ... Stage III: includes unexplained chronic diarrhea for longer than a month, severe bacterial infections and pulmonary ...
This staging system also requires the presence of HIV infection: HIV antibody for children aged 18 months or more; virological ... The current staging system for HIV infection in children was developed in 2005 and builds upon the staging system in place ... Seborrhoeic dermatitis Extensive human papilloma virus infection Extensive molluscum contagiosum Fungal nail infections ... TB Severe recurrent presumed bacterial pneumonia Conditions where confirmatory diagnostic testing is necessary Chronic HIV- ...
Morgan D, Mahe C, Mayanja B, Okongo JM, Lubega R, Whitworth JA (2002). "HIV-1 infection in rural Africa: is there a difference ... Following infection with HIV, the rate of clinical disease progression varies enormously between individuals. Many factors such ... Tang J, Kaslow RA (2003). "The impact of host genetics on HIV infection and disease progression in the era of highly active ... WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Adults and Adolescents was first produced in 1990 by the World ...
Frog secretions block HIV infections. Exploration, Vanderbilt University Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, ...
Sub-Saharan Africa has been most affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, given that of all new HIV infections in the world, those in ... reversal of the global HIV epidemic will not occur unless there is a decrease in the number of new HIV infections. AFCA also ... "Preventing New HIV Infections" (PDF). UNAIDS 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. October 15, 2008. Retrieved July 30, 2009 ... In helping to fight the battle against HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, AFCA provides critical antiretroviral medicine and other ...
... leading to an increased rate of co-infection. The natural history of HIV infection has greatly changed over time. As a ... Lee B, Bower M, Newsom-Davis T, Nelson M (2010). "HIV-related lymphoma". HIV Therapy. 4 (6): 649-659. doi:10.2217/hiv.10.54. ... HIV infection. Some chemicals, like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), diphenylhydantoin, dioxin, and phenoxy herbicides. ... Immune suppression rather than HIV itself is implicated in the pathogenesis of this malignancy, with a clear correlation ...
HIV is a virus that targets T cells of the immune system and, as a result, HIV infection can lead to progressively worsening ... Because of this, opportunistic infections are a leading cause of HIV/AIDS-related deaths. Since opportunistic infections can ... Malnutrition Fatigue Recurrent infections Immunosuppressing agents for organ transplant recipients Advanced HIV infection ... Fenwick C, Joo V, Jacquier P, Noto A, Banga R, Perreau M, Pantaleo G (November 2019). "T-cell exhaustion in HIV infection". ...
"HIV infections drop by a third". "Chlamydia et gonorrhée - la hausse des infections sexuelles inquiète les experts". "Chlamydia ... Switzerland had 236 registered HIV new infections (about a third fewer than in 2019, partly because of the COVID-19 pandemic). ... In 2018, 17,000 people were infected with HIV/AIDS according to official statistics. Switzerland had 4,000 cases of gonorrhea ... et gonorrhée - la hausse des infections sexuelles inquiète les experts". "Temps présent - Pesticides, à quand la fin du carnage ...
... infections have been known to occur in HIV patients in endemic zones, particularly in individuals whose ... duboisii infections in HIV-infected patients". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 13 (11): 1647-52. doi:10.3201/eid1311.070665. PMC ... These infections are often of the disseminated type. Unlike classical histoplasmosis, infections caused by H. duboisii are ... The baboon species Papio papio and Papio cynocephalus are known to be susceptible to infection by H. duboisii, Infections have ...
Pediatric HIV Infections in the HAART Era. 2003. 14(4):314-22. Campbell C. Prostitution, AIDS, and preventive health behavior. ...
"HIV Infections in Minority Populations" (Press release). aidsinfo.nih.gov. 1 June 2002. Retrieved 22 April 2016. Huppler ... CPCRA trials are designed with nested sub-studies aimed at understanding the pathogenesis of HIV infection and the public ... "An inventory of federally sponsored HIV and HIV-relevant databases. Database:Terry Beirn community programs for clinical ... that NIH was using to conduct clinical trials that were looking to understand possible therapies for people with HIV infection ...
"South Sudan records increased HIV/AIDS infections". Radio Tamazuj. Retrieved 2022-12-03. v t e (South Sudanese politicians, ...
Patients with HIV infection tend to have similar median survival as patients who are HIV negative. Younger patients have higher ... Grogg, K L; Miller, R F; Dogan, A (2007). "HIV infection and lymphoma". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 60 (12): 1365-1372. doi: ... It is uncommon in people under age 40 and very rare in children.[citation needed] People with HIV are at slightly higher risk ... Gastric MZL is often related to Helicobacter pylori infection. Many patients can be cured with antibiotics alone. If remission ...
Blood samples from a family affected by LGMD1F showed a resistance to HIV infection. While the CCR5Δ32 deletion blocks the ... Peptides are formed that prevent HIV from fusing to the host cells and therefore stops the infection from spreading. Another ... 6 (4): 1-3. Woollard SM, Kanmogne GD (1 January 2015). "Maraviroc: a review of its use in HIV infection and beyond". Drug ... Marmor M, Hertzmark K, Thomas SM, Halkitis PN, Vogler M (January 2006). "Resistance to HIV infection". Journal of Urban Health ...
"HIV infection and thromboembolism". The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 59: 380-382. ISSN 0004-5772. PMID ... Member of European Association for the Study of Diabetes HIV infection and thromboembolism. "Services". kify. Retrieved 23 June ...
Patrick Duff (1996). "HIV infection in women". Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS. 3 (2): 45-49. doi:10.1016/S1068-607X(95)00062-N ... This is of particular concern with mothers carrying HIV or Hepatitis C viruses. Symbiotic cytoplasmic bacteria are also ...
Ann K Sullivan; Hilary Curtis; Caroline A Sabin; Margaret A Johnson (13 May 2005). "Newly diagnosed HIV infections: review in ... "British HIV Association Guidelines for the treatment of HIV-1-infected adults with antiretroviral therapy 2008". HIV Medicine. ... Johnson, Margaret A; Johnstone, Frank D (1993). HIV infection in women. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-443-04885- ... Johnson studied the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in women. She set up the UK's first HIV testing clinic for women. She worked with ...
"Immunopathogenesis of HIV infection." (1988) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1:559-65. A. August (GS). "On the molecular basis of ... The importance of these cells is illustrated by the fact that the virus HIV infects helper T cells, and thus disables effective ...
The young researcher showed that endocytosis of the HIV is essential to the cell's infection. He was able to find the first ... Cedric Blanpain earned his PhD in 2001 for his work on CCR5 and HIV infection and received the 2002 Galen Award of Pharmacology ... During this period, the Parmentier lab characterized the CCR5 GPCR and discovered its role as a co-receptor in HIV infection. ... He also studied the Delta32 inactivating allele of CCR5 which prevents HIV infection Member of the Royal Academy of Medicine of ...
Murumba, Stellar (31 May 2016). "New HIV infections drop to 78,600 per year". Business Daily Africa. Nairobi. Retrieved 31 May ... As time passed, Nduku focused on the relationship between gender-based violence and the spread of HIV. Later, she studied at ... a Kenyan NGO focusing on reducing the transmission of HIV/AIDS. In May 2014, she was appointed to her present position of ...
"HIV infections level off in southern Indian state". SciDev.Net South Asia. Retrieved 2017-12-09. [[1]] "KSEB to launch ... SHARE strategic HIV/AIDS responses by enterprises", International Labour Organisation, Geneva, 2008 "HIV/AIDS in India - The ... 2006 (Co-Author) "Practical Guidelines for Intensifying HIV Prevention: Towards Universal Access", UNAIDS, Geneva, 2007 (Co- ... HIV infected and affected". www.india-seminar.com. Retrieved 2017-12-09. Ramani, K. V.; Mavalankar, Dileep V.; Govil, Dipti ( ...
Highest Development Phases: Discontinued, HIV-1 infections "Fosdevirine". MedKoo Biosciences. GSK2248761 is no longer in ... March 2016). "Discovery of the Aryl-phospho-indole IDX899, a Highly Potent Anti-HIV Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase ... "Unexpected finding of delayed-onset seizures in HIV-positive, treatment-experienced subjects in the Phase IIb evaluation of ... agent of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor class that was studied for potential use in the treatment of HIV- ...
Early reports of HIV superinfection were observed in cases of co-infection with HIV-1 and HIV-2. Studies have shown that a lack ... 1991 - HIV-1 found to superinfect HIV-2-infected cells in a study through inducing infection in cells cultured from HIV patient ... This means that HIV-vaccine strategies made to replicate the host's immune response to HIV infection may not prevent new ... HIV superinfection is distinct from HIV dual infection, where an individual is simultaneously infected with multiple distinct ...
"Study Links Gay Marriage Bans to Rise in HIV infections". Emory.edu. Retrieved June 27, 2010. "Gay marriage 'improves health ... "Emory researchers: Gay marriage bans increase HIV infections". Webcitation.org. Archived from the original on August 18, 2009. ... University tied the passage of state bans on same-sex marriage in the US to an increase in the rates of HIV/AIDS infection. The ... study linked the passage of same-sex marriage ban in a state to an increase in the annual HIV rate within that state of roughly ...
Opportunistic Infections of HIV: JC Virus (JCV)". Microbiology. Illustrated Reviews. Vol. 3. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. ... JC Brain infection MRI Diagnosis of PML (CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list, Articles with short description, Short ... This syndrome, called JCV granule cell layer neuronopathy (JCV GCN), is characterized by a productive and lytic infection by a ... Although Human polyomavirus 2 infection is classically associated with white matter demyelination and PML pathogenesis, recent ...
"Taking HIV drugs earlier could curb new infections". Retrieved 2020-01-17. "A Life Refocused". Bethesda Magazine. 2007-11-15. ... "1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection and Expanded Surveillance Case Definition for AIDS Among Adolescents and ... HIV epidemiology, and strategies for HIV care and prevention in Africa, Asia, and resource-limited settings in the U.S., ... HIV research networks (HIV Prevention Trials Network and Implementation Science Coordination Initiative), social ...
... reducing new HIV infections in children by 90%; and reducing HIV-related deaths by 25%. In 2003, the WHO denounced the Roman ... Among the points made, it seems clear that although the prevalence of HIV transmission is declining, there is still a need for ... WHO, a sector of the United Nations, partners with UNAIDS to contribute to the development of HIV responses in different areas ... "Global health sector strategy on HIV/AIDS 2011-2015" (PDF). WHO. 2011. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2015. ...
Kupka R, Fawzi W (March 2002). "Zinc nutrition and HIV infection". Nutrition Reviews. 60 (3): 69-79. doi:10.1301/ ... or other infections, e.g., pneumonia. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α) in blood plasma ... and opportunistic candidiasis and bacterial infections. Numerous small bowel diseases which cause destruction or malfunction of ...
In 1992 Leo worked as a clinical fellow in Los Angeles, where over half of her workload was HIV cases. When she returned to ... the Singapore press telling people that they did not have to wear masks if they did not have symptoms of respiratory infection ... Singapore she established the country's first HIV programme and patient care centre. Her first frontline experience with ... of neuraminidase inhibitors in reducing mortality in patients admitted to hospital with influenza A H1N1pdm09 virus infection: ...
Some medical clinicians assume that the primary health concern of sex workers must be sexually transmitted infections or HIV ... "Working Conditions, HIV, STIs and Hep. C Among Female Sex Workers in San Francisco" SWEAT Study data prepared by Alix Lutnick ... Sexually Transmitted Infections. "St. James Welcomes Our New Executive Director". St. James Infirmary. April 2, 2018. Retrieved ... Can the Decriminalization of Sex Work Assist HIV Prevention? Female Sex Workers in San Francisco, California Give Their ...
The N2 domain binds to the F pilus during virion infection freeing the N1 domain which then interacts with a TolA protein on ... "CDR walking mutagenesis for the affinity maturation of a potent human anti-HIV-1 antibody into the picomolar range". Journal of ... Those that remain can be eluted, used to produce more phage (by bacterial infection with helper phage) and to produce a phage ... Attached phage may be eluted and used to create more phage by infection of suitable bacterial hosts. The new phage constitutes ...
Infection with some types of HPV is the greatest risk factor for cervical cancer, followed by smoking. HIV infection is also a ... They also provide protection against other sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV and Chlamydia, which are associated ... Human papillomavirus infection (HPV) causes more than 90% of cases; most women who have had HPV infections, however, do not ... Infection with HPV is generally believed to be required for cervical cancer to occur. Cigarette smoking, both active and ...
She is chief of the HIV pathogenesis section. Sereti researches the pathogenesis of HIV infection emphasizing mechanisms of ... immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in advanced HIV infection and of serious non-AIDS events in treated HIV-infected ... and immune-based therapeutic strategies of HIV infection and ICL. "Irini Sereti, M.D. , NIH: National Institute of Allergy and ... She is chief of the HIV pathogenesis section at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Sereti researches ...
under paragraph § 210 of the penal code (Strafgesetzbuch). A major reason for legalization was to reduce the spread of HIV ... A quarter of the arrested unregistered prostitutes had multiple infections with sexually transmitted diseases. On the other ... LEFÖ is the Austrian partner of the pan-European network TAMPEP that provides HIV/STI prevention and health promotion among ( ... most outdoor activities and banned non-essential businesses from being operational in order to slow down the infection rate in ...
... reaching three million infections and 67,000 deaths, putting as many as 200 million persons at risk. HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS is ... The United States currently has an estimated 1.1 million HIV-infected individuals, with approximately 40,000 new infections per ... "ARCA Seeks Volunteers for Historic HIV Vaccine Trial." GA Voice. June 11, 2010. GeoVax Labs, Inc. "New Progress for HIV/AIDS ... of people living with HIV, yet representing just 12% of the total population. Zika Virus Zika virus infection has been linked ...
He has criticized the U.S. PEPFAR initiative for canceling funding for NGOs working with groups at high risk of HIV infection. ... During his time in CENSIDA he also developed an HIV care model called CAPASITS (Centro Ambulatorio de Prevencion y Atencion en ... Two years later he was appointed director of CENSIDA, a government agency that works to prevent HIV transmission, to reduce the ... As an openly gay, HIV-positive man, Saavedra has campaigned against homophobia and other forms of discrimination. He has also ...
AIDS and HIV infection in Sudanese children: a clinical and epidemiological study. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 1997 Oct;11(5):331-7 ...
Many viruses have an RNA genome, such as HIV, which uses reverse transcription to create a DNA template from its viral RNA ... have been validated as important during various stages of the infection lifecycle of M. tuberculosis. Amino acids are either ... Sierra S, Kupfer B, Kaiser R (December 2005). "Basics of the virology of HIV-1 and its replication". Journal of Clinical ...
Sheehy AM, Gaddis NC, Choi JD, Malim MH (Aug 2002). "Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed ... Mahalingam S, Ayyavoo V, Patel M, Kieber-Emmons T, Kao GD, Muschel RJ, Weiner DB (Mar 1998). "HIV-1 Vpr interacts with a human ... Seeger M, Ferrell K, Frank R, Dubiel W (Mar 1997). "HIV-1 tat inhibits the 20 S proteasome and its 11 S regulator-mediated ... Ramanathan MP, Curley E, Su M, Chambers JA, Weiner DB (Dec 2002). "Carboxyl terminus of hVIP/mov34 is critical for HIV-1-Vpr ...
They were able to show that indinavir, when used with two other anti-HIV drugs, could significantly reduce the HIV viral load. ... The end point of the study was death or development of opportunistic infections. After 38 weeks, 6% of the people in the three- ... Indinavir does not cure HIV/AIDS, but it can extend the length of a person's life for several years by slowing the progression ... Consequently, HIV viruses cannot reproduce, causing a decrease in the viral load. Commercially sold indinavir is indinavir ...
"Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections (excluding Group B Streptococcal and HIV ... The infection usually occurs after the first 24 hours and within the first ten days following delivery. Infection remains a ... Postpartum infections, also historically known as childbed fever and medically as puerperal fever, are any bacterial infections ... Untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are associated with birth defects, and infections in newborn babies, ...
PrEP is one of a number of HIV prevention strategies for people who are HIV negative but who have a higher risk of acquiring ... has had a sexually transmitted infection in the past six months or is a sexually active adult (male or female with male or ... On-demand or daily oral TD-FTC for HIV-negative MSM having unprotected anal sex with partners who are HIV positive, unless the ... for HIV-negative MSM who are at elevated risk of HIV acquisition through unprotected anal sex in the previous six months and ...
Wynn, Ralph (1994). "In memoriam: Elizabeth M. Ramsey (1906-1993)". In Miller, Richard Kermit; Thiede, Henry A. (eds.). HIV, ... Perinatal Infections, and Therapy: The Role of the Placenta. Boydell & Brewer. pp. x. ISBN 9781878822451. Retrieved 27 November ...
... participate in HIV-1 infection development both, by providing a haven for HIV-1 and by stimulating ... Pantaleo G, Graziosi C, Demarest JF, Butini L, Montroni M, Fox CH, Orenstein JM, Kotler DP, Fauci AS (1993). "HIV infection is ... Disease processes that FDC may contribute include primary FDC-tumor, chronic inflammatory conditions, HIV-1 infection ... "Kinetics of response in lymphoid tissues to antiretroviral therapy of HIV-1 infection". Science. 276 (5314): 960-4. doi:10.1126 ...
Sandala, L; Lurie, P; Sunkutu, M. R.; Chani, E. M.; Hudes, E. S.; Hearst, N (1995). "'Dry sex' and HIV infection among women ... The practice has been linked to the high incidence of HIV/AIDS infection in South Africa. The practice is regarded as ... January 2001 edition of "Parade": Page 45: "Dry sex is painful for both men and women and may expose one to infection." "Women ... International Family Planning Perspectives, Volume 24, Number 2, June 1998, Vaginal Drying Agents and HIV Transmission Archived ...
... sexually transmitted infection or STI). In the 19th century, parlor house brothels catered to upper class clientele, while ... 12 percent of prostitutes are possibly HIV-positive. A 2004 TNS poll reported 15 percent of all men have paid for sex and 30 ... one report claims 57 percent of prostitutes are reportedly HIV-positive, and in Atlanta, ...
... had HIV/AIDS, of which 96% were on antiretroviral therapy, while 57% of the persons who were not known to have HIV infection ... In infections before the current outbreak, 1-3 percent of people with known infections have died (without treatment). Cases in ... Among cases with known HIV status, 36% (2,690/7,487) were HIV-positive. A preprint suggests that cases "where a small fraction ... Monkeypox infection was immediately suspected, and the patient was hospitalised at a specialist clinical unit of the Guy's and ...
... s are thought to explain how cell-to-cell transfer can operate in the HIV infection even when there is a low ... These findings highlight a previously unappreciated role for the virological synapse in HIV pathogenesis. Igakura, T., J. C. ... Many viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) ... "Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV-1 Is Required to Trigger Pyroptotic Death of Lymphoid-Tissue-Derived CD4 T Cells". Cell Rep. ...
HIV infection and TB are also closely tied. Being infected with HIV increases the rate of activation of latent TB infections, ... HIV and malaria interact in a cyclical manner-being infected with malaria increases susceptibility to HIV infection, and HIV ... Over half of the husbands of HIV-positive women in Africa tested HIV-negative. When HIV-positive women reveal their HIV status ... HIV)-Positive Women and among HIV-Negative Women at High Risk for HIV Infection". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 34 (10): 1406- ...
Division of Infection and Immunity, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL Eastman Dental ... leading expert on HIV Christian Jessen, television presenter Nick Lane, biochemist and writer Thomas Lewis, cardiologist who ...
... is an NS5A inhibitor (by Gilead) which is used together with sofosbuvir in the treatment of hepatitis C infection ... In studies, this has been found for the HIV combination efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir, which reduces the area under the ...
... of new HIV infections in adult males in Accra, Ghana. The spread of HIV from urban settings to rural areas in Africa has been ... Shabbir I, Larson CP (October 1995). "Urban to rural routes of HIV infection spread in Ethiopia". J Trop Med Hyg. 98 (5): 338- ... GLOBAL COMMISSION ON HIV AND THE LAW, UNDP, HIV/AIDS Group, July 2012, page 43 ("Recommendation"): "Repeal laws that prohibit ... "such laws constitute major barriers to reaching key populations with HIV services". In 2012, the Global Commission on HIV and ...
"COVID-19: Infection rates rise across most of UK - but 'possible signs' of slowing in England". Sky News. Retrieved 4 August ... This group includes an estimated 400,000 to 500,000 people with conditions such as blood cancer, advanced HIV, and those who ... "Coronavirus infections continue to fall in UK". 25 July 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021 - via www.bbc.co.uk. "Sajid Javid ... "Covid-19: Infections in children rise and trial success for coronavirus pill". BBC News. BBC. 1 October 2021. Retrieved 3 ...
"Infection and Immunity Immunophenotyping (3i) Consortium".[permanent dead link] Kapeller R, Toker A, Cantley LC, Carpenter CL ( ... Chang F, Re F, Sebastian S, Sazer S, Luban J (Apr 2004). "HIV-1 Vpr induces defects in mitosis, cytokinesis, nuclear structure ...
CXC chemokine receptor 4 and CC chemokine receptor 5 expression and infection by HIV". Journal of Immunology. 161 (8): 4169- ...
HIV/AIDS in South Africa, HIV/AIDS denialism, South African Rhodes Scholars, South African science writers, Year of birth ... estimated that Mbeki's denialist policies led to the early deaths of more than 340,000 South Africans and 171,000 infections, ... Heywood, Mark (2004). "Preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission in South Africa" (PDF). South African Journal of Human ... Nattrass's research on the cost-effectiveness of HIV treatment formed part of the Treatment Action Campaign's successful ...
... implications for efavirenz dosing in HIV infection". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 65 (12): 2614-9. doi:10.1093/ ... "Long-term efavirenz autoinduction and its effect on plasma exposure in HIV patients". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. ... increased plasma Efavirenz concentrations and early neuropsychiatric side effects in South African HIV-infected patients". AIDS ... "Influence of host genetic factors on efavirenz plasma and intracellular pharmacokinetics in HIV-1-infected patients". ...
Lévy became a professor of clinical immunology, specializing on immunotherapies and vaccines for HIV infection, ... After studying medicine and finishing his residency he dedicated himself to HIV research in 1986. ...
... you have a greater chance of getting some types of fungal infections, like cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, ... HIV/AIDS and Fungal Infections. United States. One of the first signs that the HIV/AIDS epidemic was beginning in the United ... Thrush, an infection in the mouth and throat, is sometimes seen among people living with HIV/AIDS. This infection is not ... Since then, the numbers of fungal infections and deaths due to fungal infections in people living with HIV/AIDS have decreased ...
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections[majr:noexp] AND humans[mh] AND english[la] AND last 1 Year [edat] NOT (letter[pt] OR ... Talaromyces marneffei infection and complicate manifestation of respiratory system in HIV-negative children. Yang Q, Wu Y, Li X ... Spectrum and mortality of opportunistic infections among HIV/AIDS patients in southwestern China. Meng S, Tang Q, Xie Z, Wu N, ... Brain opportunistic infections and tumors in people living with HIV - still a challenge in efficient antiretroviral therapy era ...
HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and incidence of sexually transmitted infections in Brazil, 2018 to 2022: An ecological study of ... HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and incidence of sexually transmitted infections in Brazil, 2018 to 2022: An ecological study of ... The daily use of antiretroviral drugs by individuals who are not infected with HIV is required to prevent infection. Although ... On-demand pre-exposure prophylaxis in men at high risk for HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373: 2237-2246. doi: 10.1056/ ...
During this stage, there are no symptoms of HIV infection. This stage is also called chronic HIV infection or clinical latency. ... Asymptomatic HIV infection is the second stage of HIV/AIDS. ... what are HIV and AIDS?www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/about-hiv ... Asymptomatic HIV infection is the second stage of HIV/AIDS. During this stage, there are no symptoms of HIV infection. This ... How long this stage lasts depends on how quickly the HIV virus copies itself, and how the persons genes affect the way the ...
Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a ... 2016)‎. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations ...
HIV and helminth coinfection is extremely common. How does one infection affect the other? ... which may increase HIV progression concurrent with schistosomiasis.[11] Of note, in patients with profound HIV infection with ... The Key to Being PrEPared: Best Practices to Prevent HIV Infection 0.5 CME / CE / ABIM MOC Credits Clinical Review ... Although there is no evidence that treated infection is more severe in HIV-infected persons, data now show that female and male ...
This can lead to serious infections that are called opportunistic infections (OIs). Read more. ... HIV and Rheumatic Disease (American College of Rheumatology) Also in Spanish * HIV/AIDS and Fungal Infections (Centers for ... What are opportunistic infections (OIs) in HIV?. Having HIV weakens your bodys immune system. It destroys the white blood ... Parasitic infections, such as cryptosporidiosis and toxoplasmosis. Having HIV can make infections harder to treat. People with ...
People with HIV can now have nearly normal lifespans because of significant progress in HIV treatment, but the quality of their ... However, many are suffering from HIV-associated comorbidities, co-infections, and complications (HIV-associated CCCs), often ... HIV-associated and not), and drug toxicities and interactions related to treatment of both HIV infection and the comorbidities ... The impacts of social, cultural, economic, political and other factors on the susceptibility to and treatment of HIV infection ...
HIV)-1 associated CNS disease in the context of viral suppression and to identify treatment strategies to alleviate CNS ... Home , Funding , Grant Writing & Approval Process , Concept Clearances , HIV Infection of the CNS. ... Studies to determine the mechanisms of HIV neuropathogenesis that are unique to the aging HIV-1 infected population in the ... Central Nervous System (CNS) disease associated with HIV continues to persist in people living with HIV despite effective ...
... and other signs and symptoms among persons with HIV infection.. Treatment. Persons with HIV infection who have early syphilis ... Persons with HIV and neurosyphilis infection should be managed according to the recommendations for persons without HIV ... Neurosyphilis, Ocular Syphilis, and Otic Syphilis Among Persons with HIV Infection. All persons with HIV and syphilis ... concerns regarding adequate treatment of syphilis among persons with HIV infection might not apply to those with HIV virologic ...
This initiative will bring together multi-disciplinary teams to address how comorbidities and co-infections prevalent in people ... HIV has evolved into a chronic disease. As people age with HIV they are developing various comorbidities and co-infections that ... Impact of Comorbidities and Co-Infections on HIV Reservoirs. May 2023 Council. Lead Division/Office. DDN, DEM, KUH, OMHRC ... There is emerging appreciation that these various conditions and co-infections also impact HIV reservoir biology in ways that ...
... the HIV-1 infection and those transiting from HIV-1 infection to full blown AIDS are still at great risk of developing oral ... infection, early in the transition from HIV-1 infection to full blown AIDS, and if untreated, these infections and ulcerations ... HIV/AIDS ASSOCIATED ORAL VIRAL INFECTIONS Release Date: February 7, 2000 RFA: DE-00-002 National Institute of Dental and ... This Request for Applications (RFA), HIV/AIDS Associated Oral Viral Infections, is related to the priority area of Oral Health ...
The results prove the approach can reduce new HIV infections. ... prevention measures substantially reduced new HIV infections in ... HIV prevention approach reduces new infections in Ugandan district. At a Glance. *A combination of HIV prevention measures ... significantly reduces a mans risk of acquiring HIV from his HIV-positive female partner. HIV-suppressing antiretroviral ... The researchers estimated that the annual number of new HIV infections fell 42%-from about 1.17 per 100 people in 2009 to about ...
While HIV infection reports complement other HIV/AIDS studies of HIV infection in a community (5,6), AIDS surveillance and the ... Editorial Note: HIV infection reports are useful in directing HIV-related prevention activities such as patient counseling, ... Reporting of HIV-infected persons may enable earlier recognition of persons with or at risk for HIV infection and earlier ... HIV Infection Reporting -- United States MMWR 38(28);496-499 Publication date: 07/21/1989. Table of Contents. Article. ...
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... - Featured Topics from the National Center for Health Statistics ... more than 1 million Americans aged 13 and over were living with HIV infection, and one in seven did not know their infection ... Routine, voluntary HIV testing is a recognized way to reduce HIV transmission. A new NCHS report updates nationally ... HIV Testing in the Past Year Among the U.S. Household Population Aged 15-44: 2011-2013. In 2011, ...
Information about developing treatments for HIV co-infections and managing non-infectious complications of HIV from NIAID. ... Developing Treatments for HIV Co-Infections. Many people living with HIV acquire co-infections because of vulnerabilities in ... Treatment for HIV Co-Infections and Complications. Combination antiretroviral therapy directly targets HIV and can keep levels ... These infections can occur even in those whose HIV is well-treated and who have strong immune function relative to people ...
Josefina Cards NIMHD-funded project takes evidence-based interventions for HIV/AIDS prevention and places them at the ... As awareness grew of a new disease called HIV/AIDS, it became obvious that some behaviors that led to HIV infection were the ... People can avoid HIV infections through behaviors such as learning a potential sex partners HIV status before having sex with ... In 2014, the rate of new cases of HIV infection in the United States was 13.8 per 100,000, but among African Americans, that ...
DRUG ABUSE ASPECTS OF HIV/AIDS AND OTHER INFECTIONS PA-04-007. NIDA ... approximately 40,000 new HIV infections occurring every year. By race, more than half of new HIV infections in 2001 and deaths ... on preventing the spread of HIV and other infections among drug users. While the number of new HIV infections in the U.S. has ... and progression of HIV disease, latent HIV infection, pharmacotherapy-resistant HIV strains, AIDS- associated opportunistic ...
A combination of anti-HIV drugs appears to help rejuvenate the immune systems of people with AIDS and prevent progression of ... Anti-HIV Treatment Improves Immune System and Fights Sight-Threatening Eye Infection ... Anti-HIV Treatment Improves Immune System and Fights Sight-Threatening Eye Infection ... Stronger immune systems respond better to HIV and other infections, potentially allowing patients to live longer." ...
The kingdom of Eswatini has made major strides in the HIV response with the goal of ending AIDS as a public health threat by ... At the time, the annual number of HIV new infections was estimated to be at 7000 according to the Eswatini HIV Incidence ... In Eswatini, PrEP is offered to eligible, HIV-negative individuals who are at substantial risk of acquiring HIV infection. ... Eswatini increases HIV preventative options to reduce new infections 12 September 2023. ...
HIV) infection are major public health problems and frequently coexist in the same individual. Although several studies have ... shown a significant association between alcohol consumption and the risk of being infected with HIV, it is unclear whether this ... Alcohol and HIV Infection Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2011;122:244-53. ... In order to study the impact of alcohol on HIV infection, we developed a model of chronic alcohol consumption in rhesus ...
HIV-associated Comorbidities, Co-infections, and Complications Workshop (Day 1) ... HIV-associated Comorbidities, Co-infections, and Complications Workshop / NIH. Author: HIV-associated Comorbidities, Co- ... HIV-associated Comorbidities, Co-infections, and Complications Workshop (Day 1). Download VideoCast. You can download this ... People with HIV can now have nearly normal lifespans because of significant progress in HIV treatment, but the quality of their ...
According to the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 888 more Koreans were found to have contracted HIV, which can ... The total number of HIV/AIDS cases in Korea surpassed the 8,000 mark with a record number of new infections last year, health ... The total number of HIV/AIDS cases in Korea surpassed the 8,000 mark with a record number of new infections last year, health ... Some 1,512 of the 8,514 infected have died, which leaves 7,032 Koreans currently living with HIV/AIDS. The number of new ...
HIV, were published by the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ... New guidelines to assist health care workers in preventing and treating the secondary infections that can afflict U.S. children ... if one or both parents have HIV and an accompanying opportunistic infection. Like HIV itself, some opportunistic infections, ... "The infections that can accompany HIV are often the major cause of illness and death of HIV-infected children." ...
This project will establish which HIV immune target cell populations found in the human foreskin can be infected with HIV-1. ... sexually transmitted infections and interferon agonists on the susceptibility of foreskin primary cells to HIV-1 infection ... Home , Search Current & Recent Grants , Impact of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections and interferon agonists on the ... of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections and interferon agonists on the susceptibility of foreskin primary cells to HIV‐ ...
NIEHS intramural scientists have defined descriptive terms of particular relevance to their own research, and have ranked those terms accordingly. This search feature obtains best-matches with the terms you choose, and shows an overall score based on the scientific rankings.. View our page to search various areas of interest and methodology.. ...
  • Many fungal infections are called opportunistic infections, which means that they usually affect people with weak immune systems. (cdc.gov)
  • Spectrum and mortality of opportunistic infections among HIV/AIDS patients in southwestern China. (nih.gov)
  • Brain opportunistic infections and tumors in people living with HIV - still a challenge in efficient antiretroviral therapy era. (nih.gov)
  • What are opportunistic infections (OIs) in HIV? (nih.gov)
  • This puts you at risk for opportunistic infections (OIs). (nih.gov)
  • What are the different types of opportunistic infections (OIs)? (nih.gov)
  • What are the treatments for opportunistic infections (OIs)? (nih.gov)
  • Can opportunistic infections (OIs) be prevented? (nih.gov)
  • This RFA is intended to solicit a broad range of research proposals on oral opportunistic infections with viruses, including human herpesvirus (HHV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and human papillomavirus (HPV) in HIV-infected/AIDS individuals. (nih.gov)
  • Patients who fail or do not have access to HAART treatments, patients during the acute phase of the HIV-1 infection and those transiting from HIV-1 infection to full blown AIDS are still at great risk of developing oral opportunistic infections. (nih.gov)
  • NIAID also supports research on opportunistic infections that can occur in cases of advanced stage HIV. (nih.gov)
  • At the beginning of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the 1980s, people often succumbed to opportunistic infections within years or even months of an HIV or AIDS diagnosis. (nih.gov)
  • The suppression of plasma viral loads to less than the limit of quantification of the most sensitive commercially available assays (i.e., less than 50 copies/mL) and the coincident improvement in CD4 T cell counts is associated with resolution of established opportunistic infections and a decrease in the risk of new opportunistic infections. (cmaj.ca)
  • In Africa and Thailand, communities that worked together on HIV-prevention efforts saw not only a rise in HIV screening but a drop in new infections, according to a new study presented this week at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Atlanta. (uclahealth.org)
  • Urogenital schistosomiasis, like certain sexually transmitted infections, is now considered a cofactor for HIV transmission. (medscape.com)
  • From Sociometrics, Dr. Flinders obtained FOCUS: Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections and Unwanted Pregnancies among Young Women and incorporated delivery of this program into her nursing curriculum. (nih.gov)
  • Dr. Flinders' dual aim was to help fight the high rates of sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancies among young women in the community and to teach nursing skills to her students. (nih.gov)
  • Today, some 9 years later, Dr. Flinders' students have used this intervention to help more than 2,000 women ages 15 to 19 avoid sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancies. (nih.gov)
  • That began with databases on sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancies. (nih.gov)
  • From creating and disseminating research databases on sexually transmitted infections, unplanned pregnancies, and HIV/AIDS, Dr. Card and Sociometrics moved to producing, selecting, and disseminating programs and interventions that had been shown to be helpful in preventing and combating these problems. (nih.gov)
  • It later became clear that the same risk behaviors for HIV (i.e., injecting drug use and unprotected sex) are associated with other blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections, such as HBV and HCV, and with the spread of TB. (nih.gov)
  • However, the following eight populations are prioritized: Adolescent girls and young women (16-24 years), pregnant and lactating women, serodiscordant couples, Sex workers, Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM), clients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs), males (30-34 years) and transgender people. (who.int)
  • These more cost-effective efforts could focus on investigating mechanisms of pathogenesis and testing prevention or clinical management interventions for multiple HIV-associated CCCs. (nih.gov)
  • A combination of HIV prevention measures substantially reduced new HIV infections in a district of Uganda during a seven-year period. (nih.gov)
  • For example, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) could be added to the program's HIV prevention package. (nih.gov)
  • We expect that this multifaceted approach to HIV prevention will work as well in other populations as it has in rural Uganda," Grabowski says. (nih.gov)
  • Before this study, we knew that these HIV prevention measures worked at an individual level, yet it was not clear that they would substantially reduce HIV incidence in a population-or even if it would be possible to get large numbers of people to adopt them," says NIAID Director Dr. Anthony S. Fauci. (nih.gov)
  • This new analysis demonstrates that scaling up combination HIV prevention is possible and can turn the tide of the epidemic. (nih.gov)
  • HIV Prevention Efforts and Incidence of HIV in Uganda. (nih.gov)
  • The modern resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) in conjunc- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) sur- tion with the HIV pandemic remains a major public veillance case definitions ( 11 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Prevention activities and medical management of patients can be carried out without requiring HIV infection reporting (4), but a reporting system can provide a framework for maintaining these activities. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition to efforts to address the burden of TB disease acting alone, NIAID supports research to improve TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in the context of HIV infection. (nih.gov)
  • The country has developed a core set of proven effective HIV prevention strategies and aims to increase the uptake of high-impact services, such as condoms, HIV testing and counseling (HTC), prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT), antiretroviral therapy (ART), Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP), Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) and voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC), according to the unique risks and vulnerabilities within each priority population. (who.int)
  • The Expansion of HIV prevention services including ART coverage (treatment as prevention) and the introduction of oral PrEP into the country, has contributed to the drop in HIV new infections. (who.int)
  • In September 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that people at substantial risk of HIV infection should be offered PrEP as a prevention method, and as part of a comprehensive package. (who.int)
  • These were meant to assess the operationalization of PrEP as an additional HIV prevention method offered in public and private facilities. (who.int)
  • In addition, expanding access to PrEP encouraged more people to know their HIV status, provided an opportunity to discuss individual risks, and increased clients' understanding and awareness of their HIV risk, offering further opportunities to provide expanded access to both HIV prevention services and, if a person tests positive, treatment services. (who.int)
  • According to the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 888 more Koreans were found to have contracted HIV, which can lead to AIDS, in 2011, raising the total number to 8,544. (koreaherald.com)
  • The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that gay and bisexual men, just 4 percent of the U.S. male population, are 44 times more likely than heterosexual men to become HIV positive. (voanews.com)
  • While additional studies in animals and humans will be needed to verify the findings, these early results hint that the drug may represent a promising novel therapy for HIV treatment and prevention. (genengnews.com)
  • We believe this compound may be a promising novel therapy for HIV treatment and prevention. (genengnews.com)
  • While antiretroviral drugs have been effective in treating HIV thus far, drug resistance, negative side effects of antiretroviral therapy, and its varying efficacy underscore the need to develop alternative treatment and prevention options," said Bosque. (genengnews.com)
  • According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 21 percent of HIV -positive people across the country have also tested positive for a past or current hepatitis C (HCV) infection, although the danger varies greatly depending on your personal risk factors. (everydayhealth.com)
  • By pinpointing where HIV strikes the hardest, we have a key piece of the puzzle highlighting the largest disparities within states and the South,' said Dr. Jonathan Mermin, director of the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention at the Centers for Disease Control. (out.com)
  • The U.S. National Institute of Mental Health's Project Accept - a trial conducted by the HIV Prevention Trials Network to test a combination of social, behavioral and structural HIV-prevention interventions - demonstrated that a series of community efforts was able to boost the number of people tested for HIV and resulted in a 14 percent reduction in new HIV infections, compared with control communities. (uclahealth.org)
  • Individuals need to be made aware of their HIV status through testing in order to receive the necessary care and treatment and learn how to prevent infection, said Dr. Wafaa El-Sadr, principal investigator of the HIV Prevention Trials Network, under whose auspices the trial was conducted. (uclahealth.org)
  • The CDC recently released guidelines on PrEP to provide clinicians the information they need to use this prevention strategy and help drive down the rate of new HIV infections. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Changes in sexual behavior, such as having only one sexual partner, can also help prevent HIV infection. (nih.gov)
  • New research in Africa confirms that a once-a-day pill, used to treat patients infected with the virus which causes AIDS, also works to prevent HIV infection in healthy people. (voanews.com)
  • The development of a safe and effective vaccine to prevent HIV infection has proven to be a formidable scientific challenge," said NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. "Although this is certainly not the study outcome for which we had hoped, we must apply the knowledge learned from the Imbokodo trial and continue our efforts to find a vaccine that will be protective against HIV. (nih.gov)
  • Study participants were offered pre-exposure prophylaxis medication to prevent HIV infection during the clinical trial. (nih.gov)
  • I'm very excited about this// We need a lot of options to prevent new HIV infections and pre-exposure prophylaxis looks like it's going to one of those options,' he said. (voanews.com)
  • Recently, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)-daily doses of two specific antiretroviral medications to uninfected patients at high-risk of HIV infection-has been shown to be safe and effective to prevent HIV acquisition. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • A prominent up-regulation of T cells in the intestinal mucosa can inhibit the ability of CD8 cells to control HIV viral replication, which may increase HIV progression concurrent with schistosomiasis. (medscape.com)
  • With potent antiretroviral therapy (ART) and simplified regimens, progression of HIV infection to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) may be significantly delayed or avoided, and people living with HIV are achieving near-normal lifespans. (nih.gov)
  • A combination of anti-HIV drugs appears to help rejuvenate the immune systems of people with AIDS and prevent progression of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, a potentially blinding AIDS-related eye complication. (nih.gov)
  • The immunomodulatory drug acts by blocking the action of sphingosine-1-phosphate (SIP) receptors, a component of the immune system involved in the progression of infection. (genengnews.com)
  • However, after many years of infection most people develop symptoms that indicate progression of the disease. (medscimonit.com)
  • The CDC reports that HIV coinfection can accelerate the course of hepatitis C, including the rapid progression of chronic liver disease from hepatitis C to cirrhosis , a form of permanent liver damage. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Untreated, patients with HIV and hepatitis C coinfection have a worse prognosis in terms of liver disease progression and outcomes," Sherman says. (everydayhealth.com)
  • The country is the first in the region to have accomplished the 95-95-95 treatment targets in 2020 with an associated steady decline in HIV incidence from 1.44 in 2016 to 0.62 in 2021 among adults (aged 15 years and older). (who.int)
  • Saskatchewan's HIV transmission rates remain the highest in the country, after latest provincial health data reveals a record-breaking 237 diagnoses in 2021 - a nearly 30 per cent increase from the 184 cases recorded in 2020. (cbc.ca)
  • Because HIV weakens the immune system, you have a greater chance of getting some types of fungal infections, like cryptococcosis , coccidioidomycosis , histoplasmosis , and pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) . (cdc.gov)
  • When the immune system is damaged by uncontrolled HIV, fungi and other pathogens that the immune system would normally clear can lead to severe infections, like pneumocystis pneumonia or cryptococcal disease, that require immediate attention. (nih.gov)
  • The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of AIDS Research (OAR) funds research on HIV-associated comorbidities, co-infections, and complications through multiple Institutes and Centers (ICs), with a focus on diseases that fall within each IC's mission and HIV/AIDS related funding priorities. (nih.gov)
  • To gain a better understanding of HIV-associated CCCs, and to foster cross-disciplinary collaborations in future research, 21 Institutes, Centers and Offices (ICOs) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) jointly convened a workshop on September 19-20, 2019. (nih.gov)
  • HIV incidence declined by 54% among all men but by only 32% among all women. (nih.gov)
  • States with HIV infection reporting had a lower median cumulative incidence of AIDS (388 AIDS cases per state or 14 cases per 100,000 population) than states without reporting (1244 AIDS cases per state or 31 cases per 100,000 population). (cdc.gov)
  • This incidence is equivalent to about 4000 New HIV infections per year. (who.int)
  • At the time, the annual number of HIV new infections was estimated to be at 7000 according to the Eswatini HIV Incidence measurement survey conducted in 2016. (who.int)
  • Modest reductions in HIV incidence occurred in the intervention communities, compared with the control communities, particularly among women in the 25-to-32 age range. (uclahealth.org)
  • These study findings provide clear and compelling evidence that the provision of mobile services, combined with appropriate support activities, is a strategy that can increase testing rates and also reduce HIV incidence," she said. (uclahealth.org)
  • TB cases in the United Sates for which HIV status was considered HIV-negative. (cdc.gov)
  • Interpretation of treponemal and nontreponemal serologic tests for persons with HIV infection is the same as for persons without HIV. (cdc.gov)
  • Although rare, unusual serologic responses have been observed among persons with HIV infection who have syphilis. (cdc.gov)
  • Neurosyphilis, ocular syphilis, and otosyphilis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neurologic, ocular, and other signs and symptoms among persons with HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Persons with HIV infection who have early syphilis might be at increased risk for neurologic complications ( 623 ) and might have higher rates of inadequate serologic response with recommended regimens. (cdc.gov)
  • 1 year) comparative data are lacking, no treatment regimens for syphilis have been demonstrated to be more effective in preventing neurosyphilis among persons with HIV infection than the syphilis regimens recommended for persons without HIV ( 609 ). (cdc.gov)
  • concerns regarding adequate treatment of syphilis among persons with HIV infection might not apply to those with HIV virologic suppression ( 624 , 625 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Available data demonstrate that additional doses of benzathine penicillin G, amoxicillin, or other antibiotics in primary and secondary syphilis among persons with HIV infection do not result in enhanced efficacy ( 592 , 593 , 609 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The majority of persons with HIV infection respond appropriately to the recommended benzathine penicillin G treatment regimen for primary and secondary syphilis ( 626 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Certain studies have demonstrated that among persons with HIV infection and syphilis, CSF abnormalities are associated with a CD4 + T-cell count of ≤350 cells/mL or an RPR titer of ≥1:32 ( 614 , 627 ). (cdc.gov)
  • All persons with HIV infection and primary and secondary syphilis should have a thorough neurologic, ocular, and otic examination ( 614 , 622 , 625 ). (cdc.gov)
  • To understand the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) ing 1993-2008 with cases in the state HIV/AIDS registry. (cdc.gov)
  • Tuberculosis and HIV, California and higher for women. (cdc.gov)
  • The most serious infections that commonly occur alongside HIV both in the United States and around the world are viral hepatitis , including hepatitis C and hepatitis B, and tuberculosis, or tuberculosis . (nih.gov)
  • People living with HIV are also at an increased risk of developing tuberculosis, or TB, a disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually begins in the lungs. (nih.gov)
  • An editorial accompanying the studies concludes that "the evidence, including the study results presented in this issue of the Journal, provides support for the earlier initiation of ART in patients co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis who have advanced immunosuppression, apart from those who present with tuberculous meningitis" (Torok/Farrar, 10/20). (kff.org)
  • HIV is currently managed by antiretroviral drugs, but these don't specifically target latent infection, may have side effects, and are of limited use in preventing transmission of the virus between individuals. (genengnews.com)
  • Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), the treatment of choice for hepatitis C, can still be used with HIV antiretroviral drugs. (everydayhealth.com)
  • People with HIV can now have nearly normal lifespans because of significant progress in HIV treatment, but the quality of their lives may be severely impacted by HIV-related comorbidities, co-infections, and complications. (nih.gov)
  • This workshop fostered discussion among experts from different fields and disciplines who shared their perspectives and explored interrelationships among multiple comorbidities, in an effort to refine research priorities that aim to improve the health and well-being of people with HIV. (nih.gov)
  • However, many are suffering from HIV-associated comorbidities, co-infections, and complications (HIV-associated CCCs), often against a background of multiple complicating factors such as stigma, isolation, and socio-economic challenges. (nih.gov)
  • From the discussion, it became clear that it is unlikely one discipline alone can advance the HIV research field, as multiple organ systems are impacted by chronic HIV infection, comorbidities (HIV-associated and not), and drug toxicities and interactions related to treatment of both HIV infection and the comorbidities. (nih.gov)
  • As people age with HIV they are developing various comorbidities and co-infections that significantly impact their health and quality of life. (nih.gov)
  • However, most research on HIV reservoirs does not incorporate the impact of inflammation, metabolic perturbations, or other pathophysiological processes associated with prevalent comorbidities or co-infections. (nih.gov)
  • Rigorous research to address this problem will require synergistic, collaborative interactions between experts in HIV science and researchers with primary expertise is the pathobiology of the comorbidities or co-infections being investigated. (nih.gov)
  • This initiative will therefore bring together multi-disciplinary teams to address how comorbidities and co-infections that are prevalent in people interact with viral reservoirs in ways that would confound cure strategies at aimed at sustained viral suppression or elimination from the body. (nih.gov)
  • The rhesus macaque SIV model should be useful in identifying the mechanisms by which alcohol increases the viral load of HIV, affects HIV-associated comorbidities, and influences the efficacy of anti-retroviral therapy. (nih.gov)
  • This stage is also called chronic HIV infection or clinical latency. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Central Nervous System (CNS) disease associated with HIV continues to persist in people living with HIV despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). (nih.gov)
  • Because of advances in HIV science, particularly the development of effective antiretroviral therapy, HIV has evolved into a chronic disease. (nih.gov)
  • What Is a Latent HIV Reservoir? (nih.gov)
  • The results of studies headed by George Washington University (GW) researchers suggest that an immunomodulatory drug called fingolimod, which is approved for treating multiple sclerosis (MS), blocks human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and transmission in human immune cells, and reduces latent HIV reservoir. (genengnews.com)
  • Fungal infections can look like bacterial or viral infections. (cdc.gov)
  • AIDS is the most common infectious disease associated with lymphopaenia but it can be secondary to acute bacterial, fungal, viral or protozoal infections, autoimmune disorders, drugs, etc. (ndtv.com)
  • [ 10 ] It is thought that activation of the immune system in the genital mucosa facilitates virus binding to HIV-susceptible cells and allows for subsequent HIV entry into the cell. (medscape.com)
  • Having HIV weakens your body's immune system. (nih.gov)
  • OIs are serious infections that take advantage of your weak immune system. (nih.gov)
  • The study also suggests that with HAART, the immune system of people with AIDS is being partially restored and may be able to fight other serious infections. (nih.gov)
  • With HAART, the rejuvenated immune system effectively controls this serious infection and doesn't need the help of specific anti-CMV retinitis medications. (nih.gov)
  • The researchers reasoned that another potential approach to treating HIV infection is the use of immunomodulatory compounds directed toward a component of the immune system. (genengnews.com)
  • The current understanding of HIV associated CNS disease pathogenesis is largely based on clinical phenotypes that were predominantly observed prior to the ART era or from the time where patients were transitioning to using ART. (nih.gov)
  • PURPOSE The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) invites new and experienced scientists to submit research grant applications for basic, behavioral, epidemiological or clinical investigations to study the pathogenesis, infectivity, transmission, reactivation and pathotropic spread of viral infections in the oral cavity of the immunocompromised host. (nih.gov)
  • Twelve (43%) collect clinical information, e.g., eight (29%) ask whether the patient was symptomatic, and four (14%) collect sufficient information to allow use of the CDC HIV infection classification system (1). (cdc.gov)
  • We now have clinical evidence that in addition to the rises in CD4+ T cell counts seen in patients taking HAART, there is sustained functional immune recovery to the point that their immune systems can effectively control a major opportunistic infection. (nih.gov)
  • Due to the established clinical efficacy and safety of FTY720, we hypothesized that this immunomodulatory compound could potentially inhibit HIV infection. (genengnews.com)
  • HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection may produce no clinical symptoms for 10 years on average. (medscimonit.com)
  • An investigational HIV vaccine tested in the "Imbokodo" clinical trial conducted in sub-Saharan Africa posed no safety concerns but did not provide sufficient protection against HIV infection, according to a primary analysis of the study data. (nih.gov)
  • NIAID provided funding for preclinical and early phase clinical development of the investigational mosaic HIV vaccine, which was initially developed by the laboratory of Dan H. Barouch, M.D., Ph.D., at Beth Israel Deaconness Medical Center, together with Janssen and other partners. (nih.gov)
  • That clinical trial is testing the safety and efficacy of a different investigational HIV vaccine among a different patient population (men who have sex with men and transgender populations) and in different geographical locations (the Americas and Europe) than the Imbokodo trial. (nih.gov)
  • In contrast to previous clinical data, AGS-004 did not induce HIV-specific immune responses greater than those measured at baseline. (nature.com)
  • There is emerging appreciation that these various conditions and co-infections also impact HIV reservoir biology in ways that are likely to interact with potential cure strategies. (nih.gov)
  • However, they pointed out, " … the role of S1P signaling in establishment of infection and the potential to modulate this pathway to alter the course of infection or prevent establishment of the latent reservoir in CD4 T cells had not been reported. (genengnews.com)
  • We investigated the combined impact of the latency reversing agent vorinostat (VOR) and AGS-004, an autologous dendritic cell immunotherapeutic, on the HIV reservoir. (nature.com)
  • Like other parasitic infections, schistosomiasis activates a strong Th2 response, which in theory increases the susceptibility to such infections as HIV. (medscape.com)
  • Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically reduced the oral complications of AIDS, including viral infections, for patients who adhere to the regimen. (nih.gov)
  • To that end, in 2018, NIAID-supported researchers found that a one-month antibiotic regimen to prevent active TB was at least as safe and effective as the standard nine-month therapy for people living with HIV. (nih.gov)
  • James went on a month-long drug regimen that uses HIV medicines to try to keep the virus from attacking the body's white blood cells and spreading. (voanews.com)
  • 1 , 2 , 3 Unfortunately, up to 25% of patients discontinue their initial HAART regimen because of treatment failure (inability to suppress HIV viral replication to below the current limit of detection, 50 copies/mL), toxic effects or noncompliance within the first 8 months of therapy. (cmaj.ca)
  • CSF abnormalities (e.g., mononuclear pleocytosis and elevated protein levels) can be common among persons with HIV, even those without syphilis. (cdc.gov)
  • As awareness grew of a new disease called HIV/AIDS, it became obvious that some behaviors that led to HIV infection were the same as those leading to unplanned pregnancy and infections like syphilis or gonorrhea. (nih.gov)
  • In areas of the world with high rates of HIV/AIDS and where cryptococcosis is common, high-risk HIV patients can be tested for this infection before symptoms appear. (cdc.gov)
  • [ 11 ] Of note, in patients with profound HIV infection with low CD4 counts, there is suppression of egg excretion efficiency even with heavy schistosomiasis burden. (medscape.com)
  • 57,527 TB case-patients, 3,904 (7%) had known HIV infec- dent TB cases reported to state surveillance systems dur- tion. (cdc.gov)
  • Stronger immune systems respond better to HIV and other infections, potentially allowing patients to live longer. (nih.gov)
  • We measured no elevation of HIV viral load in the plasma," Dr. Polis said, "and CD4+ T cell counts increased significantly over time, giving us more signs that HAART is restoring some independent immunologic control in our patients. (nih.gov)
  • Studies of HIV-infected patients are inherently limited in their ability to control for variables such as timing and dose of HIV exposure, nutrition, concurrent use of drugs of abuse, use of anti-retroviral therapy, and the frequency of alcohol consumption and amount of alcohol consumed. (nih.gov)
  • He says that while using the drugs to treat already HIV-positive patients helps keep them from transmitting it to others, PrEP is also a valuable tool to protect uninfected patients from the virus. (voanews.com)
  • Care for patients with HIV infection and AIDS. (bmj.com)
  • A better understanding of the adverse effects of antiretroviral agents is of interest not only for HIV specialists as they try to optimize therapy, but also for other physicians who care for HIV-positive patients. (cmaj.ca)
  • The study found that patients whose immune systems have been most damaged by HIV were 40 percent less likely to die or develop AIDS if they began antiretroviral treatment (ART) "two weeks after starting TB treatment, instead of waiting eight to 12 weeks, as is commonly done now," the newspaper writes. (kff.org)
  • We performed an observational prospective monocentric study in patients living with HIV (PLWH) diagnosed with COVID-19. (lww.com)
  • In France, the Paris area, where more than 51 000 patients are living with HIV (PLWH), was highly affected by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic between February and May 2020. (lww.com)
  • However, hepatitis C is more transmissible, so many patients get that first, followed later by HIV. (everydayhealth.com)
  • In these patients the infection takes a more aggressive course and has a worse response to the classic treatment with antimonials. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • TY - JOUR T1 - [Cutaneo-visceral leishmaniasis: a new opportunistic infection in patients infected by HIV]. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • We encourage providers, particularly those in communities with high rates of HIV infection, to be proactive in helping their patients avoid infection," she says. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Anecdotal evidence also suggests that some patients visit healthcare providers who are unfamiliar with PrEP, are unwilling to provide antiretrovirals to HIV-negative patients, or are unaware that PrEP has been beneficial in multiple populations at risk. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • HIV patients demonstrated regional brain volumetric changes despite very early initiation of cART. (natap.org)
  • Reporting of HIV-infected persons may enable earlier recognition of persons with or at risk for HIV infection and earlier interventions to prevent further spread of HIV. (cdc.gov)
  • More efficacious antiviral immune interventions, perhaps paired with more effective latency reversal, must be developed to clear persistent HIV infection. (nature.com)
  • Our aim is to help physicians gain a working knowledge of these adverse effects, with the ultimate goal of improving the tolerability and effectiveness of HIV treatment, promoting the early recognition and reversal of potentially serious adverse effects, and reducing the potential for adverse drug interactions. (cmaj.ca)
  • Lysine acetylation of histone tails by histone acetyl transferases is believed to result the neutralization of basic charges of core histones, leading to destabilization of DNA/histone interactions, increased accessibility of transcription factors to the HIV promoter (LTR), and transcription initiation. (nature.com)
  • Traditional interferon-based treatments have not worked as well in people also living with HIV. (nih.gov)
  • Gilead has agreed to enter the UN Medicines Patent Pool, allowing their anti-retroviral drugs to be produced as a generic form for use in the developing world for both PrEP and HIV treatments. (voanews.com)
  • Editorial: Current Status of Oral Antiviral Drug Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Non-Hospitalized Pa. (medscimonit.com)
  • In general, treatment of hepatitis C in HIV-positive people is similar to the treatments for HCV alone. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Every one or two years from April 1999 until September 2016, participants were tested for HIV and surveyed about their sexual behavior, use of ART, and male circumcision status. (nih.gov)
  • The proportion of participants living with HIV who reported taking ART climbed from zero in 2003 to 69% in 2016. (nih.gov)
  • The researchers estimated that the annual number of new HIV infections fell 42%-from about 1.17 per 100 people in 2009 to about 0.66 per 100 in 2016. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, the proportion of participants living with HIV whose treatment suppressed the virus increased from 42% in 2009 to 75% in 2016. (nih.gov)
  • Researchers have found several strategies that can help stop the spread of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. (nih.gov)
  • Researchers have gained insight into how HIV influences individuals' health over time through NIAID studies that follow cohorts of people living and aging with HIV, such as the START trial , the Women's Interagency HIV Study , and the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study . (nih.gov)
  • Researchers say using PrEP provides a 62 to 73 percent chance of preventing infection. (voanews.com)
  • Thrush , an infection in the mouth and throat, is sometimes seen among people living with HIV/AIDS. (cdc.gov)
  • They negatively impact the quality of life and healthspan of people living with HIV, even in the presence of ART and in spite of improved lifespan. (nih.gov)
  • Due to the evolving nature of CNS disease outcomes associated with HIV, there also exists a need to identify modifiable therapeutic targets and to develop new strategies to alleviate CNS disease outcomes in people living with HIV. (nih.gov)
  • NIAID and other institutes at NIH support research that works toward ensuring the full health of people living with HIV. (nih.gov)
  • Many people living with HIV acquire co-infections because of vulnerabilities in their immune systems and shared risk factors for HIV and other diseases, like illicit drug use or living in an area with a high prevalence of certain pathogens. (nih.gov)
  • As many as 5 million people living with HIV around the world also have hepatitis C virus, or HCV. (nih.gov)
  • TB is the leading cause of death among people living with HIV worldwide, with most cases occurring in developing countries. (nih.gov)
  • As more people living with HIV progress through their fifties, sixties, and beyond, the medical community continues to learn more about how cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, memory problems, cancer, and other conditions associated with aging may differ in people living with HIV. (nih.gov)
  • There are an estimated 800,000 to 900,000 people living with HIV in the U.S., with approximately 40,000 new HIV infections occurring every year. (nih.gov)
  • The face of the HIV pandemic has changed dramatically since the 1980s. (nih.gov)
  • RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Background and Significance In the early 1980s, HIV and AIDS were first identified in the U.S. among MSM, IDUs, and the sexual partners of IDUs. (nih.gov)
  • When testing for HIV first began in the mid-1980s, the most commonly used test was the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, or ELISA. (newscientist.com)
  • These infections can occur even in those whose HIV is well-treated and who have strong immune function relative to people living with advanced HIV, or AIDS. (nih.gov)
  • To better address these infections when they occur, NIAID supports research to establish and refine best practices for diagnosing and treating these conditions. (nih.gov)
  • 2 Similarly, Latinos make up only 17.8% of Americans, yet 23% of new HIV infections occur among Latinos. (nih.gov)
  • postulated, may occur in the infection. (who.int)
  • At other times, it can be generalized and affect the entire body, as can occur during an infection or certain drug allergies. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Schistosomiasis species are common in areas of high prevalence of HIV throughout the world. (medscape.com)
  • Despite less HIV testing due to the pandemic, new Saskatchewan health data shows cases are higher than ever, with transmission rates at more than double the national average. (cbc.ca)
  • You're at greatest risk for fungal infection when your CD4 count is less than 200. (cdc.gov)
  • Starting ART helps slow the progress of HIV and can reduce your chances of getting a fungal infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Fungal infections can range from mild to life-threatening. (cdc.gov)
  • Some fungal infections are mild skin rashes, but others can be deadly, like fungal meningitis. (cdc.gov)
  • If you're taking medicine to fight an infection and you aren't getting better, ask your doctor about testing you for a fungal infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Some fungal infections can interfere with taking your medications. (cdc.gov)
  • However, there may be some ways for you to lower your chances of getting a serious fungal infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Learn about fungal infections. (cdc.gov)
  • There are different types of fungal infections. (cdc.gov)
  • The danger of getting a fungal infection can change depending on your location and your CD4 count. (cdc.gov)
  • Fungal infections often resemble other illnesses. (cdc.gov)
  • Your healthcare provider may prescribe medication to prevent fungal infections. (cdc.gov)
  • There may be some ways to lower your chances of getting a serious fungal infection by trying to avoid disease-causing fungi in the environment. (cdc.gov)
  • 2 It's important to note that although these actions are recommended, they have not been proven to prevent fungal infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Testing for early fungal infection. (cdc.gov)
  • RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Background Oral viral infections and lesions may develop during the acute phase of HIV-1 infection, early in the transition from HIV-1 infection to full blown AIDS, and if untreated, these infections and ulcerations may persist throughout the disease and add to the morbidity and mortality of the illness. (nih.gov)
  • A recent description of platelet abnormalities in acute malaria infection focused exclusively on data generated from human diseases. (who.int)
  • experimental malaria, appreciation of the range of platelet dysfunction in the thrombocytopenia, acute malaria infection infection and gave room for some of the inaccurate comments that were made. (who.int)
  • The few reports of changes in the platelet count in acute dehydrogenase (LDH), and enhanced platelet malaria infection in man invariably referred to production of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) found with thrombocytopenia and usually inferred that it occurred enhanced but delayed prostacyclin (PGI2) production. (who.int)
  • Syrian golden hamsters and P. bergei bergei ( P. associated with platelet activation exists in acute P. nigeriensis ), it was shown that platelet count was falciparum infection in man, a feature that was not regularly reduced in the infected animals. (who.int)
  • With HIV, for example, a new infection can trigger an acute response, often resulting in swollen lymph nodes, flu-like symptoms, and an all-body rash. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Again, we see this with HIV, wherein the acute symptoms resolve but the underlying infection remains. (verywellhealth.com)
  • In this article we review the adverse effects of HAART therapy, with specific attention to the metabolic abnormalities associated with HIV treatment, including dyslipidemias, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, and the lipodystrophy syndrome and lactic acidosis associated with NRTI mitochondrial toxicity. (cmaj.ca)
  • Although there is no evidence that treated infection is more severe in HIV-infected persons, data now show that female and male urogenital schistosomiasis caused by S haematobium increases the risk for HIV transmission by three to four times. (medscape.com)
  • These infections are less common and less severe in healthy people. (nih.gov)
  • People who have AIDS, the most severe stage of HIV infection, have badly damaged immune systems. (nih.gov)
  • The Institute encourages collaborative projects that bring together investigators from all relevant scientific disciplines including microbiology, immunology, biochemistry, and pathology interested in studying viral infections of the oral cavity. (nih.gov)
  • For the first time, our research team found that by targeting the receptors to the signaling molecule sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), we could effectively block HIV infection and cell-to-cell transmission of the virus and consequently reduce the seeding of the latent virus in the test tube," stated Alberto Bosque, PhD, assistant professor of microbiology, immunology, and tropical medicine at the GW School of Medicine and Health Sciences. (genengnews.com)
  • During this stage, there are no symptoms of HIV infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Some people may have symptoms and worsening immune function within a few years after the original infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Even though there may be few, if any, symptoms during this chronic stage of infection, the body will continue to respond to the presence of HIV with a continuous, low-level inflammation. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Since the early days of the HIV epidemic in the United States, clinicians have made continued efforts to educate people on behaviors that could significantly reduce their risk of acquiring HIV infection. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • The goal of this initiative is to encourage innovative research to comprehend the mechanisms and pathways involved in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 associated CNS disease in the context of viral suppression and to identify treatment strategies to alleviate CNS complications of HIV-1. (nih.gov)
  • [ 4 ] Unfortunately, once a patient is coinfected with HIV and schistosomiasis, the effectiveness of appropriate antihelminth therapy is reduced and susceptibility to reinfection remains increased. (medscape.com)
  • Individuals infected with HIV are more than twice as likely to die from sudden cardiac death (SCD) compared to the general population, and are more likely to have hearts compromised by fibrosis, a factor that may play a role in increasing their susceptibility to SCD, according to new findings from a UC San Francisco study. (ucsf.edu)
  • Racial and ethnic minority populations of both genders have been deeply affected by drug abuse, HIV/AIDS, and other infectious diseases in recent years, with new HIV infections continuing at an alarming rate in the U.S. and in other nations. (nih.gov)
  • Voluntary, medically performed male circumcision, for example, significantly reduces a man's risk of acquiring HIV from his HIV-positive female partner. (nih.gov)
  • Using this model, our studies have shown that plasma viral loads are significantly higher in alcohol-consuming macaques at 60-120 days after SIV infection (viral set point) than in control animals. (nih.gov)
  • As with hamsters, parasitaemia developed would be taken for tests, including tests of platelet by the 2nd post-infection day, attaining significantly high function. (who.int)
  • That the same levels of disease were seen in untreated, non-elite controllers strongly suggest that the body's response to HIV can cause as many long-term consequences as the disease itself. (verywellhealth.com)
  • This increased risk can be as much as 26 to 31 times higher than someone without HIV, according to the World Health Organization and appears to persist even when HIV is well-controlled with antiretroviral therapy (ART). (nih.gov)
  • Doing activities that disturb the soil, like gardening, cleaning chicken coops, construction, demolition, and visiting caves can cause you to inhale more fungi and increases your chance of infection. (cdc.gov)
  • While intravenous drug use is considered a primary driver in Saskatchewan's HIV numbers, Dr. Larissa Kiesman - a family physician and the medical director at Westside Community Clinic in Saskatoon, a hub for HIV care - says people shouldn't lose sight of other risk factors. (cbc.ca)
  • Coinfection with hepatitis C and HIV usually represents an intersection of risk factors for each virus," says Kenneth E. Sherman, MD, PhD , a hepatologist who is the director of the division of digestive diseases and Gould Professor of Medicine at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. (everydayhealth.com)
  • The CDC also recommends that all people over 18, including those with HIV, get screened for hepatitis C. You should continue to get tested regularly if you have risk factors for HCV, including injection drug use. (everydayhealth.com)
  • In fact, people who are coinfected and receive treatment for both infections can achieve viral suppression - meaning both viruses are undetectable in the blood - according to the CDC. (everydayhealth.com)
  • In order to study the impact of alcohol on HIV infection, we developed a model of chronic alcohol consumption in rhesus macaques monkeys (Macaca mulatta) infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), a lentivirus closely related to HIV that infects and destroys CD4+ cells and produces a progressive immunodeficiency representative of HIV disease. (nih.gov)
  • Because if it infects one cell and that cell dies but doesn't infect another cell then the infection is over,' he said. (voanews.com)
  • Because of this, it's important to seek treatment as soon as possible to try to avoid serious infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Chronic inflammatory disease caused by granulomatous reactions to Schistosoma eggs promotes HIV acquisition in the urogenital tract in females. (medscape.com)
  • [ 11 ] Schistosomiasis, specifically intestinal disease, has also been shown to have effects on the immune modulation of HIV. (medscape.com)
  • Considerable gaps exist in our understanding of pathogenesis of CNS disease associated with HIV. (nih.gov)
  • The role of associated co-morbidities, long term ART treatment and chronic inflammation in HIV associated CNS disease pathogenesis have not been fully delineated. (nih.gov)
  • Studies to identify and develop therapeutic strategies for HIV-1 associated CNS disease including the development of CNS optimized ART therapies. (nih.gov)
  • Dennis Sifris, MD, is an HIV specialist and Medical Director of LifeSense Disease Management. (verywellhealth.com)
  • A recent study of HIV elite controllers (individuals able to suppress the virus without the use of drugs) demonstrated that, despite the benefit of natural control, there was a 77% greater risk of hospitalization due to cardiovascular disease and other illnesses when compared to treated, non-elite controllers. (verywellhealth.com)
  • People with an untreated HIV and hepatitis C co-infection tend to be at risk for complications from liver disease. (everydayhealth.com)
  • In fact, according to the CDC, liver disease - much of which is caused by hepatitis B or hepatitis C - is a leading non- AIDS cause of death in people with HIV . (everydayhealth.com)
  • According to the CDC and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Black Americans account for about 13 percent of the population but 42 percent of new HIV diagnoses and 25 percent of chronic hepatitis C diagnoses. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Diagnoses of HIV infection were higher in intervention communities. (uclahealth.org)
  • [ 7 ] This reduced egg excretion in HIV-1 infected individuals with low CD4 counts leads to a gross underestimate of schistosomiasis prevalence when conventional stool egg count methods are used for detection. (medscape.com)
  • The Phase 3 study , known as ACTG 5279, enrolled 3,000 individuals living with HIV around the world and randomly assigned a one-month or standard nine-month course of the anti-TB drug isoniazid. (nih.gov)
  • In Eswatini, PrEP is offered to eligible, HIV-negative individuals who are at substantial risk of acquiring HIV infection. (who.int)
  • It's unfortunate, and - even though we talk percentages - those are real individuals,' said Dr. Johnmark Opondo, a medical health officer on Saskatchewan's HIV provincial leadership team. (cbc.ca)
  • Interestingly, it has previously been proposed that sphingolipids might be involved in various stages of the HIV-1 life cycle, the team noted, and prior studies had observed the potential for an S1P receptor agonist to reactivate HIV from latency, and that chronically infected individuals demonstrated a decreased response to S1P signaling, the team noted. (genengnews.com)
  • This has major public health benefit implications by not only linking infected individuals to care but also by encouraging testing in entire communities and therefore also reducing further HIV transmission. (uclahealth.org)
  • Individuals in intervention communities, particularly those infected with HIV, reported a lower number of sexual partners and fewer multiple partners. (uclahealth.org)
  • Longitudinal studies of HIV-uninfected Thai individuals are needed to determine whether our observed atrophy rates are higher than those in healthy controls. (natap.org)
  • The overlapping etiologies and consequences of HIV-associated diseases need to be better understood on a holistic level. (nih.gov)
  • A research assistant draws blood for HIV testing from a participant in the Rakai Community Cohort Study. (nih.gov)
  • The program promotes HIV testing, counseling, use of ART, and voluntary medical male circumcision to participants in the Rakai Community Cohort Study. (nih.gov)
  • We performed an observational prospective monocentric cohort study of PLWH diagnosed with SARS-CoV2 infection from 1 March to 30 April 2020. (lww.com)
  • HIV-associated CCCs affect multiple organ systems and result in a broad range of health consequences and outcomes affecting morbidity and mortality. (nih.gov)
  • This Request for Applications (RFA), HIV/AIDS Associated Oral Viral Infections, is related to the priority area of Oral Health. (nih.gov)
  • The Rakai Health Sciences Program has been working to prevent the spread of HIV in the Rakai district of Uganda. (nih.gov)
  • HIV infection reports that are now integral to public health programs in many states are not anticipated to be representative of all HIV-infected persons. (cdc.gov)
  • Combination antiretroviral therapy directly targets HIV and can keep levels of the virus low in the blood, resulting in far better health outcomes for those who take these lifesaving medications. (nih.gov)
  • The kingdom of Eswatini has made major strides in the HIV response with the goal of ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. (who.int)
  • Alcohol abuse and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are major public health problems and frequently coexist in the same individual. (nih.gov)
  • The total number of HIV/AIDS cases in Korea surpassed the 8,000 mark with a record number of new infections last year, health authorities said Tuesday. (koreaherald.com)
  • I think the best way people can protect themselves is if they feel like they're at risk for HIV infection, or after a high-risk sexual encounter, go to your health care practitioner as soon as possible, just so you can know the various options to prevent HIV,' said Dr. Martins. (voanews.com)
  • According to the Ministry of Health, sexual contact contributed to 68 per cent of HIV cases (which is higher than usual for the province) and injection drug use made up 50 per cent. (cbc.ca)
  • With each HIV transmission that we can prevent at our site, we know that we are saving the health-care system huge dollars,' DeMong said. (cbc.ca)
  • Robin Hilton, the sexual health outreach co-ordinator with the University of Regina Students' Union, says the spike in sexual transmission of HIV can be linked to a lack of updated sex education in schools. (cbc.ca)
  • If we have that ability right from that foundation to have conversations about sexual health and to feel comfortable going for [HIV] screenings, then we're getting off on a right foot,' Hilton said. (cbc.ca)
  • Home » Frequently asked Questions on Health » Can other tests diagnose HIV infection? (ndtv.com)
  • Five years ago, the cost in some developing countries of testing each transfusion of donated blood for HIV infection was estimated at $30, compared with $1 allocated per person for health care in an entire year. (newscientist.com)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that in most developing countries, between 1 and 5 per cent of new HIV infections are due to infected blood transfusions, rising to 10 per cent in parts of sub-Saharan Africa. (newscientist.com)
  • Centre in Ndola, Zambia, was involved in evaluating HIV tests for use in 26 hospitals and health centres there. (newscientist.com)
  • These study results clearly demonstrate that high rates of testing can be achieved by going into communities and that this strategy can result in increased HIV detection, which makes referral to care possible," said Project Accept's overall principal investigator, Thomas J. Coates, who directs UCLA's Center for World Health and is an associate director of the UCLA AIDS Institute. (uclahealth.org)
  • Study participants who learned they were infected with HIV were directed to the study's post-test services, which included counseling and referrals to health and social services assistance. (uclahealth.org)