Hiv core protein p24. Medical search

A major core protein of the human immunodeficiency virus encoded by the HIV gag gene. HIV-seropositive individuals mount a significant immune response to p24 and thus detection of antibodies to p24 is one basis for determining HIV infection by ELISA and Western blot assays. The protein is also being investigated as a potential HIV immunogen in vaccines.

Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the NUCLEOCAPSID.

Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content.

Proteoglycans consisting of proteins linked to one or more CHONDROITIN SULFATE-containing oligosaccharide chains.

Development of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV).

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.

The hepatitis B antigen within the core of the Dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion.

Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.

A small leucine-rich proteoglycan that interacts with FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and modifies the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX structure of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. Decorin has also been shown to play additional roles in the regulation of cellular responses to GROWTH FACTORS. The protein contains a single glycosaminoglycan chain and is similar in structure to BIGLYCAN.

Large HYALURONAN-containing proteoglycans found in articular cartilage (CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR). They form into aggregates that provide tissues with the capacity to resist high compressive and tensile forces.

Ubiquitous macromolecules associated with the cell surface and extracellular matrix of a wide range of cells of vertebrate and invertebrate tissues. They are essential cofactors in cell-matrix adhesion processes, in cell-cell recognition systems, and in receptor-growth factor interactions. (From Cancer Metastasis Rev 1996; 15(2): 177-86; Hepatology 1996; 24(3): 524-32)

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Studies of the number of cases where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is present in a specific population at a designated time. The presence in a given individual is determined by the finding of HIV antibodies in the serum (HIV SEROPOSITIVITY).

Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine.

Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS; and LAMININ).

A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

Immune status consisting of non-production of HIV antibodies, as determined by various serological tests.

Laboratory and other services provided to patients at the bedside. These include diagnostic and laboratory testing using automated information entry.

Organized services provided by MEDICAL LABORATORY PERSONNEL for the purpose of carrying out CLINICAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES used for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.

Techniques used to carry out clinical investigative procedures in the diagnosis and therapy of disease.

Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.

Maturation-induced conformational changes of HIV-1 capsid protein and identification of two high affinity sites for cyclophilins in the C-terminal domain. (1/922)

Viral incorporation of cyclophilin A (CyPA) during the assembly of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is crucial for efficient viral replication. CyPA binds to the previously identified Gly-Pro90 site of the capsid protein p24, but its role remained unclear. Here we report two new interaction sites between cyclophilins and p24. Both are located in the C-terminal domain of p24 around Gly-Pro157 and Gly-Pro224. Peptides corresponding to these regions showed higher affinities (Kd approximately 0.3 microM) for both CyPA and cyclophilin B than the best peptide derived from the Gly-Pro90 site ( approximately 8 microM) and thus revealed new sequence motifs flanking Gly-Pro that are important for tight interaction of peptide ligands with cyclophilins. Between CyPA and an immature (unprocessed) form of p24, a Kd of approximately 8 microM was measured, which corresponded with the Kd of the best of the Gly-Pro90 peptides, indicating an association via this site. Processing of immature p24 by the viral protease, yielding mature p24, elicited a conformational change in its C-terminal domain that was signaled by the covalently attached fluorescence label acrylodan. Consequently, CyPA and cyclophilin B bound with much higher affinities ( approximately 0.6 and 0.25 microM) to the new, i.e. maturation-generated sites. Since this domain is essential for p24 oligomerization and capsid cone formation, CyPA bound to the new sites might impair the regularity of the capsid cone and thus facilitate in vivo core disassembly after host infection. (+info)

Head-to-tail dimers and interdomain flexibility revealed by the crystal structure of HIV-1 capsid protein (p24) complexed with a monoclonal antibody Fab. (2/922)

The crystal structure of an intact molecule of HIV-1 capsid protein (p24) in complex with a monoclonal antibody fragment recognizing an epitope on the C-terminal domain has been determined at 3 A resolution. The helical N- and C-terminal domains of p24 are linked by an extended peptide forming a flexibly linked dumb-bell-shaped molecule 75 A in overall length. The p24 construct used is a variant with an N-terminal extension that mimics to some extent the Gag context of p24. We observed a novel head-to-tail dimer of p24 molecules which occurs through the formation of a substantial intermolecular interface between the N- and C-terminal domains. Comparison with previously observed p24 dimers shows that the same residues and secondary structural elements can partake in different interfaces revealing a remarkable stickiness and plasticity of the p24 molecule, properties which, combined with the inter-domain flexibility, are presumably important in the assembly and maturation of viral particles. Previous mutagenesis studies designed to test specific N-N and C-C homodimer interfaces do not discriminate fully against the possibility of the observed N-C interface. (+info)

Molecular and functional analysis of a conserved CTL epitope in HIV-1 p24 recognized from a long-term nonprogressor: constraints on immune escape associated with targeting a sequence essential for viral replication. (3/922)

It has been hypothesized that sequence variation within CTL epitopes leading to immune escape plays a role in the progression of HIV-1 infection. Only very limited data exist that address the influence of biologic characteristics of CTL epitopes on the emergence of immune escape variants and the efficiency of suppression HIV-1 by CTL. In this report, we studied the effects of HIV-1 CTL epitope sequence variation on HIV-1 replication. The highly conserved HLA-B14-restricted CTL epitope DRFYKTLRAE in HIV-1 p24 was examined, which had been defined as the immunodominant CTL epitope in a long-term nonprogressing individual. We generated a set of viral mutants on an HX10 background differing by a single conservative or nonconservative amino acid substitution at each of the P1 to P9 amino acid residues of the epitope. All of the nonconservative amino acid substitutions abolished viral infectivity and only 5 of 10 conservative changes yielded replication-competent virus. Recognition of these epitope sequence variants by CTL was tested using synthetic peptides. All mutations that abrogated CTL recognition strongly impaired viral replication, and all replication-competent viral variants were recognized by CTL, although some variants with a lower efficiency. Our data indicate that this CTL epitope is located within a viral sequence essential for viral replication. Targeting CTL epitopes within functionally important regions of the HIV-1 genome could limit the chance of immune evasion. (+info)

Evolution and biological characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype E gp120 V3 sequences following horizontal and vertical virus transmission in a single family. (4/922)

It has been suggested that immune-pressure-mediated positive selection operates to maintain the antigenic polymorphism on the third variable (V3) loop of the gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Here we present evidence, on the basis of sequencing 147 independently cloned env C2/V3 segments from a single family (father, mother, and their child), that the intensity of positive selection is related to the V3 lineage. Phylogenetic analysis and amino acid comparison of env C2/V3 and gag p17/24 regions indicated that a single HIV-1 subtype E source had infected the family. The analyses of unique env C2/V3 clones revealed that two V3 lineage groups had evolved in the parents. Group 1 was maintained with low variation in all three family members regardless of the clinical state or the length of infection, whereas group 2 was only present in symptomatic individuals and was more positively charged and diverse than group 1. Only virus isolates carrying the group 2 V3 sequences infected and induced syncytia in MT2 cells, a transformed CD4(+)-T-cell line. A statistically significant excess of nonsynonymous substitutions versus synonymous substitutions was demonstrated only for the group 2 V3 region. The data suggest that HIV-1 variants, possessing the more homogeneous group 1 V3 element and exhibiting the non-syncytium-inducing phenotype, persist in infected individuals independent of clinical status and appear to be more resistant to positive selection pressure. (+info)

Rate and severity of HIV-associated dementia (HAD): correlations with Gp41 and iNOS. (5/922)

BACKGROUND: Fifteen to thirty percent of AIDS patients develop some type of neurologic disorder during the course of their illness and the vast majority of these neurologic disorders will be HIV-associated dementia (HAD). These patients can exhibit varying degrees of severity and rates of progression of HAD. Neuropathologic variables that are associated with the rate of progression of HAD are not known. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tissue was collected at autopsy from the Johns Hopkins University HIV Neurology Program. Seventy-one AIDS patients of this prospectively characterized population were followed until death to obtain information on dementia severity and the rate of neurological progression. Immunoblot analysis of immunological nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), HAM56, gp41, p24, gp120, and beta-tubulin was performed and the levels of iNOS, HAM56, gp41, and p24 were normalized to beta-tubulin and analyzed for significance by means of the Kruskal-Wallis test for multiple groups. RESULTS: We have identified unique groups within this spectrum and designated them slow, moderate, and rapid progressors. Slow and moderate progressors' neurological progression occurs over a course of months to years, whereas the rapid progressors' disease shows rapid increases in severity over weeks to months. In the present study we demonstrate that the severity and rate of progression of HAD correlates significantly with levels of the HIV-1 coat protein, gp41, iNOS, and HAM56, a marker of microglial/macrophage activation. CONCLUSION: The severity and rate of progression of HAD correlates with indices of immune activation as well as levels of iNOS and gp41. There appears to be a threshold effect in which high levels of gp41, iNOS, and immune activation are particularly associated with severe (Memorial Sloan-Kettering score 3 to 4) and rapidly progressive HAD. (+info)

Conformation, pH-induced conformational changes, and thermal unfolding of anti-p24 (HIV-1) monoclonal antibody CB4-1 and its Fab and Fc fragments. (6/922)

Conformation, acid-induced conformational changes and stability of the murine monoclonal antibody CB4-1 directed against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsid protein p24, and its Fab and Fc fragments, were analysed by circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. CD spectra show the characteristics expected for beta-proteins. Lowering the pH to 3.5 reduces the stability, but does not change the conformation. Between pH 3.5 and 2.0 conformational changes and the formation of new structures are indicated. Deconvolution of the bimodal DSC curves of CB4-1 reveals five 'two-state' transitions at pH 7.5. At pH 5 and below, only four transitions are found. Half transition temperatures Tm and molar enthalpy changes DeltaHm gradually decrease at pH 4 and 3.4. At pH 2.1, two low-temperature (Tm=36.9 and 44.1 degrees C) and two high-temperature (Tm=74.6 and 76.8 degrees C) transitions are identified. The Fab and Fc fragments behave similarly. Deconvolution of their monophasic DSC curves yields two 'two-state' transitions for each fragment. Tm and DeltaHm values gradually decrease at pH 4.0 and 3.4; and at pH 2.1 and 2.8 for Fab and Fc, respectively, one of the transitions is found at high temperature (Tm=67.2 and 75.9 degrees C for Fab and Fc, respectively). (+info)

Comparison of the frequencies and levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 markers in specimens from chronically infected human T-lymphocyte cultures and from patients. (7/922)

Together with CD4(+)-cell counts as an indicator of immune function, the use of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels as a direct marker of viral load has gained widespread attention for evaluation of patient clinical status. Results obtained with other HIV-1 markers for this purpose are often inconsistent. This study examined the relationship between various HIV-1 markers by using clinical specimens (plasma) from HIV-1-infected individuals at different stages of disease progression and supernatant fluid from four human T-lymphocyte cell lines chronically infected with HIV-1. Cell culture specimens were collected periodically over 7 days and were tested for HIV-1 RNA levels with a nucleic acid amplification assay, for p24 with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and for reverse transcriptase activity by isotope uptake. An increase in the level of each marker was observed over the 7-day period with each of the four HIV-1 strains tested (LAV1, HTLV-IIIB, MN, and ARV2); with these specimens, the frequency of detection for each marker was 100%. In the clinical specimens, HIV-1 RNA was detected more often (143 of 183 specimens [78%]) than was p24 (87 of 183 [48%]); little correlation between the levels of the two markers was seen. In these clinical specimens evaluated, CD4(+)-cell counts were better correlated with the frequency and levels of HIV-1 RNA than with p24. In specimens (n = 38) collected serially from six HIV-1-infected subjects, HIV-1 RNA was detected more often (33 of 38 [85%]) than p24 (23 of 38 [59%]). When reported by the assays used, the levels of both HIV-1 markers fluctuated over time for each of the subjects. Although the markers correlated in the in vitro systems studied, the observed differences in the correlation of levels and frequencies of HIV-1 markers in vivo indicate that p24 has less clinical utility than does viral load testing when used in conjunction with CD4(+)-cell counts as a measure of immune system functioning. (+info)

Decreased CD8 cell-mediated viral suppression and other immunologic characteristics of women who transmit human immunodeficiency virus to their infants. (8/922)

CD8 T cell function, lymphocyte surface phenotype, serum markers of immunologic activation, and viral burden were assessed in 75 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected pregnant women, including 9 who transmitted infection to their infants. Serial studies during and after pregnancy showed no significant differences in levels of cell-surface or serum activation molecules in transmitting compared to nontransmitting mothers, with the exception of a postpartum increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha in transmitting women. The transmitting women had a median plasma viral load of 65,516 RNA copies/mL at delivery versus 5139 in nontransmitting women. During the third trimester, the CD8 cells of 81% of the nontransmitting and 44% of the transmitting mothers suppressed HIV production in vitro by >50%. Women with <50% suppression had a 3.4 times greater risk of transmitting HIV to their infants. CD8 suppression and viral load were interrelated, but when either CD4 percent or AZT use was controlled for, suppression was still significant. (+info)

HIV Core Protein p24 is a structural protein that forms the cone-shaped core of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is one of the earliest and most abundant viral proteins produced during the replication cycle of HIV. The p24 antigen is often used as a marker for HIV infection in diagnostic tests, as its levels in the blood tend to correlate with the amount of virus present.

The core protein p24 plays a critical role in the assembly and infectivity of the virus. It helps to package the viral RNA and enzymes into the virion, and is also involved in the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes during infection. The p24 protein is produced by cleavage of a larger precursor protein called Gag, which is encoded by the HIV genome.

In addition to its role in the viral life cycle, p24 has also been the target of HIV vaccine development efforts, as antibodies against this protein can neutralize the virus and prevent infection. However, developing an effective HIV vaccine has proven to be a significant challenge due to the virus's ability to mutate and evade the immune system.

Viral core proteins are the structural proteins that make up the viral capsid or protein shell, enclosing and protecting the viral genome. These proteins play a crucial role in the assembly of the virion, assist in the infection process by helping to deliver the viral genome into the host cell, and may also have functions in regulating viral replication. The specific composition and structure of viral core proteins vary among different types of viruses.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection is a viral illness that progressively attacks and weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to other infections and diseases. The virus primarily infects CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting off infections. Over time, as the number of these immune cells declines, the body becomes increasingly vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers.

HIV infection has three stages:

1. Acute HIV infection: This is the initial stage that occurs within 2-4 weeks after exposure to the virus. During this period, individuals may experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, rash, swollen glands, and muscle aches. The virus replicates rapidly, and the viral load in the body is very high.
2. Chronic HIV infection (Clinical latency): This stage follows the acute infection and can last several years if left untreated. Although individuals may not show any symptoms during this phase, the virus continues to replicate at low levels, and the immune system gradually weakens. The viral load remains relatively stable, but the number of CD4+ T cells declines over time.
3. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): This is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely damaged immune system and numerous opportunistic infections or cancers. At this stage, the CD4+ T cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3 of blood.

It's important to note that with proper antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals with HIV infection can effectively manage the virus, maintain a healthy immune system, and significantly reduce the risk of transmission to others. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving long-term health outcomes and reducing the spread of HIV.

Proteoglycans are complex, highly negatively charged macromolecules that are composed of a core protein covalently linked to one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. They are a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell signaling, regulation of growth factor activity, and maintenance of tissue structure and function.

The GAG chains, which can vary in length and composition, are long, unbranched polysaccharides that are composed of repeating disaccharide units containing a hexuronic acid (either glucuronic or iduronic acid) and a hexosamine (either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine). These GAG chains can be sulfated to varying degrees, which contributes to the negative charge of proteoglycans.

Proteoglycans are classified into four major groups based on their core protein structure and GAG composition: heparan sulfate/heparin proteoglycans, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, keratan sulfate proteoglycans, and hyaluronan-binding proteoglycans. Each group has distinct functions and is found in specific tissues and cell types.

In summary, proteoglycans are complex macromolecules composed of a core protein and one or more GAG chains that play important roles in the ECM and various biological processes, including cell signaling, growth factor regulation, and tissue structure maintenance.

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are complex molecules found in the extracellular matrix of various connective tissues, including cartilage. They are composed of a core protein covalently linked to one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, such as chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate.

CSPGs play important roles in the structure and function of tissues, including:

1. Regulating water content and providing resilience to tissues due to their high negative charge, which attracts cations and bound water molecules.
2. Interacting with other matrix components, such as collagen and elastin, to form a highly organized network that provides tensile strength and elasticity.
3. Modulating cell behavior by interacting with various growth factors, cytokines, and cell surface receptors, thereby influencing processes like cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and migration.
4. Contributing to the maintenance of the extracellular matrix homeostasis through their involvement in matrix turnover and remodeling.

In articular cartilage, CSPGs are particularly abundant and contribute significantly to its load-bearing capacity and overall health. Dysregulation of CSPGs has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as osteoarthritis, where altered proteoglycan composition and content can lead to cartilage degradation and joint dysfunction.

HIV seropositivity is a term used to describe a positive result on an HIV antibody test. This means that the individual has developed antibodies against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), indicating that they have been infected with the virus. However, it's important to note that this does not necessarily mean that the person has AIDS, as there can be a long period between HIV infection and the development of AIDS.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Hepacivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae. The most well-known member of this genus is Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. HCV infection can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.

Hepaciviruses are enveloped viruses with a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. They have a small icosahedral capsid and infect a variety of hosts, including humans, non-human primates, horses, and birds. The virus enters the host cell by binding to specific receptors on the cell surface and is then internalized through endocytosis.

HCV has a high degree of genetic diversity and is classified into seven major genotypes and numerous subtypes based on differences in its RNA sequence. This genetic variability can affect the virus's ability to evade the host immune response, making treatment more challenging.

In addition to HCV, other hepaciviruses have been identified in various animal species, including equine hepacivirus (EHCV), rodent hepacivirus (RHV), and bat hepacivirus (BtHepCV). These viruses are being studied to better understand the biology of hepaciviruses and their potential impact on human health.

Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) is a protein found in the core of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is present during active replication of the virus and plays a crucial role in the formation of the viral capsid or core. The antibodies produced against HBcAg (anti-HBc) can be detected in the blood, which serves as a marker for current or past HBV infection. It is important to note that HBcAg itself is not detectable in the blood because it is confined within the viral particle. However, during the serological testing of hepatitis B, the detection of anti-HBc IgM indicates a recent acute infection, while the presence of anti-HBc IgG suggests either a past resolved infection or an ongoing chronic infection.

Tumor suppressor protein p53, also known as p53 or tumor protein p53, is a nuclear phosphoprotein that plays a crucial role in preventing cancer development and maintaining genomic stability. It does so by regulating the cell cycle and acting as a transcription factor for various genes involved in apoptosis (programmed cell death), DNA repair, and cell senescence (permanent cell growth arrest).

In response to cellular stress, such as DNA damage or oncogene activation, p53 becomes activated and accumulates in the nucleus. Activated p53 can then bind to specific DNA sequences and promote the transcription of target genes that help prevent the proliferation of potentially cancerous cells. These targets include genes involved in cell cycle arrest (e.g., CDKN1A/p21), apoptosis (e.g., BAX, PUMA), and DNA repair (e.g., GADD45).

Mutations in the TP53 gene, which encodes p53, are among the most common genetic alterations found in human cancers. These mutations often lead to a loss or reduction of p53's tumor suppressive functions, allowing cancer cells to proliferate uncontrollably and evade apoptosis. As a result, p53 has been referred to as "the guardian of the genome" due to its essential role in preventing tumorigenesis.

Decorin is a small proteoglycan, a type of protein with a attached sugar chain, that is found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues in the body. It is composed of a core protein and one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, specifically dermatan sulfate. Decorin plays important roles in the organization and biomechanical properties of collagen fibrils, regulation of cell proliferation and migration, and modulation of growth factor activity. It has been studied for its potential role in various physiological and pathological processes, including wound healing, fibrosis, and cancer.

Aggrecan is a large, complex proteoglycan molecule found in the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage and other connective tissues. It is a key component of the structural framework of these tissues, helping to provide resiliency, cushioning, and protection to the cells within. Aggrecan contains numerous glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, which are negatively charged molecules that attract water and ions, creating a swelling pressure that contributes to the tissue's load-bearing capacity.

The medical definition of 'Aggrecans' can be described as:

1. A large proteoglycan molecule found in articular cartilage and other connective tissues.
2. Composed of a core protein with attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, primarily chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate.
3. Plays a crucial role in the biomechanical properties of articular cartilage by attracting water and ions, creating a swelling pressure that contributes to the tissue's load-bearing capacity.
4. Aggrecan degradation or loss is associated with various joint diseases, such as osteoarthritis, due to reduced structural integrity and shock-absorbing capabilities of articular cartilage.

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are complex molecules composed of a core protein to which one or more heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan chains are covalently attached. They are widely distributed in animal tissues and play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell-cell communication, growth factor signaling, viral infection, and cancer metastasis.

The HS chains are long, linear polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units of glucosamine and uronic acid (either glucuronic or iduronic acid). These chains contain sulfate groups at various positions, which give them a negative charge and allow them to interact with numerous proteins, growth factors, and enzymes.

HSPGs can be found on the cell surface (syndecans and glypicans) or in the extracellular matrix (perlecans and agrin). They act as co-receptors for many signaling molecules, such as fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), wingless-type MMTV integration site family members (WNTs), and hedgehog proteins. By modulating the activity of these signaling pathways, HSPGs help regulate various cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and adhesion.

Dysregulation of HSPGs has been implicated in several diseases, such as cancer, fibrosis, and viral infections (e.g., HIV and herpes simplex virus). Therefore, understanding the structure and function of HSPGs is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies to target these diseases.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

HIV seroprevalence refers to the proportion or percentage of a population that has antibodies against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in their blood, indicating current or previous HIV infection. It is often determined through serological testing methods that detect the presence of HIV antibodies in blood samples. The data from HIV seroprevalence studies are essential for understanding the spread and distribution of HIV within a specific population or geographic area, helping to inform public health policies and interventions aimed at controlling and preventing HIV transmission.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, unbranched polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units. They are a major component of the extracellular matrix and connective tissues in the body. GAGs are negatively charged due to the presence of sulfate and carboxyl groups, which allows them to attract positively charged ions and water molecules, contributing to their ability to retain moisture and maintain tissue hydration and elasticity.

GAGs can be categorized into four main groups: heparin/heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid. These different types of GAGs have varying structures and functions in the body, including roles in cell signaling, inflammation, and protection against enzymatic degradation.

Heparin is a highly sulfated form of heparan sulfate that is found in mast cells and has anticoagulant properties. Chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate are commonly found in cartilage and contribute to its resiliency and ability to withstand compressive forces. Keratan sulfate is found in corneas, cartilage, and bone, where it plays a role in maintaining the structure and function of these tissues. Hyaluronic acid is a large, nonsulfated GAG that is widely distributed throughout the body, including in synovial fluid, where it provides lubrication and shock absorption for joints.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are a group of structural and functional molecules that provide support, organization, and regulation to the cells in tissues and organs. The ECM is composed of a complex network of proteins, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates that are secreted by the cells and deposited outside of them.

ECM proteins can be classified into several categories based on their structure and function, including:

1. Collagens: These are the most abundant ECM proteins and provide strength and stability to tissues. They form fibrils that can withstand high tensile forces.
2. Proteoglycans: These are complex molecules made up of a core protein and one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. The GAG chains attract water, making proteoglycans important for maintaining tissue hydration and resilience.
3. Elastin: This is an elastic protein that allows tissues to stretch and recoil, such as in the lungs and blood vessels.
4. Fibronectins: These are large glycoproteins that bind to cells and ECM components, providing adhesion, migration, and signaling functions.
5. Laminins: These are large proteins found in basement membranes, which provide structural support for epithelial and endothelial cells.
6. Tenascins: These are large glycoproteins that modulate cell adhesion and migration, and regulate ECM assembly and remodeling.

Together, these ECM proteins create a microenvironment that influences cell behavior, differentiation, and function. Dysregulation of ECM proteins has been implicated in various diseases, including fibrosis, cancer, and degenerative disorders.

Heparin sulfate is not exactly referred to as "heparitin sulfate" in medical terminology. The correct term is heparan sulfate, which is a type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), a long unbranched chain of repeating disaccharide units composed of a hexuronic acid and a hexosamine.

Heparan sulfate is found on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, where it plays crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell signaling, regulation of growth factor activity, and control of blood coagulation. It is also an important component of the proteoglycans, which are complex molecules that help to maintain the structural integrity and function of tissues and organs.

Like heparin, heparan sulfate has a high negative charge due to the presence of sulfate groups, which allows it to bind to and interact with various proteins and growth factors. However, heparan sulfate has a more diverse structure than heparin, with variations in the pattern of sulfation along the chain, which leads to specificity in its interactions with different proteins.

Defects in heparan sulfate biosynthesis or function have been implicated in various human diseases, including certain forms of cancer, developmental disorders, and infectious diseases.

Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

HIV seronegativity is a term used to describe a person who has tested negative for HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) antibodies in their blood. This means that the individual does not show evidence of current or past infection with HIV, which can cause AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). However, it's important to note that there is a window period after initial infection during which a person may test negative for HIV antibodies, even though they are indeed infected. This window period typically lasts between 2-6 weeks but can extend up to 3 months in some cases. Therefore, if someone believes they have been exposed to HIV, they should consider getting tested again after this window period has passed.

Point-of-care (POC) systems refer to medical diagnostic tests or tools that are performed at or near the site where a patient receives care, such as in a doctor's office, clinic, or hospital room. These systems provide rapid and convenient results, allowing healthcare professionals to make immediate decisions regarding diagnosis, treatment, and management of a patient's condition.

POC systems can include various types of diagnostic tests, such as:

1. Lateral flow assays (LFAs): These are paper-based devices that use capillary action to detect the presence or absence of a target analyte in a sample. Examples include pregnancy tests and rapid strep throat tests.
2. Portable analyzers: These are compact devices used for measuring various parameters, such as blood glucose levels, coagulation status, or electrolytes, using small volumes of samples.
3. Imaging systems: Handheld ultrasound machines and portable X-ray devices fall under this category, providing real-time imaging at the point of care.
4. Monitoring devices: These include continuous glucose monitors, pulse oximeters, and blood pressure cuffs that provide real-time data to help manage patient conditions.

POC systems offer several advantages, such as reduced turnaround time for test results, decreased need for sample transportation, and increased patient satisfaction due to faster decision-making and treatment initiation. However, it is essential to ensure the accuracy and reliability of these tests by following proper testing procedures and interpreting results correctly.

Clinical laboratory services refer to the tests and examinations performed on samples of patient’s bodily fluids, tissues, and other substances to assist in diagnosing, monitoring, and treating medical conditions. These services are typically provided by specialized laboratories that use various analytical methods and technologies to examine clinical specimens.

The tests conducted by clinical laboratory services can include hematology, chemistry, microbiology, immunology, molecular biology, toxicology, and urinalysis, among others. The results of these tests provide critical information to healthcare providers for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of various medical conditions, including infections, genetic disorders, hormonal imbalances, nutritional deficiencies, and cancer.

Clinical laboratory services play a vital role in modern healthcare systems, providing accurate and timely diagnostic information that helps improve patient outcomes, reduce healthcare costs, and enhance the quality of care.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

An immunoassay is a biochemical test that measures the presence or concentration of a specific protein, antibody, or antigen in a sample using the principles of antibody-antigen reactions. It is commonly used in clinical laboratories to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions such as infections, hormonal disorders, allergies, and cancer.

Immunoassays typically involve the use of labeled reagents, such as enzymes, radioisotopes, or fluorescent dyes, that bind specifically to the target molecule. The amount of label detected is proportional to the concentration of the target molecule in the sample, allowing for quantitative analysis.

There are several types of immunoassays, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), fluorescence immunoassay (FIA), and chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA). Each type has its own advantages and limitations, depending on the sensitivity, specificity, and throughput required for a particular application.

Clinical laboratory techniques are methods and procedures used in medical laboratories to perform various tests and examinations on patient samples. These techniques help in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases by analyzing body fluids, tissues, and other specimens. Some common clinical laboratory techniques include:

1. Clinical chemistry: It involves the analysis of bodily fluids such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid to measure the levels of chemicals, hormones, enzymes, and other substances in the body. These measurements can help diagnose various medical conditions, monitor treatment progress, and assess overall health.

2. Hematology: This technique focuses on the study of blood and its components, including red and white blood cells, platelets, and clotting factors. Hematological tests are used to diagnose anemia, infections, bleeding disorders, and other hematologic conditions.

3. Microbiology: It deals with the identification and culture of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Microbiological techniques are essential for detecting infectious diseases, determining appropriate antibiotic therapy, and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment.

4. Immunology: This technique involves studying the immune system and its response to various antigens, such as bacteria, viruses, and allergens. Immunological tests are used to diagnose autoimmune disorders, immunodeficiencies, and allergies.

5. Histopathology: It is the microscopic examination of tissue samples to identify any abnormalities or diseases. Histopathological techniques are crucial for diagnosing cancer, inflammatory conditions, and other tissue-related disorders.

6. Molecular biology: This technique deals with the study of DNA, RNA, and proteins at the molecular level. Molecular biology tests can be used to detect genetic mutations, identify infectious agents, and monitor disease progression.

7. Cytogenetics: It involves analyzing chromosomes and genes in cells to diagnose genetic disorders, cancer, and other diseases. Cytogenetic techniques include karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH).

8. Flow cytometry: This technique measures physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles as they flow through a laser beam. Flow cytometry is used to analyze cell populations, identify specific cell types, and detect abnormalities in cells.

9. Diagnostic radiology: It uses imaging technologies such as X-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound to diagnose various medical conditions.

10. Clinical chemistry: This technique involves analyzing body fluids, such as blood and urine, to measure the concentration of various chemicals and substances. Clinical chemistry tests are used to diagnose metabolic disorders, electrolyte imbalances, and other health conditions.

Reagent kits, diagnostic are prepackaged sets of chemical reagents and other components designed for performing specific diagnostic tests or assays. These kits are often used in clinical laboratories to detect and measure the presence or absence of various biomarkers, such as proteins, antibodies, antigens, nucleic acids, or small molecules, in biological samples like blood, urine, or tissues.

Diagnostic reagent kits typically contain detailed instructions for their use, along with the necessary reagents, controls, and sometimes specialized equipment or supplies. They are designed to simplify the testing process, reduce human error, and increase standardization, ensuring accurate and reliable results. Examples of diagnostic reagent kits include those used for pregnancy tests, infectious disease screening, drug testing, genetic testing, and cancer biomarker detection.

Categories: HIV Core Protein p24 Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=HIV+Core+Protein+p24&parentid=28366&catid=30536

... tests for p24 antigen can detect HIV infection earlier than antibody tests. P24 antigen, the core structural protein of HIV, is ... Negative Initial p24 EIA test is not reactive; or, initial p24 EIA test is reactive and both duplicate p24 EIA retests are not ... However, 16 donors who were HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody negative on subsequent donations continued to have repeatedly reactive p24- ... prevalence of HIV-1 p24 antigen in random blood donors who have no other evidence of HIV-1 infection and b) additional testing ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00040546.htm

For example, many HIV researchers measure the presence of the core viral protein p24. If they are not careful, she says, they ... express receptors for HIV as well as a gene for β-galactosidase controlled by HIV sequences. When exposed to live HIV, they ... New CRISPR Treatment Could Prevent HIV Reinfection after Viral DNA Excision. New CRISPR Treatment Could Prevent HIV Reinfection ... or use Western blotting to detect viral proteins. Kaushic cautions that finding viral nucleic acid or proteins does not ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/lab-tools/compatible-company-34904

... a major core protein of HIV). The p24 antigen can be detected early, before antibody appears, allowing the fourth-generation ... approved HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody differentiation assay (Multispot HIV-1/HIV-2 Rapid Test [Multispot], Bio-Rad Laboratories), and ... Abbreviation: HIV = human immunodeficiency virus. * Additional testing required to rule out dual infection with HIV-1 and HIV-2 ... Improved HIV laboratory immunoassays (IAs) can detect HIV infection during this acute phase, when traditional HIV supplemental ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6224a2.htm?s_cid=mm6224a2_e

... tests for p24 antigen can detect HIV infection earlier than antibody tests. P24 antigen, the core structural protein of HIV, is ... Specificity of HIV-1 p24 antigen for use in screening blood .... Definitions used in interpreting HIV-1 p24-antigen tests .... ... Negative Initial p24 EIA test is not reactive; or, initial p24 EIA test is reactive and both duplicate p24 EIA retests are not ... However, 16 donors who were HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody negative on subsequent donations continued to have repeatedly reactive p24- ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0040546/m0040546.asp

Nong Y, Kandil O, Tobin EH, Rose RM, Remold HG (January 1991). "The HIV core protein p24 inhibits interferon-gamma-induced ... This protein is subunit of a group of proteins that forms an enzyme complex called NADPH oxidase, which plays an essential role ... gp91phox+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Human CYBB genome location and ... Since Nox2 was shown to play an essential role in determining the size of a myocardial infarction, the protein can be a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOX2

During viral maturation, p-53 is further processed into p-17, p-24, p-7 and p-6 which are then incorporated as core proteins. ... Different strains of HIV have been reported, based on the antigenic composition of the virus envelope proteins. HIV-1 and HIV-2 ... The antigen, especially the core protein, P-24, starts to rise. A rapid rise of serum beta 2 macroglobulin (B2M) is also ... Combined HIV-l and HIV-2 detection kits are marketted so that detection of the latter will not be missed. ...

https://ijdvl.com/virology-and-immunology-of-hiv-infection/

Browse our collection of Anti-HIV products. Purchase your Anti-HIV Type 1 p24 Clone 32/5.17.76 (1 mg) Online Today! ... Anti-HIV Type 1 p24 Clone 32/5.17.76 (1 mg) online at ZeptoMetrix. ... Anti-HIV-1 p24 Clone 32/5.17.76 is used to detect HIV-1 core protein in virus infected cells, cell lysates, culture fluid, ... Anti-HIV Type 1 p24 Clone 32/5.17.76 (1 mg) - Log in for Price ... Anti-HIV Type 1 p24 Clone 32/5.17.76 (1 mg). Catalog# 0801124 ...

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... and p24 antigen (a protein contained in HIVs viral core that can be detected sooner than antibodies). Commonly used tests of ... World Health Organization evaluation of the Alere Determine HIV-1/2, Uni-Gold HIV, INSTI HIV-1/HIV-2 Antibody Test and SD ... These tests can detect both HIV antibodies (proteins produced by the immune system in response to a foreign substance) ... Visit NAMs other websites: clinic.nam.org.uk , infohep.org , prepineurope.org , about-hiv.info , pro-vich.info , hiv-lens.org ...

https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/sensitivity-and-specificity-hiv-tests

Geenius uses 4 HIV-1 Ags derived from the core (p24), polymerase (p31), and envelope (gp41, gp160) proteins and 2 HIV-2 ... The antigen (Ag)/antibody (Ab) immunoassays detect HIV-1 and HIV-2 Abs and HIV-1 p24 Ag, which is present during acute HIV ... HIV Testing for Newborns (Phone: 518-486-9605). *HIV testing for all newborns exposed to HIV (HIV-1 and HIV-2) in NYS, free of ... HIV testing for all New York State newborns exposed to HIV (HIV-1 and HIV-2), free of charge. The Pediatric HIV Testing Service ...

https://www.hivguidelines.org/guideline/hiv-testing/?mytab=tab_4&mycollection=pep-prep

P24 antigen, as a HIV core protein, momentarily becomes visible in the bloodstream during the ramp up phase when HIV-1 RNA ... There are two HIV types: HIV type 1 (HIV-1) groups M, N, O and P and HIV type 2 (HIV-2) groups A-H. Within the HIV-1 group M, ... HIV regulatory and accessory proteins modulate the enzymatic activity of some of the protein kinases. Accessory proteins ... ELISA is the most common HIV test performed to assay antibodies to HIV. One of the EIA-based tests is p24 antigen. New combined ...

https://benthamscience.com/public/ebook_volume/1984

A core protein (p24) from the Salk immunogen itself; 3) A whole inactivated clade B virus (BaL) grown in monocyte derived ... to HIV env and gag proteins of ,5. By contrast, LTNPs showed stimulation indices to HIV-env of 76-200 and to HIV-gag of 10 or ... to HIV proteins are "either missing or of quite small magnitude at all stages of HIV infection." From a cohort of 101 HIV- ... His or her stimulation index to the p24 core protein of the immunogen at Week 8 was in the 100-200 range; at Week 16, the 200- ...

https://www.treatmentactiongroup.org/resources/tagline/tagline-1998/recipe-for-a-cure/

Additionally, this compound inhibits production of HIV core protein p24 and infectivity of HIV-1 in vitro. ... Effects of tubeimoside-1 on HIV core protein p24 and cytopathogenesis in vitro. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1994 Mar;15(2):103-6. ...

https://lktlabs.com/product/tubeimoside-i/

... sensitivity for HIV core protein p24 (p24 antigen) detection, which is suboptimal for diagnosis of acute HIV infection with ... analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of a fourth-generation point-of-care test for detection of HIV core protein p24 ... analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of a fourth-generation point-of-care test for detection of HIV core protein p24 ... HIV point-of-care testing (POCT) has improved uptake of HIV testing but has been limited to third-generation assays, which only ...

https://sti.bmj.com/content/early/2016/06/07/sextrans-2015-052491?versioned=true

The p24 antigen, a core protein in the HIV virus, is detectable before the first occurrence of HIV-specific antibodies. Testing ... HIV in the United Kingdom: 2013 report. November 2013. [3]British HIV Association, British Association of Sexual Health and HIV ... British HIV Association guidelines for the management of HIV infection in pregnant women. HIV Medicine 2012;13:(S2)87-157. ... British HIV Association guidelines for the treatment of HIV-1-positive adults with antiretroviral therapy 2012. HIV Medicine ...

https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/hiv-pathology-diagnosis-and-prevention

HIV Core Protein p24. *HIV Protease. *HIV-1. *HIV-2. *In Vitro ... was identified as a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 ... The compound was equally effective against laboratory strains of HIV-1 and HIV-2 and against AZT sensitive and resistant ... CONCLUSION: XM323 is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication in vitro and represents a new class of de novo designed non-peptidyl ... The yield of virus was measured by p24 and by plaque assays and the 90% inhibitory concentrations, IC90s, were calculated from ...

https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090113182227/http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=102204134.html

HIV Core Protein p24. 1. 2006. 5. 0.080. Why? Asparagine. 1. 2006 ...

https://profiles.musc.edu/display/person/ericgmeissner/network/researchareas/details

Capsid protein p24 forms the conical core that encapsulates the genomic RNA-nucleocapsid complex in the virion. Most core are ... Since this process occurs at both cuts flanking the HIV genome, a 5 bp duplication of host DNA is produced at the ends of HIV-1 ... The core is constituted by capsid protein hexamer subunits. The core is disassembled soon after virion entry. Interaction with ... Matrix protein is the part of the pre-integration complex. It binds in the cytoplasm the human BAF protein which prevent ...

https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/3cyx

HIV p24 antigen is an HIV test for early HIV infection. ... The p24 viral core antigen, a protein that surrounds viral ... Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 p24 Antigen The presence of HIV-1 viral antigens provides direct evidence of infection. ... Subsequently, p24 antibody is produced and complexes with soluble p24 antigen, rendering it undetectable. Antigen reappears ... of asymptomatic HIV infected homosexual males have chronic HIV antigenemia with a rapidly progressive clinical course. ...

http://www.clinlabnavigator.com/human-immunodeficiency-virus-1-p24-antigen.html

HIV p24 is a core protein of the HIV virus. It is a major target of the immune system, and HIV-infected individuals often have ... It is primarily utilized for the prediction of HLA-binding peptides within the sequences of HIV p24, a core viral protein. ... EpiMatrix uses a machine learning algorithm to predict HLA-binding peptides within the sequences of HIV p24. This tool enables ... T cells that are specific to HIV p24 peptides.. EpiMatrix Functionality and its Significance in HIV Research. * ...

http://www.epimatrix.com/about/

keywords = "HIV, immune activation, viral rebound, Immunoassay, Reproducibility of Results, HIV Core Protein p24/genetics, ... and p24 (Flow-FISH, HIV-Flow. and ultrasensitive p24 immunoassay) detect HIV-producing cells and p24 at sensitivities of one ... and p24 (Flow-FISH, HIV-Flow. and ultrasensitive p24 immunoassay) detect HIV-producing cells and p24 at sensitivities of one ... and p24 (Flow-FISH, HIV-Flow. and ultrasensitive p24 immunoassay) detect HIV-producing cells and p24 at sensitivities of one ...

https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/detecting-sources-of-immune-activation-and-viral-rebound-in-hiv-i

HIV Core Protein p24 D12.776.964.775.350.400 D12.776.964.775.350.362.500. D12.776.964.970.600.850.350.400 D12.776.964.775. ... Protein Isoprenylation G6.535.797.500. (Replaced for 2008 by Protein Prenylation). Protein-Tyrosine-Phosphatase D8.811.277.352. ... HIV Envelope Protein gp160 D12.776.964.775.325.380 D12.776.964.775.325.164.374. D12.776.964.970.880.325.380 D12.776.964.775. ... HIV Envelope Protein gp120 D12.776.964.775.325.350 D12.776.964.775.325.164.249. D12.776.964.970.880.325.350 D12.776.964.775. ...

https://decs2014.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2020.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2013.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2015.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2012.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2011.bvsalud.org/I/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2019.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2008.htm

Routine testing for p24 antigen in settings other than blood and plasma centers as a method for diagnosing HIV infection is discouraged because the estimated average time from detection of p24 antigen to detection of HIV antibody is 6 days, and not all recently infected persons have detectable levels of p24 antigen. (cdc.gov)
p24-antigen tests alone should not be used for diagnosing HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
The increased sensitivity of contemporary HIV-antibody EIAs, improved donor interviewing about behaviors associated with risk for HIV infection, and deferral of donors who test positive for HIV, hepatitis, human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-I), or syphilis have considerably improved the safety of the U.S. blood supply. (cdc.gov)
The highly infectious phase of acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, defined as the interval between the appearance of HIV RNA in plasma and the detection of HIV-1-specific antibodies, contributes disproportionately to HIV transmission ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Because current laboratory IAs detect HIV infection earlier than supplemental tests, reactive IA results and negative supplemental test results very early in the course of HIV infection have been erroneously interpreted as negative ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
55 (55.6%) had acute HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
CDC and many health departments recognize that confirmatory supplemental tests can give false-negative results early in the course of HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
In this report, fourth-generation, IA-reactive specimens with a negative supplemental test but detectable HIV-1 RNA were classified as acute HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
Data on the sensitivity of tests are usually based on the detection of chronic (long-standing) HIV infection. (aidsmap.com)
A test that is highly sensitive to chronic infection may not perform so well in relation to acute (recently acquired) HIV. (aidsmap.com)
Widespread use of the HIV antigen (Ag)/antibody (Ab) immunoassay (formerly known as the "4th-generation" test) can increase the number of people aware of their HIV status, including those who may transmit HIV during acute infection. (hivguidelines.org)
Higher rates of infection with HIV are exhibited among injection drug users mainly because of unsafe injecting behavior. (benthamscience.com)
and these crucial immune cells are nearly wiped out within perhaps a few days of HIV infection. (treatmentactiongroup.org)
Walker thinks that if we can somehow get the HIV-specific T-help back, CTLs capable of attacking and destroying HIV-infected cells will be effectively remobilized and HIV infection will be officially turned into a chronic, manageable viral infection - like herpes or, say, genital warts. (treatmentactiongroup.org)
As way of background, Valentine noted that lymphoproliferative responses ("LPRs," we'll call them) to HIV proteins are "either missing or of quite small magnitude at all stages of HIV infection. (treatmentactiongroup.org)
Objectives Detection of acute HIV infection is vital in preventing onward transmission. (bmj.com)
HIV point-of-care testing (POCT) has improved uptake of HIV testing but has been limited to third-generation assays, which only detect chronic HIV infection. (bmj.com)
Previous evaluation of the fourth-generation Alere Determine HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab Combo POCT showed only 50% sensitivity for HIV core protein p24 (p24 antigen) detection, which is suboptimal for diagnosis of acute HIV infection with limited advantage over third-generation POCT. (bmj.com)
We aimed to assess the sensitivity of the new Alere HIV Combo POCT to detect acute HIV infection. (bmj.com)
Conclusions This new POCT shows improved sensitivity for detection of p24 antigen and may be of value for clinical use in detecting acute HIV infection. (bmj.com)
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV infection rates remain high and implementation of measures to prevent transmission remains a challenge. (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
After infection, an acute syndrome associated with primary HIV infection is observed in some individuals. (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
The concentration of HIV RNA in blood is very high during the primary infection phase, and the risk of onward transmission of the virus is particularly high. (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
Signs and symptoms suggestive of HIV during this period of declining immune function include lymphadenopathy, oral candidiasis, herpes zoster infection, diarrhoea, fatigue, fever and blood dyscrasias, such as leukopenia, anaemia and thrombocytopenia. (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
The presence of HIV-1 viral antigens provides direct evidence of infection. (clinlabnavigator.com)
The p24 viral core antigen, a protein that surrounds viral nucleic acid, can often be detected two weeks after infection. (clinlabnavigator.com)
This tool enables researchers to identify and analyze potential HLA-binding peptides, which can help to understand the immune response to HIV infection. (epimatrix.com)
Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) generally suppresses HIV replication to undetectable levels in peripheral blood, but immune activation associated with increased morbidity and mortality is sustained during ART, and infection rebounds when treatment is interrupted. (umn.edu)
HIV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) are believed to play a key part in the control of virus levels throughout HIV infection. (ox.ac.uk)
In neither group is there any evidence that variation in CCR5 sequence or expression is responsible for their apparent resistance to HIV infection. (ox.ac.uk)
The polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of vertically transmitted HIV infection. (ox.ac.uk)
Nine of the children had symptomatic HIV infection and other laboratory features characteristic of HIV infection: all nine were PCR-positive with each set of primers in each of their 22 blood samples tested. (ox.ac.uk)
The remaining 44 children had no clinical or laboratory evidence of HIV infection, and each of their 50 samples was PCR-negative with each set of primers, as were all blood donor samples. (ox.ac.uk)
This is the first report of the use of a double PCR for the diagnosis of HIV infection. (ox.ac.uk)
The results demonstrate the specificity of this PCR method in diagnosis, with failure to reveal in this cohort any cases of vertically transmitted HIV-1 infection in addition to those already confirmed by conventional laboratory techniques. (ox.ac.uk)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of the brain has been demonstrated in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded post-mortem brain tissue (PM) by chromogenic immunohistochemistry for the HIV p24 antigen. (ox.ac.uk)
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome is a fatal illness caused by a retrovirus known as the human immune deficiency virus (HIV) which breaks down the body's immune system that leads to victims vulnerable to infection. (worldofmedicalsaviours.com)
It is the end-stage of HIV infection. (worldofmedicalsaviours.com)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from 1 of 2 similar retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain infections and cancers. (msdmanuals.com)
HIV infection can be diagnosed by antibody, nucleic acid (HIV RNA), or antigen (p24) testing. (msdmanuals.com)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Infants and Children Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is caused by the retrovirus HIV-1 (and less commonly by the related retrovirus HIV-2). (msdmanuals.com)
We previously observed that not all CCR5 mAbs reduce HIV-1 infection, suggesting that only some CCR5 populations are permissive for HIV-1 entry. (bvsalud.org)
We hypothesized that CCR5 assumes multiple configurations during normal cycling on the plasma membrane, but only particular forms facilitate HIV-1 infection. (bvsalud.org)
We quantified each surface CCR5 population before and after HIV-1 infection. (bvsalud.org)
We assume that a decreased surface presence of a particular CCR5 subpopulation following infection means that it has been internalized due to HIV-1 entry, and that it therefore represents a highly relevant target for future antiviral therapy strategies. (bvsalud.org)
The risks of infection are very real and the illness is severe and significant, but it is important to remember that the risk of HIV transmission from a sexual encounter with someone not known to be HIV positive amounts to a chance of around 2 in 1,000,000 (two in a million) on any single occasion if the exposure risk occured in the UK. (regentstreetclinic.co.uk)
Having said that, if you believe you have been exposed to the risk of HIV infection or have one or more of the symptoms associated with the syndrome, it is obviously sensible to seek medical help and you should consider getting a HIV test. (regentstreetclinic.co.uk)
The HIV antibody/p24 antigen DUO test is an excellent, accurate and inexpensive HIV test that reliably detects HIV infection that occurred just 28 days prior to the test. (regentstreetclinic.co.uk)
Also, people who are at greater risk for HIV infection should work with a doctor to start on PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis). (anpei.ca)
The best way to prevent HIV infection is to wear a condom every time you have intercourse, even if HIV isn't currently detectable in your blood (according to a recent survey, some people with HIV did not believe this to be true. (anpei.ca)
HIV infection can still be present in genital fluid, both male and female, and able to be passed on to your partner. (anpei.ca)
HIV infection usually lowers the number of CD4+ cells. (anpei.ca)
Long-term nonprogression during acute HIV infection has been strongly associated with HLA-B*5701 or HLA-B*5703. (ox.ac.uk)
Bioinformatic analysis of the MHC side chains observed to contribute to the peptide anchor specificity, and other specific peptide contacts, reveals HLA alleles associated with long-term nonprogression and a number of related HLA alleles that may share overlapping peptide repertoires with HLA-B*5703 and thus may display a similar capacity for efficient immune control of HIV-1 infection. (ox.ac.uk)
If acute HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection is suspected, detection of HIV RNA (HIP12 / HIV-1/HIV-2 RNA Detection, Plasma) is recommended. (telefoninternetanbieter.de)
Medications used as antiretroviral therapy (ART) to treat people with HIV infection require donor deferral for a different reason. (telefoninternetanbieter.de)
13 The NBS test identifies maternal HIV-1 immunoglobulin G antibodies passed from mother to infant but may have produced a false-negative result if the mother was in the acute phase of HIV infection. (telefoninternetanbieter.de)
This means that a negative point of care test result at 90 days indicates that a person is negative for HIV infection. (telefoninternetanbieter.de)
Effective antiretroviral therapy is the most important intervention in terms of improving longevity and preventing opportunistic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. (medscape.com)
For more information, see Pediatric HIV Infection . (medscape.com)
General portrayal The gp36 (glycoprotein-36) is a HIV (human immunodeficiency infection)- 2 envelope transmembrane glycoprotein. (capstudy.org)
Item DETAILS - HEPATITIS B VIRUS CORE ANTIGEN Recombinant Hepatitis B infection Core protein created in E. coli. (capstudy.org)
A systematic review published in 2021 examined programs and services in Canada that address the prevention and management of infectious disease in people who inject drugs and found that discussion of HCV and/or HIV infection far outweighed discussion of other diseases related to injection drug use (41). (ohtn.on.ca)
Welcome to the Macrophage Infection of HIV Implications for Pathogenesis and Cure meeting, jointly organized by the National Institute of Mental Health and the Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard. (nih.gov)
Although CD4 T cells are the main targets of HIV infection, macrophages also become infected and resist the cytopathic effects of infection, contributing potentially to HIV reservoir persistence. (nih.gov)
So this meeting will examine emerging data relating to macrophage interactions with the immune system during HIV infection, macrophage reservoirs and approaches to their elimination, and the involvement of CNS myeloid reservoirs and associated comorbidities. (nih.gov)
So on day one, Session 1 will focus on macrophages and the immune system during HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection, Session 2 will focus on challenges to study HIV/SIV reservoirs, and Session 3 will really have the highlights from recent awardees of the NIMH/NINDS/NIDA Myeloid Reservoir RFA. (nih.gov)
A comprehensive laboratory evaluation, including HIV viral load and CD4 lymphocyte monitoring, is necessary to guide decision-making for treatment, opportunistic infection prophylaxis, and vaccinations. (aafp.org)
One-half of the estimated 1.1 million people in the United States with HIV infection are not receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) or are receiving ART that is not sufficiently effective to achieve key clinical outcomes. (aafp.org)
Do not routinely test for cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin G in patients with HIV infection who have a high likelihood of being infected with cytomegalovirus. (aafp.org)
In addition to HIV-specific immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies, which typically develop three or more weeks following infection, the fourth-generation HIV test detects the p24 antigen that appears as early as two weeks after infection. (aafp.org)
Inclusion of the p24 antigen shortens the time frame for detecting HIV, increasing the likelihood of identifying people with HIV who recently acquired the infection (i.e., within the previous one to two months). (aafp.org)
It has been suggested that different virological and immunological events during the very early stages of HIV infection may determine the rate of the future disease course of the individual patient. (lu.se)
Moreover, differences in clinical symptoms during the acute HIV-1 infection may be driven by both viral factors and innate immune responses. (lu.se)
The detailed underlying mechanisms that determine differences in disease progression and clinical presentation of acute HIV infection (AHI) are largely unknown. (lu.se)
The main goal of this project is to dissect the relationship between HIV-1 viral diversity, evolutionary dynamics, innate immune responses, and acute retroviral syndrome during acute HIV-1 infection, and how they contribute to disease pathogenesis during the acute and chronic stages of infection. (lu.se)
Clear differences in the natural history of acute HIV-1 infection exist between adults and infants both clinically and with respect to viral population dynamics and the nature of the immune response. (lu.se)
In this study, we plan to analyse samples that has been collected during acute HIV-1 infection (AHI) from a total of 115 participants (74 from the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative [IAVI, http://www.iavi.org/ , samples from Kenya, Uganda, Zambia, Rwanda], 26 from Sweden, and 15 from South Africa). (lu.se)
The HIV-1 gag and env genes amplified from blood plasma samples of a unique cohort of acute HIV-1 infections are analyzed in this project with the aim to assess virus adaptations during acute HIV-1 infection and how these relates to the replicative capacity of the virus. (lu.se)
Curbing the HIV epidemic represents one of the biggest challenges of our time and although combination antiretroviral therapy can control the infection, HIV infection remains incurable. (lu.se)
Interestingly, the disease progression rate can vary considerably between individuals (with time to AIDS ranging between months to decades), and the immune specificity against HIV infection has been suggested to only explain about 22% of the most reliable predictor of when AIDS will develop? (lu.se)

Overall, 131 sera (16.6%) reacted strongly and an additional 34 (4.3%) reacted weakly with HIV antigens. (cdc.gov)
Early HIV IAs used either viral lysate antigens (first generation) or synthetic peptides and recombinant antigens (second generation) and detected only immunoglobulin G (IgG)-class antibodies. (cdc.gov)
HIV Antigens" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (jefferson.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "HIV Antigens" by people in this website by year, and whether "HIV Antigens" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (jefferson.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "HIV Antigens" by people in Profiles. (jefferson.edu)
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. (lookformedical.com)
Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS . (lookformedical.com)
Gp41 is one of the most common HIV antigens detected by IMMUNOBLOTTING. (lookformedical.com)

The average window period of the most sensitive contemporary recombinant protein-based EIA for HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies is now 20 days less (4), yielding an average infectious window period of 25 days (95% CI=9-41 days) (5). (cdc.gov)
Most laboratories now use either third-generation IAs that detect both immunoglobulin M-class and IgG-class antibodies or fourth-generation combination antigen/antibody IAs that detect both classes of antibody and also p24 antigen (a major core protein of HIV). (cdc.gov)
These tests can detect both HIV antibodies (proteins produced by the immune system in response to a foreign substance) and p24 antigen (a protein contained in HIV's viral core that can be detected sooner than antibodies). (aidsmap.com)
5% of patients who are seropositive for HIV turn out to be false positive a combination immunoassay or fourth-generation test that uses the detection of both HIV-1/HIV-2 antibodies along with HIV-1 p24 antigen assay. (telefoninternetanbieter.de)
It can take up to three months for your body to produce enough antibodies to HIV for the test to be accurate, so, using the HIV antibody test, you can't be sure you're negative until three months after exposure. (telefoninternetanbieter.de)
These tests can detect HIV antibodies in 50% of people by about 22 days after exposure to HIV and 99% of people by 12 weeks after exposure. (telefoninternetanbieter.de)
But it takes a few weeks before your body makes enough antibodies for the usual HIV tests to see them. (telefoninternetanbieter.de)
Biochem/physiol Actions Positive control for HIV antibodies. (capstudy.org)
Our results suggest a possible effect of non- env HIV-1 genes on the interaction of Env and neutralizing antibodies and highlight the need to generate a library of IMCs representative of the HIV-1 subtype spectrum to be used as standardized neutralization assay reagents for assessing HIV-1 vaccine efficacy. (plos.org)

More than 40 million persons are estimated to have HIV infec- humans are exposed through contact with nonhuman primates. (cdc.gov)
NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2), also known as cytochrome b(558) subunit beta or Cytochrome b-245 heavy chain, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOX2 gene (also called CYBB gene). (wikipedia.org)
HIV has probably originated from multiple zoonotic transmissions of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) from non-human primates to humans in West and Central Africa. (benthamscience.com)
HIV-1 originated in Central Africa in the first half of the 20th century, when a closely related chimpanzee virus first infected humans. (msdmanuals.com)

An HIV screening program at a Phoenix, Arizona emergency department (ED) identified 37 undiagnosed HIV infections during July 2011-February 2013. (cdc.gov)
Of these, 12 (32.4%) were acute HIV infections. (cdc.gov)
The p24 antigen can be detected early, before antibody appears, allowing the fourth-generation IAs to identify some HIV infections in the acute phase. (cdc.gov)
The current laboratory diagnostic algorithm for HIV cannot detect acute infections and misclassifies approximately 60% of HIV-2 infections as HIV-1, based on HIV-1 WB results ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
In retrospective studies, this algorithm performed better than the WB at identifying HIV-antibody-positive persons, detecting acute HIV-1 infections, and diagnosing unsuspected HIV-2 infections ( 5,6 ). (cdc.gov)
We report a comparison of assays of two potential sources of immune activation during ART: rare cells producing HIV and the virus' major viral protein, p24, benchmarked on a cell model of active and latent infections and a method to visualize HIV-producing cells. (umn.edu)
HIV-1 causes most HIV infections worldwide, but HIV-2 causes a substantial proportion of infections in parts of West Africa. (msdmanuals.com)
In the United States, at the end of 2019, an estimated 1,189,700 people ≥ 13 years were living with HIV, including an estimated 158,500 (13%) people whose infections had not been diagnosed. (msdmanuals.com)
CONCLUSIONS: Defining the virus-host interactions responsible for HIV-1 transmission, including specific coreceptor populations capable of establishing de novo infections, is essential for the development of an HIV-1 vaccine. (bvsalud.org)
Our private laboratory offers an excellent 'early detection screen' for HIV along with Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. These three serious blood-borne infections are all sexually transmitted. (regentstreetclinic.co.uk)
In instances where the exposure is known to be high risk (such as unprotected sexual intercourse with a partner known to be HIV-infected) repeat testing at intervals during the window period (if each result is negative) can help identify infections. (telefoninternetanbieter.de)

Capsid protein p24 forms the conical core that encapsulates the genomic RNA-nucleocapsid complex in the virion. (proteopedia.org)
The core is constituted by capsid protein hexamer subunits. (proteopedia.org)
The wells of the included microtiter plate (12 x 8-well strips) are coated with anti-p24 capture antibody, which quantitatively binds the p24 virus core/capsid protein in your test samples. (takarabio.com)
The gag gene encodes the viral capsid protein (p24), the nucleocapsid proteins (p6 and p7), and a matrix protein (p17). (takarabio.com)
The Lenti-X p24 Rapid Titer Kit specifically measures the amount of p24 capsid protein present in your viral supernatant. (takarabio.com)
The Lenti-X p24 Rapid Titer Kit provides a simple, rapid method for determining the titer of lentiviral supernatants by using a standard ELISA to measure the amount of the p24 virus core/capsid protein they contain. (takarabio.com)
Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a tubular HIV-1 capsid-protein assembly at 8 Å resolution and the three-dimensional structure of a native HIV-1 core by cryo-electron tomography. (nature.com)
Structure of the amino-terminal core domain of the HIV-1 capsid protein. (nature.com)
Crystal structure of dimeric HIV-1 capsid protein. (nature.com)
Structure of the HIV-1 full-length capsid protein in a conformationally trapped unassembled state induced by small-molecule binding. (nature.com)

The Lenti-X p24 Rapid Titer Kit uses a standard ELISA to quickly determine the titer of any HIV-1-based lentiviral supernatant. (takarabio.com)
Specifically bound p24 is detected in a typical sandwich ELISA format using a biotinylated anti-p24 secondary antibody, a streptavidin-HRP conjugate, and a color-producing substrate. (takarabio.com)
The RETRO-TEK HIV-1 p24 Antigen ELISA 2.0 is an enzyme linked immunoassay used to detect Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) p24 antigen in cell culture media. (maxanim.com)
The RETRO-TEK HIV-1 p24 Antigen ELISA is supplied for research purposes only. (maxanim.com)

Emphasize that rapid antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation is the standard of care for all individuals diagnosed with HIV. (hivguidelines.org)
However, through international efforts, as of 2021, an estimated 28.7 million people living with HIV were accessing antiretroviral therapy (up from 7.8 million in 2010), dramatically reducing deaths and transmission in many countries (see UNAIDS: Global HIV & AIDS statistics - Fact sheet ). (msdmanuals.com)
Approximately one-half of people with HIV are not receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). (aafp.org)

It serves as a precursor for both the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120 and the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP41 . (lookformedical.com)
The HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins are produced as a 160 kDa polyprotein that is subsequently processed to yield virion-associated, trimeric complexes of non-covalently associated gp120-gp41 heterodimers [ 1 , 2 ]. (plos.org)
However, studies have suggested a more complex role of the gp41 endodomain [ 11 , 12 ], showing neutralization of HIV-1 by Abs directed to an epitope in CT of gp41 [ 13 - 15 ]. (plos.org)

The specificity of a test is the percentage of results that will be correctly negative when HIV is not present. (aidsmap.com)
The specificity of an HIV test is the proportion of people without HIV who will have a negative result. (aidsmap.com)
In other words, the specificity of a test refers to how accurate the test is when used by HIV-negative people. (aidsmap.com)
Many HIV tests have 99% specificity. (aidsmap.com)
A test with this specificity would give correct results to 99% of HIV-negative people, but 'false positive' results to 1% of them. (aidsmap.com)
A sub-optimal test, with only 94% specificity, would give a negative result to 94% of people who don't have HIV, but 'false positive' results to 6% of them. (aidsmap.com)
Increased sensitivity (the ability to correctly identify people who have HIV) usually comes at the expense of reduced specificity (meaning more false positives). (aidsmap.com)
Therefore, healthcare services use a two-part testing procedure: a test with high sensitivity (to detect as many HIV-positive individuals as possible, allowing some false positives but very few false negatives), followed by a confirmatory test with high specificity (to eliminate as many of the false positives as possible). (aidsmap.com)
The updated algorithm features a specific sequence of tests to provide maximal sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for HIV detection. (hivguidelines.org)
Results The Alere HIV Combo POCT test demonstrated 88% sensitivity 95% CI (78% to 98%) and 100% specificity 95% CI (99.7% to 100%) for detection of p24 antigen. (bmj.com)
4. Fauvart M, Michiels J: Rhizobial secreted proteins as determinants of host specificity in the rhizobium-legume symbiosis. (interleukin-receptor.com)

Enhancement of immunohistochemical detection of HIV-1 p24 antigen in brain by tyramide signal amplification. (ox.ac.uk)

The current HIV diagnostic algorithm consists of a repeatedly reactive immunoassay (IA), followed by a supplemental test, such as the Western blot (WB) or indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). (cdc.gov)
and (iv) an ultrasensitive immunoassay that detects p24 in cell/tissue lysates at subfemtomolar levels. (umn.edu)
and ultrasensitive p24 immunoassay) detect HIV-producing cells and p24 at sensitivities of one infected cell in a million uninfected cells, thereby providing validated tools to explore sources of immune activation during ART in the lymphoid and other tissue reservoirs. (umn.edu)
After covalently linkage with the expressed recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (RSSP), the synthesized QBs were used to determine the total antibody levels in sera by virtue of a double-antigen sandwich immunoassay. (bvsalud.org)
2 Testing with the fourth-generation combination HIV antigen-antibody immunoassay is widely available and is recommended for screening people 15 to 65 years of age and for testing people with risk factors 11 - 14 ( Table 1 ) . (aafp.org)

In a small group of women exposed to both HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Gambia, studied over 4 years, we have repeatedly detected HLA-B35-restricted CTL which exhibit cross-reactivity between the HIV-1 and HIV-2 sequences of the CTL epitopes. (ox.ac.uk)
In women with particularly intense exposure to what are likely to be multiple clades of HIV-1 in Nairobi Kenya, we have detected CTL directed towards epitopes conserved between HIV-1 clades. (ox.ac.uk)
However, in seropositive donors from Oxford infected with African strains of HIV-1, we have defined CTL responses which are specific for particular clades and have mapped some unique A clade CTL epitopes, together with others to highly-conserved regions of the virus. (ox.ac.uk)
In this study, we present the high resolution crystal structures of HLA-B*5703 complexes with three HIV-1 epitopes: ISPRTLNAW (ISP), KAFSPEVIPMF (KAF-11), and KAFSPEVI (KAF-8). (ox.ac.uk)

Methods Stored samples in samples already identified as p24-positive using standard-of-care fourth-generation assays were randomly selected alongside groups of antibody-positive samples and HIV-negative samples. (bmj.com)
The yield of virus was measured by p24 and by plaque assays and the 90% inhibitory concentrations, IC90s, were calculated from dose response curves. (unt.edu)
We show that the sensitivities of these assays are sufficient to detect one rare HIV-producing/env mRNA +/p24 + cell in one million uninfected cells. (umn.edu)
We show that assays of HIV envelope mRNA (EDITS assay), gag mRNA, and p24 (Flow-FISH, HIV-Flow. (umn.edu)
Standardized assays to assess vaccine and antiviral drug efficacy are critical for the development of protective HIV-1 vaccines and drugs. (plos.org)
These immune assays will be advanced by the development of standardized viral stocks, such as HIV-1 infectious molecular clones (IMC), that i) express a reporter gene, ii) are representative of globally diverse subtypes and iii) are engineered to easily exchange envelope (env) genes for expression of sequences of interest. (plos.org)

XM323, a novel non-peptidyl inhibitor of HIV protease with potent in vitro antiviral activity. (unt.edu)
OBJECTIVE: Currently the most potent inhibitors of HIV protease are peptidyl in nature. (unt.edu)
Our objective was to use the crystallographic structural information of HIV-1 protease to design and synthesize novel non-peptidyl inhibitors of the enzyme and to determine their antiviral activity in vitro. (unt.edu)
CONCLUSION: XM323 is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication in vitro and represents a new class of de novo designed non-peptidyl inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. (unt.edu)
The June 2000 RCSB PDB Molecule of the Month feature on HIV-1 Protease by David S. Goodsell is 10.2210/rcsb_pdb/mom_2000_6 . (proteopedia.org)
They are usually synthesized as protein precursors (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into the final viral envelope glycoproteins by a viral protease. (lookformedical.com)

IMPORTANCE Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has greatly improved the quality and length of life for people living with HIV, but immune activation does not normalize during ART, and persistent immune activation has been linked to increased morbidity and mortality. (umn.edu)
Retroviral proteins, often glycosylated, coded by the envelope (env) gene. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. (lookformedical.com)

Performing an HIV test for all patients ≥13 years old is a critical clinical and public health intervention for people with or at risk of acquiring HIV. (hivguidelines.org)
During this clinical latency stage, HIV-infected individuals exhibit little or no symptoms of disease. (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
The compound was equally effective against laboratory strains of HIV-1 and HIV-2 and against AZT sensitive and resistant clinical isolates of HIV-1 with a mean IC90 against all viruses tested of 0.14 +/- 0.06 microM. (unt.edu)
Approximately 10 to 20% of asymptomatic HIV infected homosexual males have chronic HIV antigenemia with a rapidly progressive clinical course. (clinlabnavigator.com)
The initial physical examination typically reveals no clinical manifestations of HIV in the absence of advanced disease. (aafp.org)
Key outcomes include preventing clinical progression to advanced HIV disease, allowing near-normal life expectancy, and reducing transmission risk (i.e., treatment as prevention). (aafp.org)

Nucleocapsid protein p7 encapsulates and protects viral dimeric unspliced (genomic) RNA. (proteopedia.org)

Antigen reappears later in the course of the illness as p24 antibody levels decline. (clinlabnavigator.com)

A concentration-dependent attenuation in the reverse transcriptase activity and a reduction in viral p24 level was observed in the culture supernatant of AS-pretreated HIV-1-infected phytohemagglutinin A-stimulated human cord blood mononuclear cells. (neb.com)

Nearly all cases of transfusion-associated HIV transmission are now caused by blood donated during the infectious window period (i.e., when recently infected donors are infectious but have not yet developed detectable levels of HIV antibody). (cdc.gov)
The HIV p24 antigen is a core HIV viral protein which becomes detectable at approximately 10 days post exposure, peaks at 16 days or so and then remains at high level for 8 to 10 weeks post exposure. (regentstreetclinic.co.uk)
According to many doctors, it is still possible to transmit HIV with a non-detectable viral load). (anpei.ca)

This antibody exhibits reactivity with HIV-1 infected cultures using indirect immunofluorescence, exhibits reactivity with viral lysates by Western blot and immunoprecipitates p24 protein from radiolabeled infected cell extracts. (zeptometrix.com)
Anti-HIV-1 p24 (clone 38/8.7.47) exhibits reactivity by Western blot analysis of viral lysates and may be used in indirect immunostaining techniques to detect HIV-1 p24 core protein in fresh or cultured HIV-1 infected cells. (maxanim.com)

HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are two bloodborne pathogens (37) of concern for people who use drugs (38, 39). (ohtn.on.ca)

Moreover, they infect cells with viruses, or express individual viral proteins, to follow the virus's actions and the host cell response. (the-scientist.com)
Anti-HIV-1 p24 Clone 32/5.17.76 is used to detect HIV-1 core protein in virus infected cells, cell lysates, culture fluid, serum or plasma. (zeptometrix.com)
Additionally, local inflammation increases the concentration of cells in genital secretions that can serve as targets for HIV (eg, CD4+ lymphocytes). (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
Although it can infect numerous cells, its main targets are lymphocytes that express the protein CD4 (referred to as CD4+ cells). (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
The baseline CD4+ cell count in HIV-infected individuals will decline from a normal value of around 1,000 cells/ml at varying rates. (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
HLA (human leukocyte antigen) molecules are proteins found on the surface of most cells in the body. (epimatrix.com)
It is a major target of the immune system, and HIV-infected individuals often have T cells that are specific to HIV p24 peptides. (epimatrix.com)
The presence of HIV-1 DNA sequences in DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was investigated in a two-stage polymerase chain reaction ('double' PCR) using four sets of nested primers. (ox.ac.uk)
HT1080 cells were infected with supernatant dilutions containing the indicated amounts of p24. (takarabio.com)
HIV is present as both free and in cells. (anpei.ca)
The AS construct specifically inhibited intracellular p24 production in chronically HIV-1-infected cells of lymphoid origin (H9/IIIB cells) by 95%, resulting in a 15-fold inhibitory effect relative to a similar sequence thiolated at only seven single-base positions. (neb.com)
Incubation of a HIV-1-infected lymphoid cell line with AS sequence resulted in a marked reduction in syncytium formation, and therefore protected cells from the cytopathic effects of the virus. (neb.com)
CD4 cells are the primary target of HIV and CD4 cell numbers decline during HIV disease. (ashm.org.au)
Galan JE, Wolf-Watz H: Protein delivery into eukaryotic cells by type III secretion machines. (interleukin-receptor.com)

Additionally, this compound inhibits production of HIV core protein p24 and infectivity of HIV-1 in vitro. (lktlabs.com)
The titer of your supernatant is determined by correlating its p24 value to virus content or infectivity (Figure 3). (takarabio.com)
Once the relationship is defined, your virus production system can be calibrated to determine a relationship between p24 levels and infectivity. (takarabio.com)
A standard curve is used to correlate p24 values with virus content or infectivity, allowing the amount of virus to be calculated based on p24 content. (takarabio.com)

To further decrease the risk for transmission of HIV by transfusion, the testing of all blood donations with a combination antibody test for HIV-1 and HIV type-2 (HIV-2) was implemented by June 1992. (cdc.gov)
HIV p24 antigen is extremely useful in combination with an HIV antibody test in determining early on whether an individual has been infected with HIV. (regentstreetclinic.co.uk)

It binds in the cytoplasm the human BAF protein which prevent autointegration of the viral genome, and might be included in virions at the ration of zero to 3 BAF dimer per virion. (proteopedia.org)
Lentiviral supernatant samples are added to the wells of a 96-well microtitration plate (made up of 12 separable 8-well strips), which have been coated with an anti-p24 capture antibody which quantitatively binds p24. (takarabio.com)

Recombinant lentiviruses generated for research use, whether they are 3rd- or 4th-generation (e.g., generated with Lenti-X kits), contain major structural proteins, including the VSV-G or ecotropic envelope proteins, matrix proteins, and virus core proteins (Figure 2). (takarabio.com)
The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. (lookformedical.com)

Ensure that clinicians recognize and respond to HIV testing as a gateway to care, such that an HIV diagnosis prompts a referral for HIV treatment and a negative HIV test result prompts a referral for HIV prevention services, including pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP and PEP). (hivguidelines.org)
Pemeriksaan antigen p24 dapat memberikan manfaat untuk deteksi infeksi dini HIV, skrining darah, diagnosis infeksi pada bayi baru lahir dan pada pemantauan terapi antiretroviral. (studylibid.com)
National treatment guidelines include ART options that can be offered immediately after diagnosis, even before the results of baseline HIV drug-resistance testing are available. (aafp.org)

Antibody dilutions should be prepared using buffers containing suitable protein in order to stabilize antibody activity. (zeptometrix.com)

It is primarily utilized for the prediction of HLA-binding peptides within the sequences of HIV p24, a core viral protein. (epimatrix.com)
EpiMatrix uses a machine learning algorithm to predict HLA-binding peptides within the sequences of HIV p24. (epimatrix.com)
We have detected HIV-specific CTL in two groups of highly-exposed but persistently seronegative female sex workers in Africa which show extensive cross-reactivity between different viral sequences. (ox.ac.uk)
DNA sequences that form the coding region for the viral envelope (env) proteins in retroviruses. (lookformedical.com)
Thus far, a subtype B IMC backbone expressing Renilla luciferase (LucR), and into which the ectodomain of heterologous env coding sequences can be expressed has been successfully developed but as execution of HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials shifts increasingly to non-subtype B epidemics (Southern African and Southeast Asia), non-subtype B HIV-1 reagents are needed to support vaccine development. (plos.org)

This 5th Generation HIV DUO test is sent to our private laboratory and is extremely accurate and is rated as 99.8% accurate after day 28 and 99.9% after day 90. (regentstreetclinic.co.uk)
The Atomo HIV Self Test has also been shown in laboratory testing to correctly identity 99. (telefoninternetanbieter.de)

The env genes contain a cis-acting RNA target sequence for the rev protein (= GENE PRODUCTS, REV ), termed the rev-responsive element (RRE). (lookformedical.com)

A negative HIV screening test result affords a critical opportunity to assess whether routine prevention education, including information about post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), or a referral for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are indicated. (hivguidelines.org)

Blood donations in the United States have been screened for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) since March 1985 and type 2 (HIV-2) since June 1992. (cdc.gov)
In the United States, the implementation of antibody testing in 1985 of all donated blood for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) resulted in a substantial decrease in the transmission of HIV through blood transfusions (1,2). (cdc.gov)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) or type 2 (HIV- derives from infected monkeys, and a comparable number of 2) (1,2). (cdc.gov)
In 2012, an estimated 35.3 million people in the world were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
When a person is infected with HIV, the virus goes through multiple stages to replicate (see Figure, right). (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
Also cleaves Nef and Vif, probably concomitantly with viral structural proteins on maturation of virus particles (By similarity). (proteopedia.org)
HIV p24 is a core protein of the HIV virus. (epimatrix.com)
The level of p24 correlates directly with virus titer. (takarabio.com)
The virus in your lentiviral supernatant is first lysed in the supplied buffer system to release p24. (takarabio.com)
Alternatively, you can calculate the amount of virus based on p24 content as described in the user manual. (takarabio.com)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus. (msdmanuals.com)
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. (anpei.ca)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). (telefoninternetanbieter.de)
Peran Protein p24 pada Infeksi Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV1) Peran Protein p24 pada Infeksi Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV1) Ety Apriliana Bagian Mikrobiologi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Lampung Abstrak Infeksi Human Immunodeficiency Virus1 (HIV1) merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang penting terutama pada negara berkembang. (studylibid.com)
Pemeriksaan HIV1 yang paling banyak digunakan berdasarkan pada deteksi tiga marker biologis HIV1, yaitu RNA virus (materi genetik), antigen p24 (protein capsid virus), dan antibodi HIV1. (studylibid.com)
HEPATITIS B VIRUS CORE ANTIGEN Recombinantly created Hepatitis B Virus center antigen (HBcAg). (capstudy.org)
External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (lookformedical.com)
Transmembrane envelope protein of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (lookformedical.com)
Thirty-seven million individuals are currently infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide. (lu.se)

Thirty years after the first description of AIDS, an estimated 35.0 million [33.2 million-37.2 million] people were living with HIV at the end of 2013. (benthamscience.com)
There appears to be a direct association between HIV-1 antigenemia and the likelihood of progressing to AIDS. (clinlabnavigator.com)
During a three-year study, only 15% of HIV antigen negative homosexual males progressed to AIDS, compared to 59% of antigen positive males. (clinlabnavigator.com)
By accurately predicting these binding peptides, EpiMatrix aids in the advancement of research related to the development of vaccines and immunotherapies for HIV. (epimatrix.com)
HIV/AIDS has a great impact on society, both as an illness and a source of discrimination. (worldofmedicalsaviours.com)
There are many misconceptions about HIV/AIDS such as the belief that causal non-sexual contact. (worldofmedicalsaviours.com)
So we at the NIMH Division of AIDS Research are very happy to be co-sponsoring this conference with the Ragon Institute, recognizing the importance of macrophages in HIV pathogenesis and cure efforts. (nih.gov)
HIV-related illnesses, AIDS, chronic hepatitis, progressive hepatic failure, and parvovirus-related illnesses present in the usual manner. (medscape.com)

The sample is then applied to a 96-well microtitration plate (made up of 12 separable 8-well strips), in which the wells are precoated with murine anti-p24 capture antibody. (takarabio.com)

According to Walker, this so-called "HIV-specific T help," critical to the maturation of certain specialized CD8+ cytotoxic T "killer" lymphocytes (a.k.a. (treatmentactiongroup.org)

This problem can be resolved by testing for HIV RNA after a reactive IA result and negative supplemental test result. (cdc.gov)
From July 2011 through February 2012, 10 specimens with repeatedly reactive Architect results were tested with both a WB and a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody differentiation assay (Multispot HIV-1/HIV-2 Rapid Test [Multispot], Bio-Rad Laboratories), and from March 2012 through February 2013, only with a Multispot (27 specimens). (cdc.gov)
The protein is a superoxide generating enzyme which forms reactive oxygen species (ROS). (wikipedia.org)
When an HIV test result is reactive, NYS law specifies that the healthcare provider who ordered testing (or their representative) is responsible for providing or arranging immediate follow-up HIV care. (hivguidelines.org)
Broadly cross-reactive HIV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in highly-exposed persistently seronegative donors. (ox.ac.uk)
An important goal of a potential prophylactic vaccine against HIV is therefore to elicit a strong CTL response which is broadly cross-reactive against a diverse range of HIV strains. (ox.ac.uk)

Effects of tubeimoside-1 on HIV core protein p24 and cytopathogenesis in vitro. (lktlabs.com)
RESULTS: XM323, a representative of a new class of non-peptidyl inhibitors, was identified as a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 replication in vitro. (unt.edu)

HIV belongs to the family of lentiviruses. (pharmaceutical-journal.com)

An estimated one in 450,000 to one in 660,000 donations per year (i.e.,18-27 donations) are infectious for HIV but are not detected by currently available screening tests. (cdc.gov)
Donor screening for p24 antigen is expected to reduce the number of otherwise undetected infectious donations by approximately 25% per year. (cdc.gov)

The risk of HIV transmission varies widely by the type of exposure. (benthamscience.com)
Generally, the risk of HIV transmission for receptive anal intercourse, receptive vaginal intercourse and receptive oral intercourse is 0.5%, 0.1% and 0.01% per act, respectively. (benthamscience.com)

This protein is subunit of a group of proteins that forms an enzyme complex called NADPH oxidase, which plays an essential role in the immune system. (wikipedia.org)

Plasma viral load is considered as the strongest determinant of sexual transmission of HIV. (benthamscience.com)
HIV treatment reduces the amount of HIV in the blood (viral load). (telefoninternetanbieter.de)
A primary care doctor in the Boston area recently emailed me this question: Hi Paul, A 28yo woman had a positive 4th gen +Ag/Ab assay, but a negative HIV-1/2 differentiation assay and negative HIV viral load. (telefoninternetanbieter.de)
Another way to test for HIV at an earlier stage is to check a viral load. (telefoninternetanbieter.de)

To date, most identified mutations leading to severe FXIII deficiency and a bleeding disorder involve subunit A, with very few mutations reported involving subunit B. The gene for subunit A is located on chromosome 6 bands p24-25. (medscape.com)

Subsequently, p24 antibody is produced and complexes with soluble p24 antigen, rendering it undetectable. (clinlabnavigator.com)

Lentiviral p24 in your packaging cell supernatant is bound to anti-p24-coated wells and detected using a combination of biotinylated anti-p24 secondary antibody, streptavidin-HRP, and a color reagent. (takarabio.com)
The kit includes a p24 control which is used to generate a standard curve and calibrate the p24 equivalent of your supernatant and its titer. (takarabio.com)
A Lenti-X supernatant generated using the pLVX-ZsGreen1 vector was assayed for p24 content using the Lenti-X p24 Titration Kit. (takarabio.com)

This report provides PHS guidelines for a) interpreting p24-antigen-assay results, b) counseling and follow-up of blood donors who have positive or indeterminate p24-antigen-test results, and c) using p24-antigen testing in settings other than blood banks. (cdc.gov)
The sensitivity of a test is the percentage of results that will be correctly positive when HIV is actually present. (aidsmap.com)
In fact, when new combinations between different HIV-1 subtypes occurs, it results in different Unique Recombinant Forms (URFs), some developed into Circulating Recombinant Forms (CRFs) as propagated in three or more epidemiologically unlinked individuals. (benthamscience.com)
RESULTS: Based on CCR5 conformational changes, down-modulation, and trafficking rates (internalization and recycling kinetics), we were able to distinguish among heterogeneous CCR5 populations and thus which populations might best be targeted to inhibit HIV-1 entry. (bvsalud.org)
In 18 years of testing for HIV mainly in the East Midlands, our clinic has found less than 10 positive results, with every positive case being confirmed in the higher risk bracket (see opposite). (regentstreetclinic.co.uk)
HIV INSTANT DUO testing with results in a few mins. (regentstreetclinic.co.uk)
The results typically take 4-5 working days and this test should be followed up with an HIV DUO test at day 28 (as above). (regentstreetclinic.co.uk)
Rapid HIV testing has the benefit of allowing counselling and results during a single encounter. (telefoninternetanbieter.de)
HIV self-tests provide results within 20 minutes. (telefoninternetanbieter.de)
As with any medical test, HIV test results should be delivered in a calm, safe, and nonjudgmental manner. (telefoninternetanbieter.de)

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Maturation-induced conformational changes of HIV-1 capsid protein and identification of two high affinity sites for cyclophilins in the C-terminal domain. (1/922)

Head-to-tail dimers and interdomain flexibility revealed by the crystal structure of HIV-1 capsid protein (p24) complexed with a monoclonal antibody Fab. (2/922)

Molecular and functional analysis of a conserved CTL epitope in HIV-1 p24 recognized from a long-term nonprogressor: constraints on immune escape associated with targeting a sequence essential for viral replication. (3/922)

Evolution and biological characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype E gp120 V3 sequences following horizontal and vertical virus transmission in a single family. (4/922)

Rate and severity of HIV-associated dementia (HAD): correlations with Gp41 and iNOS. (5/922)

Conformation, pH-induced conformational changes, and thermal unfolding of anti-p24 (HIV-1) monoclonal antibody CB4-1 and its Fab and Fc fragments. (6/922)

Comparison of the frequencies and levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 markers in specimens from chronically infected human T-lymphocyte cultures and from patients. (7/922)

Decreased CD8 cell-mediated viral suppression and other immunologic characteristics of women who transmit human immunodeficiency virus to their infants. (8/922)

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Maturation-induced conformational changes of HIV-1 capsid protein and identification of two high affinity sites for cyclophilins in the C-terminal domain. (1/922)

Head-to-tail dimers and interdomain flexibility revealed by the crystal structure of HIV-1 capsid protein (p24) complexed with a monoclonal antibody Fab. (2/922)

Molecular and functional analysis of a conserved CTL epitope in HIV-1 p24 recognized from a long-term nonprogressor: constraints on immune escape associated with targeting a sequence essential for viral replication. (3/922)

Evolution and biological characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype E gp120 V3 sequences following horizontal and vertical virus transmission in a single family. (4/922)

Rate and severity of HIV-associated dementia (HAD): correlations with Gp41 and iNOS. (5/922)

Conformation, pH-induced conformational changes, and thermal unfolding of anti-p24 (HIV-1) monoclonal antibody CB4-1 and its Fab and Fc fragments. (6/922)

Comparison of the frequencies and levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 markers in specimens from chronically infected human T-lymphocyte cultures and from patients. (7/922)

Decreased CD8 cell-mediated viral suppression and other immunologic characteristics of women who transmit human immunodeficiency virus to their infants. (8/922)

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