DiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy SyndromeLipodystrophyLipodystrophy, Congenital GeneralizedLipodystrophy, Familial PartialAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveHIV InfectionsSyndromeDiabetes Mellitus, LipoatrophicLamin Type A
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome
Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.
Lipodystrophy
A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.
Lipodystrophy, Congenital Generalized
Congenital disorders, usually autosomal recessive, characterized by severe generalized lack of ADIPOSE TISSUE, extreme INSULIN RESISTANCE, and HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA.
Lipodystrophy, Familial Partial
Inherited conditions characterized by the partial loss of ADIPOSE TISSUE, either confined to the extremities with normal or increased fat deposits on the face, neck and trunk (type 1), or confined to the loss of SUBCUTANEOUS FAT from the limbs and trunk (type 2). Type 3 is associated with mutation in the gene encoding PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA.
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
Drug regimens, for patients with HIV INFECTIONS, that aggressively suppress HIV replication. The regimens usually involve administration of three or more different drugs including a protease inhibitor.
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.
Diabetes Mellitus, Lipoatrophic
A type of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by severe INSULIN RESISTANCE and LIPODYSTROPHY. The latter may be generalized, partial, acquired, or congenital (LIPODYSTROPHY, CONGENITAL GENERALIZED).
Lamin Type A
A subclass of developmentally regulated lamins having a neutral isoelectric point. They are found to disassociate from nuclear membranes during mitosis.

Intramyocellular lipid accumulation and reduced whole body lipid oxidation in HIV lipodystrophy. (1/180)

Antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients can induce a lipodystrophy syndrome of peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. To test whether in this syndrome insulin resistance is associated with abnormal muscle handling of fatty acids, 12 HIV-1 patients (8 females/4 males, age = 26 +/- 2 yr, HIV duration = 8 +/- 1 yr, body mass index = 22.0 +/- 1.0 kg/m(2), on protease inhibitors and nucleoside analog RT inhibitors) and 12 healthy subjects were studied. HIV-1 patients had a total body fat content (assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) similar to that of controls (22 +/- 1 vs. 23 +/- 2%; P = 0.56), with a topographic fat redistribution characterized by reduced fat content in the legs (18 +/- 2 vs. 32 +/- 3%; P < 0.01) and increased fat content in the trunk (25 +/- 2 vs. 19 +/- 2%; P = 0.03). In HIV-positive patients, insulin sensitivity (assessed by QUICKI) was markedly impaired (0.341 +/- 0.011 vs. 0.376 +/- 0.007; P = 0.012). HIV-positive patients also had increased total plasma cholesterol (216 +/- 20 vs. 174 +/- 9 mg/dl; P = 0.05) and triglyceride (298 +/- 96 vs. 87 +/- 11 mg/dl; P = 0.03) concentrations. Muscular triglyceride content assessed by means of (1)H NMR spectroscopy was higher in HIV patients in soleus [92 +/- 12 vs. 42 +/- 5 arbitrary units (AU); P < 0.01] and tibialis anterior (26 +/- 6 vs. 11 +/- 3 AU; P = 0.04) muscles; in a stepwise regression analysis, it was strongly associated with QUICKI (R(2) = 0.27; P < 0.0093). Even if the basal metabolic rate (assessed by indirect calorimetry) was comparable to that of normal subjects, postabsorptive lipid oxidation was significantly impaired (0.30 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.88 +/- 0.09 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1); P < 0.01). In conclusion, lipodystrophy in HIV-1 patients in antiretroviral treatment is associated with intramuscular fat accumulation, which may mediate the development of the insulin resistance syndrome.  (+info)

Incidence of morphological and lipid abnormalities: gender and treatment differentials after initiation of first antiretroviral therapy. (2/180)

OBJECTIVE: To provide population-based incidence estimates for constituent symptoms of human immundeficiency virus (HIV)-related lipodystrophy syndrome and to identify possible independent predictors of accrued cases. DESIGN: Prospective population-based cohort. Methods Study subjects were antiretroviral-naive individuals who initiated treatment between October 1998 and May 2001 and provided completed self-reported data regarding the occurrence of lipoatrophy, lipohypertrophy and increased triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Possible predictors of incident lipoatrophy, lipohypertrophy, dyslipidaemia and mixed lipodystrophy (symptoms of both lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy) were identified using logistic regression modelling. A sub-analysis restricted to subjects retaining original treatment at study completion was conducted using similar methods. RESULTS: Among the 366 study subjects, cumulative incidence was 29% for lipoatrophy, 23% for lipohypertrophy, 9% for dyslipidaemia, and 13% for mixed lipodystrophy after a median duration of 12 months of antiretroviral therapy. In an intentto-treat analysis incident lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy were independently associated with initiation of protease inhibitor (PI)-containing regimens, (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.25-3.03 and AOR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.09-2.85, respectively) and female gender (AOR = 2.06; 95% CI: 1.03-4.12 and AOR = 2.36; 95% CI: 1.17-4.74, respectively). Both mixed lipodystrophy and reported dyslipidaemia were associated only with PI inclusion in the initial regimen (AOR = 2.27; 95% CI: 1.14-4.53 and AOR = 2.14; 95% CI: 1.26-3.65, respectively). Similar results were obtained in analysis of individuals retained in initial treatment groups throughout follow-up. CONCLUSION: Incident morphological and lipid abnormalities are common among individuals initiating first-time antiretroviral therapy. Use of PI was consistently associated with all lipodystrophy-related abnormalities after adjustment for a broad range of patient personal, clinical and treatment characteristics.  (+info)

Preferential loss of omental-mesenteric fat during growth hormone therapy of HIV-associated lipodystrophy. (3/180)

Lipodystrophy with increased intra-abdominal fat in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is common in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. It contributes to the metabolic derangements, as it does in non-HIV-related conditions. Growth hormone administration reduces intra-abdominal fat content. This study compared the relative changes in omental-mesenteric (OMAT) and retroperitoneal adipose tissues (RPAT) during therapy with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Of 30 subjects who began rhGH therapy (6 mg/day), 25 completed 12 wk and 19 completed 24 wk. Fourteen subjects were followed for an additional 12 wk. Volumes of OMAT and RPAT were calculated from total body MRI scans and compared by paired t-tests. Both OMAT and RPAT significantly decreased after 12 and 24 wk of rhGH treatment (P < 0.001), but the reduction was more pronounced in OMAT than in RPAT (P < 0.001). Both OMAT and RPAT increased significantly (P < 0.001) after therapy was discontinued, but OMAT increased significantly more than did RPAT (122 vs. 37%, P < 0.001). There is preferential loss and regain of OMAT, compared with RPAT, in subjects with HIV-associated lipodystrophy undergoing growth hormone treatment.  (+info)

A qualitative study of the psychosocial implications of lipodystrophy syndrome on HIV positive individuals. (4/180)

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the psychosocial impact of lipodystrophy on the lifestyles of HIV positive patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted with 14 HIV positive patients on HAART at an outpatient sexually transmitted infections (STI) and HIV clinic in central London. Qualitative data from interview transcripts were analysed using grounded theory to elicit key categories and subcategories. RESULTS: Three main themes relating to lipodystrophy emerged: effect on the individual; impact on the social world of the individual; responses of the individual. Lipodystrophy had physical and psychological effects, ranging from bodily discomfort to low self esteem and depression. Owing to its physical manifestations it was viewed as a visible marker of HIV disease. At the level of social functioning, lipodystrophy led to problems with personal and family relationships, although having a partner was protective. Individuals reported narrowing their social world, in some cases to degrees of social isolation. Individual responses included changes in diet, increased exercise regimes, steroid use and plastic surgery (mainly collagen injections to the face). For those who had experienced serious illness related to HIV, there was a more sanguine acceptance of lipodystrophy as an unfortunate consequence of longevity and drug therapy CONCLUSIONS: Health professionals need to address the psychosocial implications of lipodystrophy, including the ways in which it may affect different groups and their adherence to therapy. Formative evaluations are needed to assess the potential for targeted interventions.  (+info)

Alterations in lipid kinetics in men with HIV-dyslipidemia. (5/180)

Hypertriglyceridemia is common in individuals with human immunodeficiency (HIV) infection, but the mechanisms responsible for increased plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations are not clear. We evaluated fatty acid and VLDL-TG kinetics during basal conditions and during a glucose infusion that resulted in typical postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in six men with HIV-dyslipidemia [body mass index (BMI): 28 +/- 2 kg/m2] and six healthy men (BMI: 26 +/- 2 kg/m2). VLDL-TG secretion and palmitate rate of appearance (Ra) in plasma were measured by using stable-isotope-labeled tracer techniques. Basal palmitate Ra and VLDL-TG secretion rates were greater (P < 0.01 for both) in men with HIV-dyslipidemia (1.04 +/- 0.07 micromol palmitate x kg-1 x min-1 and 5.7 +/- 0.6 micromol VLDL-TG x l plasma-1 x min-1) than in healthy men (0.67 +/- 0.08 micromol palmitate. kg-1 x min-1 and 3.0 +/- 0.5 micromol VLDL-TG x l plasma-1 x min-1). Basal VLDL-TG plasma clearance was lower in men with HIV-dyslipidemia (13 +/- 1 ml/min) than in healthy men (19 +/- 2 ml/min; P < 0.05). Glucose infusion decreased palmitate Ra (by approximately 50%) and the VLDL-TG secretion rate (by approximately 30%) in both groups, but the VLDL-TG secretion rate remained higher (P < 0.05) in subjects with HIV-dyslipidemia. These findings demonstrate that increased secretion of VLDL-TG and decreased plasma VLDL-TG clearance, during both fasting and fed conditions, contribute to hypertriglyceridemia in men with HIV-dyslipidemia. Although it is likely that increased free fatty acid release from adipose tissue contributes to the increase in basal VLDL-TG concentration, other factors must be involved, because insulin-induced suppression of lipolysis and systemic fatty acid availability did not normalize the VLDL-TG secretion rate.  (+info)

Psoas muscle attenuation measurement with computed tomography indicates intramuscular fat accumulation in patients with the HIV-lipodystrophy syndrome. (6/180)

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-lipodystrophy syndrome is characterized by abnormalities of lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and fat distribution. Overaccumulation of intramuscular lipid may contribute to insulin resistance in this population. We examined 63 men: HIV positive with lipodystrophy (n = 22), HIV positive without lipodystrophy (n = 20), and age- and body mass index-matched HIV-negative controls (n = 21). Single-slice computed tomography was used to determine psoas muscle attenuation and visceral fat area. Plasma free fatty acids (FFA), lipid profile, and markers of glucose homeostasis were measured. Muscle attenuation was significantly decreased in subjects with lipodystrophy [median (interquartile range), 55.0 (51.0-58.3)] compared with subjects without lipodystrophy [57.0 (55.0-59.0); P = 0.05] and HIV-negative controls [59.5 (57.3-64.8); P < 0.01]. Among HIV-infected subjects, muscle attenuation correlated significantly with FFA (r = -0.38; P = 0.02), visceral fat (r = -0.49; P = 0.002), glucose (r = -0.38; P = 0.02) and insulin (r = -0.60; P = 0.0001) response to a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. In forward stepwise regression analysis with psoas attenuation as the dependent variable, visceral fat (P = 0.02) and FFA (P < 0.05), but neither body mass index, subcutaneous fat, nor antiretroviral use, were strong independent predictors of muscle attenuation (r2 = 0.39 for model). Muscle attenuation (P = 0.02) and visceral fat (P = 0.02), but not BMI, subcutaneous fat, FFA, or antiretroviral use, were strong independent predictors of insulin response (area under the curve) to glucose challenge (r2 = 0.47 for model). These data demonstrate that decreased psoas muscle attenuation due to intramuscular fat accumulation may contribute significantly to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in HIV-lipodystrophy patients. Further studies are needed to assess the mechanisms and consequences of intramuscular lipid accumulation in HIV-infected patients.  (+info)

Exercise and vitamin E intake are independently associated with metabolic abnormalities in human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects: a cross-sectional study. (7/180)

We investigated the relationship among habitual exercise, diet, and the presence of metabolic abnormalities (body fat redistribution, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance) in a cross-sectional study of 120 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects with use of bivariate and multivariate regression-analysis models. Total and aerobic exercise were significantly and negatively associated with fasting plasma triglyceride levels in the entire sample and in the fat redistribution group. Inverse associations between total or aerobic exercise and insulin resistance were suggestive but did not achieve statistical significance. Diastolic blood pressure was significantly and inversely associated with supplemental or total but not habitual dietary intake of vitamin E. In conclusion, exercise and vitamin E intake were independently and negatively associated with several phenotypic manifestations of HIV-associated metabolic syndrome, whereas other macro- or micronutrients did not have comparable significance.  (+info)

The cellular structure and lipid/protein composition of adipose tissue surrounding chronically stimulated lymph nodes in rats. (8/180)

To test the hypothesis that chronic immune stimulation of a peripheral lymph node induces the formation of additional mature adipocytes in adjacent adipose tissue, one popliteal lymph node of large male rats was stimulated by local injection of 10 microg or 20 microg lipopolysaccharide three times a week for 6 weeks. Adipocyte volumes in sites defined by their anatomical relations to the stimulated and homologous unstimulated popliteal lymph nodes were measured, plus adipocyte complement of the popliteal depot, and the lipid and protein content of adipocytes and adipose stroma. The higher dose of lipopolysaccharide doubled the mass of the locally stimulated lymph node and the surrounding adipose tissue enlarged by the appearance of additional mature adipocytes. Similar but smaller changes were observed in the popliteal adipose depot of the unstimulated leg and in a nodeless depot. The lipid content of the adipocytes decreased and that of the stroma increased dose-dependently in all samples measured but the changes were consistently greater in the depot surrounding the stimulated lymph node. The protein content of both adipocytes and stroma increased in samples surrounding the stimulated node. We conclude that chronic immune stimulation of lymphoid tissues induces the formation of more adipocytes in the adjacent adipose tissue. These findings suggest a mechanism for the selective hypertrophy of lymphoid-containing adipose depots in the HIV-associated adipose redistribution syndrome.  (+info)

HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome is a metabolic disorder characterized by peripheral fat loss, central fat accumulation, and metabolic abnormalities, which can occur in some individuals receiving long-term antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection.

HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome is a term used to describe a range of body shape changes and metabolic abnormalities that can occur in some individuals receiving long-term combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) for HIV infection. The syndrome is characterized by the abnormal distribution of fat, including:

1. Lipoatrophy: Loss of subcutaneous fat from the face, limbs, and buttocks, leading to a gaunt appearance.
2. Lipohypertrophy: Accumulation of fat in the abdomen, breasts, and dorsocervical region (buffalo hump), resulting in an altered body shape.
3. Metabolic abnormalities: Insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and lactic acidosis, which can increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus.

The exact pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a combination of factors, including the direct effects of HIV infection on adipose tissue, mitochondrial toxicity caused by certain antiretroviral medications, and chronic inflammation. The syndrome can have significant psychological and social consequences for affected individuals, and management typically involves a multidisciplinary approach that includes switching to alternative antiretroviral regimens, addressing metabolic abnormalities, and providing cosmetic interventions as needed.

Lipodystrophy is a group of disorders characterized by abnormal distribution or loss of fat tissue, leading to metabolic complications such as insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and hypertriglyceridemia.

Lipodystrophy is a medical condition characterized by abnormal distribution or absence of fat (adipose tissue) in the body. It can lead to metabolic complications such as insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, high levels of fats in the blood (dyslipidemia), and liver disease. There are different types of lipodystrophy, including congenital generalized lipodystrophy, acquired generalized lipodystrophy, and partial lipodystrophy, which can affect different parts of the body and have varying symptoms and causes.

Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy is a rare genetic disorder characterized by near-complete absence of body fat at birth or early childhood, due to mutations in genes involved in adipose tissue development and function, resulting in metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis.

Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy (CGL) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the near or complete absence of body fat at birth or in early childhood. It is also known as Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy. The condition is caused by mutations in genes responsible for the development and function of adipose tissue (fat).

Individuals with CGL typically have a lack of subcutaneous fat, which gives them a muscular appearance, but they may have excess fat accumulation in other areas such as the neck, face, and liver. This can lead to various metabolic complications, including insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia (high levels of triglycerides in the blood), and hepatic steatosis (fatty liver disease).

CGL is a genetic disorder that is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. This means that an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent, to develop the condition. The diagnosis of CGL is typically based on clinical features and confirmed by genetic testing. Treatment for CGL focuses on managing the metabolic complications associated with the disorder.

Familial Partial Lipodystrophy (FPL) is a genetic disorder characterized by selective loss of adipose tissue in specific areas of the body, resulting in metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis.

Familial Partial Lipodystrophy (FPL) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the selective loss of fat tissue in various parts of the body. It is caused by mutations in specific genes involved in the regulation of fat metabolism. There are several types of FPL, but the most common one is called Dunnigan-type or FPLD2, which is caused by mutations in the LMNA gene.

In FPL, there is a lack of subcutaneous fat (the fat layer beneath the skin) in certain areas of the body, such as the face, arms, legs, and buttocks, while other areas may have excess fat accumulation, such as the neck, shoulders, and abdomen. This abnormal distribution of fat can lead to a variety of metabolic complications, including insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, high levels of triglycerides in the blood (hypertriglyceridemia), and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

FPL is usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, which means that a person has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene from an affected parent. However, some cases may occur spontaneously due to new mutations in the gene. The diagnosis of FPL is typically based on clinical examination, family history, and genetic testing. Treatment usually involves lifestyle modifications, such as diet and exercise, and medications to manage metabolic complications.

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) is a combination treatment regimen using three or more antiretroviral drugs from at least two different classes, targeting various stages of the HIV replication cycle to maximally suppress viral load and retard disease progression.

Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active (HAART) is a medical treatment regimen used to manage HIV infection. It involves the combination of three or more antiretroviral drugs from at least two different classes, aiming to maximally suppress viral replication and prevent the development of drug resistance. The goal of HAART is to reduce the amount of HIV in the body to undetectable levels, preserve immune function, and improve quality of life for people living with HIV. Commonly used antiretroviral classes include nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), and fusion inhibitors.

'HIV Infections' is a medical condition defined as the invasion and multiplication of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) within the human body, leading to the progressive destruction of CD4+ T cells, impairing the immune system and increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignancies.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection is a viral illness that progressively attacks and weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to other infections and diseases. The virus primarily infects CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting off infections. Over time, as the number of these immune cells declines, the body becomes increasingly vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers.

HIV infection has three stages:

1. Acute HIV infection: This is the initial stage that occurs within 2-4 weeks after exposure to the virus. During this period, individuals may experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, rash, swollen glands, and muscle aches. The virus replicates rapidly, and the viral load in the body is very high.
2. Chronic HIV infection (Clinical latency): This stage follows the acute infection and can last several years if left untreated. Although individuals may not show any symptoms during this phase, the virus continues to replicate at low levels, and the immune system gradually weakens. The viral load remains relatively stable, but the number of CD4+ T cells declines over time.
3. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): This is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely damaged immune system and numerous opportunistic infections or cancers. At this stage, the CD4+ T cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3 of blood.

It's important to note that with proper antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals with HIV infection can effectively manage the virus, maintain a healthy immune system, and significantly reduce the risk of transmission to others. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving long-term health outcomes and reducing the spread of HIV.

A syndrome is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate a specific disease, disorder, or condition, often representing a common pathway or pattern of underlying physiological processes and/or anatomical abnormalities.

A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.

For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.

Diabetes Mellitus, Lipoatrophic is a rare form of diabetes characterized by an absence or reduction of subcutaneous fat tissue, insulin resistance, and metabolic abnormalities, often associated with genetic defects in the insulin receptor or 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acetyltransferase 2 (AGPAT2) gene.

Diabetes Mellitus, Lipoatrophic is not a recognized medical term or official classification for diabetes. However, Lipodystrophy is a condition that can occur in some people with diabetes, particularly those being treated with insulin. Lipodystrophy refers to the loss of fat tissue, which can cause changes in the way the body responds to insulin and lead to difficulties controlling blood sugar levels. There are different types of lipodystrophy, including localized lipoatrophy (small areas of fat loss) and generalized lipodystrophy (widespread fat loss).

In people with Diabetes Mellitus, Lipodystrophy can lead to an increased need for insulin, as well as other metabolic complications. It is important for individuals with diabetes who notice changes in their body's response to insulin or unusual fat distribution to consult with their healthcare provider for further evaluation and management.

Lamin Type A refers to a protein component of the nuclear lamina, encoded by the LMNA gene, which is part of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton in cells and plays a role in maintaining nuclear structure, stability, and gene regulation, with mutations in this gene being associated with various diseases collectively known as laminopathies.

Lamin Type A, also known as LMNA, is a gene that provides instructions for making proteins called lamins. These proteins are part of the nuclear lamina, a network of fibers that lies just inside the nuclear envelope, which is the membrane that surrounds the cell's nucleus. The nuclear lamina helps maintain the shape and stability of the nucleus and plays a role in regulating gene expression and DNA replication.

Mutations in the LMNA gene can lead to various diseases collectively known as laminopathies, which affect different tissues and organs in the body. These conditions include Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy with conduction system disease, and a type of premature aging disorder called Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. The specific symptoms and severity of these disorders depend on the particular LMNA mutation and the tissues affected.

Partial lipodystrophyInfectionLipoatrophyAIDSInsulinAbnormalitiesJournal of AcquirPatientsMedicationsAntiretroviral TherapyPeripheralLipohypertrophyMutationClinicalCongenitalCardiovascularPolycysticProgressionDisorders characterizedInfectionsHAARTRedistributionToxicityProtease inhibitorsTreatmentAntiviralComplicationsSubcutaneous fatGlomerulonephritisOsteoporosisCohort of HIV-infectedDysplasiaIatrogenic Cushing syndromeIndividualsComplementTreatmentsSerumPeople With HIVAccumulationEtiologyGeneticDisorderHumanSymptomsHypertriglyceridemiaManifestationsGlucose
Partial lipodystrophy11
  • Progressive lipodystrophy is the most common type of partial lipodystrophy. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 , 3 ] Acquired partial lipodystrophy is a rare condition of unknown etiology characterized by progressive loss of fat of the face, neck, trunk, and upper extremities beginning during childhood and is more common in girls. (medscape.com)
  • However, some forms of partial lipodystrophy in children do not seem to fit the diagnostic criteria for any of the established lipodystrophy subset. (medscape.com)
  • Model of the adipocyte destruction in acquired partial lipodystrophy showing complement activation at the adipocyte surface resulting in adipocyte lysis. (medscape.com)
  • Misra A, Peethambaram A, Garg A. Clinical features and metabolic and autoimmune derangements in acquired partial lipodystrophy: report of 35 cases and review of the literature. (medscape.com)
  • Caramaschi P, Biasi D, Lestani M, Chilosi M. A case of acquired partial lipodystrophy associated with POEMS syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Acquired partial lipodystrophy is associated with increased risk for developing metabolic abnormalities. (medscape.com)
  • Kurugöl Z, Ulger Z, Berk O, Tugral O. Acquired partial lipodystrophy associated with varicella. (medscape.com)
  • Sequencing of the reannotated LMNB2 gene reveals novel mutations in patients with acquired partial lipodystrophy. (medscape.com)
  • Gao J, Li Y, Fu X, Luo X. A Chinese patient with acquired partial lipodystrophy caused by a novel mutation with LMNB2 gene. (medscape.com)
  • Response to treatment with rosiglitazone in familial partial lipodystrophy due to a mutation in the LMNA gene. (lookfordiagnosis.com)
Infection42
  • [ 6 ] This emaciated look creates a stigma of HIV infection and the fear of an unintentional disclosure of HIV status. (medscape.com)
  • For other discussions on management of HIV infection, see HIV Infection and AIDS , Pediatric HIV Infection , and Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection . (medscape.com)
  • Soon after HIV infection, the body begins to make antibodies that fight the virus. (health.am)
  • If you know you are at high risk of HIV infection and come down with a bad case of the flu , see a doctor right away. (health.am)
  • It could be the early signs of HIV infection. (health.am)
  • There are very sensitive tests that can tell if you've got HIV - and treatment during this very early stage of infection works best. (health.am)
  • HIV infection isn't a death sentence. (health.am)
  • Everybody agrees that starting aggressive treatment in the early days after infection - the stage of acute HIV infection - is most effective. (health.am)
  • But most people don't find out they have HIV until the stage of chronic HIV infection, when the virus has a firm hold on the body. (health.am)
  • In contrast, the relation between increasing viral load and metabolic syndrome does not seem to be mediated by general inflammation caused by chronic infection for 2 reasons. (natap.org)
  • HA557 trade name] is indicated for the treatment of of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) infection in children weighing less than 25 kg. (who.int)
  • Consideration should be given to official treatment guidelines for HIV-1 infection (e.g. those of the WHO). (who.int)
  • Treatment with [HA557 trade name] should be supervised by a health care provider experienced in the management of HIV infection. (who.int)
  • The most effective methods for preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are those that protect against exposure to HIV. (cdc.gov)
  • Health-care providers and their patients may opt to consider using antiretroviral drugs after nonoccupational HIV exposures that carry a high risk for infection, but only after careful consideration of the potential risks and benefits and with a full awareness of the gaps in current knowledge. (cdc.gov)
  • Medical treatment after sexual, injecting-drug-use, or other nonoccupational HIV exposure * is likely to be a relatively ineffective method for preventing HIV infection compared with preventing exposure in the first place. (cdc.gov)
  • The Public Health Service (PHS) has recommended using antiretroviral drugs to reduce the acquisition of HIV infection among persons exposed in the workplace (e.g., accidental needlesticks received by health-care workers) (1,2). (cdc.gov)
  • Health-care providers may want to provide their patients with a system for promptly initiating evaluation, counseling, and follow-up services after a reported sexual, injecting-drug-use, or other nonoccupational HIV exposure that might put a patient at high risk for acquiring infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Injecting-drug-use exposure through shared injection equipment can put a patient at risk for acquiring other viral infections (e.g., hepatitis B and hepatitis C). All persons evaluated for possible nonoccupational HIV exposure should be counseled to initiate, resume, or improve risk-reduction behaviors to avoid future exposure and to prevent possible secondary transmission until their current HIV infection status is determined. (cdc.gov)
  • Treatment with an investigational drug that induces the release of growth hormone significantly improved the symptoms of HIV lipodystrophy, a condition involving redistribution of fat and other metabolic changes in patients receiving combination drug therapy for HIV infection. (harvard.edu)
  • Low-dose growth hormone treatment reduced abdominal fat deposits and improved blood pressure and triglyceride levels in a group of patients with HIV lipodystrophy, a condition involving the redistribution of fat and other metabolic changes in patients receiving combination drug therapy for HIV infection. (news-medical.net)
  • Increasing the body's production of growth hormone may be an effective treatment for HIV lipodystrophy, a syndrome involving the redistribution of fat and other metabolic changes in those receiving combination drug therapy for HIV infection. (news-medical.net)
  • Use of an oral antidiabetes medication produced significant improvement in a group of patients with HIV lipodsytrophy, a syndrome involving the redistribution of fat and other metabolic changes in those receiving combination drug therapy for HIV infection. (news-medical.net)
  • Although the HIV epidemics affect more than 36 million individuals worldwide, with a global prevalence of almost 1% [ 1 ], life expectancy of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) is very similar to that of the general uninfected population, which makes the clinical approach to the infection similar to that of other chronic diseases that characterize aging [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Effective highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) infection has led to marked improvement in life-expectancy for those infected with HIV. (opencardiovascularmedicinejournal.com)
  • These morbidities, particularly premature cardiovascular disease, are thought to be related to a combination of the effects of an ageing HIV-infected population coupled with long-term effects of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART). (opencardiovascularmedicinejournal.com)
  • This course covers transmission of HIV and infection control, Washington laws concerning confidentiality and testing, clinical manifestations and treatment, psychosocial issues, and legal and ethical issues. (wildirismedicaleducation.com)
  • Lipodystrophy, or fat redistribution, is frequently seen in patients on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. (logicalimages.com)
  • Changes in Weight After Switch to Dolutegravir/Lamivudine or Doravirine/Tenofovir/Lamivudine Compared to Continued Treatment With Dolutegravir/Tenofovir/Lamivudine for Virologically Suppressed HIV Infection. (go.jp)
  • Astari, L., Safitri, Y. E. and P, D. H. (2011) 'Viral Load pada Infeksi HIV ( Viral Load in HIV Infection )', Departemen/Staf Medik Fungsional Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga/ Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Dr. Soetomo Surabaya, pp. 31-39. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Many patients living with HIV infection are taking complex regimens involving multiple pills. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Treatment Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from 1 of 2 similar retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Herein we present one such interaction wherein a 57 year old gentleman with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on highly active antiretroviral therapy that included ritonavir, had addition of fluticasone inhaler to his medication repertoire for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (springeropen.com)
  • A 57 year old Caucasian male with HIV infection since 1986 was evaluated in 4/2010 for recurrent rib fractures following trivial stresses such as coughing. (springeropen.com)
  • The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes an infection that may progress to the life-threatening disease known as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). (ssdfirm.com)
  • Whether or not the infection progresses, HIV patients are at an increased risk for many different diseases due to the immune system compromise that characterizes this type of infection. (ssdfirm.com)
  • People living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) are a population especially vulnerable when it comes to distress and the psychosocial impact of appearance, because in addition to having to live with the virus infection, they also have to deal with the stigma of the disease, revealed by the bodily changes that can be caused by lipodystrophy. (bvsalud.org)
  • Since 1996, with the advent and introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), a profound impact on the natural history of HIV infection was observed, with a remarkable increase in the survival of HIV-infected individuals, transforming the panorama of the disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • South Africa currently has the highest HIV infection burden in the world, with an estimated 6.4 million people infected by the virus in 2012. (sajhivmed.org.za)
  • Insofar as they acknowledge AIDS as a real disease, they attribute it to some combination of sexual behavior , recreational drugs , malnutrition , poor sanitation , haemophilia , or the effects of the medications used to treat HIV infection ( antiretrovirals ). (wikipedia.org)
  • The Centers for Disease Control has defined AIDS as beginning when a person with HIV infection has a CD4 cell (a type of immune cell) count below 200. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • It is also defined by numerous opportunistic infections and cancers that occur in the presence of HIV infection. (i-sis.org.uk)
Lipoatrophy8
  • Because no uniform morphologic changes occur with HIV lipodystrophy, lipohypertrophy and lipoatrophy are considered distinct entities, with different risk factors and metabolic processes underlying their development. (medscape.com)
  • Although the term HIV-associated lipodystrophy refers to abnormal central fat accumulation (lipohypertrophy) and localized loss of fat tissue (lipoatrophy), some patients have only lipohypertrophy, some have only lipoatrophy, and, less commonly, a subset of patients exhibits a mixed clinical presentation. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] This article addresses both lipohypertrophy and lipoatrophy, with a focus on the morphologic changes and underlying pathophysiology of HIV-associated lipodystrophy. (medscape.com)
  • 1 Of all the body changes, facial lipoatrophy is still the unaesthetic con- dition related to lipodystrophy that patients complain the most. (researchgate.net)
  • 5-7 Nowadays, with aging and lipodystrophy progression, lipoatrophy of the buttock is becoming an additional problem. (researchgate.net)
  • Nakajo-Nishimura syndrome is an inherited inflammatory disease that usually begins in early infancy with a perniolike rash, periodic high fever, and nodular erythemalike eruptions, with gradually progressive partial lipoatrophy of the upper body, mainly the face and the upper extremities. (medscape.com)
  • Insulin resistance (IR) is common in HIV-seropositive patients, particularly among those receiving protease inhibitor (PI) and is more prevalent among those with lipoatrophy or fat accumulation in the visceral region. (bvsalud.org)
  • In all, 97 (32.3%) patients had lipoatrophy: 75 (25%) isolated and 22 (7.3%) mixed syndrome. (medscape.com)
AIDS32
  • Treatment with combinations of AIDS drugs can keep people with HIV from getting AIDS. (health.am)
  • Most AIDS/HIV doctors now recommend holding off on treatment until a person's immune system starts to fail. (health.am)
  • The development of the typical comorbidities of aging which currently affects people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) can be partially ascribed to the persistent immune activation and chronic inflammation characterizing these individuals. (hindawi.com)
  • However, the great challenge today is to delay the onset and severity of non-AIDS-defining comorbidities, which appear much earlier in HIV-infected individuals [ 5 ] and include cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus , kidney, liver, and bone alterations, and neoplasia [ 4 - 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Metabolic related disorders are common in people with HIV / AIDS, namely insulin resistance, lipodystrophy, and dyslipidemia. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Haringi, S., Yuniar, N. and Jufri, N. N. (2016) 'Gambaran Perilaku Siswa SMA dalam Upaya Pencegahan HIV/AIDS di Wilayah Kota Kendari Tahun 2016', p. 2016. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Laksana, A, S. D., & Lestari, D. W. D., (2010) 'Faktor-Faktor Risiko Penularan hiv/aids Pada Laki-laki dengan Orientasi Seks Heteroseksual dan Homoseksual di Purwokerto', 4, pp. 113-123. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Corporate Governance, Corporate Health Accounting, and Firm value: The case of HIV/AIDS disclosures in Sub-Saharan Africa. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Of note his AIDS clinician mistook his phenotypic changes to be those of AIDS related lipodystrophy. (springeropen.com)
  • If the effects of HIV and/or AIDS cause debilitating health problems, an individual may be able to receive Social Security Disability Insurance or Supplemental Security Insurance benefits upon approval by the Social Security Administration. (ssdfirm.com)
  • Frequent medical checkups are a necessary part of living with HIV and AIDS, along with drug therapy to slow the progression or onset of AIDS. (ssdfirm.com)
  • If you or someone in your family cannot work due to HIV or AIDS, a disability attorney can provide you with information on your eligibility for SSD benefits and help you apply. (ssdfirm.com)
  • For more details on disability benefits for HIV/AIDS patients, please use our SSD lawyer directory to locate legal assistance near your home. (ssdfirm.com)
  • People living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) are particularly vulnerable to the distress and psychosocial impact of appearance, but in Brazil the assessment of those body image changes was subjective because there was not an available scale in Brazilian Portuguese to assess body image changes in clinical practice or research. (bvsalud.org)
  • To assess the prevalence of oral manifestations in HIV/AIDS patients and a possible correlation of the development of diabetes mellitus due to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). (bvsalud.org)
  • AIDS, HIV, diabetes mellitus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first described in 1981 in the United States, and its causative agent is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (bvsalud.org)
  • HIV/AIDS denialists dispute the existence of HIV or its role in causing AIDS. (wikipedia.org)
  • HIV/AIDS denialism is the belief, despite conclusive evidence to the contrary, that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) does not cause acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite its lack of scientific acceptance, HIV/AIDS denialism has had a significant political impact, especially in South Africa under the presidency of Thabo Mbeki . (wikipedia.org)
  • Scientists and physicians have raised alarm at the human cost of HIV/AIDS denialism, which discourages HIV-positive people from using proven treatments. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1987, molecular biologist Peter Duesberg questioned the link between HIV and AIDS in the journal Cancer Research . (wikipedia.org)
  • [23] Duesberg's publication coincided with the start of major public health campaigns and the development of zidovudine (AZT) as a treatment for HIV/AIDS. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1988, a panel of the Institute of Medicine of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences found that "the evidence that HIV causes AIDS is scientifically conclusive. (wikipedia.org)
  • Does HIV cause AIDS? (i-sis.org.uk)
  • AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is the final and most serious stage of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • But all that came to a crashing end in 1987, when he published a paper [1] claiming that HIV did not cause AIDS, contrary to what the scientific community had come to believe to this day (Box 1), but was instead the result of drug use. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Ironically, Duesberg's hypothesis was generally held before the idea that HIV caused AIDS became accepted (see Box 2). (i-sis.org.uk)
  • The US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) termed the epidemic, AIDS, for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Lipodystrophy is a disorder in fat distribution, which may occur with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during the management of HIV/AIDS. (medscape.com)
  • 1. AIDS: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 2. (cdc.gov)
  • AIDS-like syndrome: AIDS-like disease (illness) (syndrome) ARC AIDS-related complex Pre-AIDS AIDS-related conditions Prodromal-AIDS 3. (cdc.gov)
Insulin10
  • Insulin resistance underlies a constellation of adverse metabolic and physiological changes (the insulin resistance syndrome) which is a strong risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes and CHD. (cambridge.org)
  • Lipodystrophy, lack of adipose tissue, is also associated with insulin resistance. (cambridge.org)
  • The metabolic aspects of the syndrome - changes in cholesterol and other blood lipids, and development of insulin resistance - could increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients. (harvard.edu)
  • There are other medical conditions associated with insulin resistance, like obstructive sleep apnea, fatty liver disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, also known as PCOS, Cushing's syndrome, and lipodystrophy syndromes. (mayoclinic.org)
  • [ 32 , 34 , 31 ] Biguanides and thiazolidinediones have been used in the treatment of the insulin-resistant state (which includes type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovary disease) and in cases of HIV - related glucose intolerance. (medscape.com)
  • Insulin sensitizers (biguanides and thiazolidinediones) can be used to reduce insulin levels in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome and with irregular periods. (medscape.com)
  • It has been found to be effective in treating Acquired Generalized Lipodystrophy (AGL) by increasing insulin sensitivity and decreasing glucose levels. (rarediseaseshealthcenter.com)
  • Here, we report that hyperactivation of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 found in Noonan syndrome (NS) led to an unsuspected insulin resistance profile uncoupled from altered lipid management (for example, obesity or ectopic lipid deposits) in both patients and mice. (bvsalud.org)
  • These findings support strongly the diagnosis of a type A syndrome with severe insulin resistance associated with lipopexia on the extremities . (lookfordiagnosis.com)
  • Preliminary results from animals and man suggest that increasing subcutaneous fat by treatment with thiazolidinediones should improve insulin resistance and the associated features of this syndrome. (lookfordiagnosis.com)
Abnormalities5
  • Most of the metabolic abnormalities defining metabolic syndrome are observed in HIV. (natap.org)
  • This appears to be the most promising strategy to date for a safe, effective method of reducing excess visceral fat deposits and improving lipid abnormalities in HIV-infected patients, thereby improving their risk for cardiovascular disease," says Steven Grinspoon of the MGH Neuroendocrine Unit and Program in Nutritional Metabolism, the report's senior and corresponding author. (harvard.edu)
  • 2010) explains that in people infected with HIV, they have shown various lipid abnormalities. (ugm.ac.id)
  • The complement abnormalities of lipodystrophy. (medscape.com)
  • Complement abnormalities in acquired lipodystrophy revisited. (medscape.com)
Journal of Acquir1
  • A study by researchers at Case Western University in the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes shows that while antioxidants, including vitamins E and C, can help improve cholesterol levels in HIV-positive adults, the supplements may boost blood sugar levels, Reuters Health reports. (advocate.com)
Patients24
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated lipodystrophy is a syndrome that occurs in HIV-infected patients who are being treated with antiretroviral medications. (medscape.com)
  • Tesamorelin, under the trade name Egrifta, received U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval in 2010 for the treatment of lipodystrophy in HIV patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy, and, in 2011, was investigated for effects on certain cognitive tests in the elderly. (wikipedia.org)
  • HIV patients are generally prescribed ddI after they have failed other antiretroviral medications because of metabolic side effects, other toxicities, or uncontrolled viral load. (natap.org)
  • A team led by researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and McGill University Health Centre found that treatment with tesamorelin, a growth-hormone-releasing factor, significantly reduced deep abdominal fat deposits and improved the metabolic aspects of HIV lipodystrophy in a group of patients with the syndrome. (harvard.edu)
  • Study participants - HIV lipodystrophy patients recruited from 43 sites around the United States and Canada - were randomly assigned to receive either tesamorelin or a placebo, self-administered daily for six months. (harvard.edu)
  • Nutritional therapy for HIV-infected patients is shifting focus. (news-medical.net)
  • However, these drugs also cause metabolic syndrome as a toxicity, which may exacerbate an existing metabolic syndrome toxicity (referred to as 'lipodystrophy syndrome') commonly experienced by these patients and caused by long-term use of antiretroviral (ARV) medications. (psychiatrist.com)
  • One of the principle drivers behind the well documented increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients is dyslipidemia. (opencardiovascularmedicinejournal.com)
  • Drug-induced lipodystrophy in patients with HIV on ART is associated with metabolic complications, an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and pancreatitis. (logicalimages.com)
  • Lipodystrophy can develop within months to 2 years after the initiation of ART, with changes in limb and waist circumference apparent in up to 35% of patients after 2 years of initiation of ART. (logicalimages.com)
  • With the availability of new co-formulated HIV drugs, many patients could benefit from simplification of their ART regimen, guided by HIV DNA archive genotype testing (GenoSure Archive). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Haque WA, Shimomura I, Matsuzawa Y, Garg A. Serum adiponectin and leptin levels in patients with lipodystrophies. (medscape.com)
  • Such patients may include those with inadequate gastrointestinal function (e.g., short-bowel syndrome or chronic intestinal obstruction), as well as those with severe oropharyngeal dysfunction or permanent neurological impairment. (nationalacademies.org)
  • HIV-related lipodystrophy is a syndrome that occurs in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral drugs. (usapeptides.info)
  • This case emphasizes the need for pharmacovigilance when managing patients on complex drug regimens for physicians treating HIV infected patients. (springeropen.com)
  • HIV patients commonly contract hepatitis-B, pneumonia, and other types of contagious diseases. (ssdfirm.com)
  • Also, the HIV virus is highly transmittable, so patients must take certain precautions not to put others at risk of contracting the virus. (ssdfirm.com)
  • 56 patients were examined, divided into two groups, Group 1, the HIV group, with 28 patients known to be HIV+, who developed diabetes mellitus due to HAART, and Group 2, the control group, with 28 patients with HIV- diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. (bvsalud.org)
  • The occurrence of diabetes is four times greater in HIVseropositive patients than in HIV-seronegative patients matched by age and body mass 10,13-16 . (bvsalud.org)
  • A retrospective cohort study involving medical records review of HIV-positive patients initiated on antiretroviral treatment (ART) was conducted from December 2007 to November 2008 at Letaba Hospital. (sajhivmed.org.za)
  • A decade and more after the nationwide roll-out of the ART programme in public health facilities in South Africa, several studies have reported good treatment outcomes, including significant reductions in mortality and morbidity among HIV-positive patients on ART. (sajhivmed.org.za)
  • However, HIV tends to become resistant in patients who do not take their medications every day. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • HAART - Patients with HIV likely to be a side effect of the protease inhibitors. (abcmedicalnotes.com)
  • Glomerulonephritis occurs in 50% of patients with lipodystrophy and a low C3 complement level. (abcmedicalnotes.com)
Medications4
  • The risk of developing the syndrome is related to HIV, specific medications, and body fat. (natap.org)
  • This review will focus on the clinical presentation of HIV and ART-associated dyslipidemia, what is known of its patho-physiology, including associations with use of specific antiretroviral medications, and suggest screening and management strategies. (opencardiovascularmedicinejournal.com)
  • Is there a cure/medications for Acquired generalized lipodystrophy? (rarediseaseshealthcenter.com)
  • This cross-sectional review from March 10 to November 10, 2011, included a nonprobability sample of HIV-infected adults receiving antiretroviral (ARV) medications for at least 6 months and monitored in the internal medicine department. (medscape.com)
Antiretroviral Therapy5
  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has successfully improved HIV-associated complications and mortality by reducing opportunistic infections. (medscape.com)
  • Facial HIV-associated lipodystrophy in a patient receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. (medscape.com)
  • Antiretroviral therapy should never replace adopting and maintaining behaviors that guard against HIV exposure (e.g., sexual abstinence, sex only with an uninfected partner, consistent and correct condom use, abstinence from injecting-drug use, and consistent use of sterile equipment by those unable to cease injecting-drug use). (cdc.gov)
  • In July 1997, CDC sponsored the External Consultants Meeting on Antiretroviral Therapy for Potential Nonoccupational Exposures to HIV. (cdc.gov)
  • Effect of Berberine on Metabolic Syndrome, Efficacy and Safety in Combination With Antiretroviral Therapy in PLWH. (go.jp)
Peripheral1
  • However, long-term use of ART leads to a fat redistribution syndrome, with peripheral fat loss and central adiposity, and metabolic abnorm- alities called, generally, lipodystrophy. (researchgate.net)
Lipohypertrophy1
  • Lipohypertrophy in this syndrome is characterized by the presence of an enlarged dorsocervical fat pad, circumferential expansion of the neck, breast enlargement, and abdominal visceral fat accumulation. (medscape.com)
Mutation2
  • Nakajo-Nishimura syndrome is an autoinflammatory disorder due to a mutation of the PSMB8 gene. (medscape.com)
  • A family with dilated cardiomyopathy associated with lipodystrophy and neurological manifestations and overlapping phenotype from lamin A/C mutation was delineated in detail with a follow-up of 22 years. (medscape.com)
Clinical3
  • Cachexia and Wasting provides the best available evidence on the pathogenesis, clinical features and therapeutic approach of cachexia, and facilitates the understanding of the complex yet unequivocal clinical role of this syndrome, that truly represents a disease, or, better still, a disease within other different diseases. (chipsbooks.com)
  • However, because no data exist regarding the efficacy of this therapy for persons with nonoccupational HIV exposure, it should be considered an unproven clinical intervention. (cdc.gov)
  • Its orally available prodrug is currently being evaluated as an anti-HIV agent in phase III clinical studies. (aspetjournals.org)
Congenital2
  • Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy type 2, the severest form of human lipodystrophy with an almost complete loss of adipose tissue, is due to loss-of-function mutations in the BSCL2/SEIPIN gene. (medscape.com)
  • Berardinelli-Seip syndrome and Seip-Lawrence syndrome are congenital and acquired forms, respectively, of total lipodystrophy, and both are associated with diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. (logicalimages.com)
Cardiovascular3
  • Background: Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of cardiovascular outcomes and type II diabetes. (natap.org)
  • But this study shows clearly that the novel strategy of inducing the release of endogenous growth hormone can improve symptoms of lipodystrophy, relieving patient distress - which may improve their compliance with therapy - and reducing several cardiovascular risk factors. (harvard.edu)
  • However, the association with HAART has shown an increased risk for developing DM, cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. (bvsalud.org)
Polycystic3
  • Cutaneous Findings and Systemic Associations in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Recommendations From the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Metformin and combined oral contraceptive pills in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (medscape.com)
Progression1
  • Progression of lipodystrophy syndrome is a big challenge in HIV treatment. (researchgate.net)
Disorders characterized2
  • Lipodystrophy syndromes represent a group of rare, heterogeneous disorders characterized by progressive loss of fat tissue, mainly from the subcutaneous compartment and occasionally from visceral fat. (medscape.com)
  • More than a decade of work conducted by UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas researchers has led to a better understanding of the underlying causes of lipodystrophies - disorders characterized by the selective loss of fat tissues, resulting in metabolic complications, such as severe diabetes and high blood cholesterol levels. (news-medical.net)
Infections2
  • It is used to treat HIV infections in the USA. (pharmakb.com)
  • It has been approved in Europe to treat HIV infections. (pharmakb.com)
HAART4
  • The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly lower in HAART and non-HAART users compared with NHANES participants unadjusted for body mass index (BMI). (natap.org)
  • The HIV group and the control group were diagnosed with diabetes, but this condition in the HIV group presented earlier than in the control group, suggesting a possible association with HAART. (bvsalud.org)
  • A combination of several antiretroviral agents, termed Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART), has been highly effective in reducing the number of HIV particles in the blood stream (as measured by a blood test called the viral load). (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Also, certain strains of HIV mutate easily and may become resistant to HAART especially quickly. (i-sis.org.uk)
Redistribution2
  • Serono has announced that it has completed enrollment in its second multi-center, phase III trial of Serostim (somatropin [rDNA origin] for injection) in the treatment of HIV-Associated Adipose Redistribution Syndrome (HARS). (news-medical.net)
  • Oral corticosteroid therapy may also cause fat redistribution (both a cushingoid appearance and true, iatrogenic Cushing syndrome are possible). (logicalimages.com)
Toxicity1
  • Hence, inhibition of the active drug uptake into proximal tubular cells may provide an effective strategy to ameliorate the renal toxicity syndromes. (aspetjournals.org)
Protease inhibitors2
  • Most experts currently believe that HIV type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors (PIs) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), especially stavudine and zidovudine, are implicated. (medscape.com)
  • Protease inhibitors (PIs) inhibit the viral protease enzyme that is crucial to maturation of immature HIV virions after they bud from host cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Treatment12
  • Treatment must be planned and adjusted for every individual person with HIV. (health.am)
  • Our results suggest that HIV itself, treatment, and host factors affect the risk of metabolic syndrome in HIV disease. (natap.org)
  • 5 allows us to reach millions of people globally with accurate and reliable resources about HIV prevention and treatment. (aidsmap.com)
  • Treatment is recommended for all people living with HIV. (aidsmap.com)
  • Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach. (vaccipedia.jp)
  • Used (as its sodium salt) for treatment of HIV-1. (pharmakb.com)
  • If treatment fails, drug susceptibility (resistance) assays can determine the susceptibility of the dominant HIV strain to all available drugs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Fibrates are the drug of choice for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome release rhGH was injected subcutaneously once-weekly for 3 months post-operatively. (queobathrooms.co.uk)
  • To assess the treatment outcomes of an HIV clinic in rural Limpopo province, South Africa. (sajhivmed.org.za)
  • 1 Responding to high HIV-related morbidity and mortality, the South African government implemented a nationwide roll-out of an antiretroviral treatment (ART) programme in public health facilities in 2004. (sajhivmed.org.za)
  • The aim of this study was therefore to assess the treatment outcomes of a public service HIV clinic in the predominantly rural province of Limpopo. (sajhivmed.org.za)
Antiviral2
  • A significant number of HIV-infected individuals who receive antiviral therapy develop lipodystrophy. (harvard.edu)
  • Antiviral therapy suppresses the replication of the HIV virus in the body. (i-sis.org.uk)
Complications2
  • However, metabolic complications and lipodystrophy stemming from long-term ART are concerning and may lead to discontinuation of therapy or regimen substitution. (medscape.com)
  • Systemic complications resulting from inhaled corticosteroids like fluticasone are rare but when used concomitantly with ritonavir can lead to iatrogenic Cushing syndrome and adrenal suppression. (springeropen.com)
Subcutaneous fat1
  • Symptoms of the syndrome include a loss of subcutaneous fat in the face, arms, and legs, and increased fat deposits in the abdomen. (harvard.edu)
Glomerulonephritis2
  • Lipodystrophy is often associated with glomerulonephritis, low C3 serum complement levels, and the presence of a C3 nephritic factor. (medscape.com)
  • Renal disease - membranoproliferative (mesangiocapillary/Mesangioproliferative ) glomerulonephritis which may not appear for up to 10 years after the onset of the lipodystrophy. (abcmedicalnotes.com)
Osteoporosis2
  • This resulted in severe osteoporosis, iatrogenic Cushing syndrome and adrenal insufficiency due to the potentiated systemic glucocorticoid effect of inhaled fluticasone by ritonavir. (springeropen.com)
  • We report a case of iatrogenic Cushing syndrome, adrenal insufficiency and severe osteoporosis due to the potentiated systemic glucocorticoid effect of inhaled fluticasone by ritonavir in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (springeropen.com)
Cohort of HIV-infected1
  • Among our cohort of HIV-infected adults, the risk of developing metabolic syndrome was higher in those with a clinically relevant increase in viral load (≥0.5 log) in the previous 6 months. (natap.org)
Dysplasia1
  • The other types, such as the Kobberling-Dunnigan variety or the familial mandibuloacral dysplasia syndrome, may be familial and tend to be associated with metabolic anomalies such as glucose intolerance and hypertriglyceridemia. (medscape.com)
Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome1
  • The patient was diagnosed with iatrogenic Cushing syndrome and adrenal suppression secondary to the potentiated systemic glucocorticoid effect of inhaled fluticasone by ritonavir. (springeropen.com)
Individuals5
  • Although ddI use has not been shown to cause metabolic changes, the increased risk of metabolic syndrome among our ddI users may reflect the effect of previous treatments on individuals or may be related to greater disease severity. (natap.org)
  • It can be actively secreted following different stimuli, such as cytokines, endotoxins, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) [ 24 ], or, passively, by necrotic cells [ 25 ], common conditions observed in HIV-individuals. (hindawi.com)
  • Difference in Survival between Housed and Homeless individuals with HIV, San Francisco, 2002-2011. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Diabetes is relatively similar in HIV-positive and negative individuals. (bvsalud.org)
  • Individuals grieving from lipodystrophy syndrome, in which there is an excess amount of fat in one area of the body and too little in another may benefit. (yurls.net)
Complement1
  • Evidence of ongoing complement activation on adipose tissue was documented in a child with this syndrome. (medscape.com)
Treatments3
  • [ 11 ] It is important to note that alternative treatments for HIV are emerging, which may address the adverse effects caused by ART and have the potential to replace ART regimens. (medscape.com)
  • Drug treatments designed to combat the HIV virus have improved, decreasing some nutritional problems, while bringing others to light. (news-medical.net)
  • What are the treatments for Acquired generalized lipodystrophy? (rarediseaseshealthcenter.com)
Serum1
  • Methods: Metabolic syndrome is ≥3 of the following: hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, hypertension, abdominal obesity, and high serum glucose. (natap.org)
People With HIV1
  • Taking DHEA by mouth does not seem to improve mental function or decrease mental decline in healthy older people, people with HIV, or in healthy young adults. (medlineplus.gov)
Accumulation2
  • The abdomen may be protuberant in these disorders due to enlargement of the liver and spleen, but unlike HIV-associated lipodystrophy, areas of fat accumulation are not seen. (logicalimages.com)
  • Lipodystrophy is a condition that changes body fat distribution, including fat loss and accumulation and changes in metabolism. (usapeptides.info)
Etiology1
  • Although the exact etiology of lipodystrophy is still unknown, both ART and HIV cause changes in lipid distribution. (medscape.com)
Genetic2
  • Human lipodystrophies: genetic and acquired diseases of adipose tissue. (medscape.com)
  • The molecular basis of genetic lipodystrophies. (medscape.com)
Disorder1
  • Acquired generalized lipodystrophy (AGL) is a rare disorder characterized by the sudden and progressive loss of fat from the face, arms, legs, and trunk. (rarediseaseshealthcenter.com)
Human4
  • Although the precise mechanisms underlying HIV lipodystrophy are not well understood, several hypotheses based on in vitro and human studies may explain the pathogenesis of the lipid changes that take place. (medscape.com)
  • Human PTRF mutations may cause secondary deficiency of caveolins, resulting in generalized lipodystrophy in association with in muscular dystrophy. (medscape.com)
  • Integrase inhibitors prevent HIV DNA from being integrated into human DNA. (msdmanuals.com)
  • But in 1984, the US government researchers proposed that a virus, now termed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is the cause of the epidemic in US and Europe, and also in Africa. (i-sis.org.uk)
Symptoms2
Hypertriglyceridemia1
  • Most with metabolic syndrome (77%) had low HDL and hypertriglyceridemia plus ≥1 additional abnormality. (natap.org)
Manifestations1
  • Regarding the oral and general manifestations, the HIV group showed higher rates of pathologies when compared with the control group. (bvsalud.org)
Glucose1
  • Specific antiretroviral therapies are known to affect individual components of the metabolic syndrome adversely, such as increasing triglycerides (lopinavir/ritonavir,32 nevirapine,33 and nelfinavir33) and increasing fasting glucose (indinavir34 and lopinavir/ritonavir35). (natap.org)

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