Hiv antigens. Medical search

Antigens associated with specific proteins of the human adult T-cell immunodeficiency virus (HIV); also called HTLV-III-associated and lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) antigens.

Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Blood, mucus, tissue removed at surgery or autopsy, soiled surgical dressings, and other materials requiring special disposal procedures.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.

Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.

Development of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV).

A major core protein of the human immunodeficiency virus encoded by the HIV gag gene. HIV-seropositive individuals mount a significant immune response to p24 and thus detection of antibodies to p24 is one basis for determining HIV infection by ELISA and Western blot assays. The protein is also being investigated as a potential HIV immunogen in vaccines.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

Antibody-mediated immune response. Humoral immunity is brought about by ANTIBODY FORMATION, resulting from TH2 CELLS activating B-LYMPHOCYTES, followed by COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

Proposed as an adjuvant to cancer chemotherapy; may have radiation protective properties.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

Alkaloids derived from TYRAMINE combined with 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde via a norbelladine pathway, including GALANTAMINE, lycorine and crinine. They are found in the Amaryllidaceae (LILIACEAE) plant family.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Polyomavirus antigens which cause infection and cellular transformation. The large T antigen is necessary for the initiation of viral DNA synthesis, repression of transcription of the early region and is responsible in conjunction with the middle T antigen for the transformation of primary cells. Small T antigen is necessary for the completion of the productive infection cycle.

Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.

Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.

The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.

A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the response to colon cancer treatment.

Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.

Studies of the number of cases where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is present in a specific population at a designated time. The presence in a given individual is determined by the finding of HIV antibodies in the serum (HIV SEROPOSITIVITY).

Immune status consisting of non-production of HIV antibodies, as determined by various serological tests.

A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.

Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.

Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.

A glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.

A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, CD15 antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.

Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. CD8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions.

Carbohydrate antigens expressed by malignant tissue. They are useful as tumor markers and are measured in the serum by means of a radioimmunoassay employing monoclonal antibodies.

A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*02 allele family.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.

Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).

55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Sets of cell surface antigens located on BLOOD CELLS. They are usually membrane GLYCOPROTEINS or GLYCOLIPIDS that are antigenically distinguished by their carbohydrate moieties.

Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.

Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.

Immunologic tests for identification of HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) antibodies. They include assays for HIV SEROPOSITIVITY and HIV SERONEGATIVITY that have been developed for screening persons carrying the viral antibody from patients with overt symptoms of AIDS or AIDS-RELATED COMPLEX.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of LEUKOCYTES and their hemopoietic progenitors. They contain a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity which plays a role in intracellular signaling from the CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. The CD45 antigens occur as multiple isoforms that result from alternative mRNA splicing and differential usage of three exons.

Human immune-response or Class II antigens found mainly, but not exclusively, on B-lymphocytes and produced from genes of the HLA-D locus. They are extremely polymorphic families of glycopeptides, each consisting of two chains, alpha and beta. This group of antigens includes the -DR, -DQ and -DP designations, of which HLA-DR is most studied; some of these glycoproteins are associated with certain diseases, possibly of immune etiology.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Molecules on the surface of B- and T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with specific antigens.

Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.

Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS.

Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by more than 30 detectable alleles on locus B of the HLA complex, the most polymorphic of all the HLA specificities. Several of these antigens (e.g., HLA-B27, -B7, -B8) are strongly associated with predisposition to rheumatoid and other autoimmune disorders. Like other class I HLA determinants, they are involved in the cellular immune reactivity of cytolytic T lymphocytes.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Africa.

Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC Class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

Inhibitors of HIV PROTEASE, an enzyme required for production of proteins needed for viral assembly.

Evolution and biological characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype E gp120 V3 sequences following horizontal and vertical virus transmission in a single family. (1/787)

It has been suggested that immune-pressure-mediated positive selection operates to maintain the antigenic polymorphism on the third variable (V3) loop of the gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Here we present evidence, on the basis of sequencing 147 independently cloned env C2/V3 segments from a single family (father, mother, and their child), that the intensity of positive selection is related to the V3 lineage. Phylogenetic analysis and amino acid comparison of env C2/V3 and gag p17/24 regions indicated that a single HIV-1 subtype E source had infected the family. The analyses of unique env C2/V3 clones revealed that two V3 lineage groups had evolved in the parents. Group 1 was maintained with low variation in all three family members regardless of the clinical state or the length of infection, whereas group 2 was only present in symptomatic individuals and was more positively charged and diverse than group 1. Only virus isolates carrying the group 2 V3 sequences infected and induced syncytia in MT2 cells, a transformed CD4(+)-T-cell line. A statistically significant excess of nonsynonymous substitutions versus synonymous substitutions was demonstrated only for the group 2 V3 region. The data suggest that HIV-1 variants, possessing the more homogeneous group 1 V3 element and exhibiting the non-syncytium-inducing phenotype, persist in infected individuals independent of clinical status and appear to be more resistant to positive selection pressure. (+info)

Binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag to membrane: role of the matrix amino terminus. (2/787)

Binding of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag protein precursor, Pr55(Gag), to membrane is an indispensable step in virus assembly. Previously, we reported that a matrix (MA) residue 6 substitution (6VR) imposed a virus assembly defect similar to that observed with myristylation-defective mutants, suggesting that the 6VR change impaired membrane binding. Intriguingly, the 6VR mutation had no effect on Gag myristylation. The defective phenotype imposed by 6VR was reversed by changes at other positions in MA, including residue 97. In this study, we use several biochemical methods to demonstrate that the residue 6 mutation, as well as additional substitutions in MA amino acids 7 and 8, reduce membrane binding without affecting N-terminal myristylation. This effect is observed in the context of Pr55(Gag), a truncated Gag containing only MA and CA, and in MA itself. The membrane binding defect imposed by the 6VR mutation is reversed by second-site changes in MA residues 20 and 97, both of which, when present alone, increase membrane binding to levels greater than those for the wild type. Both reduced and enhanced membrane binding imposed by the MA substitutions depend upon the presence of the N-terminal myristate. The results support the myristyl switch model recently proposed for the regulation of Gag membrane binding, according to which membrane binding is determined by the degree of exposure or sequestration of the N-terminal myristate moiety. Alternatively, insertion of the myristate into the lipid bilayer might be a prerequisite event for the function of other distinct MA-encoded membrane binding domains. (+info)

Engineering of noninfectious HIV-1-like particles containing mutant gp41 glycoproteins as vaccine candidates that allow vaccinees to be distinguished from HIV-1 infectees. (3/787)

Many AIDS vaccine candidates under development may elicit immune responses similar to those observed in and used to screen human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals. Therefore, it is important to develop vaccine candidates that incorporate antigenic markers and allow vaccinees to be distinguished from HIV-1 infectees. To this end, we introduced a series of mutations into and in the vicinity of the major immunodominant region (MIR) of gp41 (residues 598-609), a domain recognized by almost all HIV-1 infectees, and evaluated whether HIV-1-like particles incorporating such mutant glycoproteins could be expressed in mammalian cells. Results indicated that although up to three consecutive amino acids could be replaced within MIR without significantly affecting particle formation or gp160 processing, deletions within MIR impaired envelope processing. Replacement of HIV-1 MIR by part or most of the corresponding domain from other lentiviruses markedly decreased or abolished gp160 processing. Synthetic peptides corresponding to a mutated MIR incorporating three amino acid replacements were not recognized by a panel of sera from HIV-1 infectees, suggesting that HIV-1-like particles with this type of mutation represent potential candidate vaccines that could allow vaccinees to be distinguished from HIV-1 infectees. (+info)

Translation elongation factor 1-alpha interacts specifically with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag polyprotein. (4/787)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gag-encoded proteins play key functions at almost all stages of the viral life cycle. Since these functions may require association with cellular factors, the HIV-1 matrix protein (MA) was used as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify MA-interacting proteins. MA was found to interact with elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1alpha), an essential component of the translation machinery that delivers aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes. EF1alpha was then shown to bind the entire HIV-1 Gag polyprotein. This interaction is mediated not only by MA, but also by the nucleocapsid domain, which provides a second, independent EF1alpha-binding site on the Gag polyprotein. EF1alpha is incorporated within HIV-1 virion membranes, where it is cleaved by the viral protease and protected from digestion by exogenously added subtilisin. The specificity of the interaction is demonstrated by the fact that EF1alpha does not bind to nonlentiviral MAs and does not associate with Moloney murine leukemia virus virions. The Gag-EF1alpha interaction appears to be mediated by RNA, in that basic residues in MA and NC are required for binding to EF1alpha, RNase disrupts the interaction, and a Gag mutant with undetectable EF1alpha-binding activity is impaired in its ability to associate with tRNA in cells. Finally, the interaction between MA and EF1alpha impairs translation in vitro, a result consistent with a previously proposed model in which inhibition of translation by the accumulation of Gag serves to release viral RNA from polysomes, permitting the RNA to be packaged into nascent virions. (+info)

Reappearance of founder virus sequence in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. (5/787)

Different patterns of temporal evolution in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 V3 and p17 regions are described for eight patients studied during the first years following primary infection. In samples from three patients, a rapid replacement of the major sequence occurred but the original sequence reappeared later simultaneously with clinical deterioration and increased plasma viral load. (+info)

Changes in and discrepancies between cell tropisms and coreceptor uses of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 induced by single point mutations at the V3 tip of the env protein. (6/787)

We examined the effect of amino acid substitutions of the GPGR (glycine-proline-glycine-arginine) tip sequence at the V3 domain of the Env protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) on its cell tropism and coreceptor use. We changed the GPGR sequence of a T-cell line (T)- and macrophage (M)-tropic (R5-R3-X4) HIV-1 strain, GUN-1wt, to GA(alanine)GR (the resulting mutant was designated GUN-1/A), GL(leucine)GR (GUN-1/L), GP(proline)GR (GUN-1/P), GR(arginine)GR (GUN-1/R), GS(serine)GR (GUN-1/S), or GT(threonine)GR (GUN-1/T). GUN-1/A, GUN-1/S, and GUN-1/T mutants infected brain-derived cells such as a CD4-transduced glioma cell line, U87/CD4, and a brain-derived primary cell strain, BT-20/N, as well as T-cell lines in a CD4-dependent manner, although the plating of these mutants onto macrophages was inhibited. GUN-1/L, GUN-1/P, and GUN-1/R mutants showed both T- and M-tropism, but did not plate onto the brain-derived cells. A CCR3, CCR5, CCR8, or CXCR4 gene was introduced into a CD4-positive glioma cell line, NP-2/CD4, which demonstrated complete resistance to various HIV-1 strains. Not only HIV-1 strains, which were infectious to macrophages, such as GUN-1wt, GUN-1v, GUN-1/L, and GUN-1/P, but also an HIV-1 strain, GUN-1v, which was hardly infectious to macrophages, grew well in NP-2/CD4 cells expressing CCR3 or CCR5. However, the M-tropic GUN-1/R mutant could not efficiently use CCR5 nor CCR3. No point mutants, except GUN-1/L, grew well in NP-2/CD4 cells expressing CCR8. These findings indicate that the cell tropism of HIV-1 to macrophages and brain-derived cells and their use of the coreceptors were markedly, though not always concomitantly, affected by the tip sequence of the V3 domain. (+info)

The antiviral activity of HIV-specific CD8+ CTL clones is limited by elimination due to encounter with HIV-infected targets. (7/787)

Adoptive immunotherapy of virus infection with viral-specific CTL has shown promise in animal models and human virus infections and is being evaluated as a therapy for established HIV-1 infection. Defining the individual obstacles for success is difficult in human trials. We have therefore examined the localization, persistence, and antiviral activity of HIV-1 gag-specific CTL clones in both HIV-1-infected and uninfected haplotype-matched human (hu)-PBL-SCID mice. Injection of gag-specific clones but not control CTL into HIV-1-infected hosts reduced plasma viremia by >10-fold but failed to eliminate the virus infection from most treated animals. The failure to eradicate virus did not reflect selection of escape variants because the gag epitope remained unmutated in virus isolates obtained after CTL therapy. Injection of carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimide ester-labeled CTL demonstrated markedly different fates for gag-specific CTL in the presence or absence of HIV-1 infection. HIV-1-specific CTL rapidly disappeared in infected recipients, whereas they were maintained at high numbers in uninfected mice. By contrast, control CTL were long lived in both infected and uninfected recipients. Thus, interaction of CTL with virus-infected target cells in vivo leads not only to target destruction but also to the rapid disappearance of the infused CTL, and it limits the capacity of CTL therapy to eliminate HIV-1 infection. (+info)

Cloning and characterization of hIF2, a human homologue of bacterial translation initiation factor 2, and its interaction with HIV-1 matrix. (8/787)

The cDNA for a human homologue (hIF2) of bacterial (bIF2) and yeast (yIF2) translation initiation factor two (IF2) has been identified during a screen for proteins which interact with HIV-1 matrix. The hIF2 cDNA encodes a 1220-amino-acid protein with a predicted relative molecular mass of 139 kDa, though endogeneous hIF2 migrates anomalously on SDS/PAGE at 180 kDa. hIF2 has an extended N-terminus compared with its homologues, although its central GTP-binding domain and C-terminus are highly conserved, with 58% sequence identity with yIF2. We have confirmed that hIF2 is required for general translation in human cells by generation of a point mutation in the P-loop of the GTP-binding domain. This mutant protein behaves in a transdominant manner in transient transfections and leads to a significant decrease in the translation of a reporter gene. hIF2 interacts directly with HIV-1 matrix and Gag in vitro, and the protein complex can be immunoprecipitated from human cells. This interaction appears to block hIF2 function, since purified matrix protein inhibits translation in a reticulocyte lysate. hIF2 does not correspond to any of the previously characterized translation initiation factors identified in mammals, but its essential role in translation appears to have been conserved from bacteria to humans. (+info)

... this makes them great for HIV antigens. They are an ideal crop because they contain beta-amyloid. Even though crops seem ... In order to be effective, the antigen needs to elicit a strong and specific immune response. Once the antigen is identified and ... The M-cells (found in Peyer's patches) in the mucous membranes of the lymphoid tissues push the antigens to the antigen ... The dosage also varies due to the difficulty in standardizing the concentration of the antigen in the plant tissue; it can be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_vaccine

"The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins: fusogens, antigens, and immunogens". Science. 280 (5371): 1884-88. Bibcode:1998Sci...280.1884 ... There is no vaccine for HIV. When the source of blood is known to be HIV positive, a 3-drug regimen is recommended by the CDC; ... "HIV Infection, Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors among Persons Who Inject Drugs - National HIV Behavioral Surveillance: ... The overall risk of HIV infection after percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected material in the health care setting is 0.3%. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needlestick_injury

"Synthetic peptide antigens for the detection of HIV-1 infection". FreePatentsOnline.com. September 28, 1988. "VocalTec ... Virovahl SA developed the world's first HIV synthetic peptide based on diagnostic test. Under his guidance as President of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Ganor

1991). "Interaction of CD4 with HLA class II antigens and HIV gp120". Immunogenetics. 34 (2): 121-8. doi:10.1007/BF00211424. ... Clayton LK, Sieh M, Pious DA, Reinherz EL (1989). "Identification of human CD4 residues affecting class II MHC versus HIV-1 ... Rosenstein Y, Burakoff SJ, Herrmann SH (1990). "HIV-gp120 can block CD4-class II MHC-mediated adhesion". J. Immunol. 144 (2): ... 1988). "Inhibition of CD4+ T cell function by the HIV envelope protein, gp120". J. Immunol. 141 (11): 3715-7. PMID 2846691. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex,_class_II,_DQ_alpha_1

Her work has primarily focussed on the carbohydrate antigens on HIV-1. The envelope glycoprotein GP120 of HIV-1 is covered in N ... "Hitting a Moving Target: AIDS Vaccine Could Work Against Changeable Site on HIV". News & Views. La Jolla, CA: The Scripps ... By neutralising sites such as these (the high-mannose patch), Doores hoped to protect against HIV infection. From 2013 to 2017 ... At Scripps, Doores worked alongside Dennis Burton, where she studied the "flower-like" envelope protein on HIV. These envelope ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Doores

1991). "Interaction of CD4 with HLA class II antigens and HIV gp120". Immunogenetics. 34 (2): 121-8. doi:10.1007/BF00211424. ... HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP(W2) beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DPB1 gene. HLA-DPB ... 1991). "Modulation of the HLA class II antigen at a molecular level by maternal serum among cord blood cells and unrelated ... Eiermann TH, Uhl S, Fakler J, Goldmann SF (1992). "A novel HLA-DPB1 sequence, DPB1*2301". Tissue Antigens. 40 (2): 108-10. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DPB1

1991). "Interaction of CD4 with HLA class II antigens and HIV gp120". Immunogenetics. 34 (2): 121-8. doi:10.1007/BF00211424. ... 1991). "The HIV core protein p24 inhibits interferon-gamma-induced increase of HLA-DR and cytochrome b heavy chain mRNA levels ... Gorski J, Mach B (1986). "Polymorphism of human Ia antigens: gene conversion between two DR beta loci results in a new HLA-D/DR ... HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB3-1 beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DRB3 gene. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DRB3

1994). "HLA class II antigens and the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 bind to the same face of CD4". J. Immunol. 152 (9): 4475- ... 1991). "Interaction of CD4 with HLA class II antigens and HIV gp120". Immunogenetics. 34 (2): 121-8. doi:10.1007/BF00211424. ... 1994). "HIV-1 gp41 binding proteins and antibodies to gp41 could inhibit enhancement of human Raji cell MHC class I and II ... 1993). "HIV-1 envelope protein is expressed on the surface of infected cells before its processing and presentation to class II ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DOB

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DMB

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQB2

1991). "Interaction of CD4 with HLA class II antigens and HIV gp120". Immunogenetics. 34 (2): 121-8. doi:10.1007/BF00211424. ... Identification of these antigens has led to greater success and longevity in organ transplant. Antigens most responsible for ... 2004). "HIV/SIV escape from immune surveillance: focus on Nef". Curr. HIV Res. 2 (2): 141-51. doi:10.2174/1570162043484924. ... Anderson JL, Hope TJ (2005). "HIV accessory proteins and surviving the host cell". Current HIV/AIDS Reports. 1 (1): 47-53. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DR

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DOA

1994). "HLA class II antigens and the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 bind to the same face of CD4". J. Immunol. 152 (9): 4475- ... 1991). "Interaction of CD4 with HLA class II antigens and HIV gp120". Immunogenetics. 34 (2): 121-8. doi:10.1007/BF00211424. ... 1994). "HIV-1 gp41 binding proteins and antibodies to gp41 could inhibit enhancement of human Raji cell MHC class I and II ... Also known as HLA-DXA or DAAP-381D23.2, it is part of the human leucocyte antigen system. The protein encoded by this gene is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQA2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DMA

1991). "Interaction of CD4 with HLA class II antigens and HIV gp120". Immunogenetics. 34 (2): 121-8. doi:10.1007/BF00211424. ... 1991). "The HIV core protein p24 inhibits interferon-gamma-induced increase of HLA-DR and cytochrome b heavy chain mRNA levels ... HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB5 beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DRB5 gene. The ... Clayton LK, Sieh M, Pious DA, Reinherz EL (1989). "Identification of human CD4 residues affecting class II MHC versus HIV-1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DRB5

1991). "Interaction of CD4 with HLA class II antigens and HIV gp120". Immunogenetics. 34 (2): 121-8. doi:10.1007/BF00211424. ... 2004). "HIV/SIV escape from immune surveillance: focus on Nef". Curr. HIV Res. 2 (2): 141-51. doi:10.2174/1570162043484924. ... Anderson JL, Hope TJ (2005). "HIV accessory proteins and surviving the host cell". Current HIV/AIDS Reports. 1 (1): 47-53. doi: ... Stove V, Verhasselt B (2006). "Modelling thymic HIV-1 Nef effects". Curr. HIV Res. 4 (1): 57-64. doi:10.2174/157016206775197583 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DRA

1991). "Interaction of CD4 with HLA class II antigens and HIV gp120". Immunogenetics. 34 (2): 121-8. doi:10.1007/BF00211424. ... 1991). "The HIV core protein p24 inhibits interferon-gamma-induced increase of HLA-DR and cytochrome b heavy chain mRNA levels ... Clayton LK, Sieh M, Pious DA, Reinherz EL (1989). "Identification of human CD4 residues affecting class II MHC versus HIV-1 ... Rosenstein Y, Burakoff SJ, Herrmann SH (1990). "HIV-gp120 can block CD4-class II MHC-mediated adhesion". J. Immunol. 144 (2): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DRB4

Mann DL, Murray C, O'Donnell M, Blattner WA, Goedert JJ (1990). "HLA antigen frequencies in HIV-1-related Kaposi's sarcoma". J ... HLA-DR3 is composed of the HLA-DR17 and HLA-DR18 split 'antigens' serotypes. DR3 is a component gene-allele of the AH8.1 ... Pollack MS, Gold J, Metroka CE, Safai B, Dupont B (1984). "HLA-A,B,C and DR antigen frequencies in acquired immunodeficiency ... 2007). "Primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated with extended HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR6 haplotypes". Tissue Antigens. 69 (2): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DR3

Achord AP, Lewis RE, Brackin MN, Henderson H, Cruse JM (1996). "HIV-1 disease association with HLA-DQ antigens in African ... 2005). "Human leukocyte antigen class II alleles in Caucasian women with primary biliary cirrhosis". Tissue Antigens. 65 (2): ... HLA-DQ6 (DQ6) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-DQ (DQ) serotype group. The serotype is determined by the ... 2005). "Optic neuritis, multiple sclerosis and human leukocyte antigen: results of a 4-year follow-up study". Eur. J. Neurol. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQ6

All five patients had stable or increased immune response to HIV antigens and other pathogens. This was the first evaluation of ... a gene-based immunotherapy for the treatment of HIV that uses a lentiviral vector to deliver an antisense gene against the HIV ... Rosenberg T (27 May 2011). "The Man Who Was Cured of HIV and What It Means for a Cure for AIDS". New York. Retrieved 2 January ... "HIV used to cure 'bubble boy' disease". BBC News. 17 April 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2021. Pittman, Jessica Ravitz,John David. " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy

The World Health Organization recommends cryptococcal antigen screening in HIV-infected persons entering care with CD4. < or = ... "Routine cryptococcal antigen screening for HIV-infected patients with low CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts-time to implement in South ... "Integrating cryptococcal antigen screening and pre-emptive treatment into routine HIV care". Journal of Acquired Immune ... Cryptococcal antigen from cerebrospinal fluid is the best test for diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis in terms of sensitivity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptococcosis

If antibodies to HIV are present in the serum, they may bind to these HIV antigens. The plate is then washed to remove all ... For the detection of HIV antibodies, the wells of microtiter plate are coated with the HIV antigen. Two specific antibodies are ... If antibodies are present, the antigen-antibody reaction occurs. No antigen is left for the enzyme-labelled specific HIV ... The labeled antigen competes for primary antibody binding sites with the sample antigen (unlabeled). The less antigen in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISA

"Mechanisms of hypergammaglobulinemia and impaired antigen-specific humoral immunity in HIV-1 infection". Blood. 103 (6): 2180-6 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAIR1

HIV: the virus's antigens provoke an obstruction in the glomerular capillary's lumen that alters normal kidney function. ... certain antigens present during hepatitis can accumulate in the kidneys and damage them. Sjögren's syndrome: this autoimmune ... Hypertensive nephrosclerosis HIV Obesity Kidney loss Minimal change disease (MCD) Drugs, especially NSAIDs in the elderly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndrome

Out of 2,934 gorilla samples, 70 reacted with at least one HIV-1 antigen. These samples came from four field sites, all located ... The SIV or Simian immunodeficiency virus that infects them is similar to a certain strain of HIV-1. The HIV-1 virus exhibits ... Takebe, Y; Uenishi, R; Li, X (2008). "Global Molecular Epidemiology of HIV: Understanding the Genesis of AIDS Pandemic". HIV-1 ... HIV-1, is composed of four phylogenetic lineages, which at some point in time have independently gone through cross-species ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_lowland_gorilla

"Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines Mediates trans-Infection of HIV-1 from Red Blood Cells to Target Cells and Affects HIV- ... 2009). "Duffy antigen polymorphisms do not alter progression of HIV in African Americans in the MACS cohort". Cell Host Microbe ... 2009). "The Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines Null Promoter Variant Does Not Influence HIV-1 Acquisition Or Disease ... 2009). "Lack of Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines: No Influence on HIV Disease Progression in an African Treatment Naïve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_Kumar_Ahuja

... type 1 monomeric gp120 as novel antigens for HIV vaccine design". J. Virol. 77 (10): 5889-901. doi:10.1128/JVI.77.10.5889- ... Wolk T, Schreiber M (2006). "N-Glycans in the gp120 V1/V2 domain of the HIV-1 strain NL4-3 are indispensable for viral ... Papandreou MJ, Fenouillet E (1997). "Effect of various glycosidase treatments on the resistance of the HIV-1 envelope to ... Pantophlet R, Wilson IA, Burton DR (2003). "Hyperglycosylated mutants of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBA3

Type 1 Monomeric gp120 as Novel Antigens for HIV Vaccine Design". J. Virol. 77 (10): 5889-901. doi:10.1128/JVI.77.10.5889- ... Wolk T, Schreiber M (2007). "N-Glycans in the gp120 V1/V2 domain of the HIV-1 strain NL4-3 are indispensable for viral ... Papandreou MJ, Fenouillet E (1997). "Effect of various glycosidase treatments on the resistance of the HIV-1 envelope to ... 1993). "Site-specific N-glycosylation and oligosaccharide structures of recombinant HIV-1 gp120 derived from a baculovirus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBA2

An antigen capture assay was also reported to have identified HIV antigens in tissue samples, but not in serum. In a letter to ... The abstract reports the detection of HIV genes in Rayford's samples which were very similar to the HIV IIIB isolate which was ... Arvid Noe, the earliest known European AIDS case Index case History of HIV/AIDS Timeline of early AIDS cases Timeline of HIV/ ... A study published in 1988 reported the detection of antibodies against HIV. Results of testing for HIV genetic material were ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rayford

"Immunomodulatory effects of the HIV-1 gp120 protein on antigen presenting cells: implications for AIDS pathogenesis". ... NK cells can be important source of CC chemokines and may suppress HIV infection by inhibition replication of HIV-1 virus by ... Joseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D (January 2005). "Nef: "necessary and enforcing factor" in HIV infection". Current HIV Research. 3 ( ... Li L, Li HS, Pauza CD, Bukrinsky M, Zhao RY (2006). "Roles of HIV-1 auxiliary proteins in viral pathogenesis and host-pathogen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL4

messenger RNA-vaccine, er en type vaccine, der i stedet for at benytte et antigen til vaccination, bruger en nukleinsyre (DNA ... HIV-1, malaria, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ebola, RSV og Zikavirus, såvel som forskellige kræftformer, modermærkekræft og ... Traditionelle vacciner stimulerer et immunrespons fordi det indeholder et antigen, dvs. et protein eller en svækket eller ...

https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA-vaccine

CD4+ (helper) T cells co-ordinate the immune response (they are what becomes defective in an HIV infection). CD8+ (cytotoxic) T ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononuclear_cell

Examples include high levels of syphilis antibodies in HIV patients or high levels of cryptococcal antigen leading to false ... free antigen is in competition with captured antigen for detection antibody binding.[6] Sequential addition of antigen and ... Postzone - excess antigens[edit]. The effect can also occur because of antigen excess, when both the capture and detection ... which contains a particular antigen. If the antibodies interact with the antigen to form immune complexes, called agglutination ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_effect

諾氏瘧蟲）較少在人類身上造成疾病,ref name=WHO2014/,。診斷瘧疾主要透過顯微鏡檢驗{{Link-en,血液抹片,Blood_film}}或是加上{{Link-en,快速瘧疾抗原診斷測試,Malaria_antigen_detection_ ... Malaria attributable to the HIV-1 epidemic, sub-Saharan Africa ,url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol11no09/05-0337.htm , ... 較少在人類身上造成疾病,ref name=WHO2014/,。診斷瘧疾主要透

https://zh.wikipedia.org/?diff=prev&oldid=35782738

Stalwart) za povećanje broja CD4 kod HIV pozitivnih bolesnika. IL-3. Aktivirane T-pomoćne ćelijes, mastociti, NK-ćelije, ... "Revised nomenclature for antigen-nonspecific T cell proliferation and helper factors". Journal of Immunology. 123 (6): 2928-9. ... HIV). IL-12 također ima važnu ulogu u pojačavanju citotoksične funkcije NK-ćelija i ima ulogu u patološkim odgovorima Th1, kao ...

https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin

SEC uga duwé fungsi minangka sèl presenter antigen kang nyedhiakaké èksprèsi MHC I lan MHC II kanggo sèl T. Sèkrèsi kang dumadi ... "Hazardous drinking is associated with elevated aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index in an urban HIV clinical ... "Evaluation of the behavior of carcinoembryonic antigen in cirrhotic patients". Service of Internal Medicine, Hospital de ... Sèl pit bisa ngindhuksi pepati sanalika ing sèl tumor tanpa gumantung ing èksprèsi antigen ing komplèks histokompatibilitas ...

https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver

Koinfekce virem HIV je problémem hlavně v subsaharské Africe, kde je nákaza tímto virem velmi častá.[70][71] Kouření 20 a více ... Genetic regulation of acquired immune responses to antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a study of twins in West Africa. ... Chaisson, R. E., Martinson, N. A. Tuberculosis in Africa-combating an HIV-driven crisis. The New England Journal of Medicine. ... Zvyšování počtu nákaz virem HIV a zanedbávání programů na kontrolu tuberkulózy vedly k nové vlně tohoto onemocnění.[63] Přispěl ...

https://cs.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberkulóza

FIV and HIV are both lentiviruses. However, humans cannot be infected by FIV, nor can cats be infected by HIV. FIV is ... and immunodeficiency virus and of feline leukemia virus antigen and the interrelationship of these viral infections in free- ... Like HIV-1, FIV has been engineered into a viral vector for gene therapy.[28] Like other lentiviral vectors, FIV vectors ... As with HIV, the development of an effective vaccine against FIV is difficult because of the high number of, and differences ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIV

Dual-antigen receptor: CAR T cells are engineered to express two tumor-associated antigen receptors at the same time, reducing ... Riddell SR, Elliott M (1996). "T-cell mediated rejection of gene-modified HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in HIV-infected ... Chimeric antigen receptor structureEdit. Chimeric antigen receptors combine many facets of normal T cell activation into a ... Antigen recognition domainEdit. The antigen recognition domain is exposed to the outside of the cell, in the ectodomain portion ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimeric_antigen_receptor_T_cell

Maternal passive immunity is a type of naturally acquired passive immunity, and refers to antibody-mediated immunity conveyed to a fetus or infant by its mother. Naturally acquired passive immunity can be provided during pregnancy, and through breastfeeding.[4] In humans, maternal antibodies (MatAb) are passed through the placenta to the fetus by an FcRn receptor on placental cells. This occurs predominately during the third trimester of pregnancy, and thus is often reduced in babies born prematurely. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the only antibody isotype that can pass through the human placenta, and is the most common antibody of the five types of antibodies found in the body. IgG antibodies protects against bacterial and viral infections in fetuses. Immunization is often required shortly following birth to prevent diseases in newborns such as tuberculosis, hepatitis B, polio, and pertussis, however, maternal IgG can inhibit the induction of protective vaccine responses throughout the first year ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_immunity

T. cruzi shed acute-phase antigen (SAPA), which can be detected in blood using ELISA or Western blot,[22] has been used as an ... Chronically infected individuals who become immunosuppressed due to HIV infection can have particularly severe and distinct ... cruzi parasites or organisms that express some of the same antigens as T. cruzi but do not cause human disease, such as ... cruzi antigens, flow cytometry testing to detect antibodies against different life stages of T. cruzi, and markers of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagas_disease

Instead, one could cleave in a section between the bead and the antigen to elute. Since the pIII is intact it does not matter ... "CDR walking mutagenesis for the affinity maturation of a potent human anti-HIV-1 antibody into the picomolar range". Journal of ... The technique is also used to determine tumour antigens (for use in diagnosis and therapeutic targeting) and in searching for ... novel expression vectors that display cloned antigens on the virion surface". Science. 228 (4705): 1315-7. Bibcode:1985Sci... ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_display

HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS is considered by many in the scientific and medical community to be the most lethal infectious disease in the ... with improvements to antigen design and manufacturing capabilities. GeoVax technology approach uses recombinant DNA or ... "ARCA Seeks Volunteers for Historic HIV Vaccine Trial." GA Voice. June 11, 2010. GeoVax Labs, Inc. "New Progress for HIV/AIDS ... more than 70 million people have been infected with the HIV virus and about 35 million have died of HIV. The United States ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoVax

... the HIV-1 Tat protein and the 11S regulator subunit alpha is crucial for their effects on proteasome function including antigen ... Mahalingam S, Ayyavoo V, Patel M, Kieber-Emmons T, Kao GD, Muschel RJ, Weiner DB (Mar 1998). "HIV-1 Vpr interacts with a human ... Seeger M, Ferrell K, Frank R, Dubiel W (Mar 1997). "HIV-1 tat inhibits the 20 S proteasome and its 11 S regulator-mediated ... Sheehy AM, Gaddis NC, Choi JD, Malim MH (Aug 2002). "Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSMD7

Noncognate (not antigen specific) B cells play a significant role in the transport of antigens to FDCs. They capture immune ... Follicular dendritic cells participate in HIV-1 infection development both, by providing a haven for HIV-1 and by stimulating ... Follicular DCs receptors CR1, CR2 and FcγRIIb trap antigen opsonized by complement or antibodies. These antigens are then taken ... To become selected as a future memory cell, GC B cells must bind the antigen presented on FDCs, otherwise they enter apoptosis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_dendritic_cells

Antigens,+CD34 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Mouse CD Antigen Chart Human CD Antigen ... CXC chemokine receptor 4 and CC chemokine receptor 5 expression and infection by HIV". Journal of Immunology. 161 (8): 4169- ... CD34 derives its name from the cluster of differentiation protocol that identifies cell surface antigens. CD34 was first ... A hematopoietic progenitor cell surface antigen defined by a monoclonal antibody raised against KG-1a cells". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD34

Pra1 (pH regulated antigen 1) is a candida albicans protein that scavenges host zinc. Diagnosis is typically made based on ... Kupka R, Fawzi W (March 2002). "Zinc nutrition and HIV infection". Nutrition Reviews. 60 (3): 69-79. doi:10.1301/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_deficiency

In some areas, such as Kansas City, skin testing with the histoplasmin antigen preparation shows that 80-90% of the resident ... Unlike blastomycosis, histoplasmosis is a recognized AIDS-defining illness in people with HIV infection; disseminated ... Erythematous skin conditions arising from antigen reactions may complicate the disease, as may myalgias, arthralgias, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoplasma_capsulatum

Finally, NADA can prevent the degranulation and release of TNF from RBL- 2H3 mast cells treated with an IgE-antigen complex. ... Furthermore, NADA also displays inhibitory activity in HIV-1 replication assays. ... "Mechanisms of HIV-1 inhibition by the lipid mediator N-arachidonoyldopamine". Journal of Immunology. 175 (6): 3990-3999. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine

As of 2017[update], the drug had not been tested in people with active infections (including any HIV, hepatitis B or hepatitis ... in microsatellite instability allowing the tumor to generate numerous mutant proteins that could serve as tumor antigens, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrolizumab

This investigation laid the groundwork for the principles of bloodborne virus control that would later be applied to HIV. In ... At Monash, he established the microbiology curriculum for medical students while researching Mycoplasma antigens and hepatitis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_Marmion

It may also function in antigen presentation[citation needed]. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and two transcript ... T cells with dissimilar effector function during HIV-1 infection". PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e51696. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...751696E. doi: ... It may also function in antigen presentation. Alternative splicing generates multiple transcript variants encoding distinct ... "Enhanced ADCC activity of affinity maturated and Fc-engineered mini-antibodies directed against the AML stem cell antigen CD96 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD96

It was first observed in HIV infected individuals and termed "HIV-gingivitis", but the condition is not confined to this group ... in persons with blood group O and in non-secretors of blood group antigens in saliva. Increased rates of Candida carriage are ... The HIV/AIDs global pandemic has been the greatest factor in the increased incidence of oral candidiasis since the 1980s. The ... For example, in HIV/AIDS, C. dubliniensis and C. geotrichium can become pathogenic. About 35-50% of humans possess C. albicans ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_candidiasis

... that predominantly recognize antigens of class I human leukocyte antigen ( HLA). The genes responsible for coding of KIR ... November 2015). "Selection of an HLA-C*03:04-Restricted HIV-1 p24 Gag Sequence Variant Is Associated with Viral Escape from ... November 2015). "Selection of an HLA-C*03:04-Restricted HIV-1 p24 Gag Sequence Variant Is Associated with Viral Escape from ... The HLA-C molecules are human leukocyte antigens and are the gene complexes to encode major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_cell_immunoglobulin-like_receptor_2DL3

His discovery of the central DNA-flap structure in the HIV genome, and its role in viral entry into the nucleus of the infected ... Médicale Retinal gene therapy using lentiviral vectors Viral vector Lentiviral vector in gene therapy Chimeric antigen receptor ... "Theravectys' HIV Cure on the Road to Success". Labiotech.eu. 2015-07-20. Retrieved 2019-01-30. "Immunotherapy reaches ... Charneau has published more than 100 research articles and holds 25 patents in the field of HIV and lentiviral vectors. Pierre ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charneau

... inhibition by HIV-1 Tat C-terminal domain". J. Immunol. 168 (1): 95-101. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.1.95. PMID 11751951. Human ... "Characterization and expression of multiple alternatively spliced transcripts of the Goodpasture antigen gene region. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMK2B

... the HIV-1 Tat protein and the 11S regulator subunit alpha is crucial for their effects on proteasome function including antigen ... Seeger M, Ferrell K, Frank R, Dubiel W (Mar 1997). "HIV-1 tat inhibits the 20 S proteasome and its 11 S regulator-mediated ... Sheehy AM, Gaddis NC, Choi JD, Malim MH (Aug 2002). "Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed ... Lecossier D, Bouchonnet F, Clavel F, Hance AJ (May 2003). "Hypermutation of HIV-1 DNA in the absence of the Vif protein". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSMB3

Chirmule N, Goonewardena H, Pahwa S, Pasieka R, Kalyanaraman VS, Pahwa S (1995). "HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins induce ... IL-3 is produced by T cells only after stimulation with antigens or other specific impulses. However, it was observed that IL-3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_3

... antigen in an ATL cell line and detection of antibodies to the antigen in human sera". Proceedings of the National Academy of ... Like HIV, HTLV-1 predominantly infects CD4+ T cells. The viral RNA is packed into the icosahedral capsid which is contained ... HIV testing should also be performed, as some patients may be co-infected with both viruses.[citation needed] Allogenic bone ... Cantor KP, Weiss SH, Goedert JJ, Battjes RJ (1991). "HTLV-I/II seroprevalence and HIV/HTLV coinfection among U.S. intravenous ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1

HIV assays operational characteristics: HIV rapid diagnostic tests (‎detection of HIV-1/2 antibodies)‎: report 17 ... HIV assays : operational characteristics (‎Phase 1)‎. Report 15, Antigen/antibody ELISAs World Health Organization (‎World ... HIV assays : operational characteristics. Report 16, Rapid assays World Health Organization; UNAIDS (‎World Health ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=HIV+Antigens&type=mesh

Performance Evaluation Programs for Determining HIV-1 Viral Loads, Testing for HIV p24 Antigen, and Identifying Mycobacterium ... HIV-1); the second assesses the performance of laboratories that perform HIV p24 antigen (Ag) testing; and the third assesses ... Ho DD, Neumann AU, Perelson AS, Chen W, Leonard JM, Markowitz M. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 ... Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science 1996;272:1167-70. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmWr/preview/mmwrhtml/00046324.htm

... dual HIV-1/HIV-2, and 1.9% HIV-2. In the United States, 0.8% of new HIV-1 infections in blood donors were non-B subtype from ... HIV Variants and Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Mutants: Diagnostic Challenges for Immunoassays HIV Variants HBsAg Mutants ... A symposium on HIV variants and hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) mutants, sponsored by Abbott Laboratories, was ... Symposium on HIV Variants and Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Mutants On This Page ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/10/05-0856_article

The experience with HIV vaccine antigens will provide CBER with the expertise it needs to evaluate proposed HIV vaccines and ... To enhance the immune response to biologically important targets on HIV, we have incorporated HIV antigens into virus-like ... the first is to present HIV antigens as part of a virus-like particle (VLP). (Antigens are molecules that are targeted by ... The vector replicates normally while expressing HIV antigens.. The first monkey trials of rubella/Gag vectors showed vaccine ...

https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/biologics-research-projects/evaluating-new-approaches-developing-aids-vaccines-creating-virus-particles-display-hiv-antigens-or

HIV has caused 60 million infections globally and HCV 180 million and both viruses may co-exist among certain populations by ... HIV has caused 60 million infections globally and HCV 180 million and both viruses may co-existent among certain populations by ... A potent and durable antibody and T cell response is a likely requirement of future HIV and HCV vaccines. Perhaps the single ... A potent and durable antibody and T cell response is a likely requirement of future HIV and HCV vaccines. Perhaps the single ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00514/full

The trial is designed to test the hypothesis that sequential administration of priming and boosting HIV immunogens delivered by ... First doses have been administered in a clinical trial of experimental HIV vaccine antigens. ... The HIV vaccine antigens being evaluated as mRNA in this study were originally developed as proteins by William Schief, Ph.D., ... IAVI and Moderna launch trial of HIV vaccine antigens delivered through mRNA technology. ...

https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/releases/2022/01/mRNA-hiv-vaccine-trial.html

I then assessed the ability of primary monocyte-derived DCs and activated TCD4+ to present HIV-1-derived antigen. I show that ... Notably, TCD4+, which express MHCII upon activation and are HIV-1 host cells, might act as APCs during an HIV-1 infection. In ... play a critical role in controlling HIV-1 infection. Robust HIV-1-specific TCD4+ responses are associated with decreased viral ... However, the relative contributions of these pathways to the HIV-1-specific TCD4+ response are unknown. In addition, the cell ...

https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/5588/

BinaxNOW COVID-19 Antigen Self Test (2 tests) - A simple solution for detecting COVID-19 infections, with fast results in the ... The BinaxNOW ™ COVID-19 Antigen Self Test has not been approved by the FDA. It has been cleared by the FDA under an emergency ... The BinaxNOW ™ COVID-19 Antigen Self Test must be performed twice within 3 days, at least 36 hours apart. 2021 Abbott. All ... enzyme training polystain colors polystainer polystainless spigot western blot ab western blot analysis western blot and hiv ...

https://www.hivinsite.com/covid-19-antigen-self-test/

HIV) antigens including HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1 Type O from the envelope and gag regions.&nbs... ... Chiron supplies recombinant Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) antigens including HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1 Type O from the ... Companion reagents available: Yeast extract, rHSOD for SOD fusion antigens**. *Antigens in gray are in development. **Many ... These antigens are currently used in immunoassays that test blood donations worldwide as well as clinical testing of patients. ...

https://www.bioprocessonline.com/doc/provider-of-hiv-antigens-for-immunoassay-0001

Stem cell-derived viral antigen-specific t cells suppress hiv replication and pd-1 expression on cd4+ t cells. In: Viruses. ... Stem cell-derived viral antigen-specific t cells suppress hiv replication and pd-1 expression on cd4+ t cells. Viruses. 2021 ... Stem cell-derived viral antigen-specific t cells suppress hiv replication and pd-1 expression on cd4+ t cells. / Haque, ... Dive into the research topics of Stem cell-derived viral antigen-specific t cells suppress hiv replication and pd-1 expression ...

https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/stem-cell-derived-viral-antigen-specific-t-cells-suppress-hiv-rep

The ERS-education website provides centralised access to all educational material produced by the European Respiratory Society. It is the worlds largest CME collection for lung diseases and treatment offering high quality e-learning and teaching resources for respiratory specialists. This distance learning portal contains up-to-date study material for the state-of-the-art in Pulmonology.

https://dev.ers-education.org/lr/show-details/?idP=238359

DARPin-targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells: CD4 as a cellular target shows potential to evade HIV latency reservoir ... DARPin-targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells: CD4 as a cellular target shows potential to evade HIV latency reservoir.. ... DARPin-targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells: CD4 as a cellular target shows potential to evade HIV latency reservoir. ... Therefore, CD4 as the exclusive HIV entry receptor into the host cell could be a suitable cellular target for anti-HIV CAR-T ...

https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/13332/

Screening for HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in nonsymptomatic, nonpregnant individuals older than 2 years This test is not offered ... HIV-1 p24 antigen and HIV-1/HIV-2 antibodies present in the patients specimen bind to the HIV-1 antigen, HIV-2 antigen, and ... Reactive HIV-1/-2 antigen and antibody screening test results suggest the presence of HIV-1 and/or HIV-2 infection, but it is ... Negative HIV-1/-2 antigen and antibody screening test results usually indicate absence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection. However, ...

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Corrigendum to Unusual antigen presentation offers new insight into HIV vaccine design [Curr Opin Immunol 46 (2017) 75-81] ... Corrigendum to Unusual antigen presentation offers new insight into HIV vaccine design [Curr Opin Immunol 46 (2017) 75-81] ...

https://www.jenner.ac.uk/publications/920888

HIV assays : operational characteristics (Phase 1). Report 15, Antigen/antibody ELISAs. by World Health Organization. Dept. of ... HIV assays : operational characteristics. Report 16, Rapid assays. by World Health Organization , UNAIDS. ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=su:%7BHIV%20antigens%7D

Recombinant HIV gp160 encodes the immunodominant sequences of the HIV Transmembrane Glycoprotein 160. ... Recombinant HIV gp41 encodes the immunodominant sequences of the HIV Transmembrane Glycoprotein 41. Recombinant HIV ... Molecular weight:: Recombinant HIV-1 p24 encodes the immunodominant sequences of the HIV capsid protein 24. Recombinant HIV1 ... Source::Recombinant HIV gp160 encodes the immunodominant sequences of the HIV Transmembrane Glycoprotein 160. DNA sequence ...

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https://wwwnc-origin.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/10/05-0856_article

HIV Antibodies [‎13]‎. HIV Antigens [‎3]‎. HIV Infections [‎3671]‎. HIV Infectionss [‎1]‎. ...

https://apps.who.int:80/iris/browse?rpp=20&offset=2818&etal=-1&sort_by=-1&type=mesh&starts_with_previous=M&order=ASC

Novel antigen design and delivery for sustained mucosal protection against HIV-1 infection. Poster session presented at ... Novel antigen design and delivery for sustained mucosal protection against HIV-1 infection. / Curran, Rhonda; Donnelly, Louise ... title = "Novel antigen design and delivery for sustained mucosal protection against HIV-1 infection", ... Novel antigen design and delivery for sustained mucosal protection against HIV-1 infection. ...

https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/novel-antigen-design-and-delivery-for-sustained-mucosal-protectio

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to vaccinia virus antigens but not HIV-1 subtype E envelope protein seen in HIV-1 seronegative ... Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to vaccinia virus antigens but not HIV-1 subtype E envelope protein seen in HIV-1 seronegative ... The HIV-1 prime boost phase I/II vaccine trial using a recombinant canarypox vector, vCP1521, containing subtype E env (gp120 ... This preliminary study suggests that specific CTL responses to subtype E envelope detected in HIV-1 seronegative Individuals ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/36710

Human HIV-1 And HIV-2 Plus P24 Antigen Fourth-Generation (HIV p24 antigen) ELISA Kit. ... HIV-1 GAG p24 Antigen (Recombinant), 100. HIV-1 GAG p24 Antigen (Recombinant), 100 To Order Contact us: [email protected] ... Description: HIV type 1 P24 Antigen, recombinant protein from insect cell expression system. ... Description: HIV-1 p24 Antibody: The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particle consists of an envelope, a core and ...

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A similar problem with antigen density existed with HIV antibodies. The surface Gp120/gp41 spike in HIV-1 infected cells made ... of the Her2-neu antigen on the tumor cell is too wide for the bivalent antibody (IgG1) to attach with both arms at the same ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/781212_5

... rveillance Case Definition for AIDS Among Adolescents and ... HIV antigen detection; or d) a positive result on any other highly specific licensed test for HIV.. CD4+ T-Lymphocyte ... Associate Director for HIV/AIDS. James W. Curran, M.D., M.P.H.. 1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection and ... Criteria for HIV infection for persons ages greater than 13 years: a) repeatedly reactive screening tests for HIV antibody (e.g ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0018871/m0018871.asp

Categories: HIV Antigens Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 36 ...

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HIV) is a 2-step process that involves a screening test and follow-up tests. ... An antigen test checks your blood for an HIV antigen, called p24. When youre first infected with HIV, and before your body has ... An antibody-antigen blood test checks for levels of both HIV antibodies and the p24 antigen. This test can detect the virus as ... between HIV infection and the appearance of anti-HIV antibodies. During this period, antibodies and antigens may not be ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003538.htm

... and their priming may be central to an effective HIV vaccine. We describe in this study an approach by which multiple CD4(+) ... and CD8(+) T cell epitopes are processed and presented from an exogenously added HIV-1 Gag-p24 peptide of 32 aa complexed to ... and class II-restricted epitopes represent potential vaccine candidates for HIV and other viral infections suitable to induce ... T cell responses are considered important immune components for controlling HIV infection, ...

https://www.immunology.ox.ac.uk/publications/191117

Highly avid, oligoclonal, early-differentiated antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in chronic HIV-2 infection ... Highly avid, oligoclonal, early-differentiated antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in chronic HIV-2 infection ...

https://www.camsoxford.ox.ac.uk/coi-publications/95277

We therefore studied the influence of HLA class I on HBV in an African HIV-positive cohort. We demonstrated that virologic ... HIV) coinfection. The factors driving different outcomes are not well understood, but there is increasing interest in an HLA ... markers of HBV disease activity (hepatitis B e antigen status or HBV DNA level) are associated with HLA-A genotype. This ... HIV, HLA, coinfection, immunology, viral hepatitis, Adult, Cohort Studies, Coinfection, Female, HIV Infections, HLA Antigens, ...

https://www.paediatrics.ox.ac.uk/publications/588510

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https://corona-2.cansar.icr.ac.uk/structure/6EH5/3d/6EH5_A

One challenge is to trigger the immune system to produce durable and "broadly neutralizing" antibodies that can protect against the broad diversity of HIV strains in circulation. (fda.gov)
If an AIDS vaccine could elicit antibodies of this type, it might protect people from the many different circulating varieties of HIV. (fda.gov)
Antigens are molecules that are targeted by antibodies. (fda.gov)
Gp120 and gp41 contain important antigenic determinants that are targeted by human antibodies with broad neutralizing activity against HIV isolates from around the world. (fda.gov)
If specimen is from either autopsy or cadaver blood sources, the proper FDA-licensed assay is HV1CD / HIV-1 and HIV-2 Antibodies for Cadaveric or Hemolyzed Specimens, Serum. (mayocliniclabs.com)
Screening, supplemental or confirmatory serologic tests for HIV-1 or HIV-2 antibodies cannot distinguish between active neonatal HIV infection and passive transfer of maternal HIV antibodies in infants during the postnatal period (up to 2 years old). (mayocliniclabs.com)
A similar problem with antigen density existed with HIV antibodies. (medscape.com)
An antibody test (also called immunoassay) checks for antibodies to the HIV virus. (medlineplus.gov)
When you're first infected with HIV, and before your body has a chance to make antibodies to the virus, your blood has a high level of p24. (medlineplus.gov)
An antibody-antigen blood test checks for levels of both HIV antibodies and the p24 antigen. (medlineplus.gov)
There is a period of time, called the window period, between HIV infection and the appearance of anti-HIV antibodies. (medlineplus.gov)
During this period, antibodies and antigens may not be measured. (medlineplus.gov)
In August 2013, the FDA approved the Alere Determine HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab Combo test (Orgenics, Ltd), the first rapid HIV test for the simultaneous detection of HIV-1 p24 antigen as well as antibodies to both HIV-1 and HIV-2 in human serum, plasma, and venous or fingerstick whole blood specimens. (medscape.com)
Detection of HIV-1 antigen permits earlier detection of HIV-1 infection than is possible by testing for HIV-1 antibodies alone. (medscape.com)
The test does not distinguish between antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2, and is not intended to be used for screening of blood donors. (medscape.com)
While cytotoxic effector T cells are required to control viral dissemination, the presence of anti-HIV neutralising antibodies at the site of viral entry is also important. (europa.eu)
For a long time, HIV could only be diagnosed through a blood test that looked for antibodies to the virus. (healthline.com)
After exposure to the virus, it can take several weeks for the body to produce HIV antibodies. (healthline.com)
Diagnosing acute HIV infection (ie, before the formation of HIV antibodies, a period when antibody-based HIV test results may be falsely negative) remains a challenge. (medscape.com)
Accurate diagnosis of HIV infection has evolved over time and has historically relied on detection of antibodies specific to HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection. (medscape.com)
The period immediately following HIV infection, before the development of antibodies, is the "window period" during which an antibody test result may be negative. (medscape.com)
These combination immunoassays allow earlier HIV detection, as they detect both HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies, as well as HIV-1 p24 antigen. (medscape.com)
[ 10 ] The p24 antigen is a viral capsid protein that arises in early infection, before development of HIV antibodies. (medscape.com)
Some HIV antibody tests are specific only for HIV-1 antibodies. (medscape.com)
A human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test detects HIV antibodies or antigens , or the genetic material ( DNA or RNA ) of HIV in the blood or another type of sample. (wellspan.org)
After the original infection, it takes about 4 to 12 weeks for HIV antibodies or antigens to appear in the blood. (wellspan.org)
The period between becoming infected with HIV and the point at which antibodies or antigens to HIV can be detected in the blood is called the seroconversion or "window" period . (wellspan.org)
During this period, an HIV-infected person can still spread the disease, even though a test will not detect any antibodies or antigens in his or her blood. (wellspan.org)
Several tests can find antibodies to or genetic material (RNA) of the HIV virus. (wellspan.org)
If antibodies to HIV are present (positive), the test is usually repeated to confirm the diagnosis. (wellspan.org)
This test detects HIV antibodies using a special fluorescent dye and a microscope. (wellspan.org)
If HIV antibodies or antigens aren't found, the test may be repeated in a few months. (wellspan.org)
A PCR test is often done in this case because the baby may get antibodies against HIV from the mother and yet not be infected. (wellspan.org)
This test detects antibodies to HIV-1 both groups M and O or HIV type 2 (HIV-2) or both. (cdc.gov)
Repeatedly reactive specimens are tested with the Multispot HIV-1/HIV-2 Rapid Test (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Redmond, WA) which both detects and differentiates antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2. (cdc.gov)
Specificity of two HIV screening tests detecting simultaneously HIV-1 p24 antigen and antibodies to HIV-1. (aidstar-one.com)
An antibody test uses saliva or blood to check for HIV antibodies. (healthychildren.org)
2021. Monoclonal antibodies targeting nonstructural viral antigens can activate ADCC against human cytomegalovirus . (cardiff.ac.uk)
2020. Human CLEC9A antibodies deliver Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) antigen to CD141+ dendritic cells to activate naïve and memory WT1‐specific CD8+ T cells . (cardiff.ac.uk)
Anti-HIV antibodies are produced, and cytotoxic CD8 + lymphocytes destroy HIV-infected cells. (medscape.com)
Chronic HIV infection begins after antibodies to the virus have fully developed and the initial immune response is complete. (medscape.com)
Detects both HIV-1/2 antibodies and free HIV-1 p24 antigen. (who.int)
Introducing the first FDA approved rapid point-of-care test that detects both HIV-1/2 antibodies and free HIV-1 p24 antigen. (globalpointofcare.abbott)
The test assists early detection, capable of identifying both HIV antibodies and the antigen, which can appear even 15-25 days after infection. (inbusinesstimes.com)
The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency and clinical implications of HIV, HBV, HCV and Treponema pallidum markers in blood donors in a rural area of Southeast Gabon (Koula-Moutou) from 2012 to 2017.Methods: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HIV, anti-HCV and anti-Treponema pallidum antibodies were screened using rapid diagnostic tests. (bvsalud.org)
We have molecular and antigen tests that help detect an active infection of COVID-19, as well as serology tests that help detect antibodies. (abbott.com)
New laboratory panels, including the new 2014 HEDIS Value Sets, CBC with Differential panel for Cord blood , MICA (Major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related antigen A ) IgG antibodies, MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) coronavirus RNA panel, and a Mycobacterium tuberculosis stimulated gamma interferon & spot count panel. (loinc.org)

There is no natural model of protective immunity in HIV, however, studies of "elite controllers," or individuals who have durably suppressed levels of plasma HIV RNA without antiretroviral therapy, has provided the strongest evidence for CD8 + T cell responses in controlling viremia and limiting reservoir burden in established infection. (frontiersin.org)
Here we compare and contrast the specific mechanisms of immune evasion used by HIV and HCV, which subvert adaptive human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted T cell immunity in natural infection, and the challenges these pose for designing effective preventative or therapeutic vaccines. (frontiersin.org)
Genetic determinants of spontaneous HCV infection clearance and HIV viral control using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and candidate gene studies have added crucial insight into the influence of the host immune response on infection outcome. (frontiersin.org)
For HIV the strongest genetic determinant of viral load set-point and CD4 + T cell decline following infection, aside from variants in the CCR5 molecule used by HIV for cell entry, are specific HLA class I alleles (e.g. (frontiersin.org)
For both HIV and HCV, the genetic leads support the involvement of CD8 + T cells and antigen presentation in infection outcome. (frontiersin.org)
To establish chronic infection, viruses such as HIV and HCV must evade the host's T cell response. (frontiersin.org)
In the lab, bnAbs have been shown to neutralize a broad range of HIV variants, and one bnAb, VRC01, was recently shown to be capable of protecting humans against infection by neutralization-susceptible HIV strains. (fredhutch.org)
HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells (TCD4+) play a critical role in controlling HIV-1 infection. (upenn.edu)
Notably, TCD4+, which express MHCII upon activation and are HIV-1 host cells, might act as APCs during an HIV-1 infection. (upenn.edu)
PSC-CTLs, have the ability to suppress the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. (elsevier.com)
Diagnosis of HIV infection in newborns and infants up to 2 years old should be made by virologic tests, such as detection of HIV-1 DNA and RNA (HIVP / HIV-1 DNA and RNA Qualitative Detection by PCR, Plasma) or HIV-1 RNA (HIVQN / HIV-1 RNA Detection and Quantification, Plasma). (mayocliniclabs.com)
CDC has revised the classification system for HIV infection to emphasize the clinical importance of the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count in the categorization of HIV-related clinical conditions. (cdc.gov)
The CD4+ T-lymphocyte is the primary target for HIV infection because of the affinity of the virus for the CD4 surface marker (3). (cdc.gov)
Studies of the natural history of HIV infection have documented a wide spectrum of disease manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic infection to life-threatening conditions characterized by severe immunodeficiency, serious opportunistic infections, and cancers (4-13). (cdc.gov)
The classification system for HIV infection among adolescents and adults has been revised to include the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count as a marker for HIV-related immunosuppression. (cdc.gov)
The objectives of these changes are to simplify the classification of HIV infection, to reflect current standards of medical care for HIV-infected persons, and to categorize more accurately HIV-related morbidity. (cdc.gov)
The revised CDC classification system for HIV-infected adolescents and adults * categorizes persons on the basis of clinical conditions associated with HIV infection and CD4+ T- lymphocyte counts. (cdc.gov)
This test is usually not used by itself to screen for HIV infection. (medlineplus.gov)
People with early HIV infection may rarely have a negative test result. (medlineplus.gov)
A positive result on a screening test does not confirm that the person has HIV infection. (medlineplus.gov)
More tests are needed to confirm HIV infection. (medlineplus.gov)
A negative test result does not rule out HIV infection. (medlineplus.gov)
If a person might have acute or primary HIV infection and is in the window period, a negative screening test doesn't rule out HIV infection. (medlineplus.gov)
Screening for HIV infection: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. (medlineplus.gov)
Strong CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses are considered important immune components for controlling HIV infection, and their priming may be central to an effective HIV vaccine. (ox.ac.uk)
Outcomes of chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) are varied, with increased morbidity reported in the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. (ox.ac.uk)
The 4th-generation combining HIV antibody and p24 antigen test could better detect early HIV infection. (hamdanjournal.org)
Screening for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is paramount, since infected individuals may remain asymptomatic for years while the infection progresses. (medscape.com)
Serologic tests are the most important studies in the evaluation for HIV infection. (medscape.com)
In June 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued new recommendations for HIV testing in laboratories that are aimed at reducing the time needed to diagnose HIV infection by as much as 3-4 weeks over previous testing approaches. (medscape.com)
Baseline laboratory studies for other infections (eg, tuberculosis) are important in the initial workup of a patient with newly diagnosed HIV infection. (medscape.com)
The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) strongly recommends that clinicians screen for HIV in all adolescents and adults at increased risk for HIV infection, and all pregnant women. (medscape.com)
Women at high risk for HIV infection, including injection drug users and women with multiple sex partners during their pregnancy, should be retested in their third trimester. (medscape.com)
All pregnant women should be screened for HIV infection as early as possible during each pregnancy using the opt-out approach when allowed. (medscape.com)
Repeat HIV testing in the third trimester is recommended among women in areas with high HIV incidence or prevalence and among women known to be at risk for acquiring HIV infection. (medscape.com)
If a person has a rash on their penis and an HIV test comes up negative, their healthcare provider may have them take a urine test to look for a possible yeast or fungal infection. (healthline.com)
HIV infection is diagnosed with a combination of screening and confirmatory tests. (medscape.com)
Newer HIV diagnostic tests involve combined antibody and antigen assays, leading to earlier detection of HIV infection. (medscape.com)
syphilis , gonorrhea , and chlamydia infection) is warranted for people living with HIV infection and people who are HIV-negative but at risk for infection. (medscape.com)
[ 1 ] Recent advances in the treatment and prevention of HIV infection have provided the necessary tools to end the HIV epidemic. (medscape.com)
Early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection with subsequent viral suppression is a cornerstone of HIV prevention efforts. (medscape.com)
Treatment of HIV infection with antiretroviral agents and viral suppression prevents transmission of the virus to others. (medscape.com)
The challenges of effectively addressing the HIV epidemic include access to HIV testing and early diagnosis, a prolonged asymptomatic period of infection during which the virus can be transmitted to others, and achievement of viral suppression via timely antiretroviral therapy. (medscape.com)
Several laboratory methods are used to diagnose and manage HIV infection, and medical providers should be aware of the availability, utility, and limitations of these methods. (medscape.com)
For other discussions on management of HIV infection, see HIV Infection and AIDS , Pediatric HIV Infection , and Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection . (medscape.com)
A key feature of HIV infection is the prolonged clinical latency that occurs prior to significant immune deficiency. (medscape.com)
HIV-2 should also be considered in people with clinical evidence of HIV infection who are HIV-1-negative or have indeterminate testing results. (medscape.com)
There remains a pressing need for an effective HIV vaccine, and no current approach sufficiently induces effective antibody responses to block infection of diverse HIV viral strains, as well as T cell responses to clear HIV infection. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
This can show if an HIV infection is present (HIV-positive). (wellspan.org)
This test is usually the first one used to detect infection with HIV. (wellspan.org)
The PCR test is very useful to find a very recent infection, find out if an HIV infection is present when antibody test results were uncertain, and screen blood or organs for HIV before donation. (wellspan.org)
If the results from a home test kit show that you have an HIV infection, talk to a doctor. (wellspan.org)
Detect an HIV infection. (wellspan.org)
Screen pregnant women for HIV infection. (wellspan.org)
Pregnant women who are infected with HIV and receive treatment are less likely to pass the infection on to their babies than are women who don't receive treatment. (wellspan.org)
The estimated prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States population is an important measure of the extent of the medical and financial burden the nation faces due to this virus. (cdc.gov)
Multispot results that are Indeterminate or that cannot be differentiated as HIV-1 or HIV-2 are further tested using the Hologic Aptima HIV-1 RNA Qualitative Assay to confirm HIV-1 infection. (cdc.gov)
The sequence of events, Saag noted, suggest that the newly infected woman went to the emergency department in the window period after infection and before seroconversion, so that the HIV was not picked up by the rapid EIA test. (medpagetoday.com)
Dr. Boulware's current research is focused on improving the clinical outcomes of HIV-infected persons with cryptococcal meningitis, the second most common AIDS-defining opportunistic infection in Sub-Saharan Africa and the most common cause of adult meningitis. (umn.edu)
2022. Epitope length variants balance protective immune responses and viral escape in HIV-1 infection . (cardiff.ac.uk)
2019. Primary EBV infection induces an acute wave of activated antigen-specific cytotoxic CD4+ T cells . (cardiff.ac.uk)
Based on the weaknesses of the 1991 American Academy of Neurology (AAN) classification scheme observed over time, the AAN working group in 2007 convened in Frascati, Italy, and redefined the neurocognitive manifestations of HIV-1 infection [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Most of the studies undertaken so far using standard tools and criteria emanated from the industrialized world and very few came from SSA, the region bearing the highest burden of HIV infection. (hindawi.com)
A wide gap exists between the industrialized world and SSA in terms of antiretroviral therapy (ART) utilization, CD4 threshold for commencement of ART, burden of HIV infection, availability of standard neuropsychological evaluation tools, and demographically adjusted normative data [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Although guidelines have been established for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) for adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, they have not been available for children (1). (cdc.gov)
Experts in pediatric HIV infection (convened by the Pediatric HIV Resource Center) independently reviewed recent data and provided recommendations to the U.S. Public Health Service for PCP prophylaxis for HIV-infected or -exposed children. (cdc.gov)
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is the most common serious HIV-associated opportunistic infection among children. (cdc.gov)
In medical centers caring for large numbers of children with perinatally acquired HIV infection, PCP has been the initial HIV-related illness for 8%-12% of all children and for greater than 50% of those children who progress to AIDS within the first year of life (2-6). (cdc.gov)
PCP is often the initial clinical sign of HIV infection, particularly among infants. (cdc.gov)
A four task project was being conducted to assess the risks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis-B virus (HBV) infection for health care workers. (cdc.gov)
Data concerning the distribution of HIV antigen titers in blood suggested that symptomatic stages of HIV infection are associated with increased median titers of free virus and reduced variability in viral titers. (cdc.gov)
For the later stages of HIV infection, this relationship may not hold. (cdc.gov)
The clinical effects of HIV infection are diverse, ranging from an acute retroviral syndrome associated with primary HIV infection to a prolonged asymptomatic state to advanced HIV disease. (medscape.com)
Experts regard HIV disease as beginning at the time of primary (acute) HIV infection and progressing through numerous stages of chronic infection. (medscape.com)
Acute HIV infection is defined as the period between exposure to the virus and completion of the initial immune responses. (medscape.com)
In most infected individuals, active virus replication and progressive immunologic impairment occur throughout the course of HIV infection, even during the clinically latent stage. (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] although some reports of symptomatic acute HIV infection likely are associated with a reporting bias, and the actual frequency may be lower. (medscape.com)
Symptoms associated with HIV seroconversion are nonspecific and may be attributed to a viral syndrome such as influenza virus infection. (medscape.com)
Unfortunately, the response is imperfect, and latent reservoirs of HIV infection become established throughout the body. (medscape.com)
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the condition that results from long-term (chronic) HIV infection and is defined by an absolute CD4 cell count of less than 200 cells/µL and specific opportunistic infections or malignancies. (medscape.com)
The interval between acute HIV infection and AIDS is highly variable, with a median time of approximately 10 years. (medscape.com)
In many infected individuals, an opportunistic disease is the first manifestation of HIV infection. (medscape.com)
Acute HIV infection (also known as seroconversion) is defined as the period between exposure to the virus and completion of the initial immune responses (when an antibody test becomes positive for HIV). (medscape.com)
After infection, HIV is able to replicate at an exponential rate using CD4 cells. (medscape.com)
This 4th generation test has the ability to identify HIV earlier than 2nd and 3rd generation antibody-only tests.1 It enables health care providers to diagnose HIV infection earlier allowing individuals to seek medical care sooner. (who.int)
And, if you look, particularly in regions of the world, such as sub-Saharan Africa, a substantial proportion, 30 percent or more, of the individuals who die with HIV infection, die of tuberculosis. (cdc.gov)
Bridging India's testing gap is essential to strengthen the nation's infection response and help meet the UNAIDS' first goal - to diagnose 95% of all HIV-positive patients, which can lead to effective treatment for those diagnosed, prompting viral suppression and an end to new HIV infections by 2030. (inbusinesstimes.com)
More so, it prevents future HIV transmissions, with individuals who are unaware of their infection 3.5 times more likely to transmit the virus to someone else. (inbusinesstimes.com)
Innovations like point-of-care testing, which refers to rapid HIV screening performed in clinical settings by professionals, are crucial to ensure timely infection detection. (inbusinesstimes.com)
Sunil Mehra, General Manager for Abbott's Rapid Diagnostics business in India, commented, "Abbott is committed to scaling access of HIV diagnostic solutions to individuals at the point of care, ensuring fast and accurate results at critical points of infection. (inbusinesstimes.com)
This helps close the window period of detection earlier, within as early as 12 days of living with the HIV infection, as compared to a typical 20 days or later time period of detection seen by 3rd generation tests. (inbusinesstimes.com)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a substantial health concern for the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and for service members stationed throughout the world. (cdc.gov)
HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is approximately 90% effective in preventing HIV infection when used properly ( 2 ), and an increasing number of active duty personnel have used HIV prevention services and PrEP in the military health system since the repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell"* in 2011 ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Charts were reviewed for service members without a diagnosis of HIV infection whose records indicated a prescription for emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Truvada, Gilead Sciences, Inc.) during February 1, 2014-June 10, 2016, and data were collected on demographic characteristics, service branch, risk behavior, and MSM risk index ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
Infection status was ascertained by negative fourth generation HIV antigen/antibody testing and HIV viral load when clinically indicated. (cdc.gov)
30% reported exposure to sexual partners with known HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
BACKGROUND: HIV-1 infection is associated with increased risk of tuberculosis and a safe and effective vaccine would assist control measures. (ox.ac.uk)
Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the HIV-positive women of Burkina Faso are frequently affected by BV and represent a reservoir for mycoplasma infection. (bvsalud.org)
Antigen tests detect proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that form during the infection cycle and indicate that a person has an active infection. (abbott.com)
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Convenient at-home test to check for an infection from the HIV virus. (dnafamilycheck.com)

A symposium on HIV variants and hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) mutants, sponsored by Abbott Laboratories, was held May 22-24, 2005, in Washington, DC. (cdc.gov)
The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) readily assembles with other viral proteins to form particles. (fda.gov)
Despite advances in recombinant DNA technology, only a handful of recombinant vaccines have been approved so far, and these are particle formers: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) assembles 22 nm particles with a strong lipid component. (fda.gov)
Her antinuclear antibody (ANA), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti ̶ double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA), HIV serology, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti ̶ hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) antibody, cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (cANCA), and perinuclear ANCA (pANCA) are negative. (medscape.com)

HIV-1 is classified into 3 groups: group M, group O, and group N. Group M, representing most infections, is further subdivided into subtypes A-K. Recombination between subtypes and groups adds to the overall diversity of HIV-1. (cdc.gov)
Since current serologic assays are based primarily on a single HIV-1 subtype B isolate, and because subtype B strains represent only ≈12% of infections globally, reference panels are vital in ensuring that tests are robust to ever-changing genetic and antigenic polymorphisms. (cdc.gov)
Data on Cameroonian samples showed several new group N viruses and a high level of HIV-1 variation with 5 subtypes, 6 CRFs, numerous unique recombinant forms, and group O. Most HIV infections were recombinant HIV-1 strain, CRF02_AG, a mosaic of viral subtypes A and G. (cdc.gov)
In the United Kingdom, 25% of new HIV-1 infections are of the non-B subtype (mostly A and C). In France, among new infections identified in the National Virological Surveillance program, half were non-subtype B, 0.2% dual HIV-1/HIV-2, and 1.9% HIV-2. (cdc.gov)
In the United States, 0.8% of new HIV-1 infections in blood donors were non-B subtype from 1993 to 1996, rising to 1.8% from 1997 to 1998 and increasing to 3.1% from 1999 to 2000. (cdc.gov)
Genetic diversity can affect the diagnosis and monitoring of HIV infections. (cdc.gov)
HIV has caused 60 million infections globally and HCV 180 million and both viruses may co-exist among certain populations by virtue of common blood-borne, sexual, or vertical transmission. (frontiersin.org)
BinaxNOW COVID-19 Antigen Self Test (2 tests) - A simple solution for detecting COVID-19 infections, with fast results in the comfort of your home. (hivinsite.com)
Given previous reports of the strong immunogenicity of HSP/peptide complexes, the present data suggest that HSP-complexed peptides containing multiple MHC class I- and class II-restricted epitopes represent potential vaccine candidates for HIV and other viral infections suitable to induce effective CTL memory by simultaneously providing CD4 T cell help. (ox.ac.uk)
It is well-known that due to a compromised immune status, HIV-infected patients are venerable to different types of infections, including tuberculosis (TB). (hamdanjournal.org)
[2] India is among Asian countries importantly affected by HIV and TB infections. (hamdanjournal.org)
Most worldwide HIV infections are due to HIV-1. (medscape.com)
Yet if they're left untreated, some of these infections can cause problems like infertility and a higher risk of getting HIV. (healthychildren.org)
When the CD4 cell count falls to below approximately 200 cells/µL, the resulting state of immunodeficiency places the individual at high risk for opportunistic infections and neoplasms (clinically apparent HIV disease). (medscape.com)
4th generation testing, equipped with high sensitivity and specificity, detects more acute infections,which account for 5 to 20% of all HIV infections among people seeking testing, compared to the previous generation of tests. (inbusinesstimes.com)
Each year, approximately 350 new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are diagnosed in U.S. military service members, with most diagnoses occurring among men who have sex with men (MSM). (cdc.gov)
Each year, approximately 350 new HIV infections are diagnosed in members of the U.S. military services, with most infections acquired within the United States ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
4 Interestingly, HIV/HTLV and/or HBV/HTLV the small number of cases did not confirm this associa- and/or HCV/HTLV co-infections are common in people tion. (bvs.br)
Appropriate antiretroviral therapy (ART) and treatment of specific infections and malignancies are critical in treating patients who are HIV positive. (medscape.com)
An expert panel issued updated guidelines in December 2013 for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-exposed and infected children. (medscape.com)
Although current HAART regimens have substantially and dramatically decreased AIDS-related opportunistic infections (OIs) and deaths, prevention and management of OIs remain critical components of care for HIV-infected children. (medscape.com)
It can be used at home, by healthcare professionals at the point-of-care and or at home using a virtually guided service for the detection of antigens that form in the early stage of active infections. (abbott.com)
Adenoviruses, which exist in the wild in humans and typically cause mild infections such as the common cold, have been genetically engineered to express viral antigens found in SARS-CoV-2, usually those of the infamous spike protein that the coronavirus uses to break into human cells. (allianceforscience.org)
One important factor is the introduction of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into areas and populations already having a high TB incidence [ 5 ], the resulting double infections having a disastrous effect. (intechopen.com)

Clinical application evaluation of a fourth-generation HIV antigen antibody combination screening assay. (hamdanjournal.org)

Results of viral load determinations are being used by physicians treating HIV-infected patients to make decisions regarding initiation of antiretroviral therapy and to determine whether current antiretroviral therapy is effective or whether changes in antiretroviral therapy should be implemented based on the amount of virus in the blood of HIV-infected patients (1-4). (cdc.gov)
For laboratories interested in participating in the new PE programs for viral load and p24 Ag testing, or one of the existing PE programs for HIV-1 antibody testing, human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II antibody testing, and T-lymphocyte immunophenotyping by flow cytometry and alternate methods, an enrollment form and additional information are available by calling (770) 488-4366 or (770) 488-4147 or faxing (770) 488-7693. (cdc.gov)
Robust HIV-1-specific TCD4+ responses are associated with decreased viral load and increased antibody neutralization breadth, and thus understanding the processes that lead to successful HIV-1-specific TCD4+ activation is crucial. (upenn.edu)
During this time, antibody tests may be negative for HIV, but the serum viral load (the amount of HIV virus in the blood) is detectable and can be quite high (millions of copies per milliliter). (medscape.com)
We believe that the 4th generation of point-of-care testing reflects a new standard of testing, which supports earlier detection of HIV-positive cases, even when viral load is lesser, making way for new possibilities in patient care. (inbusinesstimes.com)
People with HIV who take HIV medicine as prescribed and keep an viral load ) is so low that a test can't detect it. (cdc.gov)
Being virally suppressed means having a very low viral load (less than 200 copies of HIV per milliliter of blood). (cdc.gov)
undetectable viral load can stay healthy and will not transmit HIV to their HIV-negative sex partners. (cdc.gov)

The evidence presented included lack of detection of HIV variants by serologic and nucleic acid assays. (cdc.gov)
Genetic variation also influences nucleic acid assays, e.g., nucleotide polymorphisms within primer and probe sites can affect detection or accurate quantitation of divergent HIV-1 strains. (cdc.gov)
If the HIV-1/-2 antibody confirmation/differentiation test is negative for both HIV-1 antibody and HIV-2 antibody, or indeterminate/negative for HIV-1/-2 antibody, or indeterminate/indeterminate for HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody, then HIV-1 RNA detection and quantification is performed at an additional charge. (mayocliniclabs.com)
Detection of splenic microabscesses with ultrasound as a marker for extrapulmonary tuberculosis in patients with HIV: A systematic review. (hamdanjournal.org)
Newer fourth-generation HIV tests combine antibody and antigen detection. (medscape.com)
Early and accurate detection of HIV positive patients is important to simplify the patient journey to access the needed care as quickly as possible. (inbusinesstimes.com)
This is also crucial in blood bank screenings, where the window period of HIV detection can be almost halved. (inbusinesstimes.com)
All nine laboratories performing NS1 antigen detection obtained the correct results. (who.int)
Tests based on the detection of mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan (LAM) antigen in urine have emerged as potential point-of-care tests for TB. (bvsalud.org)

To enhance the immune response to biologically important targets on HIV, we have incorporated HIV antigens into virus-like particles (VLP). (fda.gov)
CUT'HIVAC partners designed and developed a number of innovative HIV vaccine candidates based on murine leukaemia virus-like particles (VLPs). (europa.eu)

Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has been very suc-cessful in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. (tu-darmstadt.de)
Current chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cell immunotherapy shows strong promise for treating various cancers and infectious diseases. (houstonmethodist.org)

Eighteen speakers from 8 countries discussed the impact of HIV variants and HBsAg mutants on immunoassays. (cdc.gov)
Our lab developed a way to incorporate HIV envelope proteins into VLPs by linking them to HBsAg. (fda.gov)
There was a significant increase in the frequencies of HIV and syphilis and a regression of HBsAg and HCV among blood donors.Conclusion: this study presents the epidemiology of the main pathogens detected in blood donors in a rural area in Gabon. (bvsalud.org)

During 2015-2017, surveys were administered to 4,217 primary care and infectious disease providers in the Army, Navy, and Air Force to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, experience, and beliefs related to HIV PrEP. (cdc.gov)
In 2017, an estimated 0.9 million (9%) of the 10.0 million people who developed TB worldwide were HIV-positive. (bvsalud.org)

Description: This is HIV-1 gag recombinant antigen for ELISA,WB. (wlsolutions.be)
Description: This is HIV-1 p24 recombinant antigen for ELISA,WB. (wlsolutions.be)
Formulating your antibody or ligand with i-Particles® is the key to reveal antigen or receptor interactions with a biodegradable platform for lateral flow tests, agglutination tests or bead-ELISA. (adjuvatis.com)

The CD4 binding site enables HIV to bind its receptor on the cells that it subsequently infects. (fda.gov)
Autologous T cells of patients are genetically modified to express a chimeric receptor, which enables them to specifically bind their tar-get antigen and deplete the target cell without the need of MHC-presentation. (tu-darmstadt.de)
Therefore, CD4 as the exclusive HIV entry receptor into the host cell could be a suitable cellular target for anti-HIV CAR-T cells, because all infected cells express CD4, including the latent reservoir. (tu-darmstadt.de)
Human CD4 was selected as a target because it is the entry receptor for HIV into the host cell, and therefore expressed on all HIV-positive cells, irrespectively of their activation state. (tu-darmstadt.de)
CD4 plays a role in cell-cell interaction by acting as a co-receptor for MHC class II in antigen recognition. (cytekbio.com)

The viral antigen (Ag)-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) derived from pluripo-tent stem cells (PSCs), i.e. (elsevier.com)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to vaccinia virus antigens but not HIV-1 subtype E envelope protein seen in HIV-1 seronegative Thais. (who.int)
Kantakamalakul W, Cox J, Kositanont U, Siritantikorn S, Limbach K, Birx D, Thongcharoen P, Puthavathana P. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to vaccinia virus antigens but not HIV-1 subtype E envelope protein seen in HIV-1 seronegative Thais. (who.int)
We have demonstrated that although 4 from 15 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seronegative Individuals showed cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to vaccinia virus antigens, none of them showed specific CTL responses to subtype E Env after in vitro stimulation. (who.int)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 amino acid sequence polymorphisms associated with expression of specific human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles suggest sites of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated selection pressure and immune escape. (ox.ac.uk)

A similar approach, using live, attenuated HIV would be too risky for human use. (fda.gov)
We believe advancing this HIV vaccine program in partnership with IAVI and Scripps Research is an important step in our mission to deliver on the potential for mRNA to improve human health. (fredhutch.org)
In this study, I used a lentiviral transduction system to achieve HIV-1-specificity in primary human TCD4+. (upenn.edu)
Chiron supplies recombinant Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) antigens including HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1 Type O from the envelope and gag regions. (bioprocessonline.com)
REVISED HIV CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS The etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a retrovirus designated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (cdc.gov)
In general, testing for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a 2-step process that involves a screening test and follow-up tests. (medlineplus.gov)
In this review, we highlight the potential applications of CAR-modified NK cells to treat cancer and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and discuss the challenges and possible future directions of CAR-modified NK cell immunotherapy, as well as the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms of CAR-modified T cell- or NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and side effects, with a focus on the CAR-modified NK cell IS. (houstonmethodist.org)
They reported a case of tuberculous splenic abscess in a non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) female patient, aged 22 years, from India. (hamdanjournal.org)
They can be caused by bacteria such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, along with viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ), human papillomavirus ( HPV ) and herpes simplex virus (HSV). (healthychildren.org)
Human plasma.Source material tested for hepatitis B antigen and HIV-1 antibody. (selectscience.net)
Estimation of HIV and HBV infectious titers in human fluids and tissues. (cdc.gov)
In many cases, HIVWestern blots (WBs) with indeter- minate profiles of SIV-infected monkeys resemble those of Zaire HIV enzyme immunoassay (EIA)-positive, WB-indeter- minate human sera from Africa. (cdc.gov)
Increased HIV-1 superinfection risk in carriers of specific human leukocyte antigen alleles. (cdc.gov)
Particle-based transcutaneous administration of HIV-1 p24 protein to human skin explants and targeting of epidermal antigen presenting cells. (adjuvatis.com)
Latency-associated nuclear antigen expression and human herpesvirus-8 polymerase chain reaction in the evaluation of Kaposi sarcoma and other vascular tumors in HIV-positive patients. (bvsalud.org)
Introduction: blood-borne pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and C (HBV and HCV) viruses and Treponema pallidum remain a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. (bvsalud.org)
ART is the mainstay in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment. (medscape.com)
This product is intended for in vitro diagnostic use to identify human cells expressing CD4 antigen molecules in countries where the regulatory approval has been obtained from the local regulatory authorities. (cytekbio.com)
Comparison of human and rhesus macaque T-cell responses elicited by boosting with NYVAC encoding HIV-1 clade C immunogens. (eurovacc.org)

These studies provide new scientific insight and tools for developing and evaluating vaccines for HIV/AIDS. (fda.gov)
The experience with HIV vaccine antigens will provide CBER with the expertise it needs to evaluate proposed HIV vaccines and anticipate their likely side effects. (fda.gov)
Some of the central challenges for developing effective vaccines against HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are similar. (frontiersin.org)
A potent and durable antibody and T cell response is a likely requirement of future HIV and HCV vaccines. (frontiersin.org)
A large European consortium developed and tested novel vaccines against HIV using cutting edge technology. (europa.eu)
Cutaneous and mucosal vaccination has provided novel insight on immune responses to vaccines, underscoring the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in immunity. (europa.eu)
The goal of this award is to broaden advances with synthetic DNA vaccines already made by this team and to develop the next generation of more widely effective HIV vaccines. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
The team proposes that this new vaccine will generate an enhanced spectrum of cellular and anti-HIV immune responses compared to current HIV vaccines. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Such an accomplishment would represent a major advance for the HIV vaccine field, as well as for the field of vaccines in general," explains Weiner. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Antigens for use in vaccines to protect against. (appliedbiotech.org)
This is a new technology: no adenovirus vector vaccines for other diseases are yet widely available, though vaccines for HIV, influenza, Ebola and malaria using this platform are in clinical trials and an Ebola vaccine has been briefly deployed. (allianceforscience.org)

IAVI and biotechnology company Moderna announced today that first doses have been administered in a clinical trial of experimental HIV vaccine antigens at George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences in Washington, D.C. (fredhutch.org)
These antigens are currently used in immunoassays that test blood donations worldwide as well as clinical testing of patients. (bioprocessonline.com)
Measures of CD4+ T-lymphocytes are used to guide clinical and therapeutic management of HIV-infected persons (22). (cdc.gov)
Staging of HIV disease is based partially on clinical presentation, but other laboratory tests can help in deciding whether to initiate or modify treatment. (medscape.com)
Furthermore, they conducted 4 phase I clinical trials to test the prophylactic and therapeutic capacity of DNA and MVA-HIV vaccine applied by various routes including transcutaneous needle-free administration. (europa.eu)
These antigens will be delivered in planned preclinical and clinical trials using Inovio's delivery system, as well as in combination with an engineered protein to drive broader vaccine immunity. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
METHODS: We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial of MVA85A in adults infected with HIV-1, at two clinical sites, in Cape Town, South Africa and Dakar, Senegal. (ox.ac.uk)
The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of socio-clinical factors on adherence to antiretroviral treatment in people living with HIV/AIDS in Koula-Moutou (a rural area of Gabon). (bvsalud.org)
HIV-specific humoral responses benefit from stronger prime in phase Ib clinical trial. (eurovacc.org)

We describe in this study an approach by which multiple CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell epitopes are processed and presented from an exogenously added HIV-1 Gag-p24 peptide of 32 aa complexed to heat shock protein (HSP) gp96. (ox.ac.uk)
Objective: To test the safety and efficacy of a T cell therapy de novo targeting HLA-A02 restricted HIV antigen epitopes. (figshare.com)
Method: Autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells were co-cultured with HLA-A02 restricted HIV antigen epitopes peptides to produce cell product for this therapy. (figshare.com)

This effectively displays HIV viral envelope proteins, such as gp120 and gp41, on the VLP surface, where they mimic HIV virions. (fda.gov)
Source:DNA sequence encoding immunodominant fragment of HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop region was expressed in Escherichia Coli. (reprokine.com)
The HIV-1 prime boost phase I/II vaccine trial using a recombinant canarypox vector, vCP1521, containing subtype E env (gp120), and subtype B env (gp41), gag and protease has started in Thailand. (who.int)
The surface Gp120/gp41 spike in HIV-1 infected cells made them very difficult to kill. (medscape.com)
Lamalle-Bernard D et al, Coadsorption of HIV-1 p24 and gp120 proteins to surfactant-free anionic PLA nanoparticles preserves antigenicity and immunogenicity. (adjuvatis.com)

The addition of p24 Ag testing would decrease the window period (7-11 days) for detecting donors recently infected with HIV when compared with the current protocol for antibody testing (i.e., enzyme immunoassay screening followed by Western blot supplemental testing). (cdc.gov)
This test begins with HIV-1/-2 antigen and antibody screen by chemiluminescence immunoassay. (mayocliniclabs.com)
The Texas case came to light, the agency report said, when a 46-year-old woman attempted to sell her plasma in April 2012 and was found on an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test to be HIV-positive. (medpagetoday.com)
A study of HIV-infected patients in Thailand compared LFA results with culture and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). (medscape.com)
This so-referred to as multiplex immunoassay is based on a mix of bead subsets which might be each labelled with a novel mixture of inner fluorescent signal and antigen diabetes center [url=http://healthdept.sp.gov.lk/purchase/Forxiga/]purchase forxiga 10 mg with mastercard[/url]. (ehd.org)

When expressed in rice, CTB was protected from pepsin digestion surface protein antigen, the causative epitope for dental caries, in tobacco as a first step toward a potential plant-based mucosal vaccine (13). (bso14.org)

The HIV vaccine antigens being evaluated as mRNA in this study were originally developed as proteins by William Schief, Ph.D., professor at Scripps Research and executive director of vaccine design at IAVI's Neutralizing Antibody Center (NAC), and colleagues. (fredhutch.org)
Years of work in a long-standing NAC partnership between IAVI and Scripps Research have enabled the development of these vaccine antigens. (fredhutch.org)

In some regions, recombinant strains, referred to as circulating recombinant forms (CRFs), have become the predominant form of HIV-1. (cdc.gov)
Recombinant HIV gp160 encodes the immunodominant sequences of the HIV Transmembrane Glycoprotein 160. (reprokine.com)
Recombinant HIV-2 gp36 encodes the immunodominant sequences of the HIV2 surface Glycoprotein 36. (reprokine.com)
Recombinant HIV gp41 encodes the immunodominant sequences of the HIV Transmembrane Glycoprotein 41. (reprokine.com)
Recombinant HIV-1 p24 encodes the immunodominant sequences of the HIV capsid protein 24. (reprokine.com)

Three types of HIV tests are available in the United States, and some can detect HIV sooner than others. (cdc.gov)
some can detect HIV sooner than others. (cdc.gov)

We assessed the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a candidate tuberculosis vaccine, modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing antigen 85A (MVA85A), in adults infected with HIV-1. (ox.ac.uk)

The reported prevalence of NCI among HIV infected patients in Nigeria varied widely ranging from 28.8% on the international HIV dementia scale (IHDS) to 66.7% on the community screening instrument for dementia (CSI-D) [ 11 , 12 ], while the prevalence of HAND using brief tools was reported to be 21.5% [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
Introduction: The objective of this work was to assess the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and genital mycoplasma colonization in 251 HIV-positive compared to 200 HIV-negative women at the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) service of Saint Camille Medical Center Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). (bvsalud.org)

I show that activated TCD4+ are highly effective at MHCII-restricted presentation of an immunodominant HIV-1-derived epitope due to the tropism of HIV-1 for TCD4+ and the efficiency of endogenous processing. (upenn.edu)
In this study, we generated the functional HIV-1 Gag epitope SL9-specific CTLs from the induced PSC (iPSCs), i.e., iPSC-CTLs, and investigated the suppression of SL9-specific iPSC-CTLs on viral replication and the protection of CD4+ T cells. (elsevier.com)

For more information, see HIV Testing Algorithm (Fourth-Generation Screening Assay), Including Follow-up of Reactive Rapid Serologic Test Results . (mayocliniclabs.com)

Additionally the assay simultaneously detects HIV-1 p24 antigen. (cdc.gov)
HIV-1/2 type-differentiating test (Supplemental IA), qualitative Nucleic Acid Test (NAT)/Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT), Western Blot or Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA). (orangecountyfl.net)
WB bands were identified by species transmission from simian immunodeficiency using an HIV-1/2 WB assay (version 2.2, Genelabs virus (SIV)-infected chimpanzees and sooty mangabeys, Diagnostics, Singapore) and classified as indeterminate respectively, which represent 2 (SIVcpz and SIVsm) of the according to criteria for interpreting HIV-1 (http://www. (cdc.gov)
Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay (LF-LAM) for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis in people living with HIV. (bvsalud.org)

However, the development of anti-HIV CAR-T cells has been dormant in the past years due to lack of efficiency, and because targeting of viral proteins on the surface of infected cells did not deplete the latent viral reservoir, hence did not show any improvement compared to conventional antiretroviral therapy. (tu-darmstadt.de)
In contrast to the global health improvement occurring in people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), gut damage persists and translocation of microbial products from the gut lumen into the circulation contributes to inflammatory non-AIDS comorbidities [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Divergent HIV different simian retroviruses that can establish new infec- and Simian tions in humans (3). (cdc.gov)

Blood and CSF should be cultured for fungi and submitted for cryptococcal antigen testing. (medscape.com)
However, these patients often have positive results on India ink preparation and CSF cryptococcal antigen testing. (medscape.com)
The study revealed an excellent negative predictive value of the cryptococcal antigen LFA. (medscape.com)

involved in T cell antigen presentation. (frontiersin.org)
The host's T cell response is governed by the assembly and presentation of antigen via the polymorphic HLA class I and II molecules. (frontiersin.org)
Additionally, and unexpectedly, I found that MHCII-restricted TCD4+-to-TCD4+ presentation facilitates transfer of virus to HIV-1-specific TCD4+, providing both a potential explanation for the rapid spread of the virus to HIV-1-specific TCD4+ in vivo and a novel mechanism for compromising the host response. (upenn.edu)
Heat shock protein-mediated cross-presentation of exogenous HIV antigen on HLA class I and class II. (ox.ac.uk)

Interestingly, splenic lesions were detected with ultrasonography in 21% of HIV-positive patients and TB diagnosed by smear, biopsy, culture or molecular methods was reported to be the cause of 88.3% of splenic microabscesses found on ultrasonography in such patients. (hamdanjournal.org)
The available data pointed out that among TB patients in India, 12% were HIV-positive, and of these, 40% were newly diagnosed. (hamdanjournal.org)
HIV testing among patients with presumptive tuberculosis: How do we implement in a routine programmatic setting? (hamdanjournal.org)
The unintentional contamination of haemophilia patients with HIV in the early 1980s raised serious questions about the safety of blood product supplies worldwide. (who.int)
La contamination non intentionnelle des patients hémophiles par le VIH au début des années 1980 a soulevé de graves questions relatives à la sécurité des approvisionnements en produits sanguins dans le monde. (who.int)
Les événements ont déclenché des conséquences en chaîne, à la fois pour les patients infectés et pour le système de santé national de nombreux pays, notamment la République islamique d'Iran. (who.int)
à la fin des années 1990, la justice a condamné le Ministère de la santé iranien à verser des indemnités aux patients hémophiles, en plus de la fourniture de soins gratuits incluant les traitements les plus récents. (who.int)
Nigeria bears the second highest burden of HIV/AIDS in the world providing a large pool of patients for neuroAIDS study [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Individuals with high levels of HIV RNA progress to symptomatic HIV disease faster than patients with low levels of HIV RNA. (medscape.com)
Thus, HIV-positive patients can be quickly identified and linked to care. (inbusinesstimes.com)
The MSM risk index is a validated seven-item screening index used to prioritize patients for intensive HIV prevention efforts, including PrEP, with a score ≥10 having a sensitivity and specificity of 84% and 45%, respectively ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
The GDG concluded that LF-LAM may be used to assist in the diagnosis of TB only in HIV-positive adults and children with signs and symptoms of TB (pulmonary and/or extrapulmonary) who have a CD4 cell count less than or equal to 100 cells/µL, or HIV-positive patients who are seriously ill1 regardless of CD4 cell count or with unknown CD4 cell count. (bvsalud.org)
NYVAC immunization induces polyfunctional HIV-specific T-cell responses in chronically-infected ART-treated HIV patients. (eurovacc.org)

So, if you·re in southern Africa, let·s, such as in Kwazulu Natal in South Africa, the major issue you have in HIV is tuberculosis. (cdc.gov)
So, whenever you talk about HIV, particularly in settings of the developing world, you have to be considering tuberculosis, and vice versa. (cdc.gov)
Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the candidate tuberculosis vaccine MVA85A in healthy adults infected with HIV-1: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. (ox.ac.uk)

A diagnosis of AIDS means that a person is HIV-positive and other problems are present. (wellspan.org)
However, unlike traditional diagnostic methods, urinary LAM assays demonstrate improved sensitivity for the diagnosis of TB among individuals coinfected with HIV. (bvsalud.org)

In August 1995, FDA recommended that all facilities licensed for performing blood collections perform p24 Ag testing in addition to the HIV-antibody screening of blood-bank donors. (cdc.gov)
This test should not be requested for maternal/newborn HIV screening on specimens originating in New York State, due to state regulatory requirements for expedited result reporting. (mayocliniclabs.com)
Women who were not tested earlier in pregnancy or whose HIV status otherwise is undocumented should be offered rapid screening upon labor and delivery using the opt-out approach when allowed. (medscape.com)
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends at least one routine HIV screening for all teens ages 15 years and older. (healthychildren.org)

Another challenge is to elicit strong T cell immunity to HIV proteins. (fda.gov)
In addition, we discovered that the transmembrane domain of HIV gp41 can anchor the envelope proteins to the particles naturally. (fda.gov)
This potential is sup- patterns, and 1 had an HIV-2 WB-indeterminate pattern ported by the identification of a Cameroonian man whose with weak reactivity against gp36, p68, and gp80 proteins. (cdc.gov)

HLA-A is a Predictor of Hepatitis B e Antigen Status in HIV-Positive African Adults. (ox.ac.uk)
Diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for tuberculous meningitis in HIV-infected adults: a prospective cohort study. (umn.edu)
80 HIV-positive and 40 HIV-negative adults selected from Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH) received comprehensive evaluations. (hindawi.com)
INTERPRETATION: MVA85A was well tolerated and immunogenic in adults infected with HIV-1. (ox.ac.uk)

The search for an HIV vaccine has been long and challenging, and having new tools in terms of immunogens and platforms could be the key to making rapid progress toward an urgently needed, effective HIV vaccine," said Mark Feinberg, M.D., Ph.D., president and CEO of IAVI. (fredhutch.org)
The Abbott Alere Determine™ HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab Combo Antigen/Antibody Rapid Test test in Singapore may be done at Shim Clinic. (shimclinic.com)
This rapid test can be used in outreach settings to identify HIV-infected individuals who might not be able to be tested in traditional health care settings. (medscape.com)
If a rapid HIV test result in labor is reactive, antiretroviral prophylaxis should be immediately initiated while awaiting supplemental test results. (medscape.com)
By using simple and scalable HIV testing offerings like rapid point-of-care tests under robust regulatory processes, we can plug such gaps in testing. (inbusinesstimes.com)
Our rapid antigen test, BinaxNOW ™ COVID-19 Ag Card , Home Test and Self Test all provide results in 15 minutes. (abbott.com)
Rapid antigen tests offer several important benefits. (abbott.com)

The Phase I trial, IAVI G002 , is designed to test the hypothesis that sequential administration of priming and boosting HIV immunogens delivered by messenger RNA, or mRNA, can induce specific classes of B-cell responses and guide their early maturation toward broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) development. (fredhutch.org)
The BinaxNOW ™ COVID-19 Antigen Self Test has not been approved by the FDA. (hivinsite.com)
The BinaxNOW ™ COVID-19 Antigen Self Test must be performed twice within 3 days, at least 36 hours apart. (hivinsite.com)
If the screen result is reactive, then HIV-1/-2 antibody confirmation/differentiation test by immunochromatographic method is performed at an additional charge. (mayocliniclabs.com)
An antigen test checks your blood for an HIV antigen, called p24. (medlineplus.gov)
The p24 antigen test is accurate 11 days to 1 month after getting infected. (medlineplus.gov)
Juneja and Jhamb [1] ought to in-depth evaluate the HIV status in their studied patient by employing a more advanced diagnostic tool such as the above-mentioned test rather than solely relying upon ELIZA. (hamdanjournal.org)
[ 98 , 99 ] Retesting annually or more often is recommended for those at high risk because of injection drug use, sex with an injection drug user, sex for money or drugs, sex since their most recent HIV test with men who have sex with men, or sex since their most recent HIV test with more than 1 person. (medscape.com)
Re-test HIV Negative women in third trimester if high risk (e.g. (fpnotebook.com)
The only way to confirm the presence of HIV is through a blood test . (healthline.com)
What does an HIV blood test entail? (healthline.com)
A blood test for the HIV antigen is available. (healthline.com)
This test finds either the RNA of the HIV virus or the HIV DNA in white blood cells infected with the virus. (wellspan.org)
Some home test kits for HIV have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (wellspan.org)
And keep in mind that these test kits sometimes may show that you have HIV when you don't (false-positive result). (wellspan.org)
The test strip on the swab shows if you have HIV or not. (wellspan.org)
Another type of test kit for HIV is a home blood test kit. (wellspan.org)
A second test, looking for HIV RNA or antigens, might well have been positive at the time, Saag said. (medpagetoday.com)
A nucleic acid test (NAT) looks for HIV in the blood. (healthychildren.org)
Getting an HIV test is the only way to know your HIV status. (cdc.gov)
If you were HIV-negative the last time you were tested and answer yes to any of the following questions, you should get an HIV test because these things inc rease your chances of getting HIV. (cdc.gov)
Have you had more than one sex partner since your last HIV test? (cdc.gov)
Also, anyone who has been sexually assaulted should get an HIV test as soon as possible after the assault. (cdc.gov)

This preliminary study suggests that specific CTL responses to subtype E envelope detected in HIV-1 seronegative Individuals after vaccination should be considered as specific responses to the immunization. (who.int)
Either alone or encapsulating immunogenic molecules, our technologies are able to greatly stimulate humoral and/or cell-mediated responses of vectorized antigens and increase antigen stability. (adjuvatis.com)
Formulation of HIV-1 Tat and p24 antigens by PLA nanoparticles or MF59 impacts the breadth, but not the magnitude, of serum and faecal antibody responses in rabbits. (adjuvatis.com)
Surfactant-free anionic PLA nanoparticles coated with HIV-1 p24 protein induced enhanced cellular and humoral immune responses in various animal models. (adjuvatis.com)

Phylogenetic analysis of the HIV pol, gag , and env genes in specimens from both women showed nearly complete pairwise nucleotide identity -- 98.7% in gag and 98.0% in both env and pol . (medpagetoday.com)
Of the 70 WB-indeterminate serum specimens, 69 mate lentiviruses in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, showed a broad range of HIV-1 WB-indeterminate band including the Congo River basin (4). (cdc.gov)

Current panels include the known HIV-1 group M subtypes, recombinants, and group O viruses, and plans are under way to include HIV-1 group N viruses. (cdc.gov)

Important gains made in HIV testing nationwide have also been threatened over recent years, with people facing obstacles to accessing diagnostics during the pandemic. (inbusinesstimes.com)

DNA sequence encoding immunodominant fragment of HIV gp41 was expressed in Escherichia Coli. (reprokine.com)

they may reflect either cross-reactivity with for Western blot-indeterminate results on 70 serum sam- unknown pathogens of African origin or exposure to new ples from Zairian hospital employees that were reactive in HIV- or SIV-like strains. (cdc.gov)
Analysis of HIV-1 WB-indeterminate patterns provided specimen reacted strongly and exclusively with an several important observations. (cdc.gov)

Three types of tests are available in the United States: antibody tests, antigen/antibody tests, and nucleic acid tests (NAT). (cdc.gov)

Since the function is shared by all HIV strains, the antibody targets are likely to be shared as well. (fda.gov)
For example, the envelope glycoprotein contains a structure called the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) that is found on all HIV strains identified to date. (fda.gov)

These are tests that check if you've been infected with HIV. (medlineplus.gov)
Follow-up tests for HIV are needed. (medlineplus.gov)
Antigen tests are frequently out of reach in impoverished countries due to cost. (medscape.com)
Most HIV tests use a blood sample, either from a blood draw or a finger prick, but some use oral fluid or urine. (cdc.gov)
What are the types of HIV tests? (cdc.gov)

[ 44 ] The molecular interpretation of this situation is that the spacing (density) of the Her2-neu antigen on the tumor cell is too wide for the bivalent antibody (IgG1) to attach with both arms at the same time. (medscape.com)

HIV is a chronic virus that weakens the immune system. (healthline.com)

Anatomy5

Organisms3

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs52

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes8

Information Science2

Named Groups1

Health Care3

Evolution and biological characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype E gp120 V3 sequences following horizontal and vertical virus transmission in a single family. (1/787)

Binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag to membrane: role of the matrix amino terminus. (2/787)

Engineering of noninfectious HIV-1-like particles containing mutant gp41 glycoproteins as vaccine candidates that allow vaccinees to be distinguished from HIV-1 infectees. (3/787)

Translation elongation factor 1-alpha interacts specifically with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag polyprotein. (4/787)

Reappearance of founder virus sequence in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. (5/787)

Changes in and discrepancies between cell tropisms and coreceptor uses of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 induced by single point mutations at the V3 tip of the env protein. (6/787)

The antiviral activity of HIV-specific CD8+ CTL clones is limited by elimination due to encounter with HIV-infected targets. (7/787)

Cloning and characterization of hIF2, a human homologue of bacterial translation initiation factor 2, and its interaction with HIV-1 matrix. (8/787)

HIV Antigens

HIV Infections

Medical Waste

Antigens

HIV

HIV Antibodies

AIDS Vaccines

HIV Seropositivity

HIV Core Protein p24

Antigens, Viral

AIDS-Related Complex

Antigens, Bacterial

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

HIV-1

Antigens, Neoplasm

Antigens, Surface

Immunity, Humoral

Reagent Kits, Diagnostic

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes

Cystaphos

T-Lymphocytes

Lymphocyte Activation

Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids

Genetic Vectors

Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming

HLA Antigens

Antigens, Fungal

Antigens, CD

Antigens, Helminth

H-2 Antigens

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

Amebiasis

HIV Seroprevalence

HIV Seronegativity

HLA-DR Antigens

Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Histocompatibility Antigens

Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen

Epitopes

Histocompatibility Antigens Class II

Prostate-Specific Antigen

O Antigens

Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell

Antigens, CD15

Antigens, CD8

Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate

HLA-A2 Antigen

Immunoglobulin G

Hepatitis B Surface Antigens

Antigens, CD3

Antigens, CD4

Cross Reactions

Molecular Sequence Data

Blood Group Antigens

HLA-A Antigens

Histocompatibility Antigens Class I

Mice, Inbred BALB C

AIDS Serodiagnosis

Antibody Specificity

Antigens, CD45

HLA-D Antigens

Cell Line

Receptors, Antigen

Anti-HIV Agents

Hepatitis B Antigens

HLA-B Antigens

Fluorescent Antibody Technique

Antigen-Antibody Reactions

Amino Acid Sequence

African Continental Ancestry Group

Antigens, CD1

Antibodies, Bacterial

Immune Sera

Immunization

Antigens, Differentiation

B-Lymphocytes

HIV Protease Inhibitors

Evolution and biological characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype E gp120 V3 sequences following horizontal and vertical virus transmission in a single family. (1/787)