Histones. Medical search

Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.

Deacetylases that remove N-acetyl groups from amino side chains of the amino acids of HISTONES. The enzyme family can be divided into at least three structurally-defined subclasses. Class I and class II deacetylases utilize a zinc-dependent mechanism. The sirtuin histone deacetylases belong to class III and are NAD-dependent enzymes.

Compounds that inhibit HISTONE DEACETYLASES. This class of drugs may influence gene expression by increasing the level of acetylated HISTONES in specific CHROMATIN domains.

Enzymes that catalyze acyl group transfer from ACETYL-CoA to HISTONES forming CoA and acetyl-histones.

Formation of an acetyl derivative. (Stedman, 25th ed)

A histone deacetylase subtype that is found along with HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2; RETINOBLASTOMA-BINDING PROTEIN 4; and RETINOBLASTOMA-BINDING PROTEIN 7 as core components of histone deacetylase complexes.

The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.

The specific patterns of changes made to HISTONES, that are involved in assembly, maintenance, and alteration of chromatin structural states (such as EUCHROMATIN and HETEROCHROMATIN). The changes are made by various HISTONE MODIFICATION PROCESSES that include ACETYLATION; METHYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; and UBIQUITINATION.

A histone deacetylase subtype that is found along with HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1; RETINOBLASTOMA-BINDING PROTEIN 4; and RETINOBLASTOMA-BINDING PROTEIN 7 as core components of histone deacetylase complexes.

Enzymes that catalyse the removal of methyl groups from LYSINE or ARGININE residues found on HISTONES. Many histone demethylases generally function through an oxidoreductive mechanism.

Proteins involved in the assembly and disassembly of HISTONES into NUCLEOSOMES.

The repeating structural units of chromatin, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. This core is composed of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.

Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

A class of weak acids with the general formula R-CONHOH.

An enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in proteins to yield epsilon mono-, di-, and trimethyllysine. EC 2.1.1.43.

A genetic process by which the adult organism is realized via mechanisms that lead to the restriction in the possible fates of cells, eventually leading to their differentiated state. Mechanisms involved cause heritable changes to cells without changes to DNA sequence such as DNA METHYLATION; HISTONE modification; DNA REPLICATION TIMING; NUCLEOSOME positioning; and heterochromatization which result in selective gene expression or repression.

The mechanisms effecting establishment, maintenance, and modification of that specific physical conformation of CHROMATIN determining the transcriptional accessibility or inaccessibility of the DNA.

A family of histone demethylases that share a conserved Jumonji C domain. The enzymes function via an iron-dependent dioxygenase mechanism that couples the conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinate to the hydroxylation of N-methyl groups.

Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from acetyl coenzyme A, to another compound. EC 2.3.1.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A technique for identifying specific DNA sequences that are bound, in vivo, to proteins of interest. It involves formaldehyde fixation of CHROMATIN to crosslink the DNA-BINDING PROTEINS to the DNA. After shearing the DNA into small fragments, specific DNA-protein complexes are isolated by immunoprecipitation with protein-specific ANTIBODIES. Then, the DNA isolated from the complex can be identified by PCR amplification and sequencing.

Enzymes that catalyze the methylation of amino acids after their incorporation into a polypeptide chain. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine acts as the methylating agent. EC 2.1.1.

A family of histone acetyltransferases that is structurally-related to CREB-BINDING PROTEIN and to E1A-ASSOCIATED P300 PROTEIN. They function as transcriptional coactivators by bridging between DNA-binding TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and the basal transcription machinery. They also modify transcription factors and CHROMATIN through ACETYLATION.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels.

Nucleoproteins, which in contrast to HISTONES, are acid insoluble. They are involved in chromosomal functions; e.g. they bind selectively to DNA, stimulate transcription resulting in tissue-specific RNA synthesis and undergo specific changes in response to various hormones or phytomitogens.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

The portion of chromosome material that remains condensed and is transcriptionally inactive during INTERPHASE.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction using S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE as the methyl group donor.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxypropane structure.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A multisubunit enzyme complex that regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION by deacetylating the HISTONE residues of NUCLEOSOMES.

An aspect of protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37) in which serine residues in protamines and histones are phosphorylated in the presence of ATP.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Chromosome regions that are loosely packaged and more accessible to RNA polymerases than HETEROCHROMATIN. These regions also stain differentially in CHROMOSOME BANDING preparations.

An enzyme that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage to 3'-phosphomononucleotide and 3'-phospholigonucleotide end-products. It can cause hydrolysis of double- or single-stranded DNA or RNA. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.1.31.1.

A histone chaperone that facilitates nucleosome assembly by mediating the formation of the histone octamer and its transfer to DNA.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium channels.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

A multisubunit polycomb protein complex that catalyzes the METHYLATION of chromosomal HISTONE H3. It works in conjunction with POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 1 to effect EPIGENETIC REPRESSION.

A retinoblastoma-binding protein that is involved in CHROMATIN REMODELING, histone deacetylation, and repression of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION. Although initially discovered as a retinoblastoma binding protein it has an affinity for core HISTONES and is a subunit of chromatin assembly factor-1 and polycomb repressive complex 2.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The systematic study of the global gene expression changes due to EPIGENETIC PROCESSES and not due to DNA base sequence changes.

A member of the p300-CBP transcription factor family that was initially identified as a binding partner for CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN. Mutations in CREB-binding protein are associated with RUBINSTEIN-TAYBI SYNDROME.

A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.

A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salt than RNA polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

A homologous family of regulatory enzymes that are structurally related to the protein silent mating type information regulator 2 (Sir2) found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sirtuins contain a central catalytic core region which binds NAD. Several of the sirtuins utilize NAD to deacetylate proteins such as HISTONES and are categorized as GROUP III HISTONE DEACETYLASES. Several other sirtuin members utilize NAD to transfer ADP-RIBOSE to proteins and are categorized as MONO ADP-RIBOSE TRANSFERASES, while a third group of sirtuins appears to have both deacetylase and ADP ribose transferase activities.

Compounds consisting of chains of AMINO ACIDS alternating with CARBOXYLIC ACIDS via ester and amide linkages. They are commonly cyclized.

The clear constricted portion of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division.

A sirtuin family member found primarily in the CYTOPLASM. It is a multifunctional enzyme that contains a NAD-dependent deacetylase activity that is specific for HISTONES and a mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

A family of histone molecular chaperones that play roles in sperm CHROMATIN decondensation and CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY in fertilized eggs. They were originally discovered in XENOPUS egg extracts as histone-binding factors that mediate nucleosome formation in vitro.

Enzymes that catalyze the methylation of arginine residues of proteins to yield N-mono- and N,N-dimethylarginine. This enzyme is found in many organs, primarily brain and spleen.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

A member of the p300-CBP transcription factors that was originally identified as a binding partner for ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A family of proteins that play a role in CHROMATIN REMODELING. They are best known for silencing HOX GENES and the regulation of EPIGENETIC PROCESSES.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

Somewhat flattened, globular echinoderms, having thin, brittle shells of calcareous plates. They are useful models for studying FERTILIZATION and EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT.

A group of simple proteins that yield basic amino acids on hydrolysis and that occur combined with nucleic acid in the sperm of fish. Protamines contain very few kinds of amino acids. Protamine sulfate combines with heparin to form a stable inactive complex; it is used to neutralize the anticoagulant action of heparin in the treatment of heparin overdose. (From Merck Index, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p692)

Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.

A family of cellular proteins that mediate the correct assembly or disassembly of polypeptides and their associated ligands. Although they take part in the assembly process, molecular chaperones are not components of the final structures.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

A histone chaperone protein that plays a role in the deposition of NUCLEOSOMES on newly synthesized DNA. It is comprised of three different subunits of 48, 60, and 150 kDa molecular size. The 48 kDa subunit, RETINOBLASTOMA-BINDING PROTEIN 4, is also a component of several other protein complexes involved in chromatin remodeling.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

This ribonucleoprotein particle, composed of U7 snRNA, Sm core protein, and U7 snRNP-specific proteins, is involved in the 3'end processing of histone premessenger RNAs.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

The act of ligating UBIQUITINS to PROTEINS to form ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes to label proteins for transport to the PROTEASOME ENDOPEPTIDASE COMPLEX where proteolysis occurs.

Macromolecular complexes formed from the association of defined protein subunits.

A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The aggregation of soluble ANTIGENS with ANTIBODIES, alone or with antibody binding factors such as ANTI-ANTIBODIES or STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A, into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE to the 5-position of CYTOSINE residues in DNA.

Factors that are involved in directing the cleavage and POLYADENYLATION of the of MESSENGER RNA near the site of the RNA 3' POLYADENYLATION SIGNALS.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Phase of the CELL CYCLE following G1 and preceding G2 when the entire DNA content of the nucleus is replicated. It is achieved by bidirectional replication at multiple sites along each chromosome.

A retinoblastoma-binding protein that has an affinity for core HISTONES. It is found as a subunit of protein complexes that are in involved in the enzymatic modification of histones including the Mi2 and Sin3 histone deacetylase complexes and the polycomb repressive complex 2.

A enzyme complex involved in the remodeling of NUCLEOSOMES. The complex is comprised of at least seven subunits and includes both histone deacetylase and ATPase activities.

A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

Areas of increased density of the dinucleotide sequence cytosine--phosphate diester--guanine. They form stretches of DNA several hundred to several thousand base pairs long. In humans there are about 45,000 CpG islands, mostly found at the 5' ends of genes. They are unmethylated except for those on the inactive X chromosome and some associated with imprinted genes.

A family of low-molecular weight, non-histone proteins found in chromatin.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A group of 6-alkyl SALICYLIC ACIDS that are found in ANACARDIUM and known for causing CONTACT DERMATITIS.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Proteins conjugated with nucleic acids.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

A retinoblastoma binding protein that is also a member of the Jumonji-domain histone demethylases. It has demethylation activity towards specific LYSINE residues found on HISTONE H3.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

A sirtuin family member found primarily in the CELL NUCLEUS. It is an NAD-dependent deacetylase with specificity towards HISTONES and a variety of proteins involved in gene regulation.

A polynucleotide formed from the ADP-RIBOSE moiety of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES.

The artificial induction of GENE SILENCING by the use of RNA INTERFERENCE to reduce the expression of a specific gene. It includes the use of DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA, such as SMALL INTERFERING RNA and RNA containing HAIRPIN LOOP SEQUENCE, and ANTI-SENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

A set of nuclear proteins in SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE that are required for the transcriptional repression of the silent mating type loci. They mediate the formation of silenced CHROMATIN and repress both transcription and recombination at other loci as well. They are comprised of 4 non-homologous, interacting proteins, Sir1p, Sir2p, Sir3p, and Sir4p. Sir2p, an NAD-dependent HISTONE DEACETYLASE, is the founding member of the family of SIRTUINS.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The steps that generate the 3' ends of mature RNA molecules. For most mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), 3' end processing referred to as POLYADENYLATION includes the addition of POLY A.

Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Proteins obtained from the species Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Schizosaccharomycetaceae, order Schizosaccharomycetales.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

The turning off of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION in certain regions of CHROMATIN without changes in the DNA sequence. Typically epigenetic repression is a way that developmental changes are programmed at the cellular level.

The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.

Myeloid-lymphoid leukemia protein is a transcription factor that maintains high levels of HOMEOTIC GENE expression during development. The GENE for myeloid-lymphoid leukemia protein is commonly disrupted in LEUKEMIA and combines with over 40 partner genes to form FUSION ONCOGENE PROTEINS.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The interval between two successive CELL DIVISIONS during which the CHROMOSOMES are not individually distinguishable. It is composed of the G phases (G1 PHASE; G0 PHASE; G2 PHASE) and S PHASE (when DNA replication occurs).

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

A nuclear protein that regulates the expression of genes involved in a diverse array of processes related to metabolism and reproduction. The protein contains three nuclear receptor interaction domains and three repressor domains and is closely-related in structure to NUCLEAR RECEPTOR CO-REPRESSOR 2.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

A multisubunit polycomb protein complex with affinity for CHROMATIN that contains methylated HISTONE H3. It contains an E3 ubiquitin ligase activity that is specific for HISTONE H2A and works in conjunction with POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 to effect EPIGENETIC REPRESSION.

A subclass of histone deacetylases that are NAD-dependent. Several members of the SIRTUINS family are included in this subclass.

An enzyme which catalyzes the release of BIOTIN from biocytin. In human, defects in the enzyme are the cause of the organic acidemia MULTIPLE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY or BIOTINIDASE DEFICIENCY.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53-dependent CELL CYCLE arrest. p21 interacts with a range of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES and associates with PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and CASPASE 3.

Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.

Transcription factors whose primary function is to regulate the rate in which RNA is transcribed.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Constituent of the 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 120 nucleotides and 34 proteins. It is also a constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 5S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs.

An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. This catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA yielding 5'-phosphodi- and oligonucleotide end-products. The enzyme has a preference for double-stranded DNA.

A species of ciliate protozoa used in genetic and cytological research.

The first nucleotide of a transcribed DNA sequence where RNA polymerase (DNA-DIRECTED RNA POLYMERASE) begins synthesizing the RNA transcript.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.

Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.

The process of germ cell development in the male from the primordial germ cells, through SPERMATOGONIA; SPERMATOCYTES; SPERMATIDS; to the mature haploid SPERMATOZOA.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.

Interruptions in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, across both strands adjacently.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

Genetic mechanisms that allow GENES to be expressed at a similar level irrespective of their GENE DOSAGE. This term is usually used in discussing genes that lie on the SEX CHROMOSOMES. Because the sex chromosomes are only partially homologous, there is a different copy number, i.e., dosage, of these genes in males vs. females. In DROSOPHILA, dosage compensation is accomplished by hypertranscription of genes located on the X CHROMOSOME. In mammals, dosage compensation of X chromosome genes is accomplished by random X CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION of one of the two X chromosomes in the female.

A genus of ciliate protozoa commonly used in genetic, cytological, and other research.

A family of ribosomal protein S6 kinases that are structurally distinguished from RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, 70-KDA by their apparent molecular size and the fact they contain two functional kinase domains. Although considered RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, members of this family are activated via the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM and have been shown to act on a diverse array of substrates that are involved in cellular regulation such as RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 and CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN.

An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase.

A continuous cell line of high contact-inhibition established from NIH Swiss mouse embryo cultures. The cells are useful for DNA transfection and transformation studies. (From ATCC [Internet]. Virginia: American Type Culture Collection; c2002 [cited 2002 Sept 26]. Available from http://www.atcc.org/)

Protein modules with conserved ligand-binding surfaces which mediate specific interaction functions in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS and the specific BINDING SITES of their cognate protein LIGANDS.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.

High-throughput screening of small molecules in miniaturized mammalian cell-based assays involving post-translational modifications. (1/14784)

BACKGROUND: Fully adapting a forward genetic approach to mammalian systems requires efficient methods to alter systematically gene products without prior knowledge of gene sequences, while allowing for the subsequent characterization of these alterations. Ideally, these methods would also allow function to be altered in a temporally controlled manner. RESULTS: We report the development of a miniaturized cell-based assay format that enables a genetic-like approach to understanding cellular pathways in mammalian systems using small molecules, rather than mutations, as the source of gene-product alterations. This whole-cell immunodetection assay can sensitively detect changes in specific cellular macromolecules in high-density arrays of mammalian cells. Furthermore, it is compatible with screening large numbers of small molecules in nanoliter to microliter culture volumes. We refer to this assay format as a 'cytoblot', and demonstrate the use of cytoblotting to monitor biosynthetic processes such as DNA synthesis, and post-translational processes such as acetylation and phosphorylation. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of these assays to natural-product screening through the identification of marine sponge extracts exhibiting genotype-specific inhibition of 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and suppression of the anti-proliferative effect of rapamycin. CONCLUSIONS: We show that cytoblots can be used for high-throughput screening of small molecules in cell-based assays. Together with small-molecule libraries, the cytoblot assay can be used to perform chemical genetic screens analogous to those used in classical genetics and thus should be applicable to understanding a wide variety of cellular processes, especially those involving post-transitional modifications. (+info)

Gadd45, a p53-responsive stress protein, modifies DNA accessibility on damaged chromatin. (2/14784)

This report demonstrates that Gadd45, a p53-responsive stress protein, can facilitate topoisomerase relaxing and cleavage activity in the presence of core histones. A correlation between reduced expression of Gadd45 and increased resistance to topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II inhibitors in a variety of human cell lines was also found. Gadd45 could potentially mediate this effect by destabilizing histone-DNA interactions since it was found to interact directly with the four core histones. To evaluate this possibility, we investigated the effect of Gadd45 on preassembled mononucleosomes. Our data indicate that Gadd45 directly associates with mononucleosomes that have been altered by histone acetylation or UV radiation. This interaction resulted in increased DNase I accessibility on hyperacetylated mononucleosomes and substantial reduction of T4 endonuclease V accessibility to cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers on UV-irradiated mononucleosomes but not on naked DNA. Both histone acetylation and UV radiation are thought to destabilize the nucleosomal structure. Hence, these results imply that Gadd45 can recognize an altered chromatin state and modulate DNA accessibility to cellular proteins. (+info)

Stable remodeling of tailless nucleosomes by the human SWI-SNF complex. (3/14784)

The histone N-terminal tails have been shown previously to be important for chromatin assembly, remodeling, and stability. We have tested the ability of human SWI-SNF (hSWI-SNF) to remodel nucleosomes whose tails have been cleaved through a limited trypsin digestion. We show that hSWI-SNF is able to remodel tailless mononucleosomes and nucleosomal arrays, although hSWI-SNF remodeling of tailless nucleosomes is less effective than remodeling of nucleosomes with tails. Analogous to previous observations with tailed nucleosomal templates, we show both (i) that hSWI-SNF-remodeled trypsinized mononucleosomes and arrays are stable for 30 min in the remodeled conformation after removal of ATP and (ii) that the remodeled tailless mononucleosome can be isolated on a nondenaturing acrylamide gel as a novel species. Thus, nucleosome remodeling by hSWI-SNF can occur via interactions with a tailless nucleosome core. (+info)

Virus infection leads to localized hyperacetylation of histones H3 and H4 at the IFN-beta promoter. (4/14784)

Transcriptional activation of the human interferon-beta (IFN-beta) gene by virus infection requires the assembly of a higher order nucleoprotein complex, the enhanceosome, which consists of the transcriptional activators NF-kappa B (p50/p65), ATF-2/c-jun, IRF-3 and IRF-7, architectural protein HMGI(Y), and the coactivators p300 and CBP. In this report, we show that virus infection of cells results in a dramatic hyperacetylation of histones H3 and H4 that is localized to the IFN-beta promoter. Furthermore, expressing a truncated version of IRF-3, which lacks a p300/CBP interaction domain, suppresses both histone hyperacetylation and activation of the IFN-beta gene. Thus, coactivator-mediated localized hyperacetylation of histones may play a crucial role in inducible gene expression. (+info)

Histone octamer transfer by a chromatin-remodeling complex. (5/14784)

RSC, an abundant, essential chromatin-remodeling complex related to SWI/SNF complex, catalyzes the transfer of a histone octamer from a nucleosome core particle to naked DNA. The newly formed octamer-DNA complex is identical with a nucleosome in all respects. The reaction requires ATP and involves an activated RSC-nucleosome intermediate. The mechanism may entail formation of a duplex displacement loop on the nucleosome, facilitating the entry of exogeneous DNA and the release of the endogenous molecule. (+info)

Basic homopolyamino acids, histones and protamines are potent antagonists of angiogenin binding to ribonuclease inhibitor. (6/14784)

A radio-ribonuclease inhibitor assay based on the interaction of 125I-angiogenin with ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) was used to detect pancreatic-type ribonucleases and potential modulators of their action. We show that highly basic proteins including the homopolypeptides poly-arginine, poly-lysine and poly-ornithine, core histones, spermatid-specific S1 protein and the protamines HP3 and Z3 were strong inhibitors of angiogenin binding to RI. A minimum size of poly-arginine and poly-lysine was required for efficient inhibition. The inhibition likely resulted from direct association of the basic proteins with the acidic inhibitor, as RI bound to poly-lysine and protamines while 125I-angiogenin did not. Antagonists of the angiogenin-RI interaction are potential regulators of either angiogenin-triggered angiogenesis and/or intracellular RI function, depending on their preferential target. (+info)

H5 Histone and DNA-relaxing enzyme of chicken erythrocytes. Interaction with superhelical DNA. (7/14784)

The interaction of closed circular duplex DNA with the lysine-rich H5 histone fraction of avian erythrocytes has been studied. H5, like H1 histone, interacts preferentially with superhelical DNA. The extent of interaction increases with increasing negative or positive superhelicity. Salt-extracted lysine-rich histones show the same specificity for interaction with superhelices as do acid-extracted preparations. Chicken erythrocyte nuclei contain DNA-relaxing enzyme. This enzyme is extracted from the nuclei at lower salt concentrations than those required to extract H1 and H5 histones and is, therefore, probably a function of a protein distinct from H1 and H5 histones. (+info)

Proteinuria induces tubular cell turnover: A potential mechanism for tubular atrophy. (8/14784)

BACKGROUND: Proteinuria and tubular atrophy have both been closely linked with progressive renal failure. We hypothesized that apoptosis may be induced by tubular cell exposure to heavy proteinuria, potentially leading to tubular atrophy. Apoptosis was studied in a rat model of "pure" proteinuria, which does not induce renal impairment, namely protein-overload proteinuria. METHODS: Adult female Lewis rats underwent intraperitoneal injection of 2 g of bovine serum albumin (BSA, N = 16) or sham saline injections (controls, N = 8) daily for seven days. Apoptosis was assessed at day 7 in tissue sections using in situ end labeling (ISEL) and electron microscopy. ISEL-positive nuclei (apoptotic particles) were counted in blinded fashion using image analysis with NIH Image. Cell proliferation was assessed by detection of mRNA for histone by in situ hybridization, followed by counting of positive cells using NIH Image. RESULTS: Animals injected with saline showed very low levels of apoptosis on image analysis. BSA-injected rats had heavy proteinuria and showed both cortical and medullary apoptosis on ISEL. This was predominantly seen in the tubules and, to a lesser extent, in the interstitial compartment. Overall, the animals injected with BSA showed a significant 30-fold increase in the number of cortical apoptotic particles. Electron microscopy of tubular cells in a BSA-injected animal showed a progression of ultrastructural changes consistent with tubular cell apoptosis. The BSA-injected animals also displayed a significant increase in proximal tubular cell proliferation. This increased proliferation was less marked than the degree of apoptosis. CONCLUSION: Protein-overload proteinuria in rats induces tubular cell apoptosis. This effect is only partially balanced by proliferation and potentially provides a direct mechanism whereby heavy proteinuria can induce tubular atrophy and progressive renal failure. (+info)

Histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 are known as the core histones, while histones H1/H5 are known as the linker histones. The core ... Histone variants Chromatin Gene silencing Genetics Histone acetyltransferase Histone deacetylases Histone methyltransferase ... Archaeal histones may well resemble the evolutionary precursors to eukaryotic histones. Histone proteins are among the most ... There are five families of histones which are designated H1/H5 (linker histones), H2, H3, and H4 (core histones). The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone

Histone code Nucleosome Chromatin Other histone proteins: Histone H1 Histone H2A Histone H3 Histone H4 Bhasin M, Reinherz EL, ... Similar to other histone proteins, histone H2B has a distinct histone fold that is optimized for histone-histone as well as ... Two copies of histone H2B come together with two copies each of histone H2A, histone H3, and histone H4 to form the octamer ... histone H2B genes share a promoter region with sequences that code for histone H2A. While all genes in the histone cluster are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_H2B

... s (HMT) are histone-modifying enzymes (e.g., histone-lysine N-methyltransferases and histone-arginine ... Histone-Modifying Enzymes Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) Histone deacetylase (HDAC) RNA polymerase control by chromatin ... histone marks. Generally, the effect of a histone methyltransferase on gene expression strongly depends on which histone ... Histone methylation plays an important role in epigenetic gene regulation. Methylated histones can either repress or activate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_methyltransferase

There are five different histone proteins: H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. A core histone is formed when two of each histone subtype ... Histone-modifying enzymes Histone deacetylase (HDAC) Histone methyltransferase (HMT) RNA polymerase control by chromatin ... Histone H1 locks the nucleosome complex together, and it is the last protein to bind in the complex. Histones tend to be ... Sas2 is also observed to acetylate H3K14 in vitro on free histones. Esa1 can also acetylate H3K14 in vitro on free histones as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_acetyltransferase

The other histone proteins are: H1, H2B, H3 and H4. Histones are proteins that package DNA into nucleosomes. Histones are ... Histone H2A is composed of non-allelic variants. The term "Histone H2A" is intentionally non-specific and refers to a variety ... Histone H2A is one of the five main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. ... There are five families of histones known to date; these histones are termed H1/H5, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. H2A is considered a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_H2A

These are denoted as Histone H3.1, Histone H3.2, Histone H3.3, Histone H3.4 (H3T), Histone H3.5, Histone H3.X and Histone H3.Y ... Acetylation of histone H3 at several lysine positions in the histone tail is performed by histone acetyltransferase enzymes ( ... H3F3B Histone code#Histone_H3 Nucleosome Histone Chromatin Bhasin M, Reinherz EL, Reche PA (2006). "Recognition and ... Histone H3 is one of the five main histones involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. Featuring a main ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_H3

... is a protein in humans that is encoded by the H3C1 gene. Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible ... 1991). "Isolation and characterization of two human H1 histone genes within clusters of core histone genes". Genomics. 10 (4): ... 2001). "Methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 creates a binding site for HP1 proteins". Nature. 410 (6824): 116-20. Bibcode: ... This gene is intronless and encodes a member of the histone H3 family. Transcripts from this gene lack polyA tails; instead, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_H3.1

... is a 102 to 135 amino acid protein which shares a structural motif, known as the histone fold, formed from three a- ... Histone H4 is one of the five main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. Featuring a ... Histone proteins are among the most highly conserved eukaryotic proteins. For example, the amino acid sequence of histone H4 ... This tetramer further combines with two H2a-H2b dimers to form the compact Histone octamer core. Histone H4 is one of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_H4

Nucleosome Histone Chromatin Linker histone H1 variants Other histone proteins involved in chromatin: H2A H2B H3 H4 ... Histone H1 is one of the five main histone protein families which are components of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. Though ... H1 is less conserved than core histones. The globular domain is the most conserved part of H1. Unlike the other histones, H1 ... Like other histones, the histone H1 family is extensively post-translationally modified (PTMs). This includes serine and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_H1

A histone fold is a structurally conserved motif found near the C-terminus in every core histone sequence in a histone octamer ... Histone folds play a role in the nucleosomal core particle by conserving histone interactions when looking at interface ... Similarly modes 5 and 7 of the core nucleosome particle use two types of histone fold dimers which show that all histone ... Baxevanis, Andreas D.; Landsman, David (1 January 1997). "Histone and histone fold sequences and structures: a database". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_fold

Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) Histone deacetylase inhibitor Histone methyltransferase (HMT) Histone-modifying enzymes RNA ... Histone deacetylases remove those acetyl groups, increasing the positive charge of histone tails and encouraging high-affinity ... A decrease in a HDAC would cause greater presence of acetylation on histone tails. Histone acetylation is associated with ... Atm mutation causes neurons to accumulate nuclear histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) resulting in increased histone deacetylation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_deacetylase

Histone Histone-modifying enzymes Jenuwein T, Allis C (2001). "Translating the histone code". Science. 293 (5532): 1074-80. ... Cellsignal.com Histone Modifications with function and attached references Histone Code Overview sheet Histone Modification ... 2011). "Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification". Cell. 146 ( ... Structural determinants of histone recognition by readers, writers and erasers of the histone code are revealed by a growing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_code

The histone octamer interacts with the DNA through both its core histone folds and N-terminal tails. The histone fold interacts ... Heterodimers, or histone-only intermediates are formed from histone-fold domains. The formation of histone only-intermediates ... Each histone has both an N-terminal tail and a C-terminal histone-fold. Each of these key components interacts with DNA in its ... Each histone in the octamer has an N-terminal tail that protrudes from the histone core. The tails play roles both in inter and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_octamer

Histone code Histone acetylation and deacetylation Histone methyltransferase Methylation Methyllysine Genetic Imprinting Kramer ... Histone methylation is a process by which methyl groups are transferred to amino acids of histone proteins that make up ... Methylation of histones can either increase or decrease transcription of genes, depending on which amino acids in the histones ... The activities of histone methyltransferases are offset by the activity of histone demethylases. This allows for the switching ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_methylation

... may refer to: Demethylase (Histone-H3)-lysine-36 demethylase This disambiguation page lists articles ... associated with the title Histone demethylase. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_demethylase

The Histone Database is a comprehensive database of histone protein sequences including histone variants, classified by histone ... The creation of the Histone Database was stimulated by the X-ray analysis of the structure of the nucleosomal core histone ... Marino-Ramirez L, Hsu B, Baxevanis AD, Landsman D (2006). "The Histone Database: a comprehensive resource for histones and ... Baxevanis AD, Landsman D (1997). "Histone and histone fold sequences and structures: a database". Nucleic Acids Res. 25 (1): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_Database

macroH2A contains a histone fold domain and an extra, long C-terminal macro domain which can bind poly-ADP-ribose. This histone ... Histone variants are proteins that substitute for the core canonical histones (H3, H4, H2A, H2B) in nucleosomes in eukaryotes ... Histone H3.3 has been found to play an important role in maintaining genome integrity during the mammalian development. Histone ... "Histome: The Histone Infobase" is manually curated database of histone variants in humans and associated post-translational ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_variants

In chromatin, those proteins which remain after the histones have been removed, are classified as non-histone proteins. The non ... Non-histone protein are acidic. Chromatin Cohesin Condensin Fedele, Monica (2006). Encyclopedic reference of genomics and ... histone proteins, are a large group of heterogeneous proteins that play a role in organization and compaction of the chromosome ... Heterochromatin Protein 1 and Polycomb are common non-histone proteins. This classification group also includes numerous other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-histone_protein

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the H2AZ1 gene. Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are ... Histone H2AZ is a variant of histone H2A, and is used to mediate the thermosensory response, and is essential to perceive the ... PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Histone H2A.Z v t e (Articles with ... "Entrez Gene: H2AFZ H2A histone family, member Z". Bargaje R., Alam P., Patowary A., Sarkar M., Ali T., Gupta S., Garg M., Singh ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_H2A.Z

... through modulating the acetylation/deacetylation of histones and/or non-histone proteins such as transcription factors. Histone ... Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDAC inhibitors, HDACi, HDIs) are chemical compounds that inhibit histone deacetylases. HDIs ... Histone deacetylase inhibition induces the accumulation of hyperacetylated nucleosome core histones in most regions of ... Based on their homology of accessory domains to yeast histone deacetylases, the 18 currently known human histone deacetylases ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_deacetylase_inhibitor

... (HDAC2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HDAC2 gene. It belongs to the histone deacetylase ... This gene product belongs to the histone deacetylase family. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein ... March 2014). "Regulation of acetylation of histone deacetylase 2 by p300/CBP-associated factor/histone deacetylase 5 in the ... Seto E, Yoshida M (April 2014). "Erasers of histone acetylation: the histone deacetylase enzymes". Cold Spring Harbor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_deacetylase_2

Histone acetylation, or the addition of an acetyl group to histones, is facilitated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) which ... Much like histone acetylation, histone phosphorylation neutralizes the negative charge on histones which induces euchromatin ... DNA Histone Nucleosome Chromatin Euchromatin Heterochromatin Histone acetylation and deacetylation Histone methylation Protein ... Histone deacetylases (HDACs) facilitate the removal of such groups. The positive charge on a histone is always neutralized upon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone-modifying_enzymes

... is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HDAC5 gene. Histones play a critical role in ... The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the class II histone deacetylase/acuc/apha family. It possesses histone deacetylase ... "Entrez Gene: HDAC5 histone deacetylase 5". McGee SL, van Denderen BJ, Howlett KF, Mollica J, Schertzer JD, Kemp BE, Hargreaves ... Huang Y, Tan M, Gosink M, Wang KK, Sun Y (May 2002). "Histone deacetylase 5 is not a p53 target gene, but its overexpression ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_deacetylase_5

... target 5 major classes of histone protein subunits: H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Anti-histone antibodies ... Highly modified histones have been shown to prompt a greater immune response. Anti-histone antibodies can be clinically ... which specifically target histone protein subunits or histone complexes. They were first reported by Henry Kunkel, H.R. Holman ... anti-histone antibodies are present. Anti-histone antibodies may also be present in Alzheimer's disease and dementia patients. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-histone_antibodies

... including H1 histones, with the aim of producing informative and easily searchable histone variant names. histone H1 histone ... oocyte specific variants Histone H1 differs strongly from the core histones. Rather than originating from archaeal histones, it ... H1 histones bind to the linker DNA exiting from the nucleosome core particle, while the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) ... Unlike core histones featuring a so-called histone fold, H1s typically have a short basic N-terminal domain, a globular domain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linker_histone_H1_variants

The NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex is a protein complex that has histone acetylase activity on chromatin, as well as ... All four conserved lysines of histone H4 can be acetylated by NuA4. The catalytic subunit of the complex has been identified as ... Purification and characterization of a native multi-subunit complex (NuA4) from yeast that acetylates nucleosomal histone H4 ... "Gene Ontology Term: NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex". Saccharomyces Genome Database. Allard S, Utley RT, Savard J, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NuA4_histone_acetyltransferase_complex

These proteins are of the chaperone protein group and in particular can be placed into the histone chaperone subgroup. ASF1 ... In molecular biology, the ASF1 like histone chaperone family of proteins includes the yeast and human ASF1 proteins. ... "Structure and function of the conserved core of histone deposition protein Asf1". Curr. Biol. 13 (24): 2148-58. doi:10.1016/j. ... "A human homologue of yeast anti-silencing factor has histone chaperone activity". Genes Cells. 5 (3): 221-33. doi:10.1046/j. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASF1_like_histone_chaperone

Histone acetyltransferase Histone deacetylase Histone methylation Acetylation Phosphorylation Nucleosome Watson JD, Baker TA, ... These histone cores are composed of 8 subunits, two each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 histones. This protein complex forms a ... Unlike histone core proteins, histone tails are not part of the nucleosome core and are exposed to protein interaction. A model ... By deacetylating the histone tails, the DNA becomes more tightly wrapped around the histone cores, making it harder for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_acetylation_and_deacetylation

... (EC 2.1.1.125, histone protein methylase I, nuclear protein (histone) N-methyltransferase ... Histone-arginine+N-methyltransferase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology ( ... Dual substrate specificity for S-adenosylmethionine:histone-arginine N-methyltransferase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry ... This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone-arginine ⇌ {\displaystyle \ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone-arginine_N-methyltransferase

Page for Histone 3′ UTR stem-loop at Rfam Transterm page for Histone 3′ stem loop UTRSite page for Histone 3′UTR stem-loop ... The histone 3′ UTR stem-loop is an RNA element involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport of the histone mRNAs, and in the ... "Structure of the histone mRNA hairpin required for cell cycle regulation of histone gene expression". RNA. 8 (1): 29-46. doi: ... The mRNAs of metazoan histone genes lack polyadenylation and a poly-A tail, instead 3′ end processing occurs at a site between ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_3′_UTR_stem-loop

... Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2014 Aug;21(8):651-2. doi: 10.1038/nsmb.2864. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25093523/

Table 2. Summary of the activities of histone deacetylase inhibitors in endometriotic lesions and other cell/tissues. Name of ... Many in vitro, in vivoand clinical studies have shown that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) are promising in treating ... The desirable properties of histone deacetylase inhibitors as therapeutics for treating endometriosis are enumerated, and the ... The desirable properties of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) as therapeutics for treating endometriosis are enumerated ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/773153

Scientists show how roundworm daughter cells remember the histone modification patterns of their parents. ... Heritable Histones. Scientists show how roundworm daughter cells remember the histone modification patterns of their parents.. ... "When you replicate the DNA you have to replicate the histones . . . and de novo synthesized histones dont have marks put there ... a histone-modifying enzyme that methylates lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me)-a mark associated with transcriptional repression ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/daily-news/heritable-histones-36826

This study found that the SARS-CoV-2 protein ORF8 disrupts host epigenetic regulation through histone mimicry. ... Histone proteins are major determinants of gene regulation, and histone mimicry allows viruses to gain control of gene ... Viruses that lacked ORF8 or the histone mimic site had a reduced ability to disrupt host chromatin, and host cells infected ... uncover that the viral ORF8 protein mimics the H3 histone protein to disrupt epigenetic regulation. The authors found that, ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-022-00815-9?error=cookies_not_supported&code=000569f9-42e4-4e35-95c6-81ba291a4292

Histone H3 in silent DNA had a "methyl" group attached to a particular lysine amino acid, #9. Histone H3 in active DNA had a ... "histone code" exists in which differentially modified histone proteins can organize the genome into active and silent regions ... Histones bind to DNA and wrap the genetic material into "beads on a string" in which DNA (the string) is wrapped around small ... The new study in Science is one of several that are beginning to elucidate the role of histones and other proteins in such a ...

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The newly developed scChIX-seq protocol supports profiling multiple histone modifications in single cells to double your ... Two target individual histone modifications, and a third targets both histone modifications in the same cell ... Profiling two histone modifications in single cells with scChIX-seq involves the generation of three genome-wide sortChIC-seq ... Each double-incubated cell becomes assigned to the most probable pair of cell states, one from each histone modification, and ...

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Linker histone H1 is a major chromatin structural protein that facilitates higher-order chromatin folding. By analyzing the ... We present evidence that H1 participates in mediating changes of histone marks and DNA methylation necessary for silencing ...

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A recent histone modification study led by Broad Institute researchers demonstrates the potential of high-resolution mass ... "These histone marks are not just about disease. They are also about fine control of how the genome gets expressed in many ... Histone Modification Study Demonstrates Potential of High-resolution Targeted Proteomics Oct 05, 2013 , Adam Bonislawski ... A recent histone modification study led by Broad Institute researchers demonstrates the potential of high-resolution mass ...

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CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE HISTONE HMFA FROM METHANOTHERMUS FERVIDUS ... PROTEIN (HISTONE HMFA). A, B. 68. Methanothermus fervidus. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: hmfA. ... As prolines are present at these positions in all archaeal histone sequences, this proline-tetrad structure is likely to be a ... NMR Structure of Hmfb from the Hyperthermophyle, Methanothermus Fervidus, Confirms that This Archaeal Protein is a Histone. ...

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Histone deacetylase inhibitors have been shown to induce changes in gene expression, affecting cell cycle regulation, ... The relatively new therapeutic option with the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors is being advanced in the hope of ... Histone acetylation is regulated by the addition of acetyl-CoA via the opposing actions of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) ... C. L. Peterson and M. A. Laniel, "Histones and histone modifications," Current Biology, vol. 14, no. 14, pp. R546-551, 2004. ...

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Recent work has highlighted the possible contribution of post-translational modifications of histones via histone deacetylases ... HDACs remove the acetyl group on histones and work synchronously with other histone-modifying enzymes to regulate gene ... reports of long-lasting histone hypoacetylation due to HDAC and histone acetyltransferase dysfunction after stroke (Park and ... Delayed Treatment with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Promotes Stroke Recovery Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page ...

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Archaeal histone. Timeline for Protein Archaeal histone from a.22.1.2: Archaeal histone: *Protein Archaeal histone from a.22.1. ... Protein Archaeal histone from a.22.1.2: Archaeal histone appears in SCOP 1.67. *Protein Archaeal histone from a.22.1.2: ... Archaeal histone appears in SCOP 1.71. *Protein Archaeal histone from a.22.1.2: Archaeal histone appears in the current release ... Fold a.22: Histone-fold [47112] (1 superfamily). core: 3 helices; long middle helix is flanked at each end with shorter ones. ...

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Histones play a major role in this. "Histones are proteins around which our DNA is wrapped and which thus serve to package the ... Going fishing in the protein pond using histones as a bait - how do cells decide how to repair their DNA?. ... The focus is on the so-called "histone proteins" on which the DNA strands are wound and that can determine whether a gene can ... "Put simply, we build a molecular bait with defined histones and use it to go fishing in the nucleus - and then it gets exciting ...

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The histones are divided into fractions, with each fraction having a distinct amino acid composition and sequence. Histones are ... Histones are a group of similar, small, highly conserved nuclear proteins that bind to DNA by their many basic residues. ... Histones are also classified by relatively high levels of lysine and arginine. The presence of autoantibodies to histones are ... "Histone Nomenclature in the Structure and Function of Chromatin." (Fitzsimmins, D. W, and Walstenholme, G.E. W., eds.) CIBA ...

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Histone deacetylases have central functions in regulating stress defenses and development in plants. However, the knowledge ... In this study, we determined the proteome-wide signatures of the RPD3/HDA1 class of histone deacetylases in Arabidopsis. ... Furthermore, our analysis revealed that histone deacetylase 14 (HDA14) is the first organellar-localized RPD3/HDA1 class ... which are potential substrates of the RPD3/HDA1-like histone deacetylases in Arabidopsis, of which at least 30 of these ...

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Histone acetylation is a reversible reaction that occurs on the lysine residues of histone tails. Histone acetyltransferases ( ... Histone acetylation plays an important role in the modulation of chromatin condensation and transcriptional regulation. ... Mass Spectroscopy Profiling of Histone Modifications. * Inflammaging - What Epigenetic Associations with Kidney Health Can ... HATs) catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A, while histone deacetylases (HDACs) perform the ...

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Vorinostat is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. HDAC inhibition results in hypoacetylation of core nucleosomal histones, ... Antineoplastic Agents, Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. Class Summary. These agents can induce the termination of cell growth, ... Belinostat is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. HDACs catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from the lysine residues of ... Belinostat, a novel pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), in relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (R/R PTCL ...

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Class I Histone Deacetylases Inhibitors " has 18 results in Products. (rndsystems.com)
Histone deacetylases have central functions in regulating stress defenses and development in plants. (uni-muenchen.de)
In this study, we determined the proteome-wide signatures of the RPD3/HDA1 class of histone deacetylases in Arabidopsis. (uni-muenchen.de)
Relative quantification of the changes in the lysine acetylation levels was determined on a proteome-wide scale after treatment of Arabidopsis leaves with deacetylase inhibitors apicidin and trichostatin A. We identified 91 new acetylated candidate proteins other than histones, which are potential substrates of the RPD3/HDA1-like histone deacetylases in Arabidopsis, of which at least 30 of these proteins function in nucleic acid binding. (uni-muenchen.de)
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A, while histone deacetylases (HDACs) perform the antagonistic action of removing the acetyl group. (activemotif.com)
Dr. Westendorf's Skeletal Development and Regeneration Research Laboratory is studying histone deacetylases in bone development and bone diseases. (mayo.edu)
Improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which small-molecule inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDAC) induce programs, such as cellular differentiation and apoptosis, would undoubtedly assist their clinical development as anticancer agents. (aacrjournals.org)
The small-molecule inhibitors of class I and II histone deacetylases (HDAC) have lately received much attention due to their promising clinical application as antitumor agents ( 1 - 3 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Myc oncoproteins and histone deacetylases (HDACs) modulate gene transcription and enhance cancer cell proliferation, and HDAC inhibitors are among the most promising new classes of anticancer drugs. (garvan.org.au)
Rapid changes in histone deacetylases and inflammatory gene expression in expert meditators. (bvsalud.org)

Histone acetylation is a reversible reaction that occurs on the lysine residues of histone tails. (activemotif.com)
Histone acetylation plays an important role in the modulation of chromatin condensation and transcriptional regulation. (activemotif.com)
Histone modification represents one of the most critical epigenetic events in DNA function regulation in eukaryotic organisms and it includes methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination [ 4 ]. (medsci.org)
More and more evidence suggest that histone modifications (such as methylation and acetylation) can serve as a binding platform to attract other protein complexes to chromatin [ 5 - 7 ]. (medsci.org)
Both DNA and histone proteins are prone to methylation, while acetylation is associated only with histones. (enzolifesciences.com)
The first important advance was defining the enzymes governing acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation events at histones. (nih.gov)
A convenient package of tools that allows the experimenter to measure global acetylation of histone H3 at tremendously fast speeds and consistency, superior and safer than all other current methods. (labmark.eu)
The EpiQuik Global Histone H3 Acetylation Assay Kit is suitable for specifically measuring global histone H3 acetylation using a variety of mammalian cells including fresh and frozen tissues, and cultured adherent and suspension cells. (labmark.eu)
By altering the acetylation status of an array of substrates, including histones, transcription factors, and chaperone proteins, HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) reprogram the cellular machinery to induce such processes as cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis ( 1 - 3 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Neuronal activity-induced expression of Arc (1) increases endogenous nuclear Tip60 puncta, (2) recruits Tip60 to PML bodies, and (3) increases histone acetylation of Tip60 substrate H4K12, a learning-induced chromatin modification. (eneuro.org)
We present data showing that Arc associates with and enhances Tip60's acetylation of its substrate H4K12, an important learning-induced histone mark. (eneuro.org)
Histone modifications, such as methylation and acetylation, or incorporation of histone variants can alter nucleosomal dynamics. (harvard.edu)
Histone acetylation, histone methylation, and DNA methylation modifiers are each further stratified into "writers" (w), "editors" (e), and "readers" (r). (who.int)

Researchers from the University of California, Santa Cruz and Indiana University, Bloomington, found that although the tags in each chromosome are reduced as a result of division, subsequent recruitment of histone-modifying enzymes reestablishes the full tag quota, thus preserving the memory of modifications for the next round of division. (the-scientist.com)
Although the presence of these modifications at given genomic locations can be inherited from a parent cell to its daughters, exactly how this landscape of histone modifications is reestablished after DNA replication-when the histones are temporarily evicted from DNA-was unclear. (the-scientist.com)
There's been a lot of debate about whether histone modifications can be heritable," said Bill Kelly , a biologist at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, who was not involved in the study. (the-scientist.com)
One theory suggests "histone modifications on the original mother chromosome get split between the two daughter chromosomes and probably diluted," she said. (the-scientist.com)
An opposing theory, however, suggests "histone modifications are not passed through DNA replication. (the-scientist.com)
But, importantly, what the researchers could see was that, "histone modifications are indeed passed to the daughter chromosomes-the chromosomes derived from the initial sperm chromosomes-and the oocyte chromosomes, which did not have the mark to begin with, do not acquire it," she added. (the-scientist.com)
An extra scoop of ice cream, coffee and a cake, or the epigenetic delights of single-cell profiling of not one but two histone modifications? (epigenie.com)
In their latest, the team doubled down on sortChIC-seq to develop scChIX-seq, which doubles your epigenetic fun by deciphering the single-cell interplay of multiple histone modifications. (epigenie.com)
The service involves testing prostate cancer biopsies or FFPE/frozen tissue samples obtained from patients who have previously undergone radical prostatectomy or other treatments to assess the level of aggressiveness of disease and chance of recurrence through analysis of global histone modifications. (genengnews.com)
The researchers looked at 42 different combinations of modifications on peptides from the histone 3 protein across 115 cancer cell lines. (genomeweb.com)
And, upon examining the other seven lines, the researchers discovered in these lines a previously unknown NSD2 variant that, likewise, was linked to the cluster's characteristic histone modifications. (genomeweb.com)
Longitudinally tracking changes in the histone modifications, on the other hand, could provide a measure of a treatment's effectiveness. (genomeweb.com)
To achieve this, the researchers reconstruct known chemical histone modifications in a test tube and investigate which proteins selectively bind to them in an extract made from the nuclei of cells. (presseportal.de)
Here, I present EPIGENE, a novel chromatin segmentation method for identifying genome-wide active TUs using transcription-associated histone modifications. (uni-marburg.de)
Unlike existing chromatin segmentation approaches, EPIGENE uses a constrained, semi-supervised multivariate Hidden Markov Model (HMM) that models the observed combination of histone modifications using a product of independent Bernoulli random variables to identify the chromatin state sequence underlying an active TU. (uni-marburg.de)
Epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation, histone modification and noncoding RNA expression [ 2 ]. (medsci.org)
Histone modifications induce changes of chromatin structure and thereby affect the accessibility of transcription factors, nuclear proteins and enzymes to genomic DNA, resulting in gene activation or repression. (biolegend.com)
It is known that histone modifications play critical roles in DNA repair, DNA replication, transcription regulation, alternative splicing and chromosome condensation and some diseases including autoimmune diseases and cancers. (biolegend.com)
How Do Histone Modifications Regulate Gene Expression? (enzolifesciences.com)
Modifications in the core regions of the histones had remained unknown until recently. (enzolifesciences.com)
The ability of eukaryotic cells to maintain distinct phenotype, although containing identical genetic constituents is ensured by various chemical modifications occurring on DNA and histones. (enzolifesciences.com)
These enzymes and protein domains carry out most of the epigenetic modifications on DNA and histone tails. (enzolifesciences.com)
Modifications of DNA and histone proteins occur through the addition of various chemical groups utilizing numerous enzymes. (enzolifesciences.com)
And, third is discovering histone modifications not only alter the interactions they have with DNA, but also act as ligands for binding of other proteins. (nih.gov)
Taking advantage of technologies used by our friends in proteomics, researchers at Princeton University explored the turnover of various histone proteins and how post-translational modifications (PTMs) alter the speed of that process. (epigenie.com)
Histone modifications play a critical role in coordinating accurate gene expression. (who.int)
The functional roles of specific histonemarks has informed the basis of our understanding for underlying mechanisms of leukemia, while globalanalyses of interacting histone modifications has begun to distinguish subtypes of leukemia with prognosticand therapeutic implications. (who.int)
In this current era of personalized and precision medicine, it will be necessary tonot only identify the specific genetic mutations present in a patient's leukemia but to also appreciate thedynamic chromatin states which are driven by histone modifications that can aid our diagnostic and therapeuticstrategies for improved management of leukemia. (who.int)
Methods: To investigate the differences of histone H3 modifications involved in transcription, we determined the genome-wide profiles of H3K4me3, H3K27ac, and H3K27me3 in brain cortexes of an Alzheimer mouse model (PSAPP). (uniurb.it)
The analysis of transcription starting sites (TSS) signal distribution, and analysis of bounding sites revealed that gastrocnemius is more influenced than brain by sex for the three histone modifications considered, exception made for H3K27me3 distribution on the X chromosome which showed sex-related differences in promoters belonging to behavior and cellular or neuronal spheres in mice cortexes. (uniurb.it)

While HDAC inhibitors administered at hyper-acute time points are an important therapeutic option, reports of long-lasting histone hypoacetylation due to HDAC and histone acetyltransferase dysfunction after stroke ( Park and Sohrabji, 2016 ) indicate the possible effectiveness of HDAC inhibitors at acute (1-7 d) time points as well. (jneurosci.org)

uncover that the viral ORF8 protein mimics the H3 histone protein to disrupt epigenetic regulation. (nature.com)
Going fishing in the protein pond using histones as a bait - how do cells decide how to repair their DNA? (presseportal.de)
Western Blot: Histone H3 [Trimethyl Lys9] Antibody (6F12-H4) [NBP1-30141] - Representative Western blot showing M-track protein protein proximity signals obtained for Kic1. (novusbio.com)
Furthermore, our analysis revealed that histone deacetylase 14 (HDA14) is the first organellar-localized RPD3/HDA1 class protein found to reside in the chloroplasts and that the majority of its protein targets have functions in photosynthesis. (uni-muenchen.de)
Each histone protein is known to have several variants based on amino acid substitutions. (kyushu-u.ac.jp)
Histone H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) has been linked to polycomb-group-protein-mediated suppression of Hox genes and animal body patterning, X-chromosome inactivation and possibly maintenance of embryonic stem cell (ESC) identity. (semanticscholar.org)
Genomic DNA is wrapped around a protein octamer which contains four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, H4), forming the structure of the nucleosome [ 9 - 11 ]. (medsci.org)
This monoclonal antibody was raised against a peptide sequence derived from the C-terminal domain of human Histone H3 protein. (biolegend.com)
Lysine methylation of histones and non-histone substrates by the SET domain containing protein lysine methyltransferase (KMT) G9a/EHMT2 governs transcription contributing to apoptosis, aberrant cell growth, and pluripotency. (jefferson.edu)
Posttranslational modification of a histone-like protein regulates phenotypic resistance to isoniazid in mycobacteria. (harvard.edu)
Upon analysis of differential expression for the sets of phosphonull and phosphomimetic mutants, they showed the proteins most affected by histone methylation clustered into GO categories consistent with cellular response to stress, e.g. ion membrane transport, lipid biosynthesis, ergosterol biosynthesis, and protein mannosylation. (yeastgenome.org)

The hyperthermophilic archaeon Methanothermus fervidus contains two small basic proteins, HMfA (68 amino acid residues) and HMfB (69 residues) that share a common ancestry with the eukaryal nucleosome core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. (rcsb.org)
Histones are a group of similar, small, highly conserved nuclear proteins that bind to DNA by their many basic residues. (calbiotech.com)
Histone methylation usually occurs on the N-terminal histone tail of lysine (K) and arginine (R) residues [ 8 ]. (medsci.org)
The histone proteins have tails that project from the nucleosome and many residues in these tails can be post-translationally modified, influencing chromatin compaction and transcription. (enzolifesciences.com)
writers - a host of enzymes capable of modifying nucleotide base and specific amino acid residues on histones, erasers - a group of enzymes proficient in removing these marks, and readers - a diverse range of proteins that possess specialized domains recognizing specific epigenetic marks in a locus. (enzolifesciences.com)
Methylation of histones is a unique post-translational modification since it can add up to three methyl groups on the single lysine (K) residues resulting in mono (me1), di (me2) and tri-methylated (me3) states. (enzolifesciences.com)
Using AlphaFold , they modeled the relationship between the specific phosphorylated residues and showed the key regulator of methylation activity ( T127 on Set2p) is spatially proximal to the target lysine residue in the histone. (yeastgenome.org)
two asterisks (**) denote the histone-modifying genes without assignment of residues in the histone tails. (who.int)

Histone H3 peptide tri-methylated at Lysine 9, biotinylated, substrate for histone demethylases belonging to the Jumanji domain-containing (JMJ) family. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The recent discovery of a large number of histone demethylases suggests a central role for these enzymes in regulating histone methylation dynamics. (semanticscholar.org)
However, comprehensive understanding of the expression profiles of histone methyltransferases and demethylases in lung cancer is still lacking. (medsci.org)
The mutation, expression level, association with survival and clinical parameters of histone methyltransferases and demethylases were determined. (medsci.org)
We summarize recent data that indicate a close relationship between GC density of promoter sequences, transcription factor binding and the antagonizing activities of distinct epigenetic regulators such as histone methyltransferases (HMTs) and histone demethylases (HDMs). (ehu.es)

By adding a small molecule called an acetyl group to histones, histone acetyltransferases control the activity of certain genes. (medlineplus.gov)

Scientists show how roundworm daughter cells remember the histone modification patterns of their parents. (the-scientist.com)
There have been two theories as to how histone modification patterns might be remembered, said Santa Cruz's Susan Strome , the professor of molecular, cell, and developmental biology who led the new study. (the-scientist.com)
The authors found that, during infection, ORF8 associates with chromatin, disrupts the post-translational modification of histones and promotes chromatin compaction. (nature.com)
The dynamic duo of Jake Yeung and Alexander van Oudenaarden (Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, the Netherlands) have been working double-time to move past specific technological barriers and develop advanced histone modification profiling techniques. (epigenie.com)
A recent histone modification study led by Broad Institute researchers demonstrates the potential of high-resolution mass spectrometry for targeted proteomics. (genomeweb.com)
In the case of the Nature Genetics study, the high-res approach was necessary for distinguishing between highly similar histone modification patterns, Jaffe told ProteoMonitor . (genomeweb.com)
Littleton, CO, September 21, 2011 --( PR.com )-- Today, Novus added a new Histone H3 [dimethyl Lys9/phospho Thr6] antibody to their growing line of EpiPlusTM histone modification antibodies. (pr.com)
Although dimethyl K9, phospho-T6 histone H3 is known to exist, very little comprehensive information about the importance of this modification and its mechanism has been published. (pr.com)
This problem can be alleviated by chromatin-based approaches due to a well-established correlation between transcription and histone modification. (uni-marburg.de)
ABSTRACT During development, covalent modification of both, histones and DNA contribute to the specification and maintenance of cell identity. (ehu.es)
Epigenetics often involves modification to proteins - such as histones - that interact with DNA. (blogspot.com)

According to Kelly, the results suggest "that after replication there is sufficient information there that it can be targeted by the maintenance system"-the histone-modifying enzymes. (the-scientist.com)
However, the knowledge about the deacetylase functions is largely limited to histones, although these enzymes were found in diverse subcellular compartments. (uni-muenchen.de)
Writers, enzymes that add PTMs to histones, are divided into classes based on the specific PTM they effect. (enzolifesciences.com)
Similarly, erasers, enzymes which remove specific PTMs from histone substrates, are divided into PTM-specific classes. (enzolifesciences.com)
Dent's lab uses yeast and mouse models to understand the function of histone modifying enzymes. (nih.gov)
Sharon Dent, Ph.D., a leading scientist in the field of chromatin biology, may have had a sense of déjà vu on her recent visit to give a presentation on 'The Secret Lives of Histone Modifying Enzymes' at NIEHS Jan. 13. (nih.gov)
lab's research program focuses on understanding the function and regulation of histone modifying enzymes and their role in cancer and other diseases, an area which has seen explosive growth since the first histone acetyltransferases were discovered in 1996. (nih.gov)
Dent's group also uses mouse models to study the function of histone modifying enzymes. (nih.gov)

SUV39H is a typical histone methyltransferase involved in H3K9 trimethylation and promotes gene silencing. (frontiersin.org)
Histone lysine methyltransferase (KMTs) catalyzes the transfer of methyl group from AdoMet, producing three methylated products, and adenosylhomocysteine. (enzolifesciences.com)
One-well established function for the Set1 methyltransferase is to methylate the lysine 4 residue of histone H3. (nih.gov)

However, the functions of each histone variant are still unclear because of the diverse nature of histone variants. (kyushu-u.ac.jp)
In the present study, they have shown for the first time that H3mm7, one of the histone variants, is substantially expressed in muscle stem cells. (kyushu-u.ac.jp)
This study suggests that histone variants might be another vital factor as gene expression switches in determining unique expression profiles for specific tissues. (kyushu-u.ac.jp)
Short H2A histone variants are expressed in cancer. (seattlechildrens.org)
Many of the XY deregulated genes are good candidates (such as histone variants) to explain these anomalies. (europa.eu)

The epigenetic writers are DNA methyltransferases, histone lysine methyltransferases and histone acetyltransferases. (enzolifesciences.com)
A class of proteins important for epigenetic regulation, histone methyltransferases (HMTs), plays multiple important roles in certain cancers. (kgi.edu)

A study in worms published today (September 18) in Science reveals that part of the mechanism involves divvying up modified histones-molecular tags that label active or repressed genes-between daughter chromosomes at replication. (the-scientist.com)
In the past, many researchers believed that histones played a passive role in chromosome architecture and little role in specifically switching genes on and off. (eurekalert.org)
Moreover, evidence suggests that defects in the establishment of proper chromosome structure by histones may activate or silence genes aberrantly and thus lead to disease. (eurekalert.org)
They found that "silent" regions of chromosomes-where genes are kept "off" and DNA resists genetic recombination-contain one variety of histone H3. (eurekalert.org)
In contrast, the researchers found that "active" regions of chromosomes-where genes can be easily switched "on" and DNA can readily recombine-contain a slightly different variety of histone H3. (eurekalert.org)
In 2015, the research group of Professor Yasuyuki Ohkawa has reported novel mouse H3 variant genes which encoded highly conserved amino acid sequences compared to well-known histones. (kyushu-u.ac.jp)
Additional experiments revealed that histone H3mm7 has a function to accelerate the gene expression level of muscle-related genes by relaxing the DNA structure in muscle stem cells. (kyushu-u.ac.jp)
Histone methylation was reported to regulate the expression of a variety of genes in cancer. (medsci.org)
Mutation and copy number alteration of histone methylation related genes both exist in NSCLC. (medsci.org)
The expression of certain histone methylation related genes were significantly associated with overall survival and clinical attributes. (medsci.org)
Some histone methylation related genes might serve as potential prognosis predictor or therapeutic target for NSCLC. (medsci.org)
The significance of some histone methylation related genes was contrary to the literature and awaits further validation. (medsci.org)
Endogenous cyclin D1 was required for the recruitment of G9a to target genes in chromatin, for G9a-induced H3K9me2 of histones, and for NL-LAD interaction. (jefferson.edu)
Chemical groups can be added or removed from histones to make the histones more tightly or loosely packed, turning genes "off" or "on. (cdc.gov)
Non-coding RNA may also recruit proteins to modify histones to turn genes "on" or "off. (cdc.gov)
Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans they show that the inheritance of small RNAs antisense to histone genes adversely affect the fertility of worms across generations until they become sterile. (pasteur.fr)
We show that the transgenerational loss of fertility in piRNA mutants is not caused by de-repression of repetitive elements, as previously thought, but rather by the epigenetic silencing of all the replicative histone genes. (pasteur.fr)
In addition, they have demonstrated that the transmission of a pool of small RNAs antisense to histone genes into wild-type worms epigenetically affects their fertility. (pasteur.fr)
Finally, they have dissected the molecular mechanism by which small RNAs antisense to histone genes are generated and transmitted across generations in piRNA mutants. (pasteur.fr)
Expresión de genes de histonas en Trypanosoma cruzi : caracterización de histonas / por Gabriela Cecelia Toro Acuña. (who.int)

Core histones are predominantly globular except for the unstructured N-terminal tails. (biolegend.com)
Aside from geneticmutations which cause altered DNA sequence, it has become increasingly clear that aberrant post-translationalmodifications of histone tails are also associated with leukemogenesis. (who.int)
Bromodomains (BRDs) are small regions found in a variety of proteins that recognize and bind acetylated histone tails. (chemistryviews.org)
Inhibitors of the bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins BRD2-4 and T, which prevent bromodomain binding to acetylated histone tails, have shown therapeutic promise in several diseases. (chemistryviews.org)

Core histones form an octamer, which contains two H2A-H2B dimers and one H3-H4 tetramer. (biolegend.com)

The relatively new therapeutic option with the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors is being advanced in the hope of decreasing morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. (hindawi.com)
Histone deacetylase inhibitors have been shown to induce changes in gene expression, affecting cell cycle regulation, differentiation, and apoptosis. (hindawi.com)

2004. A novel mechanism of chemoprotection by sulforaphane: inhibition of histone deacetylase. . (oregonstate.edu)

Nucleosomes are formed by 150-210 base pairs (bp) of double stranded (ds) DNA and an octamer of highly conserved histone proteins. (enzolifesciences.com)

Methods: One of the earliest responses to DNA DSBs is the phosphorylation of a histone, H2AX, at serine 139, yielding a focal product (g-H2AX) that can be detected by a fluorescent antibody. (cdc.gov)

EpiQuik Global Histone H3-K4 Methylation Assay Kit. (labmark.eu)

These phenotypic observations led Dent to conclude, 'Gcn5 functions early in development, but independent of its histone acetyltransferase activity. (nih.gov)

Metastasis-associated (MTA) family proteins are components of the histone deacetylase and nucleosome remodelling complex (NuRD). (bl.uk)

a Stacked bar chart demonstrating the global PTMs identified for Histone H3.3. (biomedcentral.com)

SARS-CoV-2 disrupts host epigenetic regulation via histone mimicry. (nature.com)

Histone H3 in silent DNA had a "methyl" group attached to a particular lysine amino acid, #9. (eurekalert.org)
The histones are divided into fractions, with each fraction having a distinct amino acid composition and sequence. (calbiotech.com)
This Histone H3 [Trimethyl Lys9] antibody (6F12-H4) was raised against a synthetic peptide made to an N-terminal region of Histone H3 (between amino acids 1-50). (novusbio.com)

We report here a novel interaction between Arc and Tip60, a histone-acetyltransferase and subunit of a chromatin-remodelling complex, using biochemistry and super-resolution microscopy in primary rat hippocampal neurons. (eneuro.org)
We now report that Arc interacts with the histone acetyltransferase Tip60, a subunit of the NuA4 chromatin modifying complex that functions in transcriptional regulation, implicated in Alzheimer's disease. (eneuro.org)
Remodelers are multi-subunit complexes characterized by a conserved core ATPase responsible for breaking histone-DNA contacts. (harvard.edu)

and de novo synthesized histones don't have marks put there by transcription or repression," he explained. (the-scientist.com)
Here, we found that HNRNPK can partially epigenetically regulate cancer cell proliferation via increasing transcription and exon 4-inclusion of SPIN1, an important oncogenic histone code reader. (bvsalud.org)

Eukaryotic DNA is packaged and wrapped around proteins known as histones which protect and regulate gene expression. (enzolifesciences.com)
The signal region is contained within the intron of JMJD1C , a histone demethylase that a recent study has found to regulate abnormal metabolic processes in AML(15). (cdc.gov)

In the August 10 issue of Science, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory researcher Shiv Grewal and his colleagues report that seemingly small differences between two varieties of histone have dramatic effects on chromosome structure and gene expression. (eurekalert.org)

Her team generated Caenorhabditis elegans eggs that lacked an enzyme called Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), a histone-modifying enzyme that methylates lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me)-a mark associated with transcriptional repression. (the-scientist.com)

Usually exposed in the necrotic core of solid malignant tumors, the universal intracellular antigen (i.e., histone H1 complexed deoxyribonucleic acid) is an abundant, insoluble target for 131 I-chTNT-1/B mAb (Cotara®, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, CA, USA). (medscape.com)

David Allis (University of Virginia), Grewal's colleague in this and another study published earlier this year in Science, has proposed that in addition to the now familiar genetic code of repeating As, Cs, Gs, and Ts in the sequence of DNA, a "histone code" exists in which differentially modified histone proteins can organize the genome into active and silent regions that can be stably inherited. (eurekalert.org)

Until recently, proteins called "histones" have been the Rodney Dangerfields ("I don't get no respect! (eurekalert.org)
DNA wraps around proteins called histones. (cdc.gov)

We found overall upregulation of histone regulators in NSCLC. (medsci.org)
This comprises 426 ERGs classified into the main categories: histone modifiers, chromatin remodellers, and DNA methylation regulators. (who.int)

Put simply, we build a molecular bait with defined histones and use it to go fishing in the nucleus - and then it gets exciting to see what we will have on our 'hook'," says Bartke. (presseportal.de)
Sodium phenylbutyrate is a histone deacetylase inhibitor shown to upregulate heat-shock proteins and act as a small molecular chaperone, thereby ameliorating toxicity from endoplasmic reticulum stress. (medscape.com)

The overall goal of this project was to investigate the usefulness of phosphorylated histone H2AX (yH2AX) as a short-term biomarker of DNA damage among roofers. (cdc.gov)

Histone deposition pathways determine the chromatin landscapes of H3.1 and H3.3 K27M oncohistones. (seattlechildrens.org)

At gene promoters, this multi-layered regulation gives rise to a nucleosome-depleted region (NDR) flanked by positionally stable nucleosomes enriched in the histone variant H2A.Z. Due to their role in establishing and maintaining this stereotypical promoter chromatin structure, remodelers have been a topic of intense research in the past two decades. (harvard.edu)

Whereas in old chromatin the lysine in position 20 of histone H4 (H4K20) is almost always modified with two methyl groups (H4K20me2), the chromatin that is newly formed during DNA synthesis is characterized by (still) no methyl groups being present at this position (H4K20me0). (presseportal.de)

The mutations that cause the SBBYS variant of Ohdo syndrome likely prevent the production of functional histone acetyltransferase from one copy of the KAT6B gene in each cell. (medlineplus.gov)
A fifth variant (FAM71A rs147978008) showed nonrisk allele preferential binding to H1 histones. (cdc.gov)

As prolines are present at these positions in all archaeal histone sequences, this proline-tetrad structure is likely to be a common feature of all archaeal histone dimers. (rcsb.org)

Histones are proteins around which our DNA is wrapped and which thus serve to package the genetic material," says corresponding author Dr. Till Bartke, deputy director of the Institute of Functional Epigenetics (IFE) at Helmholtz Zentrum München. (presseportal.de)

There are five lysines in histone H3 (K4, K9, K27, K36, K79) that have been shown to be modulated by methylation. (medsci.org)

Histone proteins are major determinants of gene regulation, and histone mimicry allows viruses to gain control of gene regulatory functions to support viral replication or suppress host antiviral responses. (nature.com)
This finding was one of the first reports demonstrating cross-regulation on non-histone proteins. (nih.gov)
Regulation of histone methylation by automethylation of PRC2. (mysciencework.com)

Histones bind to DNA and wrap the genetic material into "beads on a string" in which DNA (the string) is wrapped around small blobs of histones (the beads) at regular intervals. (eurekalert.org)
Histone proteins H3 and H4 bind to form a H3-H4 dimer, two of these H3-H4 dimers combine to form a tetramer. (biolegend.com)

Over the past several months, Novus has collaborated with 21st Century Biochemicals, a leading manufacturer of custom antibodies and peptides, to generate the most well validated antibodies for modified histones and other epigenetic targets. (pr.com)

The new Histone H3 [dimethyl Lys9/phospho Thr6] Antibody (NB21-1053) has been validated for Western blot, ChIP, dot blot, and immunofluorescent staining on human, mouse and rat cell cultures. (pr.com)
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation: Histone H3 [Trimethyl Lys9] Antibody (6F12-H4) [NBP1-30141] - Used to perform ChIP on HeLa cells. (novusbio.com)
Western Blot: Histone H3 [Trimethyl Lys9] Antibody (6F12-H4) [NBP1-30141] - H3K9Me3 analysis of MCF7 and HCT116. (novusbio.com)
Western Blot: Histone H3 [Trimethyl Lys9] Antibody (6F12-H4) [NBP1-30141] - Analysis of Histone H3 K9-me3 in HeLa histone lysates. (novusbio.com)

Our result suggests that alteration of histone methylation is strongly involved in NSCLC. (medsci.org)

Our structures explain how the central domain of CENP-C achieves its high specificity for CENP-A nucleosomes and how CENP-C and CENP-N sandwich the histone H4 tail. (rcsb.org)

Her work on the histone acetyltransferase Gcn5 demonstrated its involvement in mammalian development. (nih.gov)

Now, scientists who remained true to histone research are basking in the glow of renewed respect for the dynamic role that these proteins are being found to play in the inheritance of specialized chromosome structures and the control of gene activity. (eurekalert.org)
The new study in Science is one of several that are beginning to elucidate the role of histones and other proteins in such a chromosome replication process. (eurekalert.org)

Anatomy25

Organisms15

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs115

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes86

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

High-throughput screening of small molecules in miniaturized mammalian cell-based assays involving post-translational modifications. (1/14784)

Gadd45, a p53-responsive stress protein, modifies DNA accessibility on damaged chromatin. (2/14784)

Stable remodeling of tailless nucleosomes by the human SWI-SNF complex. (3/14784)

Virus infection leads to localized hyperacetylation of histones H3 and H4 at the IFN-beta promoter. (4/14784)

Histone octamer transfer by a chromatin-remodeling complex. (5/14784)

Basic homopolyamino acids, histones and protamines are potent antagonists of angiogenin binding to ribonuclease inhibitor. (6/14784)

H5 Histone and DNA-relaxing enzyme of chicken erythrocytes. Interaction with superhelical DNA. (7/14784)

Proteinuria induces tubular cell turnover: A potential mechanism for tubular atrophy. (8/14784)

Histones

Histone Deacetylases

Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors

Histone Acetyltransferases

Acetylation

Histone Deacetylase 1

Chromatin

Histone Code

Histone Deacetylase 2

Histone Demethylases

Histone Chaperones

Nucleosomes

Methylation

Hydroxamic Acids

Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase

Epigenesis, Genetic

Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly

Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases

Acetyltransferases

Transcription, Genetic

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Protein Methyltransferases

p300-CBP Transcription Factors

Repressor Proteins

Gene Silencing

Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone

Nuclear Proteins

Protein Binding

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins

Heterochromatin

Transcription Factors

Molecular Sequence Data

Protein Processing, Post-Translational

DNA Methylation

Amino Acid Sequence

DNA-Binding Proteins

Butyrates

HeLa Cells

Gene Expression Regulation

DNA

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Sin3 Histone Deacetylase and Corepressor Complex

Protamine Kinase

Cell Line

Euchromatin

Micrococcal Nuclease

Nucleosome Assembly Protein 1

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Enzyme Inhibitors

Valproic Acid

Base Sequence

Methyltransferases

Cell Cycle Proteins

Cell Line, Tumor

Cell Cycle

Mutation

Phosphorylation

Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal

Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating

Transcriptional Activation

Polycomb Repressive Complex 2

Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 4

Binding Sites

RNA, Messenger

Epigenomics

CREB-Binding Protein

Butyric Acid

RNA Polymerase II

Chickens

Sirtuins

Depsipeptides

Centromere

Sirtuin 2

Nucleoplasmins

Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases

DNA Replication

E1A-Associated p300 Protein

Cells, Cultured

Blotting, Western

Polycomb-Group Proteins