Histocompatibility antigens class ii. Medical search

Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.

Allelic alloantigens often responsible for weak graft rejection in cases when (major) histocompatibility has been established by standard tests. In the mouse they are coded by more than 500 genes at up to 30 minor histocompatibility loci. The most well-known minor histocompatibility antigen in mammals is the H-Y antigen.

Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.

A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.

A group of the D-related HLA antigens found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.

A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.

Transmembrane proteins that form the beta subunits of the HLA-DQ antigens.

Genetic loci in the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex that encode polymorphic products which control the immune response to specific antigens. The genes are found in the HLA-D region in humans and in the I region in mice.

Human immune-response or Class II antigens found mainly, but not exclusively, on B-lymphocytes and produced from genes of the HLA-D locus. They are extremely polymorphic families of glycopeptides, each consisting of two chains, alpha and beta. This group of antigens includes the -DR, -DQ and -DP designations, of which HLA-DR is most studied; some of these glycoproteins are associated with certain diseases, possibly of immune etiology.

A subtype of HLA-DRB beta chains that includes over one hundred allele variants. The HLA-DRB1 subtype is associated with several of the HLA-DR SEROLOGICAL SUBTYPES.

The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS, genes which control the structure of the IMMUNE RESPONSE-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS, HUMAN; the IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement.

HLA-DR antigen subtypes that have been classified according to their affinity to specific ANTIBODIES. The DNA sequence analyses of HLA-DR ALPHA-CHAINS and HLA-DR BETA-CHAINS has for the most part revealed the specific alleles that are responsible for each serological subtype.

Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.

Genetic loci responsible for the encoding of histocompatibility antigens other than those encoded by the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX. The antigens encoded by these genes are often responsible for graft rejection in cases where histocompatibility has been established by standard tests. The location of some of these loci on the X and Y chromosomes explains why grafts from males to females may be rejected while grafts from females to males are accepted. In the mouse roughly 30 minor histocompatibility loci have been recognized, comprising more than 500 genes.

The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Transmembrane proteins that form the beta subunits of the HLA-DP antigens.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

A group of the D-related HLA antigens (human) found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.

Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by more than 30 detectable alleles on locus B of the HLA complex, the most polymorphic of all the HLA specificities. Several of these antigens (e.g., HLA-B27, -B7, -B8) are strongly associated with predisposition to rheumatoid and other autoimmune disorders. Like other class I HLA determinants, they are involved in the cellular immune reactivity of cytolytic T lymphocytes.

Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.

A sex-specific cell surface antigen produced by the sex-determining gene of the Y chromosome in mammals. It causes syngeneic grafts from males to females to be rejected and interacts with somatic elements of the embryologic undifferentiated gonad to produce testicular organogenesis.

The degree of antigenic similarity between the tissues of different individuals, which determines the acceptance or rejection of allografts.

Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Identification of the major histocompatibility antigens of transplant DONORS and potential recipients, usually by serological tests. Donor and recipient pairs should be of identical ABO blood group, and in addition should be matched as closely as possible for HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in order to minimize the likelihood of allograft rejection. (King, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Genetic loci in the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex which encode polymorphic characteristics not related to immune responsiveness or complement activity, e.g., B loci (chicken), DLA (dog), GPLA (guinea pig), H-2 (mouse), RT-1 (rat), HLA-A, -B, and -C class I genes of man.

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

An 11-kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)

The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

Antigens that exist in alternative (allelic) forms in a single species. When an isoantigen is encountered by species members who lack it, an immune response is induced. Typical isoantigens are the BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.

A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*07 allele family.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic basis of the immune response (IMMUNITY).

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A component of the murine major histocompatibility complex class I family. It contains one Ig-like C1-type domain and functions in processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigens to the immune system.

Antibodies from an individual that react with ISOANTIGENS of another individual of the same species.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*02 allele family.

Transplantation between individuals of the same species. Usually refers to genetically disparate individuals in contradistinction to isogeneic transplantation for genetically identical individuals.

Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.

A general term for the complex phenomena involved in allo- and xenograft rejection by a host and graft vs host reaction. Although the reactions involved in transplantation immunology are primarily thymus-dependent phenomena of cellular immunity, humoral factors also play a part in late rejection.

The grafting of skin in humans or animals from one site to another to replace a lost portion of the body surface skin.

The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.

A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*40 allele family.

Serum proteins with an electrophoretic mobility that falls between ALPHA-GLOBULINS and GAMMA-GLOBULINS.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

The degree of antigenic similarity between tissues of the mother and those of the FETUS. Maternal-fetal histocompatibility can determine the acceptance and health of the fetus.

The demonstration of the cytotoxic effect on a target cell of a lymphocyte, a mediator released by a sensitized lymphocyte, an antibody, or complement.

A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*01 allele family.

A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*35 allele family.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Immunological rejection of leukemia cells following bone marrow transplantation.

An immunological attack mounted by a graft against the host because of tissue incompatibility when immunologically competent cells are transplanted to an immunologically incompetent host; the resulting clinical picture is that of GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.

A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. CD8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions.

Measure of histocompatibility at the HL-A locus. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from two individuals are mixed together in tissue culture for several days. Lymphocytes from incompatible individuals will stimulate each other to proliferate significantly (measured by tritiated thymidine uptake) whereas those from compatible individuals will not. In the one-way MLC test, the lymphocytes from one of the individuals are inactivated (usually by treatment with MITOMYCIN or radiation) thereby allowing only the untreated remaining population of cells to proliferate in response to foreign histocompatibility antigens.

An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) antigens encoded by a small cluster of structural genes at the C locus on chromosome 6. They have significantly lower immunogenicity than the HLA-A and -B determinants and are therefore of minor importance in donor/recipient crossmatching. Their primary role is their high-risk association with certain disease manifestations (e.g., spondylarthritis, psoriasis, multiple myeloma).

The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).

The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.

Membrane antigens associated with maturation stages of B-lymphocytes, often expressed in tumors of B-cell origin.

Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Immunological rejection of tumor tissue/cells following bone marrow transplantation.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

Stable chromium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element chromium, but differ in atomic weight. Cr-50, 53, and 54 are stable chromium isotopes.

Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.

T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated alpha and beta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. Unlike immunoglobulins, the alpha-beta T-cell receptors recognize antigens only when presented in association with major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*27 allele family.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*38 allele family.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.

Polyomavirus antigens which cause infection and cellular transformation. The large T antigen is necessary for the initiation of viral DNA synthesis, repression of transcription of the early region and is responsible in conjunction with the middle T antigen for the transformation of primary cells. Small T antigen is necessary for the completion of the productive infection cycle.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

Subunits of the antigenic determinant that are most easily recognized by the immune system and thus most influence the specificity of the induced antibody.

A purinergic P2X neurotransmitter receptor found at high levels in the BRAIN and IMMUNE SYSTEM.

Malocclusion in which the mandible is posterior to the maxilla as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (distoclusion).

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

An HLA-DR antigen associated with HLA-DRB1 CHAINS that are encoded by DRB1*01 alleles.

An organism whose body contains cell populations of different genotypes as a result of the TRANSPLANTATION of donor cells after sufficient ionizing radiation to destroy the mature recipient's cells which would otherwise reject the donor cells.

Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.

55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A cultured line of C3H mouse FIBROBLASTS that do not adhere to one another and do not express CADHERINS.

Transfer of HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS from BONE MARROW or BLOOD between individuals within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used as an alternative to BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION in the treatment of a variety of neoplasms.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

An energy dependent process following the crosslinking of B CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS by multivalent ligands (bivalent anti-antibodies, LECTINS or ANTIGENS), on the B-cell surface. The crosslinked ligand-antigen receptor complexes collect in patches which flow to and aggregate at one pole of the cell to form a large mass - the cap. The caps may then be endocytosed or shed into the environment.

Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent cell.

Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.

A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.

A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

Transmembrane proteins that form the alpha subunits of the HLA-DR antigens. They are also referred to as the HLA-DR heavy chains.

Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T-LYMPHOCYTES which induces DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes.

Those proteins recognized by antibodies from serum of animals bearing tumors induced by viruses; these proteins are presumably coded for by the nucleic acids of the same viruses that caused the neoplastic transformation.

Leukemia induced experimentally in animals by exposure to leukemogenic agents, such as VIRUSES; RADIATION; or by TRANSPLANTATION of leukemic tissues.

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the response to colon cancer treatment.

A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CD28 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD80 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a costimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.

An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Unstable isotopes of chromium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cr atoms with atomic weights of 46-49, 51, 55, and 56 are radioactive chromium isotopes.

An HLA-DR antigen which is associated with HLA-DRB1 CHAINS encoded by DRB1*03 alleles.

The survival of a graft in a host, the factors responsible for the survival and the changes occurring within the graft during growth in the host.

Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.

A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and CHYMOPAPAIN that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2.

Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC Class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.

Cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Form of adoptive transfer where cells with antitumor activity are transferred to the tumor-bearing host in order to mediate tumor regression. The lymphoid cells commonly used are lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). This is usually considered a form of passive immunotherapy. (From DeVita, et al., Cancer, 1993, pp.305-7, 314)

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.

Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.

An HLA-DR antigen which is associated with HLA-DRB1 CHAINS encoded by DRB1*04 alleles.

The altered state of immunologic responsiveness resulting from initial contact with antigen, which enables the individual to produce antibodies more rapidly and in greater quantity in response to secondary antigenic stimulus.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Individuals supplying living tissue, organs, cells, blood or blood components for transfer or transplantation to histocompatible recipients.

The transfer of lymphocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.

White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS) as well as non-granular leukocytes (LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES).

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CD28 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD86 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a stimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

Microbial antigens that have in common an extremely potent activating effect on T-cells that bear a specific variable region. Superantigens cross-link the variable region with class II MHC proteins regardless of the peptide binding in the T-cell receptor's pocket. The result is a transient expansion and subsequent death and anergy of the T-cells with the appropriate variable regions.

Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.

The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of LEUKOCYTES and their hemopoietic progenitors. They contain a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity which plays a role in intracellular signaling from the CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. The CD45 antigens occur as multiple isoforms that result from alternative mRNA splicing and differential usage of three exons.

Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Transfer of immunity from immunized to non-immune host by administration of serum antibodies, or transplantation of lymphocytes (ADOPTIVE TRANSFER).

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs.

The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

A broad specificity HLA-DR antigen that is associated with HLA-DRB1 CHAINS encoded by DRB1*01:15 and DRB1*01:16 alleles.

Any cell, other than a ZYGOTE, that contains elements (such as NUCLEI and CYTOPLASM) from two or more different cells, usually produced by artificial CELL FUSION.

Donor MHC and adhesion molecules in transplant arteriosclerosis. (1/5762)

Transplant-associated arteriosclerosis remains an obstacle to long-term graft survival. To determine the contribution to transplant arteriosclerosis of MHC and adhesion molecules from cells of the donor vasculature, we allografted carotid artery loops from six mutant mouse strains into immunocompetent CBA/CaJ recipients. The donor mice were deficient in either MHC I molecules or MHC II molecules, both MHC I and MHC II molecules, the adhesion molecule P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, or both P-selectin and ICAM-1. Donor arteries in which ICAM-1, MHC II, or both MHC I and MHC II were absent showed reductions in neointima formation of 52%, 33%, and 38%, respectively, due primarily to a reduction in smooth muscle cell (SMC) accumulation. In P-selectin-deficient donor arteries, neointima formation did not differ from that in controls. In donor arteries lacking both P-selectin and ICAM-1, the size of the neointima was similar to that in those lacking ICAM-1 alone. In contrast, neointima formation increased by 52% in MHC I-deficient donor arteries. The number of CD4-positive T cells increased by 2.8-fold in MHC I-deficient arteries, and that of alpha-actin-positive SMCs by twofold. These observations indicate that ICAM-1 and MHC II molecules expressed in the donor vessel wall may promote transplant-associated arteriosclerosis. MHC I molecules expressed in the donor may have a protective effect. (+info)

Crystal structure of MHC class II-associated p41 Ii fragment bound to cathepsin L reveals the structural basis for differentiation between cathepsins L and S. (2/5762)

The lysosomal cysteine proteases cathepsins S and L play crucial roles in the degradation of the invariant chain during maturation of MHC class II molecules and antigen processing. The p41 form of the invariant chain includes a fragment which specifically inhibits cathepsin L but not S. The crystal structure of the p41 fragment, a homologue of the thyroglobulin type-1 domains, has been determined at 2.0 A resolution in complex with cathepsin L. The structure of the p41 fragment demonstrates a novel fold, consisting of two subdomains, each stabilized by disulfide bridges. The first subdomain is an alpha-helix-beta-strand arrangement, whereas the second subdomain has a predominantly beta-strand arrangement. The wedge shape and three-loop arrangement of the p41 fragment bound to the active site cleft of cathepsin L are reminiscent of the inhibitory edge of cystatins, thus demonstrating the first example of convergent evolution observed in cysteine protease inhibitors. However, the different fold of the p41 fragment results in additional contacts with the top of the R-domain of the enzymes, which defines the specificity-determining S2 and S1' substrate-binding sites. This enables inhibitors based on the thyroglobulin type-1 domain fold, in contrast to the rather non-selective cystatins, to exhibit specificity for their target enzymes. (+info)

Thymic selection by a single MHC/peptide ligand: autoreactive T cells are low-affinity cells. (3/5762)

In H2-M- mice, the presence of a single peptide, CLIP, bound to MHC class II molecules generates a diverse repertoire of CD4+ cells. In these mice, typical self-peptides are not bound to class II molecules, with the result that a very high proportion of H2-M- CD4+ cells are responsive to the various peptides displayed on normal MHC-compatible APC. We show here, however, that such "self" reactivity is controlled by low-affinity CD4+ cells. These cells give spectacularly high proliferative responses but are virtually unreactive in certain other assays, e.g., skin graft rejection; responses to MHC alloantigens, by contrast, are intense in all assays. Possible explanations for why thymic selection directed to a single peptide curtails self specificity without affecting alloreactivity are discussed. (+info)

Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent and Ehrlichia chaffeensis reside in different cytoplasmic compartments in HL-60 cells. (4/5762)

The human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent resides and multiplies exclusively in cytoplasmic vacuoles of granulocytes. Double immunofluorescence labeling was used to characterize the nature of the HGE agent replicative inclusions and to compare them with inclusions containing the human monocytic ehrlichia, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, in HL-60 cells. Although both Ehrlichia spp. can coinfect HL-60 cells, they resided in separate inclusions. Inclusions of both Ehrlichia spp. were not labeled with either anti-lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 or anti-CD63. Accumulation of myeloperoxidase-positive granules were seen around HGE agent inclusions but not around E. chaffeensis inclusions. 3-(2, 4-Dinitroanilino)-3'-amino-N-methyldipropylamine and acridine orange were not localized to either inclusion type. Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase was not colocalized with HGE agent inclusions but was weakly colocalized with E. chaffeensis inclusions. E. chaffeensis inclusions were labeled with the transferrin receptor, early endosomal antigen 1, and rab5, but HGE agent inclusions were not. Some HGE agent and E. chaffeensis inclusions colocalized with major histocompatibility complex class I and II antigens. These two inclusions were not labeled for annexins I, II, IV, and VI; alpha-adaptin; clathrin heavy chain; or beta-coatomer protein. Vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 colocalized to both inclusions. The cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor was not colocalized with either inclusion type. Endogenously synthesized sphingomyelin, from C6-NBD-ceramide, was not incorporated into either inclusion type. Brefeldin A did not affect the growth of either Ehrlichia sp. in HL-60 cells. These results suggest that the HGE agent resides in inclusions which are neither early nor late endosomes and does not fuse with lysosomes or Golgi-derived vesicles, while E. chaffeensis resides in an early endosomal compartment which accumulates the transferrin receptor. (+info)

Associations of anti-beta2-glycoprotein I autoantibodies with HLA class II alleles in three ethnic groups. (5/5762)

OBJECTIVE: To determine any HLA associations with anti-beta2-glycoprotein I (anti-beta2GPI) antibodies in a large, retrospectively studied, multiethnic group of 262 patients with primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or another connective tissue disease. METHODS: Anti-beta2GPI antibodies were detected in sera using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HLA class II alleles (DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1) were determined by DNA oligotyping. RESULTS: The HLA-DQB1*0302 (DQ8) allele, typically carried on HLA-DR4 haplotypes, was associated with anti-beta2GPI when compared with both anti-beta2GPI-negative SLE patients and ethnically matched normal controls, especially in Mexican Americans and, to a lesser extent, in whites. Similarly, when ethnic groups were combined, HLA-DQB1*0302, as well as HLA-DQB1*03 alleles overall (DQB1*0301, *0302, and *0303), were strongly correlated with anti-beta2GPI antibodies. The HLA-DR6 (DR13) haplotype DRB1*1302; DQB1*0604/5 was also significantly increased, primarily in blacks. HLA-DR7 was not significantly increased in any of these 3 ethnic groups, and HLA-DR53 (DRB4*0101) was increased in Mexican Americans only. CONCLUSION: Certain HLA class II haplotypes genetically influence the expression of antibodies to beta2GPI, an important autoimmune response in the APS, but there are variations in HLA associations among different ethnic groups. (+info)

Soluble HLA class I, HLA class II, and Fas ligand in blood components: a possible key to explain the immunomodulatory effects of allogeneic blood transfusions. (6/5762)

The immunomodulatory effect of allogeneic blood transfusions (ABT) has been known for many years. However, a complete understanding of the effects of ABT on the recipient's immune system has remained elusive. Soluble HLA class I (sHLA-I), HLA class II (sHLA-II), and Fas ligand (sFasL) molecules may play immunoregulatory roles. We determined by double-determinant immunoenzymatic assay (DDIA) sHLA-I, sHLA-II, and sFasL concentrations in different blood components. sHLA-I and sFasL levels in red blood cells (RBCs) stored for up to 30 days and in random-donor platelets are significantly (P <.001) higher than in other blood components and their amount is proportionate to the number of residual donor leukocytes and to the length of storage. Blood components with high sHLA-I and sFasL levels play immunoregulatory roles in vitro as in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte responses (MLR) and antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) activity, and induce apoptosis in Fas-positive cells. These data suggest that soluble molecules in blood components are functional. If these results are paralleled in vivo, they should be taken into account in transfusion practice. Blood components that can cause immunosuppression should be chosen to induce transplantation tolerance, whereas blood components that lack immunosuppressive effects should be preferred to reduce the risk of postoperative complications and cancer recurrence. (+info)

Expanded tumor-reactive CD4+ T-cell responses to human cancers induced by secondary anti-CD3/anti-CD28 activation. (7/5762)

Generation of tumor-reactive T cells in large numbers ex vivo is a requisite step in the adoptive immunotherapy of patients. We examined the immune responses of T cells derived from tumor vaccine-primed lymph nodes activated with anti-CD3 alone and with an anti-CD3/anti-CD28 combination. Nylon wool-purified CD3+ cells were isolated from vaccine-primed lymph nodes obtained from melanoma, renal cell, and head and neck cancer patients. In the absence of antigen-presenting cells, activation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 greatly enhanced subsequent T-cell expansion in interleukin 2 (>100-fold), compared to anti-CD3 alone. CD4+ T cells were preferentially stimulated. In four of eight patients, we found evidence of CD4+ cellular responses to autologous tumors by cytokine release assays. Positively selected CD4+ cells activated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 released greater amounts of cytokine (IFN-gamma and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor) in response to autologous tumors compared to cells activated by anti-CD3 alone. The CD4+ reactivity was MHC class II restricted and appeared to be associated with the expression of class II molecules on the vaccinating tumor cells. The CD4+ T-cell responses to class II-restricted tumor-associated antigens in patients with renal cell cancers represent unique findings. (+info)

Cytotoxicity is mandatory for CD8(+) T cell-mediated contact hypersensitivity. (8/5762)

Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a T cell-mediated skin inflammation induced by epicutaneous exposure to haptens in sensitized individuals. We have previously reported that CHS to dinitrofluorobenzene in mice is mediated by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted CD8(+) T cells. In this study, we show that CD8(+) T cells mediate the skin inflammation through their cytotoxic activity. The contribution of specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to the CHS reaction was examined both in vivo and in vitro, using mice deficient in perforin and/or Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) pathways involved in cytotoxicity. Mice double deficient in perforin and FasL were able to develop hapten-specific CD8(+) T cells in the lymphoid organs but did not show CHS reaction. However, they did not generate hapten-specific CTLs, demonstrating that the CHS reaction is dependent on cytotoxic activity. In contrast, Fas-deficient lpr mice, FasL-deficient gld mice, and perforin-deficient mice developed a normal CHS reaction and were able to generate hapten-specific CTLs, suggesting that CHS requires either the Fas/FasL or the perforin pathway. This was confirmed by in vitro studies showing that the hapten-specific CTL activity was exclusively mediated by MHC class I-restricted CD8(+) T cells which could use either the perforin or the Fas/FasL pathway for their lytic activity. Thus, cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, commonly implicated in the host defence against tumors and viral infections, could also mediate harmful delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. (+info)

"Expression of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex antigens on human hepatocytes". Hepatology. 8 (3): 449-454 ... Anomalous presentation of MHC class II receptors on the surface of liver cells, possibly due to genetic predisposition or acute ... Czaja, Albert J.; Donaldson, Peter T. (August 2002). "Gender effects and synergisms with histocompatibility leukocyte antigens ... anti soluble liver antigen (SLA), liver-pancreas antigen (LP), and anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA)) are of use, as is finding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_hepatitis

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain also known as HLA-DR antigens-associated invariant chain or CD74 (Cluster ... The stable MHC class II + antigen complex is then presented on the cell surface. Without CLIP, MHC class II aggregates ... "cDNA clone for the human invariant gamma chain of class II histocompatibility antigens and its implications for the protein ... "Structure of the human gene encoding the invariant gamma-chain of class II histocompatibility antigens". Nucleic Acids Research ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD74

"Purification and characterization of class II histocompatibility antigens from a homozygous human B cell line". J. Biol. Chem. ... Ultimately, papain-solubilized fragments of the human class II MHC antigens HLA-DR1, HLA-DR2, HLA-DR3, HLA-DR4, HLA-DR7, and ... Nathenson, S. G.; Davies, D. A. (1966). "Solubilization and partial purification of mouse histocompatibility antigens from a ... "Complete amino acid sequence of a papain-solubilized human histocompatibility antigen, HLA-B7. 2. Sequence determination and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_L._Strominger

In different studies, rheumatoid arthritis is strongly linked to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens. The ... depending on whether their TCR recognizes an MHC class I-presented antigen (CD8) or an MHC class II-presented antigen (CD4). It ... Antigens inside a cell are bound to class I MHC molecules, and brought to the surface of the cell by the class I MHC molecule, ... If the TCR is specific for that antigen, it binds to the complex of the class I MHC molecule and the antigen, and the T cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell

Labarrere C, Faulk W (1990). "MHC Class II Reactivity of Human Villous Trophoblast in Chronic Inflammation of Unestablished ... Majority of the antigen-presenting cells were Hofbauer cells (macrophages) were of foetal origin. Perivillous monocyte- ... Class 2 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on macrophages are up-regulated at sites of VUE. Neutrophils should not ... Focal has involved villi on only one glass slide, while multifocal has involved villi on at least two slides. High grade ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villitis_of_unknown_etiology

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ(6) alpha chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DQA2 gene. Also ... 1984). "Isotypic and allotypic variation of human class II histocompatibility antigen alpha-chain genes". Nature. 308 (5957): ... 1994). "HLA class II antigens and the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 bind to the same face of CD4". J. Immunol. 152 (9): 4475- ... 1987). "Class II genes of the human major histocompatibility complex. Comparisons of the DQ and DX alpha and beta genes". J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQA2

This enzyme has a critical role in antigen presentation. Major histocompatibility complex class II molecules interact with ... "The Phosphoinositide Kinase PIKfyve Promotes Cathepsin-S-Mediated Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Antigen ... Contrary, inhibition of cathepsin S will lead to a delay in degradation of Ii and loading the antigen into MHC II as well as ... "Cathepsin S controls MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation by epithelial cells in vivo". Journal of Immunology. 174 (3): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsin_S

"Organization of the transcriptional unit of a human class II histocompatibility antigen: HLA-DR heavy chain". Nucleic Acids Res ... HLA-DR is an MHC class II cell surface receptor encoded by the human leukocyte antigen complex on chromosome 6 region 6p21.31. ... 1991). "Interaction of CD4 with HLA class II antigens and HIV gp120". Immunogenetics. 34 (2): 121-8. doi:10.1007/BF00211424. ... cells from epidermal cell suspensions containing keratinocytes expressing class II transplantation antigens". Scand. J. Immunol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DR

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DRA gene. HLA-DRA ... "Organization of the transcriptional unit of a human class II histocompatibility antigen: HLA-DR heavy chain". Nucleic Acids Res ... The polypeptide subunit encoded by this gene belongs to the HLA class II alpha chain paralogues. The class II protein is a ... Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The alpha ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DRA

"Structure of the human class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-A2". Nature. 329 (6139): 506-12. Bibcode:1987Natur.329..506B. ... Wang Z, Cao Y, Albino AP, Zeff RA, Houghton A, Ferrone S (February 1993). "Lack of HLA class I antigen expression by melanoma ... Saper MA, Bjorkman PJ, Wiley DC (May 1991). "Refined structure of the human histocompatibility antigen HLA-A2 at 2.6 A ... β2 microglobulin (B2M) is a component of MHC class I molecules. MHC class I molecules have α1, α2, and α3 proteins which are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2_microglobulin

... tolerance can be established in vitro and in vivo for both MHC class I and II as well as minor histocompatibility antigens. ... This means that T-cells with a T-cell receptor specific to antigens presented on the veto cell, bind to the veto cell, and are ... Because veto cells can only suppress T-cell progenitors that are directed against antigens on the veto cells themselves, but ... Veto activity is thought to be a form of antigen-specific suppression that maintains continuous self-tolerance. Cells with veto ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto_cells

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB1 beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DRB1 gene. DRB1 ... The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. The class II molecule is a heterodimer ... Class II molecules are constitutively expressed in professional antigen-presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, ... "Entrez Gene: HLA-DRB1 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1". Gregersen PK, Silver J, Winchester RJ (November ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DRB1

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DOB gene. HLA-DOB ... DO suppresses peptide loading of MHC class II molecules by inhibiting HLA-DM. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen ... "Class II genes of the human major histocompatibility complex. The DO beta gene is a divergent member of the class II beta gene ... class II, DO beta". Beck S, Kelly A, Radley E, et al. (1992). "DNA sequence analysis of 66 kb of the human MHC class II region ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DOB

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DMB gene. HLA-DMB ... DM plays a central role in the peptide loading of MHC class II molecules by helping to release the CLIP (class II-associated ... 1994). "HLA class II antigens and the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 bind to the same face of CD4". J. Immunol. 152 (9): 4475- ... Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The beta chain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DMB

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DX beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DQB2 gene. ... 1994). "HLA class II antigens and the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 bind to the same face of CD4". J. Immunol. 152 (9): 4475- ... 1987). "Class II genes of the human major histocompatibility complex. Comparisons of the DQ and DX alpha and beta genes". J. ... "Entrez Gene: HLA-DQB2 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 2". Piatier-Tonneau D, Gastinel LN, Amblard F, et al ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQB2

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO alpha chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DOA gene. HLA-DOA ... class II, DO alpha". Piatier-Tonneau D, Gastinel LN, Amblard F, et al. (1991). "Interaction of CD4 with HLA class II antigens ... 1994). "HLA class II antigens and the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 bind to the same face of CD4". J. Immunol. 152 (9): 4475- ... "Isolation and characterization of the cDNA clone and genomic clones of a new HLA class II antigen heavy chain, DO alpha". J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DOA

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM alpha chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DMA gene. HLA-DMA ... 1994). "HLA class II antigens and the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 bind to the same face of CD4". J. Immunol. 152 (9): 4475- ... Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The alpha ... Comparison of the gene organization of all six class II families in the human major histocompatibility complex". J. Biol. Chem ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DMA

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB5 beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DRB5 gene. The ... Class II molecules are expressed in antigen-presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The beta chain ... "Entrez Gene: HLA-DRB5 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 5". Lau M, Terasaki PI, Park MS (1995). " ... 1991). "Interaction of CD4 with HLA class II antigens and HIV gp120". Immunogenetics. 34 (2): 121-8. doi:10.1007/BF00211424. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DRB5

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP(W2) beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DPB1 gene. HLA-DPB ... Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The beta chain ... 1991). "Modulation of the HLA class II antigen at a molecular level by maternal serum among cord blood cells and unrelated ... "Entrez Gene: HLA-DPB1 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP beta 1". Mitsunaga S, Kuwata S, Tokunaga K, et al. (1992 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DPB1

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB3-1 beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DRB3 gene. The ... class II, DR beta 3". Germain RN (1996). "Binding domain regulation of MHC class II molecule assembly, trafficking, fate, and ... Class II molecules are expressed in antigen-presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The beta chain ... 1991). "Interaction of CD4 with HLA class II antigens and HIV gp120". Immunogenetics. 34 (2): 121-8. doi:10.1007/BF00211424. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DRB3

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chain) at the PDBe-KB. v t e (Genes on human chromosome 6, MHC class II, All ... HLA-DQB1 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DQA ... Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1, also known as HLA-DQB1, is a human gene and also denotes the genetic ... Class II molecules are expressed in antigen-presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The beta chain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQB1

"A gene in the human major histocompatibility complex class II region controlling the class I antigen presentation pathway". ... "Two putative subunits of a peptide pump encoded in the human major histocompatibility complex class II region". Proc Natl Acad ... "DNA sequence analysis of 66 kb of the human MHC class II region encoding a cluster of genes for antigen processing". J. Mol. ... Trowsdale J, Hanson I, Mockridge I, Beck S, Townsend A, Kelly A (1991). "Sequences encoded in the class II region of the MHC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAP1

Major histocompatibility complex Human leukocyte antigen HLA-DQ "Entrez Gene: HLA-DQB1 major histocompatibility complex, class ... Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 3, also known as HLA-DQB3, is a human gene and also denotes the genetic ... While the overall sequence of the protein encoded by this gene is similar to other HLA class II beta chains, the translated ... "Mapping and nucleotide sequence of a new HLA class II light chain gene, DQB3". Immunogenetics. 30 (4): 243-9. doi:10.1007/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQB3

He also found genetic susceptibility to RHD related to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II Human Leucocyte ... Antigens (HLA) DR-11. Dr Okello joined the Uganda Heart Centre in 2010. In an interview that he gave in 2019, he stated that he ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Okello

1982 Inducible expression of class II major histocompatibility complex antigens and the immunogenicity of vascular endothelium ... "Two NYU Scientists Named Fellows of the New York Academy of Sciences". New York University. Carol Shoshkes Reiss publications ... explored the responses of helper T cell responses to influenza and mapped critical domains of class I Major Histocompatibility ... Reiss published more than 88 peer reviewed papers, and two editions of the book Neurotropic Viral Infections. Sex differences ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Shoshkes_Reiss

... contains a N-terminal class II histocompatibility antigen, alpha domain and a C-terminal Immunoglobulin C1-set domain. ... It binds in the same location to HLA-DM as MHC class II molecules bind, thereby preventing HLA-DM from binding to MHC class II ... the peptide exchange catalyst that loads antigen onto class II MHC molecules during antigen presentation". Immunity. 9 (3): 377 ... HLA-DO and MHC class II molecules). The structure and sequence of HLA-DM proteins is very similar to other MHC class II ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DM

Neefjes' discoveries on antigen presentation by the class I and II major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) constitute today's ... Canada The Biosynthetic Pathway of MHC Class II but Not Class I Molecules Intersects the Endocytic Route. Neefjes JJ, Stollorx ... During his thesis, he investigated the Cell Biological Aspect of MHC class I and II molecules. He obtained his Ph.D. degree on ... After his Ph.D., Jacques Neefjes did two post-doctoral visits. First, from 1991 to 1992, he visited the laboratory of Drs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Neefjes

"Association of canine hypothyroidism with a common major histocompatibility complex DLA class II allele". Tissue Antigens. 68 ( ... "Determining whether risk for sebaceous adenitis of Standard Poodles is associated with a specific DLA class II genotype" (PDF ... The two coat types in the Akita are the standard coat length and the long coat. The long coat is considered a fault in the show ... During World War II, the Akita was considered a non-military breed and was crossed with German Shepherds in an attempt to save ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akita_(dog)

DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation in response to the major histocompatibility antigen (MHC Class I and II) differences ... This cellular response to the histocompatibility antigens that occurs in the MLR is also involved in cell-mediated immune ... In a two-way MLR, both populations can proliferate. MLR's are performed to assess how T-cells react to external stimuli. T ... Tissue Antigens 84:439 (Wikipedia articles that are too technical from April 2016, All articles that are too technical, All ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_lymphocyte_reaction

... small clusters of microglial cells with enhanced major histocompatibility complex class II antigen, CD45 and CD68 antigen ... Pattern II The scar presents T-cells and macrophages around blood vessels, with preservation of oligodendrocytes, as before, ... Though this pattern could be considered similar to damage seen in NMO, some authors report no AQP4 damage in pattern II lesions ... Garrido C, Levy-Gomes A, Teixeira J, Temudo T (2004). "[Schilder's disease: two new cases and a review of the literature]". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesional_demyelinations_of_the_central_nervous_system

... detecting peptide antigens originating from various types of pathogen: The first class being 1) Cytotoxic T cells, which kill ... In the late 19th century Hippocratic tradition medicine system, the immune system was imagined into two branches: humoral ... load antigenic peptides onto the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the cell, in turn presenting the peptide to ... Naive T cells, which are immature T cells that have yet to encounter an antigen, are converted into activated effector T cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity

"HIV-1 Nef impairs MHC class II antigen presentation and surface expression". 》Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.》 98 (21): 12144-9. ... Schwartz O, Maréchal V, Le Gall S, Lemonnier F, Heard JM (1996년 3월). "Endocytosis of major histocompatibility complex class I ... Nef단백질(p27)은 T세포의 CD4(주요 바이러스 수용체)뿐만 아니라 MHC class I, MHC class II분자를 저해한다.[62][63][64] Nef는 또한 SH3도메인과 상호작용한다. Vpu단백질(p16)은 ... AEGiS.org: AIDS Education Global Information System- Patient/clinician information & Historical news and treatment database ...

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV

Genes involved in antigen processing and presentation, as well as the class I and class II genes, are closely linked within the ... all cells are capable of presenting antigen through the function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.[5] Some ... Exogenous antigens are usually displayed on MHC class II molecules, which activate CD4+T helper cells.[2] ... Helper T cells express T cell receptors (TCR) that recognize antigen bound to Class II MHC molecules. The activation of a naive ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system

"Major histocompatibility complex class II alleles in an Uygur population in the Silk Route of Northwest China". Tissue Antigens ... Typically for MHC Class II antigens in humans, haplotype frequencies do not exceed 40%. For example, in the US the highest ... de Pablo R, García-Pacheco J, Vilches C, Moreno M, Sanz L, Rementería M, Puente S, Kreisler M (1997). "HLA class I and class II ... Lázaro A, Moraes M, Marcos C, Moraes J, Fernández-Viña M, Stastny P (1999). "Evolution of HLA-class I compared to HLA-class II ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQ8

Most T cell receptors bind to the major histocompatibility complex on cells of the body. The MHC presents an antigen to the T ... a T cell receptor that binds mostly to MHC class II tends to produce a CD4 positive T cell.[14] ... This depends on the strength of binding between the TCR and MHC class 1 or class 2.[13] A T cell receptor that binds mostly to ... The thymus is located in the anterior mediastinum.[5] It is made up of two lobes that meet in the upper midline, and stretch ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus

... and can bind human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I. Therefore, if secreted, the LILRA3 might impair interactions of membrane- ... "A common inhibitory receptor for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on human lymphoid and myelomonocytic cells ... Like the closely related LILRA1, LILRA3 binds to both normal and 'unfolded' free heavy chains of HLA class I, with a preference ... Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily A member 3 (LILR-A3) also known as CD85 antigen-like family member E (CD85e), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LILRA3

2001). "HLA class I in three West African ethnic groups: genetic distances from sub-Saharan and Caucasoid populations". Tissue ... Arce-Gomez B, Jones EA, Barnstable CJ, Solomon E, Bodmer WF (February 1978). "The genetic control of HLA-A and B antigens in ... proceedings of the eleventh International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference, held in Yokohama, Japan, 6-13 November ... 2006). "HLA class I diversity among rural rainforest inhabitants in Cameroon: identification of A*2612-B*4407 haplotype". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-A36

The gene is located in the major histocompatibility complex, on the short arm of chromosome 6, in a cluster with two paralogous ... "Genomic structure of the spermatid-specific hsp70 homolog gene located in the class III region of the major histocompatibility ... a novel cancer testis antigen that promotes growth of ovarian cancer". American Journal of Cancer Research. 7 (6): 1252-1269. ... Brychzy A, Rein T, Winklhofer KF, Hartl FU, Young JC, Obermann WM (July 2003). "Cofactor Tpr2 combines two TPR domains and a J ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA1B

They are typically divided among three classes: Type I IFN, Type II IFN, and Type III IFN. IFNs belonging to all three classes ... increase host defenses by up-regulating antigen presentation by virtue of increasing the expression of major histocompatibility ... Another function of interferons is to up-regulate major histocompatibility complex molecules, MHC I and MHC II, and increase ... Interferon type II (IFN-γ in humans): This is also known as immune interferon and is activated by Interleukin-12. Type II ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon

J Exp Med 145: 1-9. Rao A, Ko WW, Faas SJ, Cantor H. Binding of antigen in the absence of histocompatibility proteins by ... Functional subclasses of T-lymphocytes bearing different Ly antigens. II. Cooperation between subclasses of Ly+ cells in the ... CD8+ T regulatory cells express the Ly49 class I MHC receptor and are defective in autoimmune prone B6-Yaa mice. Proc Natl Acad ... Boyse EA, Old LJ, Stockert E. An approach to the mapping of antigens on the cell surface. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1968;60:886. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Cantor

... that predominantly recognize antigens of class I human leukocyte antigen ( HLA). The genes responsible for coding of KIR ... The HLA-C molecules are human leukocyte antigens and are the gene complexes to encode major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ... KIR2DL3 is a protein complex of two extracellular domains and a long tailed endo-cellular cytoplasmatic tail, which assign it ... Tyrosine Kinases are a sub-class of the protein-kinase. Phosphorylation of proteins is a necessary step in transduction of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_cell_immunoglobulin-like_receptor_2DL3

... so that susceptibility moves from class II to Class III or Class I loci. The association with class I would be unusual since T- ... A1::DQ2 was at the forefront of histocompatibility science, A1 was the first numerical antigen HL-A1 identified in the late ... Christian N, Smikle MF, DeCeulaer K, Daniels L, Walravens MJ, Barton EN (March 2007). "Antinuclear antibodies and HLA class II ... November 2004). "Two major histocompatibility complex haplotypes influence susceptibility to sporadic inclusion body myositis: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA_A1-B8-DR3-DQ2

Antigen receptors on CTL can bind to a 9-10 amino acid chain that is presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) as ... Humans have two major antigen identifying lymphocytes: CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) and CD4+ helper T-lymphocytes that ... TERT is a reverse transcriptase, which is a class of enzymes that creates single-stranded DNA using single-stranded RNA as a ... Two telomerase vaccines have been developed: GRNVAC1 and GV1001. GRNVAC1 isolates dendritic cells and the RNA that codes for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase

1988). "Characterization of the cDNA encoding a protein binding to the major histocompatibility complex class II Y box". Proc. ... 1995). "Cooperative action of cellular proteins YB-1 and Pur alpha with the tumor antigen of the human JC polyomavirus ... 1989). "Two human genes isolated by a novel method encode DNA-binding proteins containing a common region of homology". Gene. ... Lloberas J, Maki RA, Celada A (1995). "Repression of major histocompatibility complex I-A beta gene expression by dbpA and dbpB ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_box_binding_protein_1

These includes bonds between T cell antigen receptors (TCR) or pre-TCR and peptide presented by major histocompatibility ... "Force-regulated in situ TCR-peptide-bound MHC class II kinetics determine functions of CD4+ T cells". Journal of Immunology. ... In such cases, one molecule can interact with the two counter-molecules using two binding sites, either separately, i.e. one at ... The transition between catch and slip bonds have been modeled as molecular dissociation from two bond states along two pathways ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_bond

... heterodimer MHC class II, DR (6p21.3) Mold / Biotoxin Susceptibility HLA-DPA1 and HLA-DPB1 forms HLA-DP, MHC class II, DP ( ... major histocompatibility complex (MHC), class I, A, B, and C loci. (6p21.3) HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 form HLA-DQ heterodimer MHC ... The human leukocyte antigen lies on chromosome 6, with the exception of the gene for β2-microglobulin (which is located on ... class II, DQ: Celiac1, IDDM (6p21.3) HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DRB3, HLA-DRB4, HLA-DRB5 forms HLA-DR, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_6

2000). "Role for cathepsin F in invariant chain processing and major histocompatibility complex class II peptide loading by ... Korkmaz, Huseyin; Findik, Duygu; Ugurluoglu, Ceyha; Terzi, Yuksel (2015). "Reliability of stool antigen tests: investigation of ... 2007). "Angiotensin II increases expression and secretion of cathepsin F in cultured human monocyte-derived macrophages: an ... 257 (2): 313-8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.0461. PMID 10198209. Wex T, Levy B, Wex H, Brömme D (1999). "Human cathepsins F and W: A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsin_F

The domains have binding regions for the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) and the T-cell receptor (TCR ... In immunology, superantigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system. ... "Cross-linking of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules by staphylococcal enterotoxin A superantigen is a ... Leukocyte recruitment occurs independently of T lymphocytes and major histocompatibility complex Class II molecules". Lab. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superantigen

... prevents antigen presentation by blocking the transport of peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex class I molecules ... spending two years at the Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals in Tübingen, a now-defunct research institution ... In the absence of any classes, del Val and other students read books and played games. One book she read described how proteins ... "Efficient processing of an antigenic sequence for presentation by MHC class I molecules depends on its neighboring residues in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita_del_Val

Bakeman arranged for me to be interviewed and considered for one of the two remaining places in the Freshman class." After his ... More than 30 genes have been discovered in a gene complex called the major histocompatibility complex. The histocompatibility ... He noticed that if antigens (something that causes a reaction with the immune system) were injected into animals with a similar ... He spent two years there working on experimental hypersensitivity mechanisms. He then moved to Paris because of family issues ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf

"Cell-cell adhesion mediated by CD8 and human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen G, a nonclassical major histocompatibility ... in the context of class I MHC molecules. The functional coreceptor is either a homodimer composed of two alpha chains, or a ... The CD8 antigen, acting as a coreceptor, and the T-cell receptor on the T lymphocyte recognize antigen displayed by an antigen- ... "Cell-cell adhesion mediated by CD8 and human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen G, a nonclassical major histocompatibility ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD8A

Class II molecules are expressed in antigen-presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The alpha ... HLA-DQA1 belongs to the HLA class II alpha chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha ( ... Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 1, also known as HLA-DQA1, is a human gene present on short arm of ... 1987). "Class II genes of the human major histocompatibility complex. Comparisons of the DQ and DX alpha and beta genes". J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex,_class_II,_DQ_alpha_1

The encoded protein belongs to the subfamily B class of LIR receptors which contain two or four extracellular immunoglobulin ... "A common inhibitory receptor for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on human lymphoid and myelomonocytic cells ... 1997). "A novel inhibitory receptor (ILT3) expressed on monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells involved in antigen ... 1998). "A family of human lymphoid and myeloid Ig-like receptors, some of which bind to MHC class I molecules". J. Immunol. 159 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LILRB3

... use macropinocytosis and the mannose receptor to concentrate macromolecules in the major histocompatibility complex class II ... 2017). "Public antibodies to malaria antigens generated by two LAIR1 insertion modalities". Nature. 548 (7669): 597-601. ... He also studied the role of HLA class II molecules as receptors for self, versus foreign peptides (,) and the role of ... Lanzavecchia, A.; Reid, P.A.; Watts, C. (1985). "Irreversible association of peptides with class II MHC molecules in living ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Lanzavecchia

Normal body cells are not recognized and attacked by NK cells because they express intact self MHC antigens. Those MHC antigens ... Members of every class of pathogen that infect humans also infect plants. Although the exact pathogenic species vary with the ... The innate, or nonspecific, immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies (the other being the adaptive immune ... major histocompatibility complex) - a situation that can arise in viral infections of host cells. They were named "natural ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system

Suastegui R, De La Rosa G, Carranza J, Gonzalez-Astiazaran A, Gorodezky C (2001). "Contribution of the MHC class II antigens to ... "Associations between alleles of the major histocompatibility complex and type 1 autoimmune hepatitis". Hepatology. 25 (2): 317- ... 2007). "HLA class I and class II frequencies in patients with sarcoidosis from Croatia: role of HLA-B8, −DRB1*0301, and −DQB1* ... Shawkatova I, Michalkova D, Barak L, Fazekasova H, Kuba D, Buc M (2006). "HLA class II allele frequencies in type 1A diabetes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DR17

IFN-γ binds to the type II cell-surface receptor, also known as the IFN-gamma receptor (IFNGR) which is part of the class II ... It can also be secreted by antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages (MΦs), and B cells to a ... Some of its main functions are to induce IgG isotype switching in B cells; upregulate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ... Interferon type II is a family of interferons involved in immune system regulation. There is only one member of type II ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_type_II

APCs then present the fragments to T helper cells (CD4+) by the use of class II histocompatibility molecules on their surface. ... Tumor antigens are those antigens that are presented by MHC class I or MHC class II molecules on the surface of tumor cells. ... Minor histocompatibility antigens, a conceptually similar antigen class are also correctly identified by MHC binding algorithms ... T-independent antigen - Antigens that stimulate B cells directly. Immunodominant antigens - Antigens that dominate (over all ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen

1994). "Analysis of MHC class II antigens in Japanese IDDM by a novel HLA-typing method, hybridization protection assay". ... 1992). "Analysis by the polymerase chain reaction of histocompatibility leucocyte antigen-DR9-linked susceptibility to insulin- ... HLA-DQ9 (DQ9) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within the HLA-DQ (DQ) serotype group. DQ9 is a split antigen of the DQ3 ... Törn C, Gupta M, Sanjeevi CB, Aberg A, Frid A, Landin-Olsson M (2004). "Different HLA-DR-DQ and MHC class I chain-related gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQ9

Expression of major histocompatibility class I and class II antigens and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on operable non- ... Expression of major histocompatibility class I and class II antigens and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on operable non- ... Expression of major histocompatibility class I and class II antigens and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on operable non- ... Effect of gamma interferon on the induction of class ii major histocompatibility complex antigen and intercellular adhesion ...

https://eurekamag.com/research/008/661/008661939.php

Class I MHC heavy chain (MHC HC) [recycling endosome membrane] (Homo sapiens) * HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, Cw-2 ... HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, Cw-2 alpha chain [Golgi membrane] HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, Cw-2 alpha ... HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, Cw-2 alpha chain [plasma membrane] HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, Cw-2 alpha ... Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation (Homo sapiens) * Antigen processing-Cross presentation (Homo sapiens) * ...

https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-8863948

Rollins-Smith LA, Blair P. Expression of class II major histocompatibility complex antigens on adult T cells in Xenopus is ... Expression of class II major histocompatibility complex antigens on adult T cells in Xenopus is metamorphosis-dependent.. ... Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are expressed predominantly on B lymphocytes and macrophages of ... In control animals, class II antigens were virtually absent from thymic lymphocytes and peripheral T cells of normal untreated ...

https://www.vumc.org/rollins-smith-lab/publication/expression-class-ii-major-histocompatibility-complex-antigens-adult-t-cells-xenopus-m

For most class II alleles, peptide binding depends on the catalytic action of human histocompatibility leukocyte antigens (HLA ... of major histocompatibility complex class II-eluted peptides show that DO affects the antigenic peptide repertoire of class II ... DO effectively inhibits antigen presentation of peptides that are loaded onto class II in endosomal compartments that are not ... Thus, DO appears to be a unique, cell type-specific modulator mastering the class II-mediated immune response induced by B ...

https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/196716

Results of search for su:{Histocompatibility antigens class II.} Refine your search. *. Availability. * Limit to currently ... Your search returned 2 results. Sort. Sort by:. Relevance. Popularity (most to least). Popularity (least to most). Author (A-Z) ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=su:%7BHistocompatibility%20antigens%20class%20II.%7D

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR beta 4 chain [plasma membrane] HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 2 ... HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ [trans-Golgi network membrane] HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 2 ... HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR beta 4 chain [Golgi membrane] HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP [Golgi ... HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP [lysosomal membrane] HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 2 chain [ ...

https://www.reactome.org/content/detail/R-DRE-2130418-4

The HLA-DRB1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that plays a critical role in the immune system. Learn about this ... major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 precursor. *MHC class II antigen ... The HLA-DRB1 gene belongs to a group of MHC genes called MHC class II. MHC class II genes provide instructions for making ... Each MHC class II gene has many possible variations, allowing the immune system to react to a wide range of foreign invaders. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/hla-drb1/

... is a sequela of streptococcal infection-typically following two to three weeks after group A streptococcal pharyngitis-that ... Association of class II human histocompatibility leukocyte antigens with rheumatic fever. J Clin Invest. 1986 Jun. 77 (6):2019- ... Jones criteria for the diagnosis of initial ARF are the presence of two major manifestations or one major and two minor ... For recurrent ARF, the criteria are two major manifestations, one major and two minor manifestations, or three minor ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/333103-186321/what-is-the-role-of-echocardiography-in-the-workup-of-acute-rheumatic-fever-arf

We used single- and two-color flow cytometry to analyze lymphocytes fr … ... Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / analysis * Immunoglobulin M / analysis * Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes / genetics* ... We used single- and two-color flow cytometry to analyze lymphocytes from A/J and A/WySnJ mice. Adult A/WySnJ mice had a severe ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2037009/?dopt=Abstract

Statins might exert antiinflammatory effects by inhibiting the major histocompatibility complex class II pathway of antigen ... D. Statins may inhibit the major histocompatibility complex class II pathway of antigen presentation ... Ghittoni R, Napolitani G, Benati D, Ulivieri C, Patrussi L, Laghi Pasini F, et al. Simvastatin inhibits the MHC class II ... To complete the questions (with a minimum 75% passing score) and earn continuing medical education (CME) credit, please go to ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/6/19-0646_article

Major histocompatibility complex class 2 (MHC-2) antigens are expressed on vessel endothelium and valve fibroblasts. ... Relationships between the development of rheumatic fever and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR subtypes have been found. [8, 9] ... Hafez M, Chakravarti A, el-Shennawy F, el-Morsi Z, el-Sallab SH, Al-Tonbary Y. HLA antigens and acute rheumatic fever: evidence ... especially bacterial M-proteins and human cardiac antigens such as myosin [4] and valvular endothelium. Antimyosin antibody ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1962779-overview%E2%80%8B

2 a 1,4 por 100.000 hab. Sua fisiopatologia caracteriza-se pela ação de autoanticorpos na junção dermoepidérmica... ... Histocompatibility antigens class I. Histocompatibility antigens class II. Pemphigoid bullous. Polymerase chain reaction. ... Many studies have been published demonstrating the association of pemphigoid with HLA class II system alleles in different ... and class II (DRB1, DQB1 and DQA1). DISCUSSION: Our data indicate that Brazilian patients with BP present the same genetic ...

https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5143/tde-09032017-122652/fr.php

Crystal Structure of the Complex of the MHC Class II Molecule HLA-DR1 (HA peptide 306-318) with the Superantigen SEC3 Variant ... HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain. A. 182. Homo sapiens. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: HLA-DRA, HLA-DRA1. ... HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain. B. 190. Homo sapiens. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: HLA-DRB1. ... major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II complexes exhibiting increasingly higher affinity to reveal that this affinity ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1jws

Although several bird species preferentially mate with partners that are dissimilar at the major histocompatibility complex ( ... 3-dimensional structure of the human class-II histocompatibility antigen HLA-DR1. Nature 364, 33-39 (1993). ... Major histocompatibility complex class II compatibility, but not class I, predicts mate choice in a bird with highly developed ... Kaufman, J., Salomonsen, J. & Flajnik, M. Evolutionary conservation of MHC class I and class II molecules-different yet the ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep06920?error=cookies_not_supported&code=ff150c92-ad00-4d28-8a90-79bf352997dc

Found to cleave antigen peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules of presenting cells and to ... We are constantly working hard to ensure we provide our customers with best in class antibodies. As a result of this work we ... Storage instructions. Shipped at 4°C. Store at +4°C short term (1-2 weeks). Upon delivery aliquot. Store at -20°C long term. ... Perform heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9.0 before commencing with IHC staining protocol. See IHC ...

https://www.abcam.com/cd13-antibody-epr4058-ab108310.html

Histocompatibility Antigens Class II 8% * Immunoglobulin A 7% * ROC Curve 6% * Immunoglobulin G 5% ...

https://portal.research.lu.se/sv/publications/multiplex-agglutination-pcr-adap-autoantibody-assays-compared-to-/fingerprints/

PDB Compounds: (B:) hla class II histocompatibility antigen. SCOPe Domain Sequences for d1uvqb2:. Sequence; same for both ... Family d.19.1.1: MHC antigen-recognition domain [54453] (13 proteins). *. Protein Class II MHC beta chain, N-terminal domain [ ... Class d: Alpha and beta proteins (a+b) [53931] (396 folds). *. Fold d.19: MHC antigen-recognition domain [54451] (1 superfamily ... d1uvqb2 d.19.1.1 (B:3-94) Class II MHC beta chain, N-terminal domain {Human (Homo sapiens), HLA-DQ6 [TaxId: 9606]} ...

http://scop.berkeley.edu/sunid=100065

... class II antigen E beta2. Synonyms: H-2Eb2, Ia-5, Ia5, A130038H09Rik ... Name: histocompatibility 2, ... Synonyms: nonmuscle myosin heavy chain II-B, NMHC-B, SMemb, ... However, because of the unknown quality of these frozen samples, we will restrict recovery efforts to two attempts for each ... nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIB, 9330167F11Rik, 5730504C04Rik, NMHC II-B, Myhn2, Myosin IIB, Myhn-2, myosin IIB, Fltn, Fltn ...

https://www.mmrrc.org/catalog/sds.php?mmrrc_id=39242

3. Structure and polymorphism of the human class II histocompatibility antigens with special regard to the HLA-DP region. ... Nyckelord :HUMANIORA; HUMANITIES; HUMANIORA; HUMANITIES; Italian language and literature; L1 lexicon; two lexicons; syntax; ... 2. Lacquisition des Catégories Fonctionnelles : Étude comparative du développement du DP français chez des enfants et des ...

https://www.avhandlingar.se/om/DP/

The pathobiology of chronic beryllium disease involves the major histocompatibility complex class II human leukocyte antigen ( ... These comparisons show specific characteristics in the vicinity of the antigen-binding pocket that distinguish the different ... Content source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Education and Information Division ... consequently demoting the innate function of HLA by changing the specificity of antigen recognition. Occupational risk ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=genetic&f1=TI&Startyear=&t1=1&s2=genetic&terms=3&Adv=1&ct=&B1=Search&f2=KW&Limit=500&Sort=DP+DESC&D1=10&EndYear=&PageNo=46&RecNo=451&View=f&

... simulations to quantify fold dynamics on extended timescales of Bet v 1a and two variants with higher and lower cleavage rates ... simulations to quantify fold dynamics on extended timescales of Bet v 1a and two variants with higher and lower cleavage rates ... Watts, C. (2004). The exogenous pathway for antigen presentation on major histocompatibility complex class II and CD1 molecules ... Hsing, L. C., and Rudensky, A. Y. (2005). The lysosomal cysteine proteases in MHC class II antigen presentation. Immunol. Rev. ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2020.00018/full

Histocompatibility Antigens Class II Medicine & Life Sciences 100% * B-Lymphocytes Medicine & Life Sciences 69% ... Serologic characterization of human Ia antigens using B cell lymphoid lines. J. Bodmer, D. Young, E. Jones, C. Barnstable, P. ... Serologic characterization of human Ia antigens using B cell lymphoid lines. / Bodmer, J.; Young, D.; Jones, E. et al. ... Serologic characterization of human Ia antigens using B cell lymphoid lines. Transplantation proceedings. 1977 Nov 12;9(1 sup.I ...

https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/serologic-characterization-of-human-ia-antigens-using-b-cell-lymp

Histocompatibility Antigens Class II 33% * Antigen-Presenting Cells 32% * Major Histocompatibility Complex 31% ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/i-e-expression-and-susceptibility-to-parasite-infection-2/fingerprints/

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ(3) alpha chain; HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ(1) beta chain; alpha-I ... HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ(3) alpha chain; HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ(1) beta chain; alpha-I ...

https://swissmodel.expasy.org/templates/1s9v

... and two approved drugs, ponatinib and cabozantinib, in depth. We found that WS6, although not yet investigated in oncology, ... Among these, we characterized two investigational compounds, WS6 and ispinesib, ... HLA Class II Histocompatibility Antigen γ Chain (CD74) Expression Is Associated with Immune Cell Infiltration and Favorable ... Among these, we characterized two investigational compounds, WS6 and ispinesib, and two approved drugs, ponatinib and ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/24/6181

... of effect of mouse adenovirus type 1 infection on cell surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I antigens. ... The other two links are both MHC class I-associated. (The complicated figure at the top is from Fellay at al, showing part of ... Work by Soldano Ferrone, where he has looked very carefully at a relatively small set of tumours, turned up MHC class I/antigen ... While endogenous expression of MAV-1 E1A activity did not induce a decrease of class I MHC antigen levels in MAV-1-infected ...

http://www.iayork.com/MysteryRays/2007/08/

The superantigen binds to the major histocompatibility complex class II molecules (blue) of an antigen-presenting cell. This is ... A superantigen (SAg, pink) is being presented by an antigen-presenting cell (bottom) to a T-cell (top). Superantigens are ... In the CheckMate study, no significant differences were seen in patients treated with the single drug versus the two-drug ... compared to a combination of two (nivolumab and ipilimumab) for 43 patients with inoperable melanoma. Biopsies of the tumors, ...

https://www.genengnews.com/topics/cancer/machine-learning-helps-predict-response-to-immunotherapy/

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain,MHC cell surface glycoprotein,histocompatibility antigen HLA-DR alpha ... HLA-DRA is one of the HLA class II alpha chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha and a ... Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The alpha ... Exon 1 encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, and exon 4 encodes the transmembrane ...

https://www.abnova.com/products/products_detail.asp?catalog_id=H00003122-B01P

A recent study of class II major histocompatibility (HLA-DR) antigen in BCC revealed a strong reaction to this antigen in ... As antigen-presenting cells, they can bind to a specific antigen, internalize it and then degrade the antigen into peptides, ... Since T cells cannot be triggered by free antigens, presentation of antigens is obligatory for induction of cell-mediated ... class II molecules, which interact with T cell receptor cells and CD4 or CD4+ (helper) T cells. ...

https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-3-1997/volume-3-issue-1/in-situ-characterization-of-b-and-tlymphocytes-in-basal-cell-carcinoma-of-the-head-and-neck-region.html

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and adhesion molecules, such as the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), appear to play an important role in the immunological recognition and destruction of tumour cells. (eurekamag.com)
Antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex class II molecules is essential for antibody production and T cell activation. (ox.ac.uk)
The amino acid sequences contained characteristic features of functional class II molecules including conserved residues and putative peptide binding regions ( Fig. 1 ). (nature.com)
These fragments are then loaded onto major histocompatibility complex molecules type 2 (MHC2) and transported to the cell surface. (frontiersin.org)
The superantigen binds to the major histocompatibility complex class II molecules (blue) of an antigen-presenting cell. (genengnews.com)
Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). (abnova.com)
The only I-A(β) gene expressed in these mice is an A(β)(k) transgene with a mutation that prevents MHC class H molecules from interacting with CD4. (utmb.edu)
When cocultured with APC- expressing wild-type MHC class H molecules, apoptosis in resting CD4 + T lymphocytes from mutant A(β)(k) transgenic mice was reduced. (utmb.edu)
Our results show for the first time that interactions between CD4 and MHC class H molecules are required for the survival of resting CD4 + T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs. (utmb.edu)
Maroto, R, Shen, X & König, R 1999, ' Requirement for efficient interactions between CD4 and MHC class II molecules for survival of resting CD4 + T lymphocytes in vivo and for activation-induced cell death ', Journal of Immunology , vol. 162, no. 10, pp. 5973-5980. (utmb.edu)
MHC class I molecules are heterodimers consisting of two polypeptide chains, Iα and a β2-microglobulin. (biomedcentral.com)
MHC class II molecules are also heterodimers, with two homologous chains IIα and IIβ, encoded by MHC IIA and MHC IIB genes, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
With realization that T lymphocyte cell receptors recognize peptides bound to the antigenbinding cleft of major histocompatability complex molecules class I [4-7]. (scirp.org)
CD8+ recognized class I alloantigens or conventional antigens (e.g., viruses) associated with class I histocompatability molecules [5-8]. (scirp.org)
This antibody detects a monomorphic determinant on the p chains of human class II MHC molecules. (scite.ai)
A protocol has been developed for fixation which, in conjunction with a pre-embedding indirect immunoperoxidase technique preserves antigenicity ofthe class II molecules and allows detection of intraeellular antigen. (scite.ai)
Details of the technique are provided and discussed in relation to the general paucity of information available on ultrastructural localization of class II MHC molecules. (scite.ai)
These observations link class II molecules with the endocytic pathway in enteroeytes and suggest a possible role in the handling of gut antigens. (scite.ai)
The findings may have a more general significance in relation to the site of engagement between processed antigen and MHC molecules in specialized antigen-presenting cells. (scite.ai)
3 MHC class II molecules bind to a CD74 homotrimer (also known as invariant chain or HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain). (eiaab.com.cn)
The peptides presented by MHC class II molecules are generated mostly by degradation of proteins that access the endocytic route, where they are processed by lysosomal proteases and other hydrolases. (eiaab.com.cn)
Exogenous antigens that have been endocytosed by the APC are thus readily available for presentation via MHC II molecules, and for this reason this antigen presentation pathway is usually referred to as exogenous. (eiaab.com.cn)
In addition to APCs, other cells of the gastrointestinal tract, such as epithelial cells, express MHC class II molecules and CD74 and act as APCs, which is an unusual trait of the GI tract. (eiaab.com.cn)
To produce a MHC class II molecule that presents an antigen, three MHC class II molecules (heterodimers of an alpha and a beta chain) associate with a CD74 trimer in the ER to form a heterononamer. (eiaab.com.cn)
HLA-DM stabilizes MHC class II molecules until primary high affinity antigenic peptides are bound. (eiaab.com.cn)
In B-cells, the interaction between HLA-DM and MHC class II molecules is regulated by HLA-DO. (eiaab.com.cn)
Lysosomal microenvironment has been implicated in the regulation of antigen loading into MHC II molecules, increased acidification produces increased proteolysis and efficient peptide loading. (eiaab.com.cn)
DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): MHC class II molecules are loaded with their peptide cargo in endosomal compartments. (researchwithnj.com)

Modulation of the major histocompatibility complex class II-associated peptide repertoire by human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DO. (ox.ac.uk)
For most class II alleles, peptide binding depends on the catalytic action of human histocompatibility leukocyte antigens (HLA)-DM. (ox.ac.uk)
Cell surface iodination assays and mass spectrometry of major histocompatibility complex class II-eluted peptides show that DO affects the antigenic peptide repertoire of class II. (ox.ac.uk)
DO function was investigated under various pH conditions in in vitro peptide exchange assays and in antigen presentation assays using DO(-) and DO(+) transfectant cell lines as antigen-presenting cells, in which effective acidification of the endocytic pathway was prevented with bafilomycin A(1), an inhibitor of vacuolar ATPases. (ox.ac.uk)
DO may serve to increase the threshold for nonspecific B cell activation, restricting class II-peptide binding to late endosomal compartments, thereby affecting the peptide repertoire. (ox.ac.uk)
These findings suggest that these substitutions may eventually promote an involuntary cation-binding site within the otherwise metal-free peptide-binding pocket, consequently demoting the innate function of HLA by changing the specificity of antigen recognition. (cdc.gov)
Exon 1 encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, and exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail. (abnova.com)
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-associated invariant chain (Ii) plays a critical role in antigen presentation, forming MHC class II peptide complexes for the generation of CD4+ T cell responses. (ox.ac.uk)
Soon after the entry of this complex into the endosomal/lysosomal system where antigen processing occurs, CD74 undergoes a sequential degradation by various proteases, including CTSS and CTSL, leaving a small fragment termed CLIP (class-II-associated invariant chain peptide). (eiaab.com.cn)
The MHC II molecule bound to a peptide is then transported to the cell membrane surface. (eiaab.com.cn)
Less clear is the net effect of DO;DO can promote or inhibit class II peptide loading depending on the experimental system. (researchwithnj.com)
Incoming HIV virion-derived Gag Spacer Peptide 2 (p1) is a target of effective CD8+ T cell antiviral responses. (ox.ac.uk)
Through interrogation of the pre-integration immunopeptidome, we obtain proof of early presentation of a virion-derived HLA-A∗02:01-restricted epitope, FLGKIWPSH (FH9), located in Gag Spacer Peptide 2 (SP2). (ox.ac.uk)
The results suggested that MHC class II restriction play a role in peptide recognition and the immune response. (who.int)
MHC restriction - MHC restricted antigen recognition, or MHC restriction, refers to the fact that a given T cell will recognize a peptide antigen only when it is bound to a particular MHC molecule. (en-academic.com)
Enhancement of MHC class I-restricted peptide-specific T cell induction by a DNA prime/MVA boost vaccination regime. (ox.ac.uk)

Expression of class II major histocompatibility complex antigens on adult T cells in Xenopus is metamorphosis-dependent. (vumc.org)
In control animals, class II antigens were virtually absent from thymic lymphocytes and peripheral T cells of normal untreated larvae, but could be found in increasing numbers in both populations after metamorphosis (10-12 weeks of age). (vumc.org)
Thus, perchlorate-treated animals retained the larval pattern of class II expression, suggesting that emergence of class II+ T cells is dependent on metamorphosis. (vumc.org)
Thus, DO appears to be a unique, cell type-specific modulator mastering the class II-mediated immune response induced by B cells. (ox.ac.uk)
MHC class II genes provide instructions for making proteins that are present on the surface of certain immune system cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Exogenous proteins enter antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, via endocytosis. (frontiersin.org)
How many of those T cells can recognize any particular antigen? (iayork.com)
If so, how many T cells typically recognize an individual antigen? (iayork.com)
The origin of the oral cases is still uncertain, but the carcinoma is thought to arise from pluripotential cells in the basal layer or from heterotropic sebaceous glands [2]. (who.int)
However, the in situ phenotype identification of the two main cells of the immune system cannot be reliably done on morphological grounds as they are morphologically identical [8]. (who.int)
In this study, we report on the use of a transgenic mouse model to test the role of CD4-MHC class H interactions for the susceptibility of CD4 + T lymphocytes to AICD, and for the survival of resting CD4 + T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs. (utmb.edu)
The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. (bvsalud.org)
Major histocompatability complex class I (MHC-I) with the alpha domain has binding site for Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) to target cells. (scirp.org)
CD8+ T lymphocytes kill target cells when they recognize antigen in associated with self MHC-I [5-8]. (scirp.org)
Third, it induces expression of class II (Ia) antigens of the major histocompatibility complex on cells of macrophage lineage. (elsevier.com)
This selective killing was inhibited by the addition of cold stimulator LCL or K562 cells, or anti-LFA 1 mAbs, but not by irrelevant LCL or mAbs to CD3, class I or class II MHC antigens. (elsevier.com)
MHC class II molecule interacts with HLA_DM, and HLA_DO in B-cells, in order to release CLIP and facilitate the binding of antigenic peptides. (eiaab.com.cn)
Binds peptides derived from antigens that access the endocytic route of antigen presenting cells (APC) and presents them on the cell surface for recognition by the CD4 T-cells. (eiaab.com.cn)
Intriguingly, unlike all other components of the class II processing pathway, DO expression is restricted to B cells and thymic epithelial cells. (researchwithnj.com)
The restricted expression of DO/H2-O to B cells has led us to hypothesize that H2-O exerts its affects predominantly on antigens (Ags) internalized via the B cell receptor (BCR). (researchwithnj.com)
In aim 1 we will 1) confirm and extend our studies examining H2-O dissociation from H2-M in BCR-ligated cells;2) identify the subcellular compartments to which H2-O and H2-M traffic;and 3) examine the impact that H2-O dissociation has on class II presentation. (researchwithnj.com)
Viral integration may be curtailed when CD8+ T cells are triggered to kill infected CD4+ T cells through recognition of histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I-bound peptides derived from incoming virions. (ox.ac.uk)
bronchoalveolar lavage cells from control and CBD subjects to evaluate the beryllium salt-specific production of endogenous IL-10 and the effects of exogenous human rIL-10 (rhIL-10) on HLA expression, on the production of IL-2, IFN- , and TNF- , and on T lymphocyte proliferation. (cdc.gov)
major histocompatibility complex: (in mammals) a group of genes located next to or near each other on a specific chromosome, the sixth in humans, most of which encode glycoproteins of highly variable shapes that are expressed on almost all cell surfaces: it plays the dominant role in distinguishing one individual's cells from another's and in determining the histocompatibility of any two individuals. (en-academic.com)
However, a combined regime whereby the animals were first primed with the DNA vaccine and then boosted with MVA was the most potent protocol for the induction of both interferon-gamma-producing and cytolytic T cells against two CTL epitopes simultaneously. (ox.ac.uk)
The general applicability of this novel vaccination method for induction of major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted T cells is discussed. (ox.ac.uk)
Cytokines are regulatory compounds produced by cells of the immune system [T(H)1 and T(H)2] and act as intracellular mediators and control the immune and inflammatory reponses 9 . (bvsalud.org)
The relationship between B cells and CD4 T cells has been carefully studied, revealing a collaborative effort in which B cells promote the activation, differentiation, and expansion of CD4 T cells while the so-called "helper" cells provide signals to B cells, influencing their class switching and fate. (bvsalud.org)

The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. (bvsalud.org)
MHC class II invariant chain-adjuvanted viral vectored vaccines enhances T cell responses in humans. (ox.ac.uk)
We now assess this strategy in humans, using chimpanzee adenovirus 3 and modified vaccinia Ankara vectors encoding human Ii fused to the nonstructural (NS) antigens of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a heterologous prime/boost regimen. (ox.ac.uk)
Vaccination was well tolerated and enhanced the peak magnitude, breadth, and proliferative capacity of anti-HCV T cell responses compared to non-Ii vaccines in humans. (ox.ac.uk)

The HLA-DRB1 gene is part of a family of genes called the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex. (medlineplus.gov)
Relationships between the development of rheumatic fever and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR subtypes have been found. (medscape.com)
The pathobiology of chronic beryllium disease involves the major histocompatibility complex class II human leukocyte antigen (HLA). (cdc.gov)
Methods: Neurologic patients included both those with the CD-prerequisite major histocompatibility complex class II human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2/DQ8 haplotype, and those without. (elsevier.com)

Specific antibodies to streptococcal antigens also indicate true infection rather than mere carriage of the organism. (medscape.com)
We are constantly working hard to ensure we provide our customers with best in class antibodies. (abcam.com)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a progressive autoimmune disease characterized by high levels of antibodies directed against nuclear antigens. (jbc.org)
New laboratory panels, including the new 2014 HEDIS Value Sets, CBC with Differential panel for Cord blood , MICA (Major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related antigen A ) IgG antibodies, MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) coronavirus RNA panel, and a Mycobacterium tuberculosis stimulated gamma interferon & spot count panel. (loinc.org)

MHC class II proteins display these peptides to the immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
A segment of the murine immune response-associated (Ia) antigen Aβ chain mRNA has been cloned, and this cDNA clone has been used to examine the organization of the genes encoding these highly polymorphic cell surface proteins. (umn.edu)
Comparison of this nucleotide sequence to a human Iaβ chain-derived cDNA clone suggests that the two clones could encode proteins that are about 90% homologous in this region. (umn.edu)
T cell signaling starts with assembling several tyrosine kinases and adapter proteins to the T cell receptor (TCR), following the antigen binding to the TCR. (jbc.org)
The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen. (bvsalud.org)
As membrane proteins on their way to degradation in lysosomes as part of their normal turn-over are also contained in the endosomal/lysosomal compartments, exogenous antigens must compete with those derived from endogenous components. (eiaab.com.cn)

The predictive signature of nonresponse is associated with high frequencies of TCRs predicted to recognize tumor-specific antigens, and these tumor-specific TCRs undergo a higher degree of dynamic changes on therapy in nonresponders versus responders. (genengnews.com)
Identity of TSAs (tumor-specific antigens) in experimentally induced tumors and their existence on human tumors remained elusive until the molecular basis of T lymphocyte cell recognition was understood. (scirp.org)

Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are expressed predominantly on B lymphocytes and macrophages of tadpoles of the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, as is the pattern in lymphocyte populations of most mammals. (vumc.org)
However, unlike most mammals, young postmetamorphic frogs show expression of class II MHC antigens on a high proportion of thymocytes and most peripheral T and B lymphocytes. (vumc.org)
In contrast, larvae, whose metamorphosis was inhibited by treatment with sodium perchlorate, had relatively few class II+ thymic lymphocytes throughout the 6-month period of study, and the proportion of class II+ splenic lymphocytes was approximately equal to that of IgM+ B lymphocytes. (vumc.org)
We used single- and two-color flow cytometry to analyze lymphocytes from A/J and A/WySnJ mice. (nih.gov)
Moreover, in pilot clinical trials, patients who received adjuvant psychoanalysis with adoptive trans- fer of tumor-derived lymphocytes expanded ex vivo with IL-2, following surgical debulking and frontline chemotherapy, L. Annul drinkable medications definitions. (daubnet.com)
Fresh CD3 - ,CD16 + lymphocytes that adhered to selected allogeneic lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) were cultured with LCL in the presence of IL-2-containing medium. (elsevier.com)

Many studies have been published demonstrating the association of pemphigoid with HLA class II system alleles in different populations, however there are no data on the Brazilian population, one of the most heterogeneous in the world. (usp.br)
mean = 3.2 ± 0.7 SD alleles), indicating that we amplified duplicated MHC Class II DRB loci. (nature.com)
These two loci were highly polymorphic with 23 alleles being isolated from the 39 individuals ( Table 1 ). (nature.com)
Our data show that non-beneficial HLA class I alleles can elicit an effective antiviral response through early presentation of HIV virion-derived epitopes and also demonstrate the importance of SP2 as an immune target. (ox.ac.uk)
Associations between sarcoidosis clinical course and ANXA11 rs1049550 C/T, BTNL2 rs2076530 G/A, and HLA class I and II alleles. (cdc.gov)
There is a fairly strong genetic background to pemphigus vulgaris with linkage to HLA class II alleles. (bvsalud.org)

Role of target cell histocompatibility antigens in recognition and lysis. (aai.org)
Although compelling genetic and serologic evidence implicate target cell (TC) MHC antigens in specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-TC interaction leading to lysis, it is not entirely clear whether TC recognition through an MHC determinant(s) is a prerequisite for lysis to occur. (aai.org)

DO effectively inhibits antigen presentation of peptides that are loaded onto class II in endosomal compartments that are not very acidic. (ox.ac.uk)
Focusing the critical components of Ag presentation within one compartment clearly suggests a mechanism by which H2-O substantially enhances class II presentation only after the BCR engagement of the BCR with Ag. (researchwithnj.com)

HLA-DRA is one of the HLA class II alpha chain paralogues. (abnova.com)
This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha and a beta chain, both anchored in the membrane. (abnova.com)
This clone corresponds to a segment of the mRNA encoding the β chain of the murine I-A antigen. (umn.edu)
Southern blot analysis using pIAβ-1 as a probe to investigate the structure of the Aβ chain gene in inbred strains of mice allows two conclusions. (umn.edu)
HLA-DRB1 (基因名) , HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB1-14 beta chain (蛋白名) , 2B1E_HUMAN. (eiaab.com.cn)
Approximately 80 new codes in microbiology and serology, including codes for Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus and Major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related antigen A (MICA) antigens. (loinc.org)

Lapatinib is a small molecule and a member of the 4-anilinoquinazoline class of kinase inhibitors. (drugbank.com)
also referred as MHC class II molecule. (eiaab.com.cn)
leaving a small fragment termed CLIP on each MHC class II molecule. (eiaab.com.cn)
This process is catalyzed by the class ll-like molecule, HLA-DM (DM;H2-M in mice). (researchwithnj.com)
HLA-DO (DO;H2-O in mice), an MHC-encoded, class ll-like molecule, associates with DM both during and after transport to endosomal compartments. (researchwithnj.com)

The HLA-DRB1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that plays a critical role in the immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
The HLA-DRB1 gene belongs to a group of MHC genes called MHC class II. (medlineplus.gov)
O nível de significância estatística foi ajustado utilizando a correção de Bonferroni, dependendo das frequências fenotípicas avaliadas para HLA de classe I (A, B e C) e classe II (DRB1, DQB1 e DQA1). (usp.br)
The statistical significance level was adjusted using the Bonferroni correction depending on the phenotypic frequencies evaluated for HLA class I (A, B and C) and class II (DRB1, DQB1 and DQA1). (usp.br)

Each MHC class II gene has many possible variations, allowing the immune system to react to a wide range of foreign invaders. (medlineplus.gov)
The immunogenes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response of jawed vertebrates [ 15 , 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Preclinical studies evaluating the fusion of Ii to antigens encoded in vector delivery systems have shown that this strategy may enhance T cell immune responses to the encoded antigen. (ox.ac.uk)
Using a mouse model and in vitro experiments, we show that Ii fused to NS increases HCV immune responses through enhanced ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. (ox.ac.uk)
In aim 2, we will determine the role H2-O plays in T cell-dependent immune response in vivo. (researchwithnj.com)
The proposed studies will elucidate the role of H2-O in the class II antigen-processing pathway in vivo, during immune responses. (researchwithnj.com)
Immune-mediated mechanisms may play a role in treatment with trastuzumab [ 2 ]. (e-crt.org)
major histocompatability complex (MHC) restriction phenomenon, spectrum of immune reactivity/cytokine profile and epidemiology induced anergy. (who.int)
Our findings emphasize that SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly alters immune responses and innate and acquired immunity are differentially modulated in line with the clinical severity of the disease. (bvsalud.org)

The stability of the TCR-antigen complex and the delay between the recruitment and activation of each kinase determines the T cell response. (jbc.org)
Combining biochemical experiments and kinetic modeling, here we report a thermodynamic brake in the regulatory module of the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70, which determines the ligand selectivity, and may delay the ZAP-70 activation upon antigen binding to TCR. (jbc.org)

In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. (bvsalud.org)

Lapatinib is a human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2/ERBB2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1/EGFR/ERBB1) tyrosine kinases inhibitor. (drugbank.com)
Lapatinib is a 4-anilinoquinazoline kinase inhibitor of the intracellular tyrosine kinase domains of both epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1/EGFR/ERBB1) and human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2/ERBB2)with a dissociation half-life of ≥300 minutes. (drugbank.com)
Here,we evaluated TILs and MxA expression in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancers. (e-crt.org)
The prognostic significance of TILs has been determined in breast cancers, particularly human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancers and triple-negative breast cancers [ 1 ]. (e-crt.org)

Here, we combine crystal structures and binding-free energies of a series of variant superantigen (SAG)-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II complexes exhibiting increasingly higher affinity to reveal that this affinity maturation pathway is controlled largely by two biophysical factors: shape complementarity and buried hydrophobic surface. (rcsb.org)

SNP Variants in Major Histocompatibility Complex Are Associated with Sarcoidosis Susceptibility-A Joint Analysis in Four European Populations. (cdc.gov)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Major histocompatibility complex restriction in tuberculosis susceptibility. (who.int)
Pitchappan R M, Agrewala J N, Dheenadhayalan V, Ivanyi J. Major histocompatibility complex restriction in tuberculosis susceptibility. (who.int)

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an extraordinarily diverse cluster of genes that play a major role in vertebrate adaptive immunity. (nature.com)
In particular, the hyperdiverse genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are implicated in parasite-mediated host divergence. (biomedcentral.com)
En ratones, dos genes llamados IA e IE sobre el cromosoma 17 codifican para los antígenos H-2. (bvsalud.org)
El término antígenos IA, usado para referirse sólo a las proteínas codificadas por los genes IA en los ratones, ahora se usa como un término genérico para cualquier antígeno de histocompatibilidad de clase II. (bvsalud.org)
2) Genes implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders are active in human fetal brain, yet difficult to study in a longitudinal fashion. (jcbose.ac.in)

The HLA complex is the human version of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a gene family that occurs in many species. (medlineplus.gov)
Together, they form a functional protein complex called the HLA-DR antigen-binding heterodimer. (medlineplus.gov)
Although several bird species preferentially mate with partners that are dissimilar at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), it remains unknown whether they can use olfactory cues to assess MHC similarity with potential partners. (nature.com)
Summary Class II antigens encoded within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have been examined at the ultrastructura! (scite.ai)
MHC - Abbreviation for major histocompatibility complex, minor histocompatibility complex. (en-academic.com)

That TcR is what interacts with, say, a viral antigen, and what allows the T cell to respond in its specific and (hopefully) appropriate way. (iayork.com)

This strategy could be used to develop more potent HCV vaccines that may contribute to the HCV elimination targets and paves the way for developing class II Ii vaccines against cancer and other infections. (ox.ac.uk)

In other words, the largest number of antigens you could possibly recognize is 10 8 - 10 11 , if each naive T cell recognized a distinct antigen. (iayork.com)

Clone REA516 recognizes the human and mouse interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF-8) antigen, a 50 kDa transcription factor, which is also known as interferon consensus sequence-binding protein (ICSBP). (miltenyibiotec.com)

matory response, IL-10 has been shown to inhibit macrophage and Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) provides a human disorder in T lymphocyte cytokine synthesis and MHC class II and B7 ex- which to study the delayed type hypersensitivity response to persistent pression. (cdc.gov)

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology , 15 (1-2), 167-180. (elsevier.com)
Clinical and experimental immunology 2019 May 196 (2): 249-258. (cdc.gov)

No volunteers developed anti-Ii T cell or antibody responses. (ox.ac.uk)
The effect of H2-O expression on T cell-dependent, antigen specific antibody responses and germinal center formation will be examined. (researchwithnj.com)

These in vitro findings suggest non-cross-resistance between these two agents. (drugbank.com)

A superantigen (SAg, pink) is being presented by an antigen-presenting cell (bottom) to a T-cell (top). (genengnews.com)

Here, we perform classic and enhanced molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to quantify fold dynamics on extended timescales of Bet v 1a and two variants with higher and lower cleavage rates. (frontiersin.org)
HLA class II variants defined by next generation sequencing are associated with sarcoidosis in Korean patients. (cdc.gov)

Methods: Using highly sensitive ELISA kits, the levels of TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6 were measured in the sera of 10 patients affected with oral PV and 10 healthy subjects. (bvsalud.org)

It is characterized by high fever, rash, hypotension, multiorgan failure (involving at least 3 or more organ systems), and desquamation, typically of the palms and soles, 1-2 weeks after the onset of acute illness. (medscape.com)

Estudos vêm sendo publicados demonstrando a associação de penfigoide com alelos do sistema HLA classe II em diferentes populações do mundo, entretanto não há dados sobre a população brasileira, uma das mais heterogêneas do mundo. (usp.br)

For MHC class II, polymorphism is mostly contained by exon 2 of MHC IIB. (biomedcentral.com)

In the present study, we measured the serum levels of some proinflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α) and the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-4 in Egyptian patients with oral PV, in comparison to healthy controls. (bvsalud.org)

Integration of such delays constitutes a kinetic proofreading mechanism to regulate T cell response to the antigen binding. (jbc.org)

Applying immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibody (MAb) W6/32 against a common framework determinant of HLA class I antigens revealed a deficient expression in 33.0% of the cases analysed, while neo-expression of either HLA class II antigens (MAb TAL.1B5) or ICAM-1 (MAb PA3.58-14) was observed in 26.4 or 29.7% of tumours, respectively. (eurekamag.com)

Anatomy32

Organisms14

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs110

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment35

Phenomena and Processes54

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Named Groups1

Health Care2

Donor MHC and adhesion molecules in transplant arteriosclerosis. (1/5762)

Crystal structure of MHC class II-associated p41 Ii fragment bound to cathepsin L reveals the structural basis for differentiation between cathepsins L and S. (2/5762)

Thymic selection by a single MHC/peptide ligand: autoreactive T cells are low-affinity cells. (3/5762)

Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent and Ehrlichia chaffeensis reside in different cytoplasmic compartments in HL-60 cells. (4/5762)

Associations of anti-beta2-glycoprotein I autoantibodies with HLA class II alleles in three ethnic groups. (5/5762)

Soluble HLA class I, HLA class II, and Fas ligand in blood components: a possible key to explain the immunomodulatory effects of allogeneic blood transfusions. (6/5762)

Expanded tumor-reactive CD4+ T-cell responses to human cancers induced by secondary anti-CD3/anti-CD28 activation. (7/5762)

Cytotoxicity is mandatory for CD8(+) T cell-mediated contact hypersensitivity. (8/5762)

Histocompatibility Antigens Class II

Minor Histocompatibility Antigens

Histocompatibility Antigens Class I

Histocompatibility Antigens

HLA-DQ Antigens

HLA-DR Antigens

HLA-DQ beta-Chains

Genes, MHC Class II

HLA-D Antigens

HLA-DRB1 Chains

Major Histocompatibility Complex

HLA-DR Serological Subtypes

HLA Antigens

Minor Histocompatibility Loci

H-2 Antigens

Alleles

HLA-DP beta-Chains

Antigens

HLA-DP Antigens

HLA-B Antigens

HLA-A Antigens

H-Y Antigen

Histocompatibility

T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic

T-Lymphocytes

Histocompatibility Testing

Genes, MHC Class I

Antigens, Surface

Antigens, Neoplasm

beta 2-Microglobulin

Epitopes

Antigens, Bacterial

Antigen Presentation

Gene Frequency

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acid Sequence

Haplotypes

Mice, Inbred Strains

Isoantigens

Antigens, Viral

Lymphocyte Activation

Cytotoxicity, Immunologic

HLA-B7 Antigen

Genetic Predisposition to Disease

Cell Line

Immunogenetics

Interferon-gamma

Peptides

Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D

Isoantibodies

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Antibodies, Monoclonal

HLA-A2 Antigen

Transplantation, Homologous

Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell

Transplantation Immunology

Skin Transplantation

Graft vs Host Disease

HLA-B40 Antigen

Beta-Globulins

Genotype

CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes

Histocompatibility, Maternal-Fetal

Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic

HLA-A1 Antigen

HLA-B35 Antigen

Flow Cytometry

B-Lymphocytes

Spleen

Antigen-Presenting Cells

Lymphocytes

Graft vs Leukemia Effect

Graft vs Host Reaction

Base Sequence

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes

Immune Tolerance

Clone Cells

Antigens, CD8

Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed