AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaInformation ScienceHealth Care
HippocampusDentate GyrusMemoryNeuronsMaze LearningBrainRats, Sprague-DawleyCA1 Region, HippocampalLong-Term PotentiationPyramidal CellsRats, WistarSpatial BehaviorCA3 Region, HippocampalEntorhinal CortexAmygdalaKainic AcidBehavior, AnimalRats, Long-EvansNeuronal PlasticitySynapsesTheta RhythmMemory DisordersSynaptic TransmissionCerebral CortexNeurogenesisMagnetic Resonance ImagingSeizuresFearEpilepsy, Temporal LobeReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateInterneuronsBrain-Derived Neurotrophic FactorAnimals, NewbornExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsLearningMice, Inbred C57BLgamma-Aminobutyric AcidAnalysis of VarianceExploratory BehaviorNeural PathwaysAgingAlzheimer DiseaseMossy Fibers, HippocampalNerve Tissue ProteinsBrain ChemistryDisease Models, AnimalImmunohistochemistryIbotenic AcidElectric StimulationTime FactorsBrain MappingSpace PerceptionPrefrontal CortexStatus EpilepticusAvoidance LearningTemporal LobeProsencephalonCorticosteroneExcitatory Amino Acid AgonistsGlutamic AcidSeptum PellucidumRecognition (Psychology)Association LearningNerve NetFornix, BrainMental RecallPilocarpineLimbic SystemAction PotentialsExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsConditioning (Psychology)DendritesRNA, MessengerEpilepsyCell CountKindling, NeurologicConditioning, ClassicalReceptors, AMPANeural InhibitionElectrophysiologyAmnesiaPerforant PathwayDendritic SpinesReceptors, GABA-AElectroshockParahippocampal GyrusImage Processing, Computer-AssistedAtrophyGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinEvoked PotentialsAstrocytesN-MethylaspartateMice, KnockoutMice, TransgenicParvalbuminsMicrodialysisAmnesia, RetrogradeNerve DegenerationSeptum of Brain2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerateNeocortexPatch-Clamp TechniquesElectroencephalographyBromodeoxyuridineMemory, Long-TermRestraint, PhysicalSerotoninBrain IschemiaIn Situ HybridizationCerebellumNeuroprotective AgentsCorpus StriatumFunctional LateralityConvulsantsMuscimolAutoradiographyLearning DisordersAmyloid beta-PeptidesSclerosisSynaptophysinSwimmingLong-Term Synaptic DepressionMotor ActivityRats, Inbred F344Rats, Inbred StrainsGABA AntagonistsOrgan Culture TechniquesGene Expression RegulationNeuropsychological TestsFrontal LobeFluoxetineStress, PsychologicalInjections, IntraventricularCA2 Region, HippocampalModels, NeurologicalReceptors, SerotoninReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateFreezing Reaction, CatalepticTrimethyltin CompoundsPresynaptic TerminalsReceptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1Brain InjuriesCognition DisordersMemory, EpisodicDizocilpine MaleateDose-Response Relationship, DrugCognitionProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosCuesReceptors, Kainic AcidCholine O-Acetyltransferase8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralinGABA AgonistsReceptor, trkBIschemic Attack, TransientTissue DistributionReaction TimeElectrodes, ImplantedStereotaxic TechniquesMaternal DeprivationCholinergic FibersNeurogliaMemory, Short-TermCell DeathGlutamate DecarboxylasePicrotoxinGABA-A Receptor AgonistsAntidepressive AgentsThalamusBiogenic MonoaminesPyramidal TractsBlotting, WesternStress, PhysiologicalSynaptosomesAcetylcholinesteraseSerotonin Receptor AgonistsDiencephalonAmyloid beta-Protein Precursor6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dioneGliosisMicroinjectionsAnxietyNeurotoxinsS100 Calcium Binding Protein GMicrogliaReceptors, GlutamateMembrane PotentialsSignal TransductionGene ExpressionBicucullineNeural Stem CellsCalcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2Serotonin AntagonistsTelencephalonCaudate NucleusAcetylcholineQuinoxalinesAmnesia, AnterogradeCells, CulturedOrgan SizeReceptors, GABA-B
Hippocampus: A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.Dentate Gyrus: GRAY MATTER situated above the GYRUS HIPPOCAMPI. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the HIPPOCAMPUS in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called GRANULE CELLS, whose AXONS pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the DENDRITES of PYRAMIDAL CELLS in the hippocampus.Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Maze Learning: Learning the correct route through a maze to obtain reinforcement. It is used for human or animal populations. (Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 6th ed)Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.CA1 Region, Hippocampal: One of four subsections of the hippocampus described by Lorente de No, located furthest from the DENTATE GYRUS.Long-Term Potentiation: A persistent increase in synaptic efficacy, usually induced by appropriate activation of the same synapses. The phenomenological properties of long-term potentiation suggest that it may be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory.Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Spatial Behavior: Reactions of an individual or groups of individuals with relation to the immediate surrounding area including the animate or inanimate objects within that area.CA3 Region, Hippocampal: A subsection of the hippocampus, described by Lorente de No, that is located between the HIPPOCAMPUS CA2 FIELD and the DENTATE GYRUS.Entorhinal Cortex: Cerebral cortex region on the medial aspect of the PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS, immediately caudal to the OLFACTORY CORTEX of the uncus. The entorhinal cortex is the origin of the major neural fiber system afferent to the HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, the so-called PERFORANT PATHWAY.Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.Behavior, Animal: The observable response an animal makes to any situation.Rats, Long-Evans: An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.Neuronal Plasticity: The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.Theta Rhythm: Brain waves characterized by a frequency of 4-7 Hz, usually observed in the temporal lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed and sleepy.Memory Disorders: Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.Neurogenesis: Formation of NEURONS which involves the differentiation and division of STEM CELLS in which one or both of the daughter cells become neurons.Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."Fear: The affective response to an actual current external danger which subsides with the elimination of the threatening condition.Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe: A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the temporal lobe, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (i.e., related to an identified disease process or lesion). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321)Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.Interneurons: Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: A member of the nerve growth factor family of trophic factors. In the brain BDNF has a trophic action on retinal, cholinergic, and dopaminergic neurons, and in the peripheral nervous system it acts on both motor and sensory neurons. (From Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials: Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.Learning: Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.Mice, Inbred C57BLgamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Exploratory Behavior: The tendency to explore or investigate a novel environment. It is considered a motivation not clearly distinguishable from curiosity.Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.Aging: The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.Alzheimer Disease: A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal: Axons of certain cells in the DENTATE GYRUS. They project to the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus and to the proximal dendrites of PYRAMIDAL CELLS of the HIPPOCAMPUS. These mossy fibers should not be confused with mossy fibers that are cerebellar afferents (see NERVE FIBERS).Nerve Tissue ProteinsBrain Chemistry: Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Brain Mapping: Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.Space Perception: The awareness of the spatial properties of objects; includes physical space.Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.Status Epilepticus: A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)Avoidance Learning: A response to a cue that is instrumental in avoiding a noxious experience.Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE.Prosencephalon: The anterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain arising from the NEURAL TUBE. It subdivides to form DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON. (Stedmans Medical Dictionary, 27th ed)Corticosterone: An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors.Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the LATERAL VENTRICLES of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the CORPUS CALLOSUM and the body and columns of the FORNIX (BRAIN).Recognition (Psychology): The knowledge or perception that someone or something present has been previously encountered.Association Learning: The principle that items experienced together enter into a connection, so that one tends to reinstate the other.Nerve Net: A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.Fornix, Brain: Heavily myelinated fiber bundle of the TELENCEPHALON projecting from the hippocampal formation to the HYPOTHALAMUS. Some authorities consider the fornix part of the LIMBIC SYSTEM. The fimbria starts as a flattened band of axons arising from the subiculum and HIPPOCAMPUS, which then thickens to form the fornix.Mental Recall: The process whereby a representation of past experience is elicited.Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the AMYGDALA; EPITHALAMUS; GYRUS CINGULI; hippocampal formation (see HIPPOCAMPUS); HYPOTHALAMUS; PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS; SEPTAL NUCLEI; anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)).Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.Conditioning (Psychology): A general term referring to the learning of some particular response.Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Epilepsy: A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)Cell Count: The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.Kindling, Neurologic: The repeated weak excitation of brain structures, that progressively increases sensitivity to the same stimulation. Over time, this can lower the threshold required to trigger seizures.Conditioning, Classical: Learning that takes place when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.Receptors, AMPA: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for the agonist AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid).Neural Inhibition: The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Amnesia: Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)Perforant Pathway: A pathway of fibers that originates in the lateral part of the ENTORHINAL CORTEX, perforates the SUBICULUM of the HIPPOCAMPUS, and runs into the stratum moleculare of the hippocampus, where these fibers synapse with others that go to the DENTATE GYRUS where the pathway terminates. It is also known as the perforating fasciculus.Dendritic Spines: Spiny processes on DENDRITES, each of which receives excitatory input from one nerve ending (NERVE ENDINGS). They are commonly found on PURKINJE CELLS and PYRAMIDAL CELLS.Receptors, GABA-A: Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.Electroshock: Induction of a stress reaction in experimental subjects by means of an electrical shock; applies to either convulsive or non-convulsive states.Parahippocampal Gyrus: A convolution on the inferior surface of each cerebral hemisphere, lying between the hippocampal and collateral sulci.Image Processing, Computer-Assisted: A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein: An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.Evoked Potentials: Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.Astrocytes: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Parvalbumins: Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. Their physiological function is possibly related to the contractile process.Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.Amnesia, Retrograde: Loss of the ability to recall information that had been previously encoded in memory prior to a specified or approximate point in time. This process may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organic forms may be associated with CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS; SEIZURES; DEMENTIA; and a wide variety of other conditions that impair cerebral function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-9)Nerve Degeneration: Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.Septum of Brain: GRAY MATTER structures of the telencephalon and LIMBIC SYSTEM in the brain, but containing widely varying definitions among authors. Included here is the cortical septal area, subcortical SEPTAL NUCLEI, and the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM.2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.Neocortex: The largest portion of the CEREBRAL CORTEX in which the NEURONS are arranged in six layers in the mammalian brain: molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal and multiform layers.Patch-Clamp Techniques: An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.Electroencephalography: Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.Memory, Long-Term: Remembrance of information from 3 or more years previously.Restraint, Physical: Use of a device for the purpose of controlling movement of all or part of the body. Splinting and casting are FRACTURE FIXATION.Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.Brain Ischemia: Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Cerebellum: The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.Neuroprotective Agents: Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.Corpus Striatum: Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.Functional Laterality: Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.Convulsants: Substances that act in the brain stem or spinal cord to produce tonic or clonic convulsions, often by removing normal inhibitory tone. They were formerly used to stimulate respiration or as antidotes to barbiturate overdose. They are now most commonly used as experimental tools.Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.Autoradiography: The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)Learning Disorders: Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These disorders may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.Amyloid beta-Peptides: Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.Synaptophysin: A MARVEL domain-containing protein found in the presynaptic vesicles of NEURONS and NEUROENDOCRINE CELLS. It is commonly used as an immunocytochemical marker for neuroendocrine differentiation.Swimming: An activity in which the body is propelled through water by specific movement of the arms and/or the legs. Swimming as propulsion through water by the movement of limbs, tail, or fins of animals is often studied as a form of PHYSICAL EXERTION or endurance.Long-Term Synaptic Depression: A persistent activity-dependent decrease in synaptic efficacy between NEURONS. It typically occurs following repeated low-frequency afferent stimulation, but it can be induced by other methods. Long-term depression appears to play a role in MEMORY.Motor Activity: The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.Rats, Inbred F344Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.GABA Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and GABA RECEPTOR AGONISTS.Organ Culture Techniques: A technique for maintenance or growth of animal organs in vitro. It refers to three-dimensional cultures of undisaggregated tissue retaining some or all of the histological features of the tissue in vivo. (Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells, 3d ed, p1)Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Neuropsychological Tests: Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.Frontal Lobe: The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.Stress, Psychological: Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.Injections, Intraventricular: Injections into the cerebral ventricles.CA2 Region, Hippocampal: A subsection of the hippocampus, described by Lorente de No, that is located between the HIPPOCAMPUS CA1 FIELD and the HIPPOCAMPUS CA3 FIELD.Models, Neurological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind SEROTONIN and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action.Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate: Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and act through G-proteins to influence second messenger systems. Several types of metabotropic glutamate receptors have been cloned. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mechanisms of action.Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic: An induced response to threatening stimuli characterized by the cessation of body movements, except for those that are involved with BREATHING, and the maintenance of an immobile POSTURE.Trimethyltin Compounds: Organic compounds composed of tin and three methyl groups. Affect mitochondrial metabolism and inhibit oxidative phosphorylation by acting directly on the energy conserving processes.Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1: A subclass of G-protein coupled SEROTONIN receptors that couple preferentially to GI-GO G-PROTEINS resulting in decreased intracellular CYCLIC AMP levels.Brain Injuries: Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.Cognition Disorders: Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.Memory, Episodic: Type of declarative memory, consisting of personal memory in contrast to general knowledge.Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos: Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond.Receptors, Kainic Acid: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for KAINIC ACID.Choline O-Acetyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.GABA Agonists: Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA).Receptor, trkB: A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN 3; neurotrophin 4 and neurotrophin 5. It is widely expressed in nervous tissue and plays a role in mediating the effects of neurotrophins on growth and differentiation of neuronal cells.Ischemic Attack, Transient: Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.Electrodes, Implanted: Surgically placed electric conductors through which ELECTRIC STIMULATION is delivered to or electrical activity is recorded from a specific point inside the body.Stereotaxic Techniques: Techniques used mostly during brain surgery which use a system of three-dimensional coordinates to locate the site to be operated on.Maternal Deprivation: Prolonged separation of the offspring from the mother.Cholinergic Fibers: Nerve fibers liberating acetylcholine at the synapse after an impulse.Neuroglia: The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.Memory, Short-Term: Remembrance of information for a few seconds to hours.Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.Glutamate Decarboxylase: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.GABA-A Receptor Agonists: Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate GABA-A RECEPTORS.Antidepressive Agents: Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND-GENERATION) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems.Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.Biogenic Monoamines: Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids.Pyramidal Tracts: Fibers that arise from cells within the cerebral cortex, pass through the medullary pyramid, and descend in the spinal cord. Many authorities say the pyramidal tracts include both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Stress, Physiological: The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.Synaptosomes: Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates.Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACETYLCHOLINE to CHOLINE and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7.Serotonin Receptor Agonists: Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate SEROTONIN RECEPTORS. Many serotonin receptor agonists are used as ANTIDEPRESSANTS; ANXIOLYTICS; and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the PROSENCEPHALON from which the THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; EPITHALAMUS; and SUBTHALAMUS are derived.Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor: A single-pass type I membrane protein. It is cleaved by AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN SECRETASES to produce peptides of varying amino acid lengths. A 39-42 amino acid peptide, AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES is a principal component of the extracellular amyloid in SENILE PLAQUES.6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.Gliosis: The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion.Microinjections: The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.Anxiety: Feeling or emotion of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.Neurotoxins: Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.S100 Calcium Binding Protein G: A calbindin protein found in many mammalian tissues, including the UTERUS, PLACENTA, BONE, PITUITARY GLAND, and KIDNEYS. In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. Expression is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.Receptors, Glutamate: Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.Membrane Potentials: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.Neural Stem Cells: Self-renewing cells that generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system in both the embryo and adult. Neural stem cells are precursors to both NEURONS and NEUROGLIA.Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2: A multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that occurs as an oligomeric protein comprised of twelve subunits. It differs from other enzyme subtypes in that it lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE.Serotonin Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS.Telencephalon: The anterior subdivision of the embryonic PROSENCEPHALON or the corresponding part of the adult prosencephalon that includes the cerebrum and associated structures.Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.QuinoxalinesAmnesia, Anterograde: Loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. This condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SEIZURES; ANOXIA; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the HIPPOCAMPUS; FORNIX (BRAIN); MAMMILLARY BODIES; and ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEI). (From Memory 1997 Jan-Mar;5(1-2):49-71)Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Organ Size: The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.Receptors, GABA-B: A subset of GABA RECEPTORS that signal through their interaction with HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.

Modulation of long-term synaptic depression in visual cortex by acetylcholine and norepinephrine. (1/19295)

In a slice preparation of rat visual cortex, we discovered that paired-pulse stimulation (PPS) elicits a form of homosynaptic long-term depression (LTD) in the superficial layers when carbachol (CCh) or norepinephrine (NE) is applied concurrently. PPS by itself, or CCh and NE in the absence of synaptic stimulation, produced no lasting change. The LTD induced by PPS in the presence of NE or CCh is of comparable magnitude with that obtained with prolonged low-frequency stimulation (LFS) but requires far fewer stimulation pulses (40 vs 900). The cholinergic facilitation of LTD was blocked by atropine and pirenzepine, suggesting involvement of M1 receptors. The noradrenergic facilitation of LTD was blocked by urapidil and was mimicked by methoxamine, suggesting involvement of alpha1 receptors. beta receptor agonists and antagonists were without effect. Induction of LTD by PPS was inhibited by NMDA receptor blockers (completely in the case of NE; partially in the case of CCh), suggesting that one action of the modulators is to control the gain of NMDA receptor-dependent homosynaptic LTD in visual cortex. We propose that this is a mechanism by which cholinergic and noradrenergic inputs to the neocortex modulate naturally occurring receptive field plasticity.  (+info)

Identification of the Kv2.1 K+ channel as a major component of the delayed rectifier K+ current in rat hippocampal neurons. (2/19295)

Molecular cloning studies have revealed the existence of a large family of voltage-gated K+ channel genes expressed in mammalian brain. This molecular diversity underlies the vast repertoire of neuronal K+ channels that regulate action potential conduction and neurotransmitter release and that are essential to the control of neuronal excitability. However, the specific contribution of individual K+ channel gene products to these neuronal K+ currents is poorly understood. We have shown previously, using an antibody, "KC, " specific for the Kv2.1 K+ channel alpha-subunit, the high-level expression of Kv2.1 protein in hippocampal neurons in situ and in culture. Here we show that KC is a potent blocker of K+ currents expressed in cells transfected with the Kv2.1 cDNA, but not of currents expressed in cells transfected with other highly related K+ channel alpha-subunit cDNAs. KC also blocks the majority of the slowly inactivating outward current in cultured hippocampal neurons, although antibodies to two other K+ channel alpha-subunits known to be expressed in these cells did not exhibit blocking effects. In all cases the blocking effects of KC were eliminated by previous incubation with a recombinant fusion protein containing the KC antigenic sequence. Together these studies show that Kv2.1, which is expressed at high levels in most mammalian central neurons, is a major contributor to the delayed rectifier K+ current in hippocampal neurons and that the KC antibody is a powerful tool for the elucidation of the role of the Kv2.1 K+ channel in regulating neuronal excitability.  (+info)

Metrifonate increases neuronal excitability in CA1 pyramidal neurons from both young and aging rabbit hippocampus. (3/19295)

The effects of metrifonate, a second generation cholinesterase inhibitor, were examined on CA1 pyramidal neurons from hippocampal slices of young and aging rabbits using current-clamp, intracellular recording techniques. Bath perfusion of metrifonate (10-200 microM) dose-dependently decreased both postburst afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and spike frequency adaptation (accommodation) in neurons from young and aging rabbits (AHP: p < 0.002, young; p < 0.050, aging; accommodation: p < 0.024, young; p < 0.001, aging). These reductions were mediated by muscarinic cholinergic transmission, because they were blocked by addition of atropine (1 microM) to the perfusate. The effects of chronic metrifonate treatment (12 mg/kg for 3 weeks) on CA1 neurons of aging rabbits were also examined ex vivo. Neurons from aging rabbits chronically treated with metrifonate had significantly reduced spike frequency accommodation, compared with vehicle-treated rabbits. Chronic metrifonate treatment did not result in a desensitization to metrifonate ex vivo, because bath perfusion of metrifonate (50 microM) significantly decreased the AHP and accommodation in neurons from both chronically metrifonate- and vehicle-treated aging rabbits. We propose that the facilitating effect of chronic metrifonate treatment on acquisition of hippocampus-dependent tasks such as trace eyeblink conditioning by aging subjects may be caused by this increased excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons.  (+info)

Interaction of NE-dlg/SAP102, a neuronal and endocrine tissue-specific membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein, with calmodulin and PSD-95/SAP90. A possible regulatory role in molecular clustering at synaptic sites. (4/19295)

NE-dlg/SAP102, a neuronal and endocrine tissue-specific membrane-associated guanylate kinase family protein, is known to bind to C-terminal ends of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B (NR2B) through its PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1) domains. NE-dlg/SAP102 and NR2B colocalize at synaptic sites in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, and their expressions increase in parallel with the onset of synaptogenesis. We have identified that NE-dlg/SAP102 interacts with calmodulin in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The binding site for calmodulin has been determined to lie at the putative basic alpha-helix region located around the src homology 3 (SH3) domain of NE-dlg/SAP102. Using a surface plasmon resonance measurement system, we detected specific binding of recombinant NE-dlg/SAP102 to the immobilized calmodulin with a Kd value of 44 nM. However, the binding of Ca2+/calmodulin to NE-dlg/SAP102 did not modulate the interaction between PDZ domains of NE-dlg/SAP102 and the C-terminal end of rat NR2B. We have also identified that the region near the calmodulin binding site of NE-dlg/SAP102 interacts with the GUK-like domain of PSD-95/SAP90 by two-hybrid screening. Pull down assay revealed that NE-dlg/SAP102 can interact with PSD-95/SAP90 in the presence of both Ca2+ and calmodulin. These findings suggest that the Ca2+/calmodulin modulates interaction of neuronal membrane-associated guanylate kinase proteins and regulates clustering of neurotransmitter receptors at central synapses.  (+info)

Single synaptic events evoke NMDA receptor-mediated release of calcium from internal stores in hippocampal dendritic spines. (5/19295)

We have used confocal microscopy to monitor synaptically evoked Ca2+ transients in the dendritic spines of hippocampal pyramidal cells. Individual spines respond to single afferent stimuli (<0.1 Hz) with Ca2+ transients or failures, reflecting the probability of transmitter release at the activated synapse. Both AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists block the synaptically evoked Ca2+ transients; the block by AMPA antagonists is relieved by low Mg2+. The Ca2+ transients are mainly due to the release of calcium from internal stores, since they are abolished by antagonists of calcium-induced calcium release (CICR); CICR antagonists, however, do not depress spine Ca2+ transients generated by backpropagating action potentials. These results have implications for synaptic plasticity, since they show that synaptic stimulation can activate NMDA receptors, evoking substantial Ca2+ release from the internal stores in spines without inducing long-term potentiation (LTP) or depression (LTD).  (+info)

Characterization of elementary Ca2+ release signals in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons. (6/19295)

Elementary Ca2+ release signals in nerve growth factor- (NGF-) differentiated PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons, functionally analogous to the "Ca2+ sparks" and "Ca2+ puffs" identified in other cell types, were characterized by confocal microscopy. They either occurred spontaneously or could be activated by caffeine and metabotropic agonists. The release events were dissimilar to the sparks and puffs described so far, as many arose from clusters of both ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (InsP3Rs). Increasing either the stimulus strength or loading of the intracellular stores enhanced the frequency of and coupling between elementary release sites and evoked global Ca2+ signals. In the PC12 cells, the elementary Ca2+ release preferentially occurred around the branch points. Spatio-temporal recruitment of such elementary release events may regulate neuronal activities.  (+info)

Response of hippocampal synapses to natural stimulation patterns. (7/19295)

We have studied the synaptic responses in hippocampal slices to stimulus patterns derived from in vivo recordings of place cell firing in a behaving rodent. We find that synaptic strength is strongly modulated during the presentation of these natural stimulus trains, varying 2-fold or more because of short-term plasticity. This modulation of synaptic strength is precise and deterministic, because the pattern of synaptic response amplitudes is nearly identical from one presentation of the train to the next. The mechanism of synaptic modulation is primarily a change in release probability rather than a change in the size of the elementary postsynaptic response. In addition, natural stimulus trains are effective in inducing long-term potentiation (LTP). We conclude that short-term synaptic plasticity--facilitation, augmentation, and depression--plays a prominent role in normal synaptic function.  (+info)

NMDA-dependent currents in granule cells of the dentate gyrus contribute to induction but not permanence of kindling. (8/19295)

Single-electrode voltage-clamp techniques and bath application of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) were used to study the time course of seizure-induced alterations in NMDA-dependent synaptic currents in granule cells of the dentate gyrus in hippocampal slices from kindled and normal rats. In agreement with previous studies, granule cells from kindled rats examined within 1 wk after the last of 3 or 30-35 generalized tonic-clonic (class V) seizures demonstrated an increase in the NMDA receptor-dependent component of the perforant path-evoked synaptic current. Within 1 wk of the last kindled seizure, NMDA-dependent charge transfer underlying the perforant path-evoked current was increased by 63-111% at a holding potential of -30 mV. In contrast, the NMDA-dependent component of the perforant-evoked current in granule cells examined at 2.5-3 mo after the last of 3 or 90-120 class V seizures did not differ from age-matched controls. Because the seizure-induced increases in NMDA-dependent synaptic currents declined toward control values during a time course of 2.5-3 mo, increases in NMDA-dependent synaptic transmission cannot account for the permanent susceptibility to evoked and spontaneous seizures induced by kindling. The increase in NMDA receptor-dependent transmission was associated with the induction of kindling but was not responsible for the maintenance of the kindled state. The time course of alterations in NMDA-dependent synaptic current and the dependence of the progression of kindling and kindling-induced mossy fiber sprouting on repeated NMDA receptor activation are consistent with the possibility that the NMDA receptor is part of a transmembrane signaling pathway that induces long-term cellular alterations and circuit remodeling in response to repeated seizures, but is not required for permanent seizure susceptibility in circuitry altered by kindling.  (+info)

Stress, glucocorticoid hormones, and hippocampal neural progenitor cells: Implications to mood disorders<...Stress, glucocorticoid hormones, and hippocampal neural progenitor cells: Implications to mood disorders<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Stress, glucocorticoid hormones, and hippocampal neural progenitor cells. T2 - Implications to mood disorders. AU - Kino, Tomoshige. PY - 2015. Y1 - 2015. N2 - The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its end-effectors glucocorticoid hormones play central roles in the adaptive response to numerous stressors that can be either internal or external. Thus, this system has a strong impact on the brain hippocampus and its major functions, such as cognition, memory as well as behavior, and mood. The hippocampal area of the adult brain contains neural stem cells or more committed neural progenitor cells, which retain throughout the human life the ability of self-renewal and to differentiate into multiple neural cell lineages, such as neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Importantly, these characteristic cells contribute significantly to the above-indicated functions of the hippocampus, while various stressors and glucocorticoids influence proliferation, differentiation, ...
Region IV of hippocampus properRegion IV of hippocampus proper
The hippocampus proper refers to the actual structure of the hippocampus which is made up of four regions or subfields. The subfields CA1, CA2, CA3, and CA4 use the initials of Cornu Ammonis , an earlier name of the hippocampus. Structure There are four regions in the hippocampus proper which form a neural circuit. CA1 is the first region in the hippocampal circuit, from which a major output pathway goes to layer V of the entorhinal cortex . Another significant output is to the subiculum . CA2 is a small region located between CA1 and CA3. It receives some input from layer II of the entorhinal cortex via the perforant path . Its pyramidal cells are more like those in CA3 than those in CA1. It is often ignored due to its small size. CA3 receives input from the mossy fibers of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus , and also from cells in the entorhinal cortex via the perforant path. The mossy fiber pathway ends in the stratum lucidum . The perforant path passes through the stratum lacunosum and ends in
What is Hippocampus? - Creative Diagnostics BlogWhat is Hippocampus? - Creative Diagnostics Blog
Figure 1. The structure of hippocampus.. Hippocampus Structure. The hippocampus is part of the limbic system known as the hippocampal region. Hippocampus can be divided into: dentate gyrus, hippocampus, subiculum, presubiculum, parasubiculum, and entorhinal cortex. The cell layer of the dentate gyrus, hippocampus, and lower tray is a single layer, collectively referred to as a hippocampal formation. A low cell density layer and a cell free layer are sandwiched between the upper and lower sides. The other parts have a structure of plurality of layers.. Hippocampus function. The function of the hippocampus is to control the recent memory of human beings. It is a bit like the memory of a computer. It will keep the memory in a few weeks or months, so that the body can quickly access the memory. The memory in the hippocampus is actually the connection between nerve cells. However, storing or throwing away certain information is not a conscious judgment, but is handled by the hippocampus in the human ...
Peripheral origin of IL-1Β production in the rodent hippocampus under in vivo systemic bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)...Peripheral origin of IL-1Β production in the rodent hippocampus under in vivo systemic bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Peripheral origin of IL-1Β production in the rodent hippocampus under in vivo systemic bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and its regulation by P2X7 receptors. AU - Csölle, C.. AU - Sperlágh, B.. PY - 2010/2/1. Y1 - 2010/2/1. N2 - In this study we showed that in vivo bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge elevated IL-1Β level in the rodent hippocampus. Antagonists of P2X receptors inhibited LPS-induced IL-1Β level with a pharmacological profile similar to that of P2X7R and their inhibitory effect was attenuated in the absence of P2X7R. In wild-type mice, LPS overexpressed mRNA encoding P2X4 and P2X7 receptors in the hippocampus and caused also a remarkable increase in the levels of IL-1Β in the serum. The hippocampal increase of IL-1Β has substantially alleviated when contamination of circulating blood cells was excluded by transcardial perfusion, indicating the peripheral origin of hippocampal IL-1Β elevation. These results point to the key role of the ...
Age dependence of homosynaptic non-NMDA mediated long-term depression in field CA1 of rat hippocampal slices<...Age dependence of homosynaptic non-NMDA mediated long-term depression in field CA1 of rat hippocampal slices<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Age dependence of homosynaptic non-NMDA mediated long-term depression in field CA1 of rat hippocampal slices. AU - Velíšek, Libor. AU - Moshé, Solomon L.. AU - Stanton, Patric K.. PY - 1993/10/15. Y1 - 1993/10/15. N2 - It has been hypothesized that high levels of presynaptic activity that fail to activate postsynaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors may lead to long-term depression (LTD). Therefore, we tested the ability of high-frequency (50 Hz) synaptic stimulation in the presence of a blocker of NMDA receptors to elicit homosynaptic LTD at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses in hippocampal slices from 15-, 30- and 60-day-old rats. In control slices, there were no developmental differences in the incidence of long-term potentiation (LTP) of either EPSP slope or population spike amplitude. However, while NMDA receptor blockade with the specific antagonist d-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5; 25 μM) completely eliminated LTP in 30 and 60-day-olds, a significant number ...
Hippocampus anatomy - WikipediaHippocampus anatomy - Wikipedia
Starting at the dentate gyrus and working inward along the S-curve of the hippocampus means traversing a series of narrow zones. The first of these, the dentate gyrus (DG), is actually a separate structure, a tightly packed layer of small granule cells wrapped around the end of the hippocampus proper, forming a pointed wedge in some cross-sections, a semicircle in others. Next come a series of Cornu Ammonis areas: first CA4 (which underlies the dentate gyrus), then CA3, then a very small zone called CA2, then CA1. The CA areas are all filled with densely packed Pyramidal cells similar to those found in the neocortex. After CA1 comes an area called the subiculum. After this comes a pair of ill-defined areas called the presubiculum and parasubiculum, then a transition to the cortex proper (mostly the entorhinal area of the cortex). Most anatomists use the term "hippocampus proper" to refer to the four CA fields, and hippocampal formation to refer to the hippocampus proper plus dentate gyrus and ...
Neural Connections: Ingredients of a Hippocampus: ConnectivityNeural Connections: Ingredients of a Hippocampus: Connectivity
The CA (Cornu Ammonis) fields, too, contain 3 distinct strata and house excitatory neurons known as pyramidal cells. The alveus is the most superficial layer and contains the commissural fibers of pyramidal cells via the fimbria, a major source of output from the hippocampus. Stratum oriens layer contains basal dendrites of the pyramidal cells and a large body of basket cells (inhibitory interneurons). This strata includes fibers from the septal and commissural areas that are received from the contralateral hippocampus. This region also contains the basal dendrites of the pyramidal cells. The next layer is the stratum pyramidale, named so because it contains the soma, or cell body, of the pyramidal cell. This layer in CA3 contains the mossy fiber connections and also houses interneurons. The stratum moleculare is divided into sublayers. The stratum lucidum is the thinnest layer and, in CA3, this area receives input from the dentate gyrus mossy fibers. Stratum radiatum contains apical dendrites ...
Hippocampal (subfield) volume and shape in relation to cognitive performance across the adult lifespanHippocampal (subfield) volume and shape in relation to cognitive performance across the adult lifespan
Newer approaches to characterizing hippocampal morphology can provide novel insights regarding cognitive function across the lifespan. We comprehensively assessed the relationships among age, hippocampal morphology, and hippocampal-dependent cognitive function in 137 healthy individuals across the a …
Ventral subiculum stimulation - Cell Report, November 2015Ventral subiculum stimulation - Cell Report, November 2015
The ventral subiculum (vSUB) plays a key role in addiction, and identifying the neuronal circuits and synaptic mechanisms by which vSUB alters the excitability of dopamine neurons is a necessary step to understand the motor changes induced by cocaine. Here, we report that high-frequency stimulation of the vSUB (HFSvSUB) over-activates ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons in vivo and triggers long-lasting modifications of synaptic transmission measured ex vivo. This potentiation is caused by NMDA-dependent plastic changes occurring in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Finally, we report that the modification of the BNST-VTA neural circuits induced by HFSvSUB potentiates locomotor activity induced by a sub-threshold dose of cocaine. Our findings unravel a neuronal circuit encoding behavioral effects of cocaine in rats and highlight the importance of adaptive modifications in the BNST, a structure that influences motivated behavior as well as maladaptive behaviors associated ...
Learning-induced afterhyperpolarization reductions in hippocampus are specific for cell type and potassium conductance<...Learning-induced afterhyperpolarization reductions in hippocampus are specific for cell type and potassium conductance<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Learning-induced afterhyperpolarization reductions in hippocampus are specific for cell type and potassium conductance. AU - de Jonge, M. C.. AU - Black, J.. AU - Deyo, R. A.. AU - Disterhoft, J. F.. PY - 1990/5. Y1 - 1990/5. N2 - Hippocampal slices were prepared from rabbits trained in a trace eye-blink conditioning task and from naive and pseudoconditioned controls. Measurements of the post-burst afterhyperpolarization (AHP), action potential, and other cellular properties were obtained from intracellular recordings of CA1 pyramidal (N=49) and dentate gyrus granule cells (N=52). A conditioning-specific reduction in the amplitude of the AHP was found in CA1 cells but not in dentate granule cells. This reduction in the AHP was apparent at 50 ms after the end of a depolarizing current pulse, and was maintained for at least 650 ms. Other measured cell characteristics (input resistance, resting membrane potential, action potential shape, inward rectification, spike threshold) were ...
HippocampusHippocampus
The hippocampus is a section of the brain located below the cerebral cortex. It is a part of the limbic system and plays a part in memory.. The name derives from the fact that its curved shape resembles that of a sea horse (Greek: hippocampus).. There is substantial evidence (from animal studies and from patients with brain injury) that the hippocampus is crucial in the conversion of short term memory into long memory, though it is not yet clear how this occurs. Individuals whose hippocampus becomes damaged (for instance, those with Korsakoffs syndrome), whilst retaining the ability to access long-term memories from before their injury, become unable to form new ones. They can, however, learn new skills (such as playing a musical instrument) but will be totally unable to remember how they gained those skills.. There is also evidence, that the hippocampus is involved in storing unique information, as for example locations. Without a fully functional hippocampus a person may no more be able ...
PDF] Implication of cyclooxygenase-2 on enhanced proliferation of neural progenitor cells in the adult mouse hippocampus after...PDF] Implication of cyclooxygenase-2 on enhanced proliferation of neural progenitor cells in the adult mouse hippocampus after...
Semantic Scholar extracted view of Implication of cyclooxygenase-2 on enhanced proliferation of neural progenitor cells in the adult mouse hippocampus after ischemia by 勉 佐々木
Nitric oxide-containing pyramidal neurons of the subiculum innervate the CA1 area<...Nitric oxide-containing pyramidal neurons of the subiculum innervate the CA1 area<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Nitric oxide-containing pyramidal neurons of the subiculum innervate the CA1 area. AU - Seress, László. AU - Ábrahám, Hajnalka. AU - Lin, Hong. AU - Totterdell, Susan. PY - 2002/10/31. Y1 - 2002/10/31. N2 - Neurons and axon terminals containing neuron-specific nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) were examined in the rat subiculum and CA1 area of Ammons horn. In the subiculum, a large subpopulation of the pyramidal neurons and non-pyramidal cells are immunoreactive for nNOS, whereas in the neighbouring CA1 area of Ammons horn only non-pyramidal neurons are labelled with the antibody against nNOS. In the pyramidal layer of the subiculum, nNOS-positive axon terminals form both asymmetric and symmetric synapses. In the adjacent CA1 area the nNOS-positive terminals that form symmetric synapses are found in all layers, whereas those terminals that form asymmetric synapses are only in strata radiatum and oriens, but not in stratum lacunosum-moleculare. In both the subiculum and CA1 area, ...
Cosyne 2015] Memory in action: The role(s) of the hippocampus in decisions for reward.Cosyne 2015] Memory in action: The role(s) of the hippocampus in decisions for reward.
The hippocampus has long been understood to play a critical role in flexible relational learning, episodic memory, and navigation. More recently, a growing body of work implicates the hippocampus in value-based decision making. However, a dichotomy exists between research performed in different organisms and from distinct theoretical traditions. For instance, results in rodent models support an active role for the hippocampus in evaluating potential next-step actions and outcomes. Meanwhile, human research has mainly emphasized the role of the hippocampus in forming representations that may then support later decisions. Other divisions concern the nature of spatial versus more general relational processing, various algorithms for active sampling in support of decisions, and whether the hippocampus plays a part in tasks that require short-term memory or well-learned outcomes. These divergences are in part due to different experimental methods, but they also reveal fundamental gaps in the theory. ...
Plus itPlus it
We determined whether basal excitatory synaptic transmission and long-term synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus were altered in MAGL−/− mice. fEPSPs were evoked by Schaffer collateral stimulation at 0.05 Hz, and the recording electrode was placed in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 region of the hippocampal slices prepared from MAGL+/+ and MAGL−/− mice. We first determined the I/O relationship between presynaptic axon fiber volley and fEPSP slopes by stimulating Schaffer collateral with incremental intensities. MAGL−/− mice did not exhibit significant changes in the slope of I/O curves compared with that of MAGL+/+ mice (n = 7-8 slices from 4 mice each; p , 0.05; data not shown). These results indicate that basal synaptic strength was not significantly changed in MAGL−/− mice.. Next, we compared the paired-pulse ratio (PPR), which is used as a measure of the probability of transmitter release. Synapses with high probability of transmitter release often display low PPR, whereas ...
Effect of aging on long-term potentiation-induced gene expression profiles in the hippocampusEffect of aging on long-term potentiation-induced gene expression profiles in the hippocampus
Aging is characterized by an increased risk of cognitive deficits. It was shown using rodents that aging is associated with a significant reduction in the function of hippocampus, the brain structure important in forming spatial memories. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is an electrophysiologically induced phenomenon, whereby high frequency currents, artificially passed across specific axonal pathways, elicit a long-lasting change in the activity of the postsynaptic neurone. LTP induced in vivo in the adult rat hippocampus can last for months. Interestingly, LTP and learning activate common molecular mechanisms, which when impeded, can affect LTP persistence and memory. Thus, LTP serves as an excellent experimental model for studying memory-related mechanisms. It was previously established that LTP consists of distinct temporal phases, and that LTP-related gene expression changes in the early phase influence the late phase of LTP. Specifically, the robust expression of important immediate early ...
Human Hippocampus Cytoplasmic Lysate Hippocampus-236H - Creative BioMartHuman Hippocampus Cytoplasmic Lysate Hippocampus-236H - Creative BioMart
Purified Human Hippocampus Cytoplasmic Lysate from Creative Biomart. Human Hippocampus Cytoplasmic Lysate can be used for research.
Hippocampus hippocampus (Sea Horse, Short-snouted Seahorse, Short Snouted Seahorse)Hippocampus hippocampus (Sea Horse, Short-snouted Seahorse, Short Snouted Seahorse)
Hippocampus hippocampus is a coastal marine seahorse that inhabits mud, sand, rubble and other habitats in the Northeast Atlantic. It occurs from the UK and the Netherlands to Senegal, including the Mediterranean Sea and coastal waters of the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. The species is under threat from being caught as bycatch in beach seines, gillnets, traps, and trawls. In addition its coastal habitats have suffered as a result of development and pollution. There is some evidence for a large (73%) decrease in population census size from one location (Ria Formosa, Portugal), but a lack of reliable survey data in many parts of this species range means that no consistent trends have been observed across the species range. Thus, based on a lack of data the extinction risk of this species cannot be reliably categorised on a global level. Hippocampus hippocampus is therefore listed as Data Deficient ...
Frontiers | Distribution of interneurons in the CA2 region of the rat hippocampus | Frontiers in NeuroanatomyFrontiers | Distribution of interneurons in the CA2 region of the rat hippocampus | Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
The CA2 region of the mammalian hippocampus is a unique region with its own distinctive properties, inputs and pathologies. Disruption of inhibitory circuits in this region appears to be linked with the pathology of specific psychiatric disorders, promoting interest in its local circuitry, its role in hippocampal function and its dysfunction in disease. In previous studies, CA2 interneurons, including a novel subclass of CA2 dendrite-preferring interneurons that has not been identified in other CA regions, have been shown to display physiological, synaptic and morphological properties unique to this sub-field and may therefore play a crucial role in the hippocampal circuitry. The distributions of immuno-labeled interneurons in dorsal CA2 were studied and compared with those of interneurons in CA1 and CA3. Like those in CA1 and CA3, the somata of CA2 parvalbumin-immunoperoxidase-labeled interneurons were located primarily in Stratum Pyramidale (SP) and Stratum Oriens (SO), with very few cells in Stratum
Family Guy - 08x10 - Big Man on Hippocampus.avi - download - SUPERBSHARE.COMFamily Guy - 08x10 - Big Man on Hippocampus.avi - download - SUPERBSHARE.COM
Stažení (download) souboru Family Guy - 08x10 - Big Man on Hippocampus.avi, Velikost 182340402|bytes, Typ: avi, Délka: 20:55, Bitrate:1 127,13 kB/s, Video kodek: XviD MPEG-4 (www.xvid.org), Rozlišení: 512 x 384, Video FPS: 24, Audio kodek: mp3, Vzorkování: 48000, Audio kanálů: 2, Typ audia: joint stereo
Ligand and subfield specificity of corticoid-induced neuronal loss in the rat hippocampal formation. - PubMed - NCBILigand and subfield specificity of corticoid-induced neuronal loss in the rat hippocampal formation. - PubMed - NCBI
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
Hippocampus minor | Article about hippocampus minor by The Free DictionaryHippocampus minor | Article about hippocampus minor by The Free Dictionary
Looking for hippocampus minor? Find out information about hippocampus minor. A ridge that extends over the floor of the descending horn of each lateral ventricle of the brain. A genus of marine fishes in the order Gasterosteiformes... Explanation of hippocampus minor
Future Perfect Forthcoming Essay in Hippocampus Magazine - Tricia..."Future Perfect" Forthcoming Essay in Hippocampus Magazine - Tricia...
I am super-jazzed that my essay, Future Perfect, will be published in the August 2017 edition of Hippocampus Magazine. I love Hippocampus, and I am honored to be a contributor.. In Future Perfect, during a chance encounter in the grocery store, I grapple with what the future will look like for my family. I started this essay years ago, and it needed a little time to germinate. I am glad it has found a home with Hippocampus.. Oh! And BTW, if you dont know about HippoCamp, you should check it out. Its a great CNF conference put on by Hippocampus that takes place in Lancaster, PA. I went last year, and Ill be back again for this one. Check out those keynotes! (And theyre not even the best part of the conference!) Heck, I just realized I even am wearing the shirt from last years conference as I write this.. ...
AID 194727 - Compound was tested for the selective increase in K+ stimulated AcCh release in brain region of hippocampus at 10...AID 194727 - Compound was tested for the selective increase in K+ stimulated AcCh release in brain region of hippocampus at 10...
BioAssay record AID 194727 submitted by ChEMBL: Compound was tested for the selective increase in K+ stimulated AcCh release in brain region of hippocampus at 10 uM concentration.
Plus itPlus it
RESULTS: Both hippocampal volumes were small in patients with MDD compared with healthy controls, and the right hippocampal volume was negatively correlated with the number of episodes at marginal significance. Regional shape contractions were found in the ambient gyrus, basal hippocampal head, posterior subiculum, and dorsal hippocampus of the left hemisphere. The right hippocampus showed a similar pattern but was less atrophic compared with the left hippocampus. A negative correlation was found between the HDRS and shape deformation in the CA3, ambient gyrus, posterior subiculum, and gyrus fasciolaris of the left hippocampus. ...
FISCHOEL (fish oil): Topics by WorldWideScience.orgFISCHOEL (fish oil): Topics by WorldWideScience.org
Dietary effects of arachidonate-rich fungal oil and fish oil on murine hepatic and hippocampal gene expression Roberts, Matthew A; Berger, Alvin; Bruce German, J; Mutch, David M ...
Synaptic loss and amyloid beta alterations in the rodent hippocampus induced by streptozotocin injection into the cisterna...Synaptic loss and amyloid beta alterations in the rodent hippocampus induced by streptozotocin injection into the cisterna...
To date, researchers have developed various animal models of Alzheimers disease (AD) to investigate its mechanisms and to identify potential therapeutic treatments. A widely recognized model that mimics the pathology of human sporadic AD involves intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection with streptozotocin (STZ). However, ICV injections are an invasive approach, which creates limitations in generalizing the results. In this study, we produced a rodent model of AD using STZ (3 mg/kg) injection via the cisterna magna (CM) once every week for 4 weeks, and analyzed at 4 weeks and 16 weeks after final injection. In the CM-STZ rodent model of AD, we observed increase in extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition and decrease and abnormal morphology of post-synaptic protein, PSD95 in 16 weeks STZ-injected group. The model developed using our less-invasive method induced features of AD-like pathology, including significantly increased extracellular amyloid-beta deposition, and decreased synaptic protein in the
Historys Top Brain Computation Insights: Hippocampus binds features | NeurevolutionHistory's Top Brain Computation Insights: Hippocampus binds features | Neurevolution
Binding. I think its important to distinguish between the type of binding that may occur in the hippocampus and the binding involved in, say, recognizing a novel configural stimulus (e.g., a word or face) in order to take an action. Although these two types of "binding" may use similar computation or at least yield similar results, it may be misleading to use one term for both processes. I think that when most people say "binding", they are referring to the latter process.. Certainly, it seems as though the hippocampus is *able* to bind features, but cant people with hippocampal damage still bind, perceive, and make decisions on complex configural stimuli?. What about Hippocampal Consolidation?. In the studies you cited above, the increased activation of the hippocampus for novel objects during the working memory delays could simply reflect the fact that novel objects are ones that have yet to be learned, i.e., have not yet been consolidated. As per hippocampal consolidation theory, a ...
Involvement of P2X7 receptors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release in the rat hippocampus. - Oxford NeuroscienceInvolvement of P2X7 receptors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release in the rat hippocampus. - Oxford Neuroscience
Although originally cloned from rat brain, the P2X7 receptor has only recently been localized in neurones, and functional responses mediated by these neuronal P2X7 receptors (P2X7 R) are largely unknown. Here we studied the effect of P2X7 R activation on the release of neurotransmitters from superfused rat hippocampal slices. ATP (1-30 mm) and other ATP analogues elicited concentration-dependent [3 H]GABA outflow, with the following rank order of potency: benzoylbenzoylATP (BzATP) | ATP | ADP. PPADS, the non-selective P2-receptor antagonist (3-30 microm), Brilliant blue G (1-100 nm) the P2X7 -selective antagonist and Zn2+ (0.1-30 microm) inhibited, whereas lack of Mg2+ potentiated the response by ATP. In situ hybridization revealed that P2X7 R mRNA is expressed in the neurones of the cell body layers in the hippocampus. P2X7 R immunoreactivity was found in excitatory synaptic terminals in CA1 and CA3 region targeting the dendrites of pyramidal cells and parvalbumin labelled structures. ATP (3-30 microm)
ModelDB: Hippocampus CA1 Interneuron Specific 3 (IS3) in vivo-like virtual NN simulations (Luo et al 2020)ModelDB: Hippocampus CA1 Interneuron Specific 3 (IS3) in vivo-like virtual NN simulations (Luo et al 2020)
Disinhibition is a widespread circuit mechanism for information selection and transfer. In the hippocampus, disinhibition of principal cells is provided by the interneuron-specific interneurons that express the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP-IS) and innervate selectively inhibitory interneurons. By combining optophysiological experiments with computational models, we determined the impact of synaptic inputs onto the network state-dependent recruitment of VIP-IS cells. We found that VIP-IS cells fire spikes in response to both the Schaffer collateral and the temporoammonic pathway activation. Moreover, by integrating their intrinsic and synaptic properties into computational models, we predicted recruitment of these cells between the rising phase and peak of theta oscillation and during ripples. Two-photon Ca2+-imaging in awake mice supported in part the theoretical predictions, revealing a significant speed modulation of VIP-IS cells and their preferential albeit delayed recruitment ...
ModelDB: Hippocampus CA1 Interneuron Specific 3 (IS3) in vivo-like virtual NN simulations (Luo et al 2020)ModelDB: Hippocampus CA1 Interneuron Specific 3 (IS3) in vivo-like virtual NN simulations (Luo et al 2020)
Disinhibition is a widespread circuit mechanism for information selection and transfer. In the hippocampus, disinhibition of principal cells is provided by the interneuron-specific interneurons that express the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP-IS) and innervate selectively inhibitory interneurons. By combining optophysiological experiments with computational models, we determined the impact of synaptic inputs onto the network state-dependent recruitment of VIP-IS cells. We found that VIP-IS cells fire spikes in response to both the Schaffer collateral and the temporoammonic pathway activation. Moreover, by integrating their intrinsic and synaptic properties into computational models, we predicted recruitment of these cells between the rising phase and peak of theta oscillation and during ripples. Two-photon Ca2+-imaging in awake mice supported in part the theoretical predictions, revealing a significant speed modulation of VIP-IS cells and their preferential albeit delayed recruitment ...
Remembering our origin : Gender differences in spatial memory are reflected in gender differences in hippocampal lateralizationRemembering our origin : Gender differences in spatial memory are reflected in gender differences in hippocampal lateralization
Gender differences in spatial memory favoring men are frequently reported, and the involvement of the hippocampus in these functions is well-established. However, little is known of whether this behavioral gender difference is mirrored in a gender difference in hippocampal function. Here we assessed hippocampal activity, using functional MRI, while 24 men and women moved through three-dimensional virtual mazes (navigation phase) of varying length, and at the end-point estimated the direction of the starting-point (pointing phase). Men were indeed more accurate than women at estimating direction, and this was especially true in longer mazes. Both genders activated the posterior hippocampus throughout the whole task. During the navigation phase, men showed a larger activation in the right hippocampus than women, while in the pointing phase, women showed a larger activation in the left hippocampus than men. Right-lateralized activation during the navigation phase was associated with greater task ...
Network Dynamics Underlying the Formation of Sparse, Informative Representations in the Hippocampus | Journal of NeuroscienceNetwork Dynamics Underlying the Formation of Sparse, Informative Representations in the Hippocampus | Journal of Neuroscience
During development, activity-dependent processes increase the specificity of neural responses to stimuli, but the role that this type of process plays in adult plasticity is unclear. We examined the dynamics of hippocampal activity as animals learned about new environments to understand how neural selectivity changes with experience. Hippocampal principal neurons fire when the animal is located in a particular subregion of its environment, and in any given environment the hippocampal representation is sparse: less than half of the neurons in areas CA1 and CA3 are active whereas the rest are essentially silent. Here we show that different dynamics govern the evolution of this sparsity in CA1 and upstream area CA3. CA1, but not CA3, produces twice as many spikes in novel compared with familiar environments. This high rate firing continues during sharp wave ripple events in a subsequent rest period. The overall CA1 population rate declines and the number of active cells decreases as the environment ...
NeuroscienceDC: June 2014NeuroscienceDC: June 2014
In the hippocampus, a structure extremely well-known for its role in learning and memory, the answer for why there would be a need for newborn neurons in the adult might seem a little more straightforward. And, as it turns out, it appears that newborn neurons in the adult hippocampus are required for the formation of new memories. But, interestingly, the production of too many newborn neurons in the hippocampus may paradoxically induce forgetting. In a paper recently published in Science, Aker and colleagues suggest an explanation for the phenomenon of infantile amnesia. Dont vividly remember the first few years of your life? Based on the interesting evidence presented in the paper, the authors suggest that the production of new cells within the hippocampus actually regulates forgetting. When we are newborns, the process of neurogenesis is occurring at an alarming rate and because of this, we are not able to retain any of our first memories during early life. I found this particular study to be ...
Brain and hippocampus, MRI - Stock Image C023/9772 - Science Photo LibraryBrain and hippocampus, MRI - Stock Image C023/9772 - Science Photo Library
Brain and hippocampus. Coloured magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of a coronal section through the head of a healthy 30-year-old, showing the location of the hippocampus (highlighted). The hippocampus is part of the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, as well as spatial navigation. - Stock Image C023/9772
hippocampal cell culture - Cell Biologyhippocampal cell culture - Cell Biology
Hi all there. I am new in cell culture and dont know anything about cell shape. My cells are spherical after isolation and their shape dont change even after 3-4 days. I like to know the normal pattern of hippocampal cell growth in cell culture. Meaning that how much time last to cells getting their projections ...
HippocampusHippocampus
For other uses, see Hippocampus (disambiguation). Brain: Hippocampus The hippocampus is located in the medial temporal lobe of the brain. In this lateral view of the human brain, the frontal lobe is at le
Distinguish the mnemonic functions of the hippocampus, striatum and EssayDistinguish the mnemonic functions of the hippocampus, striatum and Essay
Hippocampus can be related to limbic system of the brain and it has a significant role in not only maintaining long term memory but also in spatial navigation ...
Whats up with our hippocampus these days? - psychologistmimiWhat's up with our hippocampus these days? - psychologistmimi
Whats is up with our hippocampus these days? The hippocampus is a region in our brain that ostensibly helps people tell whether an object is near or far. Considering that I walk into walls and chairs all the time, I have a feeling my hippocampus is a little. off. I am thinking, however, that…
Hippocampus severnsiHippocampus severnsi
Des élevages de Hippocampus severnsi sont possibles. Malheureusement il y en a pas assez pour le commerce. Si vous vous intéressez pour Hippocampus severnsi demandez a votre commerçant du élevage. Si vous avez déjà Hippocampus severnsi essayez vous même de faire un élevage! Vous pourriez aider au commerce et de protéger la nature. ...
The swimming pool and garden areas were very very... - Review of Hotel Hippocampus - TripAdvisorThe swimming pool and garden areas were very very... - Review of Hotel Hippocampus - TripAdvisor
Hotel Hippocampus: The swimming pool and garden areas were very very... - See 268 traveler reviews, 192 candid photos, and great deals for Hotel Hippocampus at TripAdvisor.
Mapping the hippocampus and its subfields and the memory network · CoBrA LabMapping the hippocampus and it's subfields and the memory network · CoBrA Lab
Our group has done significant work in the development of novel automated techniques for mapping the hippocampus and its subfields (Winterburn et al., NeuroImage, 2013; Pipitone et al., NeuroImage, 2014). We have a developed a suite of detailed atlases that demonstrate the anatomy and architecture of this morphologically complex region of the brain. This work is currently being used to study healthy ageing and the hippocampus in the context of different neuropsychiatric disorders (see also: atlas pages).. ...
Igor Pro 3D GalleryIgor Pro 3D Gallery
Optically visualized spread of neural activity of area CA1 of rat hippocampal slice preparation evoked by an electrical stimulation. The signal represents the change in fluorescence of voltage sensitive dye (about 5 x 10^-3 deltaF/F at the peak of the response) being incorporated into membranes of neural tissue. Frame rate is 0.7 ms/frame. The field of view is about 2 mm x 1.3 mm. Takashi Tominaga, Ph.D ...
mesial temporal sclerosis [Operative Neurosurgery]mesial temporal sclerosis [Operative Neurosurgery]
MRI is the modality of choice to evaluate the hippocampus, however dedicated TLE protocol needs to be performed if good sensitivity and specificity is to be achieved. Thin section angled coronal sequences at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus are required, to minimize volume averaging. Coronal volume and coronal high resolution T2WI/FLAIR are best to diagnose MTS. Findings include: reduced hippocampal volume: hippocampal atrophy increased T2 signal abnormal morphology: loss of internal architecture (interdigitations of hippocampus) Although comparing left to right side is easiest, it must be remembered that up to 10% of cases are bilateral, and thus if symmetry is the only feature being evaluated, many cases may be misinterpreted as normal. Often mentioned, but probably one of the least specific findings, is enlargement of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle. If anything, care must be taken to not allow an enlarged horn to trick you into thinking the hippocampus is ...
HippocampusHippocampus
Pyramidal neuron located in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus. These neurons receive information from CA3 pyramidal neurons and send their axons out of the hippocampus.. Image used with permission of Synapse Web ...
hippocampus - Dwight Bergles Laboratoryhippocampus - Dwight Bergles Laboratory
Norepinephrine (NE) causes an increase in the frequency of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in CA1 pyramidal neurons in vitro. The possibility that this increase in tonic inhibition is caused by an excitatory effect on inhibitory interneurons was investigated through whole-cell recordings from pyramidal cells and both whole-cell and cell-attached patch recordings from visualized interneurons in acute slices of rat hippocampus. Adrenergic agonists caused a large increase in the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous IPSCs recorded from pyramidal cells in the presence of ionotropic glutamate receptor blockers, but they had no effect on either the frequency or the amplitude of action potential-independent miniature IPSCs recorded in tetrodotoxin. This effect was mediated primarily by an alpha adrenoceptor, although a slight beta adrenoceptor-dependent increase in IPSCs was also observed. NE caused interneurons located in all strata to depolarize and begin firing action potentials. Many of these ...
Hippocampus neuron, TEM - Stock Image C006/5621 - Science Photo LibraryHippocampus neuron, TEM - Stock Image C006/5621 - Science Photo Library
Hippocampus neuron. Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a section through a neuron from the hippocampus, a structure in the brain responsible for long-term memory. Neurons are responsible for passing information around the central nervous system (CNS) and from the CNS to the rest of the body. The neuron consists of a cell body with a large nucleus (pale brown) and inner nucleolus (dark brown). The single nerve fibre (axon, right) transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body. The surrounding material is the brains grey matter. Magnification: x1800 when printed at 10 centimetres wide. - Stock Image C006/5621
Rhythmically active enkephalin-expressing GABAergic cells in the CA1 area of the hippocampus project to the subiculum and...Rhythmically active enkephalin-expressing GABAergic cells in the CA1 area of the hippocampus project to the subiculum and...
Enkephalins (ENKs) are endogenous opioids that regulate synaptic excitability of GABAergic networks in the cerebral cortex. Using retrograde tracer injections in the subiculum, we identified a hippocampal population of ENK-expressing projection neurons. In situ hybridization for GAD shows that ENK-expressing cells are a small GABAergic subpopulation. Furthermore, by extracellular recording and juxtacellular labeling in vivo, we identified an ENK-expressing cell in stratum radiatum of the CA1 area by its complete axodendritic arborization and characteristic spike timing during network oscillations. The somatodendritic membrane was immunopositive for mGluR1alpha, and there was both a rich local axon in CA1 and subicular-projecting branches. The boutons showed cell-type- and layer-specific innervation, i.e., interneurons were the main targets in the alveus, both interneurons and pyramidal cell dendrites were innervated in the other layers, and interneurons were exclusive targets in the subiculum.
Pyramidal layer | definition of pyramidal layer by Medical dictionaryPyramidal layer | definition of pyramidal layer by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of pyramidal layer in the Medical Dictionary? pyramidal layer explanation free. What is pyramidal layer? Meaning of pyramidal layer medical term. What does pyramidal layer mean?
HSP105 prevents depression-like behavior by increasing hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in mice | Science...HSP105 prevents depression-like behavior by increasing hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in mice | Science...
Fig. 6 HSP105-siRNA in HT22 cells or stressed mouse brain decreased BDNF levels and abolished antidepressant effects.. (A) Level of HSP105 mRNA in HT22 cells (ANOVA, F2,13 = 544.1, n = 5 to 6). (B) Level of BDNF mRNA in HT22 cells (ANOVA, F2,13 = 10.74, n = 5 to 6). (C) The level of HSP105 protein in the hippocampus was detected by Western blotting (n = 3). (D) Immobility times in the forced swim test (ANOVA, F2,11 = 6.03). (E) Immobility times in the tail suspension test (ANOVA, F2,11 = 15.02). (F) Social interaction rate in the interaction test (ANOVA, F2,11 = 5.00). (G) Sucrose preference and total fluid intake in the sucrose preference test. (H) Level of BDNF mRNA and protein in the mouse hippocampus (ANOVA, F2,11 = 4.54 and F2,12 = 5.41, respectively) (n = 4 to 5 animals per group). Each bar indicates the mean ± SEM. GGA + NTC, GGA with nontargeting control; GGA + HSP105-siRNA, GGA with HSP105-siRNA treatment. Statistically different groups are indicated by letters. ...
COMT polymorphism regulates the hippocampal subfield volumes in first- | NDTCOMT polymorphism regulates the hippocampal subfield volumes in first- | NDT
COMT polymorphism regulates the hippocampal subfield volumes in first-episode, drug-naive patients with major depressive disorder
Assessing Epidermal Growth Factor Expression in the Rodent Hippocampus by Janice Mabutas Daus"Assessing Epidermal Growth Factor Expression in the Rodent Hippocampus" by Janice Mabutas Daus
Hippocampal neurons are vulnerable to injury, as indicated by the prevalence of learning and memory deficits following traumatic brain injury. Research indicates that proliferation of neural precursor cells increases following brain injury, which implies that there is an endogenous response in the hippocampus to replenish neurons and restore cognitive function. Studies show that mitogenic growth factors may drive this proliferative response; one of which is epidermal growth factor. Because adults and the elderly manifest the most enduring deficits following TBI, it is critical to investigate how EGF expression following injury may relate to injury-induced cell proliferation and the degree of cognitive recovery observed with aging. In the current study, we assessed the temporal and spatial expression of EGF in the injured hippocampus with age. Our results suggest that EGF expression increases following TBI, and this increase is more significant in the younger brain. Additionally, we investigated the
Functional interactions between the hippocampus, medial entorhinal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex for spatial and...Functional interactions between the hippocampus, medial entorhinal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex for spatial and...
Memory formation and recall depend on a complex circuit that includes the hippocampus and associated cortical regions. The goal of this thesis was to understand how two of the cortical connections, the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), influence spatial and nonspatial activity in the hippocampus. Cells in the MEC exhibit prominent spatially selective activity and have been hypothesized to drive place representation in the hippocampus. In Experiment 1 the MEC was transiently inactivated using the inhibitory opsin ArchaerhodopsinT (ArchT), and simultaneous recordings from CA1 were made as rats ran on an elliptical track. In response to MEC disruption some cells in the hippocampus shifted the preferred location of activity, some changed firing rate and others were unaffected. The new representation that developed following MEC disruption remained stable despite the fact that inhibition was transient. If the MEC is the source of spatial activity in the hippocampus ...
Frontiers | Role of the thalamic nucleus reuniens in mediating interactions between the hippocampus and medial prefrontal...Frontiers | Role of the thalamic nucleus reuniens in mediating interactions between the hippocampus and medial prefrontal...
Despite decades of research, the neural mechanisms of spatial working memory remain poorly understood. Although the dorsal hippocampus is known to be critical for memory-guided behavior, experimental evidence suggests that spatial working memory depends not only on the hippocampus itself, but also on the circuit comprised of the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Disruption of hippocampal-mPFC interactions may result in failed transfer of spatial and contextual information processed by the hippocampus to the circuitry in mPFC responsible for decision making and goal-directed behavior. Oscillatory synchrony between the hippocampus and mPFC has been shown to increase in tasks with high spatial working memory demand. However, the mechanisms and circuitry supporting hippocampal-mPFC interactions during these tasks is unknown. The midline thalamic nucleus reuniens (RE) is reciprocally connected to both the hippocampus and the mPFC and has been shown to be critical for a variety of working
Differential dendritic targeting of AMPA receptor subunit mRNAs in adult rat hippocampal principal neurons and interneurons -...Differential dendritic targeting of AMPA receptor subunit mRNAs in adult rat hippocampal principal neurons and interneurons -...
In hippocampal neurons, AMPA receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast excitatory postsynaptic responses at glutamatergic synapses, and are involved in various forms of synaptic plasticity. Dendritic local protein synthesis of selected AMPAR subunit mRNAs is considered an additional mechanism to independently and rapidly control the strength of individual synapses.. We have used fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to analyze the localization of AMPAR subunit (GluA1-4) mRNAs and their relationship with the translation machinery in principal cells and interneurons of the adult rat hippocampus. The mRNAs encoding all four AMPAR subunits were detected in the somata and dendrites of CA3 and CA1 pyramidal cells and those of six classes of CA1 γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons. GluA1-4 subunit mRNAs were highly localized to the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells, whereas in interneurons they were present in multiple dendrites. In contrast, in the dentate gyrus, GluA1-4 subunit ...
Analysis of current fluctuations during after-hyperpolarization current in dentate granule neurones of the rat hippocampus<...Analysis of current fluctuations during after-hyperpolarization current in dentate granule neurones of the rat hippocampus<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Analysis of current fluctuations during after-hyperpolarization current in dentate granule neurones of the rat hippocampus. AU - Valiante, Taufik A.. AU - Abdul-Ghani, Muhammad A.. AU - Carlen, Peter L.. AU - Pennefather, Peter. PY - 1997/2/15. Y1 - 1997/2/15. N2 - We have studied macroscopic current fluctuations associated with the after-hyperpolarization current (I(AHP)) that follows a 200 ms voltage-clamp step to 0 mV in dentate granule (DG) neurones of the rat hippocampus. This maximally effective stimulus produced a peak I(AHP) of 205 ± 20 pA. Background noise was minimized by using the whole-cell single-electrode voltage-clamp configuration. 2. Conventional current-variance analysis was performed on I(AHP) to obtain estimates of the unitary AHP channel current (i) and the maximal attainable AHP current (I(max)). A second approach, utilizing changes in the power spectrum of I(AHP) noise during the decay of I(AHP), was employed to yield an independent estimate of I(max) as ...
Quinine suppresses extracellular potassium transients and ictal epileptiform activity without decreasing neuronal excitability...Quinine suppresses extracellular potassium transients and ictal epileptiform activity without decreasing neuronal excitability...
The effect of quinine on pyramidal cell intrinsic properties, extracellular potassium transients, and epileptiform activity was studied in vitro using the rat hippocampal slice preparation. Quinine enhanced excitatory post-synaptic potentials and decreased fast- and slow-inhibitory post-synaptic potentials. Quinine reduced the peak potassium rise following tetanic stimulation but did not affect the potassium clearance rate. Epileptiform activity induced by either low-Ca(2+) or high-K(+) artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) was suppressed by quinine. The frequency of spontaneous inter-ictal bursting induced by picrotoxin, high-K(+), or 4-aminopyridine was significantly increased. In normal ACSF, quinine did not affect CA1 pyramidal cell resting membrane potential, input resistance, threshold for action potentials triggered by intracellular or extracellular stimulation, or the orthodromic and antidromic evoked population spike amplitude. The main effects of quinine on intrinsic cell properties were to
Axonale Zielfindung im Hippocampus während der Entwicklung und nach LäsionAxonale Zielfindung im Hippocampus während der Entwicklung und nach Läsion
In this study, the impact of membrane-associated factors on axonal outgrowth during development and following lesion was examined. We studied the maturation-dependent features of membrane-associated molecules in the hippocampus with the stripe assay for guidance activity and with the outgrowth assay for outgrowth-supporting activity. We could show that entorhinal axons discriminate between their proper target area, the hippocampus, and control regions which do not receive synaptic connections from the entorhinal cortex, and preferred to grow on hippocampal membranes. Further, we examined guidance preferences of entorhinal neurites on hippocampal membranes in different developmental stages. The choice behavior of entorhinal neurites for hippocampal membranes temporally correlates with the ingrowth of the perforant path into the hippocampus and with the stabilization of this brain area in vivo, and further indicate the transient presence of membrane-associated guidance cues in the hippocampus. One ...
On the Mechanisms Behind Hippocampal Theta Oscillations : The role of OLMα2 interneuronsOn the Mechanisms Behind Hippocampal Theta Oscillations : The role of OLMα2 interneurons
Theta activity is one of the most prominent rhythms in the brain and appears to be conserved among mammals. These 4-12 Hz oscillations have been predominantly studied in the dorsal hippocampus where they are correlated with a broad range of voluntary and exploratory behaviors. Theta activity has been also implicated in a number of mnemonic processes, long-term potentiation (LTP) induction and even acting as a global synchronizing mechanism. Moving along the dorso-ventral axis theta activity is reduced in power and desynchronized from the dorsal part. However, theta activity can also be generated in the ventral hippocampus itself during anxiety- and fear-related behaviors. Until now it was unknown which hippocampal cell population was capable to generate theta activity and it was controversial if its origin was local, in the hippocampus, or driven by other brain regions. In this thesis I present compelling in vitro and in vivo evidence that a subpopulation of OLM interneurons (defined by the ...
Hippocampus Anatomy Mri - Human Anatomy ChartsHippocampus Anatomy Mri - Human Anatomy Charts
Hippocampus Anatomy Mri - See more about Hippocampus Anatomy Mri, hippocampus anatomy mri, hippocampus anatomy mri axial, hippocampus anatomy mri radiographics, hippocampus anatomy mri radiology
Hippocampus Anatomy Mri - Human Anatomy ChartsHippocampus Anatomy Mri - Human Anatomy Charts
Hippocampus Anatomy Mri - See more about Hippocampus Anatomy Mri, hippocampus anatomy mri, hippocampus anatomy mri axial, hippocampus anatomy mri radiographics, hippocampus anatomy mri radiology
Long-lasting enhancement of synaptic excitability of CA1/subiculum neurons of the rat ventral hippocampus by vasopressin and...Long-lasting enhancement of synaptic excitability of CA1/subiculum neurons of the rat ventral hippocampus by vasopressin and...
Vasopressin (VP) is axonally distributed in many brain structures, including the ventral hippocampus. Picogram quantities of VP injected into the hippocampus improve the passive avoidance response of rats, presumably by enhancing memory processes. Vasopressin is metabolized by the brain tissue into shorter peptides, such as [pGlu4r,Cyt6]VP(4 9[ and [pGIu4,Cyt6,]VP(4 8), which preserve ... read more the behavioral activity but lose the peripheral activities of the parent hormone. Using brain slices, we investigated whether VP or VP(4 8) affects excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and/or membrane responses to depolarization in neurons of the CA 1 /subiculum of the ventral hippocampus. The EPSPs were evoked by stimulating the stratum radiatum of the CAI field; the membrane responses were elicited by current injections. Exposure of slices for 15 min to 0.1 nM solution of these peptides resulted in an increase in the amplitude and slope of the EPSPs in 21 neurons (67%) tested. No consistent ...
Distribution of kainate receptor subunit mRNAs in human hippocampus, neocortex and cerebellum, and bilateral reduction of...Distribution of kainate receptor subunit mRNAs in human hippocampus, neocortex and cerebellum, and bilateral reduction of...
The mRNAs encoding kainic acid (KA) preferring glutamate receptor subunits (GluR5-7, KA1 and KA2) are differentially expressed in rat brain. We have used regional and cellular in situ hybridization histochemistry with subunit-specific 35S-labelled oligodeoxyribonucleotides to examine these mRNAs in adult human hippocampus, neocortex and cerebellum. GluR5 mRNA was detected only in Purkinje cells and a few scattered hippocampal neurons. GluR6 mRNA was relatively abundant in all areas, notably in dentate gyrus, pyramidal neurons of CA3, and cerebellar granule cells, as well as being present in superficial and deep laminae of the neocortex. Moderate signal for GluR7 mRNA was seen in deep laminae of the neocortex with a weak signal in the dentate gyrus; in dipped sections GluR7 mRNA was also apparent over some pyramidal and non-pyramidal cells in hippocampus and over putative cerebellar stellate/basket cells. KA1 mRNA was detected in the dentate gyrus but not reliably elsewhere. The expression profile and
Novel markers for OLM interneurons in the hippocampusNovel markers for OLM interneurons in the hippocampus
Theta activity is one of the most prominent rhythms in the brain and appears to be conserved among mammals. These 4-12 Hz oscillations have been predominantly studied in the dorsal hippocampus where they are correlated with a broad range of voluntary and exploratory behaviors. Theta activity has been also implicated in a number of mnemonic processes, long-term potentiation (LTP) induction and even acting as a global synchronizing mechanism. Moving along the dorso-ventral axis theta activity is reduced in power and desynchronized from the dorsal part. However, theta activity can also be generated in the ventral hippocampus itself during anxiety- and fear-related behaviors. Until now it was unknown which hippocampal cell population was capable to generate theta activity and it was controversial if its origin was local, in the hippocampus, or driven by other brain regions. In this thesis I present compelling in vitro and in vivo evidence that a subpopulation of OLM interneurons (defined by the ...
Quantitative analysis of gliocytes and macrogliocyte-neuronal ratio in the rat hippocampus after kindling - eprintsQuantitative analysis of gliocytes and macrogliocyte-neuronal ratio in the rat hippocampus after kindling - eprints
Gliosis is one of the main morphological correlates of epilepsy. It is presented predominantly by proliferation and hypertrophy of astrocytes and activated microglia (macrophages) and is most characteristic to those areas of the epileptogenic zones, where the loss of neurons is significant. One of such structures is the hippocampus, the sclerosis of which develops already at the early stages of epileptogenesis. Using the slides stained with cresylviolet, the quantitative analysis of gliocytes and of macrogliocyte-neuronal ratio was performed in all the areas of the hippocampus 14 and 30 days after electrical kindling. After both time intervals, the decrease of the number of neurons and the increase of the number of gliocytes were found in all the regions of the hippocampus. After 14 days the changes of gliocytes were particularly significant in the radial and oriental layers of the Ammons horn, after 30 days they were also pronounced in CA3 pyramidal cell layer of and in hilus. Thus, ...
Mitochondria-Associated MicroRNAs in Rat Hippocampus Following Traumat by Wang-Xia Wang, Nishant P. Visavadiya et al."Mitochondria-Associated MicroRNAs in Rat Hippocampus Following Traumat" by Wang-Xia Wang, Nishant P. Visavadiya et al.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability. However, the molecular events contributing to the pathogenesis are not well understood. Mitochondria serve as the powerhouse of cells, respond to cellular demands and stressors, and play an essential role in cell signaling, differentiation, and survival. There is clear evidence of compromised mitochondrial function following TBI; however, the underlying mechanisms and consequences are not clear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, and function as important mediators of neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and neurodegeneration. Several miRNAs show altered expression following TBI; however, the relevance of mitochondria in these pathways is unknown. Here, we present evidence supporting the association of miRNA with hippocampal mitochondria, as well as changes in mitochondria-associated miRNA expression following a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury in
Morphological characteristics and the first examination of adult neurogenesis of the hippocampus in yakMorphological characteristics and the first examination of adult neurogenesis of the hippocampus in yak
for Doublecortin and Neuronal Nuclei (DCX/ NeuN),Glial fibrillary acid protein and Neuronal Nuclei (GFAP/ NeuN). Our data indicate that the yaks hippcampus mainly contains dentate gyrus and hippocampus proper,and both of them stratify clearly. Granular cells,mossy cells and pyramidal cells are the three major cell types of the hippocampus formation. The soma of pyramidal cells in the CA3 region is much bigger than in the CA1 region,while the latter has an average length of apical dendrites longer than the former. The pyramidal cells contain distinctive sublayers in the CA1 regions,but form a close uniform layer in the CA3 region. The somas of most DCX-positive cells,which distribute individually or in clusters,mainly locate in the deepest part of the granule cell layer closing to the hilus. A layer of GFAP-expressing radial glia-like cells is observed in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus,and its cytoplasms and single polarity processes,but not nucleus,are GFAP-positive. A large number ...
Endogenous serotonin inhibits epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons via 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) receptor...Endogenous serotonin inhibits epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons via 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) receptor...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Endogenous serotonin inhibits epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons via 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) receptor activation. AU - Lu, Kwok-Tung. AU - Gean, P. W.. PY - 1998/6/8. Y1 - 1998/6/8. N2 - The modulatory effects of endogenous serotonin on the synaptic transmission and epileptiform activity were studied in the rat hippocampus with the use of extracellular and intracellular recording techniques. Field excitatory postsynaptic potential was reversibly depressed by serotonin in a concentration-dependent manner. Intracellular recordings revealed that serotonin-mediated synaptic depression was unaffected by extracellular Ba2+ or intracellular application of Cs+ while the postsynaptic hyperpolarizing effect was completely blocked. Epileptiform activity induced by picrotoxin (50 μM), a GABA(A) receptor antagonist, was also dose-dependently suppressed by serotonin. The antiepileptic effect was mimicked by 5- hydroxytryptamine(1A) agonist and was blocked by ...
Professor Matt Jones - MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity publicationsProfessor Matt Jones - MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity publications
The formation and deposition of tau protein aggregates is proposed to contribute to cognitive impairments in dementia by disrupting neuronal function in brain regions, including the hippocampus. We used a battery of in vivo and in vitro electrophysiological recordings in the rTg4510 transgenic mouse model, which overexpresses a mutant form of human tau protein, to investigate the effects of tau pathology on hippocampal neuronal function in area CA1 of 7- to 8-month-old mice, an age point at which rTg4510 animals exhibit advanced tau pathology and progressive neurodegeneration. In vitro recordings revealed shifted theta-frequency resonance properties of CA1 pyramidal neurons, deficits in synaptic transmission at Schaffer collateral synapses, and blunted plasticity and imbalanced inhibition at temporoammonic synapses. These changes were associated with aberrant CA1 network oscillations, pyramidal neuron bursting, and spatial information coding in vivo. Our findings relate tauopathy-associated ...
Computational Models of the Spatial and Mnemonic Functions of the Hippocampus : The Hippocampus Book - oiComputational Models of the Spatial and Mnemonic Functions of the Hippocampus : The Hippocampus Book - oi
The use of computational models has been invaluable for exploring the link between neurons and behavior, enabling hypothetical mechanisms to be defined precisely and examined quantitatively. This chapter reviews many of these models, including models of spatial functions, models of more general associative mnemonic functions, models that stress feedforward processing through the hippocampal system, and those stressing recurrent processing within it. Spatial models are reviewed first, as they are most firmly rooted in the known electrophysiology of the region. These models cover both the representation of the animals spatial location and orientation and the use of this information in spatial navigation. The models of mnemonic function, specifically associative or episodic memory, follow from Marrs seminal 1971 model. This model is used as a generic framework in which to consider the various subsequent developments to it. Finally, the chapter reviews those models attempting to bring together the ...
Theta phase precession in hippocampal neuronal populations and the compression of temporal sequences. | Semantic ScholarTheta phase precession in hippocampal neuronal populations and the compression of temporal sequences. | Semantic Scholar
OKeefe and Recce [1993] Hippocampus 3:317-330 described an interaction between the hippocampal theta rhythm and the spatial firing of pyramidal cells in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus: they found that a cells spike activity advances to earlier phases of the theta cycle as the rat passes through the cells place field. The present study makes use of large-scale parallel recordings to clarify and extend this finding in several ways: 1) Most CA1 pyramidal cells show maximal activity at the same phase of the theta cycle. Although individual units exhibit deeper modulation, the depth of modulation of CA1 population activity is about 50%. The peak firing of inhibitory interneurons in CA1 occurs about 60 degrees in advance of the peak firing of pyramidal cells, but different interneurons vary widely in their peak phases. 2) The first spikes, as the rat enters a pyramidal cells place field, come 90 degrees-120 degrees after the phase of maximal pyramidal cell population activity, near the phase where
Buy The Hippocampus Book | GraysOnline AustraliaBuy The Hippocampus Book | GraysOnline Australia
The Hippocampus Book. Andersen, Per. 1stPublisher: Oxford University Press, USAFormat: Hardcover. The hippocampus is one of a group of remarkable structures embedded within the medial temporal lobe of the brain. Long known to be important for memory, it has been a prime focus of neuroscience research for many years. The Hippocampus Book promises to facilitate developments in the field in a major way by bringing together, for the first time, contributions by leading international scientists working on hippocampal anatomy, physiology, and function. This authoritative volume offers the most comprehensive, up-to-date account of what the hippocampus does, how it does it and what happens when things go wrong. At the same time, it illustrates how research focusing on this single brain structure has revealed principles of wider generality for the whole brain in relation to anatomical connectivity, synaptic plasticity, cognition and behaviour, and computational algorithms. Well-organised in its ...
Psych-Brain-Trust - HippocampusPsych-Brain-Trust - Hippocampus
Damage to this area of the brain can limit the formation of new memories while leaving distant memories intact. The hippocampus is sensitive to oxygen deprivation and may become damaged in situations like near drowning, heart attack, respiratory failure, sleep apnea and carbon monoxide poisoning. Frequent seizures could also impact the function of the hippocampus and generally is the first part of the brain impacted by Alzheimers disease. Marijuana abuse can also damage the hippocampus and alcohol use shuts down the hippocampus. ...
Age-related effects of the neuromodulator d-serine on neurotransmission and synaptic potentiation in the CA1 hippocampal area...Age-related effects of the neuromodulator d-serine on neurotransmission and synaptic potentiation in the CA1 hippocampal area...
The effects of the co-agonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) d-serine on glutamatergic neurotransmission and synaptic potentiation were studied in the CA1 hippocampal field of young (3-5 months old) and aged (25-27 months old) Sprague-Dawley rats using ex vivo extracellular electrophysiological recording techniques. Exogenous d-serine depressed fast neurotransmission mediated by the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid/kainate subtype of glutamate receptors in young but not in aged rats by acting on inhibitory glycinergic interneurons. In contrast, d-serine dose-dependently enhanced NMDAr-mediated synaptic responses in both groups of animals, but with a larger magnitude in aged rats, thus preventing the age-related decrease in NMDAr activation. d-serine also increased the magnitude of long-term potentiation in aged but not in young rats. Finally, d-serine levels were dramatically reduced in hippocampal tissues of aged rats. Taken together, these results indicate a ...
OPUS Würzburg | SearchOPUS Würzburg | Search
Prenatal stress (PS) has been shown to influence the development of the fetal brain and to increase the risk for the development of psychiatric disorders in later life. Furthermore, the variation of human serotonin transporter (5-HTT, SLC6A4) gene was suggested to exert a modulating effect on the association between early life stress and the risk for depression. In the present study, we used a 5-Htt6PS paradigm to investigate whether the effects of PS are dependent on the 5-Htt genotype. For this purpose, the effects of PS on cognition, anxiety- and depression-related behavior were examined using a maternal restraint stress paradigm of PS in C57BL6 wild-type (WT) and heterozygous 5-Htt deficient (5-Htt +/2) mice. Additionally, in female offspring, a genome-wide hippocampal gene expression profiling was performed using the Affymetrix GeneChipH Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array. 5-Htt +/2 offspring showed enhanced memory performance and signs of reduced anxiety as compared to WT offspring. In contrast, ...
Neuromics: 2010Neuromics: 2010
Abstract:Adult stem cells are present in many tissues including, skin, muscle, adipose, bone marrow, and in the brain. Neuroinflammation has been shown to be a potent negative regulator of stem cell and progenitor cell proliferation in the neurogenic regions of the brain. Recently we demonstrated that decreasing a key neuroinflammatory cytokine IL-1β in the hippocampus of aged rats reversed the age-related cognitive decline and increased neurogenesis in the age rats. We also have found that nutraceuticals have the potential to reduce neuroinflammation, and decrease oxidative stress. The objectives of this study were to determine if spirulina could protect the proliferative potential of hippocampal neural progenitor cells from an acute systemic inflammatory insult of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To this end, young rats were fed for 30 days a control diet or a diet supplemented with 0.1% spirulina. On day 28 the rats were given a single i.p. injection of LPS (1 mg/kg). The following day the rats ...
The bumps on the hippocampus | (2016) | Gao | Publications | SpieThe bumps on the hippocampus | (2016) | Gao | Publications | Spie
The hippocampus has been the focus of more imaging research than any other subcortical structure in the human brain. However a feature that has been almost universally overlooked are the bumpy ridges on the inferior aspect of the hippocampus, which we refer to as hippocampal dentation. These bumps arise from folds in the CA1 layer of Ammons horn. Similar to the folding of the cerebral cortex, hippocampal dentation allows for greater surface area in a confined space. However, while quantitative studies of radiologic brain images have been advancing for decades, examining numerous approaches to hippocampal segmentation and morphology analysis, virtually all published 3D renderings of the hippocampus show the under surface to be quite smooth or mildly irregular; we have rarely seen the characteristic bumpy structure in the reconstructed 3D scene, one exception being the 9.4T postmortem study. This is presumably due to the fact that, based on our experience with high resolution images, there is a ...
Best before yesterday: Anxiety/depression, SSRIs and neurogenesisBest before yesterday: Anxiety/depression, SSRIs and neurogenesis
Synopsis: Except in trauma, where neural stem cells migrate to replace damaged tissue, neurogenesis in adult humans only occurs in the hippocampus, and possibly the SVN. In rodent models of anxiety/depression (e.g. anxious strains exposed to prolonged periods of stress, including social subordination) hippocampal neurogenesis is inhibited and hippocampal size is reduced, probably through direct action of glucocorticoids on hippocampal neurons and reduced transcription of BDNF and related genes. This may leave the hippocampus less able to excert its normally inhibitory effect on the HPA axis, glucocorticoid levels rise further, and depression ensues. Inhibitors of the serotonin transporter (SSRIs) help the brain break out of this cycle by stimulating hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF transcription, probably via the 5HT1A receptor (5HT1A knockouts have normal baseline neurogenesis but do not respond to SSRIs). Noradrenaline has comparable effects to serotonin on neurogenesis ...
Nazarbayev University RepositoryNazarbayev University Repository
The activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is critical for the induction of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Aging can alter glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampus, and cognitive impairments in aged animals are accompanied by reduced NMDARmediated plasticity at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses. However, the specific contribution of NMDAR subunits to NMDAR-mediated synaptic responses in aged tissue has not yet been fully understood. The main purpose of present study was to examine whether there is an impact of aging on NMDAR subunit expression and whether synaptic plasticity may depend on NMDAR subunit composition in the aged hippocampus ...
Visual Memory | About memoryVisual Memory | About memory
The evidence that adult brains could grow new neurons was a game-changer, and has spawned all manner of products to try and stimulate such neurogenesis, to help fight back against age-related cognitive decline and even dementia. An important study in the evidence for the role of experience and training in growing new neurons was Maguires celebrated study of London taxi drivers, back in 2000.. The small study, involving 16 male, right-handed taxi drivers with an average experience of 14.3 years (range 1.5 to 42 years), found that the taxi drivers had significantly more grey matter (neurons) in the posterior hippocampus than matched controls, while the controls showed relatively more grey matter in the anterior hippocampus. Overall, these balanced out, so that the volume of the hippocampus as a whole wasnt different for the two groups. The volume in the right posterior hippocampus correlated with the amount of experience the driver had (the correlation remained after age was accounted ...
The influence of age on the treadmill exercise-induced c-Fos expression in the hippocampus of rats<...The influence of age on the treadmill exercise-induced c-Fos expression in the hippocampus of rats<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The influence of age on the treadmill exercise-induced c-Fos expression in the hippocampus of rats. AU - Kim, Sang Ho. AU - Kim, Hong. AU - Kim, Sung Soo. AU - Shin, Mal Soon. AU - Chang, Hyun Kyung. AU - Lee, Taeck Hyun. AU - Jang, Mi Hyeon. AU - Shin, Min Chul. AU - Lee, Hee Hyuk. AU - Kim, Young Pyo. AU - Kim, Chang Ju. PY - 2004/7/1. Y1 - 2004/7/1. N2 - c-Fos has been used as a neuronal activity marker. Here, we examined the influence of age on the treadmill running-induced c-Fos expression in rat hippocampus. Rats of exercise groups were forced to run on treadmill for 30 min once a day for 5 consecutive days. Without exercise, c-Fos expression was highest in 8-week old rats. Treadmill exercise significantly enhanced the c-Fos expression in the hippocampus of rats in all ages. In the CA region, the increase of the c-Fos expression by treadmill exercise was highest in 4-week old rats. In the dentate gyrus, the increase of the c-Fos expression by treadmill exercise was highest ...
Hippocampus Book 1st Edition | Rent 9780195100273 | 0195100271Hippocampus Book 1st Edition | Rent 9780195100273 | 0195100271
The hippocampus is one of a group of remarkable structures embedded within the brains medial temporal lobe. Long known to be important for memory, it has been a prime focus of neuroscience research for many years. The Hippocampus Book promises to facilitate developments in the field in a major way by bringing together, for the first time, contributions by leading international scientists knowledgeable about hippocampal anatomy, physiology, and function. This authoritative volume offers the most comprehensive, up-to-date account of what the hippocampus does, how it does it, and what happens when things go wrong. At the same time, it illustrates how research focusing on this single brain structure has revealed principles of wider generality for the whole brain in relation to anatomical connectivity, synaptic plasticity, cognition and behavior, and computational algorithms. Well-organized in its presentation of both theory and experimental data, this peerless work vividly illustrates the ...
Neuromics: June 2012Neuromics: June 2012
Images: Effect of α2δ ligands on neuronal differentiation and proliferation of hippocampus-derived neural progenitor cells. (A) Representative fluorescence microscopy image of a hippocampal neurosphere immunolabelled for nestin (green) and SRY-related HMG-box gene 2 (Sox-2) (red), markers of undifferentiated NPC. Magnification = X600. Scale bar = 56 μm. (B) After 24 h in absence of growth factors, hippocampal Neural Progenitor Cells (NPC) differentiated giving rise to four different cell populations identified by double Microtubule Associated Protein-2 (MAP-2) and nestin immunolabelling: MAP-2+/nestin- mature neurons, MAP-2+/nestin+, MAP-2-/nestin+ and MAP-2-/nestin- cells. Data are expressed as mean ± S.D. of n=9 experiments, run in triplicates. Gabapentin (GBP) and pregabalin (PGB) promote neuronal differentiation of adult hippocampal NPC. GBP (C-F) and PGB (G-J) significantly increased, in a concentrationdependent manner, the percentage of MAP-2+/nestin- (C, G) and MAP-2+/nestin+ (D, H) ...
ORBi: Browsing ORBiORBi: Browsing ORBi
Poster (2017, November 24). Introduction. Decreased hippocampal volume in older adults is associated with episodic memory decline and subsequent neurodegenerative diseases. According to the dynamic polygon hypothesis, strategies ... [more ▼]. Introduction. Decreased hippocampal volume in older adults is associated with episodic memory decline and subsequent neurodegenerative diseases. According to the dynamic polygon hypothesis, strategies that increase neurogenesis of the hippocampus are likely to be successsful in delaying the onset of cognitive impairment in ageing. Several modifiable factors can have a positive effect on the size of the hippocampus, one of them being cognitive reserve. However, to date, very few studies reported an impact of cognitive reserve on hippocampal volume in healthy older adults. Therefore, the main objective of our study was to explore whether cognitive reserve is linked to hippocampal volume in healthy aging. We focussed particularly on intellectual and social ...
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte: Beta2 oscillations (23-30 Hz) in the mouse hippocampus during novel object...Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte: Beta2 oscillations (23-30 Hz) in the mouse hippocampus during novel object...
The oscillatory activity of hippocampal neuronal networks is believed to play a role in memory acquisition and consolidation. Particular focus has been given to characterising theta (4-12 Hz), gamma (40-100 Hz) and ripple (150-250 Hz) oscillations. Beyond these well-described network states, few studies have investigated hippocampal beta2 (23-30 Hz) activity in vivo and its link to behaviour. A previous sudy showed that the exploration of novel environments may lead to the appearance of beta2 oscillations in the mouse hippocampus. In the present study we characterised hippocampal beta2 oscillations in mice during an object recognition task. We found prominent bursts of beta2 oscillations in the beginning of novel exploration sessions (four new objects), which could be readily observed by spectral analysis and visual inspection of local field potentials. Beta2 modulated hippocampal but not neocortical neurons and its power decreased along the session. We also found increased beta2 power in the ...
Hippocampus - WikipediaHippocampus - Wikipedia
Studies on freely moving rats and mice have shown many hippocampal neurons to act as place cells that cluster in place fields, and these fire bursts of action potentials when the animal passes through a particular location. This place-related neural activity in the hippocampus has also been reported in monkeys that were moved around a room whilst in a restraint chair.[56] However, the place cells may have fired in relation to where the monkey was looking rather than to its actual location in the room.[57] Over many years, many studies have been carried out on place-responses in rodents, that have given a large amount of information.[44] Place cell responses are shown by pyramidal cells in the hippocampus and by granule cells in the dentate gyrus. Other cells in smaller proportion are inhibitory interneurons and these often show place-related variations in their firing rate which are much weaker. There is little if any spatial topography in the representation; in general, cells lying next to each ...
Hippocampus - WikipediaHippocampus - Wikipedia
Studies on freely moving rats and mice have shown many hippocampal neurons to act as place cells that cluster in place fields, and these fire bursts of action potentials when the animal passes through a particular location. This place-related neural activity in the hippocampus has also been reported in monkeys that were moved around a room whilst in a restraint chair.[54] However, the place cells may have fired in relation to where the monkey was looking rather that to its actual location in the room.[55] Over many years, many studies have been carried out on place-responses in rodents, that have given a large amount of information.[43] Place cell responses are shown by pyramidal cells in the hippocampus and by granule cells in the dentate gyrus. Other cells in smaller proportion are inhibitory interneurons and these often show place-related variations in their firing rate which are much weaker. There is little if any spatial topography in the representation; in general, cells lying next to each ...
Hipposeq: a comprehensive RNA-seq database of gene expression in hippocampal principal neurons. | Janelia Research CampusHipposeq: a comprehensive RNA-seq database of gene expression in hippocampal principal neurons. | Janelia Research Campus
Clarifying gene expression in narrowly defined neuronal populations can provide insight into cellular identity, computation, and functionality. Here, we used next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to produce a quantitative, whole genome characterization of gene expression for the major excitatory neuronal classes of the hippocampus; namely, granule cells and mossy cells of the dentate gyrus, and pyramidal cells of areas CA3, CA2, and CA1. Moreover, for the canonical cell classes of the trisynaptic loop, we profiled transcriptomes at both dorsal and ventral poles, producing a cell-class- and region-specific transcriptional description for these populations. This dataset clarifies the transcriptional properties and identities of lesser-known cell classes, and moreover reveals unexpected variation in the trisynaptic loop across the dorsal-ventral axis. We have created a public resource, Hipposeq (http://hipposeq.janelia.org), which provides analysis and visualization of these data and will act as ...
A genetic and functional relationship between T cells and cellular proliferation in the adult hippocampus. - Nuffield...A genetic and functional relationship between T cells and cellular proliferation in the adult hippocampus. - Nuffield...
Neurogenesis continues through the adult life of mice in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus, but its function remains unclear. Measuring cellular proliferation in the hippocampus of 719 outbred heterogeneous stock mice revealed a highly significant correlation with the proportions of CD8+ versus CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets. This correlation reflected shared genetic loci, with the exception of the H-2Ea locus that had a dominant influence on T cell subsets but no impact on neurogenesis. Analysis of knockouts and repopulation of TCRα-deficient mice by subsets of T cells confirmed the influence of T cells on adult neurogenesis, indicating that CD4+ T cells or subpopulations thereof mediate the effect. Our results reveal an organismal impact, broader than hitherto suspected, of the natural genetic variation that controls T cell development and homeostasis.
Developing a neural prosthesis for hippocampus: proof-of-concept using the in vitro slice :: University of Southern California...Developing a neural prosthesis for hippocampus: proof-of-concept using the in vitro slice :: University of Southern California...
We are developing a neural prosthesis that can replace regions of the hippocampal brain area that have been damaged by disease or insult. We used the hippocampal slice preparation as the first step in developing such a prosthesis. The major intrinsic circuitry of the hippocampus consists of an excitatory cascade involving the dentate gyrus (DG), CA3, and CA1 subregions; it can be maintained in a transverse slice preparation. Our goal is to develop a biologically realistic model to replace the CA3 region; as such the model transforms DG signals into the corresponding output signals, reinstating the activity in CA1 region. The path to proof our concept involves: i) developing a slice-prosthesis interface specifically for the trisynaptic pathway, ii) formulating nonlinear neuronal models of the hippocampal trans-synaptic transformation, and iii) designing experimental paradigms to validate our prosthesis model.; In this thesis, a conformal multi-electrode array that spatially matched with the ...
Developing a neural prosthesis for hippocampus: proof-of-concept using the in vitro slice :: University of Southern California...Developing a neural prosthesis for hippocampus: proof-of-concept using the in vitro slice :: University of Southern California...
We are developing a neural prosthesis that can replace regions of the hippocampal brain area that have been damaged by disease or insult. We used the hippocampal slice preparation as the first step in developing such a prosthesis. The major intrinsic circuitry of the hippocampus consists of an excitatory cascade involving the dentate gyrus (DG), CA3, and CA1 subregions; it can be maintained in a transverse slice preparation. Our goal is to develop a biologically realistic model to replace the CA3 region; as such the model transforms DG signals into the corresponding output signals, reinstating the activity in CA1 region. The path to proof our concept involves: i) developing a slice-prosthesis interface specifically for the trisynaptic pathway, ii) formulating nonlinear neuronal models of the hippocampal trans-synaptic transformation, and iii) designing experimental paradigms to validate our prosthesis model.; In this thesis, a conformal multi-electrode array that spatially matched with the ...
Inhibitory axons are targeted in hippocampal cell culture by anti-Caspr2 autoantibodies associated with limbic encephalitis. -...Inhibitory axons are targeted in hippocampal cell culture by anti-Caspr2 autoantibodies associated with limbic encephalitis. -...
Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2), also known as CNTNAP2, is a cell adhesion molecule that clusters voltage-gated potassium channels (...)
Ischemia-induced impairment of 2-deoxyglucose uptake and CA1 field potentials in rat hippocampal slices: Protection by 5-HT<sub...Ischemia-induced impairment of 2-deoxyglucose uptake and CA1 field potentials in rat hippocampal slices: Protection by 5-HT<sub...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Ischemia-induced impairment of 2-deoxyglucose uptake and CA1 field potentials in rat hippocampal slices. T2 - Protection by 5-HT1A receptor agonists and 5-HT2 receptor antagonists. AU - Shigenobu Shibata, Shibata. AU - Yoshifumi Kagami-Ishi, Kagami-Ishi. AU - Keiko Tominaga, Tominaga. AU - Koutaroh Kodama, Kodama. AU - Showa Ueki, Ueki. AU - Shigenori Watanabe, Watanabe. PY - 1992/12/8. Y1 - 1992/12/8. N2 - Various in vitro models have been developed to study ischemia and/or hypoxia. In the present experiment, we examined whether hypoxia/hypoglycemia (ischemia) in rat hippocampal slices reduced the 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake and CA1 field potentials evoked by stimulation of Schaffer collaterals. Autoradiograms revealed that ischemia for 15 or 20 min reduced 2-DG uptake in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 and the dentate gyrus. Similarly, the CA1 field potentials of slices exposed to ischemia for 15 and 20 min decreased by about 70 and 90% after a 6-h washout. In the second ...
Hippocampus Raises USD 2.4 million to Serve Market of 80 Million Rural Children in India | Unitus VenturesHippocampus Raises USD 2.4 million to Serve Market of 80 Million Rural Children in India | Unitus Ventures
Hippocampus has been piloting two innovative remedial programs, EnglishSTAR and MathSTAR, which enable children to develop competencies in English and Math respectively. These programs are very cost effective with fees averaging Rs. 100 ($2) per month, do not need to have a specialized teacher, and can address the needs of children at different competency levels.. "Hippocampus is a great example of our investing model. We came in very early as a seed-stage investor when the company was just completing its initial pilot, serving fewer than 200 students. As the company becomes ready to scale up, new later stage investors come in with substantial growth capital," said Dave Richards, Managing Partner, Unitus Ventures (formerly Unitus Seed Fund). "With this new capital infusion, Hippocampus now has the resources to greatly expand its presence in South India and to prepare for national expansion in the coming years. Weve been pleased to invest in each of their financing rounds over the past two ...
BrainBrain
Mind-wanderingMind-wandering
Phase precessionPhase precession
Path integrationPath integration
CREB in cognitionCREB in cognition
Nonsynaptic plasticityNonsynaptic plasticity
Granule cellGranule cell
John OKeefe (neuroscientist)John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)
Cultural neuroscienceCultural neuroscience
MiR-132MiR-132
SB-204070SB-204070
Edward C. TolmanEdward C. Tolman
Chantal SternChantal Stern
SenseSense
Prenatal memoryPrenatal memory
Long-term impact of alcohol on the brainLong-term impact of alcohol on the brain
Neural pathwayNeural pathway
Case VanderwolfCase Vanderwolf
DipropylcyclopentylxanthineDipropylcyclopentylxanthine
LP-44LP-44
HyperforinHyperforin
Memory consolidationMemory consolidation
Calponin 3, acidicCalponin 3, acidic
Perforant pathPerforant path
Endocannabinoid systemEndocannabinoid system
Periamygdaloid cortexPeriamygdaloid cortex
Phase resetting in neuronsPhase resetting in neurons
SB-269970SB-269970
Brodmann area 9Brodmann area 9
5-HT receptor5-HT receptor
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaInformation ScienceHealth Care
HippocampusDentate GyrusMemoryNeuronsMaze LearningBrainRats, Sprague-DawleyCA1 Region, HippocampalLong-Term PotentiationPyramidal CellsRats, WistarSpatial BehaviorCA3 Region, HippocampalEntorhinal CortexAmygdalaKainic AcidBehavior, AnimalRats, Long-EvansNeuronal PlasticitySynapsesTheta RhythmMemory DisordersSynaptic TransmissionCerebral CortexNeurogenesisMagnetic Resonance ImagingSeizuresFearEpilepsy, Temporal LobeReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateInterneuronsBrain-Derived Neurotrophic FactorAnimals, NewbornExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsLearningMice, Inbred C57BLgamma-Aminobutyric AcidAnalysis of VarianceExploratory BehaviorNeural PathwaysAgingAlzheimer DiseaseMossy Fibers, HippocampalNerve Tissue ProteinsBrain ChemistryDisease Models, AnimalImmunohistochemistryIbotenic AcidElectric StimulationTime FactorsBrain MappingSpace PerceptionPrefrontal CortexStatus EpilepticusAvoidance LearningTemporal LobeProsencephalonCorticosteroneExcitatory Amino Acid AgonistsGlutamic AcidSeptum PellucidumRecognition (Psychology)Association LearningNerve NetFornix, BrainMental RecallPilocarpineLimbic SystemAction PotentialsExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsConditioning (Psychology)DendritesRNA, MessengerEpilepsyCell CountKindling, NeurologicConditioning, ClassicalReceptors, AMPANeural InhibitionElectrophysiologyAmnesiaPerforant PathwayDendritic SpinesReceptors, GABA-AElectroshockParahippocampal GyrusImage Processing, Computer-AssistedAtrophyGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinEvoked PotentialsAstrocytesN-MethylaspartateMice, KnockoutMice, TransgenicParvalbuminsMicrodialysisAmnesia, RetrogradeNerve DegenerationSeptum of Brain2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerateNeocortexPatch-Clamp TechniquesElectroencephalographyBromodeoxyuridineMemory, Long-TermRestraint, PhysicalSerotoninBrain IschemiaIn Situ HybridizationCerebellumNeuroprotective AgentsCorpus StriatumFunctional LateralityConvulsantsMuscimolAutoradiographyLearning DisordersAmyloid beta-PeptidesSclerosisSynaptophysinSwimmingLong-Term Synaptic DepressionMotor ActivityRats, Inbred F344Rats, Inbred StrainsGABA AntagonistsOrgan Culture TechniquesGene Expression RegulationNeuropsychological TestsFrontal LobeFluoxetineStress, PsychologicalInjections, IntraventricularCA2 Region, HippocampalModels, NeurologicalReceptors, SerotoninReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateFreezing Reaction, CatalepticTrimethyltin CompoundsPresynaptic TerminalsReceptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1Brain InjuriesCognition DisordersMemory, EpisodicDizocilpine MaleateDose-Response Relationship, DrugCognitionProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosCuesReceptors, Kainic AcidCholine O-Acetyltransferase8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralinGABA AgonistsReceptor, trkBIschemic Attack, TransientTissue DistributionReaction TimeElectrodes, ImplantedStereotaxic TechniquesMaternal DeprivationCholinergic FibersNeurogliaMemory, Short-TermCell DeathGlutamate DecarboxylasePicrotoxinGABA-A Receptor AgonistsAntidepressive AgentsThalamusBiogenic MonoaminesPyramidal TractsBlotting, WesternStress, PhysiologicalSynaptosomesAcetylcholinesteraseSerotonin Receptor AgonistsDiencephalonAmyloid beta-Protein Precursor6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dioneGliosisMicroinjectionsAnxietyNeurotoxinsS100 Calcium Binding Protein GMicrogliaReceptors, GlutamateMembrane PotentialsSignal TransductionGene ExpressionBicucullineNeural Stem CellsCalcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2Serotonin AntagonistsTelencephalonCaudate NucleusAcetylcholineQuinoxalinesAmnesia, AnterogradeCells, CulturedOrgan SizeReceptors, GABA-B
HippocampusHippocampus
What function does the hippocampus serve? | Reference.comWhat function does the hippocampus serve? | Reference.com
HippocampusHippocampus
Adult brains dont grow new neurons in hippocampus, study suggests | Science NewsAdult brains don't grow new neurons in hippocampus, study suggests | Science News
Hippocampus Vector Images (over 460)Hippocampus Vector Images (over 460)
Hippocampus kuda/Hippocampus kuda9Hippocampus kuda/Hippocampus kuda9
Hippocampus bargibanti/Hippocampus bargibanti11Hippocampus bargibanti/Hippocampus bargibanti11
HippocampusHippocampus
Hippocampus neuron, TEM - Stock Image C006/5621 - Science Photo LibraryHippocampus neuron, TEM - Stock Image C006/5621 - Science Photo Library
MarLIN - The Marine Life Information Network - Long snouted seahorse (Hippocampus guttulatus) MarLIN - The Marine Life Information Network - Long snouted seahorse (Hippocampus guttulatus)
Hippocampus - WikipediaHippocampus - Wikipedia
Hippocampus - WikipediaHippocampus - Wikipedia
Hippo Campus - WikipediaHippo Campus - Wikipedia
hippocampus | PNAShippocampus | PNAS
Hippocampus - Boys without FathersHippocampus - Boys without Fathers
Hippocampus - Chrome Web StoreHippocampus - Chrome Web Store
HIPPOCAMPUS project: usability studyHIPPOCAMPUS project: usability study
Pterotrachea hippocampusPterotrachea hippocampus
Hebbian synapses in hippocampus | PNASHebbian synapses in hippocampus | PNAS
Category:Hippocampus guttulatus - Wikimedia CommonsCategory:Hippocampus guttulatus - Wikimedia Commons
hippocampus Archives - ExtremeTechhippocampus Archives - ExtremeTech
HippocampusHippocampus
Hippocampus sindonis (Sindos Seahorse)Hippocampus sindonis (Sindo's Seahorse)
Hippocampus minotaur (Bullneck Seahorse)Hippocampus minotaur (Bullneck Seahorse)
Serotonin Receptors in HippocampusSerotonin Receptors in Hippocampus
Conscious awareness, memory and the hippocampus | Nature NeuroscienceConscious awareness, memory and the hippocampus | Nature Neuroscience
Hippocampus | Definition of Hippocampus by Merriam-WebsterHippocampus | Definition of Hippocampus by Merriam-Webster
HippocampusHippocampus
The Hippocampus and the Expression of Knowledge | SpringerLinkThe Hippocampus and the Expression of Knowledge | SpringerLink
Hippocampus Function, Anatomy & Definition | Body MapsHippocampus Function, Anatomy & Definition | Body Maps
Rethinking the Hippocampus | ALZFORUMRethinking the Hippocampus | ALZFORUM
Memory beyond the hippocampusMemory beyond the hippocampus
Hippocampus - WikipediaHippocampus - Wikipedia
Hippocampus coronatusHippocampus coronatus
Jayakars seahorse photo - Hippocampus jayakari - G39995 | ArkiveJayakar's seahorse photo - Hippocampus jayakari - G39995 | Arkive
Pattern separation in the hippocampus. - PubMed - NCBIPattern separation in the hippocampus. - PubMed - NCBI
Hippocampus comes (Tiger tail seahorse)Hippocampus comes (Tiger tail seahorse)
Hippocampus - Medical Dictionary / Glossary | MedindiaHippocampus - Medical Dictionary / Glossary | Medindia
Hippocampus Pt. 2 - Cortex | CourseraHippocampus Pt. 2 - Cortex | Coursera
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaInformation ScienceHealth Care
HippocampusDentate GyrusMemoryNeuronsMaze LearningBrainRats, Sprague-DawleyCA1 Region, HippocampalLong-Term PotentiationPyramidal CellsRats, WistarSpatial BehaviorCA3 Region, HippocampalEntorhinal CortexAmygdalaKainic AcidBehavior, AnimalRats, Long-EvansNeuronal PlasticitySynapsesTheta RhythmMemory DisordersSynaptic TransmissionCerebral CortexNeurogenesisMagnetic Resonance ImagingSeizuresFearEpilepsy, Temporal LobeReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateInterneuronsBrain-Derived Neurotrophic FactorAnimals, NewbornExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsLearningMice, Inbred C57BLgamma-Aminobutyric AcidAnalysis of VarianceExploratory BehaviorNeural PathwaysAgingAlzheimer DiseaseMossy Fibers, HippocampalNerve Tissue ProteinsBrain ChemistryDisease Models, AnimalImmunohistochemistryIbotenic AcidElectric StimulationTime FactorsBrain MappingSpace PerceptionPrefrontal CortexStatus EpilepticusAvoidance LearningTemporal LobeProsencephalonCorticosteroneExcitatory Amino Acid AgonistsGlutamic AcidSeptum PellucidumRecognition (Psychology)Association LearningNerve NetFornix, BrainMental RecallPilocarpineLimbic SystemAction PotentialsExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsConditioning (Psychology)DendritesRNA, MessengerEpilepsyCell CountKindling, NeurologicConditioning, ClassicalReceptors, AMPANeural InhibitionElectrophysiologyAmnesiaPerforant PathwayDendritic SpinesReceptors, GABA-AElectroshockParahippocampal GyrusImage Processing, Computer-AssistedAtrophyGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinEvoked PotentialsAstrocytesN-MethylaspartateMice, KnockoutMice, TransgenicParvalbuminsMicrodialysisAmnesia, RetrogradeNerve DegenerationSeptum of Brain2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerateNeocortexPatch-Clamp TechniquesElectroencephalographyBromodeoxyuridineMemory, Long-TermRestraint, PhysicalSerotoninBrain IschemiaIn Situ HybridizationCerebellumNeuroprotective AgentsCorpus StriatumFunctional LateralityConvulsantsMuscimolAutoradiographyLearning DisordersAmyloid beta-PeptidesSclerosisSynaptophysinSwimmingLong-Term Synaptic DepressionMotor ActivityRats, Inbred F344Rats, Inbred StrainsGABA AntagonistsOrgan Culture TechniquesGene Expression RegulationNeuropsychological TestsFrontal LobeFluoxetineStress, PsychologicalInjections, IntraventricularCA2 Region, HippocampalModels, NeurologicalReceptors, SerotoninReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateFreezing Reaction, CatalepticTrimethyltin CompoundsPresynaptic TerminalsReceptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1Brain InjuriesCognition DisordersMemory, EpisodicDizocilpine MaleateDose-Response Relationship, DrugCognitionProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosCuesReceptors, Kainic AcidCholine O-Acetyltransferase8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralinGABA AgonistsReceptor, trkBIschemic Attack, TransientTissue DistributionReaction TimeElectrodes, ImplantedStereotaxic TechniquesMaternal DeprivationCholinergic FibersNeurogliaMemory, Short-TermCell DeathGlutamate DecarboxylasePicrotoxinGABA-A Receptor AgonistsAntidepressive AgentsThalamusBiogenic MonoaminesPyramidal TractsBlotting, WesternStress, PhysiologicalSynaptosomesAcetylcholinesteraseSerotonin Receptor AgonistsDiencephalonAmyloid beta-Protein Precursor6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dioneGliosisMicroinjectionsAnxietyNeurotoxinsS100 Calcium Binding Protein GMicrogliaReceptors, GlutamateMembrane PotentialsSignal TransductionGene ExpressionBicucullineNeural Stem CellsCalcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2Serotonin AntagonistsTelencephalonCaudate NucleusAcetylcholineQuinoxalinesAmnesia, AnterogradeCells, CulturedOrgan SizeReceptors, GABA-B
DentateNeurons in the HippocampusCircle Hippocampus Hook Drop EarringsCerebral cortexEntorhinal cortexCells in the hippocampusLayers in the hippocampusFunctions of the hippocampusHumansHippocampalNeuronSeahorseFunction of hippocampusStructure of hippocampusCognitiveMouse hippocampusBrain HippocampusSubiculumLimbic systemCalcar avisMemoryOlfactoryHumanTemporal lobe epiMemories
Dentate2
Neurons in the Hippocampus2
  • According to the study's results, people with higher densities of neurons in the hippocampus chose more positive outcomes than those who had fewer neurons in this region of the brain. (reference.com)
  • Almost all antidepressants have been shown to stimulate hippocampal neurogenesis and/or improve neuron survival, and it's probably not a coincidence that the typical delay in antidepressant effectiveness (about 6 weeks) is about the same length of time as the maturation time of new neurons in the hippocampus. (wordpress.com)
Circle Hippocampus Hook Drop Earrings1
Cerebral cortex3
Entorhinal cortex2
  • In addition, a part of the hippocampus, especially the entorhinal cortex, is the first place where Alzheimer's disease produces lesions, so Alzheimer's disease is characterized by memory loss. (creative-diagnostics.com)
  • [ 5 ] However, later work did confirm that the olfactory bulb does project into the ventral part of the lateral entorhinal cortex, and field CA1 in the ventral hippocampus sends axons to the main olfactory bulb, [ 6 ] the anterior olfactory nucleus, and to the primary olfactory cortex. (enacademic.com)
Cells in the hippocampus1
Layers in the hippocampus1
Functions of the hippocampus2
Humans2
Hippocampal3
Neuron2
Seahorse2
  • The Hungarian neuroscientist László Seress' 1980 preparation of the human hippocampus and fornix compared with a seahorse. (enacademic.com)
  • Thе term Hippocampus іѕ nаmеd аftеr thе аnаtоmіѕt Gіulіо Cesare Arаnzіо whо іn thе 16th century observed thаt thіѕ brаіn structure bеаrѕ a grеаt rеѕеmblаnсе to a seahorse. (fthinking.org)
Function of hippocampus2
Structure of hippocampus2
Cognitive3
  • Neuroscientist Veronique Bohbot of McGill University in Montreal, Canada, said the results of the studies suggest using spatial memory regularly may improve the function of the hippocampus and could help ward off cognitive impairment as we age. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Building cognitive maps takes time and effort, but with the hippocampus, it may be a case of use it or lose it, and Bohbot said she does have fears that reducing the use of spatial navigation strategies may lead to earlier onset of Alzheimer s or dementia. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Thіѕ explanation was defended untіl in 1890 when Vlаdіmіr Béjtеrеv demonstrated the actual funсtіоn оf the hippocampus іn rеlаtіоn to memory аnd cognitive рrосеѕѕеѕ. (fthinking.org)
Mouse hippocampus3
  • Variations in target gene expression and pathway profiles in the mouse hippocampus following treatment with different effective compounds for ischemia-reperfusion injury. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • In order to elucidate the overlapping and diverse pharmacological protective mechanisms of different Chinese medicinal compounds, we investigated the alteration of gene expression and activation of signaling pathways in the mouse hippocampus after treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury with various compounds. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Our data demonstrated that polytypic profiles of 167-379 altered genes exist in the mouse hippocampus treated with different compounds known to be therapeutically effective in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and we were able to identify overlapping genes and pathways among these groups. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Brain Hippocampus2
Subiculum1
  • Rhythmically active enkephalin-expressing GABAergic cells in the CA1 area of the hippocampus project to the subiculum and preferentially innervate interneurons. (ox.ac.uk)
Limbic system2
Calcar avis1
Memory12
Olfactory2
  • This idea was cast into doubt by a series of anatomical studies that did not find any direct projections to the hippocampus from the olfactory bulb . (enacademic.com)
  • In hіѕ dіѕсоvеrу, this раrt оf the brain was related tо the ѕеnѕе оf ѕmеll аnd hе аdvосаtеd thе еxрlаnаtіоn thаt thе hippocampus' mаіn funсtіоn wаѕ tо process thе olfactory stimuli. (fthinking.org)
Human2
Temporal lobe epi2
Memories4
  • It's assumed that the hippocampus must continually generate these new neurons in order to form distinctive episodic memories without interference from older neurons. (wordpress.com)
  • When a person gets damage to the hippocampus of the brain, he loses the ability to store new memories but all those memories which have a relation with his past, are kept safe in the brain. (studentshare.net)
  • Even new memories which are related to the skills and habits of a person can be formed without a proper functioning hippocampus in the brain (Buzsaki, 2006). (studentshare.net)
  • There are various researches which are being made these days by the researchers in the medical field in order to determine those memories which don't get affected due to improper functioning of hippocampus. (studentshare.net)
Hippocampus
Hippocampus (faculty.washington.edu)
Hippocampus anatomy - Wikipedia
Hippocampus anatomy - Wikipedia (en.m.wikipedia.org)
Study homework help | HippoCampus - Homework and Study Help - Free help with.
Study homework help | HippoCampus - Homework and Study Help - Free help with. (qok.bathroomshowercurtains.info)
Hippo Campus, Bob Mould contribute to all-star voting rights compilation - StarTribune.com
Hippo Campus, Bob Mould contribute to all-star voting rights compilation - StarTribune.com (startribune.com)
Seahorses (Genus Hippocampus) · iNaturalist
Seahorses (Genus Hippocampus) · iNaturalist (inaturalist.org)
Predominant Functional Expression of Kv1.3 by Activated Microglia of the Hippocampus after Status epilepticus
Predominant Functional Expression of Kv1.3 by Activated Microglia of the Hippocampus after Status epilepticus (journals.plos.org)
Hippocampus Press Books Books: Buy Online from Fishpond.com.au
Hippocampus Press Books Books: Buy Online from Fishpond.com.au (fishpond.com.au)
Temptation Glass Hippo | Campus Gifts
Temptation Glass Hippo | Campus Gifts (campusgifts.co.uk)
Me, myself, bye: regional alterations in glutamate and the experience of ego dissolution with psilocybin |...
Me, myself, bye: regional alterations in glutamate and the experience of ego dissolution with psilocybin |... (nature.com)
Hippocampus | Definition of Hippocampus by Merriam-Webster
Hippocampus | Definition of Hippocampus by Merriam-Webster (merriam-webster.com)
RKS - Rainbow Kitten Surprise | Last.fm
RKS - Rainbow Kitten Surprise | Last.fm (last.fm)
March 31, 1917 - Scientific American
March 31, 1917 - Scientific American (scientificamerican.com)
Moutsouna Beach, Naxos holiday rentals: flats & apartments & more | Vrbo
Moutsouna Beach, Naxos holiday rentals: flats & apartments & more | Vrbo (vrbo.com)
Similar artists - Superorganism | Last.fm
Similar artists - Superorganism | Last.fm (last.fm)
Best views of life in close-up | New Scientist
Best views of life in close-up | New Scientist (newscientist.com)
Impulsive behavior: What happens in the brain?
Impulsive behavior: What happens in the brain? (medicalnewstoday.com)
Cholinergic endings on various neurons containing calcium binding proteins and glutamic acid decarboxylase in the hippocampus...
Cholinergic endings on various neurons containing calcium binding proteins and glutamic acid decarboxylase in the hippocampus... (journals.viamedica.pl)
How challenges change the way you think - Universität Innsbruck
How challenges change the way you think - Universität Innsbruck (uibk.ac.at)
Synaptic Plasticity | Centre for Synaptic Plasticity | University of Bristol
Synaptic Plasticity | Centre for Synaptic Plasticity | University of Bristol (bris.ac.uk)
Material Search Results
Material Search Results (merlot.org)
Little Exercise, Big Effects: Reversing Aging and Infection-Induced Memory Deficits, and Underlying Processes | Journal of...
Little Exercise, Big Effects: Reversing Aging and Infection-Induced Memory Deficits, and Underlying Processes | Journal of... (jneurosci.org)
Reviews | Hippocampus by Vosje | Inkitt
Reviews | Hippocampus by Vosje | Inkitt (inkitt.com)
Dancing may help to combat brain aging
Dancing may help to combat brain aging (medicalnewstoday.com)
Hebbian synapses in hippocampus | PNAS
Hebbian synapses in hippocampus | PNAS (pnas.org)
Can exercise slow down Alzheimer's?
Can exercise slow down Alzheimer's? (medicalnewstoday.com)
Smoking and diabetes 'risk factors' for calcium buildup in brain
Smoking and diabetes 'risk factors' for calcium buildup in brain (medicalnewstoday.com)
Just 10 minutes of light activity can boost memory
Just 10 minutes of light activity can boost memory (medicalnewstoday.com)
Brain cells keep growing well into our 70s
Brain cells keep growing well into our 70s (medicalnewstoday.com)
Browse by color | Dribbble
Browse by color | Dribbble (dribbble.com)
Villas & Vacation Rentals in Torredembarra | FlipKey
Villas & Vacation Rentals in Torredembarra | FlipKey (flipkey.com)
Browse by color | Dribbble
Browse by color | Dribbble (dribbble.com)
Gardens and Villa - Tickets - The Catalyst - Santa Cruz, CA - February 7th, 2014 | Ticketfly
Gardens and Villa - Tickets - The Catalyst - Santa Cruz, CA - February 7th, 2014 | Ticketfly (ticketfly.com)
The 10 best hotels close to Ancient Thera in Perissa, Greece
The 10 best hotels close to Ancient Thera in Perissa, Greece (booking.com)
Conscious awareness, memory and the hippocampus | Nature Neuroscience
Conscious awareness, memory and the hippocampus | Nature Neuroscience (nature.com)