... have a high affinity for sulfhydryl groups, which causes dysfunction of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. This inhibition ... may lead to acetylcholine deficiency, and can have consequences on motor function. Botulinum toxin (Botox) acts by suppressing ... Following the evolution of choline transporters, the abundance of intracellular choline paved the way for choline to become ... Acetylcholine is synthesized in certain neurons by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase from the compounds choline and acetyl- ...

Rates of conversion are 15% higher for women, with those taking oral contraceptives demonstrating 10% higher DHA levels. DHA is ... DHA deficiency is associated with cognitive decline. Phosphatidylserine (PS) controls apoptosis, and low DHA levels lower ... DHA modulates the carrier-mediated transport of choline, glycine, and taurine, the function of delayed rectifier potassium ... It has been recommended to eat foods which are high in omega-3 fatty acids for women who want to become pregnant or when ...

PEMT deficiency prevents artherosclerosis in mice fed high-fat, high-cholesterol diets. This is largely a result of lower ... While the CDP-choline pathway, in which choline obtained either by dietary consumption or by metabolism of choline-containing ... "Aberrant estrogen regulation of PEMT results in choline deficiency-associated liver dysfunction". The Journal of Biological ... PEMT deficiency in mice, genetically induced by PEMT gene knockout, produced minimal effect on PE and PC levels. However, upon ...

... higher for pregnant and breastfeeding women. The AI for adult men is 550 mg/day. Choline deficiency can lead to health problems ... Choline deficiency has also been associated with hypertension in rats. There is also some evidence that choline is an anti- ... "Iron deficiency-adults". High-risk groups such as vegetarians, adolescent girls and women athletes need to eat iron-rich foods ... For iron: "Iron deficiency-adults". Better Health Channel. Government of Victoria, Australia. Retrieved February 4, 2011. High- ...

One sign of choline deficiency is an elevated level of the liver enzyme ALT. If low choline intake causes an elevated ... Neurons, conversely, acquire choline by both high- and low-affinity transporters. Choline is stored as membrane-bound ... Choline-providing dietary supplement ingredients include: choline chloride, choline bitartrate, citicoline (CDP-choline), L- ... Choline (C5H14NO+) Choline chloride Choline hydroxide Acetylcholine Cytidine diphosphate choline Dimethylethanolamine ...

In order to successfully screen hFMO3 in a high throughput fashion hFMO3 was successfully fixed to graphene oxide chips in ... However, doctors recommend patients to avoid foods containing choline, carnitine, nitrogen, sulfur and lecithin. FMOs have also ... causes abnormal FMO3-mediated metabolism or a deficiency of this enzyme in an individual. A person with this disorder has a low ... Individuals with deficient FMO3 activity have a higher prevalence of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, since ...

Deficiencies of other B vitamins result in symptoms that are not part of a named deficiency disease. Because water-soluble B ... Vitamin B4: can refer to the distinct chemicals choline, adenine, or carnitine. Choline is synthesized by the human body, but ... "High prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration in diabetes linked to a marker of vascular disease". Diabetologia. 50 (10 ... In cases of severe deficiency, B vitamins, especially B12, may also be delivered by injection to reverse deficiencies.[ ...

... which causes dysfunction of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. This inhibition may lead to acetylcholine deficiency, and can ... Organic mercurial compounds, such as methylmercury, have a high affinity for sulfhydryl groups, ... Following the evolution of choline transporters, the abundance of intracellular choline paved the way for choline to become ... Acetylcholine is synthesized in certain neurons by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase from the compounds choline and acetyl- ...

... or an enzyme with relatively high residual activity but still phenotypic consequences. This enzyme deficiency allows glutaric ... Choline increases carnitine uptake and retention. Choline supplements are inexpensive, safe (probably even in all children ... While GCDH deficiency is a rare disease, GLO deficiency is the most common of metabolic diseases affecting children, limiting ... It is thus important to investigate all cases of macrocephaly of unknown origins for GCDH deficiency, given the importance of ...

For instance, deficiencies of the main dietary sources of methyl donors, methionine and choline, lead to the formation of liver ... Whether it is deficiency in enzymes such as methylthioadenosine phosphorylase, methionine-dependency of cancer cells, high ... Ghoshal, AK; Farber, E (1984). "The induction of liver cancer by dietary deficiency of choline and methionine without added ... higher in fruits and vegetables, to have a lower risk of cancer. A "drinker dietary pattern" is also associated with higher ...

Key components of the diet are high fat content to meet caloric requirements of growth, high protein to meet requirements for ... Choline is also a AAFCO recommended ingredient for kittens, which is important for neurotransmission in the brain and as a ... Sturman, J. A., Moretz, R. C., French, J. H., & Wisniewski, H. M. (1985). Postnatal taurine deficiency in the kitten results in ... Cats are naturally carnivores and require high amounts of protein in the diet. Kittens are undergoing growth and require high ...

Succinyl choline, phenothiazines and tricyclic antidepressants causes trismus as a secondary effect. Trismus can be seen as an ... Complications of Chemotherapy: Oral mucosal cells have high growth rate and are susceptible to the toxic effects of ... Gaucher disease which is caused by deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Giant cell arteritis Illegal Stimulant drugs, ...

Cell membranes require high levels of cholesterol - typically an average of 20% cholesterol in the whole membrane, increasing ... In sphingomyelin the primary hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphoryl choline. In glycolipids, the sugar ... "Environmental Iodine Deficiency: A Challenge to the Evolution of Terrestrial Life?". Thyroid. 10 (8): 727-9. doi:10.1089/ ... Plant thylakoid membranes maintain high fluidity, even at relatively cold environmental temperatures, due the abundance of 18- ...

... high density lipoprotein cholesterol) Health Healthy weight Herb High density lipoprotein cholesterol Human nutrition ... Choline Inositol Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Vitamin D IU=mcg Vitamin E (tocopherol) IU=mg Vitamin K Biotin Carotenoids Alpha ... vitamin deficiency) Nutrition transition Eating disorders Binge eating Bulimia Overeating Fat tax Health claims on food labels ... vitamin deficiency) Multivitamin Vitamin A (retinol) Vitamin B complex Vitamin B1 (thiamin) Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Vitamin B3 ...

RDAs are set higher than EARs to cover people with higher than average needs. Adequate Intakes (AIs) are set when there is not ... Deficiencies can be due to a number of causes including an inadequacy in nutrient intake, called a dietary deficiency, or any ... Choline, inositol, taurine, arginine, glutamine and nucleotides are classified as conditionally essential and are particularly ... RDA U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowances; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant ...

Choline is often supplemented in cat diets in the form of choline chloride, but is also found in eggs, liver, chicken, and soya ... Central retinal deficiency is a cognitive dysfunction in cats that primarily caused by a nutritional deficiency but can be ... 1997), when pregnant domestic felines were fed a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids that their offspring showed high levels of ... Free choline is in vegetables like cauliflower and dark leafy greens, and the choline metabolite betaine is found in beets and ...

Among mammals, in particular, there is very high sequence similarity. Human and cat (Felis catus) ChAT, for example, have 89% ... a disease which leads to general motor function deficiency and weakness. Further symptoms include fatal apnea. Out of ten ... Choline is bound in the active site of ChAT by non-covalent interactions between the positively charged amine of choline and ... In humans, the choline acetyltransferase enzyme is encoded by the CHAT gene. Choline acetyltransferase was first described by ...

Hard Red Spring - Hard, brownish, high-protein wheat used for bread and hard baked goods. Bread Flour and high-gluten flours ... Choline; Ca = Calcium; Fe = Iron; Mg = Magnesium; P = Phosphorus; K = Potassium; Na = Sodium; Zn = Zinc; Cu = Copper; Mn = ... Supplementation with proteins from other food sources (mainly legumes) is commonly used to compensate for this deficiency, ... more of them being created in higher populated countries such as China. Bread wheat with high grain iron and zinc content was ...

RDAs are higher than EARs so as to identify amounts that will cover people with higher than average requirements. RDA for ... Mild deficiencies can exceed 50% of the population in Third World countries and in refugee situations. Deficiency is uncommon ... and Choline. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 87-122. ISBN 0-309-06554-2. Archived from the original on 2015- ... Riboflavin deficiency is usually found together with other nutrient deficiencies, particularly of other water-soluble vitamins ...

High fuel prices in mid-2007 led to higher demand for ethanol, which in turn led to higher prices paid to farmers for maize. ... the deficiency theory (which was eventually shown to be true) said that pellagra was due to a deficiency of some nutrient, and ... Choline; Ca = Calcium; Fe = Iron; Mg = Magnesium; P = Phosphorus; K = Potassium; Na = Sodium; Zn = Zinc; Cu = Copper; Mn = ... For small farms, their unit cost can be too high, as their higher fixed cost cannot be amortized over as many units. Before ...

2-acyl-sn-glycerol that can be modified by choline phosphotransferase and CDP choline. Peroxisome biogenesis disorders are ... Total RBC plasmalogen levels were found to be lower in humans than in bonobos, chimpanzees, or gorillas, but higher than in ... In addition, genetic mutations in the GNPAT or AGPS genes can result in plasmalogen deficiencies, which lead to the development ... As there is no plasmenylcholine desaturase choline plasmalogens can be formed only after hydrolysis of ethanolamine PLs to 1-O ...

Pseudocholinesterase deficiency can result in higher levels of intact succinylcholine molecules reaching receptors in the ... is a nonspecific cholinesterase enzyme that hydrolyses many different choline-based esters. In humans, it is made in the liver ... "Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency". Medscape. WebMD LLC. Zheng F, Yang W, Ko MC, Liu J, Cho H, Gao D, Tong M, Tai HH, Woods JH, ... Pseudocholinesterase deficiency results in delayed metabolism of only a few compounds of clinical significance, including the ...

Infants are at a higher risk of vitamin B12 deficiency if they were born to vegetarian mothers. The elderly who have diets with ... and Choline. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 340-342. ISBN 0-309-06554-2. Retrieved February 7, 2012. " ... RDAs are higher than EARs so as to identify amounts that will cover people with higher than average requirements. RDA for ... Vitamin B12 deficiency can also cause symptoms of mania and psychosis. Vitamin B12 deficiency is most commonly caused by low ...

Acetylcholine is synthesized in the cytoplasm of the neuron from choline and acetyl-CoA. Choline acyltransferase is the enzyme ... 50 with a higher concentration of sodium outside and a higher concentration of potassium inside. When an action potential ... In a study on a patient with AChE deficiency, doctors noted that he had developed severe proximal and truncal muscle weakness ... Vesicle depletion from the readily releasable pool occurs during high frequency stimulation of long duration and the size of ...

Riboflavin deficiency can cause ariboflavinosis, which may result in cheilosis (cracks in the lips), high sensitivity to ... Vitamin B4: can refer to the distinct chemicals choline, adenine, or carnitine.[38][39] Choline is synthesized by the human ... Deficiencies[edit]. See also: Vitamin deficiency § Water-soluble vitamins. Several named vitamin deficiency diseases may result ... Deficiency effects B1. Thiamine. Deficiency causes beriberi. Symptoms of this disease of the nervous system include weight loss ...

In the laboratory, choline can be prepared by methylation of dimethylethanolamine with methyl chloride. Choline chloride is mass-produced with world production estimated at 160 000 tons in 1999.[2] Industrially, it is produce by the reaction of ethylene oxide, hydrogen chloride, and trimethylamine,[3] or from the pre-formed salt:[4] ...

In enzymology, a diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction CDP-choline + 1,2-diacylglycerol ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CMP + a phosphatidylcholine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are CDP-choline and 1,2-diacylglycerol, whereas its two products are CMP and phosphatidylcholine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring non-standard substituted phosphate groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is CDP choline:1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase. Other names in common use include: 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-m-glycerol:CDPcholine choline phosphotransferase, 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol ...

As described above, PLD hydrolyzes PC to form PA and choline. Because choline is very abundant in the cell, PLD activity does not significantly affect choline levels; and choline is unlikely to play any role in signaling.[citation needed] The role of PLD activation in numerous signaling contexts, combined with the lack of a role for choline, suggests that PA is important in signaling. However, PA is rapidly converted to DAG, and DAG is also known to be a signaling molecule. This raises the question as to whether PA has any direct role in signaling or whether it simply acts as a precursor for DAG production.[16][17] If it is found that PA acts only as a DAG precursor, then one can raise the question as to why cells should produce DAG using two enzymes when they contain the PLC that could produce DAG in a single step. PA produced by PLD or by ...

... (also known as CK,ChoK and choline phosphokinase) is an enzyme which catalyzes the first reaction in the choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis. This reaction involves the transfer of a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to choline in order to form phosphocholine. ATP + choline ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } ADP + O-phosphocholine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and choline, whereas its two products are adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and O-phosphocholine. Choline kinase requires magnesium ions (+2) as a cofactor for this reaction. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring ...

ഒരു അപൂരിത ആലിഫാറ്റിക ആൽഡിഹൈഡ്. ഫോർമുല, CH2 = CH - CHO. നിറമില്ലാത്ത ദ്രവവസ്തു. തിളനില 53oC. അസഹ്യമായ ഗന്ധമുണ്ട്. ജലത്തിൽ അലിയും. വെറുതെ വച്ചിരുന്നാൽതന്നെ പോളിമറീകരിച്ചു വെളുത്ത പൊടിയായി മാറുന്നു. അക്രൊലീൻ ആൽഡിഹൈഡിന്റെയും ഒലിഫീനിന്റെയും രാസഗുണധർമങ്ങൾ പ്രദർശിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. അക്രൊലീന്റെ നിരോക്സീകരണംവഴി പല യൗഗികങ്ങളും ഉത്പാദിപ്പിക്കാം. മഗ്നീഷ്യം അമാൽഗം, സോഡിയം അമാൽഗം, അലൂമിനിയം ഐസൊ ...

... (also known as CK,ChoK and choline phosphokinase) is an enzyme which catalyzes the first reaction in the choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis. This reaction involves the transfer of a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to choline in order to form phosphocholine. ATP + choline ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } ADP + O-phosphocholine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and choline, whereas its two products are adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and O-phosphocholine. Choline kinase requires magnesium ions (+2) as a cofactor for this reaction. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring ...

As described above, PLD hydrolyzes PC to form PA and choline. Because choline is very abundant in the cell, PLD activity does not significantly affect choline levels; and choline is unlikely to play any role in signaling.[citation needed] The role of PLD activation in numerous signaling contexts, combined with the lack of a role for choline, suggests that PA is important in signaling. However, PA is rapidly converted to DAG, and DAG is also known to be a signaling molecule. This raises the question as to whether PA has any direct role in signaling or whether it simply acts as a precursor for DAG production.[16][17] If it is found that PA acts only as a DAG precursor, then one can raise the question as to why cells should produce DAG using two enzymes when they contain the PLC that could produce DAG in a single step. PA produced by PLD or by ...

... ". Human Metabolome Database. The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. 17 August 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016 ...

... , also known as lysophospholipase, is an enzyme with a combination of both PLA1 and PLA2 activities; that is, it can cleave acyl chains from both the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of a phospholipid. In general, it acts on lysolecithin (which is formed by the action of PLA2 on lecithin). Phospholipase J.E. Vance; Dennis E. Vance (14 March 2008). Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes. Elsevier. pp. 312-313. ISBN 978-0-08-055988-9 ...

Some years after Gordon Freeman and other scientists accidentally opened a portal to a dimension of hostile aliens at the Black Mesa Research Facility, Freeman is awoken from stasis by the mysterious G-Man.[1][2] The portal attracted the attention of the Combine, a technologically superior multidimensional empire which conquered Earth in seven hours. The Combine have implemented a brutal police state by biologically assimilating humans and other species, and preventing humans from breeding via a "suppression field". The G-Man inserts Gordon into a train arriving at City 17, site of the Combine Citadel, where Dr. Wallace Breen, the former Black Mesa administrator who negotiated Earth's surrender, governs as the Combine's puppet ruler.[3]. After eluding Combine forces, Gordon joins resistance members including Barney Calhoun, a former Black Mesa security guard working undercover as a Combine police officer; Dr. Eli Vance, former Black Mesa scientist and leader of the resistance; Alyx Vance, Eli's ...

Episode One foregår lige efter hændelserne i Half-Life 2. Gordon Freeman bliver igen kontaktet i sin dvale af G-Man, men før G-Man kan nå at sige noget, dukker en gruppe lysene vortigaunter frem som fører Gordon bort og omringer G-Man, som med et lettere irriteret ansigtsudtryk blot siger: "Vi får at se." Samtidig bliver Alyx Vance reddet fra Citadelens' eksploderende generator af en anden gruppe vortigaunter.. Et ukendt antal timer senere vågner Gordon i en bunke murbrokker, som DOG, Alyx' godmodige robot, graver ham fri af, og han bliver genforenet med hende. De kontakter straks Eli Vance og Isaac Kleiner, som er i gang med at omgruppere oprørshæren et sted udenfor City 17. Eli og Kleiner fortæller dem at Citadelens reaktorkerne er ved at nedsmelte, og at eksplosionen vil tage City 17, hvor en del af oprørshæren sidder fast, med i købet. Alyx beslutter sig for at prøve at få kernen midlertidigt stabiliseret for at skaffe hende og Gordon mere tid til at flygte. Imens de udfører ...

The Last Castle" de Jack Vance (1967) · "Gonna Roll the Bones" de Fritz Leiber (1968) · "The Sharing of Flesh" de Poul Anderson (1969) · "Goat Song" de Poul Anderson (1973) · "The Deathbird" de Harlan Ellison (1974) · "Adrift Just Off the Islets of Langerhans: Latitude 38° 54' N, Longitude 77° 00' 13" W" de Harlan Ellison (1975) · "The Borderland of Sol" de Larry Niven (1976) · "The Bicentennial Man" de Isaac Asimov (1977) · "Eyes of Amber" de Joan D. Vinge (1978) · "Hunter's Moon" de Poul Anderson (1979) · "Regii nisipurilor" de George R. R. Martin (1980). ...

... also known as patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 6 (PNPLA6) is a neuropathy target esterase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PNPLA6 gene. Neuropathy target esterase is a phospholipase that deacetylates intracellular phosphatidylcholine to produce glycerophosphocholine. It is thought to function in neurite outgrowth and process elongation during neuronal differentiation. The protein is anchored to the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum in both neurons and non-neuronal cells. Neuropathy target esterase is an enzyme with phospholipase B activity: It sequentially hydrolyses both fatty acids from the major membrane lipid phosphatidylcholine, which generates water-soluble glycerophosphocholine. In cells of eukaryotes from yeast to humans, NTE is anchored to the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and is particularly ...