Hepatitis B Antigens
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B virus
Hepatitis B Surface Antigens
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B Antibodies
Hepatitis B, Chronic
Immunoelectrophoresis
Hepatitis B Vaccines
Counterimmunoelectrophoresis
Hepatitis B Core Antigens
Hepatitis B e Antigens
Hepatitis C
Carrier State
Hemagglutination Tests
Radioimmunoassay
Immune Sera
Immunodiffusion
Complement Fixation Tests
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
Hepatitis C, Chronic
Blood Transfusion
ABO Blood-Group System
Hepatitis A virus
Hepatitis B Virus, Duck
Hepatitis, Chronic
Hepatitis Antibodies
Antiviral Agents
Hepacivirus
Hepatitis A Vaccines
Hepatitis C Antibodies
Iodine Radioisotopes
Antigens, Neoplasm
Hepatitis D
Antigens, Surface
Blood Group Antigens
Hepatitis Viruses
Viral Hepatitis Vaccines
Lamivudine
HLA Antigens
Hepatitis Delta Virus
Microscopy, Electron
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis A Antibodies
Hepatitis E virus
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Hepatitis A Virus, Human
Molecular Sequence Data
Liver Cirrhosis
Alanine Transaminase
Liver
HLA-B Antigens
Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck
Interferon-alpha
Hepatitis C Antigens
Hepatitis Antigens
Virus Replication
Base Sequence
HLA-A Antigens
Hepatovirus
Immunoglobulin G
Antigens, Protozoan
Murine hepatitis virus
Seroepidemiologic Studies
Organophosphonates
Hepatitis A Antigens
Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming
Genotype
Antigens, CD
Herpesvirus 2, Gallid
Vaccination
Viral Core Proteins
Antigen-Antibody Reactions
Marmota
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Cross Reactions
Amino Acid Sequence
Immunoenzyme Techniques
Antigens, Helminth
Hepatitis, Alcoholic
Viral Load
Liver Transplantation
Antibody Specificity
Ribavirin
Immunoglobulin M
Third component, HBeAg/3, of hepatitis B e antigen system, identified by three different double-diffusion techniques. (1/499)
A third component, HB(e)AG/3, of the hepatitis B e antigen system has been detected, and it was consistently detected in three variations of the double-diffusion technique. (+info)Hepatitis virus infection in haemodialysis patients from Moldavia. (2/499)
BACKGROUND: Although the epidemiology of hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) now seems well established for Western European countries, in Central and Eastern Europe < 50% of all dialysis centres routinely test for hepatitis C antibodies since testing is not available or is not applied to all patients. This study describes the prevalence, risk factors and clinical significance of HBV and HCV infection for the haemodialysis population of the North Eastern region of Romania, Moldavia. METHODS: The presence of HBV antigens was determined with an ELISA kit (Wellcome, Abbot) and HCV antibodies with the ELISA-3 Ortho-HCV, third generation test. The following individual data were collected: gender, age, duration of dialysis, rural/urban domicile, actual and previous HBV status, actual HCV status, known acute, clinically evident hepatitis episodes in the last 3 years, monthly alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) levels, complete biochemical hepatic assessment at the time of the study, transfusions for the past 3 years and family history. RESULTS: HBV and HCV prevalences were 17% (stable over the last 3 years) and 75%, respectively; co-infection was seen in 10% of the subjects. Hospitalization (nosocomial infection) for HBV, blood transfusions and duration on dialysis for HCV, emerged as the main risk factors for hepatitis infection. Socio-economic conditions appear to be equally important for HCV infection, since the prevalence was significantly higher among patients from rural, underdeveloped areas than urban areas (80.8 vs 60.3%), and infection was already present in a large proportion of patients (47%) before starting dialysis, without being related to previous disease duration or blood transfusions. HBV and/or HCV was not associated with a worse clinical or biochemical profile at the time of the study. However, infected patients had significantly more previous cytolytic episodes, with higher, transient increases in ALAT and ASAT levels. CONCLUSIONS: HCV infection is endemic among dialysis centres in Moldavia. Apart from previously well-known risk factors for hepatitis infection, our study demonstrates the negative impact of socio-economic underdevelopment. Simple measures such as enforced general asepsia rules, careful disinfection and equipment sterilization, routine testing of patients from economically disadvantaged areas and monthly, serial determination of hepatic enzymes should be the common practice in dialysis centres in Romania. (+info)Human hepatitis B virus X protein is detectable in nuclei of transfected cells, and is active for transactivation. (3/499)
Subcellular localization and transactivation of human hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx), a plausible causative factor for hepatocellular carcinogenesis, were studied in transiently transfected cells. The transactivation was detected not only by the cis-element driven chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assay but also by immunostaining of CAT protein cotransfected into human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Scanning fluorescence microscopy showed the majority of immunological signals of HBx to be at the perinuclear region of transfected cytoplasm. HBx was also clearly detectable in the nucleus, though less intensely expressed. This was confirmed by Western analysis and coimmunoprecipitation of HBx with transcription factor IIB (TFIIB) in subcellular fractionations. The percentage of HBx-positive cells coincided with that of CAT-positive cells, and confocal laser microscopy revealed the coexistence of CAT signals in GFP-HBx positive cells. The SV40 large T antigen nuclear localization signal (NLS) appended HBx, regardless of whether NLS was added to the N- or C-terminus, transactivated all the examined X-responsive elements (XRE) similarly as did wild-type HBx. Similar results were obtained in p53 negative Saos-2 cells. The detected nuclear HBx may be involved in modulating the transcription at the promoter level whereas the HBx in cytoplasm may be working through signal transduction pathways. (+info)HBV-specific immune defect in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is correlated with a dysregulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. (4/499)
The aim of this study was to examine the immunomodulating effects of rhIL-12 on the immune response induced by hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigens in clinical subgroups of patients with HBV infection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 80 patients were stimulated with HBsAg, HBcAg, pre-S1Ag and tetanus toxoid in the absence or presence of IL-12 (0.01, 0.1 and 1 ng/ml). Stimulation by anti-CD3+ anti-CD28 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used as controls. Proliferation and cytokine production were determined by 3H-thymidine uptake and ELISA after 72 h. After stimulation with HBV antigens only, production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or IL-10 was observed in all patients, while interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was detectable in only 27 patients. After costimulation with IL-12 and HBV antigens, however, large amounts of IFN-gamma were found in all patients, while HBV-induced IL-10 production remained mostly unchanged. When clinical subgroups including patients with compensated liver cirrhosis were compared, PBMC from patients with HBeAg+ hepatitis showed the lowest capacity to produce IFN-gamma after HBV antigen-positive IL-12. These data suggest that the ability of IL-12 to enhance IFN-gamma production against HBV antigens is correlated with the presence of HBeAg and is not impaired in patients with advanced liver disease. In addition, IL-12 and IL-10 production by antigen-presenting cells may be a critical factor that determines the efficacy of the immune response against the hepatitis B virus. (+info)The hepatitis B pX protein promotes dimerization and DNA binding of cellular basic region/leucine zipper proteins by targeting the conserved basic region. (5/499)
The hepatitis B virus pX protein is a potent transcriptional activator of viral and cellular genes whose mechanism of action is poorly understood. Here we show that pX dramatically stimulates in vitro DNA binding of a variety of cellular proteins that contain basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) DNA binding domains. The basis for increased DNA binding is a direct interaction between pX and the conserved bZIP basic region, which promotes bZIP dimerization and the increased concentration of the bZIP homodimer then drives the DNA binding reaction. Unexpectedly, we found that the DNA binding specificity of various pX-bZIP complexes differs from one another and from that of the bZIP itself. Thus, through recognition of the conserved basic region, pX promotes dimerization, increases DNA binding, and alters DNA recognition. These properties of pX are remarkably similar to those of the human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I Tax protein. Although Tax and pX are not homologous, we show that the regions of the two proteins that stimulate bZIP binding contain apparent metal binding sites. Finally, consistent with this in vitro activity, we provide evidence that both Tax and pX activate transcription in vivo, at least in part, by facilitating occupancy of bZIPs on target promoters. (+info)HBV and proteinuria in relatives and contacts of children with hepatitis B virus-associated membranous nephropathy. (6/499)
BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated membranous nephropathy (HBVMN) is an important cause of childhood nephrotic syndrome in regions endemic for the virus, but little is understood of the biosocial context in which the disease develops. We evaluated HBV status and proteinuria in family members and household contacts of index children with HBVMN to test the hypothesis that HBV carriage and asymptomatic proteinuria are closely linked and may be causally associated. METHODS: Thirty-one black children with biopsy-proven HBVMN were the index cases. One hundred and fifty-two family members and 43 black household contacts were the subjects of the study. We assessed HBV carrier status by testing for HBV antigens and antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and for HBV DNA by using slot-blot hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction. Sequencing of the precore region of HBV was done in a subset of both index cases and subjects. Proteinuria was assessed by measuring the urinary protein/creatinine ratio. RESULTS: Seventy-two (37%) of the 195 family members and household contacts were HBV carriers, and 53 (27%) had a protein/creatinine ratio greater than the physiological limit. The frequency of abnormal proteinuria was not significantly different in those with [22 out of 72 (30.5%)] or without [33 out of 104 (32%)] HBV carriage. This lack of association remained when carriers were classified into those who were HBsAg positive only and those with active viral replication (HBsAg and/or HBeAg and/or HBV DNA; P = 0.01). Family members were more predisposed to HBV carriage than household contacts, but abnormal proteinuria was present with equal frequency (P = 0.48). Age had a significant impact on proteinuria, with children less than five years being more likely to have abnormal proteinuria (P = 0.008). The prevalence of abnormal proteinuria in family members and household contacts of the index cases was more than that in community-based controls. The 10 index HBVMN cases and the 14 family members and household contacts who were tested all had HBV of genotype A. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the family members and household contacts of children with HBVMN are at very high risk of HBV carriage; they also have asymptomatic proteinuria at a significantly higher rate than community-based controls. The HBV carrier status was not associated with proteinuria, a finding supported by peak prevalences of proteinuria in those under five years but no corresponding peak for HBV carriage. Proteinuria may indicate glomerular basement membrane dysfunction. Environmental and social factors may underpin development of these two covert disorders, but are insufficient to account for the index cases of HBVMN. The emergence of children with HBVMN from such households additionally depends on unidentified and possibly genetic factors. (+info)The proapoptotic effect of hepatitis B virus HBx protein correlates with its transactivation activity in stably transfected cell lines. (7/499)
The role of hepatitis B virus HBx protein in the carcinogenesis associated with chronic viral infection remains ill-defined. Indeed, pleiotropic effects have been ascribed to HBx: in addition to its well-documented ability to indirectly stimulate transcription, the protein has been reported to affect cell growth, signal transduction, DNA repair and apoptosis. In this work, we generated Chang (CCL-13)-derived cell lines constitutively expressing wild type or mutant HBx, as a model of HBx-host cell interaction closer to the chronic infection setting, than the classically used transient expression systems. We document the potentiation by HBx of the apoptotic cell death pathway in the recipient cells. This effect is unlikely to rely on p53 activity since the protein is functionally inactivated in CCL-13. In addition, antioxidants and cyclosporin A failed to reduce the apoptotic response back to the normal level, suggesting that production of reactive oxygen species and calcineurin activation are not directly involved in the proapoptotic effect of HBx. In contrast, our data show that transactivation and stimulation of apoptosis are tightly linked HBx activities. Finally, expression of transactivation-active protein did not result in detectable change in the pattern of MAP kinases phosphorylation nor did it affect the ability of the host cell to repair in vitro irradiated plasmid DNA. (+info)Genetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinomas: association between loss of chromosome 4q and p53 gene mutations. (8/499)
The major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) in high incidence areas include infection with hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV) and exposure to aflatoxin. Genetic alterations in 24 liver resection specimens from Shanghai and Qidong were studied. Hepatitis B virus was integrated in all patient samples, and a null phenotype for the GSTM1 enzyme was present in 63% of patients. Alteration of p53 was present in 95% (23/24) of cases: mutations of the p53 gene in 12 HCC, p53 overexpression in 13 and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosome 17p in 17. All seven HCCs with a p53 mutation from Qidong and three of five from Shanghai had the aflatoxin-associated point mutation with a G to T transversion at codon 249, position 3. No HCC had microsatellite instability. LOH of chromosome 4q, 1p, 16q and 13q was present in 50%, 46%, 42% and 38%, respectively, and 4q was preferentially lost in HCCs containing a p53 mutation: LOH of 4q was present in 75% (9/12) of HCC with, but only 25% (3/12) of HCC without, a p53 gene mutation (P = 0.01). These data indicate a possible interaction between p53 gene mutation and 4q loss in the pathogenesis of HCC. (+info)The symptoms of hepatitis B can range from mild to severe and may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, joint pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In some cases, hepatitis B can be asymptomatic, meaning that individuals may not experience any symptoms at all.
Hepatitis B is diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of HBV antigens or antibodies in the body. Treatment for acute hepatitis B typically involves rest, hydration, and medication to manage symptoms, while chronic hepatitis B may require ongoing therapy with antiviral drugs to suppress the virus and prevent liver damage.
Preventive measures for hepatitis B include vaccination, which is recommended for individuals at high risk of infection, such as healthcare workers, sexually active individuals, and those traveling to areas where HBV is common. In addition, safe sex practices, avoiding sharing of needles or other bodily fluids, and proper sterilization of medical equipment can help reduce the risk of transmission.
Overall, hepatitis B is a serious infection that can have long-term consequences for liver health, and it is important to take preventive measures and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
Hepatitis A is typically spread through contaminated food and water or through close contact with someone who has the infection. The virus can also be spread through sexual contact or sharing of needles.
Symptoms of hepatitis A usually appear two to six weeks after exposure and can last for several weeks or months. In some cases, the infection can lead to complications such as liver failure, which can be life-threatening.
There is a vaccine available for hepatitis A, which is recommended for individuals traveling to areas where the virus is common, people who engage in high-risk behaviors, and those with chronic liver disease. Treatment for hepatitis A typically focuses on relieving symptoms and supporting the liver as it recovers. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.
Preventive measures to reduce the risk of hepatitis A infection include maintaining good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently, especially before eating or preparing food; avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked shellfish, particularly oysters; and avoiding close contact with people who have the infection.
There are several types of hepatitis, including:
1. Hepatitis A: This type is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and is usually transmitted through contaminated food or water or through close contact with someone who has the infection.
2. Hepatitis B: This type is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and can be spread through sexual contact, sharing of needles, or mother-to-child transmission during childbirth.
3. Hepatitis C: This type is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and is primarily spread through blood-to-blood contact, such as sharing of needles or receiving a tainted blood transfusion.
4. Alcoholic hepatitis: This type is caused by excessive alcohol consumption and can lead to inflammation and scarring in the liver.
5. Drug-induced hepatitis: This type is caused by certain medications, such as antidepressants, anti-seizure drugs, or chemotherapy agents.
6. Autoimmune hepatitis: This type is caused by an abnormal immune response and can lead to inflammation in the liver.
Symptoms of hepatitis may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and yellowing of the skin (jaundice). In severe cases, it can lead to liver failure or even death.
Diagnosis of hepatitis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests such as blood tests and imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition, but may include medications to manage symptoms, antiviral therapy, or in severe cases, liver transplantation. Prevention measures for hepatitis include vaccination against certain types of the disease, practicing safe sex, avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, and following proper hygiene practices.
In conclusion, hepatitis is a serious condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is important to be aware of the different types of hepatitis and their causes in order to prevent and manage this condition effectively. By taking appropriate measures such as getting vaccinated and practicing safe sex, individuals can reduce their risk of contracting hepatitis. In severe cases, early diagnosis and treatment can help to minimize damage to the liver and improve outcomes for patients.
A persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV is a bloodborne pathogen and can be spread through contact with infected blood, sexual contact, or vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth.
Chronic hepatitis B is characterized by the presence of HBsAg in the blood for more than 6 months, indicating that the virus is still present in the liver. The disease can be asymptomatic or symptomatic, with symptoms such as fatigue, malaise, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, and jaundice.
Chronic hepatitis B is diagnosed through serological tests such as HBsAg, anti-HBc, and HBV DNA. Treatment options include interferon alpha and nucleos(t)ide analogues, which can slow the progression of the disease but do not cure it.
Prevention strategies for chronic hepatitis B include vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine, which is effective in preventing acute and chronic HBV infection, as well as avoidance of risky behaviors such as unprotected sex and sharing of needles.
There are several types of hepatitis C, including genotype 1, which is the most common and accounts for approximately 70% of cases in the United States. Other genotypes include 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The symptoms of hepatitis C can range from mild to severe and may include fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, pale stools, and itching all over the body. Some people with hepatitis C may not experience any symptoms at all.
Hepatitis C is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies against HCV or the virus itself. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, including interferon and ribavirin, which can cure the infection but may have side effects such as fatigue, nausea, and depression. In recent years, new drugs known as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have become available, which can cure the infection with fewer side effects and in a shorter period of time.
Prevention measures for hepatitis C include avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, using condoms to prevent sexual transmission, and ensuring that any tattoos or piercings are performed with sterilized equipment. Vaccines are also available for people who are at high risk of contracting the virus, such as healthcare workers and individuals who engage in high-risk behaviors.
Overall, hepatitis C is a serious and common liver disease that can lead to significant health complications if left untreated. Fortunately, with advances in medical technology and treatment options, it is possible to manage and cure the virus with proper care and attention.
Note: This definition may have some variations in different contexts and medical fields.
The symptoms of chronic hepatitis C may be mild or absent, but some people experience fatigue, joint pain, muscle aches, nausea, loss of appetite, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).
Chronic hepatitis C is usually diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies against HCV or the virus itself. Imaging tests such as ultrasound and liver biopsy may also be performed to assess the extent of liver damage.
Treatment for chronic hepatitis C typically involves a combination of medications, including interferon and ribavirin, which can help clear the virus from the body. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Prevention of the spread of HCV includes avoiding sharing of needles or other sharp objects, practicing safe sex, and getting tested for the virus before donating blood or organs.
See also: Hepatitis C; Liver; Virus
There are many different types of liver diseases, including:
1. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD): A condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption that can lead to inflammation, scarring, and cirrhosis.
2. Viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, and C are viral infections that can cause inflammation and damage to the liver.
3. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A condition where there is an accumulation of fat in the liver, which can lead to inflammation and scarring.
4. Cirrhosis: A condition where the liver becomes scarred and cannot function properly.
5. Hemochromatosis: A genetic disorder that causes the body to absorb too much iron, which can damage the liver and other organs.
6. Wilson's disease: A rare genetic disorder that causes copper to accumulate in the liver and brain, leading to damage and scarring.
7. Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma): Cancer that develops in the liver, often as a result of cirrhosis or viral hepatitis.
Symptoms of liver disease can include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and swelling in the legs. Treatment options for liver disease depend on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.
Prevention of liver disease includes maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, and managing underlying medical conditions such as obesity and diabetes. Early detection and treatment of liver disease can help to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients.
Hepatitis, chronic is a type of liver disease that is characterized by inflammation and damage to the liver, which can lead to scarring, cirrhosis, and potentially liver failure. It is caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections (such as hepatitis B and C), alcohol consumption, and autoimmune disorders.
Chronic hepatitis can be challenging to diagnose, as its symptoms are often nonspecific and may resemble those of other conditions. However, some common signs and symptoms include:
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Dark urine
* Pale stools
If left untreated, chronic hepatitis can lead to serious complications, such as liver failure, liver cancer, and esophageal varices. Treatment options for chronic hepatitis depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in severe cases, liver transplantation.
Preventing Chronic Hepatitis:
While some forms of chronic hepatitis are incurable, there are steps you can take to prevent the development of this condition or slow its progression. These include:
* Avoiding alcohol or drinking in moderation
* Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
* Getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B
* Practicing safe sex to avoid sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
* Avoiding sharing needles or other drug-injecting equipment
* Seeking medical attention if you suspect you have been exposed to hepatitis
Managing Chronic Hepatitis:
If you have chronic hepatitis, managing the condition is crucial to prevent complications and improve quality of life. This may involve:
* Medications to treat the underlying cause of the hepatitis (e.g., antiviral drugs for hepatitis B or C)
* Lifestyle changes, such as avoiding alcohol and maintaining a healthy diet
* Regular monitoring of liver function and viral load
* In some cases, liver transplantation
Living with Chronic Hepatitis:
Living with chronic hepatitis can be challenging, but there are resources available to help you cope. These may include:
* Support groups for people with hepatitis and their families
* Counseling to address emotional and mental health concerns
* Educational resources to help you understand the condition and its management
* Legal assistance to navigate insurance and disability benefits
Conclusion:
Chronic hepatitis is a complex and multifactorial condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. However, with early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and lifestyle changes, it is possible to manage the condition and improve quality of life. By understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management of chronic hepatitis, you can take an active role in your healthcare and make informed decisions about your care.
A viral infection that affects the liver and is transmitted to animals through contact with infected feces, urine, or saliva. The condition can be caused by several different viruses, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Symptoms of animal hepatitis may include loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, fever, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In severe cases, the infection can cause liver failure and death.
Prevention:
* Avoid contact with infected animals
* Practice good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently
* Keep pets up to date on vaccinations and preventatives
* Avoid drinking water or eating food that may be contaminated with feces or urine from infected animals
* Use protective clothing and equipment when handling animals that may be infected
Treatment:
* Supportive care, such as fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration and maintain blood pressure
* Antiviral medications in severe cases
* Hospitalization for severe cases or those that do not respond to treatment
Prognosis:
* Depends on the severity of the infection and the underlying health status of the animal. In general, the prognosis is good for animals that receive prompt and appropriate treatment.
Complications:
* Liver failure
* Sepsis (blood infection)
* Kidney failure
* Death
Prevalence:
* Widespread in animals, especially in those that are kept in close quarters or have poor living conditions.
Affected Organ:
* Liver
The hepatitis D virus is transmitted through contact with infected blood or through sexual contact with an infected person. It can also be spread from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth. Hepatitis D is a critical illness, and it can lead to liver failure, especially in people who are already infected with HBV.
There are two main types of hepatitis D: acute and chronic. Acute hepatitis D lasts for less than six months and typically resolves on its own without treatment. Chronic hepatitis D, on the other hand, can last for more than six months and can cause long-term liver damage.
Treatment for hepatitis D usually involves a combination of medications to manage symptoms and reduce inflammation in the liver. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Prevention methods for hepatitis D include getting vaccinated against HBV, practicing safe sex, and avoiding sharing needles or other drug equipment.
Hepatitis D is a serious condition that can lead to complications such as liver failure, so it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
Symptoms of hepatitis E can include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, and yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice).
Hepatitis E is usually a self-limiting disease, meaning it will resolve on its own without treatment. However, in some cases, it can lead to fulminant hepatitis, which is a severe and potentially life-threatening form of liver disease.
There are several ways to diagnose hepatitis E, including blood tests to detect the presence of HEV antigens or antibodies, as well as imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans to evaluate liver function.
Treatment for hepatitis E is typically supportive, meaning it focuses on managing symptoms and maintaining hydration. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat complications. Prevention of hepatitis E involves improving access to safe water and sanitation, as well as promoting good hygiene practices, such as washing hands regularly.
Vaccines are available for hepatitis E, but they are not widely available or recommended for most individuals. However, they may be recommended for certain high-risk groups, such as people living in areas with a high prevalence of HEV infection or those traveling to such areas.
The exact cause of autoimmune hepatitis is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The condition can occur in people of all ages, although it is most common in women between the ages of 20 and 40.
Symptoms of autoimmune hepatitis may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice). If left untreated, the condition can lead to liver failure and even death.
Treatment for autoimmune hepatitis typically involves medications to suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation in the liver. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve the chances of a successful outcome.
There are several risk factors for developing HCC, including:
* Cirrhosis, which can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis B and C), or fatty liver disease
* Family history of liver disease
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Diabetes
* Obesity
HCC can be challenging to diagnose, as the symptoms are non-specific and can be similar to those of other conditions. However, some common symptoms of HCC include:
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Weight loss
If HCC is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:
* Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, to look for tumors in the liver
* Blood tests to check for liver function and detect certain substances that are produced by the liver
* Biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the liver to examine under a microscope
Once HCC is diagnosed, treatment options will depend on several factors, including the stage and location of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and their personal preferences. Treatment options may include:
* Surgery to remove the tumor or parts of the liver
* Ablation, which involves destroying the cancer cells using heat or cold
* Chemoembolization, which involves injecting chemotherapy drugs into the hepatic artery to reach the cancer cells
* Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of the cancer
Overall, the prognosis for HCC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20%. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. It is important for individuals at high risk for HCC to be monitored regularly by a healthcare provider, and to seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms.
Liver neoplasms, also known as liver tumors or hepatic tumors, are abnormal growths of tissue in the liver. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant liver tumors can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or metastatic, meaning they spread to the liver from another part of the body.
There are several types of liver neoplasms, including:
1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and arises from the main cells of the liver (hepatocytes). HCC is often associated with cirrhosis and can be caused by viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the cells lining the bile ducts within the liver (cholangiocytes). Cholangiocarcinoma is rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
3. Hemangiosarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the blood vessels of the liver. It is most commonly seen in dogs but can also occur in humans.
4. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the liver (fibrocytes). Fibromas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
5. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells of the liver (hepatocytes). Adenomas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
The symptoms of liver neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and whether they are benign or malignant. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.
Treatment options for liver neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery may be an option for some patients with small, localized tumors, while others may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery can be performed. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.
Prognosis for liver neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while advanced-stage disease is associated with a poorer prognosis.
The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including excessive alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and certain medications. It can also be a complication of other diseases such as hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease.
The symptoms of liver cirrhosis can vary depending on the severity of the disease, but may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal swelling, and pain in the upper right side of the abdomen. As the disease progresses, it can lead to complications such as esophageal varices, ascites, and liver failure, which can be life-threatening.
There is no cure for liver cirrhosis, but treatment options are available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include medications to control swelling and pain, dietary changes, and in severe cases, liver transplantation. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary if the disease has caused significant damage and there is no other option to save the patient's life.
In conclusion, liver cirrhosis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can cause significant damage to the liver and lead to complications such as liver failure. It is important for individuals to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of the disease in order to seek medical attention if they suspect they may have liver cirrhosis. With proper treatment and management, it is possible to slow the progression of the disease and improve the patient's quality of life.
In animals, hepatitis can be caused by a variety of agents, including:
1. Viral hepatitis: Caused by viruses such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats and canine infectious hepatitis (CIH) in dogs.
2. Bacterial hepatitis: Caused by bacteria such as Leptospira spp., which can be transmitted through contact with contaminated water or soil.
3. Parasitic hepatitis: Caused by parasites such as liver flukes (Fasciola spp.) and tapeworms (Taenia spp.).
4. Toxic hepatitis: Caused by exposure to certain drugs, chemicals, or environmental toxins.
5. Genetic hepatitis: Caused by inherited genetic disorders such as hemophilia in dogs and cats.
The clinical signs of animal hepatitis can vary depending on the cause and severity of the disease, but may include lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is based on a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood tests and liver biopsy), and imaging studies.
Treatment of animal hepatitis depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and in some cases, surgery or liver transplantation. In severe cases, animal hepatitis can be fatal if left untreated, so early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are essential for a successful outcome.
Symptoms of hepadnaviridae infections can include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In severe cases, these infections can lead to liver failure, liver cancer, and even death.
Diagnosis is typically made through blood tests that detect the presence of antigens or antibodies against the virus. Treatment options for hepadnaviridae infections include medications such as interferon and nucleos(t)ide analogues, which can help to suppress the virus and slow the progression of liver disease. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.
Prevention measures include vaccination against hepatitis B, avoiding sharing needles or other injection equipment, and practicing safe sex. Hepadnaviridae infections are an important global health issue, affecting millions of people worldwide and posing a significant risk for transmission in healthcare settings and other high-risk environments.
Hepatitis, Alcoholic: A type of hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) caused by excessive alcohol consumption over a long period of time. It is characterized by fatty degeneration of liver cells, inflammation, and fibrosis (scarring). The condition can progress to cirrhosis if left untreated.
The term "alcoholic hepatitis" does not refer only to alcohol-related liver disease but also includes other conditions such as fatty liver disease caused by excessive alcohol consumption.
Causes: The exact cause of alcoholic hepatitis is not fully understood, but it is believed that long-term heavy drinking can damage liver cells and lead to inflammation.
Symptoms: Symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis can range from mild to severe and include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).
Diagnosis: Diagnosis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scans.
Treatment: Treatment for alcoholic hepatitis typically involves stopping drinking altogether, nutritional support, and medication to manage symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat complications.
Prevention: Preventing alcoholic hepatitis involves avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and seeking medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
Prognosis: The prognosis for alcoholic hepatitis depends on the severity of the condition and how well the individual responds to treatment. In severe cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.
Breakthrough infection
Hep G2
Baruch Samuel Blumberg
CCDC85B
Gold nanoparticles in chemotherapy
HBcAg
WHSC2
Irving Millman
Ground glass hepatocyte
Vaccine
Autoimmune hypophysitis
Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1
SEPSECS
Vaccine-naive
Nephrotic syndrome
Hepatitis A and typhoid vaccine
HLA A1-B8-DR3-DQ2
Heterozygote advantage
Hepatitis A virus internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
Hepatitis B virus precore mutant
Johnson & Johnson
HBsAg
Hepatitis C virus
Riccardo Cortese
Hepatitis A vaccine
Cross-reactivity
Sheila Sherlock
HLA-DR2
Francis V. Chisari
2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak
HSPA1B
Interferon
Rituximab
Aflatoxin B1
Robert Huebner
Pembrolizumab
Barrie Marmion
CD96
Lichen planus
Liver support system
Lokori
Polyarteritis nodosa
Telomerase
Alkaline phosphatase
Primary effusion lymphoma
Helper dependent virus
Caliciviridae
Vaccine hesitancy
Homocitrulline
Hepatitis C and HIV coinfection
Diffuse proliferative nephritis
Todd M. Allen
Tibor J. Greenwalt
Cold sensitive antibodies
Cholestasis
Spleen
NEDD9
Pestivirus
Systematic review and meta-analysis of immune response of double dose of hepatitis B vaccination in HIV-infected patients -...
Appendix C: Identification and Management of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg)--Positive Persons
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HBsAg29
- Mutations that occur within the immunodominant epitopes of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) allow mutant virus to propagate in the presence of a neutralizing immune response, while wild-type virus is reduced to undetectable levels. (cdc.gov)
- An understanding of immunoassay reactivity with HBsAg mutants is key to establishing an appropriate testing algorithm for hepatitis B virus detection programs. (cdc.gov)
- This article addresses recent information concerning the emergence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) mutants, their impact on viral antigen presentation, latest prevalence data, and discussion of the issues associated with detection of mutants in healthcare settings. (cdc.gov)
- Detection of human antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by an enzyme-immunoassay for HBsAg. (nih.gov)
- After years of living with "inactive' chronic hepatitis B-with low viral load and no signs of liver damage-some patients may finally lose the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and even develop surface antibodies. (hepb.org)
- About 1 to 3 percent of people with chronic hepatitis B lose HBsAg each year, and about half of all people with chronic infections who live up to age 75 will lose HBsAg, depending on the amount of HBV DNA in their blood. (hepb.org)
- Another report found that people with the hepatitis B strain or genotype C have higher rates of clearing HBsAg over time than those with genotype B. (hepb.org)
- Over a 6-month period in 2007/08 all samples from a blood bank in Alexandria, Egypt (n = 3420) were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies. (who.int)
- Since the 1960s, hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) has been the hallmark of HBV infection with concentrations reaching several hundred micrograms per millilitre. (bmj.com)
- This study examined the prevalence of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity and associated risk factors among people aged 25 years and over in an organized national screening campaign. (biomedcentral.com)
- This article analyzed the prevalence and risk factors of HBsAg seropositivity among people who participated in a national hepatitis screening campaign in Rwanda. (biomedcentral.com)
- Labeling of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) synthesized in a HBsAg-producing hepatoma cell line. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- A phage with high affinity for hepatitis B surface antigen for the detection of HBsAg. (nih.gov)
- Serum or plasma samples were evaluated for levels of HBV DNA , HBsAg , hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg), and HBV RNA . (bvsalud.org)
- Point-of-care tests for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) could be an ideal tool for a large-scale HBV screening/treatment program in SSA. (pasteur.fr)
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) test is used to determine the presence of Hepatitis B viral infection by measuring the amount of HBsAg in the blood. (sewaswasth.com)
- HBsAg test detects the presence or absence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) in the blood. (sewaswasth.com)
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) is present on the surface of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). (sewaswasth.com)
- HBsAg is present in the blood of patients with viral hepatitis B (with or without clinical symptoms). (sewaswasth.com)
- A "Reactive" or "Positive" HBsAg test result means that the person is infected with Hepatitis B virus. (sewaswasth.com)
- A "Non-reactive" or "Negative" HBsAg test result means that the person is not infected with Hepatitis B virus. (sewaswasth.com)
- We determined the serum level of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBsAg) in 273 randomly selected 7-9-year-old schoolchildren from Zanjan City, Islamic Republic of Iran, who had been fully vaccinated against hepatitis B starting at birth. (who.int)
- Currently, the important question is how much its use supplements hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) donor screening in preventing transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. (nih.gov)
- CONCLUSION: Some 33 to 50 percent of cases of hepatitis B that could be transmitted by transfusion of blood from HBsAg-negative donors are prevented by anti-HBc screening. (nih.gov)
- SD Bioline HBsAg Test HBsAg atau Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBV) dilakukan sebagai salah satu cara untuk mendeteksi penyakit Hepatitis B. (alkes123.com)
- SD Bioline HBsAg Test HBsAg atau Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBV) HBsAg Test Cepat hepatitis dimaksudkan untuk penggunaan profesional sebagai bantuan dalam diagnosis hepatitis B. Tes HBsAg (Hepatitis B Surface Antigen) dilakukan sebagai salah satu cara untuk mendeteksi penyakit Hepatitis B. SD BIOLINE HBsAg dapat mengidentifikasi HBsAg dalam plasma atau spesimen serum dengan tingkat sensitivitas yang tinggi. (alkes123.com)
- SD Bioline HBsAg Test HBsAg atau Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBV), SD BIOLINE HBsAg WB dapat mengidentifikasi HBsAg dalam serum, plasma atau spesimen darah lengkap dengan tingkat sensitivitas yang tinggi. (alkes123.com)
- SD Bioline HBsAg Alat Test Hepatitis Device Murah, Hepatitis Products & Services SD Bioline HbsAg, SD BIOLINE HBsAg WB adalah in vitroimmunochromatographic, Test HBsAg Hepatitis B Surface Antigen dilakukan sebagai salah satu cara untuk mendeteksi penyakit Hepatitis B, can identify HBsAg in plasma. (alkes123.com)
- Immunohistochemical staining is positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg. (medscape.com)
Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen2
HBeAg3
- Filaments and spherical particles are produced in large excess in highly viraemic hepatitis B 'e' antigen (HBeAg)-positive carriers. (bmj.com)
- Detection of HBeAg and anti-HBe in acute hepatitis B by a sensitive radioimmunoassay. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The invention relates to recombinant chimeric rabbit/human monoclonal antibody fragments (Fabs) against hepatitis B Virus e-antigen (HBeAg), notably Fab me6. (nih.gov)
Prevalence5
- Over the past decade, the importance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutants has made a transition from an academic phenomenon of unknown prevalence to a factor for consideration during disease diagnosis. (cdc.gov)
- The prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B antigen, detectable by radioimmunoassay, was found to be no higher among 58 long-term household contacts of multiply transfused haemophiliacs than among 100 randomly chosen blood donors. (bmj.com)
- Globally, an estimated 257 million people were living with chronic hepatitis B infection (HBV) in 2015, and the global prevalence of HBV infection in the general population was 3.5% [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The prevalence of infection for at least 15 years, that antibody hepatitis B carriers varies in different parts levels decrease the most among persons of the world, ranging from less than 1% to immunized at 4 years of age or younger, and 15% [ 2 ]. (who.int)
- The aim of this study was to estimate the Sero- prevalence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen and associated factors among women of reproductive age in Bench Maji Zone, South West Ethiopia . (bvsalud.org)
Infected with hepatitis virus1
- Open Forum Infect Dis 2015;2(3)[3] Hepatitis C guidance: AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating adults infected with hepatitis virus. (natap.org)
Antibodies to hepatitis2
Delta antigen1
- The presence of two main protein bands, with a similar difference in size, is also a typical feature of delta antigens, both extracted and recombinant, and it is considered to be derived either from heterogeneity of viral sequences, which can encode hepatitis delta antigen proteins of 195 and 214 amino acids, or from proteolysis of a single precursor. (unisa.it)
Surface antigens1
- Negative hepatitis b surface antigens are usually accompanied by HBV DNA and E antigens becoming negative, and hepatitis B has fully recovered after this. (udianinfo.com)
HBcAg2
Virus infection5
- Those who have received hepatitis B vaccine or have been infected with hepatitis B virus and have recovered completely may have surface antibody positive, yet those with chronic hepatitis B virus infection appear to be hepatitis b surface antigen and core antibody continue to be positive, and there may be E antigen or E antibody positive at the same time. (udianinfo.com)
- Hepatitis b surface antigen is an important indicator of hepatitis B virus infection and an important evaluation indicator of patients after treatment. (udianinfo.com)
- Its becoming negative is the ultimate goal of treatment for hepatitis B patients, which means that the virus infection is completely eliminated. (udianinfo.com)
- In developing countries, Hepatitis A virus infection commonly occurs in children and is associated with poor sanitation and low socio-economic status. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
- Hepatitis B virus infection is one of the leading causes of liver diseases which occurs worldwide particularly in developing countries . (bvsalud.org)
Recombinant4
- Isolation, characterization, and comparison of recombinant DNAs derived from genomes of human hepatitis B virus and woodchuck hepatitis virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Characterization by mass spectrometry of a recombinant hepatitis delta virus antigen and its proteolytic products. (unisa.it)
- The recombinant hepatitis delta virus antigen was obtained as a chimaeric protein fused to the C-terminus of the phage MS2 RNA polymerase. (unisa.it)
- The recombinant protein can be used as an antigenic substitute of viral antigens both for immunoassays and for the preparation of anti-(hepatitis delta virus) antisera. (unisa.it)
Virology1
- When evaluating the antiviral efficacy, a hepatitis B virology test is required. (udianinfo.com)
Subtype1
- We evaluated the sensitivity of each test, including ALT, for the diagnosis of acute hepatitis C. HCV subtype was determined for each patient. (natap.org)
Vaccine10
- Unvaccinated sex partners and household and needle-sharing contacts should be tested for susceptibility to HBV infection (see Appendix A, Prevaccination Serologic Testing for Susceptibility) and should receive the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine immediately after collection of blood for serologic testing. (cdc.gov)
- Hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen particles (sAg) isolated from sera were used as the first HBV vaccine, and may be developed into a platform to display designed antigens. (nih.gov)
- Our results suggest that human sAg particles might not have strict symmetry to which the constituent sAg molecules are organized, yet this may be developed into a strength for vaccine design in that particles of varied diameters and antigen spacings are generated from a single nanoparticle platform. (nih.gov)
- In 1991, the World at least 6-8 years before with 3 doses of Health Organization (WHO) recommended hepatitis B vaccine starting at birth to that hepatitis B vaccination be included provide information on the effect of the in national immunization programmes in immunization strategy for hepatitis B and countries with a hepatitis B surface antigen the need for booster doses. (who.int)
- Hepatitis B infection is vaccine preventable. (medscape.com)
- The older, three-dose hepatitis B vaccine preparations are more than 90% protective. (medscape.com)
- A new triple-target hepatitis B vaccine, PreHevbrio, was FDA-approved in December 2021. (medscape.com)
- The hepatitis B vaccine first became available in 1982. (medscape.com)
- This year celebrates the 40th anniversary of hepatitis B vaccine recommendations in the United States. (medscape.com)
- Instead, ACIP voted and approved hepatitis B vaccine universally for those up to age 60. (medscape.com)
Abstract1
- ABSTRACT The duration of protection after hepatitis B vaccination in children is unknown. (who.int)
Heterogeneity2
- Intrahepatic quantification of HBV antigens in chronic hepatitis B reveals heterogeneity and treatment-mediated reductions in HBV core-positive cells. (bvsalud.org)
- We applied quantitative techniques to liver biopsies from individuals with chronic hepatitis B and evaluated sampling heterogeneity, effects of disease stage, and nucleos(t)ide (NUC) treatment , and correlations between liver and peripheral viral biomarkers . (bvsalud.org)
Detection of hepatitis2
- Enzyme immunoassay for the detection of hepatitis B virus core antigen. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Validation of rapid point-of-care (POC) tests for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in field and laboratory settings in the Gambia, Western Africa. (pasteur.fr)
Infections6
- Hepatitis viruses constitute a major public health problem because of the morbidity and mortality associated with the acute and chronic consequences of these infections. (cdc.gov)
- NHANES testing for markers of infection with hepatitis viruses will be used to determine secular trends in infection rates across most age and racial/ethnic groups, and will provide a national picture of the epidemiologic determinants of these infections. (cdc.gov)
- 14 patients were diagnosed with HCV including 1 co-infected with HIV, risk factors: chemsex, condomless receptive anal sex, fisting, presence of sexually transmitted infections, authors recommend using HCV antigen immunoassay & plasma HCV RNA test as they showed positivity when patients were symptomatic & before the detection of antibodies & ALT elevations. (natap.org)
- References [1] Urbanus et al.Trends in hepatitis C virus infections among MSM attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic;1995-2010. (natap.org)
- Hepatitis B and C virus infections are common serious complications of blood transfusion. (who.int)
- Universal adult hepatitis B vaccination could decrease infections, prevent transmission, and reduce health disparities. (medscape.com)
Proteins2
- Cells cultured in vitro are known to produce the virus surface antigen but not the other structural virus proteins, the core and the e antigen. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The proteins of hepatitis B Dane particle cores. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Assays3
- According to the release, this allows it to enable significantly earlier diagnosis of active infection relative to antibody-only assays, as core antigen appears early in an infection and is a marker of ongoing viral replication. (biopharminternational.com)
- This assay was at least 20-100 times more sensitive in the detection of HBV antigen than conventional enzyme-linked immune-absorbent assays (ELISA). (nih.gov)
- Chimeric rabbit/human Fab antibodies against the hepatitis Be-antigen and their potential applications in assays, characterization, and therapy. (nih.gov)
Monoclonal antibody1
- Mouse monoclonal antibody specific for Hepatitis A virus (1885). (thenativeantigencompany.com)
Seroprevalence1
- Despite the introduction of universal HBV vaccination and effective antiviral therapy, the estimated overall seroprevalence of HBV surface antigen remains high in Africa at 6.1% [ 6 ] and the Western Pacific regions (6.2%) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Core8
- According to medical guidelines, all oncologists and other specialists who use these powerful drugs are supposed to test all their patients for hepatitis B and carefully monitor anyone who had hepatitis B in the past, which is indicated by a positive test for the hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc). (hepb.org)
- Elecsys uses dual detection of HCV core antigen and antibodies. (biopharminternational.com)
- It is shown here that expression of the core antigen gene was inducible by growing the cells as a nude mouse tumour. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The buoyant density in CsCl (1.31 to 1.32 g/ml) of core or e antigen produced in the tumours was very similar to that of virus core particles. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Expression of the core antigen gene was shut off by culture in vitro of core or e antigen-producing nude mouse tumour cells and induced again by subsequent passage of cells in the nude mouse. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The experimental system thus allows studies on the regulation of expression of the core antigen gene. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The conversion of hepatitis B core antigen synthesized in E . coli into e antigen. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Structures of Hepatitis B Virus Core- and e-Antigen Immune Complexes Suggest Multi-point Inhibition. (nih.gov)
Serum hepatitis2
Vitro1
- Transforming growth factor β contributed to antigen-specific Treg expansion in vitro, suggesting that it may contribute to antigen-specific Treg expansion in vivo. (elsevier.com)
Characterization1
- Characterization of integrated hepatitis B viral DNA cloned from a human hepatoma and the hepatoma-derived cell line PLC/PRF/5. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Vaccination7
- 8%). During delivery of recommended hepatitis B vaccination services (e.g. (cdc.gov)
- It has been reported that when hepatitis services is good throughout the territory, B vaccination is initiated at birth, there and vaccinations are delivered through local is an increased likelihood that the child health districts which are able to reach the will complete the series [ 8,9 ] hence an whole population. (who.int)
- The topic: the new hepatitis B vaccination recommendations for 2022. (medscape.com)
- Universal childhood hepatitis B vaccination has been a success. (medscape.com)
- This led the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) to consider whether all unvaccinated adults should receive hepatitis B vaccination. (medscape.com)
- ACIP's Hepatitis B Workgroup Committee reviewed available data, and their preferred suggestion was for universal vaccination, meaning that all adults previously unvaccinated for hepatitis B should receive hepatitis B vaccination. (medscape.com)
- ACIP did not accept the workgroup suggestion of universal hepatitis B vaccination on face value. (medscape.com)
Liver cirrhosis1
- In some cases uncontrolled levels of Hep B infection can lead to chronic hepatitis infection and liver cirrhosis. (sewaswasth.com)
Acute hepatitis5
- HCV RNA and Antigen Detection for Diagnosis of Acute Hepatitis C Among MSM on PreP. (natap.org)
- Our aim was to assess the sensitivity of the different tests for early diagnosis of acute hepatitis C in high risk MSM. (natap.org)
- Patients with chronic active hepatitis, especially during the replicative state, may have symptoms similar to those of acute hepatitis. (medscape.com)
- Each year, more than 20,000 people in the United States contract acute hepatitis B, with healthcare costs of more than a billion dollars. (medscape.com)
- As a result, acute hepatitis B is on the path to complete elimination for those aged 29 years or older, but many older adults still remain unprotected. (medscape.com)
Deoxyribonucleic acid1
- The test content includes five hepatitis B indicators and viral deoxyribonucleic acid (HBV DNA). (udianinfo.com)
Diagnostics1
- With improved hepatitis screening, healthcare systems have the opportunity to eliminate the disease through improved prevention, testing, and treatment services,'' said Thomas Schinecker, CEO, Roche Diagnostics, in the press release. (biopharminternational.com)
Hepatic2
- IMSEAR at SEARO: Australia antigen in viral hepatitis and hepatic cirrhosis. (who.int)
- The physical examination findings in hepatitis B disease vary from minimal to impressive (in patients with hepatic decompensation), according to the stage of the disease. (medscape.com)
Fulminant1
- Co-infection with hepatitis D virus (HDV) in persons with acute or chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can lead to fulminant hepatitis. (cdc.gov)
Chronic hepatitis12
- Persons with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are at high risk for chronic liver disease and are a major reservoir of HBV infection. (cdc.gov)
- Chronic hepatitis B infection is a global health problem affecting more than 350 million people worldwide. (bmj.com)
- Immunocompromised patients and infants are more prone to develop severe symptoms of chronic hepatitis. (sewaswasth.com)
- If a person tests "positive," then further testing is required to determine if this is a new "acute" infection or a "chronic" Hepatitis B infection or chronic HBV carrier state. (sewaswasth.com)
- The fundamental treatment for chronic hepatitis B is antiviral. (udianinfo.com)
- Clinically, we can divide chronic hepatitis B into two categories, one is E antigen positive chronic hepatitis B, and the other is E antigen negative chronic hepatitis B. The E antigen is an indicator of active virus replication and strong infectivity. (udianinfo.com)
- Hepatitis b surface antigen change is the ultimate goal of treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B. Due to the intractability of hepatitis B virus and the limitations of drug treatment, very few patients can achieve this goal. (udianinfo.com)
- Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is a new prodrug of tenofovir developed to treat patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection at a lower dose than tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) through more efficient delivery of tenofovir to hepatocytes. (nih.gov)
- At week 96 of two ongoing studies comparing the efficacy and safety of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B patients, TAF continues to be as effective as TDF with continued improved renal and bone safety. (nih.gov)
- Hepatitis B. Under higher-power magnification, ground-glass cells may be visible in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. (medscape.com)
- Patients with chronic hepatitis B infection can be immune tolerant or have an inactive chronic infection without any evidence of active disease, and they are also asymptomatic. (medscape.com)
- Hepatitis B can lead to chronic hepatitis infection and liver cancer , and 15%-25% of those infected will die prematurely of cirrhosis or liver cancer. (medscape.com)
Viruses2
- In addition, NHANES provides the means to better define the epidemiology of other hepatitis viruses. (cdc.gov)
- Hepatitis B virus is one of the five main hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E and is the causative agent of Hepatitis B (infection in the liver). (sewaswasth.com)
Humans1
- Humans are a natural reservoir for hepatitis A virus. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
Immunization3
- New immunization strategies have been developed to eliminate the spread of HBV and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- Practices (ACIP), is the introduction of study carried out from February 2003 to hepatitis B immunization at birth [ 5,6 ]. (who.int)
- The study group consisted of 135 healthy infants who had been immunized with hepatitis B (HBV), 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate (PCV7), and diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccines according to standard child hood immunization schedules. (cdc.gov)
Viral load1
- In patients with a positive EIA, we used stored sera to perform the following tests at the date of diagnosis and at previous visits (until HCV RNA was negative): antibodies (EIA 3thG ARCHITECT Anti-HCV, Abbott), rapid tests for detection of HCV antibodies (OraQuick® and Toyo®), plasma HCV RNA (AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® HCV Test, Roche and Xpert® HCV Viral Load, Cepheid), and the antigen immunoassay (EIA ARCHITECT HCV Ag®, Abbott). (natap.org)
Expression3
- Integration of hepatitis B virus sequences and their expression in a human hepatoma cell. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Patterns of liver HBV antigen expression have been described but not quantified at single- cell resolution. (bvsalud.org)
- Detection of FoxP3 expression in non-HCV-specific CD4 T cells suggests that immune regulation through antigen-specific Treg induction extends beyond HCV. (elsevier.com)
Body fluids2
- Hep B virus spreads mainly through body fluids or unsafe sexual intercourse. (sewaswasth.com)
- The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is commonly transmitted via body fluids such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. (medscape.com)
Epidemiology1
- The epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the general population in Rwanda is not well known. (biomedcentral.com)
20221
- Roche launched its Elecsys HCV Duo immunoassay (Elecsys) in July 2022, which is the first available immunoassay that allows for the simultaneous, independent determination of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigen and antibody status from a single human or serum sample, according to the company in a July 18, 2022 press release. (biopharminternational.com)
Hepatocellular3
- 1 Prolonged liver inflammation caused by active infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) may result in progression to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma and death. (bmj.com)
- The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of hepatitis B are due to the interaction of the virus and the host immune system, which leads to liver injury and, potentially, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (medscape.com)
- The primary treatment goals for patients with hepatitis B infection are to prevent progression of the disease, particularly to cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (medscape.com)
Patients6
- Hepatitis B viral mutants can emerge in patients as a result of selection pressure from either immune response or treatment options. (cdc.gov)
- The launch of this innovative dual antigen and antibody diagnostic test underlines our commitment to support clinicians and their patients in reducing the impact of infectious diseases, where it's needed most. (biopharminternational.com)
- The HCV antigen immunoassay and plasma HCV RNA test were positive within a median of 2 months before the detection of antibodies and ALT elevation, when patients were asymptomatic. (natap.org)
- To screen for Hepatitis B infection in individuals who are at risk of acquiring infection like IV drug users, sex workers, hemodialysis patients, prisoners, etc. (sewaswasth.com)
- Hepatitis B becomes negative is a general concern of clinicians, patients and their relatives. (udianinfo.com)
- For the first type of patients, when the E antigen becomes from positive to negative and the E antibody becomes from negative to positive at the same time. (udianinfo.com)
Vaccines4
- Editor's Note: This report has been updated to reflect information on hepatitis B vaccines that became available after the video was recorded. (medscape.com)
- Other available hepatitis B vaccines contain just one antigen. (medscape.com)
- Like the older hepatitis B vaccines, the adjuvant used in PreHevbrio is aluminum hydroxide . (medscape.com)
- Other hepatitis vaccines are yeast-based. (medscape.com)
Doses1
- It requires three doses in a series and contains three hepatitis B antigens. (medscape.com)
Africa1
- Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). (pasteur.fr)
Replication1
- Replication of the hepatitis B virion is, therefore, the sole requirement for generating these nucleotide mismatch sequences. (cdc.gov)
Immune2
- Tell all of your current and future doctors you've had hepatitis B, and beware of immune-suppressing drugs used to treat various cancers and rheumatoid arthritis. (hepb.org)
- Study data for this triple-antigen version suggest high rates of seroprotection in adults, as well as immune response in key high-risk groups, including people with end-stage renal disease and HIV , and also in low and nonresponders. (medscape.com)
Healthcare2
- To screen for Hepatitis B infection following accidental exposure to HBV e.g. in healthcare workers. (sewaswasth.com)
- Hepatitis B infection is a worldwide healthcare problem, especially in developing areas. (medscape.com)