Hepatitis b antigens. Medical search

Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.

Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the "e" antigens.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.

Immunoelectrophoresis in which immunoprecipitation occurs when antigen at the cathode is caused to migrate in an electric field through a suitable medium of diffusion against a stream of antibody migrating from the anode as a result of endosmotic flow.

The hepatitis B antigen within the core of the Dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion.

A closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis B or in virulent chronic hepatitis B, probably indicating active virus replication; there are three subtypes which may exist in a complex with immunoglobulins G.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.

The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissible to another susceptible host.

Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.

The introduction of whole blood or blood component directly into the blood stream. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Pathological processes of the LIVER.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

The major human blood type system which depends on the presence or absence of two antigens A and B. Type O occurs when neither A nor B is present and AB when both are present. A and B are genetic factors that determine the presence of enzymes for the synthesis of certain glycoproteins mainly in the red cell membrane.

A species in the genus HEPATOVIRUS containing one serotype and two strains: HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS and Simian hepatitis A virus causing hepatitis in humans (HEPATITIS A) and primates, respectively.

A DNA virus that closely resembles human hepatitis B virus. It has been recovered from naturally infected ducks.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.

Immunoglobulins raised by any form of viral hepatitis; some of these antibodies are used to diagnose the specific kind of hepatitis.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with hepatitis A virus (HEPATOVIRUS).

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS C ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.

Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

Sets of cell surface antigens located on BLOOD CELLS. They are usually membrane GLYCOPROTEINS or GLYCOLIPIDS that are antigenically distinguished by their carbohydrate moieties.

Any of the viruses that cause inflammation of the liver. They include both DNA and RNA viruses as well viruses from humans and animals.

Any vaccine raised against any virus or viral derivative that causes hepatitis.

A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and ZALCITABINE analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease.

Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.

A defective virus, containing particles of RNA nucleoprotein in virion-like form, present in patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis. It requires the presence of a hepadnavirus for full replication. This is the lone species in the genus Deltavirus.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS A ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.

A positive-stranded RNA virus species in the genus HEPEVIRUS, causing enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (HEPATITIS E).

A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.

A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.

A strain of HEPATITIS A VIRUS which causes hepatitis in humans. The virus replicates in hepatocytes and is presumed to reach the intestine via the bile duct. Transmission occurs by the fecal-oral route.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.

Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by more than 30 detectable alleles on locus B of the HLA complex, the most polymorphic of all the HLA specificities. Several of these antigens (e.g., HLA-B27, -B7, -B8) are strongly associated with predisposition to rheumatoid and other autoimmune disorders. Like other class I HLA determinants, they are involved in the cellular immune reactivity of cytolytic T lymphocytes.

An ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS causing chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchucks. It closely resembles the human hepatitis B virus.

Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS D VIRUS.

One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.

Antigens of the virions of HEPACIVIRUS, their surface, core, or other associated antigens.

Antigens from any of the hepatitis viruses including surface, core, and other associated antigens.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.

A genus of PICORNAVIRIDAE causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. HEPATITIS A VIRUS is the type species.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

A species of the CORONAVIRUS genus causing hepatitis in mice. Four strains have been identified as MHV 1, MHV 2, MHV 3, and MHV 4 (also known as MHV-JHM, which is neurotropic and causes disseminated encephalomyelitis with demyelination as well as focal liver necrosis).

EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.

Carbon-containing phosphonic acid compounds. Included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either OXYGEN atom or the PHOSPHOROUS atom of the (P=O)O2 structure.

Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS A VIRUS such as the human hepatitis A virus (HEPATITIS A VIRUS, HUMAN).

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Polyomavirus antigens which cause infection and cellular transformation. The large T antigen is necessary for the initiation of viral DNA synthesis, repression of transcription of the early region and is responsible in conjunction with the middle T antigen for the transformation of primary cells. Small T antigen is necessary for the completion of the productive infection cycle.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

The type species of the genus MARDIVIRUS in the family HERPESVIRIDAE. It is the etiologic agent of MAREK DISEASE, infecting domestic fowl and wild birds.

Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.

Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the NUCLEOCAPSID.

The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.

A genus of Sciuridae consisting of 14 species. They are shortlegged, burrowing rodents which hibernate in winter.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.

Virus diseases caused by the HEPADNAVIRIDAE.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.

A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.

The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.

The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Third component, HBeAg/3, of hepatitis B e antigen system, identified by three different double-diffusion techniques. (1/499)

A third component, HB(e)AG/3, of the hepatitis B e antigen system has been detected, and it was consistently detected in three variations of the double-diffusion technique. (+info)

Hepatitis virus infection in haemodialysis patients from Moldavia. (2/499)

BACKGROUND: Although the epidemiology of hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) now seems well established for Western European countries, in Central and Eastern Europe < 50% of all dialysis centres routinely test for hepatitis C antibodies since testing is not available or is not applied to all patients. This study describes the prevalence, risk factors and clinical significance of HBV and HCV infection for the haemodialysis population of the North Eastern region of Romania, Moldavia. METHODS: The presence of HBV antigens was determined with an ELISA kit (Wellcome, Abbot) and HCV antibodies with the ELISA-3 Ortho-HCV, third generation test. The following individual data were collected: gender, age, duration of dialysis, rural/urban domicile, actual and previous HBV status, actual HCV status, known acute, clinically evident hepatitis episodes in the last 3 years, monthly alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) levels, complete biochemical hepatic assessment at the time of the study, transfusions for the past 3 years and family history. RESULTS: HBV and HCV prevalences were 17% (stable over the last 3 years) and 75%, respectively; co-infection was seen in 10% of the subjects. Hospitalization (nosocomial infection) for HBV, blood transfusions and duration on dialysis for HCV, emerged as the main risk factors for hepatitis infection. Socio-economic conditions appear to be equally important for HCV infection, since the prevalence was significantly higher among patients from rural, underdeveloped areas than urban areas (80.8 vs 60.3%), and infection was already present in a large proportion of patients (47%) before starting dialysis, without being related to previous disease duration or blood transfusions. HBV and/or HCV was not associated with a worse clinical or biochemical profile at the time of the study. However, infected patients had significantly more previous cytolytic episodes, with higher, transient increases in ALAT and ASAT levels. CONCLUSIONS: HCV infection is endemic among dialysis centres in Moldavia. Apart from previously well-known risk factors for hepatitis infection, our study demonstrates the negative impact of socio-economic underdevelopment. Simple measures such as enforced general asepsia rules, careful disinfection and equipment sterilization, routine testing of patients from economically disadvantaged areas and monthly, serial determination of hepatic enzymes should be the common practice in dialysis centres in Romania. (+info)

Human hepatitis B virus X protein is detectable in nuclei of transfected cells, and is active for transactivation. (3/499)

Subcellular localization and transactivation of human hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx), a plausible causative factor for hepatocellular carcinogenesis, were studied in transiently transfected cells. The transactivation was detected not only by the cis-element driven chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assay but also by immunostaining of CAT protein cotransfected into human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Scanning fluorescence microscopy showed the majority of immunological signals of HBx to be at the perinuclear region of transfected cytoplasm. HBx was also clearly detectable in the nucleus, though less intensely expressed. This was confirmed by Western analysis and coimmunoprecipitation of HBx with transcription factor IIB (TFIIB) in subcellular fractionations. The percentage of HBx-positive cells coincided with that of CAT-positive cells, and confocal laser microscopy revealed the coexistence of CAT signals in GFP-HBx positive cells. The SV40 large T antigen nuclear localization signal (NLS) appended HBx, regardless of whether NLS was added to the N- or C-terminus, transactivated all the examined X-responsive elements (XRE) similarly as did wild-type HBx. Similar results were obtained in p53 negative Saos-2 cells. The detected nuclear HBx may be involved in modulating the transcription at the promoter level whereas the HBx in cytoplasm may be working through signal transduction pathways. (+info)

HBV-specific immune defect in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is correlated with a dysregulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. (4/499)

The aim of this study was to examine the immunomodulating effects of rhIL-12 on the immune response induced by hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigens in clinical subgroups of patients with HBV infection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 80 patients were stimulated with HBsAg, HBcAg, pre-S1Ag and tetanus toxoid in the absence or presence of IL-12 (0.01, 0.1 and 1 ng/ml). Stimulation by anti-CD3+ anti-CD28 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used as controls. Proliferation and cytokine production were determined by 3H-thymidine uptake and ELISA after 72 h. After stimulation with HBV antigens only, production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or IL-10 was observed in all patients, while interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was detectable in only 27 patients. After costimulation with IL-12 and HBV antigens, however, large amounts of IFN-gamma were found in all patients, while HBV-induced IL-10 production remained mostly unchanged. When clinical subgroups including patients with compensated liver cirrhosis were compared, PBMC from patients with HBeAg+ hepatitis showed the lowest capacity to produce IFN-gamma after HBV antigen-positive IL-12. These data suggest that the ability of IL-12 to enhance IFN-gamma production against HBV antigens is correlated with the presence of HBeAg and is not impaired in patients with advanced liver disease. In addition, IL-12 and IL-10 production by antigen-presenting cells may be a critical factor that determines the efficacy of the immune response against the hepatitis B virus. (+info)

The hepatitis B pX protein promotes dimerization and DNA binding of cellular basic region/leucine zipper proteins by targeting the conserved basic region. (5/499)

The hepatitis B virus pX protein is a potent transcriptional activator of viral and cellular genes whose mechanism of action is poorly understood. Here we show that pX dramatically stimulates in vitro DNA binding of a variety of cellular proteins that contain basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) DNA binding domains. The basis for increased DNA binding is a direct interaction between pX and the conserved bZIP basic region, which promotes bZIP dimerization and the increased concentration of the bZIP homodimer then drives the DNA binding reaction. Unexpectedly, we found that the DNA binding specificity of various pX-bZIP complexes differs from one another and from that of the bZIP itself. Thus, through recognition of the conserved basic region, pX promotes dimerization, increases DNA binding, and alters DNA recognition. These properties of pX are remarkably similar to those of the human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I Tax protein. Although Tax and pX are not homologous, we show that the regions of the two proteins that stimulate bZIP binding contain apparent metal binding sites. Finally, consistent with this in vitro activity, we provide evidence that both Tax and pX activate transcription in vivo, at least in part, by facilitating occupancy of bZIPs on target promoters. (+info)

HBV and proteinuria in relatives and contacts of children with hepatitis B virus-associated membranous nephropathy. (6/499)

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated membranous nephropathy (HBVMN) is an important cause of childhood nephrotic syndrome in regions endemic for the virus, but little is understood of the biosocial context in which the disease develops. We evaluated HBV status and proteinuria in family members and household contacts of index children with HBVMN to test the hypothesis that HBV carriage and asymptomatic proteinuria are closely linked and may be causally associated. METHODS: Thirty-one black children with biopsy-proven HBVMN were the index cases. One hundred and fifty-two family members and 43 black household contacts were the subjects of the study. We assessed HBV carrier status by testing for HBV antigens and antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and for HBV DNA by using slot-blot hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction. Sequencing of the precore region of HBV was done in a subset of both index cases and subjects. Proteinuria was assessed by measuring the urinary protein/creatinine ratio. RESULTS: Seventy-two (37%) of the 195 family members and household contacts were HBV carriers, and 53 (27%) had a protein/creatinine ratio greater than the physiological limit. The frequency of abnormal proteinuria was not significantly different in those with [22 out of 72 (30.5%)] or without [33 out of 104 (32%)] HBV carriage. This lack of association remained when carriers were classified into those who were HBsAg positive only and those with active viral replication (HBsAg and/or HBeAg and/or HBV DNA; P = 0.01). Family members were more predisposed to HBV carriage than household contacts, but abnormal proteinuria was present with equal frequency (P = 0.48). Age had a significant impact on proteinuria, with children less than five years being more likely to have abnormal proteinuria (P = 0.008). The prevalence of abnormal proteinuria in family members and household contacts of the index cases was more than that in community-based controls. The 10 index HBVMN cases and the 14 family members and household contacts who were tested all had HBV of genotype A. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the family members and household contacts of children with HBVMN are at very high risk of HBV carriage; they also have asymptomatic proteinuria at a significantly higher rate than community-based controls. The HBV carrier status was not associated with proteinuria, a finding supported by peak prevalences of proteinuria in those under five years but no corresponding peak for HBV carriage. Proteinuria may indicate glomerular basement membrane dysfunction. Environmental and social factors may underpin development of these two covert disorders, but are insufficient to account for the index cases of HBVMN. The emergence of children with HBVMN from such households additionally depends on unidentified and possibly genetic factors. (+info)

The proapoptotic effect of hepatitis B virus HBx protein correlates with its transactivation activity in stably transfected cell lines. (7/499)

The role of hepatitis B virus HBx protein in the carcinogenesis associated with chronic viral infection remains ill-defined. Indeed, pleiotropic effects have been ascribed to HBx: in addition to its well-documented ability to indirectly stimulate transcription, the protein has been reported to affect cell growth, signal transduction, DNA repair and apoptosis. In this work, we generated Chang (CCL-13)-derived cell lines constitutively expressing wild type or mutant HBx, as a model of HBx-host cell interaction closer to the chronic infection setting, than the classically used transient expression systems. We document the potentiation by HBx of the apoptotic cell death pathway in the recipient cells. This effect is unlikely to rely on p53 activity since the protein is functionally inactivated in CCL-13. In addition, antioxidants and cyclosporin A failed to reduce the apoptotic response back to the normal level, suggesting that production of reactive oxygen species and calcineurin activation are not directly involved in the proapoptotic effect of HBx. In contrast, our data show that transactivation and stimulation of apoptosis are tightly linked HBx activities. Finally, expression of transactivation-active protein did not result in detectable change in the pattern of MAP kinases phosphorylation nor did it affect the ability of the host cell to repair in vitro irradiated plasmid DNA. (+info)

Genetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinomas: association between loss of chromosome 4q and p53 gene mutations. (8/499)

The major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) in high incidence areas include infection with hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV) and exposure to aflatoxin. Genetic alterations in 24 liver resection specimens from Shanghai and Qidong were studied. Hepatitis B virus was integrated in all patient samples, and a null phenotype for the GSTM1 enzyme was present in 63% of patients. Alteration of p53 was present in 95% (23/24) of cases: mutations of the p53 gene in 12 HCC, p53 overexpression in 13 and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosome 17p in 17. All seven HCCs with a p53 mutation from Qidong and three of five from Shanghai had the aflatoxin-associated point mutation with a G to T transversion at codon 249, position 3. No HCC had microsatellite instability. LOH of chromosome 4q, 1p, 16q and 13q was present in 50%, 46%, 42% and 38%, respectively, and 4q was preferentially lost in HCCs containing a p53 mutation: LOH of 4q was present in 75% (9/12) of HCC with, but only 25% (3/12) of HCC without, a p53 gene mutation (P = 0.01). These data indicate a possible interaction between p53 gene mutation and 4q loss in the pathogenesis of HCC. (+info)

The symptoms of hepatitis B can range from mild to severe and may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, joint pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In some cases, hepatitis B can be asymptomatic, meaning that individuals may not experience any symptoms at all.

Hepatitis B is diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of HBV antigens or antibodies in the body. Treatment for acute hepatitis B typically involves rest, hydration, and medication to manage symptoms, while chronic hepatitis B may require ongoing therapy with antiviral drugs to suppress the virus and prevent liver damage.

Preventive measures for hepatitis B include vaccination, which is recommended for individuals at high risk of infection, such as healthcare workers, sexually active individuals, and those traveling to areas where HBV is common. In addition, safe sex practices, avoiding sharing of needles or other bodily fluids, and proper sterilization of medical equipment can help reduce the risk of transmission.

Overall, hepatitis B is a serious infection that can have long-term consequences for liver health, and it is important to take preventive measures and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Hepatitis A is typically spread through contaminated food and water or through close contact with someone who has the infection. The virus can also be spread through sexual contact or sharing of needles.

Symptoms of hepatitis A usually appear two to six weeks after exposure and can last for several weeks or months. In some cases, the infection can lead to complications such as liver failure, which can be life-threatening.

There is a vaccine available for hepatitis A, which is recommended for individuals traveling to areas where the virus is common, people who engage in high-risk behaviors, and those with chronic liver disease. Treatment for hepatitis A typically focuses on relieving symptoms and supporting the liver as it recovers. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Preventive measures to reduce the risk of hepatitis A infection include maintaining good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently, especially before eating or preparing food; avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked shellfish, particularly oysters; and avoiding close contact with people who have the infection.

There are several types of hepatitis, including:

1. Hepatitis A: This type is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and is usually transmitted through contaminated food or water or through close contact with someone who has the infection.
2. Hepatitis B: This type is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and can be spread through sexual contact, sharing of needles, or mother-to-child transmission during childbirth.
3. Hepatitis C: This type is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and is primarily spread through blood-to-blood contact, such as sharing of needles or receiving a tainted blood transfusion.
4. Alcoholic hepatitis: This type is caused by excessive alcohol consumption and can lead to inflammation and scarring in the liver.
5. Drug-induced hepatitis: This type is caused by certain medications, such as antidepressants, anti-seizure drugs, or chemotherapy agents.
6. Autoimmune hepatitis: This type is caused by an abnormal immune response and can lead to inflammation in the liver.

Symptoms of hepatitis may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and yellowing of the skin (jaundice). In severe cases, it can lead to liver failure or even death.

Diagnosis of hepatitis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests such as blood tests and imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition, but may include medications to manage symptoms, antiviral therapy, or in severe cases, liver transplantation. Prevention measures for hepatitis include vaccination against certain types of the disease, practicing safe sex, avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, and following proper hygiene practices.

In conclusion, hepatitis is a serious condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is important to be aware of the different types of hepatitis and their causes in order to prevent and manage this condition effectively. By taking appropriate measures such as getting vaccinated and practicing safe sex, individuals can reduce their risk of contracting hepatitis. In severe cases, early diagnosis and treatment can help to minimize damage to the liver and improve outcomes for patients.

A persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV is a bloodborne pathogen and can be spread through contact with infected blood, sexual contact, or vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth.

Chronic hepatitis B is characterized by the presence of HBsAg in the blood for more than 6 months, indicating that the virus is still present in the liver. The disease can be asymptomatic or symptomatic, with symptoms such as fatigue, malaise, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, and jaundice.

Chronic hepatitis B is diagnosed through serological tests such as HBsAg, anti-HBc, and HBV DNA. Treatment options include interferon alpha and nucleos(t)ide analogues, which can slow the progression of the disease but do not cure it.

Prevention strategies for chronic hepatitis B include vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine, which is effective in preventing acute and chronic HBV infection, as well as avoidance of risky behaviors such as unprotected sex and sharing of needles.

There are several types of hepatitis C, including genotype 1, which is the most common and accounts for approximately 70% of cases in the United States. Other genotypes include 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The symptoms of hepatitis C can range from mild to severe and may include fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, pale stools, and itching all over the body. Some people with hepatitis C may not experience any symptoms at all.

Hepatitis C is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies against HCV or the virus itself. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, including interferon and ribavirin, which can cure the infection but may have side effects such as fatigue, nausea, and depression. In recent years, new drugs known as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have become available, which can cure the infection with fewer side effects and in a shorter period of time.

Prevention measures for hepatitis C include avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, using condoms to prevent sexual transmission, and ensuring that any tattoos or piercings are performed with sterilized equipment. Vaccines are also available for people who are at high risk of contracting the virus, such as healthcare workers and individuals who engage in high-risk behaviors.

Overall, hepatitis C is a serious and common liver disease that can lead to significant health complications if left untreated. Fortunately, with advances in medical technology and treatment options, it is possible to manage and cure the virus with proper care and attention.

Note: This definition may have some variations in different contexts and medical fields.

The symptoms of chronic hepatitis C may be mild or absent, but some people experience fatigue, joint pain, muscle aches, nausea, loss of appetite, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).

Chronic hepatitis C is usually diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies against HCV or the virus itself. Imaging tests such as ultrasound and liver biopsy may also be performed to assess the extent of liver damage.

Treatment for chronic hepatitis C typically involves a combination of medications, including interferon and ribavirin, which can help clear the virus from the body. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Prevention of the spread of HCV includes avoiding sharing of needles or other sharp objects, practicing safe sex, and getting tested for the virus before donating blood or organs.

See also: Hepatitis C; Liver; Virus

There are many different types of liver diseases, including:

1. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD): A condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption that can lead to inflammation, scarring, and cirrhosis.
2. Viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, and C are viral infections that can cause inflammation and damage to the liver.
3. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A condition where there is an accumulation of fat in the liver, which can lead to inflammation and scarring.
4. Cirrhosis: A condition where the liver becomes scarred and cannot function properly.
5. Hemochromatosis: A genetic disorder that causes the body to absorb too much iron, which can damage the liver and other organs.
6. Wilson's disease: A rare genetic disorder that causes copper to accumulate in the liver and brain, leading to damage and scarring.
7. Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma): Cancer that develops in the liver, often as a result of cirrhosis or viral hepatitis.

Symptoms of liver disease can include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and swelling in the legs. Treatment options for liver disease depend on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Prevention of liver disease includes maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, and managing underlying medical conditions such as obesity and diabetes. Early detection and treatment of liver disease can help to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients.

Hepatitis, chronic is a type of liver disease that is characterized by inflammation and damage to the liver, which can lead to scarring, cirrhosis, and potentially liver failure. It is caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections (such as hepatitis B and C), alcohol consumption, and autoimmune disorders.

Chronic hepatitis can be challenging to diagnose, as its symptoms are often nonspecific and may resemble those of other conditions. However, some common signs and symptoms include:

* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Dark urine
* Pale stools

If left untreated, chronic hepatitis can lead to serious complications, such as liver failure, liver cancer, and esophageal varices. Treatment options for chronic hepatitis depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in severe cases, liver transplantation.

Preventing Chronic Hepatitis:

While some forms of chronic hepatitis are incurable, there are steps you can take to prevent the development of this condition or slow its progression. These include:

* Avoiding alcohol or drinking in moderation
* Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
* Getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B
* Practicing safe sex to avoid sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
* Avoiding sharing needles or other drug-injecting equipment
* Seeking medical attention if you suspect you have been exposed to hepatitis

Managing Chronic Hepatitis:

If you have chronic hepatitis, managing the condition is crucial to prevent complications and improve quality of life. This may involve:

* Medications to treat the underlying cause of the hepatitis (e.g., antiviral drugs for hepatitis B or C)
* Lifestyle changes, such as avoiding alcohol and maintaining a healthy diet
* Regular monitoring of liver function and viral load
* In some cases, liver transplantation

Living with Chronic Hepatitis:

Living with chronic hepatitis can be challenging, but there are resources available to help you cope. These may include:

* Support groups for people with hepatitis and their families
* Counseling to address emotional and mental health concerns
* Educational resources to help you understand the condition and its management
* Legal assistance to navigate insurance and disability benefits

Conclusion:

Chronic hepatitis is a complex and multifactorial condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. However, with early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and lifestyle changes, it is possible to manage the condition and improve quality of life. By understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management of chronic hepatitis, you can take an active role in your healthcare and make informed decisions about your care.

A viral infection that affects the liver and is transmitted to animals through contact with infected feces, urine, or saliva. The condition can be caused by several different viruses, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Symptoms of animal hepatitis may include loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, fever, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In severe cases, the infection can cause liver failure and death.

Prevention:

* Avoid contact with infected animals
* Practice good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently
* Keep pets up to date on vaccinations and preventatives
* Avoid drinking water or eating food that may be contaminated with feces or urine from infected animals
* Use protective clothing and equipment when handling animals that may be infected

Treatment:

* Supportive care, such as fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration and maintain blood pressure
* Antiviral medications in severe cases
* Hospitalization for severe cases or those that do not respond to treatment

Prognosis:

* Depends on the severity of the infection and the underlying health status of the animal. In general, the prognosis is good for animals that receive prompt and appropriate treatment.

Complications:

* Liver failure
* Sepsis (blood infection)
* Kidney failure
* Death

Prevalence:

* Widespread in animals, especially in those that are kept in close quarters or have poor living conditions.

Affected Organ:

* Liver

The hepatitis D virus is transmitted through contact with infected blood or through sexual contact with an infected person. It can also be spread from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth. Hepatitis D is a critical illness, and it can lead to liver failure, especially in people who are already infected with HBV.

There are two main types of hepatitis D: acute and chronic. Acute hepatitis D lasts for less than six months and typically resolves on its own without treatment. Chronic hepatitis D, on the other hand, can last for more than six months and can cause long-term liver damage.

Treatment for hepatitis D usually involves a combination of medications to manage symptoms and reduce inflammation in the liver. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Prevention methods for hepatitis D include getting vaccinated against HBV, practicing safe sex, and avoiding sharing needles or other drug equipment.

Hepatitis D is a serious condition that can lead to complications such as liver failure, so it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Symptoms of hepatitis E can include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, and yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice).

Hepatitis E is usually a self-limiting disease, meaning it will resolve on its own without treatment. However, in some cases, it can lead to fulminant hepatitis, which is a severe and potentially life-threatening form of liver disease.

There are several ways to diagnose hepatitis E, including blood tests to detect the presence of HEV antigens or antibodies, as well as imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans to evaluate liver function.

Treatment for hepatitis E is typically supportive, meaning it focuses on managing symptoms and maintaining hydration. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat complications. Prevention of hepatitis E involves improving access to safe water and sanitation, as well as promoting good hygiene practices, such as washing hands regularly.

Vaccines are available for hepatitis E, but they are not widely available or recommended for most individuals. However, they may be recommended for certain high-risk groups, such as people living in areas with a high prevalence of HEV infection or those traveling to such areas.

The exact cause of autoimmune hepatitis is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The condition can occur in people of all ages, although it is most common in women between the ages of 20 and 40.

Symptoms of autoimmune hepatitis may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice). If left untreated, the condition can lead to liver failure and even death.

Treatment for autoimmune hepatitis typically involves medications to suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation in the liver. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve the chances of a successful outcome.

There are several risk factors for developing HCC, including:

* Cirrhosis, which can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis B and C), or fatty liver disease
* Family history of liver disease
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Diabetes
* Obesity

HCC can be challenging to diagnose, as the symptoms are non-specific and can be similar to those of other conditions. However, some common symptoms of HCC include:

* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Weight loss

If HCC is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:

* Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, to look for tumors in the liver
* Blood tests to check for liver function and detect certain substances that are produced by the liver
* Biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the liver to examine under a microscope

Once HCC is diagnosed, treatment options will depend on several factors, including the stage and location of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and their personal preferences. Treatment options may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor or parts of the liver
* Ablation, which involves destroying the cancer cells using heat or cold
* Chemoembolization, which involves injecting chemotherapy drugs into the hepatic artery to reach the cancer cells
* Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of the cancer

Overall, the prognosis for HCC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20%. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. It is important for individuals at high risk for HCC to be monitored regularly by a healthcare provider, and to seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms.

Liver neoplasms, also known as liver tumors or hepatic tumors, are abnormal growths of tissue in the liver. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant liver tumors can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or metastatic, meaning they spread to the liver from another part of the body.

There are several types of liver neoplasms, including:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and arises from the main cells of the liver (hepatocytes). HCC is often associated with cirrhosis and can be caused by viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the cells lining the bile ducts within the liver (cholangiocytes). Cholangiocarcinoma is rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
3. Hemangiosarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the blood vessels of the liver. It is most commonly seen in dogs but can also occur in humans.
4. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the liver (fibrocytes). Fibromas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
5. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells of the liver (hepatocytes). Adenomas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.

The symptoms of liver neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and whether they are benign or malignant. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment options for liver neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery may be an option for some patients with small, localized tumors, while others may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery can be performed. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Prognosis for liver neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while advanced-stage disease is associated with a poorer prognosis.

The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including excessive alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and certain medications. It can also be a complication of other diseases such as hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease.

The symptoms of liver cirrhosis can vary depending on the severity of the disease, but may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal swelling, and pain in the upper right side of the abdomen. As the disease progresses, it can lead to complications such as esophageal varices, ascites, and liver failure, which can be life-threatening.

There is no cure for liver cirrhosis, but treatment options are available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include medications to control swelling and pain, dietary changes, and in severe cases, liver transplantation. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary if the disease has caused significant damage and there is no other option to save the patient's life.

In conclusion, liver cirrhosis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can cause significant damage to the liver and lead to complications such as liver failure. It is important for individuals to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of the disease in order to seek medical attention if they suspect they may have liver cirrhosis. With proper treatment and management, it is possible to slow the progression of the disease and improve the patient's quality of life.

In animals, hepatitis can be caused by a variety of agents, including:

1. Viral hepatitis: Caused by viruses such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats and canine infectious hepatitis (CIH) in dogs.
2. Bacterial hepatitis: Caused by bacteria such as Leptospira spp., which can be transmitted through contact with contaminated water or soil.
3. Parasitic hepatitis: Caused by parasites such as liver flukes (Fasciola spp.) and tapeworms (Taenia spp.).
4. Toxic hepatitis: Caused by exposure to certain drugs, chemicals, or environmental toxins.
5. Genetic hepatitis: Caused by inherited genetic disorders such as hemophilia in dogs and cats.

The clinical signs of animal hepatitis can vary depending on the cause and severity of the disease, but may include lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is based on a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood tests and liver biopsy), and imaging studies.

Treatment of animal hepatitis depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and in some cases, surgery or liver transplantation. In severe cases, animal hepatitis can be fatal if left untreated, so early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are essential for a successful outcome.

Symptoms of hepadnaviridae infections can include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In severe cases, these infections can lead to liver failure, liver cancer, and even death.

Diagnosis is typically made through blood tests that detect the presence of antigens or antibodies against the virus. Treatment options for hepadnaviridae infections include medications such as interferon and nucleos(t)ide analogues, which can help to suppress the virus and slow the progression of liver disease. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Prevention measures include vaccination against hepatitis B, avoiding sharing needles or other injection equipment, and practicing safe sex. Hepadnaviridae infections are an important global health issue, affecting millions of people worldwide and posing a significant risk for transmission in healthcare settings and other high-risk environments.

Hepatitis, Alcoholic: A type of hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) caused by excessive alcohol consumption over a long period of time. It is characterized by fatty degeneration of liver cells, inflammation, and fibrosis (scarring). The condition can progress to cirrhosis if left untreated.

The term "alcoholic hepatitis" does not refer only to alcohol-related liver disease but also includes other conditions such as fatty liver disease caused by excessive alcohol consumption.

Causes: The exact cause of alcoholic hepatitis is not fully understood, but it is believed that long-term heavy drinking can damage liver cells and lead to inflammation.

Symptoms: Symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis can range from mild to severe and include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).

Diagnosis: Diagnosis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scans.

Treatment: Treatment for alcoholic hepatitis typically involves stopping drinking altogether, nutritional support, and medication to manage symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat complications.

Prevention: Preventing alcoholic hepatitis involves avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and seeking medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Prognosis: The prognosis for alcoholic hepatitis depends on the severity of the condition and how well the individual responds to treatment. In severe cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Coleman, Paul F. (2017-02-17). "Detecting Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Mutants". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (2): 198-203. ... Breakthrough cases of Hepatitis B are primarily attributed to mutations in the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) that make HBV surface ... Breakthrough infections of Hepatitis B and mumps are partially attributed to antigenic drift. Vaccines may fail to provide ... If B cell receptors bind to the antigen and Fc receptor simultaneously bind to the maternal antibody, the Fc receptors send a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthrough_infection

Hepatitis B virus surface antigens have not been detected. Hep G2 will respond to stimulation with human growth hormone.[ ... Sigma Aldrich Sales Page for Hep G2 ATCC Sales Page for Hep G2 Cellosaurus entry for Hep G2 Hep G2 is a hepatoblastoma-derived ... Hep G2 (or HepG2) is a human liver cancer cell line. Hep G2 is an immortal cell line which was derived in 1975 from the liver ... Hep G2, American Type Culture Collection Ihrke G, Neufeld EB, Meads T, Shanks MR, Cassio D, Laurent M, et al. (December 1993 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hep_G2

In 1964, while studying "yellow jaundice" (hepatitis), he discovered a surface antigen for hepatitis B in the blood of an ... 3. The age of antigens and electronic microscopy" [History of hepatitis. 3. The age of antigens and electronic microscopy]. La ... a nonprofit organization dedicated to finding a cure for hepatitis B and improving the lives of those affected by hepatitis B ... Blumberg and his team were able to develop a screening test for the hepatitis B virus, to prevent its spread in blood donations ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg

... has been found to have homology to hepatitis delta virus antigen (HDAg). DIPA interacts with the viral antigen, HDAg, and can ... Long M, de Souza SJ, Gilbert W (May 1997). "Delta-interacting protein A and the origin of hepatitis delta antigen". Science. ... Brazas R, Ganem D (Oct 1996). "A cellular homolog of hepatitis delta antigen: implications for viral replication and evolution ... Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a pathogenic human virus whose RNA genome and replication cycle resemble those of plant viroids ...

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Alipour, Elias (23 June 2013). "Gold nanoparticle based capacitive immunosensor for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen". ... Hepatitis B Prepared AuNPs-Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA gene probes could be used to detect HBV DNA directly. The detection- ...

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... (core antigen) is a hepatitis B viral protein. It is an indicator of active viral replication; this means the person ... May 2003). "New enzyme immunoassay for detection of hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBcAg) and relation between levels of HBcAg ... HBcAg is an antigen that can be found on the surface of the nucleocapsid core (the inner most layer of the hepatitis B virus). ... "In vivo inhibition of anti-hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBcAg) immunoglobulin G production by HBcAg-specific CD4(+) Th1-type ...

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"Stimulation of RNA polymerase II elongation by hepatitis delta antigen". Science. 293 (5527): 124-7. doi:10.1126/science. ...

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The coating, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), is not infectious; however, HBsAG can provoke an immune response. In order to ... Donald G. McNeil, Jr., April 26, 2012, Irving Millman Dies at 88; Worked to Stop Hepatitis B, The New York Times. His Hepatitis ... Millman's work with Baruch Blumberg helped lead to the creation of a test to detect hepatitis B. The test allowed blood banks ... helped develop hepatitis B vaccine". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409. v t e (Articles ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Millman

The appearance is classically associated with abundant hepatitis B antigen in the endoplasmic reticulum, but may also be drug- ... Hadziyannis, S; Gerber, MA; Vissoulis, C; Popper, H (Nov 1973). "Cytoplasmic hepatitis B antigen in "ground-glass" hepatocytes ... In the context of hepatitis B, GGHs are only seen in chronic infections, i.e. they are not seen in acute hepatitis B. GGHs were ... Chronic hepatitis - pathconsultddx.com. v t e (Histopathology, All stub articles, Pathology stubs). ...

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Kumar GB, Ganapathi TR, Revathi CJ, Srinivas L, Bapat VA (October 2005). "Expression of hepatitis B surface antigen in ... Dendritic cell vaccines combine dendritic cells with antigens to present the antigens to the body's white blood cells, thus ... such as the hepatitis B surface antigen). They can generate TH and antibody responses, but not killer T cell responses.[ ... This presents the antigen in such a way as to produce a greater action than the simple aqueous tetanus toxoid. People who have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine

Hepatitis Weekly, Autoimmune Diseases, "Cytotoxic Antigen Induces Hypophysitis in Cancer Patients," 2006-1-9; see also, Weston ... "Cancer regression and autoimmunity induced by cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade in patients with metastatic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_hypophysitis

"Fibronectin and asialoglyprotein receptor mediate hepatitis B surface antigen binding to the cell surface". Arch. Virol. 155 (6 ... The asialoglycoprotein receptor may facilitate hepatic infection by multiple viruses including hepatitis B, and is also a ... "Asialoglycoprotein receptor interacts with the preS1 domain of hepatitis B virus in vivo and in vitro". Arch. Virol. 156 (4): ...

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"Identification of target antigen for SLA/LP autoantibodies in autoimmune hepatitis". Lancet. 355 (9214): 1510-5. doi:10.1016/ ... "Entrez Gene: SLA/LP soluble liver antigen/liver pancreas antigen". Herkel J, Heidrich B, Nieraad N, Wies I, Rother M, Lohse AW ... Volkmann M, Martin L, Bäurle A, Heid H, Strassburg CP, Trautwein C, Fiehn W, Manns MP (2001). "Soluble liver antigen: isolation ... SECp43 and soluble liver antigen, in the selenoprotein synthesis machinery". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (50): 41568-75. doi:10.1074/jbc ...

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... certain antigens present during hepatitis can accumulate in the kidneys and damage them. Sjögren's syndrome: this autoimmune ... HIV: the virus's antigens provoke an obstruction in the glomerular capillary's lumen that alters normal kidney function. ... Syphilis: kidney damage can occur during the secondary stage of this disease (between 2 and 8 weeks from onset). Hepatitis B: ... Liver failure caused by cirrhosis, hepatitis and other conditions such as alcoholism, IV drug use or some hereditary diseases ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndrome

"Australian Product Information - Vivaxim (Salmonella typhi Vi polysaccharide and hepatitis A virus antigen) Vaccine" (PDF). ... Hepatitis A and typhoid vaccine is a combination vaccine to protect against the infectious diseases hepatitis A and typhoid. It ... Hepatitis vaccines, Combination vaccines, Hepatitis A, Typhoid fever, GSK plc brands, Sanofi, All stub articles, Vaccine stubs) ... Active substance(s): hepatitis a (inactivated) / typhoid polysaccharide vaccine (adsorbed) (PDF) (Report). European Medicines ...

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December 1993). "Human leukocyte antigen A1-B8-DR3-DQ2-DPB1*0401 extended haplotype in autoimmune hepatitis". Hepatology. 18 (6 ... September 2006). "Genetic association of autoimmune hepatitis and human leucocyte antigen in German patients". World J. ... human leukocyte antigens DR4 and A1-B8-DR3 are independent risk factors". Hepatology. 13 (4): 701-6. doi:10.1002/hep.1840130415 ... "HLA-C genes and susceptibility to type 1 autoimmune hepatitis". Hepatology. 26 (4): 1023-6. doi:10.1002/hep.510260434. PMID ...

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"Suppression of La antigen exerts potential antiviral effects against hepatitis A virus". PLOS ONE. 9 (7): e101993. Bibcode: ... Page for Hepatitis A virus internal ribosome entry site (IRES) at Rfam (GO template errors, Cis-regulatory RNA elements, ... HAV IRES is a 450 nucleotide long sequence located in the 735 nt long 5' UTR (untranslated region) of Hepatitis A viral RNA ... Glass MJ, Jia XY, Summers DF (April 1993). "Identification of the hepatitis A virus internal ribosome entry site: in vivo and ...

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... but hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is absent. The X gene codes for HBxAg. The product of the X gene is hepatitis B x antigen ( ... A precore mutant is a variety of hepatitis B virus that does not produce hepatitis B virus e antigen (HBeAg). These mutants are ... doi:10.1002/hep.25636. PMID 22307831. Cleveland Clinic CME hepatitis B Retrieved 15 March 2013 Tacke F, Gehrke C, Luedde T, ... core promoter mutants limits the probability of response to peginterferon in hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B ...

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"An evaluation of low voltage counterimmuno-electrophoresis for the detection of hepatitis-B antigen (HB Ag)". Journal of ... In 1971, the company launched Hapindex Diagnostic Test, a rapid Hepatitis B test for blood donors. The test was developed to ... prevent the spread of Hepatitis B through blood transfusions. In 1973, Richard Sellars became Chairman and CEO of Johnson & ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_&_Johnson

... (also known as the Australia antigen) is the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Its presence in blood ... Today, these antigen-proteins can be genetically manufactured (e.g. transgene E. coli) to produce material for a simple antigen ... "Positive hepatitis B surface antigen tests due to recent vaccination: a persistent problem". BMC Clinical Pathology. 12 (1): 15 ... The viral envelope of an enveloped virus has different surface proteins from the rest of the virus which act as antigens. These ...

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Walewski JL, Keller TR, Stump DD, Branch AD (2001). "Evidence for a new hepatitis C virus antigen encoded in an overlapping ... The hepatitis C virus is the cause of hepatitis C and some cancers such as liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma, abbreviated ... doi:10.1002/hep.20819. PMID 16149085. S2CID 21393716. Yu ML, Chuang WL (2009). "Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in Asia: when ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hepatitis C virus. Wikispecies has information related to Hepatitis C virus. Academic ...

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Immunologic properties of Human Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen mimotopes displayed on filamentous phage". The Journal of ... 2002). "The human scavenger receptor class B type I is a novel candidate receptor for the hepatitis C virus". The EMBO Journal ... 2004). "Discovery of alpha,gamma-diketo acids as potent selective and reversible inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5b RNA- ... 1996). "Identification and properties of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of hepatitis C virus". The EMBO Journal. 15 (1): 12- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Cortese

Inactivated hepatitis A virus produced in MRC-5 cells. An adult dose contains 50 U of antigen adsorbed onto 0.45 mg of ... Hepatitis A and B vaccine is a vaccine against hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Hepatitis A and typhoid vaccine is a vaccine ... Inactivated hepatitis A virus produced in MRC-5 cells. Each adult dose contains 1440 ELISA units of viral antigen adsorbed on ... Inactivated hepatitis A virus produced in MRC-5 cells. Each dose contains 160 U of antigen adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide (0.3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine

... there is cross-reactivity between influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells and hepatitis C virus antigens. Cross reactivity may ... In immunology, cross-reactivity has a more narrow meaning of the reaction between an antibody and an antigen that differs from ... There can be cross-reactivity between the immune system and the antigens of two different pathogens, or between one pathogen ... For example, the tetanus toxin is a single protein macromolecular antigen but will stimulate many immune responses due to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-reactivity

"Chronic liver disease and primary liver-cell cancer with hepatitis-associated (Australia) antigen in serum". Lancet. 1 (7659): ... In this post she worked on hepatitis, which she was able to continue from 1943 to 1947 with funding from the Medical Research ... Davidson, C. S. (1969). "Discussions of the paper by Sheila Sherlock: "The treatment of hepatitis"". Bulletin of the New York ... Eisenmenger, W. (1969). "Discussions of the paper by Sheila Sherlock: "The treatment of hepatitis"". Bulletin of the New York ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Sherlock

"HLA antigens in Japanese patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis". Digestion. 26 (4): 213-7. doi: ... HLA-DR2 (DR2) of the HLA-DR serotype system, is a broad antigen serotype that is now preferentially covered by HLA-DR15 and HLA ... Tissue Antigens. 69 Suppl 1: 228-30. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.77311.x. PMID 17445206. Asakura H, Tsuchiya M, Aiso S, ... primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis. DR2 is also found in all patients that test positive for anti-anti-Asn-RNA- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DR2

"Hepatitis B small surface antigen particles are octahedral". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United ... Cited in PMC Wieland, S. F.; Chisari, F. V. (2005). "Stealth and cunning: Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses". Journal of ... known for his research on virus-host interactions of hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Chisari graduated in 1963 with a bachelor's ... "Contributions of transgenic mouse studies on the research of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus-induced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_V._Chisari

Petersen NJ, Barrett DH, Bond WW, Berquist KR, Favero MS, Bender TR, Maynard JE (1976). "Hepatitis B surface antigen in saliva ... 44 (3): 521-6. doi:10.1002/hep.21347. PMID 16941687. WHO , Hepatitis B FAQ about Hepatitis B Archived 2009-02-09 at the Wayback ... The 2009 Gujarat hepatitis B outbreak was a cluster of hepatitis B cases that appeared in Modasa, northern Gujarat, India in ... "Doctors held over hepatitis deaths". Press Association. 2009-02-22. Retrieved 2009-02-22. "Hepatitis outbreak: 2 doctors booked ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Gujarat_hepatitis_outbreak

Patients with chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection who harbor a HSPA1B-1267 single nucleotide polymorphism have a ... Gupta N, Jagadish N, Surolia A, Suri A (2017). "Heat shock protein 70-2 (HSP70-2) a novel cancer testis antigen that promotes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA1B

Both hepatitis B and hepatitis C are treated with IFN-α, often in combination with other antiviral drugs. Some of those treated ... and EBV nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2) from Epstein-Barr virus, the large T antigen of Polyomavirus, the E7 protein of Human ... Overall, IFN-α can be used to treat hepatitis B and C infections, while IFN-β can be used to treat multiple sclerosis. ... The most harmful strain-hepatitis C genotype I virus-can be treated with a 60-80% success rate with the current standard-of- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon

... is a chimeric monoclonal antibody targeted against CD20 which is a surface antigen present on B cells. Therefore, it ... Severe side effects include reactivation of hepatitis B in those previously infected, progressive multifocal ... as pathogenic B cells while sparing plasma cells and hematopoietic stem cells as they do not express the CD20 surface antigen. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituximab

All patients also suffered from hepatitis. Following outbreaks of aflatoxin contamination in maize reaching 4,400 ppb in the ... Impairment of the cell-mediated response to vaccine antigen and modulation of cytokine expression". Toxicology and Applied ... Prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in individuals exposed to aflatoxin, increases with co-infection of hepatitis B virus. ... Ngindu Augustine (1982). "Outbreak of Acute Hepatitis Caused by Aflatoxin Poisoning in Kenya". The Lancet. 319 (8285): 1346- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin_B1

Research on retroviruses led to the development of a vaccine for hepatitis B, which has led to major decreases in rates of ... where he showed a correlation between a spike in cases and the preparation of antigens in yolk sacs, and he prepared another ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Huebner

As of 2017[update], the drug had not been tested in people with active infections (including any HIV, hepatitis B or hepatitis ... in microsatellite instability allowing the tumor to generate numerous mutant proteins that could serve as tumor antigens, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrolizumab

At Monash, he established the microbiology curriculum for medical students while researching Mycoplasma antigens and hepatitis ... Shortly after he arrived in Edinburgh, he was involved in investigating an outbreak of hepatitis B in the local dialysis unit; ... he discovered that the high mortality was due to concurrent hepatitis C infection. This investigation laid the groundwork for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_Marmion

April 2010). "New genetic associations detected in a host response study to hepatitis B vaccine". Genes and Immunity. 11 (3): ... It may also function in antigen presentation[citation needed]. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and two transcript ... It may also function in antigen presentation. Alternative splicing generates multiple transcript variants encoding distinct ... "Enhanced ADCC activity of affinity maturated and Fc-engineered mini-antibodies directed against the AML stem cell antigen CD96 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD96

A potential pathway for CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity in oral LP is described as follows: Antigens presented on MHC 1 ... Hepatitis C virus-associated diseases, Lichenoid eruptions, Oral mucosal pathology). ... An immune-mediated mechanism where basal keratinocytes are being targeted as foreign antigens by activated T cells, especially ... Autoimmune response to epithelial self-antigens remains a possibility. A single study of cutaneous LP reported evidence in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen_planus

doi:10.1002/hep.20195. PMID 15122770. Mundt, A; Puhl, G; Müller, A; Sauer, I; Müller, C; Richard, R; Fotopoulou, C; Doll, R; ... of antibodies to supermacroporous cryogel adsorbents with immobilized protein A for removal of anthrax toxin protective antigen ... doi:10.1002/hep.20562. PMID 15690476. Sauer IM, Goetz M, Steffen I, et al. (May 2004). "In vitro comparison of the molecular ... doi:10.1002/hep.21930. PMID 17975845. Kramer, L; Gendo, A; Madl, C; Mullen, KD; Kaminski-Russ, K; Sunder-Plassmann, G; Schaffer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_support_system

Consistent with patterns found in the tropics, a 1974 study investigating hepatitis B prevalence found that 12% of the Turkana ... people in Lokori tested positive for the HB ag antigen. Lokitaung Kalokol Western, David (1974). "The distribution, density and ... Mutanda, Labius; Mufson, Maurice (1974). "Hepatitis B Antigenemia in Remote Tribes of Northern Kenya, Northern Liberia, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokori

Hepatitis B (not C) virus tests positive (for surface antigen or antibody) Arteriogram (angiogram) showing the arteries that ... PAN is sometimes associated with infection by the hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus. The condition may be present in infants. ... Infection with the hepatitis C virus and HIV are occasionally discovered in people affected by PAN. PAN has also been ... When present, underlying hepatitis B virus infection should be immediately treated. In some cases, methotrexate or leflunomide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyarteritis_nodosa

Antigen receptors on CTL can bind to a 9-10 amino acid chain that is presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) as ... doi:10.1002/hep.25787. PMID 22504828. S2CID 25965027. Harris SE, Martin-Ruiz C, von Zglinicki T, Starr JM, Deary IJ (July 2012 ... Humans have two major antigen identifying lymphocytes: CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) and CD4+ helper T-lymphocytes that ... Patel KP, Vonderheide RH (June 2004). "Telomerase as a tumor-associated antigen for cancer immunotherapy". Cytotechnology. 45 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase

"Alkaline phosphatase: Liver Function Test - Viral Hepatitis". www.hepatitis.va.gov. Retrieved 2016-05-02. Delmas PD (December ... along with prostate specific antigen) during, and after six months of hormone treated metastatic prostate cancer was shown to ... Some diseases do not affect the levels of alkaline phosphatase, for example, hepatitis C. A high level of this enzyme does not ... its concentration in the bloodstream is used by diagnosticians as a biomarker in helping determine diagnoses such as hepatitis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase

... with PEL that is associated with cirrosis due to hepatitis evidence positive serum tests for the hepatitis virus B antigen ( ... HBsAg) or one of the various tests for hepatitis C antigen. Extracavitary PEL is diagnosed based on findings that their mass ... hepatitis complicated by cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B or C viral infection, or of old age. PEL occurring in the elderly ... the presence of hepatitis C virus infection. Type II PEL also tends to involve malignant plasmablasts, anaplastic cells, and/or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_effusion_lymphoma

... helper dependent ssRNA virus because it requires Hepatitis B virus (HBV) to provide HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) for the ... Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is an example of a replication defective, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helper_dependent_virus

... often fatal hepatitis), and Norwalk group of viruses (gastroenteritis). Caliciviruses naturally infect vertebrates, and have ... a process that involves looking directly at antibody-antigen complexes. The classification of this one Norwalk virus strain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliciviridae

Indeed, a vaccine that provides accessible antigens in the absence of these other proteins may allow us to control the response ... Dubious claims about vaccines against hepatitis B, HPV and other diseases have been propagated based on misuse of data from ... A study published in 2013 found no correlation between autism and the antigen number in the vaccines the children were ... Elwood, JM; Ameratunga, R (September 2018). "Autoimmune diseases after hepatitis B immunization in adults: Literature review ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy

1990 Oct;47(10):1134-7. Zammarchi E, Donati MA, Filippi L, Resti M: Cryptogenic hepatitis masking the diagnosis of ornithine ... Homocitrulline has been suggested as a confounding antigen for rheumatoid arthritis antibodies targeting citrullinated proteins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocitrulline

... some tests measure the level of HIV antibodies in the blood and/or saliva or the level of both HIV antigens and antibodies in ... For an individual to be diagnosed with HCV, they must first take the hepatitis C antibody (HCV Ab) screening test. This test is ... Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) co-infection is a multi-faceted, chronic condition that ... and passage of the Hepatitis C virus from mother to infant during childbirth. Infection with HCV can be asymptomatic, resolve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C_and_HIV_coinfection

Other causes of DPGN are endocarditis, Hepatitis B, and Hepatis C.[citation needed] The etiology plays a role in the specific ... Usually the deposition of immune-complexes (antigen-antibody complex) that activates the complement system are involved. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_proliferative_nephritis

He is a specialist in HIV vaccine design and the sequence evolution and diversity of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV). More ... including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy and gene editing approaches capable of protecting against HIV ... His laboratory at the Ragon Institute is focused on identifying protective immunity to HIV and Hepatitis C virus (HCV). He is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_M._Allen

His areas of research while in Washington included serologic testing methods and hepatitis screening. He was a clinical ... Greenwalt, T.J. (2005). "Antibodies, antigens, and anticoagulants: a historical review of a lifetime in transfusion medicine- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_J._Greenwalt

At least 90% of cases having cryoglobulins in body, hepatitis C is to blame, reflecting the importance of preclusion of ... D-L antibodies, typically IgG, are characterized by targeting against red blood cells' on-surface antigens called "P". The ... Cold agglutinins are antibodies, typically immunoglobulin M (IgM), that are acquainted with and then binding the antigens on ... Donath-Landsteiner antibodies share similarities with cold agglutinin disease in recognition and connection of the antigens on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_sensitive_antibodies

doi:10.1002/hep.24748. PMID 22006563. S2CID 39002609. Hirschfield GM, Liu X, Xu C, Lu Y, Xie G, Lu Y, et al. (June 2009). " ... The monoclonal antibody Rituximab targets the CD20 antigen on the B cells, and is already used in a wide array of other ... doi:10.1002/hep.28932. PMID 27906472. S2CID 20776738. Assis DN, Abdelghany O, Cai SY, Gossard AA, Eaton JE, Keach JC, et al. ( ... doi:10.1002/hep.21480. PMID 17187426. S2CID 206643. Guglielmi FW, Regano N, Mazzuoli S, Fregnan S, Leogrande G, Guglielmi A, et ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholestasis

Assessment of IgM antibodies to viral capsid antigen (a rising titer) is indicated to confirm Epstein-Barr virus or ... "Hepatic splenosis mimicking HCC in a patient with hepatitis C liver cirrhosis and mildly raised alpha feto protein; the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen

doi:10.1002/hep.26029. PMID 22911555. S2CID 9787730. McManus S, Ebert A, Salvagiotto G, Medvedovic J, Sun Q, Tamir I, Jaritz M ... in a cytoskeleton-dependent signaling pathway initiated by ligation of integrin or antigen receptor on human B cells". J. Biol ... "Association of the Cas-like molecule HEF1 with CrkL following integrin and antigen receptor signaling in human B-cells: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEDD9

As a target antigen for ELISA BVDV detection, NS3 is a multifunctional protein with serine protease activity, helicase activity ... "Palmitoylation of Hepatitis C Virus NS2 Regulates Its Subcellular Localization and NS2-NS3 Autocleavage". Journal of Virology. ... "Hepatitis C virus sequence divergence preserves p7 viroporin structural and dynamic features". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 8383 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pestivirus

Results: The study results were divided into two groups, depending on the time when antibody against hepatitis surface antigen ... Hepatitis B Vaccination and Waning Hepatitis B Immunity in Persons Living with HIV. Farooq PD, Sherman KE. Farooq PD, et al. ... The Screening of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus Infection among HIV-Infected Inpatients and Evaluation of Correlated ... standard doses of hepatitis B vaccination in HIV-infected adults: 4-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Chaiwarith ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32334887/

Identification and Management of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg)--Positive Persons. Persons with chronic hepatitis B virus ... obtain vaccination against hepatitis A if chronic liver disease is present (2). *When seeking medical or dental care, HBsAg- ... Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization ... Hepatitis B virus transmission between children in day care. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989;8:870--5. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5516a4.htm

HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN- hepatitis b virus subtype adw hbsag surface protein antigen liquid Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.. ... HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN hepatitis b virus subtype adw hbsag surface protein antigen liquid. ... HEPATITIS B VIRUS SUBTYPE ADW HBSAG SURFACE PROTEIN ANTIGEN (UNII: XL4HLC6JH6) (HEPATITIS B VIRUS SUBTYPE ADW HBSAG SURFACE ... HEPATITIS B VIRUS SUBTYPE ADW HBSAG SURFACE PROTEIN ANTIGEN. 1 g in 1 g. ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=468b1ba5-371c-4ff0-8565-06482771fc25&type=display

Collaborative study to establish a World Health Organization international standard for Hepatitis B e antigen (‎HBeAg)‎ ... collaborative study to establish the first international standard for detection of antibodies to hepatitis B virus e antigen (‎ ... Browsing by Subject "Hepatitis B e Antigens". 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Hepatitis+B+e+Antigens&type=mesh

LBDHBG - Hepatitis B surface antigen. Variable Name: LBDHBG SAS Label: Hepatitis B surface antigen. English Text: Hepatitis B ... LBDHD - Hepatitis D (anti-HDV). Variable Name: LBDHD SAS Label: Hepatitis D (anti-HDV). English Text: Hepatitis D (anti-HDV). ... Hepatitis B: Core Antibody, Surface Antigen; Hepatitis D Antibody (HEPBD_G) Data File: HEPBD_G.xpt First Published: September ... The Hepatitis B surface antigen is tested only when the Hepatitis B core antibody test is positive. Participant results are ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/2011-2012/HEPBD_G.htm

Your search for HEPATITIS A VIRUS STRAIN HM175 ANTIGEN FORMALDEHYDE INACTIVATED did not return any results. ...

http://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&query=HEPATITIS+A+VIRUS+STRAIN+HM175+ANTIGEN+(FORMALDEHYDE+INACTIVATED)

Pure VIRAL ANTIGENS for use in immunoassays and histochemistry applications * Sample Histochemistry fixation & Saponin Protocol ... Pure VIRAL ANTIGENS for use in immunoassays and histochemistry applications * Sample Histochemistry fixation & Saponin Protocol ...

https://researchd.com/hepatitis-antigen/

Detecting Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Mutants On This Page Mechanism of HBV Mutant Generation Surface Antigen Structure Surface ... Carman W, van Deursen F, Mimms L, Hardie D, Coppola R, Decker R, The prevalence of surface antigen variants of hepatitis B ... Koyanagi T, Nakamuta M, Sakai H, Sugimoto R, Enjoji M, Koto K, Analysis of HBs antigen negative variant of hepatitis B virus: ... of hepatitis B surface antigen epitopes present on variants and specifically recognized by anti-hepatitis B surface antigen ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/2/05-0038_article

ELISA Kit for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen from BIOCHAIN, Cat Number: KO31003096. UK & Europe Distribution. Order Online or ... ELISA Kit for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen , KO31003096 Biochain Antibody Elisa Kit ELISA Kit for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen , ... ELISA Kit for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen , KO31003096. Rating Required Select Rating. 1 star (worst). 2 stars. 3 stars ( ... hepatitis, viral related cirrhosis and tumor tissues of... ... ELISA Kit for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen , KO31003096 , ...

https://delos.info/elisa-kit-for-hepatitis-b-surface-antigen-ko31003096/

ProSpecs HBsAg include: HBsAg preS2, HBsAg preS1, HBsAg adw, HBsAg adr CHO, HBsAg adr, HBsAg ayw pichia, HBsAg ayw

https://www.prospecbio.com/hbsag

Improved Hepanostika, an enzyme-immunoassay for hepatitis B surface antigen G Wolters et al. J Virol Methods. 1980 Dec. ... Improved Hepanostika, an enzyme-immunoassay for hepatitis B surface antigen G Wolters, L P Kuijpers, J Croese ... Enzyme-immunoassay in the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen. Ukkonen P, Koistinen V, Penttinen K. Ukkonen P, et al. J ... Enzyme immunoassay of hepatitis B surface antigen with use of the "Hepanostika" test kit and a new photometer, "Photo-Elisa 1 ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7014580

Hepatitis delta virus (ISOLATE LEBANON-1)). Find diseases associated with this biological target and compounds tested against ... Protein target information for Small delta antigen ( ...

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/P29833

B Outreach hepatitis B vaccine hepatitis C hepatitis D hepatitis delta hepatocellular carcinoma HepB hep B Hep B Awareness Hep ... Hepatitis B Diagnosis & Monitoring, Hepatitis B Prevention, Living with Hepatitis B Youve Lost the Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ... HCC HCV HDV hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B Foundation Hepatitis B Foundation Events Hepatitis B news Hepatitis ... HBsAghepatitis B curehepatitis B surface antigenliver cancerRobert Gishsurface antibodies. Post navigation. « How Much Do You ...

https://www.hepb.org/blog/youve-lost-hepatitis-b-surface-antigen-go-celebrate-keep-monitoring/

... independent determination of the hepatitis C virus antigen and antibody status. ... Roche Launches Dual Antigen and Antibody Hepatitis C Diagnostic Test. .social-ris-container { display: flex; justify-content: ... independent determination of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigen and antibody status from a single human or serum sample, ... independent determination of the hepatitis C virus antigen and antibody status. ...

https://www.biopharminternational.com/view/roche-launches-dual-antigen-and-antibody-hepatitis-c-diagnostic-test

HCV RNA and Antigen Detection for Diagnosis of Acute Hepatitis C Among MSM on PreP..... In the ANRS IPERGAY PrEP trial among ... CROI: Low Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Among New York City MSM Initiating PrEP and PEP, 2016-2017 at NYC Sexual Health ... Our aim was to assess the sensitivity of the different tests for early diagnosis of acute hepatitis C in high risk MSM.. In the ... The HCV antigen immunoassay and plasma HCV RNA test were positive within a median of 2 months before the detection of ...

https://www.natap.org/2018/CROI/croi_152.htm

The prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B antigen, detectable by radioimmunoassay, was found to be no higher among 58 long-term ... This suggested that such contacts do not have greater exposure to serum hepatitis virus than that occurring through natural ...

https://jcp.bmj.com/content/27/4/323

Quantification of serum hepatitis B surface antigen: is it useful for the management of chronic hepatitis B? ... Quantification of serum hepatitis B surface antigen: is it useful for the management of chronic hepatitis B? ... Since the 1960s, hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) has been the hallmark of HBV infection with concentrations reaching ... Filaments and spherical particles are produced in large excess in highly viraemic hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive ...

https://gut.bmj.com/content/61/5/641.long

... were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies. A total of 119 donors (3.5%) ... Hepatitis B and C virus infections are common serious complications of blood transfusion. Over a 6-month period in 2007/08 all ... Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C virus antibodies among blood donors in Alexandria, Egypt ... Table 1 Comparison of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive cases among blood donors by ...

https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-17/issue-3/article9.html

This study examined the prevalence of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity and associated risk factors among people aged 25 ... and having a person in the family with viral hepatitis [OR = 1.367, 95% CI (1.21, 1.53)] were significantly associated with HBV ... The epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the general population in Rwanda is not well known. ... Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity and its associated factors in Rwanda. *Jean Damascene Makuza. ...

https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-4013-4

Expression of the core antigen gene was shut off by culture in vitro of core or e antigen-producing nude mouse tumour cells and ... the core and the e antigen. It is shown here that expression of the core antigen gene was inducible by growing the cells as a ... The buoyant density in CsCl (1.31 to 1.32 g/ml) of core or e antigen produced in the tumours was very similar to that of virus ... Cells cultured in vitro are known to produce the virus surface antigen but not the other structural virus proteins, ...

https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-65-8-1443

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen particles (sAg) isolated from sera were used as the first HBV vaccine, and may be ... Observed Structural Heterogeneity of Human Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen Particles by Cryo-electron Microscopy. Thursday, ... yet this may be developed into a strength for vaccine design in that particles of varied diameters and antigen spacings are ... developed into a platform to display designed antigens. Particles of sAg had been previously reported also to have octahedral ...

https://researchfestival.nih.gov/2018/posters/observed-structural-heterogeneity-human-hepatitis-b-virus-surface-antigen

... ... This assay was at least 20-100 times more sensitive in the detection of HBV antigen than conventional enzyme-linked immune- ...

https://edrn.nci.nih.gov/data-and-resources/publications/15109821-429-a-phage-with-high-affinity-for-hepatitis-b-surface-antigen-for-the-detection-of-hbsag/

HEPATITIS B ANTIGEN. Anesthesiology 1974; 41:431 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-197411000-00003 ... Sevoflurane Inhibits Unstimulated and Agonist-induced Platelet Antigen Expression and Platelet Function in Whole Blood In Vitro ... Sevoflurane Binds and Allosterically Blocks Integrin Lymphocyte Function-associated Antigen-1 Anesthesiology (September 2010) ...

https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/41/5/431/23784/HEPATITIS-B-ANTIGEN

Validation of rapid point-of-care (POC) tests for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in field and laboratory settings in ... Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Point-of-care tests for hepatitis B ... surface antigen (HBsAg) could be an ideal tool for a large-scale HBV screening/treatment program in SSA. Using data from the ...

https://research.pasteur.fr/en/publication/validation-of-rapid-point-of-care-poc-tests-for-detection-of-hepatitis-b-surface-antigen-in-field-and-laboratory-settings-in-the-gambia-western-africa/

https://www.dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=468b1ba5-371c-4ff0-8565-06482771fc25&type=display

We can help you find the right test or let you know if we have a fulfillment partner.. ...

https://wardelab.com/test/hepatitis-be-antigen/

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) test is used to determine the presence of Hepatitis B viral infection by measuring the ... Hep B antigen is expressed on the surface of Hepatitis B virus and its detection is a preliminary test to check the infection ... Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) is present on the surface of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBsAg is present in the blood of ... A positive Hep B surface antigen test requires further testing to determine the level of infection in the body.. In some cases ...

https://sewaswasth.com/test/viral-infection/hepatitis-bs-surface-antigen-hbsag/

... hepatitis B core antigen; HBV, Hepatitis B Virus; HBcrAg, hepatitis B core-related antigen; HBeAg; HBeAg, Hepatitis B e antigen ... Serum or plasma samples were evaluated for levels of HBV DNA, HBsAg, hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg), and HBV RNA. ... Intrahepatic quantification of HBV antigens in chronic hepatitis B reveals heterogeneity and treatment-mediated reductions in ... Intrahepatic quantification of HBV antigens in chronic hepatitis B reveals heterogeneity a ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/mdl-36908748

Viral hepatitis : report of a WHO meeting [held in Geneva from 8 to 11 October 1974] by WHO Meeting on Viral Hepatitis (1974: ... Hepatitis virica : informe de una reunion de la OMS [se reunio en Ginebra del 8 al 11 de octubre de 1974] by Reunion de la ... OMS sobre Hepatitis Virica (1974: Ginebra) , World Health Organization.. Series: Organizacion Mundial de la Salud. Serie de ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=su:%7BHepatitis%20B%20antigens.%7D

Handling: Volume: 1.0 ml serum Centrifuge within 4 hours of collection Stability: 5 days refrigerated, 3 months ...

https://pathregional.com/test/hepatitis-b-surface-antigen/

Mutations that occur within the immunodominant epitopes of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) allow mutant virus to propagate in the presence of a neutralizing immune response, while wild-type virus is reduced to undetectable levels. (cdc.gov)
An understanding of immunoassay reactivity with HBsAg mutants is key to establishing an appropriate testing algorithm for hepatitis B virus detection programs. (cdc.gov)
This article addresses recent information concerning the emergence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) mutants, their impact on viral antigen presentation, latest prevalence data, and discussion of the issues associated with detection of mutants in healthcare settings. (cdc.gov)
Detection of human antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by an enzyme-immunoassay for HBsAg. (nih.gov)
After years of living with "inactive' chronic hepatitis B-with low viral load and no signs of liver damage-some patients may finally lose the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and even develop surface antibodies. (hepb.org)
About 1 to 3 percent of people with chronic hepatitis B lose HBsAg each year, and about half of all people with chronic infections who live up to age 75 will lose HBsAg, depending on the amount of HBV DNA in their blood. (hepb.org)
Another report found that people with the hepatitis B strain or genotype C have higher rates of clearing HBsAg over time than those with genotype B. (hepb.org)
Over a 6-month period in 2007/08 all samples from a blood bank in Alexandria, Egypt (n = 3420) were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies. (who.int)
Since the 1960s, hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) has been the hallmark of HBV infection with concentrations reaching several hundred micrograms per millilitre. (bmj.com)
This study examined the prevalence of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity and associated risk factors among people aged 25 years and over in an organized national screening campaign. (biomedcentral.com)
This article analyzed the prevalence and risk factors of HBsAg seropositivity among people who participated in a national hepatitis screening campaign in Rwanda. (biomedcentral.com)
Labeling of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) synthesized in a HBsAg-producing hepatoma cell line. (microbiologyresearch.org)
A phage with high affinity for hepatitis B surface antigen for the detection of HBsAg. (nih.gov)
Serum or plasma samples were evaluated for levels of HBV DNA , HBsAg , hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg), and HBV RNA . (bvsalud.org)
Point-of-care tests for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) could be an ideal tool for a large-scale HBV screening/treatment program in SSA. (pasteur.fr)
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) test is used to determine the presence of Hepatitis B viral infection by measuring the amount of HBsAg in the blood. (sewaswasth.com)
HBsAg test detects the presence or absence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) in the blood. (sewaswasth.com)
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) is present on the surface of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). (sewaswasth.com)
HBsAg is present in the blood of patients with viral hepatitis B (with or without clinical symptoms). (sewaswasth.com)
A "Reactive" or "Positive" HBsAg test result means that the person is infected with Hepatitis B virus. (sewaswasth.com)
A "Non-reactive" or "Negative" HBsAg test result means that the person is not infected with Hepatitis B virus. (sewaswasth.com)
We determined the serum level of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBsAg) in 273 randomly selected 7-9-year-old schoolchildren from Zanjan City, Islamic Republic of Iran, who had been fully vaccinated against hepatitis B starting at birth. (who.int)
Currently, the important question is how much its use supplements hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) donor screening in preventing transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. (nih.gov)
CONCLUSION: Some 33 to 50 percent of cases of hepatitis B that could be transmitted by transfusion of blood from HBsAg-negative donors are prevented by anti-HBc screening. (nih.gov)
SD Bioline HBsAg Test HBsAg atau Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBV) dilakukan sebagai salah satu cara untuk mendeteksi penyakit Hepatitis B. (alkes123.com)
SD Bioline HBsAg Test HBsAg atau Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBV) HBsAg Test Cepat hepatitis dimaksudkan untuk penggunaan profesional sebagai bantuan dalam diagnosis hepatitis B. Tes HBsAg (Hepatitis B Surface Antigen) dilakukan sebagai salah satu cara untuk mendeteksi penyakit Hepatitis B. SD BIOLINE HBsAg dapat mengidentifikasi HBsAg dalam plasma atau spesimen serum dengan tingkat sensitivitas yang tinggi. (alkes123.com)
SD Bioline HBsAg Test HBsAg atau Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBV), SD BIOLINE HBsAg WB dapat mengidentifikasi HBsAg dalam serum, plasma atau spesimen darah lengkap dengan tingkat sensitivitas yang tinggi. (alkes123.com)
SD Bioline HBsAg Alat Test Hepatitis Device Murah, Hepatitis Products & Services SD Bioline HbsAg, SD BIOLINE HBsAg WB adalah in vitroimmunochromatographic, Test HBsAg Hepatitis B Surface Antigen dilakukan sebagai salah satu cara untuk mendeteksi penyakit Hepatitis B, can identify HBsAg in plasma. (alkes123.com)
Immunohistochemical staining is positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg. (medscape.com)

Donor screening for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen and hepatitis B virus infection in transfusion recipients. (nih.gov)
BACKGROUND: Testing for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) as a surrogate for hepatitis C viremia is no longer needed for blood donor screening. (nih.gov)

Filaments and spherical particles are produced in large excess in highly viraemic hepatitis B 'e' antigen (HBeAg)-positive carriers. (bmj.com)
Detection of HBeAg and anti-HBe in acute hepatitis B by a sensitive radioimmunoassay. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The invention relates to recombinant chimeric rabbit/human monoclonal antibody fragments (Fabs) against hepatitis B Virus e-antigen (HBeAg), notably Fab me6. (nih.gov)

Over the past decade, the importance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutants has made a transition from an academic phenomenon of unknown prevalence to a factor for consideration during disease diagnosis. (cdc.gov)
The prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B antigen, detectable by radioimmunoassay, was found to be no higher among 58 long-term household contacts of multiply transfused haemophiliacs than among 100 randomly chosen blood donors. (bmj.com)
Globally, an estimated 257 million people were living with chronic hepatitis B infection (HBV) in 2015, and the global prevalence of HBV infection in the general population was 3.5% [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The prevalence of infection for at least 15 years, that antibody hepatitis B carriers varies in different parts levels decrease the most among persons of the world, ranging from less than 1% to immunized at 4 years of age or younger, and 15% [ 2 ]. (who.int)
The aim of this study was to estimate the Sero- prevalence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen and associated factors among women of reproductive age in Bench Maji Zone, South West Ethiopia . (bvsalud.org)

Open Forum Infect Dis 2015;2(3)[3] Hepatitis C guidance: AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating adults infected with hepatitis virus. (natap.org)

Three of the children had antibodies to hepatitis B core protein. (who.int)
In the Islamic Republic of Iran the level have been exposed to HBV and about 3% of antibodies to hepatitis B in vaccinated are chronic carriers, ranging from 1.7% individuals is not known. (who.int)

The presence of two main protein bands, with a similar difference in size, is also a typical feature of delta antigens, both extracted and recombinant, and it is considered to be derived either from heterogeneity of viral sequences, which can encode hepatitis delta antigen proteins of 195 and 214 amino acids, or from proteolysis of a single precursor. (unisa.it)

Negative hepatitis b surface antigens are usually accompanied by HBV DNA and E antigens becoming negative, and hepatitis B has fully recovered after this. (udianinfo.com)

This involves the reaction of anti-HBc in the sample with hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) coated wells. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) forms an icosahedral structure containing the viral genome. (nih.gov)

Those who have received hepatitis B vaccine or have been infected with hepatitis B virus and have recovered completely may have surface antibody positive, yet those with chronic hepatitis B virus infection appear to be hepatitis b surface antigen and core antibody continue to be positive, and there may be E antigen or E antibody positive at the same time. (udianinfo.com)
Hepatitis b surface antigen is an important indicator of hepatitis B virus infection and an important evaluation indicator of patients after treatment. (udianinfo.com)
Its becoming negative is the ultimate goal of treatment for hepatitis B patients, which means that the virus infection is completely eliminated. (udianinfo.com)
In developing countries, Hepatitis A virus infection commonly occurs in children and is associated with poor sanitation and low socio-economic status. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
Hepatitis B virus infection is one of the leading causes of liver diseases which occurs worldwide particularly in developing countries . (bvsalud.org)

Isolation, characterization, and comparison of recombinant DNAs derived from genomes of human hepatitis B virus and woodchuck hepatitis virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Characterization by mass spectrometry of a recombinant hepatitis delta virus antigen and its proteolytic products. (unisa.it)
The recombinant hepatitis delta virus antigen was obtained as a chimaeric protein fused to the C-terminus of the phage MS2 RNA polymerase. (unisa.it)
The recombinant protein can be used as an antigenic substitute of viral antigens both for immunoassays and for the preparation of anti-(hepatitis delta virus) antisera. (unisa.it)

When evaluating the antiviral efficacy, a hepatitis B virology test is required. (udianinfo.com)

We evaluated the sensitivity of each test, including ALT, for the diagnosis of acute hepatitis C. HCV subtype was determined for each patient. (natap.org)

Unvaccinated sex partners and household and needle-sharing contacts should be tested for susceptibility to HBV infection (see Appendix A, Prevaccination Serologic Testing for Susceptibility) and should receive the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine immediately after collection of blood for serologic testing. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen particles (sAg) isolated from sera were used as the first HBV vaccine, and may be developed into a platform to display designed antigens. (nih.gov)
Our results suggest that human sAg particles might not have strict symmetry to which the constituent sAg molecules are organized, yet this may be developed into a strength for vaccine design in that particles of varied diameters and antigen spacings are generated from a single nanoparticle platform. (nih.gov)
In 1991, the World at least 6-8 years before with 3 doses of Health Organization (WHO) recommended hepatitis B vaccine starting at birth to that hepatitis B vaccination be included provide information on the effect of the in national immunization programmes in immunization strategy for hepatitis B and countries with a hepatitis B surface antigen the need for booster doses. (who.int)
Hepatitis B infection is vaccine preventable. (medscape.com)
The older, three-dose hepatitis B vaccine preparations are more than 90% protective. (medscape.com)
A new triple-target hepatitis B vaccine, PreHevbrio, was FDA-approved in December 2021. (medscape.com)
The hepatitis B vaccine first became available in 1982. (medscape.com)
This year celebrates the 40th anniversary of hepatitis B vaccine recommendations in the United States. (medscape.com)
Instead, ACIP voted and approved hepatitis B vaccine universally for those up to age 60. (medscape.com)

ABSTRACT The duration of protection after hepatitis B vaccination in children is unknown. (who.int)

Intrahepatic quantification of HBV antigens in chronic hepatitis B reveals heterogeneity and treatment-mediated reductions in HBV core-positive cells. (bvsalud.org)
We applied quantitative techniques to liver biopsies from individuals with chronic hepatitis B and evaluated sampling heterogeneity, effects of disease stage, and nucleos(t)ide (NUC) treatment , and correlations between liver and peripheral viral biomarkers . (bvsalud.org)

Enzyme immunoassay for the detection of hepatitis B virus core antigen. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Validation of rapid point-of-care (POC) tests for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in field and laboratory settings in the Gambia, Western Africa. (pasteur.fr)

Hepatitis viruses constitute a major public health problem because of the morbidity and mortality associated with the acute and chronic consequences of these infections. (cdc.gov)
NHANES testing for markers of infection with hepatitis viruses will be used to determine secular trends in infection rates across most age and racial/ethnic groups, and will provide a national picture of the epidemiologic determinants of these infections. (cdc.gov)
14 patients were diagnosed with HCV including 1 co-infected with HIV, risk factors: chemsex, condomless receptive anal sex, fisting, presence of sexually transmitted infections, authors recommend using HCV antigen immunoassay & plasma HCV RNA test as they showed positivity when patients were symptomatic & before the detection of antibodies & ALT elevations. (natap.org)
References [1] Urbanus et al.Trends in hepatitis C virus infections among MSM attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic;1995-2010. (natap.org)
Hepatitis B and C virus infections are common serious complications of blood transfusion. (who.int)
Universal adult hepatitis B vaccination could decrease infections, prevent transmission, and reduce health disparities. (medscape.com)

Cells cultured in vitro are known to produce the virus surface antigen but not the other structural virus proteins, the core and the e antigen. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The proteins of hepatitis B Dane particle cores. (microbiologyresearch.org)

According to the release, this allows it to enable significantly earlier diagnosis of active infection relative to antibody-only assays, as core antigen appears early in an infection and is a marker of ongoing viral replication. (biopharminternational.com)
This assay was at least 20-100 times more sensitive in the detection of HBV antigen than conventional enzyme-linked immune-absorbent assays (ELISA). (nih.gov)
Chimeric rabbit/human Fab antibodies against the hepatitis Be-antigen and their potential applications in assays, characterization, and therapy. (nih.gov)

Mouse monoclonal antibody specific for Hepatitis A virus (1885). (thenativeantigencompany.com)

Despite the introduction of universal HBV vaccination and effective antiviral therapy, the estimated overall seroprevalence of HBV surface antigen remains high in Africa at 6.1% [ 6 ] and the Western Pacific regions (6.2%) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

According to medical guidelines, all oncologists and other specialists who use these powerful drugs are supposed to test all their patients for hepatitis B and carefully monitor anyone who had hepatitis B in the past, which is indicated by a positive test for the hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc). (hepb.org)
Elecsys uses dual detection of HCV core antigen and antibodies. (biopharminternational.com)
It is shown here that expression of the core antigen gene was inducible by growing the cells as a nude mouse tumour. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The buoyant density in CsCl (1.31 to 1.32 g/ml) of core or e antigen produced in the tumours was very similar to that of virus core particles. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Expression of the core antigen gene was shut off by culture in vitro of core or e antigen-producing nude mouse tumour cells and induced again by subsequent passage of cells in the nude mouse. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The experimental system thus allows studies on the regulation of expression of the core antigen gene. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The conversion of hepatitis B core antigen synthesized in E . coli into e antigen. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Structures of Hepatitis B Virus Core- and e-Antigen Immune Complexes Suggest Multi-point Inhibition. (nih.gov)

This suggested that such contacts do not have greater exposure to serum hepatitis virus than that occurring through natural means. (bmj.com)
Quantification of serum hepatitis B surface antigen: is it useful for the management of chronic hepatitis B? (bmj.com)

Transforming growth factor β contributed to antigen-specific Treg expansion in vitro, suggesting that it may contribute to antigen-specific Treg expansion in vivo. (elsevier.com)

Characterization of integrated hepatitis B viral DNA cloned from a human hepatoma and the hepatoma-derived cell line PLC/PRF/5. (microbiologyresearch.org)

8%). During delivery of recommended hepatitis B vaccination services (e.g. (cdc.gov)
It has been reported that when hepatitis services is good throughout the territory, B vaccination is initiated at birth, there and vaccinations are delivered through local is an increased likelihood that the child health districts which are able to reach the will complete the series [ 8,9 ] hence an whole population. (who.int)
The topic: the new hepatitis B vaccination recommendations for 2022. (medscape.com)
Universal childhood hepatitis B vaccination has been a success. (medscape.com)
This led the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) to consider whether all unvaccinated adults should receive hepatitis B vaccination. (medscape.com)
ACIP's Hepatitis B Workgroup Committee reviewed available data, and their preferred suggestion was for universal vaccination, meaning that all adults previously unvaccinated for hepatitis B should receive hepatitis B vaccination. (medscape.com)
ACIP did not accept the workgroup suggestion of universal hepatitis B vaccination on face value. (medscape.com)

In some cases uncontrolled levels of Hep B infection can lead to chronic hepatitis infection and liver cirrhosis. (sewaswasth.com)

HCV RNA and Antigen Detection for Diagnosis of Acute Hepatitis C Among MSM on PreP. (natap.org)
Our aim was to assess the sensitivity of the different tests for early diagnosis of acute hepatitis C in high risk MSM. (natap.org)
Patients with chronic active hepatitis, especially during the replicative state, may have symptoms similar to those of acute hepatitis. (medscape.com)
Each year, more than 20,000 people in the United States contract acute hepatitis B, with healthcare costs of more than a billion dollars. (medscape.com)
As a result, acute hepatitis B is on the path to complete elimination for those aged 29 years or older, but many older adults still remain unprotected. (medscape.com)

The test content includes five hepatitis B indicators and viral deoxyribonucleic acid (HBV DNA). (udianinfo.com)

With improved hepatitis screening, healthcare systems have the opportunity to eliminate the disease through improved prevention, testing, and treatment services,'' said Thomas Schinecker, CEO, Roche Diagnostics, in the press release. (biopharminternational.com)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Australia antigen in viral hepatitis and hepatic cirrhosis. (who.int)
The physical examination findings in hepatitis B disease vary from minimal to impressive (in patients with hepatic decompensation), according to the stage of the disease. (medscape.com)

Co-infection with hepatitis D virus (HDV) in persons with acute or chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can lead to fulminant hepatitis. (cdc.gov)

Persons with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are at high risk for chronic liver disease and are a major reservoir of HBV infection. (cdc.gov)
Chronic hepatitis B infection is a global health problem affecting more than 350 million people worldwide. (bmj.com)
Immunocompromised patients and infants are more prone to develop severe symptoms of chronic hepatitis. (sewaswasth.com)
If a person tests "positive," then further testing is required to determine if this is a new "acute" infection or a "chronic" Hepatitis B infection or chronic HBV carrier state. (sewaswasth.com)
The fundamental treatment for chronic hepatitis B is antiviral. (udianinfo.com)
Clinically, we can divide chronic hepatitis B into two categories, one is E antigen positive chronic hepatitis B, and the other is E antigen negative chronic hepatitis B. The E antigen is an indicator of active virus replication and strong infectivity. (udianinfo.com)
Hepatitis b surface antigen change is the ultimate goal of treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B. Due to the intractability of hepatitis B virus and the limitations of drug treatment, very few patients can achieve this goal. (udianinfo.com)
Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is a new prodrug of tenofovir developed to treat patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection at a lower dose than tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) through more efficient delivery of tenofovir to hepatocytes. (nih.gov)
At week 96 of two ongoing studies comparing the efficacy and safety of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B patients, TAF continues to be as effective as TDF with continued improved renal and bone safety. (nih.gov)
Hepatitis B. Under higher-power magnification, ground-glass cells may be visible in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. (medscape.com)
Patients with chronic hepatitis B infection can be immune tolerant or have an inactive chronic infection without any evidence of active disease, and they are also asymptomatic. (medscape.com)
Hepatitis B can lead to chronic hepatitis infection and liver cancer , and 15%-25% of those infected will die prematurely of cirrhosis or liver cancer. (medscape.com)

In addition, NHANES provides the means to better define the epidemiology of other hepatitis viruses. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis B virus is one of the five main hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E and is the causative agent of Hepatitis B (infection in the liver). (sewaswasth.com)

Humans are a natural reservoir for hepatitis A virus. (thenativeantigencompany.com)

New immunization strategies have been developed to eliminate the spread of HBV and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Practices (ACIP), is the introduction of study carried out from February 2003 to hepatitis B immunization at birth [ 5,6 ]. (who.int)
The study group consisted of 135 healthy infants who had been immunized with hepatitis B (HBV), 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate (PCV7), and diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccines according to standard child hood immunization schedules. (cdc.gov)

In patients with a positive EIA, we used stored sera to perform the following tests at the date of diagnosis and at previous visits (until HCV RNA was negative): antibodies (EIA 3thG ARCHITECT Anti-HCV, Abbott), rapid tests for detection of HCV antibodies (OraQuick® and Toyo®), plasma HCV RNA (AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® HCV Test, Roche and Xpert® HCV Viral Load, Cepheid), and the antigen immunoassay (EIA ARCHITECT HCV Ag®, Abbott). (natap.org)

Integration of hepatitis B virus sequences and their expression in a human hepatoma cell. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Patterns of liver HBV antigen expression have been described but not quantified at single- cell resolution. (bvsalud.org)
Detection of FoxP3 expression in non-HCV-specific CD4 T cells suggests that immune regulation through antigen-specific Treg induction extends beyond HCV. (elsevier.com)

Hep B virus spreads mainly through body fluids or unsafe sexual intercourse. (sewaswasth.com)
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is commonly transmitted via body fluids such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. (medscape.com)

The epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the general population in Rwanda is not well known. (biomedcentral.com)

Roche launched its Elecsys HCV Duo immunoassay (Elecsys) in July 2022, which is the first available immunoassay that allows for the simultaneous, independent determination of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigen and antibody status from a single human or serum sample, according to the company in a July 18, 2022 press release. (biopharminternational.com)

1 Prolonged liver inflammation caused by active infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) may result in progression to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma and death. (bmj.com)
The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of hepatitis B are due to the interaction of the virus and the host immune system, which leads to liver injury and, potentially, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (medscape.com)
The primary treatment goals for patients with hepatitis B infection are to prevent progression of the disease, particularly to cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (medscape.com)

Hepatitis B viral mutants can emerge in patients as a result of selection pressure from either immune response or treatment options. (cdc.gov)
The launch of this innovative dual antigen and antibody diagnostic test underlines our commitment to support clinicians and their patients in reducing the impact of infectious diseases, where it's needed most. (biopharminternational.com)
The HCV antigen immunoassay and plasma HCV RNA test were positive within a median of 2 months before the detection of antibodies and ALT elevation, when patients were asymptomatic. (natap.org)
To screen for Hepatitis B infection in individuals who are at risk of acquiring infection like IV drug users, sex workers, hemodialysis patients, prisoners, etc. (sewaswasth.com)
Hepatitis B becomes negative is a general concern of clinicians, patients and their relatives. (udianinfo.com)
For the first type of patients, when the E antigen becomes from positive to negative and the E antibody becomes from negative to positive at the same time. (udianinfo.com)

Editor's Note: This report has been updated to reflect information on hepatitis B vaccines that became available after the video was recorded. (medscape.com)
Other available hepatitis B vaccines contain just one antigen. (medscape.com)
Like the older hepatitis B vaccines, the adjuvant used in PreHevbrio is aluminum hydroxide . (medscape.com)
Other hepatitis vaccines are yeast-based. (medscape.com)

It requires three doses in a series and contains three hepatitis B antigens. (medscape.com)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). (pasteur.fr)

Replication of the hepatitis B virion is, therefore, the sole requirement for generating these nucleotide mismatch sequences. (cdc.gov)

Tell all of your current and future doctors you've had hepatitis B, and beware of immune-suppressing drugs used to treat various cancers and rheumatoid arthritis. (hepb.org)
Study data for this triple-antigen version suggest high rates of seroprotection in adults, as well as immune response in key high-risk groups, including people with end-stage renal disease and HIV , and also in low and nonresponders. (medscape.com)

To screen for Hepatitis B infection following accidental exposure to HBV e.g. in healthcare workers. (sewaswasth.com)
Hepatitis B infection is a worldwide healthcare problem, especially in developing areas. (medscape.com)

Anatomy3

Organisms14

Diseases19

Chemicals and Drugs49

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Phenomena and Processes9

Information Science3

Named Groups1

Health Care3

Third component, HBeAg/3, of hepatitis B e antigen system, identified by three different double-diffusion techniques. (1/499)

Hepatitis virus infection in haemodialysis patients from Moldavia. (2/499)

Human hepatitis B virus X protein is detectable in nuclei of transfected cells, and is active for transactivation. (3/499)

HBV-specific immune defect in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is correlated with a dysregulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. (4/499)

The hepatitis B pX protein promotes dimerization and DNA binding of cellular basic region/leucine zipper proteins by targeting the conserved basic region. (5/499)

HBV and proteinuria in relatives and contacts of children with hepatitis B virus-associated membranous nephropathy. (6/499)

The proapoptotic effect of hepatitis B virus HBx protein correlates with its transactivation activity in stably transfected cell lines. (7/499)

Genetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinomas: association between loss of chromosome 4q and p53 gene mutations. (8/499)

Hepatitis B Antigens

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis B Surface Antigens

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis B Antibodies

Hepatitis

Hepatitis B, Chronic

Immunoelectrophoresis

Hepatitis B Vaccines

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis

Hepatitis B Core Antigens

Hepatitis B e Antigens

Hepatitis C

Blood Donors

Carrier State

Hemagglutination Tests

Radioimmunoassay

Immune Sera

Antigens

Immunodiffusion

Complement Fixation Tests

Hepatitis, Viral, Human

Hepatitis C, Chronic

Blood Transfusion

Liver Diseases

Antigens, Bacterial

ABO Blood-Group System

Hepatitis A virus

Hepatitis B Virus, Duck

Hepatitis, Chronic

Hepatitis Antibodies

Antigens, Viral

Antiviral Agents

Antibodies, Viral

Hepacivirus

Hepatitis A Vaccines

DNA, Viral

Hepatitis C Antibodies

Iodine Radioisotopes

Antigens, Neoplasm

Hepatitis, Viral, Animal

Hepatitis D

Antigens, Surface

Blood Group Antigens

Hepatitis Viruses

Viral Hepatitis Vaccines

Lamivudine

HLA Antigens

Hepatitis Delta Virus

Microscopy, Electron

Hepatitis E

Hepatitis A Antibodies

Hepatitis E virus

Hepatitis, Autoimmune

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular

Hepatitis A Virus, Human

Molecular Sequence Data

Liver Neoplasms

Liver Cirrhosis

Hepatitis, Animal

Alanine Transaminase

Epitopes

Liver

RNA, Viral

HLA-B Antigens

Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck

Hepatitis delta Antigens

Interferon-alpha

Hepatitis C Antigens

Hepatitis Antigens

Virus Replication

Base Sequence

HLA-A Antigens

Hepatovirus

Immunoglobulin G

Antigens, Protozoan

Ducks

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Murine hepatitis virus