Hepatitis antigens. Medical search

Antigens from any of the hepatitis viruses including surface, core, and other associated antigens.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.

The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).

A species in the genus HEPATOVIRUS containing one serotype and two strains: HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS and Simian hepatitis A virus causing hepatitis in humans (HEPATITIS A) and primates, respectively.

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the "e" antigens.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

The hepatitis B antigen within the core of the Dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion.

Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.

A closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis B or in virulent chronic hepatitis B, probably indicating active virus replication; there are three subtypes which may exist in a complex with immunoglobulins G.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

Immunoglobulins raised by any form of viral hepatitis; some of these antibodies are used to diagnose the specific kind of hepatitis.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with hepatitis A virus (HEPATOVIRUS).

A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS C ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.

A positive-stranded RNA virus species in the genus HEPEVIRUS, causing enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (HEPATITIS E).

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS A ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.

A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.

Any of the viruses that cause inflammation of the liver. They include both DNA and RNA viruses as well viruses from humans and animals.

A strain of HEPATITIS A VIRUS which causes hepatitis in humans. The virus replicates in hepatocytes and is presumed to reach the intestine via the bile duct. Transmission occurs by the fecal-oral route.

A defective virus, containing particles of RNA nucleoprotein in virion-like form, present in patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis. It requires the presence of a hepadnavirus for full replication. This is the lone species in the genus Deltavirus.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.

Any vaccine raised against any virus or viral derivative that causes hepatitis.

Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.

Antigens of the virions of HEPACIVIRUS, their surface, core, or other associated antigens.

Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.

A species of the CORONAVIRUS genus causing hepatitis in mice. Four strains have been identified as MHV 1, MHV 2, MHV 3, and MHV 4 (also known as MHV-JHM, which is neurotropic and causes disseminated encephalomyelitis with demyelination as well as focal liver necrosis).

Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.

Polyomavirus antigens which cause infection and cellular transformation. The large T antigen is necessary for the initiation of viral DNA synthesis, repression of transcription of the early region and is responsible in conjunction with the middle T antigen for the transformation of primary cells. Small T antigen is necessary for the completion of the productive infection cycle.

Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS D VIRUS.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

A genus of PICORNAVIRIDAE causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. HEPATITIS A VIRUS is the type species.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS A VIRUS such as the human hepatitis A virus (HEPATITIS A VIRUS, HUMAN).

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.

Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.

One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.

Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.

The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.

A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the response to colon cancer treatment.

A DNA virus that closely resembles human hepatitis B virus. It has been recovered from naturally infected ducks.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Those proteins recognized by antibodies from serum of animals bearing tumors induced by viruses; these proteins are presumably coded for by the nucleic acids of the same viruses that caused the neoplastic transformation.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.

A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.

An ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS causing chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchucks. It closely resembles the human hepatitis B virus.

Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.

Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the NUCLEOCAPSID.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.

A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and ZALCITABINE analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease.

A glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.

A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*02 allele family.

A genus of Sciuridae consisting of 14 species. They are shortlegged, burrowing rodents which hibernate in winter.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS in conjunction with HEPATITIS B VIRUS and lasting six months or more.

A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, CD15 antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.

Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. CD8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions.

Carbohydrate antigens expressed by malignant tissue. They are useful as tumor markers and are measured in the serum by means of a radioimmunoassay employing monoclonal antibodies.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissible to another susceptible host.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

Sets of cell surface antigens located on BLOOD CELLS. They are usually membrane GLYCOPROTEINS or GLYCOLIPIDS that are antigenically distinguished by their carbohydrate moieties.

Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.

The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.

Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

Disease having a short and relatively severe course.

The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.

The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.

Cell cycle arrest mediated by hepatitis delta antigen. (1/80)

Hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) is the only viral-encoded protein of the hepatitis delta virus (HDV). This protein has been extensively characterized with respect to its biochemical and functional properties. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for persistent HDV infection is not yet clear. Previously, we reported that overexpression of HDAg protects insect cells from baculovirus-induced cytolysis [Hwang, S.B. Park, K.-J. and Kim, Y.S. (1998) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 244, 652-658]. Here we report that HDAg mediates cell cycle arrest when overexpressed in recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells. Flow cytometry analysis has shown that HDAg expression in Spodoptera frugiperda cells causes an accumulation of substantial amounts of polyploid DNA in the absence of cell division. This phenomenon may be partly responsible for the persistent infection of chronic HDV patients. (+info)

Unique properties of the large antigen of hepatitis delta virus. (2/80)

The large form of the hepatitis delta virus (HDV) protein (L) can be isoprenylated near its C terminus, and this modification is considered essential for particle assembly. Using gel electrophoresis, we separated L into two species of similar mobilities. The slower species could be labeled by the incorporation of [(14)C]mevalonolactone and is interpreted to be isoprenylated L (L(i)). In serum particles, infected liver, transfected cells, and assembled particles, 25 to 85% of L was isoprenylated. Isoprenylation was also demonstrated by (14)C incorporation in vitro with a rabbit reticulocyte coupled transcription-translation system. However, the species obtained migrated even slower than that detected by labeling in vivo. Next, in studies of HDV particle assembly in the presence of the surface proteins of human hepatitis B virus, we observed the following. (i) Relative to L, L(i) was preferentially assembled into virus-like particles. (ii) L(i) could coassemble the unmodified L and the small delta protein, S. (iii) In contrast, a form of L with a deletion in the dimerization domain was both isoprenylated and assembled, but it could not support the coassembly of S. Finally, to test the expectation that the isoprenylation of L would increase its hydrophobicity, we applied a phase separation strategy based on micelle formation with the nonionic detergent Triton X-114. We showed the following. (i) The unique C-terminal 19 amino acids present on L relative to S caused a significant increase in the hydrophobicity. (ii) This increase was independent of isoprenylation. (iii) In contrast, other, artificial modifications at either the N or C terminus of S did not increase the hydrophobicity. (iv) The increased hydrophobicity was not sufficient for particle assembly; nevertheless, we speculate that it might facilitate virion assembly. (+info)

Antigenic domains of the open reading frame 2-encoded protein of hepatitis E virus. (3/80)

The antigenic composition of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) protein encoded by open reading frame 2 (ORF2) was determined by using synthetic peptides. Three sets of overlapping 18-, 25-, and 30-mer peptides, with each set spanning the entire ORF2 protein of the HEV Burma strain, were synthesized. All synthetic peptides were tested by enzyme immunoassay against a panel of 32 anti-HEV-positive serum specimens obtained from acutely HEV-infected persons. Six antigenic domains within the ORF2 protein were identified. Domains 1 and 6 located at the N and C termini of the ORF2 protein, respectively, contain strong immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antigenic epitopes that can be efficiently modeled with peptides of different sizes. In contrast, antigenic epitopes identified within the two central domains (3 and 4) were modeled more efficiently with 30-mer peptides than with either 18- or 25-mers. Domain 2 located at amino acids (aa) 143 to 222 was modeled best with 25-mer peptides. A few 30-mer synthetic peptides derived from domain 5 identified at aa 490 to 579 demonstrated strong IgM antigenic reactivity. Several 30-mer synthetic peptides derived from domains 1, 4, and 6 immunoreacted with IgG or IgM with more than 70% of anti-HEV-positive serum specimens. Thus, the results of this study demonstrate the existence of six diagnostically relevant antigenic domains within the HEV ORF2 protein. (+info)

Characterization of the phosphorylated forms and the phosphorylated residues of hepatitis delta virus delta antigens. (4/80)

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) replication requires both the cellular RNA polymerase and one virus-encoded protein, small delta antigen (S-HDAg). S-HDAg has been shown to be a phosphoprotein, but its phosphorylation status is not yet clear. In this study, we employed three methods to address this question. A special two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, namely, nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis, was used to separate the very basic S-HDAg. By carefully adjusting the pH of solubilization solution, the ampholyte composition, and the appropriate electrophoresis time periods, we were able to clearly resolve S-HDAg into two phosphorylated isoforms and one unphosphorylated form. In contrast, the viral large delta antigen (L-HDAg) can only be separated into one phosphorylated and one unphosphorylated form. By metabolic (32)P labeling, both immunoprecipitated S-HDAg and L-HDAg were found to incorporate radioactive phosphate. The extent of S-HDAg phosphorylation was increased upon 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate treatment, while that of L-HDAg was not affected. Finally, phosphoamino acid analysis identified serine and threonine as the phospho residues in the labeled S-HDAg and only serine in the L-HDAg. Therefore, HDV S- and L-HDAgs differ in their phosphorylation patterns, which may account for their distinct biological functions. (+info)

Bone marrow transplantation for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. (5/80)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired clonal disease of the hemopoietic stem cell (HSC) characterized by intravascular hemolysis and increased risk of venous thrombosis. There are different therapeutic approaches for PNH which do not cure the disease, but can decrease its complications. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) may cure PNH. We reports here our experience of seven PNH patients who underwent allogeneic BMT. DESIGN AND METHODS: Between January 1991 and January 1999 seven patients with PNH, aged 23 to 37, were transplanted with unmanipulated bone marrow from HLA identical siblings. Median time from diagnosis to BMT was 2.5 years (range: 1-16). All patients were transfusion-dependent and had received various treatments before BMT: steroids, vitamins, cyclosporin A (CyA), growth factors. One patient had also been treated with anti-thymocyte globulin. One patient was HbsAg positive and one anti-HCV positive. At the time of BMT the median value of hemoglobin (Hb) was 9 g/dL (range 6.5-11), white blood cells 5&10(9)/L (range: 2.9-7.7), platelets 97&10(9)/L (range: 31-355), LDH: 2726 U/L. The conditioning regimen was cyclophosphamide (160 mg/kg) and busulfan (10-14 mg/kg), followed by unmanipulated bone marrow (median of 5&10(8) cells/kg) and CyA (+MTX in two patients) for prophylaxis of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). RESULTS: All seven patients are alive, full chimeras, with complete hematologic recovery and no evidence of PNH, at a median follow up of 51 months post-BMT (6-103). Time to achieve a granulocyte count of 0.5&10(9)/L, platelets 30&10(9)/L and Hb 10 g/dL was respectively 16, 19 and 22 days. Acute GvHD was limited or mild in six patients, and severe in one. Chronic GvHD was extensive in two patients. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that HLA identical sibling BMT is an effective therapeutic option for PNH, also in the hemolytic phase of the disease: it also suggests that HBV and HCV infections are not an absolute contraindication. (+info)

Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis E virus among rodents in the United States. (6/80)

The recent identification of antibody to hepatitis E virus (HEV) in pigs, sheep, and cattle and characterization of an HEV isolated from domestic pigs suggest animal reservoirs for this virus. To investigate whether rodents might be a natural reservoir of HEV, the prevalence of anti-HEV was determined among a variety of species throughout the United States. Serum samples were obtained from 806 rodents of 26 species in 15 genera. Anti-HEV prevalence was assessed by 2 EIAs (mosaic protein- and 55-kDa protein-based), which gave concordant results. The highest prevalence of antibody was found in the genus Rattus (59.7%; 166/278). Overall, rodents from urban habitats had a significantly higher prevalence of anti-HEV than did animals captured from rural areas. A high prevalence of anti-HEV was found in animals captured on mainland versus barrier islands. The results from this study provide convincing evidence of widespread HEV or HEV-like infection in rodents of the United States. (+info)

Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA sequences in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (7/80)

Serologic testing shows that hepatitis C virus (HCV) may have a role in the pathogenesis of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-cell NHLs). We tried to demonstrate HCV RNA sequences in paraffin-embedded tissue from B-cell NHLs by reverse-transcription double polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Southern blotting. We studied 31 consecutive cases of B-cell NHLs; lymph nodes from 32 patients with diseases other than B-cell NHL were negative controls. Positive-strand HCV RNA was tested with primers for the 5' untranslated region. Replicative negative strand HCV RNA was tested with strand-specific RT-PCR for the 5' untranslated region. Immunohistochemical staining for HCV was done using an antibody to HCV core protein. Positive-strand HCV RNA was detected in 8 patients with B-cell NHL; negative-strand HCV RNA was detected in 6 of these cases, indicating viral replication. All control cases were negative for HCV RNA. Immunohistochemistry showed no staining of lymphoma cells for HCV core proteins in any case. HCV and B-cell NHLs may be associated. RT-PCR on paraffin-embedded lymphoma tissue is an alternative method of testing for HCV. The value of immunohistochemistry could not be ascertained. The exact role of HCV in the pathogenesis of B-cell NHL needs to be studied further. (+info)

Fine mapping of virus-neutralizing epitopes on hepatitis B virus PreS1. (8/80)

We identified the epitopes on the preS1 which induce antibodies that neutralize both ad and ay subtypes of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Previously we generated murine monoclonal antibodies KR359 and KR127 that bind specifically to the preS1 of HBV. In this study we have performed fine mappings of the epitopes of the antibodies by examining their reactivity with GST fusion proteins, which contain a series of deletion mutants of the preS1. KR359 and KR127 specifically recognize aa 19-26 and 37-45 of the preS1, respectively. The antibodies neutralized both adr and ayw subtypes of the virus in an in vitro neutralization assay using in vitro infection of adult human hepatocyte primary culture by HBV. The epitopes showed little sequence divergence and the antibodies bound to the preS1 of all the HBV subtypes and variants tested. (+info)

The symptoms of hepatitis B can range from mild to severe and may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, joint pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In some cases, hepatitis B can be asymptomatic, meaning that individuals may not experience any symptoms at all.

Hepatitis B is diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of HBV antigens or antibodies in the body. Treatment for acute hepatitis B typically involves rest, hydration, and medication to manage symptoms, while chronic hepatitis B may require ongoing therapy with antiviral drugs to suppress the virus and prevent liver damage.

Preventive measures for hepatitis B include vaccination, which is recommended for individuals at high risk of infection, such as healthcare workers, sexually active individuals, and those traveling to areas where HBV is common. In addition, safe sex practices, avoiding sharing of needles or other bodily fluids, and proper sterilization of medical equipment can help reduce the risk of transmission.

Overall, hepatitis B is a serious infection that can have long-term consequences for liver health, and it is important to take preventive measures and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

There are several types of hepatitis C, including genotype 1, which is the most common and accounts for approximately 70% of cases in the United States. Other genotypes include 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The symptoms of hepatitis C can range from mild to severe and may include fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, pale stools, and itching all over the body. Some people with hepatitis C may not experience any symptoms at all.

Hepatitis C is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies against HCV or the virus itself. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, including interferon and ribavirin, which can cure the infection but may have side effects such as fatigue, nausea, and depression. In recent years, new drugs known as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have become available, which can cure the infection with fewer side effects and in a shorter period of time.

Prevention measures for hepatitis C include avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, using condoms to prevent sexual transmission, and ensuring that any tattoos or piercings are performed with sterilized equipment. Vaccines are also available for people who are at high risk of contracting the virus, such as healthcare workers and individuals who engage in high-risk behaviors.

Overall, hepatitis C is a serious and common liver disease that can lead to significant health complications if left untreated. Fortunately, with advances in medical technology and treatment options, it is possible to manage and cure the virus with proper care and attention.

Hepatitis A is typically spread through contaminated food and water or through close contact with someone who has the infection. The virus can also be spread through sexual contact or sharing of needles.

Symptoms of hepatitis A usually appear two to six weeks after exposure and can last for several weeks or months. In some cases, the infection can lead to complications such as liver failure, which can be life-threatening.

There is a vaccine available for hepatitis A, which is recommended for individuals traveling to areas where the virus is common, people who engage in high-risk behaviors, and those with chronic liver disease. Treatment for hepatitis A typically focuses on relieving symptoms and supporting the liver as it recovers. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Preventive measures to reduce the risk of hepatitis A infection include maintaining good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently, especially before eating or preparing food; avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked shellfish, particularly oysters; and avoiding close contact with people who have the infection.

There are several types of hepatitis, including:

1. Hepatitis A: This type is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and is usually transmitted through contaminated food or water or through close contact with someone who has the infection.
2. Hepatitis B: This type is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and can be spread through sexual contact, sharing of needles, or mother-to-child transmission during childbirth.
3. Hepatitis C: This type is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and is primarily spread through blood-to-blood contact, such as sharing of needles or receiving a tainted blood transfusion.
4. Alcoholic hepatitis: This type is caused by excessive alcohol consumption and can lead to inflammation and scarring in the liver.
5. Drug-induced hepatitis: This type is caused by certain medications, such as antidepressants, anti-seizure drugs, or chemotherapy agents.
6. Autoimmune hepatitis: This type is caused by an abnormal immune response and can lead to inflammation in the liver.

Symptoms of hepatitis may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and yellowing of the skin (jaundice). In severe cases, it can lead to liver failure or even death.

Diagnosis of hepatitis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests such as blood tests and imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition, but may include medications to manage symptoms, antiviral therapy, or in severe cases, liver transplantation. Prevention measures for hepatitis include vaccination against certain types of the disease, practicing safe sex, avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, and following proper hygiene practices.

In conclusion, hepatitis is a serious condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is important to be aware of the different types of hepatitis and their causes in order to prevent and manage this condition effectively. By taking appropriate measures such as getting vaccinated and practicing safe sex, individuals can reduce their risk of contracting hepatitis. In severe cases, early diagnosis and treatment can help to minimize damage to the liver and improve outcomes for patients.

The symptoms of chronic hepatitis C may be mild or absent, but some people experience fatigue, joint pain, muscle aches, nausea, loss of appetite, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).

Chronic hepatitis C is usually diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies against HCV or the virus itself. Imaging tests such as ultrasound and liver biopsy may also be performed to assess the extent of liver damage.

Treatment for chronic hepatitis C typically involves a combination of medications, including interferon and ribavirin, which can help clear the virus from the body. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Prevention of the spread of HCV includes avoiding sharing of needles or other sharp objects, practicing safe sex, and getting tested for the virus before donating blood or organs.

See also: Hepatitis C; Liver; Virus

A persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV is a bloodborne pathogen and can be spread through contact with infected blood, sexual contact, or vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth.

Chronic hepatitis B is characterized by the presence of HBsAg in the blood for more than 6 months, indicating that the virus is still present in the liver. The disease can be asymptomatic or symptomatic, with symptoms such as fatigue, malaise, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, and jaundice.

Chronic hepatitis B is diagnosed through serological tests such as HBsAg, anti-HBc, and HBV DNA. Treatment options include interferon alpha and nucleos(t)ide analogues, which can slow the progression of the disease but do not cure it.

Prevention strategies for chronic hepatitis B include vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine, which is effective in preventing acute and chronic HBV infection, as well as avoidance of risky behaviors such as unprotected sex and sharing of needles.

Note: This definition may have some variations in different contexts and medical fields.

Hepatitis, chronic is a type of liver disease that is characterized by inflammation and damage to the liver, which can lead to scarring, cirrhosis, and potentially liver failure. It is caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections (such as hepatitis B and C), alcohol consumption, and autoimmune disorders.

Chronic hepatitis can be challenging to diagnose, as its symptoms are often nonspecific and may resemble those of other conditions. However, some common signs and symptoms include:

* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Dark urine
* Pale stools

If left untreated, chronic hepatitis can lead to serious complications, such as liver failure, liver cancer, and esophageal varices. Treatment options for chronic hepatitis depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in severe cases, liver transplantation.

Preventing Chronic Hepatitis:

While some forms of chronic hepatitis are incurable, there are steps you can take to prevent the development of this condition or slow its progression. These include:

* Avoiding alcohol or drinking in moderation
* Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
* Getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B
* Practicing safe sex to avoid sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
* Avoiding sharing needles or other drug-injecting equipment
* Seeking medical attention if you suspect you have been exposed to hepatitis

Managing Chronic Hepatitis:

If you have chronic hepatitis, managing the condition is crucial to prevent complications and improve quality of life. This may involve:

* Medications to treat the underlying cause of the hepatitis (e.g., antiviral drugs for hepatitis B or C)
* Lifestyle changes, such as avoiding alcohol and maintaining a healthy diet
* Regular monitoring of liver function and viral load
* In some cases, liver transplantation

Living with Chronic Hepatitis:

Living with chronic hepatitis can be challenging, but there are resources available to help you cope. These may include:

* Support groups for people with hepatitis and their families
* Counseling to address emotional and mental health concerns
* Educational resources to help you understand the condition and its management
* Legal assistance to navigate insurance and disability benefits

Conclusion:

Chronic hepatitis is a complex and multifactorial condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. However, with early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and lifestyle changes, it is possible to manage the condition and improve quality of life. By understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management of chronic hepatitis, you can take an active role in your healthcare and make informed decisions about your care.

Symptoms of hepatitis E can include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, and yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice).

Hepatitis E is usually a self-limiting disease, meaning it will resolve on its own without treatment. However, in some cases, it can lead to fulminant hepatitis, which is a severe and potentially life-threatening form of liver disease.

There are several ways to diagnose hepatitis E, including blood tests to detect the presence of HEV antigens or antibodies, as well as imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans to evaluate liver function.

Treatment for hepatitis E is typically supportive, meaning it focuses on managing symptoms and maintaining hydration. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat complications. Prevention of hepatitis E involves improving access to safe water and sanitation, as well as promoting good hygiene practices, such as washing hands regularly.

Vaccines are available for hepatitis E, but they are not widely available or recommended for most individuals. However, they may be recommended for certain high-risk groups, such as people living in areas with a high prevalence of HEV infection or those traveling to such areas.

A viral infection that affects the liver and is transmitted to animals through contact with infected feces, urine, or saliva. The condition can be caused by several different viruses, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Symptoms of animal hepatitis may include loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, fever, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In severe cases, the infection can cause liver failure and death.

Prevention:

* Avoid contact with infected animals
* Practice good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently
* Keep pets up to date on vaccinations and preventatives
* Avoid drinking water or eating food that may be contaminated with feces or urine from infected animals
* Use protective clothing and equipment when handling animals that may be infected

Treatment:

* Supportive care, such as fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration and maintain blood pressure
* Antiviral medications in severe cases
* Hospitalization for severe cases or those that do not respond to treatment

Prognosis:

* Depends on the severity of the infection and the underlying health status of the animal. In general, the prognosis is good for animals that receive prompt and appropriate treatment.

Complications:

* Liver failure
* Sepsis (blood infection)
* Kidney failure
* Death

Prevalence:

* Widespread in animals, especially in those that are kept in close quarters or have poor living conditions.

Affected Organ:

* Liver

The exact cause of autoimmune hepatitis is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The condition can occur in people of all ages, although it is most common in women between the ages of 20 and 40.

Symptoms of autoimmune hepatitis may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice). If left untreated, the condition can lead to liver failure and even death.

Treatment for autoimmune hepatitis typically involves medications to suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation in the liver. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve the chances of a successful outcome.

The hepatitis D virus is transmitted through contact with infected blood or through sexual contact with an infected person. It can also be spread from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth. Hepatitis D is a critical illness, and it can lead to liver failure, especially in people who are already infected with HBV.

There are two main types of hepatitis D: acute and chronic. Acute hepatitis D lasts for less than six months and typically resolves on its own without treatment. Chronic hepatitis D, on the other hand, can last for more than six months and can cause long-term liver damage.

Treatment for hepatitis D usually involves a combination of medications to manage symptoms and reduce inflammation in the liver. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Prevention methods for hepatitis D include getting vaccinated against HBV, practicing safe sex, and avoiding sharing needles or other drug equipment.

Hepatitis D is a serious condition that can lead to complications such as liver failure, so it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

In animals, hepatitis can be caused by a variety of agents, including:

1. Viral hepatitis: Caused by viruses such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats and canine infectious hepatitis (CIH) in dogs.
2. Bacterial hepatitis: Caused by bacteria such as Leptospira spp., which can be transmitted through contact with contaminated water or soil.
3. Parasitic hepatitis: Caused by parasites such as liver flukes (Fasciola spp.) and tapeworms (Taenia spp.).
4. Toxic hepatitis: Caused by exposure to certain drugs, chemicals, or environmental toxins.
5. Genetic hepatitis: Caused by inherited genetic disorders such as hemophilia in dogs and cats.

The clinical signs of animal hepatitis can vary depending on the cause and severity of the disease, but may include lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is based on a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood tests and liver biopsy), and imaging studies.

Treatment of animal hepatitis depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and in some cases, surgery or liver transplantation. In severe cases, animal hepatitis can be fatal if left untreated, so early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are essential for a successful outcome.

The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including excessive alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and certain medications. It can also be a complication of other diseases such as hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease.

The symptoms of liver cirrhosis can vary depending on the severity of the disease, but may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal swelling, and pain in the upper right side of the abdomen. As the disease progresses, it can lead to complications such as esophageal varices, ascites, and liver failure, which can be life-threatening.

There is no cure for liver cirrhosis, but treatment options are available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include medications to control swelling and pain, dietary changes, and in severe cases, liver transplantation. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary if the disease has caused significant damage and there is no other option to save the patient's life.

In conclusion, liver cirrhosis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can cause significant damage to the liver and lead to complications such as liver failure. It is important for individuals to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of the disease in order to seek medical attention if they suspect they may have liver cirrhosis. With proper treatment and management, it is possible to slow the progression of the disease and improve the patient's quality of life.

Hepatitis, Alcoholic: A type of hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) caused by excessive alcohol consumption over a long period of time. It is characterized by fatty degeneration of liver cells, inflammation, and fibrosis (scarring). The condition can progress to cirrhosis if left untreated.

The term "alcoholic hepatitis" does not refer only to alcohol-related liver disease but also includes other conditions such as fatty liver disease caused by excessive alcohol consumption.

Causes: The exact cause of alcoholic hepatitis is not fully understood, but it is believed that long-term heavy drinking can damage liver cells and lead to inflammation.

Symptoms: Symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis can range from mild to severe and include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).

Diagnosis: Diagnosis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scans.

Treatment: Treatment for alcoholic hepatitis typically involves stopping drinking altogether, nutritional support, and medication to manage symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat complications.

Prevention: Preventing alcoholic hepatitis involves avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and seeking medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Prognosis: The prognosis for alcoholic hepatitis depends on the severity of the condition and how well the individual responds to treatment. In severe cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

There are several risk factors for developing HCC, including:

* Cirrhosis, which can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis B and C), or fatty liver disease
* Family history of liver disease
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Diabetes
* Obesity

HCC can be challenging to diagnose, as the symptoms are non-specific and can be similar to those of other conditions. However, some common symptoms of HCC include:

* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Weight loss

If HCC is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:

* Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, to look for tumors in the liver
* Blood tests to check for liver function and detect certain substances that are produced by the liver
* Biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the liver to examine under a microscope

Once HCC is diagnosed, treatment options will depend on several factors, including the stage and location of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and their personal preferences. Treatment options may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor or parts of the liver
* Ablation, which involves destroying the cancer cells using heat or cold
* Chemoembolization, which involves injecting chemotherapy drugs into the hepatic artery to reach the cancer cells
* Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of the cancer

Overall, the prognosis for HCC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20%. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. It is important for individuals at high risk for HCC to be monitored regularly by a healthcare provider, and to seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms.

Liver neoplasms, also known as liver tumors or hepatic tumors, are abnormal growths of tissue in the liver. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant liver tumors can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or metastatic, meaning they spread to the liver from another part of the body.

There are several types of liver neoplasms, including:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and arises from the main cells of the liver (hepatocytes). HCC is often associated with cirrhosis and can be caused by viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the cells lining the bile ducts within the liver (cholangiocytes). Cholangiocarcinoma is rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
3. Hemangiosarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the blood vessels of the liver. It is most commonly seen in dogs but can also occur in humans.
4. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the liver (fibrocytes). Fibromas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
5. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells of the liver (hepatocytes). Adenomas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.

The symptoms of liver neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and whether they are benign or malignant. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment options for liver neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery may be an option for some patients with small, localized tumors, while others may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery can be performed. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Prognosis for liver neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while advanced-stage disease is associated with a poorer prognosis.

Chronic hepatitis D can cause inflammation and damage to the liver, leading to scarring and cirrhosis. It can also increase the risk of developing liver cancer. Treatment options for chronic hepatitis D are limited and may include antiviral medications, pegylated interferon, and liver transplantation in severe cases.

Prevention of chronic hepatitis D primarily involves avoiding exposure to HBV, which is the primary risk factor for HDV infection. This can be achieved through vaccination against HBV, safe sex practices, and avoiding sharing of needles or other injection equipment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

1. Common cold and flu
2. Pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
4. Heart attacks and strokes
5. Asthma attacks and allergic reactions
6. Skin infections and cellulitis
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Sinusitis and meningitis
9. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
10. Sprains, strains, and fractures.

Acute diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other therapies. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic conditions or complications that may require long-term care. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Coleman, Paul F. (2017-02-17). "Detecting Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Mutants". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (2): 198-203. ... Breakthrough cases of Hepatitis B are primarily attributed to mutations in the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) that make HBV surface ... Breakthrough infections of Hepatitis B and mumps are partially attributed to antigenic drift. Vaccines may fail to provide ... If B cell receptors bind to the antigen and Fc receptor simultaneously bind to the maternal antibody, the Fc receptors send a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthrough_infection

Hepatitis B virus surface antigens have not been detected. Hep G2 will respond to stimulation with human growth hormone.[ ... Sigma Aldrich Sales Page for Hep G2 ATCC Sales Page for Hep G2 Cellosaurus entry for Hep G2 Hep G2 is a hepatoblastoma-derived ... Hep G2 (or HepG2) is a human liver cancer cell line. Hep G2 is an immortal cell line which was derived in 1975 from the liver ... Hep G2, American Type Culture Collection Ihrke G, Neufeld EB, Meads T, Shanks MR, Cassio D, Laurent M, et al. (December 1993 ...

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In 1964, while studying "yellow jaundice" (hepatitis), he discovered a surface antigen for hepatitis B in the blood of an ... 3. The age of antigens and electronic microscopy" [History of hepatitis. 3. The age of antigens and electronic microscopy]. La ... a nonprofit organization dedicated to finding a cure for hepatitis B and improving the lives of those affected by hepatitis B ... Blumberg and his team were able to develop a screening test for the hepatitis B virus, to prevent its spread in blood donations ...

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... has been found to have homology to hepatitis delta virus antigen (HDAg). DIPA interacts with the viral antigen, HDAg, and can ... Long M, de Souza SJ, Gilbert W (May 1997). "Delta-interacting protein A and the origin of hepatitis delta antigen". Science. ... Brazas R, Ganem D (Oct 1996). "A cellular homolog of hepatitis delta antigen: implications for viral replication and evolution ... Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a pathogenic human virus whose RNA genome and replication cycle resemble those of plant viroids ...

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... (core antigen) is a hepatitis B viral protein. It is an indicator of active viral replication; this means the person ... May 2003). "New enzyme immunoassay for detection of hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBcAg) and relation between levels of HBcAg ... HBcAg is an antigen that can be found on the surface of the nucleocapsid core (the inner most layer of the hepatitis B virus). ... "In vivo inhibition of anti-hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBcAg) immunoglobulin G production by HBcAg-specific CD4(+) Th1-type ...

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The coating, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), is not infectious; however, HBsAG can provoke an immune response. In order to ... Donald G. McNeil, Jr., April 26, 2012, Irving Millman Dies at 88; Worked to Stop Hepatitis B, The New York Times. His Hepatitis ... Millman's work with Baruch Blumberg helped lead to the creation of a test to detect hepatitis B. The test allowed blood banks ... helped develop hepatitis B vaccine". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409. v t e (Articles ...

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The appearance is classically associated with abundant hepatitis B antigen in the endoplasmic reticulum, but may also be drug- ... Hadziyannis, S; Gerber, MA; Vissoulis, C; Popper, H (Nov 1973). "Cytoplasmic hepatitis B antigen in "ground-glass" hepatocytes ... In the context of hepatitis B, GGHs are only seen in chronic infections, i.e. they are not seen in acute hepatitis B. GGHs were ... Chronic hepatitis - pathconsultddx.com. v t e (Histopathology, All stub articles, Pathology stubs). ...

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Hepatitis Weekly, Autoimmune Diseases, "Cytotoxic Antigen Induces Hypophysitis in Cancer Patients," 2006-1-9; see also, Weston ... "Cancer regression and autoimmunity induced by cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade in patients with metastatic ...

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... certain antigens present during hepatitis can accumulate in the kidneys and damage them. Sjögren's syndrome: this autoimmune ... HIV: the virus's antigens provoke an obstruction in the glomerular capillary's lumen that alters normal kidney function. ... Syphilis: kidney damage can occur during the secondary stage of this disease (between 2 and 8 weeks from onset). Hepatitis B: ... Liver failure caused by cirrhosis, hepatitis and other conditions such as alcoholism, IV drug use or some hereditary diseases ...

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"Australian Product Information - Vivaxim (Salmonella typhi Vi polysaccharide and hepatitis A virus antigen) Vaccine" (PDF). ... Hepatitis A and typhoid vaccine is a combination vaccine to protect against the infectious diseases hepatitis A and typhoid. It ... Hepatitis vaccines, Combination vaccines, Hepatitis A, Typhoid fever, GSK plc brands, Sanofi, All stub articles, Vaccine stubs) ... Active substance(s): hepatitis a (inactivated) / typhoid polysaccharide vaccine (adsorbed) (PDF) (Report). European Medicines ...

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... but hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is absent. The X gene codes for HBxAg. The product of the X gene is hepatitis B x antigen ( ... A precore mutant is a variety of hepatitis B virus that does not produce hepatitis B virus e antigen (HBeAg). These mutants are ... doi:10.1002/hep.25636. PMID 22307831. Cleveland Clinic CME hepatitis B Retrieved 15 March 2013 Tacke F, Gehrke C, Luedde T, ... core promoter mutants limits the probability of response to peginterferon in hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B ...

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"An evaluation of low voltage counterimmuno-electrophoresis for the detection of hepatitis-B antigen (HB Ag)". Journal of ... In 1971, the company launched Hapindex Diagnostic Test, a rapid Hepatitis B test for blood donors. The test was developed to ... prevent the spread of Hepatitis B through blood transfusions. In 1973, Richard Sellars became Chairman and CEO of Johnson & ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_&_Johnson

... (also known as the Australia antigen) is the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Its presence in blood ... Today, these antigen-proteins can be genetically manufactured (e.g. transgene E. coli) to produce material for a simple antigen ... "Positive hepatitis B surface antigen tests due to recent vaccination: a persistent problem". BMC Clinical Pathology. 12 (1): 15 ... The viral envelope of an enveloped virus has different surface proteins from the rest of the virus which act as antigens. These ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBsAg

Walewski JL, Keller TR, Stump DD, Branch AD (2001). "Evidence for a new hepatitis C virus antigen encoded in an overlapping ... The hepatitis C virus is the cause of hepatitis C and some cancers such as liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma, abbreviated ... doi:10.1002/hep.20819. PMID 16149085. S2CID 21393716. Yu ML, Chuang WL (2009). "Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in Asia: when ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hepatitis C virus. Wikispecies has information related to Hepatitis C virus. Academic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus

Immunologic properties of Human Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen mimotopes displayed on filamentous phage". The Journal of ... 2002). "The human scavenger receptor class B type I is a novel candidate receptor for the hepatitis C virus". The EMBO Journal ... 2004). "Discovery of alpha,gamma-diketo acids as potent selective and reversible inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5b RNA- ... 1996). "Identification and properties of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of hepatitis C virus". The EMBO Journal. 15 (1): 12- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Cortese

Inactivated hepatitis A virus produced in MRC-5 cells. An adult dose contains 50 U of antigen adsorbed onto 0.45 mg of ... Hepatitis A and B vaccine is a vaccine against hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Hepatitis A and typhoid vaccine is a vaccine ... Inactivated hepatitis A virus produced in MRC-5 cells. Each adult dose contains 1440 ELISA units of viral antigen adsorbed on ... Inactivated hepatitis A virus produced in MRC-5 cells. Each dose contains 160 U of antigen adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide (0.3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine

... there is cross-reactivity between influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells and hepatitis C virus antigens. Cross reactivity may ... In immunology, cross-reactivity has a more narrow meaning of the reaction between an antibody and an antigen that differs from ... There can be cross-reactivity between the immune system and the antigens of two different pathogens, or between one pathogen ... For example, the tetanus toxin is a single protein macromolecular antigen but will stimulate many immune responses due to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-reactivity

"Chronic liver disease and primary liver-cell cancer with hepatitis-associated (Australia) antigen in serum". Lancet. 1 (7659): ... In this post she worked on hepatitis, which she was able to continue from 1943 to 1947 with funding from the Medical Research ... Davidson, C. S. (1969). "Discussions of the paper by Sheila Sherlock: "The treatment of hepatitis"". Bulletin of the New York ... Eisenmenger, W. (1969). "Discussions of the paper by Sheila Sherlock: "The treatment of hepatitis"". Bulletin of the New York ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Sherlock

"HLA antigens in Japanese patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis". Digestion. 26 (4): 213-7. doi: ... HLA-DR2 (DR2) of the HLA-DR serotype system, is a broad antigen serotype that is now preferentially covered by HLA-DR15 and HLA ... Tissue Antigens. 69 Suppl 1: 228-30. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.77311.x. PMID 17445206. Asakura H, Tsuchiya M, Aiso S, ... primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis. DR2 is also found in all patients that test positive for anti-anti-Asn-RNA- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DR2

"Hepatitis B small surface antigen particles are octahedral". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United ... Cited in PMC Wieland, S. F.; Chisari, F. V. (2005). "Stealth and cunning: Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses". Journal of ... known for his research on virus-host interactions of hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Chisari graduated in 1963 with a bachelor's ... "Contributions of transgenic mouse studies on the research of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus-induced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_V._Chisari

Petersen NJ, Barrett DH, Bond WW, Berquist KR, Favero MS, Bender TR, Maynard JE (1976). "Hepatitis B surface antigen in saliva ... 44 (3): 521-6. doi:10.1002/hep.21347. PMID 16941687. WHO , Hepatitis B FAQ about Hepatitis B Archived 2009-02-09 at the Wayback ... The 2009 Gujarat hepatitis B outbreak was a cluster of hepatitis B cases that appeared in Modasa, northern Gujarat, India in ... "Doctors held over hepatitis deaths". Press Association. 2009-02-22. Retrieved 2009-02-22. "Hepatitis outbreak: 2 doctors booked ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Gujarat_hepatitis_outbreak

Patients with chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection who harbor a HSPA1B-1267 single nucleotide polymorphism have a ... Gupta N, Jagadish N, Surolia A, Suri A (2017). "Heat shock protein 70-2 (HSP70-2) a novel cancer testis antigen that promotes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA1B

Both hepatitis B and hepatitis C are treated with IFN-α, often in combination with other antiviral drugs. Some of those treated ... and EBV nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2) from Epstein-Barr virus, the large T antigen of Polyomavirus, the E7 protein of Human ... Overall, IFN-α can be used to treat hepatitis B and C infections, while IFN-β can be used to treat multiple sclerosis. ... The most harmful strain-hepatitis C genotype I virus-can be treated with a 60-80% success rate with the current standard-of- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon

... is a chimeric monoclonal antibody targeted against CD20 which is a surface antigen present on B cells. Therefore, it ... Severe side effects include reactivation of hepatitis B in those previously infected, progressive multifocal ... as pathogenic B cells while sparing plasma cells and hematopoietic stem cells as they do not express the CD20 surface antigen. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituximab

All patients also suffered from hepatitis. Following outbreaks of aflatoxin contamination in maize reaching 4,400 ppb in the ... Impairment of the cell-mediated response to vaccine antigen and modulation of cytokine expression". Toxicology and Applied ... Prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in individuals exposed to aflatoxin, increases with co-infection of hepatitis B virus. ... Ngindu Augustine (1982). "Outbreak of Acute Hepatitis Caused by Aflatoxin Poisoning in Kenya". The Lancet. 319 (8285): 1346- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin_B1

Research on retroviruses led to the development of a vaccine for hepatitis B, which has led to major decreases in rates of ... where he showed a correlation between a spike in cases and the preparation of antigens in yolk sacs, and he prepared another ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Huebner

As of 2017[update], the drug had not been tested in people with active infections (including any HIV, hepatitis B or hepatitis ... in microsatellite instability allowing the tumor to generate numerous mutant proteins that could serve as tumor antigens, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrolizumab

At Monash, he established the microbiology curriculum for medical students while researching Mycoplasma antigens and hepatitis ... Shortly after he arrived in Edinburgh, he was involved in investigating an outbreak of hepatitis B in the local dialysis unit; ... he discovered that the high mortality was due to concurrent hepatitis C infection. This investigation laid the groundwork for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_Marmion

April 2010). "New genetic associations detected in a host response study to hepatitis B vaccine". Genes and Immunity. 11 (3): ... It may also function in antigen presentation[citation needed]. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and two transcript ... It may also function in antigen presentation. Alternative splicing generates multiple transcript variants encoding distinct ... "Enhanced ADCC activity of affinity maturated and Fc-engineered mini-antibodies directed against the AML stem cell antigen CD96 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD96

A potential pathway for CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity in oral LP is described as follows: Antigens presented on MHC 1 ... Hepatitis C virus-associated diseases, Lichenoid eruptions, Oral mucosal pathology). ... An immune-mediated mechanism where basal keratinocytes are being targeted as foreign antigens by activated T cells, especially ... Autoimmune response to epithelial self-antigens remains a possibility. A single study of cutaneous LP reported evidence in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen_planus

doi:10.1002/hep.20195. PMID 15122770. Mundt, A; Puhl, G; Müller, A; Sauer, I; Müller, C; Richard, R; Fotopoulou, C; Doll, R; ... of antibodies to supermacroporous cryogel adsorbents with immobilized protein A for removal of anthrax toxin protective antigen ... doi:10.1002/hep.20562. PMID 15690476. Sauer IM, Goetz M, Steffen I, et al. (May 2004). "In vitro comparison of the molecular ... doi:10.1002/hep.21930. PMID 17975845. Kramer, L; Gendo, A; Madl, C; Mullen, KD; Kaminski-Russ, K; Sunder-Plassmann, G; Schaffer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_support_system

Consistent with patterns found in the tropics, a 1974 study investigating hepatitis B prevalence found that 12% of the Turkana ... people in Lokori tested positive for the HB ag antigen. Lokitaung Kalokol Western, David (1974). "The distribution, density and ... Mutanda, Labius; Mufson, Maurice (1974). "Hepatitis B Antigenemia in Remote Tribes of Northern Kenya, Northern Liberia, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokori

Hepatitis B (not C) virus tests positive (for surface antigen or antibody) Arteriogram (angiogram) showing the arteries that ... PAN is sometimes associated with infection by the hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus. The condition may be present in infants. ... Infection with the hepatitis C virus and HIV are occasionally discovered in people affected by PAN. PAN has also been ... When present, underlying hepatitis B virus infection should be immediately treated. In some cases, methotrexate or leflunomide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyarteritis_nodosa

Antigen receptors on CTL can bind to a 9-10 amino acid chain that is presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) as ... doi:10.1002/hep.25787. PMID 22504828. S2CID 25965027. Harris SE, Martin-Ruiz C, von Zglinicki T, Starr JM, Deary IJ (July 2012 ... Humans have two major antigen identifying lymphocytes: CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) and CD4+ helper T-lymphocytes that ... Patel KP, Vonderheide RH (June 2004). "Telomerase as a tumor-associated antigen for cancer immunotherapy". Cytotechnology. 45 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase

"Alkaline phosphatase: Liver Function Test - Viral Hepatitis". www.hepatitis.va.gov. Retrieved 2016-05-02. Delmas PD (December ... along with prostate specific antigen) during, and after six months of hormone treated metastatic prostate cancer was shown to ... Some diseases do not affect the levels of alkaline phosphatase, for example, hepatitis C. A high level of this enzyme does not ... its concentration in the bloodstream is used by diagnosticians as a biomarker in helping determine diagnoses such as hepatitis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase

... with PEL that is associated with cirrosis due to hepatitis evidence positive serum tests for the hepatitis virus B antigen ( ... HBsAg) or one of the various tests for hepatitis C antigen. Extracavitary PEL is diagnosed based on findings that their mass ... hepatitis complicated by cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B or C viral infection, or of old age. PEL occurring in the elderly ... the presence of hepatitis C virus infection. Type II PEL also tends to involve malignant plasmablasts, anaplastic cells, and/or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_effusion_lymphoma

... helper dependent ssRNA virus because it requires Hepatitis B virus (HBV) to provide HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) for the ... Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is an example of a replication defective, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helper_dependent_virus

... often fatal hepatitis), and Norwalk group of viruses (gastroenteritis). Caliciviruses naturally infect vertebrates, and have ... a process that involves looking directly at antibody-antigen complexes. The classification of this one Norwalk virus strain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliciviridae

Indeed, a vaccine that provides accessible antigens in the absence of these other proteins may allow us to control the response ... Dubious claims about vaccines against hepatitis B, HPV and other diseases have been propagated based on misuse of data from ... A study published in 2013 found no correlation between autism and the antigen number in the vaccines the children were ... Elwood, JM; Ameratunga, R (September 2018). "Autoimmune diseases after hepatitis B immunization in adults: Literature review ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy

1990 Oct;47(10):1134-7. Zammarchi E, Donati MA, Filippi L, Resti M: Cryptogenic hepatitis masking the diagnosis of ornithine ... Homocitrulline has been suggested as a confounding antigen for rheumatoid arthritis antibodies targeting citrullinated proteins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocitrulline

... some tests measure the level of HIV antibodies in the blood and/or saliva or the level of both HIV antigens and antibodies in ... For an individual to be diagnosed with HCV, they must first take the hepatitis C antibody (HCV Ab) screening test. This test is ... Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) co-infection is a multi-faceted, chronic condition that ... and passage of the Hepatitis C virus from mother to infant during childbirth. Infection with HCV can be asymptomatic, resolve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C_and_HIV_coinfection

Other causes of DPGN are endocarditis, Hepatitis B, and Hepatis C.[citation needed] The etiology plays a role in the specific ... Usually the deposition of immune-complexes (antigen-antibody complex) that activates the complement system are involved. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_proliferative_nephritis

He is a specialist in HIV vaccine design and the sequence evolution and diversity of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV). More ... including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy and gene editing approaches capable of protecting against HIV ... His laboratory at the Ragon Institute is focused on identifying protective immunity to HIV and Hepatitis C virus (HCV). He is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_M._Allen

His areas of research while in Washington included serologic testing methods and hepatitis screening. He was a clinical ... Greenwalt, T.J. (2005). "Antibodies, antigens, and anticoagulants: a historical review of a lifetime in transfusion medicine- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_J._Greenwalt

At least 90% of cases having cryoglobulins in body, hepatitis C is to blame, reflecting the importance of preclusion of ... D-L antibodies, typically IgG, are characterized by targeting against red blood cells' on-surface antigens called "P". The ... Cold agglutinins are antibodies, typically immunoglobulin M (IgM), that are acquainted with and then binding the antigens on ... Donath-Landsteiner antibodies share similarities with cold agglutinin disease in recognition and connection of the antigens on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_sensitive_antibodies

doi:10.1002/hep.24748. PMID 22006563. S2CID 39002609. Hirschfield GM, Liu X, Xu C, Lu Y, Xie G, Lu Y, et al. (June 2009). " ... The monoclonal antibody Rituximab targets the CD20 antigen on the B cells, and is already used in a wide array of other ... doi:10.1002/hep.28932. PMID 27906472. S2CID 20776738. Assis DN, Abdelghany O, Cai SY, Gossard AA, Eaton JE, Keach JC, et al. ( ... doi:10.1002/hep.21480. PMID 17187426. S2CID 206643. Guglielmi FW, Regano N, Mazzuoli S, Fregnan S, Leogrande G, Guglielmi A, et ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholestasis

Assessment of IgM antibodies to viral capsid antigen (a rising titer) is indicated to confirm Epstein-Barr virus or ... "Hepatic splenosis mimicking HCC in a patient with hepatitis C liver cirrhosis and mildly raised alpha feto protein; the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen

doi:10.1002/hep.26029. PMID 22911555. S2CID 9787730. McManus S, Ebert A, Salvagiotto G, Medvedovic J, Sun Q, Tamir I, Jaritz M ... in a cytoskeleton-dependent signaling pathway initiated by ligation of integrin or antigen receptor on human B cells". J. Biol ... "Association of the Cas-like molecule HEF1 with CrkL following integrin and antigen receptor signaling in human B-cells: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEDD9

As a target antigen for ELISA BVDV detection, NS3 is a multifunctional protein with serine protease activity, helicase activity ... "Palmitoylation of Hepatitis C Virus NS2 Regulates Its Subcellular Localization and NS2-NS3 Autocleavage". Journal of Virology. ... "Hepatitis C virus sequence divergence preserves p7 viroporin structural and dynamic features". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 8383 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pestivirus

Results: The study results were divided into two groups, depending on the time when antibody against hepatitis surface antigen ... Hepatitis B Vaccination and Waning Hepatitis B Immunity in Persons Living with HIV. Farooq PD, Sherman KE. Farooq PD, et al. ... The Screening of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus Infection among HIV-Infected Inpatients and Evaluation of Correlated ... standard doses of hepatitis B vaccination in HIV-infected adults: 4-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Chaiwarith ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32334887/

Identification and Management of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg)--Positive Persons. Persons with chronic hepatitis B virus ... obtain vaccination against hepatitis A if chronic liver disease is present (2). *When seeking medical or dental care, HBsAg- ... Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization ... Hepatitis B virus transmission between children in day care. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989;8:870--5. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5516a4.htm

HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN- hepatitis b virus subtype adw hbsag surface protein antigen liquid Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.. ... HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN hepatitis b virus subtype adw hbsag surface protein antigen liquid. ... HEPATITIS B VIRUS SUBTYPE ADW HBSAG SURFACE PROTEIN ANTIGEN (UNII: XL4HLC6JH6) (HEPATITIS B VIRUS SUBTYPE ADW HBSAG SURFACE ... HEPATITIS B VIRUS SUBTYPE ADW HBSAG SURFACE PROTEIN ANTIGEN. 1 g in 1 g. ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=468b1ba5-371c-4ff0-8565-06482771fc25&type=display

Collaborative study to establish a World Health Organization international standard for Hepatitis B e antigen (‎HBeAg)‎ ... collaborative study to establish the first international standard for detection of antibodies to hepatitis B virus e antigen (‎ ... Browsing by Subject "Hepatitis B e Antigens". 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Hepatitis+B+e+Antigens&type=mesh

LBDHBG - Hepatitis B surface antigen. Variable Name: LBDHBG SAS Label: Hepatitis B surface antigen. English Text: Hepatitis B ... LBDHD - Hepatitis D (anti-HDV). Variable Name: LBDHD SAS Label: Hepatitis D (anti-HDV). English Text: Hepatitis D (anti-HDV). ... Hepatitis B: Core Antibody, Surface Antigen; Hepatitis D Antibody (HEPBD_G) Data File: HEPBD_G.xpt First Published: September ... The Hepatitis B surface antigen is tested only when the Hepatitis B core antibody test is positive. Participant results are ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/2011-2012/HEPBD_G.htm

Your search for HEPATITIS A VIRUS STRAIN HM175 ANTIGEN FORMALDEHYDE INACTIVATED did not return any results. ...

http://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&query=HEPATITIS+A+VIRUS+STRAIN+HM175+ANTIGEN+(FORMALDEHYDE+INACTIVATED)

Detecting Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Mutants On This Page Mechanism of HBV Mutant Generation Surface Antigen Structure Surface ... Carman W, van Deursen F, Mimms L, Hardie D, Coppola R, Decker R, The prevalence of surface antigen variants of hepatitis B ... Koyanagi T, Nakamuta M, Sakai H, Sugimoto R, Enjoji M, Koto K, Analysis of HBs antigen negative variant of hepatitis B virus: ... of hepatitis B surface antigen epitopes present on variants and specifically recognized by anti-hepatitis B surface antigen ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/2/05-0038_article

Improved Hepanostika, an enzyme-immunoassay for hepatitis B surface antigen G Wolters et al. J Virol Methods. 1980 Dec. ... Improved Hepanostika, an enzyme-immunoassay for hepatitis B surface antigen G Wolters, L P Kuijpers, J Croese ... Enzyme-immunoassay in the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen. Ukkonen P, Koistinen V, Penttinen K. Ukkonen P, et al. J ... Enzyme immunoassay of hepatitis B surface antigen with use of the "Hepanostika" test kit and a new photometer, "Photo-Elisa 1 ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7014580

Pure VIRAL ANTIGENS for use in immunoassays and histochemistry applications * Sample Histochemistry fixation & Saponin Protocol ... Pure VIRAL ANTIGENS for use in immunoassays and histochemistry applications * Sample Histochemistry fixation & Saponin Protocol ...

https://researchd.com/hepatitis-antigen/

ELISA Kit for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen from BIOCHAIN, Cat Number: KO31003096. UK & Europe Distribution. Order Online or ... ELISA Kit for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen , KO31003096 Biochain Antibody Elisa Kit ELISA Kit for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen , ... ELISA Kit for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen , KO31003096. Rating Required Select Rating. 1 star (worst). 2 stars. 3 stars ( ... hepatitis, viral related cirrhosis and tumor tissues of... ... ELISA Kit for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen , KO31003096 , ...

https://delos.info/elisa-kit-for-hepatitis-b-surface-antigen-ko31003096/

ProSpecs HBsAg include: HBsAg preS2, HBsAg preS1, HBsAg adw, HBsAg adr CHO, HBsAg adr, HBsAg ayw pichia, HBsAg ayw

https://www.prospecbio.com/hbsag

Hepatitis delta virus (ISOLATE JAPANESE M-2)). Find diseases associated with this biological target and compounds tested ... Protein target information for Small delta antigen ( ...

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/P25882

B Outreach hepatitis B vaccine hepatitis C hepatitis D hepatitis delta hepatocellular carcinoma HepB hep B Hep B Awareness Hep ... Hepatitis B Diagnosis & Monitoring, Hepatitis B Prevention, Living with Hepatitis B Youve Lost the Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ... HCC HCV HDV hepatitis B Hepatitis B Hepatitis B Foundation Hepatitis B Foundation Events Hepatitis B news Hepatitis ... HBsAghepatitis B curehepatitis B surface antigenliver cancerRobert Gishsurface antibodies. Post navigation. « How Much Do You ...

https://www.hepb.org/blog/youve-lost-hepatitis-b-surface-antigen-go-celebrate-keep-monitoring/

... independent determination of the hepatitis C virus antigen and antibody status. ... Roche Launches Dual Antigen and Antibody Hepatitis C Diagnostic Test. .social-ris-container { display: flex; justify-content: ... independent determination of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigen and antibody status from a single human or serum sample, ... independent determination of the hepatitis C virus antigen and antibody status. ...

https://www.biopharminternational.com/view/roche-launches-dual-antigen-and-antibody-hepatitis-c-diagnostic-test

... were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies. A total of 119 donors (3.5%) ... Hepatitis B and C virus infections are common serious complications of blood transfusion. Over a 6-month period in 2007/08 all ... Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C virus antibodies among blood donors in Alexandria, Egypt ... Table 1 Comparison of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive cases among blood donors by ...

https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-17/issue-3/article9.html

HCV RNA and Antigen Detection for Diagnosis of Acute Hepatitis C Among MSM on PreP..... In the ANRS IPERGAY PrEP trial among ... CROI: Low Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Among New York City MSM Initiating PrEP and PEP, 2016-2017 at NYC Sexual Health ... Our aim was to assess the sensitivity of the different tests for early diagnosis of acute hepatitis C in high risk MSM.. In the ... The HCV antigen immunoassay and plasma HCV RNA test were positive within a median of 2 months before the detection of ...

https://www.natap.org/2018/CROI/croi_152.htm

The prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B antigen, detectable by radioimmunoassay, was found to be no higher among 58 long-term ... This suggested that such contacts do not have greater exposure to serum hepatitis virus than that occurring through natural ...

https://jcp.bmj.com/content/27/4/323

Need Help Finding a Product?. Our reagent specialists are to help you find the best product for your application. Please Call or Email us and we will be happy to help you find the right product for the job. ...

https://www.amsbio.com/anti-hepatitis-b-virus-core-antigen-igg-fraction-monoclonal-hbm-021-5

Quantification of serum hepatitis B surface antigen: is it useful for the management of chronic hepatitis B? ... Quantification of serum hepatitis B surface antigen: is it useful for the management of chronic hepatitis B? ... Since the 1960s, hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) has been the hallmark of HBV infection with concentrations reaching ... Filaments and spherical particles are produced in large excess in highly viraemic hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive ...

https://gut.bmj.com/content/61/5/641.long

This study examined the prevalence of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity and associated risk factors among people aged 25 ... and having a person in the family with viral hepatitis [OR = 1.367, 95% CI (1.21, 1.53)] were significantly associated with HBV ... The epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the general population in Rwanda is not well known. ... Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity and its associated factors in Rwanda. *Jean Damascene Makuza. ...

https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-4013-4

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen particles (sAg) isolated from sera were used as the first HBV vaccine, and may be ... Observed Structural Heterogeneity of Human Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen Particles by Cryo-electron Microscopy. Thursday, ... yet this may be developed into a strength for vaccine design in that particles of varied diameters and antigen spacings are ... developed into a platform to display designed antigens. Particles of sAg had been previously reported also to have octahedral ...

https://researchfestival.nih.gov/2018/posters/observed-structural-heterogeneity-human-hepatitis-b-virus-surface-antigen

Expression of the core antigen gene was shut off by culture in vitro of core or e antigen-producing nude mouse tumour cells and ... the core and the e antigen. It is shown here that expression of the core antigen gene was inducible by growing the cells as a ... The buoyant density in CsCl (1.31 to 1.32 g/ml) of core or e antigen produced in the tumours was very similar to that of virus ... Cells cultured in vitro are known to produce the virus surface antigen but not the other structural virus proteins, ...

https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-65-8-1443

... ... This assay was at least 20-100 times more sensitive in the detection of HBV antigen than conventional enzyme-linked immune- ...

https://edrn.nci.nih.gov/data-and-resources/publications/15109821-429-a-phage-with-high-affinity-for-hepatitis-b-surface-antigen-for-the-detection-of-hbsag/

HEPATITIS B ANTIGEN. Anesthesiology 1974; 41:431 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-197411000-00003 ... Sevoflurane Inhibits Unstimulated and Agonist-induced Platelet Antigen Expression and Platelet Function in Whole Blood In Vitro ... Sevoflurane Binds and Allosterically Blocks Integrin Lymphocyte Function-associated Antigen-1 Anesthesiology (September 2010) ...

https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/41/5/431/23784/HEPATITIS-B-ANTIGEN

https://www.dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=468b1ba5-371c-4ff0-8565-06482771fc25&type=display

... hepatitis B core antigen; HBV, Hepatitis B Virus; HBcrAg, hepatitis B core-related antigen; HBeAg; HBeAg, Hepatitis B e antigen ... Serum or plasma samples were evaluated for levels of HBV DNA, HBsAg, hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg), and HBV RNA. ... Intrahepatic quantification of HBV antigens in chronic hepatitis B reveals heterogeneity and treatment-mediated reductions in ... Intrahepatic quantification of HBV antigens in chronic hepatitis B reveals heterogeneity a ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/mdl-36908748

Viral hepatitis : report of a WHO meeting [held in Geneva from 8 to 11 October 1974] by WHO Meeting on Viral Hepatitis (1974: ... Hepatitis virica : informe de una reunion de la OMS [se reunio en Ginebra del 8 al 11 de octubre de 1974] by Reunion de la ... OMS sobre Hepatitis Virica (1974: Ginebra) , World Health Organization.. Series: Organizacion Mundial de la Salud. Serie de ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=su:%7BHepatitis%20B%20antigens.%7D

Viral hepatitis is the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) forms an icosahedral ... against hepatitis B Virus e-antigen (HBeAg), notably Fab me6. ... also be fully humanized and has potential for anti-hepatitis B ...

http://www.techtransfer.nih.gov/tech/tab-3163

MeSH Terms: Humans, Blood Donors, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Hepatitis Antibodies, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis B Core Antigens, ... Donor screening for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen and hepatitis B virus infection in transfusion recipients.. ... BACKGROUND: Testing for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) as a surrogate for hepatitis C viremia is no longer ... Home Publications Donor screening for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen and hepatitis B virus infection in transfusion ...

https://biolincc.nhlbi.nih.gov/publications/928d21eab3514f02828ec728c5fb2e53

Mutations that occur within the immunodominant epitopes of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) allow mutant virus to propagate in the presence of a neutralizing immune response, while wild-type virus is reduced to undetectable levels. (cdc.gov)
An understanding of immunoassay reactivity with HBsAg mutants is key to establishing an appropriate testing algorithm for hepatitis B virus detection programs. (cdc.gov)
This article addresses recent information concerning the emergence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) mutants, their impact on viral antigen presentation, latest prevalence data, and discussion of the issues associated with detection of mutants in healthcare settings. (cdc.gov)
Detection of human antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by an enzyme-immunoassay for HBsAg. (nih.gov)
After years of living with "inactive' chronic hepatitis B-with low viral load and no signs of liver damage-some patients may finally lose the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and even develop surface antibodies. (hepb.org)
About 1 to 3 percent of people with chronic hepatitis B lose HBsAg each year, and about half of all people with chronic infections who live up to age 75 will lose HBsAg, depending on the amount of HBV DNA in their blood. (hepb.org)
Another report found that people with the hepatitis B strain or genotype C have higher rates of clearing HBsAg over time than those with genotype B. (hepb.org)
Over a 6-month period in 2007/08 all samples from a blood bank in Alexandria, Egypt (n = 3420) were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies. (who.int)
Since the 1960s, hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) has been the hallmark of HBV infection with concentrations reaching several hundred micrograms per millilitre. (bmj.com)
This study examined the prevalence of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity and associated risk factors among people aged 25 years and over in an organized national screening campaign. (biomedcentral.com)
This article analyzed the prevalence and risk factors of HBsAg seropositivity among people who participated in a national hepatitis screening campaign in Rwanda. (biomedcentral.com)
Labeling of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) synthesized in a HBsAg-producing hepatoma cell line. (microbiologyresearch.org)
A phage with high affinity for hepatitis B surface antigen for the detection of HBsAg. (nih.gov)
Serum or plasma samples were evaluated for levels of HBV DNA , HBsAg , hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg), and HBV RNA . (bvsalud.org)
We determined the serum level of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBsAg) in 273 randomly selected 7-9-year-old schoolchildren from Zanjan City, Islamic Republic of Iran, who had been fully vaccinated against hepatitis B starting at birth. (who.int)
Currently, the important question is how much its use supplements hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) donor screening in preventing transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. (nih.gov)
CONCLUSION: Some 33 to 50 percent of cases of hepatitis B that could be transmitted by transfusion of blood from HBsAg-negative donors are prevented by anti-HBc screening. (nih.gov)
Point-of-care tests for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) could be an ideal tool for a large-scale HBV screening/treatment program in SSA. (pasteur.fr)
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) test is used to determine the presence of Hepatitis B viral infection by measuring the amount of HBsAg in the blood. (sewaswasth.com)
HBsAg test detects the presence or absence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) in the blood. (sewaswasth.com)
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) is present on the surface of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). (sewaswasth.com)
HBsAg is present in the blood of patients with viral hepatitis B (with or without clinical symptoms). (sewaswasth.com)
A "Reactive" or "Positive" HBsAg test result means that the person is infected with Hepatitis B virus. (sewaswasth.com)
A "Non-reactive" or "Negative" HBsAg test result means that the person is not infected with Hepatitis B virus. (sewaswasth.com)
SD Bioline HBsAg Test HBsAg atau Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBV) dilakukan sebagai salah satu cara untuk mendeteksi penyakit Hepatitis B. (alkes123.com)
SD Bioline HBsAg Test HBsAg atau Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBV) HBsAg Test Cepat hepatitis dimaksudkan untuk penggunaan profesional sebagai bantuan dalam diagnosis hepatitis B. Tes HBsAg (Hepatitis B Surface Antigen) dilakukan sebagai salah satu cara untuk mendeteksi penyakit Hepatitis B. SD BIOLINE HBsAg dapat mengidentifikasi HBsAg dalam plasma atau spesimen serum dengan tingkat sensitivitas yang tinggi. (alkes123.com)
SD Bioline HBsAg Test HBsAg atau Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBV), SD BIOLINE HBsAg WB dapat mengidentifikasi HBsAg dalam serum, plasma atau spesimen darah lengkap dengan tingkat sensitivitas yang tinggi. (alkes123.com)
SD Bioline HBsAg Alat Test Hepatitis Device Murah, Hepatitis Products & Services SD Bioline HbsAg, SD BIOLINE HBsAg WB adalah in vitroimmunochromatographic, Test HBsAg Hepatitis B Surface Antigen dilakukan sebagai salah satu cara untuk mendeteksi penyakit Hepatitis B, can identify HBsAg in plasma. (alkes123.com)
Immunohistochemical staining is positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg. (medscape.com)

Donor screening for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen and hepatitis B virus infection in transfusion recipients. (nih.gov)
BACKGROUND: Testing for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) as a surrogate for hepatitis C viremia is no longer needed for blood donor screening. (nih.gov)

Filaments and spherical particles are produced in large excess in highly viraemic hepatitis B 'e' antigen (HBeAg)-positive carriers. (bmj.com)
Detection of HBeAg and anti-HBe in acute hepatitis B by a sensitive radioimmunoassay. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The invention relates to recombinant chimeric rabbit/human monoclonal antibody fragments (Fabs) against hepatitis B Virus e-antigen (HBeAg), notably Fab me6. (nih.gov)

Over the past decade, the importance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutants has made a transition from an academic phenomenon of unknown prevalence to a factor for consideration during disease diagnosis. (cdc.gov)
The prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B antigen, detectable by radioimmunoassay, was found to be no higher among 58 long-term household contacts of multiply transfused haemophiliacs than among 100 randomly chosen blood donors. (bmj.com)
Globally, an estimated 257 million people were living with chronic hepatitis B infection (HBV) in 2015, and the global prevalence of HBV infection in the general population was 3.5% [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The prevalence of infection for at least 15 years, that antibody hepatitis B carriers varies in different parts levels decrease the most among persons of the world, ranging from less than 1% to immunized at 4 years of age or younger, and 15% [ 2 ]. (who.int)
The aim of this study was to estimate the Sero- prevalence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen and associated factors among women of reproductive age in Bench Maji Zone, South West Ethiopia . (bvsalud.org)

Open Forum Infect Dis 2015;2(3)[3] Hepatitis C guidance: AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating adults infected with hepatitis virus. (natap.org)

Three of the children had antibodies to hepatitis B core protein. (who.int)
In the Islamic Republic of Iran the level have been exposed to HBV and about 3% of antibodies to hepatitis B in vaccinated are chronic carriers, ranging from 1.7% individuals is not known. (who.int)

Negative hepatitis b surface antigens are usually accompanied by HBV DNA and E antigens becoming negative, and hepatitis B has fully recovered after this. (udianinfo.com)

This involves the reaction of anti-HBc in the sample with hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) coated wells. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) forms an icosahedral structure containing the viral genome. (nih.gov)

Those who have received hepatitis B vaccine or have been infected with hepatitis B virus and have recovered completely may have surface antibody positive, yet those with chronic hepatitis B virus infection appear to be hepatitis b surface antigen and core antibody continue to be positive, and there may be E antigen or E antibody positive at the same time. (udianinfo.com)
Hepatitis b surface antigen is an important indicator of hepatitis B virus infection and an important evaluation indicator of patients after treatment. (udianinfo.com)
Its becoming negative is the ultimate goal of treatment for hepatitis B patients, which means that the virus infection is completely eliminated. (udianinfo.com)
In developing countries, Hepatitis A virus infection commonly occurs in children and is associated with poor sanitation and low socio-economic status. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
Hepatitis B virus infection is one of the leading causes of liver diseases which occurs worldwide particularly in developing countries . (bvsalud.org)

When evaluating the antiviral efficacy, a hepatitis B virology test is required. (udianinfo.com)

We evaluated the sensitivity of each test, including ALT, for the diagnosis of acute hepatitis C. HCV subtype was determined for each patient. (natap.org)

Unvaccinated sex partners and household and needle-sharing contacts should be tested for susceptibility to HBV infection (see Appendix A, Prevaccination Serologic Testing for Susceptibility) and should receive the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine immediately after collection of blood for serologic testing. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen particles (sAg) isolated from sera were used as the first HBV vaccine, and may be developed into a platform to display designed antigens. (nih.gov)
Our results suggest that human sAg particles might not have strict symmetry to which the constituent sAg molecules are organized, yet this may be developed into a strength for vaccine design in that particles of varied diameters and antigen spacings are generated from a single nanoparticle platform. (nih.gov)
In 1991, the World at least 6-8 years before with 3 doses of Health Organization (WHO) recommended hepatitis B vaccine starting at birth to that hepatitis B vaccination be included provide information on the effect of the in national immunization programmes in immunization strategy for hepatitis B and countries with a hepatitis B surface antigen the need for booster doses. (who.int)
Hepatitis B infection is vaccine preventable. (medscape.com)
The older, three-dose hepatitis B vaccine preparations are more than 90% protective. (medscape.com)
A new triple-target hepatitis B vaccine, PreHevbrio, was FDA-approved in December 2021. (medscape.com)
The hepatitis B vaccine first became available in 1982. (medscape.com)
This year celebrates the 40th anniversary of hepatitis B vaccine recommendations in the United States. (medscape.com)
Instead, ACIP voted and approved hepatitis B vaccine universally for those up to age 60. (medscape.com)

ABSTRACT The duration of protection after hepatitis B vaccination in children is unknown. (who.int)

Enzyme immunoassay for the detection of hepatitis B virus core antigen. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Validation of rapid point-of-care (POC) tests for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in field and laboratory settings in the Gambia, Western Africa. (pasteur.fr)

Hepatitis viruses constitute a major public health problem because of the morbidity and mortality associated with the acute and chronic consequences of these infections. (cdc.gov)
NHANES testing for markers of infection with hepatitis viruses will be used to determine secular trends in infection rates across most age and racial/ethnic groups, and will provide a national picture of the epidemiologic determinants of these infections. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis B and C virus infections are common serious complications of blood transfusion. (who.int)
14 patients were diagnosed with HCV including 1 co-infected with HIV, risk factors: chemsex, condomless receptive anal sex, fisting, presence of sexually transmitted infections, authors recommend using HCV antigen immunoassay & plasma HCV RNA test as they showed positivity when patients were symptomatic & before the detection of antibodies & ALT elevations. (natap.org)
References [1] Urbanus et al.Trends in hepatitis C virus infections among MSM attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic;1995-2010. (natap.org)
Universal adult hepatitis B vaccination could decrease infections, prevent transmission, and reduce health disparities. (medscape.com)

According to medical guidelines, all oncologists and other specialists who use these powerful drugs are supposed to test all their patients for hepatitis B and carefully monitor anyone who had hepatitis B in the past, which is indicated by a positive test for the hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc). (hepb.org)
Elecsys uses dual detection of HCV core antigen and antibodies. (biopharminternational.com)
According to the release, this allows it to enable significantly earlier diagnosis of active infection relative to antibody-only assays, as core antigen appears early in an infection and is a marker of ongoing viral replication. (biopharminternational.com)
Cells cultured in vitro are known to produce the virus surface antigen but not the other structural virus proteins, the core and the e antigen. (microbiologyresearch.org)
It is shown here that expression of the core antigen gene was inducible by growing the cells as a nude mouse tumour. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The buoyant density in CsCl (1.31 to 1.32 g/ml) of core or e antigen produced in the tumours was very similar to that of virus core particles. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Expression of the core antigen gene was shut off by culture in vitro of core or e antigen-producing nude mouse tumour cells and induced again by subsequent passage of cells in the nude mouse. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The experimental system thus allows studies on the regulation of expression of the core antigen gene. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The conversion of hepatitis B core antigen synthesized in E . coli into e antigen. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Intrahepatic quantification of HBV antigens in chronic hepatitis B reveals heterogeneity and treatment-mediated reductions in HBV core-positive cells. (bvsalud.org)
Structures of Hepatitis B Virus Core- and e-Antigen Immune Complexes Suggest Multi-point Inhibition. (nih.gov)

Isolation, characterization, and comparison of recombinant DNAs derived from genomes of human hepatitis B virus and woodchuck hepatitis virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)

This assay was at least 20-100 times more sensitive in the detection of HBV antigen than conventional enzyme-linked immune-absorbent assays (ELISA). (nih.gov)
Chimeric rabbit/human Fab antibodies against the hepatitis Be-antigen and their potential applications in assays, characterization, and therapy. (nih.gov)

Mouse monoclonal antibody specific for Hepatitis A virus (1885). (thenativeantigencompany.com)

Despite the introduction of universal HBV vaccination and effective antiviral therapy, the estimated overall seroprevalence of HBV surface antigen remains high in Africa at 6.1% [ 6 ] and the Western Pacific regions (6.2%) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

This suggested that such contacts do not have greater exposure to serum hepatitis virus than that occurring through natural means. (bmj.com)
Quantification of serum hepatitis B surface antigen: is it useful for the management of chronic hepatitis B? (bmj.com)

Transforming growth factor β contributed to antigen-specific Treg expansion in vitro, suggesting that it may contribute to antigen-specific Treg expansion in vivo. (elsevier.com)

We applied quantitative techniques to liver biopsies from individuals with chronic hepatitis B and evaluated sampling heterogeneity, effects of disease stage, and nucleos(t)ide (NUC) treatment , and correlations between liver and peripheral viral biomarkers . (bvsalud.org)

8%). During delivery of recommended hepatitis B vaccination services (e.g. (cdc.gov)
It has been reported that when hepatitis services is good throughout the territory, B vaccination is initiated at birth, there and vaccinations are delivered through local is an increased likelihood that the child health districts which are able to reach the will complete the series [ 8,9 ] hence an whole population. (who.int)
The topic: the new hepatitis B vaccination recommendations for 2022. (medscape.com)
Universal childhood hepatitis B vaccination has been a success. (medscape.com)
This led the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) to consider whether all unvaccinated adults should receive hepatitis B vaccination. (medscape.com)
ACIP's Hepatitis B Workgroup Committee reviewed available data, and their preferred suggestion was for universal vaccination, meaning that all adults previously unvaccinated for hepatitis B should receive hepatitis B vaccination. (medscape.com)
ACIP did not accept the workgroup suggestion of universal hepatitis B vaccination on face value. (medscape.com)

In some cases uncontrolled levels of Hep B infection can lead to chronic hepatitis infection and liver cirrhosis. (sewaswasth.com)

HCV RNA and Antigen Detection for Diagnosis of Acute Hepatitis C Among MSM on PreP. (natap.org)
Our aim was to assess the sensitivity of the different tests for early diagnosis of acute hepatitis C in high risk MSM. (natap.org)
Patients with chronic active hepatitis, especially during the replicative state, may have symptoms similar to those of acute hepatitis. (medscape.com)
Each year, more than 20,000 people in the United States contract acute hepatitis B, with healthcare costs of more than a billion dollars. (medscape.com)
As a result, acute hepatitis B is on the path to complete elimination for those aged 29 years or older, but many older adults still remain unprotected. (medscape.com)

The test content includes five hepatitis B indicators and viral deoxyribonucleic acid (HBV DNA). (udianinfo.com)

With improved hepatitis screening, healthcare systems have the opportunity to eliminate the disease through improved prevention, testing, and treatment services,'' said Thomas Schinecker, CEO, Roche Diagnostics, in the press release. (biopharminternational.com)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Australia antigen in viral hepatitis and hepatic cirrhosis. (who.int)
The physical examination findings in hepatitis B disease vary from minimal to impressive (in patients with hepatic decompensation), according to the stage of the disease. (medscape.com)

Co-infection with hepatitis D virus (HDV) in persons with acute or chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can lead to fulminant hepatitis. (cdc.gov)

Persons with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are at high risk for chronic liver disease and are a major reservoir of HBV infection. (cdc.gov)
Chronic hepatitis B infection is a global health problem affecting more than 350 million people worldwide. (bmj.com)
Immunocompromised patients and infants are more prone to develop severe symptoms of chronic hepatitis. (sewaswasth.com)
If a person tests "positive," then further testing is required to determine if this is a new "acute" infection or a "chronic" Hepatitis B infection or chronic HBV carrier state. (sewaswasth.com)
The fundamental treatment for chronic hepatitis B is antiviral. (udianinfo.com)
Clinically, we can divide chronic hepatitis B into two categories, one is E antigen positive chronic hepatitis B, and the other is E antigen negative chronic hepatitis B. The E antigen is an indicator of active virus replication and strong infectivity. (udianinfo.com)
Hepatitis b surface antigen change is the ultimate goal of treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B. Due to the intractability of hepatitis B virus and the limitations of drug treatment, very few patients can achieve this goal. (udianinfo.com)
Hepatitis B. Under higher-power magnification, ground-glass cells may be visible in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. (medscape.com)
Patients with chronic hepatitis B infection can be immune tolerant or have an inactive chronic infection without any evidence of active disease, and they are also asymptomatic. (medscape.com)
Hepatitis B can lead to chronic hepatitis infection and liver cancer , and 15%-25% of those infected will die prematurely of cirrhosis or liver cancer. (medscape.com)
Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is a new prodrug of tenofovir developed to treat patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection at a lower dose than tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) through more efficient delivery of tenofovir to hepatocytes. (nih.gov)
At week 96 of two ongoing studies comparing the efficacy and safety of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B patients, TAF continues to be as effective as TDF with continued improved renal and bone safety. (nih.gov)

In addition, NHANES provides the means to better define the epidemiology of other hepatitis viruses. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis B virus is one of the five main hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E and is the causative agent of Hepatitis B (infection in the liver). (sewaswasth.com)

Humans are a natural reservoir for hepatitis A virus. (thenativeantigencompany.com)

New immunization strategies have been developed to eliminate the spread of HBV and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Practices (ACIP), is the introduction of study carried out from February 2003 to hepatitis B immunization at birth [ 5,6 ]. (who.int)
The study group consisted of 135 healthy infants who had been immunized with hepatitis B (HBV), 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate (PCV7), and diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccines according to standard child hood immunization schedules. (cdc.gov)

In patients with a positive EIA, we used stored sera to perform the following tests at the date of diagnosis and at previous visits (until HCV RNA was negative): antibodies (EIA 3thG ARCHITECT Anti-HCV, Abbott), rapid tests for detection of HCV antibodies (OraQuick® and Toyo®), plasma HCV RNA (AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® HCV Test, Roche and Xpert® HCV Viral Load, Cepheid), and the antigen immunoassay (EIA ARCHITECT HCV Ag®, Abbott). (natap.org)

The proteins of hepatitis B Dane particle cores. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Integration of hepatitis B virus sequences and their expression in a human hepatoma cell. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Patterns of liver HBV antigen expression have been described but not quantified at single- cell resolution. (bvsalud.org)
Detection of FoxP3 expression in non-HCV-specific CD4 T cells suggests that immune regulation through antigen-specific Treg induction extends beyond HCV. (elsevier.com)

Hep B virus spreads mainly through body fluids or unsafe sexual intercourse. (sewaswasth.com)
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is commonly transmitted via body fluids such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. (medscape.com)

The epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the general population in Rwanda is not well known. (biomedcentral.com)

Characterization of integrated hepatitis B viral DNA cloned from a human hepatoma and the hepatoma-derived cell line PLC/PRF/5. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Roche launched its Elecsys HCV Duo immunoassay (Elecsys) in July 2022, which is the first available immunoassay that allows for the simultaneous, independent determination of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigen and antibody status from a single human or serum sample, according to the company in a July 18, 2022 press release. (biopharminternational.com)

1 Prolonged liver inflammation caused by active infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) may result in progression to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma and death. (bmj.com)
The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of hepatitis B are due to the interaction of the virus and the host immune system, which leads to liver injury and, potentially, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (medscape.com)
The primary treatment goals for patients with hepatitis B infection are to prevent progression of the disease, particularly to cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (medscape.com)

Hepatitis B viral mutants can emerge in patients as a result of selection pressure from either immune response or treatment options. (cdc.gov)
The launch of this innovative dual antigen and antibody diagnostic test underlines our commitment to support clinicians and their patients in reducing the impact of infectious diseases, where it's needed most. (biopharminternational.com)
The HCV antigen immunoassay and plasma HCV RNA test were positive within a median of 2 months before the detection of antibodies and ALT elevation, when patients were asymptomatic. (natap.org)
To screen for Hepatitis B infection in individuals who are at risk of acquiring infection like IV drug users, sex workers, hemodialysis patients, prisoners, etc. (sewaswasth.com)
Hepatitis B becomes negative is a general concern of clinicians, patients and their relatives. (udianinfo.com)
For the first type of patients, when the E antigen becomes from positive to negative and the E antibody becomes from negative to positive at the same time. (udianinfo.com)

Editor's Note: This report has been updated to reflect information on hepatitis B vaccines that became available after the video was recorded. (medscape.com)
Other available hepatitis B vaccines contain just one antigen. (medscape.com)
Like the older hepatitis B vaccines, the adjuvant used in PreHevbrio is aluminum hydroxide . (medscape.com)
Other hepatitis vaccines are yeast-based. (medscape.com)

It requires three doses in a series and contains three hepatitis B antigens. (medscape.com)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). (pasteur.fr)

Replication of the hepatitis B virion is, therefore, the sole requirement for generating these nucleotide mismatch sequences. (cdc.gov)

Tell all of your current and future doctors you've had hepatitis B, and beware of immune-suppressing drugs used to treat various cancers and rheumatoid arthritis. (hepb.org)
Study data for this triple-antigen version suggest high rates of seroprotection in adults, as well as immune response in key high-risk groups, including people with end-stage renal disease and HIV , and also in low and nonresponders. (medscape.com)

To screen for Hepatitis B infection following accidental exposure to HBV e.g. in healthcare workers. (sewaswasth.com)
Hepatitis B infection is a worldwide healthcare problem, especially in developing areas. (medscape.com)

furthermore, it can also be fully humanized and has potential for anti-hepatitis B virus therapeutic interventions. (nih.gov)

Anatomy5

Organisms13

Diseases19

Chemicals and Drugs62

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes11

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Named Groups1

Health Care4

Cell cycle arrest mediated by hepatitis delta antigen. (1/80)

Unique properties of the large antigen of hepatitis delta virus. (2/80)

Antigenic domains of the open reading frame 2-encoded protein of hepatitis E virus. (3/80)

Characterization of the phosphorylated forms and the phosphorylated residues of hepatitis delta virus delta antigens. (4/80)

Bone marrow transplantation for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. (5/80)

Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis E virus among rodents in the United States. (6/80)

Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA sequences in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (7/80)

Fine mapping of virus-neutralizing epitopes on hepatitis B virus PreS1. (8/80)

Hepatitis Antigens

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis B virus

Antigens

Hepatitis B Surface Antigens

Hepatitis

Hepatitis C, Chronic

Hepatitis B, Chronic

Hepatitis, Viral, Human

Hepatitis A virus

Hepatitis B Antibodies

Hepatitis B Vaccines

Antigens, Bacterial

Hepatitis B Core Antigens

Hepatitis B Antigens

Hepatitis, Chronic

Hepatitis B e Antigens

Antigens, Neoplasm

Hepatitis Antibodies

Hepatitis A Vaccines

Hepacivirus

Antigens, Surface

Antigens, Viral

Hepatitis E

Hepatitis C Antibodies

Hepatitis E virus

Hepatitis A Antibodies

Hepatitis, Viral, Animal

Hepatitis, Autoimmune

Hepatitis Viruses

Hepatitis A Virus, Human

Hepatitis Delta Virus

Hepatitis D

Hepatitis, Animal

Viral Hepatitis Vaccines

Antiviral Agents

Hepatitis C Antigens

Antigens, Protozoan

Murine hepatitis virus

HLA Antigens

Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming

Hepatitis delta Antigens

RNA, Viral

Hepatovirus

Antigens, CD

Hepatitis A Antigens

Molecular Sequence Data

Antigens, Fungal

Liver Cirrhosis

Interferon-alpha

Antigens, Helminth

H-2 Antigens

DNA, Viral

Hepatitis, Alcoholic

Ribavirin

Liver

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

Hepatitis B Virus, Duck

Alanine Transaminase

Epitopes

Antigens, Viral, Tumor

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Viral Nonstructural Proteins

HLA-DR Antigens

Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck

Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell

Liver Neoplasms

Virus Replication

Base Sequence

Cell Line

Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen

Immunoglobulin G

Histocompatibility Antigens

Amino Acid Sequence

T-Lymphocytes

Histocompatibility Antigens Class II