Hepatitis Antigens
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B virus
Hepatitis B Surface Antigens
Hepatitis C, Chronic
Hepatitis B, Chronic
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
Hepatitis A virus
Hepatitis B Antibodies
Hepatitis B Vaccines
Hepatitis B Core Antigens
Hepatitis B Antigens
Hepatitis, Chronic
Hepatitis B e Antigens
Antigens, Neoplasm
Hepatitis Antibodies
Hepatitis A Vaccines
Hepacivirus
Antigens, Surface
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis C Antibodies
Hepatitis E virus
Hepatitis A Antibodies
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
Hepatitis Viruses
Hepatitis A Virus, Human
Hepatitis Delta Virus
Hepatitis D
Viral Hepatitis Vaccines
Antiviral Agents
Hepatitis C Antigens
Antigens, Protozoan
Murine hepatitis virus
HLA Antigens
Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming
Hepatovirus
Antigens, CD
Hepatitis A Antigens
Molecular Sequence Data
Liver Cirrhosis
Interferon-alpha
Antigens, Helminth
Hepatitis, Alcoholic
Ribavirin
Liver
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
Hepatitis B Virus, Duck
Alanine Transaminase
Antigens, Viral, Tumor
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Viral Nonstructural Proteins
HLA-DR Antigens
Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
Virus Replication
Base Sequence
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
Immunoglobulin G
Histocompatibility Antigens
Amino Acid Sequence
T-Lymphocytes
Histocompatibility Antigens Class II
Viral Core Proteins
Genotype
Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell
Lamivudine
Prostate-Specific Antigen
O Antigens
Polyethylene Glycols
HLA-A2 Antigen
Marmota
Cross Reactions
Seroepidemiologic Studies
Hepatitis D, Chronic
Antigens, CD15
Antigens, CD8
Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate
Carrier State
Lymphocyte Activation
Antigens, CD3
Antibody Specificity
Blood Group Antigens
Histocompatibility Antigens Class I
Liver Transplantation
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Viral Load
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Immunoglobulin M
Immunization
Antibody Formation
Immunoenzyme Techniques
HLA-A Antigens
Vaccination
Immune Sera
Hepatocytes
Cell cycle arrest mediated by hepatitis delta antigen. (1/80)
Hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) is the only viral-encoded protein of the hepatitis delta virus (HDV). This protein has been extensively characterized with respect to its biochemical and functional properties. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for persistent HDV infection is not yet clear. Previously, we reported that overexpression of HDAg protects insect cells from baculovirus-induced cytolysis [Hwang, S.B. Park, K.-J. and Kim, Y.S. (1998) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 244, 652-658]. Here we report that HDAg mediates cell cycle arrest when overexpressed in recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells. Flow cytometry analysis has shown that HDAg expression in Spodoptera frugiperda cells causes an accumulation of substantial amounts of polyploid DNA in the absence of cell division. This phenomenon may be partly responsible for the persistent infection of chronic HDV patients. (+info)Unique properties of the large antigen of hepatitis delta virus. (2/80)
The large form of the hepatitis delta virus (HDV) protein (L) can be isoprenylated near its C terminus, and this modification is considered essential for particle assembly. Using gel electrophoresis, we separated L into two species of similar mobilities. The slower species could be labeled by the incorporation of [(14)C]mevalonolactone and is interpreted to be isoprenylated L (L(i)). In serum particles, infected liver, transfected cells, and assembled particles, 25 to 85% of L was isoprenylated. Isoprenylation was also demonstrated by (14)C incorporation in vitro with a rabbit reticulocyte coupled transcription-translation system. However, the species obtained migrated even slower than that detected by labeling in vivo. Next, in studies of HDV particle assembly in the presence of the surface proteins of human hepatitis B virus, we observed the following. (i) Relative to L, L(i) was preferentially assembled into virus-like particles. (ii) L(i) could coassemble the unmodified L and the small delta protein, S. (iii) In contrast, a form of L with a deletion in the dimerization domain was both isoprenylated and assembled, but it could not support the coassembly of S. Finally, to test the expectation that the isoprenylation of L would increase its hydrophobicity, we applied a phase separation strategy based on micelle formation with the nonionic detergent Triton X-114. We showed the following. (i) The unique C-terminal 19 amino acids present on L relative to S caused a significant increase in the hydrophobicity. (ii) This increase was independent of isoprenylation. (iii) In contrast, other, artificial modifications at either the N or C terminus of S did not increase the hydrophobicity. (iv) The increased hydrophobicity was not sufficient for particle assembly; nevertheless, we speculate that it might facilitate virion assembly. (+info)Antigenic domains of the open reading frame 2-encoded protein of hepatitis E virus. (3/80)
The antigenic composition of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) protein encoded by open reading frame 2 (ORF2) was determined by using synthetic peptides. Three sets of overlapping 18-, 25-, and 30-mer peptides, with each set spanning the entire ORF2 protein of the HEV Burma strain, were synthesized. All synthetic peptides were tested by enzyme immunoassay against a panel of 32 anti-HEV-positive serum specimens obtained from acutely HEV-infected persons. Six antigenic domains within the ORF2 protein were identified. Domains 1 and 6 located at the N and C termini of the ORF2 protein, respectively, contain strong immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antigenic epitopes that can be efficiently modeled with peptides of different sizes. In contrast, antigenic epitopes identified within the two central domains (3 and 4) were modeled more efficiently with 30-mer peptides than with either 18- or 25-mers. Domain 2 located at amino acids (aa) 143 to 222 was modeled best with 25-mer peptides. A few 30-mer synthetic peptides derived from domain 5 identified at aa 490 to 579 demonstrated strong IgM antigenic reactivity. Several 30-mer synthetic peptides derived from domains 1, 4, and 6 immunoreacted with IgG or IgM with more than 70% of anti-HEV-positive serum specimens. Thus, the results of this study demonstrate the existence of six diagnostically relevant antigenic domains within the HEV ORF2 protein. (+info)Characterization of the phosphorylated forms and the phosphorylated residues of hepatitis delta virus delta antigens. (4/80)
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) replication requires both the cellular RNA polymerase and one virus-encoded protein, small delta antigen (S-HDAg). S-HDAg has been shown to be a phosphoprotein, but its phosphorylation status is not yet clear. In this study, we employed three methods to address this question. A special two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, namely, nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis, was used to separate the very basic S-HDAg. By carefully adjusting the pH of solubilization solution, the ampholyte composition, and the appropriate electrophoresis time periods, we were able to clearly resolve S-HDAg into two phosphorylated isoforms and one unphosphorylated form. In contrast, the viral large delta antigen (L-HDAg) can only be separated into one phosphorylated and one unphosphorylated form. By metabolic (32)P labeling, both immunoprecipitated S-HDAg and L-HDAg were found to incorporate radioactive phosphate. The extent of S-HDAg phosphorylation was increased upon 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate treatment, while that of L-HDAg was not affected. Finally, phosphoamino acid analysis identified serine and threonine as the phospho residues in the labeled S-HDAg and only serine in the L-HDAg. Therefore, HDV S- and L-HDAgs differ in their phosphorylation patterns, which may account for their distinct biological functions. (+info)Bone marrow transplantation for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. (5/80)
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired clonal disease of the hemopoietic stem cell (HSC) characterized by intravascular hemolysis and increased risk of venous thrombosis. There are different therapeutic approaches for PNH which do not cure the disease, but can decrease its complications. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) may cure PNH. We reports here our experience of seven PNH patients who underwent allogeneic BMT. DESIGN AND METHODS: Between January 1991 and January 1999 seven patients with PNH, aged 23 to 37, were transplanted with unmanipulated bone marrow from HLA identical siblings. Median time from diagnosis to BMT was 2.5 years (range: 1-16). All patients were transfusion-dependent and had received various treatments before BMT: steroids, vitamins, cyclosporin A (CyA), growth factors. One patient had also been treated with anti-thymocyte globulin. One patient was HbsAg positive and one anti-HCV positive. At the time of BMT the median value of hemoglobin (Hb) was 9 g/dL (range 6.5-11), white blood cells 5&10(9)/L (range: 2.9-7.7), platelets 97&10(9)/L (range: 31-355), LDH: 2726 U/L. The conditioning regimen was cyclophosphamide (160 mg/kg) and busulfan (10-14 mg/kg), followed by unmanipulated bone marrow (median of 5&10(8) cells/kg) and CyA (+MTX in two patients) for prophylaxis of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). RESULTS: All seven patients are alive, full chimeras, with complete hematologic recovery and no evidence of PNH, at a median follow up of 51 months post-BMT (6-103). Time to achieve a granulocyte count of 0.5&10(9)/L, platelets 30&10(9)/L and Hb 10 g/dL was respectively 16, 19 and 22 days. Acute GvHD was limited or mild in six patients, and severe in one. Chronic GvHD was extensive in two patients. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that HLA identical sibling BMT is an effective therapeutic option for PNH, also in the hemolytic phase of the disease: it also suggests that HBV and HCV infections are not an absolute contraindication. (+info)Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis E virus among rodents in the United States. (6/80)
The recent identification of antibody to hepatitis E virus (HEV) in pigs, sheep, and cattle and characterization of an HEV isolated from domestic pigs suggest animal reservoirs for this virus. To investigate whether rodents might be a natural reservoir of HEV, the prevalence of anti-HEV was determined among a variety of species throughout the United States. Serum samples were obtained from 806 rodents of 26 species in 15 genera. Anti-HEV prevalence was assessed by 2 EIAs (mosaic protein- and 55-kDa protein-based), which gave concordant results. The highest prevalence of antibody was found in the genus Rattus (59.7%; 166/278). Overall, rodents from urban habitats had a significantly higher prevalence of anti-HEV than did animals captured from rural areas. A high prevalence of anti-HEV was found in animals captured on mainland versus barrier islands. The results from this study provide convincing evidence of widespread HEV or HEV-like infection in rodents of the United States. (+info)Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA sequences in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (7/80)
Serologic testing shows that hepatitis C virus (HCV) may have a role in the pathogenesis of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-cell NHLs). We tried to demonstrate HCV RNA sequences in paraffin-embedded tissue from B-cell NHLs by reverse-transcription double polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Southern blotting. We studied 31 consecutive cases of B-cell NHLs; lymph nodes from 32 patients with diseases other than B-cell NHL were negative controls. Positive-strand HCV RNA was tested with primers for the 5' untranslated region. Replicative negative strand HCV RNA was tested with strand-specific RT-PCR for the 5' untranslated region. Immunohistochemical staining for HCV was done using an antibody to HCV core protein. Positive-strand HCV RNA was detected in 8 patients with B-cell NHL; negative-strand HCV RNA was detected in 6 of these cases, indicating viral replication. All control cases were negative for HCV RNA. Immunohistochemistry showed no staining of lymphoma cells for HCV core proteins in any case. HCV and B-cell NHLs may be associated. RT-PCR on paraffin-embedded lymphoma tissue is an alternative method of testing for HCV. The value of immunohistochemistry could not be ascertained. The exact role of HCV in the pathogenesis of B-cell NHL needs to be studied further. (+info)Fine mapping of virus-neutralizing epitopes on hepatitis B virus PreS1. (8/80)
We identified the epitopes on the preS1 which induce antibodies that neutralize both ad and ay subtypes of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Previously we generated murine monoclonal antibodies KR359 and KR127 that bind specifically to the preS1 of HBV. In this study we have performed fine mappings of the epitopes of the antibodies by examining their reactivity with GST fusion proteins, which contain a series of deletion mutants of the preS1. KR359 and KR127 specifically recognize aa 19-26 and 37-45 of the preS1, respectively. The antibodies neutralized both adr and ayw subtypes of the virus in an in vitro neutralization assay using in vitro infection of adult human hepatocyte primary culture by HBV. The epitopes showed little sequence divergence and the antibodies bound to the preS1 of all the HBV subtypes and variants tested. (+info)The symptoms of hepatitis B can range from mild to severe and may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, joint pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In some cases, hepatitis B can be asymptomatic, meaning that individuals may not experience any symptoms at all.
Hepatitis B is diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of HBV antigens or antibodies in the body. Treatment for acute hepatitis B typically involves rest, hydration, and medication to manage symptoms, while chronic hepatitis B may require ongoing therapy with antiviral drugs to suppress the virus and prevent liver damage.
Preventive measures for hepatitis B include vaccination, which is recommended for individuals at high risk of infection, such as healthcare workers, sexually active individuals, and those traveling to areas where HBV is common. In addition, safe sex practices, avoiding sharing of needles or other bodily fluids, and proper sterilization of medical equipment can help reduce the risk of transmission.
Overall, hepatitis B is a serious infection that can have long-term consequences for liver health, and it is important to take preventive measures and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
There are several types of hepatitis C, including genotype 1, which is the most common and accounts for approximately 70% of cases in the United States. Other genotypes include 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The symptoms of hepatitis C can range from mild to severe and may include fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, pale stools, and itching all over the body. Some people with hepatitis C may not experience any symptoms at all.
Hepatitis C is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies against HCV or the virus itself. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, including interferon and ribavirin, which can cure the infection but may have side effects such as fatigue, nausea, and depression. In recent years, new drugs known as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have become available, which can cure the infection with fewer side effects and in a shorter period of time.
Prevention measures for hepatitis C include avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, using condoms to prevent sexual transmission, and ensuring that any tattoos or piercings are performed with sterilized equipment. Vaccines are also available for people who are at high risk of contracting the virus, such as healthcare workers and individuals who engage in high-risk behaviors.
Overall, hepatitis C is a serious and common liver disease that can lead to significant health complications if left untreated. Fortunately, with advances in medical technology and treatment options, it is possible to manage and cure the virus with proper care and attention.
Hepatitis A is typically spread through contaminated food and water or through close contact with someone who has the infection. The virus can also be spread through sexual contact or sharing of needles.
Symptoms of hepatitis A usually appear two to six weeks after exposure and can last for several weeks or months. In some cases, the infection can lead to complications such as liver failure, which can be life-threatening.
There is a vaccine available for hepatitis A, which is recommended for individuals traveling to areas where the virus is common, people who engage in high-risk behaviors, and those with chronic liver disease. Treatment for hepatitis A typically focuses on relieving symptoms and supporting the liver as it recovers. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.
Preventive measures to reduce the risk of hepatitis A infection include maintaining good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently, especially before eating or preparing food; avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked shellfish, particularly oysters; and avoiding close contact with people who have the infection.
There are several types of hepatitis, including:
1. Hepatitis A: This type is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and is usually transmitted through contaminated food or water or through close contact with someone who has the infection.
2. Hepatitis B: This type is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and can be spread through sexual contact, sharing of needles, or mother-to-child transmission during childbirth.
3. Hepatitis C: This type is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and is primarily spread through blood-to-blood contact, such as sharing of needles or receiving a tainted blood transfusion.
4. Alcoholic hepatitis: This type is caused by excessive alcohol consumption and can lead to inflammation and scarring in the liver.
5. Drug-induced hepatitis: This type is caused by certain medications, such as antidepressants, anti-seizure drugs, or chemotherapy agents.
6. Autoimmune hepatitis: This type is caused by an abnormal immune response and can lead to inflammation in the liver.
Symptoms of hepatitis may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and yellowing of the skin (jaundice). In severe cases, it can lead to liver failure or even death.
Diagnosis of hepatitis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests such as blood tests and imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition, but may include medications to manage symptoms, antiviral therapy, or in severe cases, liver transplantation. Prevention measures for hepatitis include vaccination against certain types of the disease, practicing safe sex, avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, and following proper hygiene practices.
In conclusion, hepatitis is a serious condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is important to be aware of the different types of hepatitis and their causes in order to prevent and manage this condition effectively. By taking appropriate measures such as getting vaccinated and practicing safe sex, individuals can reduce their risk of contracting hepatitis. In severe cases, early diagnosis and treatment can help to minimize damage to the liver and improve outcomes for patients.
The symptoms of chronic hepatitis C may be mild or absent, but some people experience fatigue, joint pain, muscle aches, nausea, loss of appetite, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).
Chronic hepatitis C is usually diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies against HCV or the virus itself. Imaging tests such as ultrasound and liver biopsy may also be performed to assess the extent of liver damage.
Treatment for chronic hepatitis C typically involves a combination of medications, including interferon and ribavirin, which can help clear the virus from the body. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Prevention of the spread of HCV includes avoiding sharing of needles or other sharp objects, practicing safe sex, and getting tested for the virus before donating blood or organs.
See also: Hepatitis C; Liver; Virus
A persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV is a bloodborne pathogen and can be spread through contact with infected blood, sexual contact, or vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth.
Chronic hepatitis B is characterized by the presence of HBsAg in the blood for more than 6 months, indicating that the virus is still present in the liver. The disease can be asymptomatic or symptomatic, with symptoms such as fatigue, malaise, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, and jaundice.
Chronic hepatitis B is diagnosed through serological tests such as HBsAg, anti-HBc, and HBV DNA. Treatment options include interferon alpha and nucleos(t)ide analogues, which can slow the progression of the disease but do not cure it.
Prevention strategies for chronic hepatitis B include vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine, which is effective in preventing acute and chronic HBV infection, as well as avoidance of risky behaviors such as unprotected sex and sharing of needles.
Note: This definition may have some variations in different contexts and medical fields.
Hepatitis, chronic is a type of liver disease that is characterized by inflammation and damage to the liver, which can lead to scarring, cirrhosis, and potentially liver failure. It is caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections (such as hepatitis B and C), alcohol consumption, and autoimmune disorders.
Chronic hepatitis can be challenging to diagnose, as its symptoms are often nonspecific and may resemble those of other conditions. However, some common signs and symptoms include:
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Dark urine
* Pale stools
If left untreated, chronic hepatitis can lead to serious complications, such as liver failure, liver cancer, and esophageal varices. Treatment options for chronic hepatitis depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in severe cases, liver transplantation.
Preventing Chronic Hepatitis:
While some forms of chronic hepatitis are incurable, there are steps you can take to prevent the development of this condition or slow its progression. These include:
* Avoiding alcohol or drinking in moderation
* Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
* Getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B
* Practicing safe sex to avoid sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
* Avoiding sharing needles or other drug-injecting equipment
* Seeking medical attention if you suspect you have been exposed to hepatitis
Managing Chronic Hepatitis:
If you have chronic hepatitis, managing the condition is crucial to prevent complications and improve quality of life. This may involve:
* Medications to treat the underlying cause of the hepatitis (e.g., antiviral drugs for hepatitis B or C)
* Lifestyle changes, such as avoiding alcohol and maintaining a healthy diet
* Regular monitoring of liver function and viral load
* In some cases, liver transplantation
Living with Chronic Hepatitis:
Living with chronic hepatitis can be challenging, but there are resources available to help you cope. These may include:
* Support groups for people with hepatitis and their families
* Counseling to address emotional and mental health concerns
* Educational resources to help you understand the condition and its management
* Legal assistance to navigate insurance and disability benefits
Conclusion:
Chronic hepatitis is a complex and multifactorial condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. However, with early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and lifestyle changes, it is possible to manage the condition and improve quality of life. By understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management of chronic hepatitis, you can take an active role in your healthcare and make informed decisions about your care.
Symptoms of hepatitis E can include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, and yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice).
Hepatitis E is usually a self-limiting disease, meaning it will resolve on its own without treatment. However, in some cases, it can lead to fulminant hepatitis, which is a severe and potentially life-threatening form of liver disease.
There are several ways to diagnose hepatitis E, including blood tests to detect the presence of HEV antigens or antibodies, as well as imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans to evaluate liver function.
Treatment for hepatitis E is typically supportive, meaning it focuses on managing symptoms and maintaining hydration. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat complications. Prevention of hepatitis E involves improving access to safe water and sanitation, as well as promoting good hygiene practices, such as washing hands regularly.
Vaccines are available for hepatitis E, but they are not widely available or recommended for most individuals. However, they may be recommended for certain high-risk groups, such as people living in areas with a high prevalence of HEV infection or those traveling to such areas.
A viral infection that affects the liver and is transmitted to animals through contact with infected feces, urine, or saliva. The condition can be caused by several different viruses, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Symptoms of animal hepatitis may include loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, fever, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In severe cases, the infection can cause liver failure and death.
Prevention:
* Avoid contact with infected animals
* Practice good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently
* Keep pets up to date on vaccinations and preventatives
* Avoid drinking water or eating food that may be contaminated with feces or urine from infected animals
* Use protective clothing and equipment when handling animals that may be infected
Treatment:
* Supportive care, such as fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration and maintain blood pressure
* Antiviral medications in severe cases
* Hospitalization for severe cases or those that do not respond to treatment
Prognosis:
* Depends on the severity of the infection and the underlying health status of the animal. In general, the prognosis is good for animals that receive prompt and appropriate treatment.
Complications:
* Liver failure
* Sepsis (blood infection)
* Kidney failure
* Death
Prevalence:
* Widespread in animals, especially in those that are kept in close quarters or have poor living conditions.
Affected Organ:
* Liver
The exact cause of autoimmune hepatitis is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The condition can occur in people of all ages, although it is most common in women between the ages of 20 and 40.
Symptoms of autoimmune hepatitis may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice). If left untreated, the condition can lead to liver failure and even death.
Treatment for autoimmune hepatitis typically involves medications to suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation in the liver. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve the chances of a successful outcome.
The hepatitis D virus is transmitted through contact with infected blood or through sexual contact with an infected person. It can also be spread from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth. Hepatitis D is a critical illness, and it can lead to liver failure, especially in people who are already infected with HBV.
There are two main types of hepatitis D: acute and chronic. Acute hepatitis D lasts for less than six months and typically resolves on its own without treatment. Chronic hepatitis D, on the other hand, can last for more than six months and can cause long-term liver damage.
Treatment for hepatitis D usually involves a combination of medications to manage symptoms and reduce inflammation in the liver. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Prevention methods for hepatitis D include getting vaccinated against HBV, practicing safe sex, and avoiding sharing needles or other drug equipment.
Hepatitis D is a serious condition that can lead to complications such as liver failure, so it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
In animals, hepatitis can be caused by a variety of agents, including:
1. Viral hepatitis: Caused by viruses such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats and canine infectious hepatitis (CIH) in dogs.
2. Bacterial hepatitis: Caused by bacteria such as Leptospira spp., which can be transmitted through contact with contaminated water or soil.
3. Parasitic hepatitis: Caused by parasites such as liver flukes (Fasciola spp.) and tapeworms (Taenia spp.).
4. Toxic hepatitis: Caused by exposure to certain drugs, chemicals, or environmental toxins.
5. Genetic hepatitis: Caused by inherited genetic disorders such as hemophilia in dogs and cats.
The clinical signs of animal hepatitis can vary depending on the cause and severity of the disease, but may include lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is based on a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood tests and liver biopsy), and imaging studies.
Treatment of animal hepatitis depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and in some cases, surgery or liver transplantation. In severe cases, animal hepatitis can be fatal if left untreated, so early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are essential for a successful outcome.
The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including excessive alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and certain medications. It can also be a complication of other diseases such as hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease.
The symptoms of liver cirrhosis can vary depending on the severity of the disease, but may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal swelling, and pain in the upper right side of the abdomen. As the disease progresses, it can lead to complications such as esophageal varices, ascites, and liver failure, which can be life-threatening.
There is no cure for liver cirrhosis, but treatment options are available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include medications to control swelling and pain, dietary changes, and in severe cases, liver transplantation. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary if the disease has caused significant damage and there is no other option to save the patient's life.
In conclusion, liver cirrhosis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can cause significant damage to the liver and lead to complications such as liver failure. It is important for individuals to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of the disease in order to seek medical attention if they suspect they may have liver cirrhosis. With proper treatment and management, it is possible to slow the progression of the disease and improve the patient's quality of life.
Hepatitis, Alcoholic: A type of hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) caused by excessive alcohol consumption over a long period of time. It is characterized by fatty degeneration of liver cells, inflammation, and fibrosis (scarring). The condition can progress to cirrhosis if left untreated.
The term "alcoholic hepatitis" does not refer only to alcohol-related liver disease but also includes other conditions such as fatty liver disease caused by excessive alcohol consumption.
Causes: The exact cause of alcoholic hepatitis is not fully understood, but it is believed that long-term heavy drinking can damage liver cells and lead to inflammation.
Symptoms: Symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis can range from mild to severe and include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).
Diagnosis: Diagnosis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scans.
Treatment: Treatment for alcoholic hepatitis typically involves stopping drinking altogether, nutritional support, and medication to manage symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat complications.
Prevention: Preventing alcoholic hepatitis involves avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and seeking medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
Prognosis: The prognosis for alcoholic hepatitis depends on the severity of the condition and how well the individual responds to treatment. In severe cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.
There are several risk factors for developing HCC, including:
* Cirrhosis, which can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis B and C), or fatty liver disease
* Family history of liver disease
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Diabetes
* Obesity
HCC can be challenging to diagnose, as the symptoms are non-specific and can be similar to those of other conditions. However, some common symptoms of HCC include:
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Weight loss
If HCC is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:
* Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, to look for tumors in the liver
* Blood tests to check for liver function and detect certain substances that are produced by the liver
* Biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the liver to examine under a microscope
Once HCC is diagnosed, treatment options will depend on several factors, including the stage and location of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and their personal preferences. Treatment options may include:
* Surgery to remove the tumor or parts of the liver
* Ablation, which involves destroying the cancer cells using heat or cold
* Chemoembolization, which involves injecting chemotherapy drugs into the hepatic artery to reach the cancer cells
* Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of the cancer
Overall, the prognosis for HCC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20%. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. It is important for individuals at high risk for HCC to be monitored regularly by a healthcare provider, and to seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms.
Liver neoplasms, also known as liver tumors or hepatic tumors, are abnormal growths of tissue in the liver. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant liver tumors can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or metastatic, meaning they spread to the liver from another part of the body.
There are several types of liver neoplasms, including:
1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and arises from the main cells of the liver (hepatocytes). HCC is often associated with cirrhosis and can be caused by viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the cells lining the bile ducts within the liver (cholangiocytes). Cholangiocarcinoma is rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
3. Hemangiosarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the blood vessels of the liver. It is most commonly seen in dogs but can also occur in humans.
4. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the liver (fibrocytes). Fibromas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
5. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells of the liver (hepatocytes). Adenomas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
The symptoms of liver neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and whether they are benign or malignant. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.
Treatment options for liver neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery may be an option for some patients with small, localized tumors, while others may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery can be performed. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.
Prognosis for liver neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while advanced-stage disease is associated with a poorer prognosis.
Chronic hepatitis D can cause inflammation and damage to the liver, leading to scarring and cirrhosis. It can also increase the risk of developing liver cancer. Treatment options for chronic hepatitis D are limited and may include antiviral medications, pegylated interferon, and liver transplantation in severe cases.
Prevention of chronic hepatitis D primarily involves avoiding exposure to HBV, which is the primary risk factor for HDV infection. This can be achieved through vaccination against HBV, safe sex practices, and avoiding sharing of needles or other injection equipment.
Examples of acute diseases include:
1. Common cold and flu
2. Pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
4. Heart attacks and strokes
5. Asthma attacks and allergic reactions
6. Skin infections and cellulitis
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Sinusitis and meningitis
9. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
10. Sprains, strains, and fractures.
Acute diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other therapies. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic conditions or complications that may require long-term care. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
Breakthrough infection
Hep G2
Baruch Samuel Blumberg
CCDC85B
Gold nanoparticles in chemotherapy
HBcAg
WHSC2
Irving Millman
Ground glass hepatocyte
Vaccine
Autoimmune hypophysitis
Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1
SEPSECS
Vaccine-naive
Nephrotic syndrome
Hepatitis A and typhoid vaccine
HLA A1-B8-DR3-DQ2
Heterozygote advantage
Hepatitis A virus internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
Hepatitis B virus precore mutant
Johnson & Johnson
HBsAg
Hepatitis C virus
Riccardo Cortese
Hepatitis A vaccine
Cross-reactivity
Sheila Sherlock
HLA-DR2
Francis V. Chisari
2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak
HSPA1B
Interferon
Rituximab
Aflatoxin B1
Robert Huebner
Pembrolizumab
Barrie Marmion
CD96
Lichen planus
Liver support system
Lokori
Polyarteritis nodosa
Telomerase
Alkaline phosphatase
Primary effusion lymphoma
Helper dependent virus
Caliciviridae
Vaccine hesitancy
Homocitrulline
Hepatitis C and HIV coinfection
Diffuse proliferative nephritis
Todd M. Allen
Tibor J. Greenwalt
Cold sensitive antibodies
Cholestasis
Spleen
NEDD9
Pestivirus
Systematic review and meta-analysis of immune response of double dose of hepatitis B vaccination in HIV-infected patients -...
Appendix C: Identification and Management of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg)--Positive Persons
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HBsAg29
- Mutations that occur within the immunodominant epitopes of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) allow mutant virus to propagate in the presence of a neutralizing immune response, while wild-type virus is reduced to undetectable levels. (cdc.gov)
- An understanding of immunoassay reactivity with HBsAg mutants is key to establishing an appropriate testing algorithm for hepatitis B virus detection programs. (cdc.gov)
- This article addresses recent information concerning the emergence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) mutants, their impact on viral antigen presentation, latest prevalence data, and discussion of the issues associated with detection of mutants in healthcare settings. (cdc.gov)
- Detection of human antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by an enzyme-immunoassay for HBsAg. (nih.gov)
- After years of living with "inactive' chronic hepatitis B-with low viral load and no signs of liver damage-some patients may finally lose the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and even develop surface antibodies. (hepb.org)
- About 1 to 3 percent of people with chronic hepatitis B lose HBsAg each year, and about half of all people with chronic infections who live up to age 75 will lose HBsAg, depending on the amount of HBV DNA in their blood. (hepb.org)
- Another report found that people with the hepatitis B strain or genotype C have higher rates of clearing HBsAg over time than those with genotype B. (hepb.org)
- Over a 6-month period in 2007/08 all samples from a blood bank in Alexandria, Egypt (n = 3420) were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies. (who.int)
- Since the 1960s, hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) has been the hallmark of HBV infection with concentrations reaching several hundred micrograms per millilitre. (bmj.com)
- This study examined the prevalence of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity and associated risk factors among people aged 25 years and over in an organized national screening campaign. (biomedcentral.com)
- This article analyzed the prevalence and risk factors of HBsAg seropositivity among people who participated in a national hepatitis screening campaign in Rwanda. (biomedcentral.com)
- Labeling of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) synthesized in a HBsAg-producing hepatoma cell line. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- A phage with high affinity for hepatitis B surface antigen for the detection of HBsAg. (nih.gov)
- Serum or plasma samples were evaluated for levels of HBV DNA , HBsAg , hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg), and HBV RNA . (bvsalud.org)
- We determined the serum level of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBsAg) in 273 randomly selected 7-9-year-old schoolchildren from Zanjan City, Islamic Republic of Iran, who had been fully vaccinated against hepatitis B starting at birth. (who.int)
- Currently, the important question is how much its use supplements hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) donor screening in preventing transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. (nih.gov)
- CONCLUSION: Some 33 to 50 percent of cases of hepatitis B that could be transmitted by transfusion of blood from HBsAg-negative donors are prevented by anti-HBc screening. (nih.gov)
- Point-of-care tests for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) could be an ideal tool for a large-scale HBV screening/treatment program in SSA. (pasteur.fr)
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) test is used to determine the presence of Hepatitis B viral infection by measuring the amount of HBsAg in the blood. (sewaswasth.com)
- HBsAg test detects the presence or absence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) in the blood. (sewaswasth.com)
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) is present on the surface of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). (sewaswasth.com)
- HBsAg is present in the blood of patients with viral hepatitis B (with or without clinical symptoms). (sewaswasth.com)
- A "Reactive" or "Positive" HBsAg test result means that the person is infected with Hepatitis B virus. (sewaswasth.com)
- A "Non-reactive" or "Negative" HBsAg test result means that the person is not infected with Hepatitis B virus. (sewaswasth.com)
- SD Bioline HBsAg Test HBsAg atau Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBV) dilakukan sebagai salah satu cara untuk mendeteksi penyakit Hepatitis B. (alkes123.com)
- SD Bioline HBsAg Test HBsAg atau Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBV) HBsAg Test Cepat hepatitis dimaksudkan untuk penggunaan profesional sebagai bantuan dalam diagnosis hepatitis B. Tes HBsAg (Hepatitis B Surface Antigen) dilakukan sebagai salah satu cara untuk mendeteksi penyakit Hepatitis B. SD BIOLINE HBsAg dapat mengidentifikasi HBsAg dalam plasma atau spesimen serum dengan tingkat sensitivitas yang tinggi. (alkes123.com)
- SD Bioline HBsAg Test HBsAg atau Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBV), SD BIOLINE HBsAg WB dapat mengidentifikasi HBsAg dalam serum, plasma atau spesimen darah lengkap dengan tingkat sensitivitas yang tinggi. (alkes123.com)
- SD Bioline HBsAg Alat Test Hepatitis Device Murah, Hepatitis Products & Services SD Bioline HbsAg, SD BIOLINE HBsAg WB adalah in vitroimmunochromatographic, Test HBsAg Hepatitis B Surface Antigen dilakukan sebagai salah satu cara untuk mendeteksi penyakit Hepatitis B, can identify HBsAg in plasma. (alkes123.com)
- Immunohistochemical staining is positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg. (medscape.com)
Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen2
HBeAg3
- Filaments and spherical particles are produced in large excess in highly viraemic hepatitis B 'e' antigen (HBeAg)-positive carriers. (bmj.com)
- Detection of HBeAg and anti-HBe in acute hepatitis B by a sensitive radioimmunoassay. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The invention relates to recombinant chimeric rabbit/human monoclonal antibody fragments (Fabs) against hepatitis B Virus e-antigen (HBeAg), notably Fab me6. (nih.gov)
Prevalence5
- Over the past decade, the importance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutants has made a transition from an academic phenomenon of unknown prevalence to a factor for consideration during disease diagnosis. (cdc.gov)
- The prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B antigen, detectable by radioimmunoassay, was found to be no higher among 58 long-term household contacts of multiply transfused haemophiliacs than among 100 randomly chosen blood donors. (bmj.com)
- Globally, an estimated 257 million people were living with chronic hepatitis B infection (HBV) in 2015, and the global prevalence of HBV infection in the general population was 3.5% [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The prevalence of infection for at least 15 years, that antibody hepatitis B carriers varies in different parts levels decrease the most among persons of the world, ranging from less than 1% to immunized at 4 years of age or younger, and 15% [ 2 ]. (who.int)
- The aim of this study was to estimate the Sero- prevalence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen and associated factors among women of reproductive age in Bench Maji Zone, South West Ethiopia . (bvsalud.org)
Infected with hepatitis virus1
- Open Forum Infect Dis 2015;2(3)[3] Hepatitis C guidance: AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating adults infected with hepatitis virus. (natap.org)
Antibodies to hepatitis2
Surface antigens1
- Negative hepatitis b surface antigens are usually accompanied by HBV DNA and E antigens becoming negative, and hepatitis B has fully recovered after this. (udianinfo.com)
HBcAg2
Virus infection5
- Those who have received hepatitis B vaccine or have been infected with hepatitis B virus and have recovered completely may have surface antibody positive, yet those with chronic hepatitis B virus infection appear to be hepatitis b surface antigen and core antibody continue to be positive, and there may be E antigen or E antibody positive at the same time. (udianinfo.com)
- Hepatitis b surface antigen is an important indicator of hepatitis B virus infection and an important evaluation indicator of patients after treatment. (udianinfo.com)
- Its becoming negative is the ultimate goal of treatment for hepatitis B patients, which means that the virus infection is completely eliminated. (udianinfo.com)
- In developing countries, Hepatitis A virus infection commonly occurs in children and is associated with poor sanitation and low socio-economic status. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
- Hepatitis B virus infection is one of the leading causes of liver diseases which occurs worldwide particularly in developing countries . (bvsalud.org)
Virology1
- When evaluating the antiviral efficacy, a hepatitis B virology test is required. (udianinfo.com)
Subtype1
- We evaluated the sensitivity of each test, including ALT, for the diagnosis of acute hepatitis C. HCV subtype was determined for each patient. (natap.org)
Vaccine10
- Unvaccinated sex partners and household and needle-sharing contacts should be tested for susceptibility to HBV infection (see Appendix A, Prevaccination Serologic Testing for Susceptibility) and should receive the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine immediately after collection of blood for serologic testing. (cdc.gov)
- Hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen particles (sAg) isolated from sera were used as the first HBV vaccine, and may be developed into a platform to display designed antigens. (nih.gov)
- Our results suggest that human sAg particles might not have strict symmetry to which the constituent sAg molecules are organized, yet this may be developed into a strength for vaccine design in that particles of varied diameters and antigen spacings are generated from a single nanoparticle platform. (nih.gov)
- In 1991, the World at least 6-8 years before with 3 doses of Health Organization (WHO) recommended hepatitis B vaccine starting at birth to that hepatitis B vaccination be included provide information on the effect of the in national immunization programmes in immunization strategy for hepatitis B and countries with a hepatitis B surface antigen the need for booster doses. (who.int)
- Hepatitis B infection is vaccine preventable. (medscape.com)
- The older, three-dose hepatitis B vaccine preparations are more than 90% protective. (medscape.com)
- A new triple-target hepatitis B vaccine, PreHevbrio, was FDA-approved in December 2021. (medscape.com)
- The hepatitis B vaccine first became available in 1982. (medscape.com)
- This year celebrates the 40th anniversary of hepatitis B vaccine recommendations in the United States. (medscape.com)
- Instead, ACIP voted and approved hepatitis B vaccine universally for those up to age 60. (medscape.com)
Abstract1
- ABSTRACT The duration of protection after hepatitis B vaccination in children is unknown. (who.int)
Detection of hepatitis2
- Enzyme immunoassay for the detection of hepatitis B virus core antigen. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Validation of rapid point-of-care (POC) tests for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in field and laboratory settings in the Gambia, Western Africa. (pasteur.fr)
Infections6
- Hepatitis viruses constitute a major public health problem because of the morbidity and mortality associated with the acute and chronic consequences of these infections. (cdc.gov)
- NHANES testing for markers of infection with hepatitis viruses will be used to determine secular trends in infection rates across most age and racial/ethnic groups, and will provide a national picture of the epidemiologic determinants of these infections. (cdc.gov)
- Hepatitis B and C virus infections are common serious complications of blood transfusion. (who.int)
- 14 patients were diagnosed with HCV including 1 co-infected with HIV, risk factors: chemsex, condomless receptive anal sex, fisting, presence of sexually transmitted infections, authors recommend using HCV antigen immunoassay & plasma HCV RNA test as they showed positivity when patients were symptomatic & before the detection of antibodies & ALT elevations. (natap.org)
- References [1] Urbanus et al.Trends in hepatitis C virus infections among MSM attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic;1995-2010. (natap.org)
- Universal adult hepatitis B vaccination could decrease infections, prevent transmission, and reduce health disparities. (medscape.com)
Core11
- According to medical guidelines, all oncologists and other specialists who use these powerful drugs are supposed to test all their patients for hepatitis B and carefully monitor anyone who had hepatitis B in the past, which is indicated by a positive test for the hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc). (hepb.org)
- Elecsys uses dual detection of HCV core antigen and antibodies. (biopharminternational.com)
- According to the release, this allows it to enable significantly earlier diagnosis of active infection relative to antibody-only assays, as core antigen appears early in an infection and is a marker of ongoing viral replication. (biopharminternational.com)
- Cells cultured in vitro are known to produce the virus surface antigen but not the other structural virus proteins, the core and the e antigen. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- It is shown here that expression of the core antigen gene was inducible by growing the cells as a nude mouse tumour. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The buoyant density in CsCl (1.31 to 1.32 g/ml) of core or e antigen produced in the tumours was very similar to that of virus core particles. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Expression of the core antigen gene was shut off by culture in vitro of core or e antigen-producing nude mouse tumour cells and induced again by subsequent passage of cells in the nude mouse. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The experimental system thus allows studies on the regulation of expression of the core antigen gene. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The conversion of hepatitis B core antigen synthesized in E . coli into e antigen. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Intrahepatic quantification of HBV antigens in chronic hepatitis B reveals heterogeneity and treatment-mediated reductions in HBV core-positive cells. (bvsalud.org)
- Structures of Hepatitis B Virus Core- and e-Antigen Immune Complexes Suggest Multi-point Inhibition. (nih.gov)
Recombinant1
- Isolation, characterization, and comparison of recombinant DNAs derived from genomes of human hepatitis B virus and woodchuck hepatitis virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Assays2
- This assay was at least 20-100 times more sensitive in the detection of HBV antigen than conventional enzyme-linked immune-absorbent assays (ELISA). (nih.gov)
- Chimeric rabbit/human Fab antibodies against the hepatitis Be-antigen and their potential applications in assays, characterization, and therapy. (nih.gov)
Monoclonal antibody1
- Mouse monoclonal antibody specific for Hepatitis A virus (1885). (thenativeantigencompany.com)
Seroprevalence1
- Despite the introduction of universal HBV vaccination and effective antiviral therapy, the estimated overall seroprevalence of HBV surface antigen remains high in Africa at 6.1% [ 6 ] and the Western Pacific regions (6.2%) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Serum hepatitis2
Vitro1
- Transforming growth factor β contributed to antigen-specific Treg expansion in vitro, suggesting that it may contribute to antigen-specific Treg expansion in vivo. (elsevier.com)
Heterogeneity1
- We applied quantitative techniques to liver biopsies from individuals with chronic hepatitis B and evaluated sampling heterogeneity, effects of disease stage, and nucleos(t)ide (NUC) treatment , and correlations between liver and peripheral viral biomarkers . (bvsalud.org)
Vaccination7
- 8%). During delivery of recommended hepatitis B vaccination services (e.g. (cdc.gov)
- It has been reported that when hepatitis services is good throughout the territory, B vaccination is initiated at birth, there and vaccinations are delivered through local is an increased likelihood that the child health districts which are able to reach the will complete the series [ 8,9 ] hence an whole population. (who.int)
- The topic: the new hepatitis B vaccination recommendations for 2022. (medscape.com)
- Universal childhood hepatitis B vaccination has been a success. (medscape.com)
- This led the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) to consider whether all unvaccinated adults should receive hepatitis B vaccination. (medscape.com)
- ACIP's Hepatitis B Workgroup Committee reviewed available data, and their preferred suggestion was for universal vaccination, meaning that all adults previously unvaccinated for hepatitis B should receive hepatitis B vaccination. (medscape.com)
- ACIP did not accept the workgroup suggestion of universal hepatitis B vaccination on face value. (medscape.com)
Liver cirrhosis1
- In some cases uncontrolled levels of Hep B infection can lead to chronic hepatitis infection and liver cirrhosis. (sewaswasth.com)
Acute hepatitis5
- HCV RNA and Antigen Detection for Diagnosis of Acute Hepatitis C Among MSM on PreP. (natap.org)
- Our aim was to assess the sensitivity of the different tests for early diagnosis of acute hepatitis C in high risk MSM. (natap.org)
- Patients with chronic active hepatitis, especially during the replicative state, may have symptoms similar to those of acute hepatitis. (medscape.com)
- Each year, more than 20,000 people in the United States contract acute hepatitis B, with healthcare costs of more than a billion dollars. (medscape.com)
- As a result, acute hepatitis B is on the path to complete elimination for those aged 29 years or older, but many older adults still remain unprotected. (medscape.com)
Deoxyribonucleic acid1
- The test content includes five hepatitis B indicators and viral deoxyribonucleic acid (HBV DNA). (udianinfo.com)
Diagnostics1
- With improved hepatitis screening, healthcare systems have the opportunity to eliminate the disease through improved prevention, testing, and treatment services,'' said Thomas Schinecker, CEO, Roche Diagnostics, in the press release. (biopharminternational.com)
Hepatic2
- IMSEAR at SEARO: Australia antigen in viral hepatitis and hepatic cirrhosis. (who.int)
- The physical examination findings in hepatitis B disease vary from minimal to impressive (in patients with hepatic decompensation), according to the stage of the disease. (medscape.com)
Fulminant1
- Co-infection with hepatitis D virus (HDV) in persons with acute or chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can lead to fulminant hepatitis. (cdc.gov)
Chronic hepatitis12
- Persons with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are at high risk for chronic liver disease and are a major reservoir of HBV infection. (cdc.gov)
- Chronic hepatitis B infection is a global health problem affecting more than 350 million people worldwide. (bmj.com)
- Immunocompromised patients and infants are more prone to develop severe symptoms of chronic hepatitis. (sewaswasth.com)
- If a person tests "positive," then further testing is required to determine if this is a new "acute" infection or a "chronic" Hepatitis B infection or chronic HBV carrier state. (sewaswasth.com)
- The fundamental treatment for chronic hepatitis B is antiviral. (udianinfo.com)
- Clinically, we can divide chronic hepatitis B into two categories, one is E antigen positive chronic hepatitis B, and the other is E antigen negative chronic hepatitis B. The E antigen is an indicator of active virus replication and strong infectivity. (udianinfo.com)
- Hepatitis b surface antigen change is the ultimate goal of treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B. Due to the intractability of hepatitis B virus and the limitations of drug treatment, very few patients can achieve this goal. (udianinfo.com)
- Hepatitis B. Under higher-power magnification, ground-glass cells may be visible in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. (medscape.com)
- Patients with chronic hepatitis B infection can be immune tolerant or have an inactive chronic infection without any evidence of active disease, and they are also asymptomatic. (medscape.com)
- Hepatitis B can lead to chronic hepatitis infection and liver cancer , and 15%-25% of those infected will die prematurely of cirrhosis or liver cancer. (medscape.com)
- Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is a new prodrug of tenofovir developed to treat patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection at a lower dose than tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) through more efficient delivery of tenofovir to hepatocytes. (nih.gov)
- At week 96 of two ongoing studies comparing the efficacy and safety of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B patients, TAF continues to be as effective as TDF with continued improved renal and bone safety. (nih.gov)
Viruses2
- In addition, NHANES provides the means to better define the epidemiology of other hepatitis viruses. (cdc.gov)
- Hepatitis B virus is one of the five main hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E and is the causative agent of Hepatitis B (infection in the liver). (sewaswasth.com)
Humans1
- Humans are a natural reservoir for hepatitis A virus. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
Immunization3
- New immunization strategies have been developed to eliminate the spread of HBV and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- Practices (ACIP), is the introduction of study carried out from February 2003 to hepatitis B immunization at birth [ 5,6 ]. (who.int)
- The study group consisted of 135 healthy infants who had been immunized with hepatitis B (HBV), 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate (PCV7), and diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccines according to standard child hood immunization schedules. (cdc.gov)
Viral load1
- In patients with a positive EIA, we used stored sera to perform the following tests at the date of diagnosis and at previous visits (until HCV RNA was negative): antibodies (EIA 3thG ARCHITECT Anti-HCV, Abbott), rapid tests for detection of HCV antibodies (OraQuick® and Toyo®), plasma HCV RNA (AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® HCV Test, Roche and Xpert® HCV Viral Load, Cepheid), and the antigen immunoassay (EIA ARCHITECT HCV Ag®, Abbott). (natap.org)
Proteins1
- The proteins of hepatitis B Dane particle cores. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Expression3
- Integration of hepatitis B virus sequences and their expression in a human hepatoma cell. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Patterns of liver HBV antigen expression have been described but not quantified at single- cell resolution. (bvsalud.org)
- Detection of FoxP3 expression in non-HCV-specific CD4 T cells suggests that immune regulation through antigen-specific Treg induction extends beyond HCV. (elsevier.com)
Body fluids2
- Hep B virus spreads mainly through body fluids or unsafe sexual intercourse. (sewaswasth.com)
- The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is commonly transmitted via body fluids such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. (medscape.com)
Epidemiology1
- The epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the general population in Rwanda is not well known. (biomedcentral.com)
Characterization1
- Characterization of integrated hepatitis B viral DNA cloned from a human hepatoma and the hepatoma-derived cell line PLC/PRF/5. (microbiologyresearch.org)
20221
- Roche launched its Elecsys HCV Duo immunoassay (Elecsys) in July 2022, which is the first available immunoassay that allows for the simultaneous, independent determination of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigen and antibody status from a single human or serum sample, according to the company in a July 18, 2022 press release. (biopharminternational.com)
Hepatocellular3
- 1 Prolonged liver inflammation caused by active infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) may result in progression to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma and death. (bmj.com)
- The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of hepatitis B are due to the interaction of the virus and the host immune system, which leads to liver injury and, potentially, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (medscape.com)
- The primary treatment goals for patients with hepatitis B infection are to prevent progression of the disease, particularly to cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (medscape.com)
Patients6
- Hepatitis B viral mutants can emerge in patients as a result of selection pressure from either immune response or treatment options. (cdc.gov)
- The launch of this innovative dual antigen and antibody diagnostic test underlines our commitment to support clinicians and their patients in reducing the impact of infectious diseases, where it's needed most. (biopharminternational.com)
- The HCV antigen immunoassay and plasma HCV RNA test were positive within a median of 2 months before the detection of antibodies and ALT elevation, when patients were asymptomatic. (natap.org)
- To screen for Hepatitis B infection in individuals who are at risk of acquiring infection like IV drug users, sex workers, hemodialysis patients, prisoners, etc. (sewaswasth.com)
- Hepatitis B becomes negative is a general concern of clinicians, patients and their relatives. (udianinfo.com)
- For the first type of patients, when the E antigen becomes from positive to negative and the E antibody becomes from negative to positive at the same time. (udianinfo.com)
Vaccines4
- Editor's Note: This report has been updated to reflect information on hepatitis B vaccines that became available after the video was recorded. (medscape.com)
- Other available hepatitis B vaccines contain just one antigen. (medscape.com)
- Like the older hepatitis B vaccines, the adjuvant used in PreHevbrio is aluminum hydroxide . (medscape.com)
- Other hepatitis vaccines are yeast-based. (medscape.com)
Doses1
- It requires three doses in a series and contains three hepatitis B antigens. (medscape.com)
Africa1
- Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). (pasteur.fr)
Replication1
- Replication of the hepatitis B virion is, therefore, the sole requirement for generating these nucleotide mismatch sequences. (cdc.gov)
Immune2
- Tell all of your current and future doctors you've had hepatitis B, and beware of immune-suppressing drugs used to treat various cancers and rheumatoid arthritis. (hepb.org)
- Study data for this triple-antigen version suggest high rates of seroprotection in adults, as well as immune response in key high-risk groups, including people with end-stage renal disease and HIV , and also in low and nonresponders. (medscape.com)
Healthcare2
- To screen for Hepatitis B infection following accidental exposure to HBV e.g. in healthcare workers. (sewaswasth.com)
- Hepatitis B infection is a worldwide healthcare problem, especially in developing areas. (medscape.com)
Therapeutic1
- furthermore, it can also be fully humanized and has potential for anti-hepatitis B virus therapeutic interventions. (nih.gov)