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Hepatitis BHepatitis CHepatitis AAntibodiesHepatitis B virusHepatitis B Surface AntigensHepatitisAntibody SpecificityAntibodies, ViralHepatitis C, ChronicHepatitis B, ChronicHepatitis, Viral, HumanHepatitis B AntibodiesHepatitis A virusHepatitis B VaccinesAntibodies, MonoclonalAntibodies, BacterialHepatitis, ChronicHepatitis B Core AntigensHepatitis A VaccinesHepacivirusHepatitis C AntibodiesHepatitis AntibodiesHepatitis B e AntigensHepatitis B AntigensAntibody FormationAntibodies, NeutralizingHepatitis EHepatitis E virusHepatitis A AntibodiesHepatitis, AutoimmuneHepatitis, Viral, AnimalHepatitis A Virus, HumanHepatitis VirusesHepatitis Delta VirusHepatitis DHepatitis, AnimalAntibody AffinityViral Hepatitis VaccinesFluorescent Antibody TechniqueAntiviral AgentsAntibodies, Anti-IdiotypicBinding Sites, AntibodyEpitopesMolecular Sequence DataMurine hepatitis virusHepatovirusHepatitis C AntigensHIV AntibodiesRNA, ViralAntibodies, AntinuclearAntibodies, NeoplasmAntibodies, ProtozoanImmunoglobulin MCross ReactionsInterferon-alphaLiver CirrhosisHepatitis A AntigensAmino Acid SequenceHepatitis delta AntigensHepatitis AntigensLiverAutoantibodiesHepatitis, AlcoholicRibavirinDNA, ViralSeroepidemiologic StudiesHepatitis B Virus, DuckAlanine TransaminaseRecombinant ProteinsViral Nonstructural ProteinsNeutralization TestsCarcinoma, HepatocellularImmunoglobulin GBase SequenceCell LineAntibodies, FungalMice, Inbred BALB CHepatitis B Virus, WoodchuckLiver NeoplasmsAntigen-Antibody ReactionsVirus ReplicationAntigen-Antibody ComplexEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayAntibodies, BispecificViral Core ProteinsPolyethylene GlycolsSingle-Chain AntibodiesGenotypeAntibodies, BlockingLamivudineImmunoglobulin Fab FragmentsImmunoenzyme TechniquesHepatitis D, ChronicVaccinationAntigens, ViralViral Envelope ProteinsImmunizationAntibodies, HeterophileFluorescent Antibody Technique, IndirectEpitope MappingRabbitsAntibodies, CatalyticMarmotaBlood DonorsImmune SeraImmunoglobulin ATime FactorsCarrier StateViral LoadLiver TransplantationPolymerase Chain ReactionHybridomasAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedRadioimmunoassayImmunization, PassiveImmunoassayAcute DiseasePrevalenceGenome, ViralCells, CulturedAntigensHepatocytesBlotting, WesternPan troglodytesAntibodies, AntiphospholipidSerologic TestsSensitivity and SpecificityFlaviviridaeImmunohistochemistryImmunoblottingLiver DiseasesAntigens, SurfaceImmunoglobulinsT-LymphocytesLiver Function TestsHIV InfectionsDrug Therapy, CombinationComplement Fixation TestsAntigens, BacterialB-LymphocytesMolecular WeightViral ProteinsHemagglutination TestsChronic DiseaseMutationImmunoglobulin FragmentsRisk FactorsElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelTreatment OutcomeSubstance Abuse, IntravenousJaundiceBiopsyDucksAspartate AminotransferasesInterferonsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsCloning, MolecularDrug-Induced Liver InjuryFlow CytometryRepliconCryoglobulinemiaViremiaImmunologic TechniquesMice, Inbred C57BLVaccines, SyntheticHemagglutination Inhibition TestsProtein BindingBlood TransfusionImmunoglobulin Variable RegionBiological MarkersRetrospective StudiesTumor Cells, CulturedImmunodiffusionAntibodies, Antineutrophil CytoplasmicAntigens, CD81GlycoproteinsAutoimmune DiseasesImmunoglobulin IdiotypesAntigens, NeoplasmOrganophosphonatesPeptidesSpecies SpecificityPeptide FragmentsImmunosorbent TechniquesAntibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-DerivedTransfectionPeptide LibraryRecurrenceLiver FailureCattleAntigens, CDPhylogenyBinding, CompetitiveDrug Resistance, ViralSpleenCell Line, TumorCoinfectionAutoantigensImmunoglobulin IsotypesVirion
Hepatitis B: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.Hepatitis C: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.Hepatitis A: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).Hepatitis B virus: The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.Hepatitis B Surface Antigens: Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.Hepatitis: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.Antibody Specificity: The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.Antibodies, Viral: Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.Hepatitis C, Chronic: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.Hepatitis B, Chronic: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.Hepatitis, Viral, Human: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).Hepatitis B Antibodies: Antibodies to the HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the "e" antigens.Hepatitis A virus: A species in the genus HEPATOVIRUS containing one serotype and two strains: HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS and Simian hepatitis A virus causing hepatitis in humans (HEPATITIS A) and primates, respectively.Hepatitis B Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Antibodies, Bacterial: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.Hepatitis, Chronic: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.Hepatitis B Core Antigens: The hepatitis B antigen within the core of the Dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion.Hepatitis A Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with hepatitis A virus (HEPATOVIRUS).Hepacivirus: A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.Hepatitis C Antibodies: Antibodies to the HEPATITIS C ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.Hepatitis Antibodies: Immunoglobulins raised by any form of viral hepatitis; some of these antibodies are used to diagnose the specific kind of hepatitis.Hepatitis B e Antigens: A closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis B or in virulent chronic hepatitis B, probably indicating active virus replication; there are three subtypes which may exist in a complex with immunoglobulins G.Hepatitis B Antigens: Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS.Antibody Formation: The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.Antibodies, Neutralizing: Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.Hepatitis E: Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.Hepatitis E virus: A positive-stranded RNA virus species in the genus HEPEVIRUS, causing enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (HEPATITIS E).Hepatitis A Antibodies: Antibodies to the HEPATITIS A ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.Hepatitis, Autoimmune: A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.Hepatitis, Viral, Animal: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.Hepatitis A Virus, Human: A strain of HEPATITIS A VIRUS which causes hepatitis in humans. The virus replicates in hepatocytes and is presumed to reach the intestine via the bile duct. Transmission occurs by the fecal-oral route.Hepatitis Viruses: Any of the viruses that cause inflammation of the liver. They include both DNA and RNA viruses as well viruses from humans and animals.Hepatitis Delta Virus: A defective virus, containing particles of RNA nucleoprotein in virion-like form, present in patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis. It requires the presence of a hepadnavirus for full replication. This is the lone species in the genus Deltavirus.Hepatitis D: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.Hepatitis, Animal: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.Antibody Affinity: A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes.Viral Hepatitis Vaccines: Any vaccine raised against any virus or viral derivative that causes hepatitis.Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic: Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies.Binding Sites, Antibody: Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens (EPITOPES.) They are formed from parts of the variable regions of FAB FRAGMENTS.Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Murine hepatitis virus: A species of the CORONAVIRUS genus causing hepatitis in mice. Four strains have been identified as MHV 1, MHV 2, MHV 3, and MHV 4 (also known as MHV-JHM, which is neurotropic and causes disseminated encephalomyelitis with demyelination as well as focal liver necrosis).Hepatovirus: A genus of PICORNAVIRIDAE causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. HEPATITIS A VIRUS is the type species.Hepatitis C Antigens: Antigens of the virions of HEPACIVIRUS, their surface, core, or other associated antigens.HIV Antibodies: Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS.RNA, Viral: Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.Antibodies, Antinuclear: Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.Antibodies, Neoplasm: Immunoglobulins induced by antigens specific for tumors other than the normally occurring HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS.Antibodies, Protozoan: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.Immunoglobulin M: A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.Cross Reactions: Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.Hepatitis A Antigens: Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS A VIRUS such as the human hepatitis A virus (HEPATITIS A VIRUS, HUMAN).Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Hepatitis delta Antigens: Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS D VIRUS.Hepatitis Antigens: Antigens from any of the hepatitis viruses including surface, core, and other associated antigens.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.Hepatitis, Alcoholic: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.Ribavirin: A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.DNA, Viral: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.Seroepidemiologic Studies: EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.Hepatitis B Virus, Duck: A DNA virus that closely resembles human hepatitis B virus. It has been recovered from naturally infected ducks.Alanine Transaminase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Viral Nonstructural Proteins: Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.Neutralization Tests: The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).Carcinoma, Hepatocellular: A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.Immunoglobulin G: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Antibodies, Fungal: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to FUNGAL ANTIGENS.Mice, Inbred BALB CHepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck: An ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS causing chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchucks. It closely resembles the human hepatitis B virus.Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.Antigen-Antibody Reactions: The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Antibodies, Bispecific: Antibodies, often monoclonal, in which the two antigen-binding sites are specific for separate ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS. They are artificial antibodies produced by chemical crosslinking, fusion of HYBRIDOMA cells, or by molecular genetic techniques. They function as the main mediators of targeted cellular cytotoxicity and have been shown to be efficient in the targeting of drugs, toxins, radiolabeled haptens, and effector cells to diseased tissue, primarily tumors.Viral Core Proteins: Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the NUCLEOCAPSID.Polyethylene Glycols: Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.Single-Chain Antibodies: A form of antibodies consisting only of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains (FV FRAGMENTS), connected by a small linker peptide. They are less immunogenic than complete immunoglobulin and thus have potential therapeutic use.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Antibodies, Blocking: Antibodies that inhibit the reaction between ANTIGEN and other antibodies or sensitized T-LYMPHOCYTES (e.g., antibodies of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN G class that compete with IGE antibodies for antigen, thereby blocking an allergic response). Blocking antibodies that bind tumors and prevent destruction of tumor cells by CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES have also been called enhancing antibodies. (Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)Lamivudine: A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and ZALCITABINE analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease.Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments: Univalent antigen-binding fragments composed of one entire IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN and the amino terminal end of one of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS from the hinge region, linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fab contains the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGIONS, which are part of the antigen-binding site, and the first IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONSTANT REGIONS. This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.Immunoenzyme Techniques: Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.Hepatitis D, Chronic: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS in conjunction with HEPATITIS B VIRUS and lasting six months or more.Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.Antigens, Viral: Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.Viral Envelope Proteins: Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).Antibodies, Heterophile: Antibodies elicited in a different species from which the antigen originated. These antibodies are directed against a wide variety of interspecies-specific antigens, the best known of which are Forssman, Hanganutziu-Deicher (H-D), and Paul-Bunnell (P-B). Incidence of antibodies to these antigens--i.e., the phenomenon of heterophile antibody response--is useful in the serodiagnosis, pathogenesis, and prognosis of infection and latent infectious states as well as in cancer classification.Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect: A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)Epitope Mapping: Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Antibodies, Catalytic: Antibodies that can catalyze a wide variety of chemical reactions. They are characterized by high substrate specificity and share many mechanistic features with enzymes.Marmota: A genus of Sciuridae consisting of 14 species. They are shortlegged, burrowing rodents which hibernate in winter.Blood DonorsImmune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.Immunoglobulin A: Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissible to another susceptible host.Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent cell.Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized: Antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with human antibodies. If the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. If only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. INN names for humanized antibodies end in -zumab.Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.Immunization, Passive: Transfer of immunity from immunized to non-immune host by administration of serum antibodies, or transplantation of lymphocytes (ADOPTIVE TRANSFER).Immunoassay: A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.Acute Disease: Disease having a short and relatively severe course.Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.Genome, Viral: The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Antigens: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Pan troglodytes: The common chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family HOMINIDAE. It lives in Africa, primarily in the tropical rainforests. There are a number of recognized subspecies.Antibodies, Antiphospholipid: Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. These antibodies are characteristically found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC;), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; related autoimmune diseases, some non-autoimmune diseases, and also in healthy individuals.Serologic Tests: Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Flaviviridae: A family of RNA viruses, many of which cause disease in humans and domestic animals. There are three genera FLAVIVIRUS; PESTIVIRUS; and HEPACIVIRUS, as well as several unassigned species.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Immunoblotting: Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.Liver Diseases: Pathological processes of the LIVER.Antigens, Surface: Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.Immunoglobulins: Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.T-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.Liver Function Tests: Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.HIV Infections: Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).Drug Therapy, Combination: Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.Complement Fixation Tests: Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.Antigens, Bacterial: Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.B-Lymphocytes: Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Viral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus.Hemagglutination Tests: Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Chronic Disease: Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Immunoglobulin Fragments: Partial immunoglobulin molecules resulting from selective cleavage by proteolytic enzymes or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Substance Abuse, Intravenous: Abuse, overuse, or misuse of a substance by its injection into a vein.Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.DucksAspartate Aminotransferases: Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.Interferons: Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Drug-Induced Liver Injury: A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.Replicon: Any DNA sequence capable of independent replication or a molecule that possesses a REPLICATION ORIGIN and which is therefore potentially capable of being replicated in a suitable cell. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Cryoglobulinemia: A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.Viremia: The presence of viruses in the blood.Immunologic Techniques: Techniques used to demonstrate or measure an immune response, and to identify or measure antigens using antibodies.Mice, Inbred C57BLVaccines, Synthetic: Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests: Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Blood Transfusion: The introduction of whole blood or blood component directly into the blood stream. (Dorland, 27th ed)Immunoglobulin Variable Region: That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. It is located at the N-terminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS) and framework regions.Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic: Autoantibodies directed against cytoplasmic constituents of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES and/or MONOCYTES. They are used as specific markers for GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS and other diseases, though their pathophysiological role is not clear. ANCA are routinely detected by indirect immunofluorescence with three different patterns: c-ANCA (cytoplasmic), p-ANCA (perinuclear), and atypical ANCA.Antigens, CD81: Tetraspanin proteins that are involved in a variety of cellular functions including BASEMENT MEMBRANE assembly, and in the formation of a molecular complexes on the surface of LYMPHOCYTES.Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.Autoimmune Diseases: Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.Immunoglobulin Idiotypes: Unique genetically-controlled determinants present on ANTIBODIES whose specificity is limited to a single group of proteins (e.g., another antibody molecule or an individual myeloma protein). The idiotype appears to represent the antigenicity of the antigen-binding site of the antibody and to be genetically codetermined with it. The idiotypic determinants have been precisely located to the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION of both immunoglobin polypeptide chains.Antigens, Neoplasm: Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.Organophosphonates: Carbon-containing phosphonic acid compounds. Included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either OXYGEN atom or the PHOSPHOROUS atom of the (P=O)O2 structure.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Immunosorbent Techniques: Techniques for removal by adsorption and subsequent elution of a specific antibody or antigen using an immunosorbent containing the homologous antigen or antibody.Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived: Antibodies obtained from a single clone of cells grown in mice or rats.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Peptide Library: A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.Liver Failure: Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Antigens, CD: Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Binding, Competitive: The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.Drug Resistance, Viral: The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation.Spleen: An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Coinfection: Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.Immunoglobulin Isotypes: The classes of immunoglobulins found in any species of animal. In man there are nine classes that migrate in five different groups in electrophoresis; they each consist of two light and two heavy protein chains, and each group has distinguishing structural and functional properties.Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.

The epidemiology of viral hepatitis in children in South Texas: increased prevalence of hepatitis A along the Texas-Mexico border. (1/165)

An initial retrospective study of 194 children demonstrated a high prevalence of hepatitis A but not hepatitis B or C infection among children living along the Texas-Mexico border. A larger prospective study of hepatitis A was conducted with 285 children (aged 6 months to 13 years) living in 3 sociodemographically dissimilar areas of South Texas. Children living in colonias along the border had a significantly higher prevalence of hepatitis A virus infection (37%) than children living in urban border communities (17%) or in a large metropolitan area (San Antonio [6%]). Independent risk factors for hepatitis A infection included increased age, colonia residence, and history of residence in a developing country. Use of bottled water (vs. municipal or spring/well water) and years of maternal secondary education were protective. Improved sanitation or routine hepatitis A vaccination in early childhood may reduce the prevalence of hepatitis A in these areas.  (+info)

Age distribution of Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence among young children in a United States/Mexico border community: evidence for transitory infection. (2/165)

Helicobacter pylori infection has been linked to a spectrum of gastroduodenal diseases of broad public health impact, yet the natural history of this frequently asymptomatic infection remains poorly understood. Evidence suggests that initial acquisition occurs primarily during childhood and may persist throughout life. The seroprevalence of H. pylori antibodies was examined in 365 primary schoolchildren aged 4-7 years in a low-income United States/Mexico border community from January to May 1996. Overall, 21% of the 365 children tested positive, with a significant monotonic decrease in seroprevalence by 1-year age intervals (36% in children aged 4 years, 24% in those aged 5 years, 20% in those aged 6 years, and 14% in those aged 7 years). The odds ratio for each 1-year age increase was 0.76 (95% confidence interval: 0.6, 1.0) after adjustment for relevant covariates. Given that H. pylori antibodies diminish after infection clears, this trend suggests that transient infection may be common in young children. In contrast, hepatitis A virus seroprevalence increased with age. There was a moderate association (odds ratio = 1.47, 95% confidence interval: 0.8, 2.9) of H. pylori with hepatitis A virus seroprevalence that weakened after adjustment for age and socioeconomic status (odds ratio = 1.26, 95% confidence interval: 0.6, 2.5). Follow-up studies are needed to clarify the natural history of Helicobacter pylori infection and identify predictors of initial acquisition, persistence, and recurrence.  (+info)

Hepatitis A incidence rate estimates from a pilot seroprevalence survey in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. (3/165)

BACKGROUND: To assess the impact of water sanitation and sewage disposal, part of a major environmental control programme in Rio de Janeiro, we carried out sero-prevalence studies for Hepatitis A virus (HAV) in three micro-regions in Rio de Janeiro. Each region varied with regard to level of sanitation. We are interested in assessing the discriminating power of age-specific prevalence curves for HAV as a proxy for improvement in sanitation. These curves will serve as baseline information to future planned surveys as the sanitation programme progresses. METHODS: Incidence rate curves from prevalence data are estimated parametrically via a Weibull-like survival function, and non-parametrically via maximum likelihood and monotonic splines. Sera collected from children and adults in the three areas are used to detect antibodies against HAV through ELISA. RESULTS: We compare baseline incidence curves at the three sites estimated by the three methods. We observe a strong negative correlation between level of sanitation and incidence rates for HAV infection. Incidence estimates yielded by the parametric and non-parametric approaches tend to agree at early ages in the microregion showing the best level of sanitation and to increasingly disagree in the other two. CONCLUSION: Our results support the choice of HAV as a sentinel disease that is associated with level of sanitation. We also introduce monotonic splines as a novel non-parametric approach to estimate incidence from prevalence data. This approach outperforms current estimating procedures.  (+info)

Lack of evidence for increased risk of hepatitis A infection in homosexual men. (4/165)

In 1997, prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection were evaluated in 146 homosexual and 286 heterosexual men attending a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Clinic in Rome, Italy. Total HAV antibody (anti-HAV) was detected in 60.3% of homosexuals and 62.2% of heterosexuals. After adjustment for the confounding effects of age, years of schooling, number of sexual partners, use of condoms, and history of STD, homosexuals were not found to be at increased risk of previous HAV exposure than heterosexuals (OR 1.1; 95% CI 0.7-1.9). Independent predictors of the likelihood of anti-HAV seropositivity among homosexuals and heterosexuals were: age older than 35 years and positive syphilis serology which is likely a proxy of lifestyles that increase the risk of faecal-oral infections. These findings do not support a higher risk in homosexual men but could suggest a role for the vaccination of susceptible patients attending STD clinics.  (+info)

Immunogenicity and safety of hepatitis A vaccine in liver and renal transplant recipients. (5/165)

Organ transplant recipients with chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection may be at increased risk of fulminant hepatitis A. Liver transplant (LTX) recipients, renal transplant (RTX) recipients, and healthy controls received 2 doses of hepatitis A vaccine 6 months apart. Anti-hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) seroconversion after the primary dose occurred in 41% of the LTX patients, 24% of the RTX patients, and 90% of the controls. After the booster dose, the respective rates were 97%, 72%, and 100% (P<.001). RTX patients also had significantly lower geometric mean titers (GMTs) of anti-HAV than LTX patients and controls. In the RTX group, the seroconversion rate and GMT were inversely associated with the number of immunosuppressive drugs received by the patients. The vaccine was well tolerated. Hepatitis A vaccine can be recommended to LTX and RTX patients, but the patients should receive a full course of 2 doses before imminent exposure.  (+info)

Hepatitis A in Latin America: a changing epidemiologic pattern. (6/165)

In a multicenter study, hepatitis A virus (HAV) seroprevalence was surveyed in six countries in Latin America in which in 12,000 subjects were stratified for age. The highest rates of seroprevalence were recorded in the Dominican Republic (89.0%) and Mexico (81.0%), with lower rates in Brazil (64.7%), Chile (58.1%), Venezuela (55.7%), and Argentina (55.0%). The seroprevalence of HAV in children between 1 and 5 years of age was less than 50%, except in the Dominican Republic. In the 5-10-year-old age group, seroprevalence rates have also decreased compared with previous reports. This suggests that the epidemiology is shifting from high to intermediate endemicity, with the population susceptible to HAV infection shifting from children to adolescents and adults. Furthermore, data from Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico show that HAV seroprevalence is significantly lower in people living in medium and high socioeconomic conditions. This study suggests the need for appropriate vaccination programs to be implemented targeting children, adolescents, and adults, particularly in higher socioeconomic groups.  (+info)

A ten year serological survey of hepatitis A, B and C viruses infections in Nepal. (7/165)

BACKGROUND: In 1987, we reported that the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Nepal was low, as compared to hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, and that no human T-lymphotropic type-1 (HTLV-1) infection was found in Nepal. OBJECTIVES: To determine changes in the prevalence of HAV, HBV, and HCV infections between 1987 and 1996 in inhabitants of Bhadrakali (suburban) and Kotyang (rural) villages in Nepal. STUDY DESIGN: We did a cross-sectional survey of 458 inhabitants of two Nepalese villages, to assess the prevalence of antibody to HAV (anti-HAV), antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HCV (anti-HCV), and antibody to HTLV-I (anti-HTLV-I). RESULTS: Anti-HAV was detected in 454 (99.1%), HBsAg in 5 (1.1%), anti-HBc in 33 (7.2%) and anti-HCV in 8 (1.7%) of serum samples tested in 1996. Statistically significant differences by gender or age group were nil. The prevalence of HCV infection was significantly higher in 1996 than in 1987 after adjusting for age of subjects living in the two villages (p < 0.01). The prevalence of HBsAg was significantly higher in 1996 than 1987 in Bhadrakali after adjusting for the factor of age (p < 0.05). Between 1987 and 1996, evidence for HTLV-1 positive residents was nil. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that HAV has been endemic in Nepal for long time while not of HBV, and that HCV infection tends to be increased recently.  (+info)

Prevalence of anti-hepatitis A antibodies in an urban middle class area of Argentina: some associated factors. (8/165)

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibodies in 360 middle-class subjects from Buenos Aires City and its outskirts. METHODS: The study population included 360 individuals between 10 and 89 years of age, from the socioeconomic middle class in Buenos Aires City and some suburban areas of Buenos Aires province. Antibodies to hepatitis A virus were determined by enzyme immunoassay test kits. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of HAV antibodies was 42.2%. The highest percentage of seronegativity was found in the subgroup of younger people without a history of symptomatic hepatitis and living in houses with more than one bathroom (86.9%). In the subgroup aged 21 to 60 years, the highest rates of seronegativity were found in individuals with higher level of education living in houses with tap water (66.6%). In both groups, seronegativity may be correlated with a higher socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: In the middle-class community studied, more than 50% of people under 30 years of age were unprotected against HAV. Thus, the use of a vaccine against hepatitis A has to be considered for the prevention of symptomatic hepatitis, especially in adults at risk of infection, such as those who travel to areas with poor sanitation, taking into consideration that the severity of the disease increases with age.  (+info)

Immunogenicity and Tolerance of Two Strategies of Anti-HAV Vaccination in HIV-infected Patients - Full Text View -...Immunogenicity and Tolerance of Two Strategies of Anti-HAV Vaccination in HIV-infected Patients - Full Text View -...
RECOMMANDATIONS for hepatitis A vaccination is the same for HIV-infected patients than for general population. However, immunogenicity induced with 2 doses of anti-HAV vaccine is lower in HIV-infected patients. The primary objective of the study is to compare the immunogenicity (percentage of patients with anti-HAV antibodies , 20 mUI/ml at month 7) of 2 strategies (2 doses at months 1 and 6, versus 3 doses at months 1, 2 and 6)of anti-HAV vaccine in HIV-1 infected patients co-infected with HBV and/or HCV with CD4 cell count between 200 and 500/mm3. The second objectives are to compare mean anti-HAV antibodies titers obtained with the 2 strategies, the durability of the seroprotection 12 months after the end of vaccination, and the safety. The PARAMATERS than may have an effect on the immune response will be evaluated.. This open, prospective, study have included 99 patients, aged from 18 to 55 years old. Patients were randomized to receive 2 or 3 doses of HAVRIX 1440 UI intramuscularly at week ...
Immunogenicity and Tolerance of Two Strategies of Anti-HAV Vaccination in HIV-infected Patients - Full Text View -...Immunogenicity and Tolerance of Two Strategies of Anti-HAV Vaccination in HIV-infected Patients - Full Text View -...
RECOMMANDATIONS for hepatitis A vaccination is the same for HIV-infected patients than for general population. However, immunogenicity induced with 2 doses of anti-HAV vaccine is lower in HIV-infected patients. The primary objective of the study is to compare the immunogenicity (percentage of patients with anti-HAV antibodies , 20 mUI/ml at month 7) of 2 strategies (2 doses at months 1 and 6, versus 3 doses at months 1, 2 and 6)of anti-HAV vaccine in HIV-1 infected patients co-infected with HBV and/or HCV with CD4 cell count between 200 and 500/mm3. The second objectives are to compare mean anti-HAV antibodies titers obtained with the 2 strategies, the durability of the seroprotection 12 months after the end of vaccination, and the safety. The PARAMATERS than may have an effect on the immune response will be evaluated.. This open, prospective, study have included 99 patients, aged from 18 to 55 years old. Patients were randomized to receive 2 or 3 doses of HAVRIX 1440 UI intramuscularly at week ...
Polyvalent Human Immune Globulin: A Prospective, Open-Label Study Assessing Anti-Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Antibody Levels,...Polyvalent Human Immune Globulin: A Prospective, Open-Label Study Assessing Anti-Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Antibody Levels,...
Polyvalent Human Immune Globulin: A Prospective, Open-Label Study Assessing Anti-Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Antibody Levels, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety in HAV-Seronegative Healthy Subjects
Hepatitis A Diagnostic (anti-HAV IgG, IgM) | Newfoundland & Labrador Public Health LaboratoryHepatitis A Diagnostic (anti-HAV IgG, IgM) | Newfoundland & Labrador Public Health Laboratory
Hepatitis A characteristically is an acute, self-limited illness associated with fever, malaise, jaundice, anorexia, and nausea. Among older children and adults, infection usually is symptomatic and typically lasts several weeks, with jaundice occurring in 70% or more. Symptomatic infection occurs in approximately 30% of infected children younger than 6 years of age; few of these children will have jaundice. Fulminate hepatitis is rare but is more common in people with underlying liver disease. Chronic infection does not occur.. Serological diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis A depends on the detection of specific anti-HAV IgM. Its presence in the patients serum indicates a recent exposure to HAV. Anti-HAV IgM becomes detectable in the blood within 2 weeks after infection, persisting at elevated levels for about 2 months before declining to undetectable levels by 6 months. However, sensitive immunoassays may occasionally detect anti-HAV IgM for up to 1 year after acute hepatitis A.. Hepatitis A ...
Hepatitis A Questions and Answers for Health Professionals | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDCHepatitis A Questions and Answers for Health Professionals | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC
Persons traveling to or working in countries that have high or intermediate endemicity of hepatitis A. Persons who travel to developing countries are at high risk for hepatitis A, even those traveling to urban areas, staying in luxury hotels, and those who report maintaining good hand hygiene and being careful about what they drink and eat (see https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/hepatitis-a for more information).. Men who have sex with men. Men who have sex with men should be vaccinated.. Users of injection and non-injection drugs. Persons who use injection and non-injection drugs should be vaccinated.. Persons who have occupational risk for infection. Persons who work with HAV-infected primates or with HAV in a research laboratory setting should be vaccinated. No other groups have been shown to be at increased risk for HAV infection because of occupational exposure.. Persons who have chronic liver disease. Persons with chronic liver disease who ...
Go to Recommended Immunization Schedule.Go to Recommended Immunization Schedule.
These recommendations must be read with the footnotes that follow. For those who fall behind or start late, provide catch-up vaccination at the earliest opportunity as indicated by the green bars in tables below. To determine minimum intervals between doses, see the catch-up schedule. School entry and adolescent vaccine age groups are 4-6 yrs and 11-12 yrs.. ...
anti-HAV IgM (hepatitis A IgM antibody) | Newfoundland & Labrador Public Health Laboratoryanti-HAV IgM (hepatitis A IgM antibody) | Newfoundland & Labrador Public Health Laboratory
Serological diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis A depends on the detection of specific anti-HAV IgM. Its presence in the patients serum indicates a recent exposure to HAV. Anti-HAV IgM becomes detectable in the blood within 2 weeks after infection, persisting at elevated levels for about 2 months before declining to undetectable levels by 6 months. However, sensitive immunoassays may occasionally detect anti-HAV IgM for up to 1 year after acute hepatitis A.. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is endemic throughout the world, occurring most commonly in areas of poor hygiene and low socioeconomic conditions. The virus is transmitted by the fecal-oral route, and it is spread by close person-to-person contact and by contaminated food and water. Thorough cooking is necessary to inactivate HAV in contaminated foods. Outbreaks frequently occur in overcrowded situations and in high-density institutions and centers, such as prisons and health care or day care centers. Viral spread by parenteral routes (eg, exposure ...
ஸ்டீபன் பெயின்ஸ்டோன் - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியாஸ்டீபன் பெயின்ஸ்டோன் - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா
ஸ்டீபன் பெயின்ஸ்டோன் (Stephen M. Feinstone) ஒரு நச்சுயிரியல் வல்லுநர் ஆவார், இவர் ஆல்பர்ட் கபிகியன் மற்றும் ராபர்ட் எச். பர்செல் ஆகியோருடன் சேர்ந்து, 1973 இல் கல்லீரல் அழற்சி வகை ஏ வைரஸ் (HAV) ஐக் கண்டறிந்தார்.[1]. அவர் தனது இளங்கலை கல்வியை ஜான்ஸ் ஹாப்கின்ஸ் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் நிறைவுசெய்தார். தனது மருத்துவ பட்டப் படிப்பை டென்னசி பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் முடித்தார்.[2] 1971 ஆம் ஆண்டில் அவர் தொற்று ...
Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A in Mexico: a detector of social inequity and monitor of immunization policiesSeroepidemiology of hepatitis A in Mexico: a detector of social inequity and monitor of immunization policies
VALDESPINO, José Luis et al. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A in Mexico: a detector of social inequity and monitor of immunization policies. Salud pública Méx [online]. 2007, vol.49, suppl.3, pp.s377-s385. ISSN 0036-3634.. OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) in Mexico has traditionally been considered a disease with a homogeneous pattern of transmission, high rates of infection at early ages, and infrequent complication rates. The purpose of this study was to take advantage of the 2000 NHS, a probabilistic population-based survey, in order to describe the seroepidemiology of HAV infection in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study is based on information obtained from the National Health Survey that was conducted in 2000. The present report is based on 4 907 randomly selected samples that were studied to determine the prevalence of HAV antibodies using immunoenzymatic assay. Sera were collected from November 1999 to June 2000. RESULTS: Seroprevalence among the general population was 81.3% ...
Export Data and Price of Havrix | www.eximpulse.comExport Data and Price of Havrix | www.eximpulse.com
Export Data And Price Of Havrix , www.eximpulse.com Eximpulse Services is the place where you can find the recent and updated Trade intelligence report of Havrix Export Data. Whole information is based on updated Export shipment data of Indian Customs. All the compilation is done on the basis of All India ports data and has been done on daily basis. This helps you to get all India Havrix Export data. You can find previous two days Havrix Export data on Eximpulse Services. Havrix Export data can be useful in different kind of analysis such as: Export price, Quantity, market scenarios, Price trends, Duty optimization and many more. Some Sample Shipment records for Havrix Export Data of India are mentioned above. Further for Free sample and pricing of detailed reports contact on [email protected] Data post 2012 as per Notification No.18/2012 - Customs(N.T.) and does not have names of Indian companies and Foreign Companies.. ...
Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis A in a pediatric hospital traced to an anti-hepatitis A virus-negative patient with...Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis A in a pediatric hospital traced to an anti-hepatitis A virus-negative patient with...
From July through October 1991, an outbreak of hepatitis A virus HAV infection involving 26 hospital staff, inpatients and household contacts occurred in a pediatric hospital. All ill staff members had cared for one inpatient who had profuse diarrhea with gross fecal contamination of the environment, negative HAV serology and idiopathic...
Hepatitis Type A & Type EHepatitis Type A & Type E
|!-- .style1 {font-weight: bold} .style2 {font-size: xx-small} --| Hepatits, Viral, Type A Description: Hepatitis A is a viral infection of the liver caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV). The clinical manifestations of HAV infection range in cli...
Persistent Infection of Human Fibroblasts by Hepatitis a Virus† | Microbiology SocietyPersistent Infection of Human Fibroblasts by Hepatitis a Virus† | Microbiology Society
Summary Infection of human embryo fibroblasts with hepatitis A virus (HAV), a picornavirus, leads to an inapparent, persistent infection; cultures can be passed serially with consistent recovery of the virus in the supernatant. All of the cells of a HAV carrier culture are infected and proliferate. Subcultivation under HAV-immune serum cannot achieve a cure or even a reduction in the number of infected cells in HAV carrier cultures. No interferon activity can be detected during HAV infection and persistence. Addition of exogenous interferon eliminates HAV infection in vitro. Persistence of HAV in vitro appears to contradict the clinical course of HAV infection in vivo. The system presented offers the possibility of evaluating the role of immunological injury of HAV-infected cells, an injury which may lead to damage of these cells and to elimination of HAV during an HAV infection in vivo.
Vaccinations in Celiac Disease : Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and NutritionVaccinations in Celiac Disease : Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
In this issue of the Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Urganci and Kalyoncu (5) evaluate the response to hepatitis A (HAV) and HBV vaccinations in 30 pediatric Turkish patients with CD ages 1 to 15 years compared with that of 50 healthy subjects in a 7-year follow-up. Twelve patients and 35 controls received HAV vaccine and were protected against anti-HAV antibodies, and, overall, 80% of the patients and 96% of the controls achieved seroprotection after the whole HBV vaccination series. There was a clear difference, although nonsignificant, between responders compliant with a strict GFD and noncompliant nonresponders to vaccinations. The strength of the present study was the long follow-up of 7 years, and the limitation was the lack of a validated questionnaire to measure the accuracy of GFD in all patients with CD.. It is obvious that untreated patients with celiac disease, like other patients with inadequately treated chronic conditions, have an impaired humoral immune ...
Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
We investigated the seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in subjects living in the community of Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and assisted at the Health Unit of Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. After formal consent, individuals were submitted to an interview using a standardized questionnaire. Anti-HAV and anti-HEV antibodies were detected by ELISA. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Epi-Info 6.04b software, to investigate possible associations between serological markers and risk factors. Results were regarded as significant when p value < 0.05. Although a high prevalence of anti-HAV was observed (87%), almost 50% of subjects under the age of 10 were susceptible to HAV infection, an unexpected rate in endemic areas. This fact could be attributed to improvements in environmental sanitation, occurring in this area in the last years. The increasing proportion of susceptible people may result in outbreaks of ...
Outbreak of Hepatitis A Infections Linked to Fresh Blackberries | CDCOutbreak of Hepatitis A Infections Linked to Fresh Blackberries | CDC
An outbreak of hepatitis A virus (HAV) Infections in fall 2019 was linked to fresh blackberries and involved 20 cases from 7 states.
Hepatitis C Virus Total Antibody in New Delhi from Thyrocare Laboratories Ltd.: view price, interpretations & reviews | 1mgHepatitis C Virus Total Antibody in New Delhi from Thyrocare Laboratories Ltd.: view price, interpretations & reviews | 1mg
Book Hepatitis C Virus Total Antibody In New Delhi online from Thyrocare Laboratories Ltd.. View test prices, normal range, sample results and user reviews about labs only on 1mg
COVID-19 Total Antibody Serology Testing | Dominion DiagnosticsCOVID-19 Total Antibody Serology Testing | Dominion Diagnostics
Serological tests for SARS-CoV-2, while not intended as a primary diagnostic tool for COVID-19, are used to detect antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These antibodies are produced following activation of the bodys adaptive immune response. This process is triggered after viral exposure and results in the viruss destruction and subsequent elimination from the body.
Dri food liability paper (00003633.doc;1)Dri food liability paper (00003633.doc;1)
Richard and Lindas Hepatitis A infections arose out of an extremely large outbreak in Western Pennsylvania in late 2003. The infections were linked by federal, state, and local health officials to green onions served in salsa prepared at a Chi Chis restaurant. Richard and Linda were health department-confirmed members of the outbreak. Richard and Linda dined at the implicated Chi Chis between September 14 and October 17, 2003, the period of identified exposure. The onset of their illnesses matched the expected incubation period for Hepatitis A. Finally, both Richard and Linda had laboratory confirmations of acute Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, i.e. positive IgM anti-HAV. On Sunday, October 12, 2003, Richard and Linda ate lunch at Chi Chis in the Beaver Valley Mall. On Tuesday, October 28, just days after visiting their son and daughter-in-law, Linda and Richard developed flu-like symptoms. Over the following days, their symptoms grew worse, particularly Richards. By early November, ...
Hepatitis A | Health.milHepatitis A | Health.mil
Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Hepatitis A can affect anyone. Vaccines are available for long-term prevention of HAV infection in persons 1 year of age and older. Good personal hygiene and proper sanitation can also help prevent the spread of hepatitis A
HEPATITIS A IS ON THE RISE ALL OVER THE US NEW REPORT FROM STATE OF FL SHOWS IT IS MOSTLY MALES AGAIN HAVING SEX WITH MALES I...HEPATITIS A IS ON THE RISE ALL OVER THE US NEW REPORT FROM STATE OF FL SHOWS IT IS MOSTLY MALES AGAIN HAVING SEX WITH MALES I...
Dear DWIGHT COLLMAN, Health Care Provider Advisory Reemphasis of Hepatitis A Vaccination Recommendations After Substantial Increase in Locally Acquired Infections in Florida and Outbreak Reports Across the Nation November 14, 2017 Since January 2017, 217 cases of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection were reported in Florida. This is significantly higher than…
Hepatitis A: What You Need to Know - Georgia Coastal Health District Georgia Coastal Health DistrictHepatitis A: What You Need to Know - Georgia Coastal Health District Georgia Coastal Health District
Symptoms usually start appearing four weeks after exposure but can occur as early as two and as late as seven weeks after exposure; however people can spread hepatitis A even if they dont look or feel sick.. Careful hand washing, including under the fingernails, with soap and water, is always an important tool to prevent the spread of this and many other diseases. Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable disease. The best protection against HAV infections and outbreaks is through widespread vaccination, particularly among populations most at risk:. ...
Prevalence of Hepatitis A virus in Bulgaria | SciTechnolPrevalence of Hepatitis A virus in Bulgaria | SciTechnol
Bulgaria is a country in an intermediate endemic area for HAV infection but data on seroprevalence are poorly reported. 705 individuals from the region of Plodiv were enr..
JCI - Genetic control of hepatitis A severity and susceptibility to allergyJCI - Genetic control of hepatitis A severity and susceptibility to allergy
There is a reciprocal relationship between the incidence of hepatitis A and the prevalence of allergic disease, as evidenced by rates of each in the United States and Argentina (where the patients included in the Kim et al. study were recruited). A minority of HAV-infected individuals exhibit a very severe form of the disease, and there is compelling evidence that HAV infection protects from allergic diseases. The work by Kim et al ...
ZEUS ELISA SARS-CoV-2 Total Antibody Performance Summary - ZEUS SARS-CoV-2 Test SystemsZEUS ELISA SARS-CoV-2 Total Antibody Performance Summary - ZEUS SARS-CoV-2 Test Systems
Test with Confidence. Test with ZEUS. Clinical Performance Studies Four separate cohorts of clinically characterized specimens were tested: COVID-19 RT-PCR Positive Patient Specimens (n=35). The date between EUA-approved PCR test result and specimen draw was 3 to 37 days, with an average of 15.97 days and a median of 14 days.COVID-19 RT-PCR Negative Patient Specimens…
Most recent papers with the keyword Food poisoning | Read by QxMDMost recent papers with the keyword Food poisoning | Read by QxMD
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is well known worldwide as a causative virus of acute hepatitis. In recent years, numerous cases of HAV infection caused by HAV-contaminated berries have occurred around the world. Because berries are often consumed without prior heating, reliable disinfection of the raw fruit is important in order to prevent HAV outbreaks. Previous studies have found that murine norovirus strain 1 (MNV-1) and human norovirus GII.4 were inactivated in heat-denatured lysozyme solution. In this study, we investigated whether or not heat-denatured lysozyme is effective in inactivating HAV and whether it could be an effective disinfectant for berries contaminated with HAV or MNV-1 ...
Seroprevalence study shows 21% H1N1 infection rate | CIDRAPSeroprevalence study shows 21% H1N1 infection rate | CIDRAP
(CIDRAP News) - At least 63 million Americans, 21% of the population, may have been infected by pandemic H1N1 influenza, Pittsburgh researchers estimate-creating enough population-wide immunity to potentially explain the lack of a third wave of H1N1 so far.
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Hello all: I resisted taking an immunesuppressant ever since cellcept made me feel so sick (took for six weeks in spring of 2007). But twice my doctors hav...
Why Jab Children to Protect Adults? : Inside VaccinesWhy Jab Children to Protect Adults? : Inside Vaccines
Results. We identified 402 HA-related deaths between 1989 and 2000; the annual age-adjusted HA-related mortality rate was 1.20 deaths per 1 million persons. Older individuals, men, Latinos, and American Indians/Alaska Natives had elevated mortality rates. Liver conditions and non-A viral hepatitis infections were more common among HA-related deaths than among all other deaths.". http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/abstract/95/5/900. "Mortality rates for large epidemics are less than 1 per 1,000. (Note: The mortality rate among people over age 50 who contract hepatitis A is higher: about 1.8 percent.) Rarely does Hepatitis A cause liver failure, and it does not lead to development of cirrhosis of the liver or chronic hepatitis.". http://health.usnews.com/usnews/health/inf…t.overviewa.htm. "No patient with HAV infection alone developed complications, and all recovered fully.. It was demonstrated that HAV infection may have a more severe clinical course in patients with underlying CLD*, particularly ...
A systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis A in Africa | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full TextA systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis A in Africa | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text
Hepatitis A, caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), is a vaccine preventable disease. In Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), poor hygiene and sanitation conditions are the main risk factors contributing to HAV infection. There have been, however, notable improvements in hygiene and sanitation conditions in many LMICs. As a result, there are studies showing a possible transition of some LMICs from high to intermediate HAV endemicity. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that countries should routinely collect, analyse and review local factors (including disease burden) to guide the development of hepatitis A vaccination programs. Up-to-date information on hepatitis A burden is, therefore, critical in aiding the development of country-specific recommendations on hepatitis A vaccination. We conducted a systematic review to present an up-to-date, comprehensive synthesis of hepatitis A epidemiological data in Africa. The main results of this review include: 1) the reported HAV seroprevalence
Age-Specific Anti-Hepatitis A Virus Seroepidemiology in Italian Travelers: Indications for Anti-Hepatitis A Vaccination |...Age-Specific Anti-Hepatitis A Virus Seroepidemiology in Italian Travelers: Indications for Anti-Hepatitis A Vaccination |...
Age-Specific Anti-Hepatitis A Virus Seroepidemiology in Italian Travelers: Indications for Anti-Hepatitis A Vaccination | Francesco Castelli; Giampiero Carosi; the Lombard Study Group on International Travelers | download | BookSC. Download books for free. Find books
France Hepatitis Diagnostic Testing MarketFrance Hepatitis Diagnostic Testing Market
The report presents a detailed analysis of the Hepatitis diagnostics market in France. Current scientific views on the Hepatitis definition, epidemiology and etiology are reviewed. The report provides five-year test volume and sales forecasts for HAV NAT, HBV NAT, HBs Ag, HCV, HCV NAT, Anti-HBc, Anti-HBs, Anti-HAV, Hepatitis Delta, HBc Ag, HBe Ag, and ALT/SGPT tests performed in the following markets ...
Hepatitis A (HAV) - Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) | Over the Rainbow | BournemouthHepatitis A (HAV) - Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) | Over the Rainbow | Bournemouth
Over The Rainbow guide to Hepatitis A (HAV): signs and symptoms - what to look out for, diagnosis and treatment, immunisation and where to go for help.
A multi-target lateral flow immunoassay enabling the specific and sensitive detection of total antibodies to SARS COV-2<...A multi-target lateral flow immunoassay enabling the specific and sensitive detection of total antibodies to SARS COV-2<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - A multi-target lateral flow immunoassay enabling the specific and sensitive detection of total antibodies to SARS COV-2. AU - Cavalera, Simone. AU - Colitti, Barbara. AU - Rosati, Sergio. AU - Ferrara, Gianmarco. AU - Bertolotti, Luigi. AU - Nogarol, Chiara. AU - Guiotto, Cristina. AU - Cagnazzo, Celeste. AU - Denina, Marco. AU - Fagioli, Franca. AU - Di Nardo, Fabio. AU - Chiarello, Matteo. AU - Baggiani, Claudio. AU - Anfossi, Laura. PY - 2021/2/1. Y1 - 2021/2/1. N2 - © 2020 Elsevier B.V. A rapid test for detecting total immunoglobulins directed towards the nucleocapsid protein (N) of severe acute syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) was developed, based on a multi-target lateral flow immunoassay comprising two test lines. Both test lines bound to several classes of immunoglobulins (G, M, and A). Specific anti-SARS immunoglobulins were revealed by a colorimetric probe formed by N and gold nanoparticles. Targeting the total antibodies response to infection enabled achieving 100% ...
Antibody-Secreting Cells with a Phenotype of Ki-67low, CD138high, CD31high, and CD38high Secrete Nonspecific IgM during Primary...Antibody-Secreting Cells with a Phenotype of Ki-67low, CD138high, CD31high, and CD38high Secrete Nonspecific IgM during Primary...
Although studies investigating the nature of Ab-secreting cells (ASCs) during acute infection with influenza or dengue virus found that the ASC response was dominated by virus-specific IgG secretion, the Ag specificity and phenotype of ASCs during primary acute viral infection were not identified. To this end, we investigated the nature of ASCs in direct ex vivo assays from patients with acute hepatitis A caused by primary infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV). We found that the frequency of CD27highCD38high ASCs was markedly increased in the peripheral blood during the acute phase of HAV infection. Moreover, substantial numbers of ASCs were non-HAV-specific and dominantly secreted IgM. We detected HAV-specific ASCs by staining with fluorochrome-tagged HAV-VP1 protein. As compared with HAV-specific ASCs, non-HAV-specific ASCs were Ki-67lowCD138highCD31highCD38high, demonstrating that non-HAV-specific ASCs had a bone marrow plasma cell-like phenotype whereas HAV-specific ASCs had a phenotype ...
The effects of socioeconomic development on worldwide hepatitis A virus seroprevalence patternsThe effects of socioeconomic development on worldwide hepatitis A virus seroprevalence patterns
The proportion of the population with access to clean drinking water, the value of the human development index (HDI), and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) are all inverse predictors of HAV infection rates. Declining infection rates were observed in 65.6% of the surveys. Discussion This work d …
Prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies in French blood donors | GHDxPrevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies in French blood donors | GHDx
Boutrouille A, Bakkali-Kassimi L, Crucière C, Pavio N. Prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies in French blood donors. J Clin Microbiol. 2007; 45(6): 2009-10 ...
Newsletter October 2015 - Hepatitis B & CNewsletter October 2015 - Hepatitis B & C
State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in infectious diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102 China. Along with the improved sensitivity and specificity of Hepatitis E diagnostics, awareness of hepatitis E has increased a lot all over the world. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is now the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis. In China, the annually reported number of new acute hepatitis E cases gradually increased from 16,444 in 2003 to 29,202 in 2011, and similarly the sales of anti-HEV IgM rose from 378,000 tests in 2003 to 6,096,000 tests in 2011. Although more clinical sites started to consider HEV infection as a diagnosis of hepatitis-like symptoms, the fact that the sales of anti-HEV IgM tests are much lower than those of anti-HAV IgM tests in China and that there is still no commercialized hepatitis E diagnostic reagents on the United States market, would ...
Genotypes of hepatitis a virus in Turkey: first report and clinical profile of children infected with sub-genotypes IA and IIIA...Genotypes of hepatitis a virus in Turkey: first report and clinical profile of children infected with sub-genotypes IA and IIIA...
Hepatitis A virus is an important human pathogen, reported worldwide including Turkey. Undercooked seafood, vegetables, fruits, ready-to -eat food and water are the main source of infection [9, 11, 20]. In order to prevent HAV infections ms, it is important to know the virus source, circulating genotypes and variants of HAV by performing molecular epidemiology. In many studies, the VP1-2A junction of HAV was choosen for analysis since this junction is the most variable region of the HAV genome [14, 18]. Results of previous studies have shown that genotype I is more prevalent in Europe and America than in other continents while genotype III is endemic in Asia [21-24]. However, genotype III has recently been reported in Spain [18]. Sub-genotype IA has been circulating mainly in Mediterranean countries like Greece, Italy and France whereas sub-genotype IB seems to be present in Spain, Jordan and Egypt [3, 18, 22]. Similar to previous studies from Turkey [17, 25], sub-genotype IB was detected in the ...
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) - Psychiatry AdvisorHepatitis A Virus (HAV) - Psychiatry Advisor
Markers of liver damage are typical; elevated serum aminotransferases are usually greater than 1000 IU/dL; serum total, direct bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase are markedly elevated. Aminotransferase elevations precede the rise in bilirubin, and bilirubin peaks, often above 10 mg/dL, after aminotransferase levels begin to fall. None of these results are specific for hepatitis A.. For diagnosis of hepatitis A, the test of choice is HAV IgM antibody. HAV IgM is usually present at the onset of symptoms and persists 4-6 months after resolution.. For assessment of HAV immune status due either to past infection or immunization, HAV total antibody is commonly used in lieu of a test for HAV IgG alone (Table 1).. ...
News & Perspective | CIDRAPNews & Perspective | CIDRAP
CIDRAP News) In a birds eye view of pandemic H1N1 seroprevalence studies published so far, the World Health Organization (WHO) said today the reports consistently show older people had partial protection and that infection rates were higher in younger people, but its too soon to estimate a global attack rate. ...
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Dihydrolipoyl transacetylaseDihydrolipoyl transacetylase
Ronald C. KennedyRonald C. Kennedy
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Sistem imun bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebasSistem imun bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Stuart C. RayStuart C. Ray
Michael Houghton (virologist)Michael Houghton (virologist)
Anti-SSA/Ro autoantibodiesAnti-SSA/Ro autoantibodies
ExbivirumabExbivirumab
Saliva testingSaliva testing
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Narayan Medical College and HospitalNarayan Medical College and Hospital
Verification and validationVerification and validation
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NS4ANS4A
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TuvirumabTuvirumab
HLA A1-B8 haplotypeHLA A1-B8 haplotype
Indian Health ServiceIndian Health Service
Postpartum physiological changesPostpartum physiological changes
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T细胞 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书T细胞 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书
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Occupational hazards of human nail dustOccupational hazards of human nail dust
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Polyvalent Human Immune Globulin: A Prospective, Open-Label Study Assessing Anti-Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Antibody Levels,...Polyvalent Human Immune Globulin: A Prospective, Open-Label Study Assessing Anti-Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Antibody Levels,...
Hepatitis B Core AntibodyHepatitis B Core Antibody
Hepatitis C virus antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. - PubMed - NCBIHepatitis C virus antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. - PubMed - NCBI
How reliable is the antibody test for hepatitis C?How reliable is the antibody test for hepatitis C?
NHANES 2015-2016: Hepatitis E: IgG & IgM Antibodies Data Documentation, Codebook, and FrequenciesNHANES 2015-2016: Hepatitis E: IgG & IgM Antibodies Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies
NHANES 2011-2012: Hepatitis E : IgG & IgM Antibodies Data Documentation, Codebook, and FrequenciesNHANES 2011-2012: Hepatitis E : IgG & IgM Antibodies Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies
Hepatitis C Antibody Test: How Does It Work?Hepatitis C Antibody Test: How Does It Work?
Hepatitis C antibodies and antibody testing - myDr.com.auHepatitis C antibodies and antibody testing - myDr.com.au
006734: Hepatitis A Antibody, IgM | LabCorp006734: Hepatitis A Antibody, IgM | LabCorp
006734: Hepatitis A Antibody, IgM | LabCorp006734: Hepatitis A Antibody, IgM | LabCorp
Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies in Non-Interferon Treated Hepatitis C Patients in PakistanThyroid Peroxidase Antibodies in Non-Interferon Treated Hepatitis C Patients in Pakistan
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Frequency in Chronic Hepatitis B PatientsAntineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Frequency in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients
Guidelines for Laboratory Testing and Result Reporting of Antibody to Hepatitis C VirusGuidelines for Laboratory Testing and Result Reporting of Antibody to Hepatitis C Virus
Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting New Sites of Vulnerability in Hepatitis C Virus E1E2. - PubMed - NCBIBroadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting New Sites of Vulnerability in Hepatitis C Virus E1E2. - PubMed - NCBI
JCI - Plasma deconvolution identifies broadly neutralizing antibodies associated with hepatitis C virus clearanceJCI - Plasma deconvolution identifies broadly neutralizing antibodies associated with hepatitis C virus clearance
JCI - Plasma deconvolution identifies broadly neutralizing antibodies associated with hepatitis C virus clearanceJCI - Plasma deconvolution identifies broadly neutralizing antibodies associated with hepatitis C virus clearance
Viruses | Free Full-Text | Neutralizing Antibodies and Pathogenesis of Hepatitis C Virus Infection | HTMLViruses | Free Full-Text | Neutralizing Antibodies and Pathogenesis of Hepatitis C Virus Infection | HTML
AIDS virus antibody in polytransfused dialysis patients vaccinated against hepatitis B. | The BMJAIDS virus antibody in polytransfused dialysis patients vaccinated against hepatitis B. | The BMJ
Re-post for cherry235 on Core Antibody question. - Hepatitis B - MedHelpRe-post for cherry235 on Core Antibody question. - Hepatitis B - MedHelp
hepititis bs antibody - Forum on Hepatitis and HIV Coinfection - TheBody.comhepititis bs antibody - Forum on Hepatitis and HIV Coinfection - TheBody.com
Instruments & Systems, Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) antibodiesInstruments & Systems, Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) antibodies
Hepatitis C Virus E2 Antibodies: Novus BiologicalsHepatitis C Virus E2 Antibodies: Novus Biologicals
Hepatitis A Surface Antigen Antibodies: Novus BiologicalsHepatitis A Surface Antigen Antibodies: Novus Biologicals
Hepatitis B Surface Antibodies | Health Testing CentersHepatitis B Surface Antibodies | Health Testing Centers
Anti-Hepatitis C Virus antibody (ab1033) | AbcamAnti-Hepatitis C Virus antibody (ab1033) | Abcam
Anti-Hepatitis E Virus antibody (ab1036) ReferencesAnti-Hepatitis E Virus antibody (ab1036) References
I tested positive for hep c antibodies and retested with no infection. - Hepatitis C - MedHelpI tested positive for hep c antibodies and retested with no infection. - Hepatitis C - MedHelp
Most newborns are protected from Hepatitis B infection by antibodies received from the mother: StudyMost newborns are protected from Hepatitis B infection by antibodies received from the mother: Study
AHDV - Clinical: Hepatitis D Virus Total Antibodies, SerumAHDV - Clinical: Hepatitis D Virus Total Antibodies, Serum
Prevalence of Antibodies to Hepatitis C Virus and other Markers in Jamaica | RTIPrevalence of Antibodies to Hepatitis C Virus and other Markers in Jamaica | RTI
Post Hep. B Vac. Series and testing for Antibodies | allnursesPost Hep. B Vac. Series and testing for Antibodies | allnurses
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Hepatitis BHepatitis CHepatitis AAntibodiesHepatitis B virusHepatitis B Surface AntigensHepatitisAntibody SpecificityAntibodies, ViralHepatitis C, ChronicHepatitis B, ChronicHepatitis, Viral, HumanHepatitis B AntibodiesHepatitis A virusHepatitis B VaccinesAntibodies, MonoclonalAntibodies, BacterialHepatitis, ChronicHepatitis B Core AntigensHepatitis A VaccinesHepacivirusHepatitis C AntibodiesHepatitis AntibodiesHepatitis B e AntigensHepatitis B AntigensAntibody FormationAntibodies, NeutralizingHepatitis EHepatitis E virusHepatitis A AntibodiesHepatitis, AutoimmuneHepatitis, Viral, AnimalHepatitis A Virus, HumanHepatitis VirusesHepatitis Delta VirusHepatitis DHepatitis, AnimalAntibody AffinityViral Hepatitis VaccinesFluorescent Antibody TechniqueAntiviral AgentsAntibodies, Anti-IdiotypicBinding Sites, AntibodyEpitopesMolecular Sequence DataMurine hepatitis virusHepatovirusHepatitis C AntigensHIV AntibodiesRNA, ViralAntibodies, AntinuclearAntibodies, NeoplasmAntibodies, ProtozoanImmunoglobulin MCross ReactionsInterferon-alphaLiver CirrhosisHepatitis A AntigensAmino Acid SequenceHepatitis delta AntigensHepatitis AntigensLiverAutoantibodiesHepatitis, AlcoholicRibavirinDNA, ViralSeroepidemiologic StudiesHepatitis B Virus, DuckAlanine TransaminaseRecombinant ProteinsViral Nonstructural ProteinsNeutralization TestsCarcinoma, HepatocellularImmunoglobulin GBase SequenceCell LineAntibodies, FungalMice, Inbred BALB CHepatitis B Virus, WoodchuckLiver NeoplasmsAntigen-Antibody ReactionsVirus ReplicationAntigen-Antibody ComplexEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayAntibodies, BispecificViral Core ProteinsPolyethylene GlycolsSingle-Chain AntibodiesGenotypeAntibodies, BlockingLamivudineImmunoglobulin Fab FragmentsImmunoenzyme TechniquesHepatitis D, ChronicVaccinationAntigens, ViralViral Envelope ProteinsImmunizationAntibodies, HeterophileFluorescent Antibody Technique, IndirectEpitope MappingRabbitsAntibodies, CatalyticMarmotaBlood DonorsImmune SeraImmunoglobulin ATime FactorsCarrier StateViral LoadLiver TransplantationPolymerase Chain ReactionHybridomasAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedRadioimmunoassayImmunization, PassiveImmunoassayAcute DiseasePrevalenceGenome, ViralCells, CulturedAntigensHepatocytesBlotting, WesternPan troglodytesAntibodies, AntiphospholipidSerologic TestsSensitivity and SpecificityFlaviviridaeImmunohistochemistryImmunoblottingLiver DiseasesAntigens, SurfaceImmunoglobulinsT-LymphocytesLiver Function TestsHIV InfectionsDrug Therapy, CombinationComplement Fixation TestsAntigens, BacterialB-LymphocytesMolecular WeightViral ProteinsHemagglutination TestsChronic DiseaseMutationImmunoglobulin FragmentsRisk FactorsElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelTreatment OutcomeSubstance Abuse, IntravenousJaundiceBiopsyDucksAspartate AminotransferasesInterferonsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsCloning, MolecularDrug-Induced Liver InjuryFlow CytometryRepliconCryoglobulinemiaViremiaImmunologic TechniquesMice, Inbred C57BLVaccines, SyntheticHemagglutination Inhibition TestsProtein BindingBlood TransfusionImmunoglobulin Variable RegionBiological MarkersRetrospective StudiesTumor Cells, CulturedImmunodiffusionAntibodies, Antineutrophil CytoplasmicAntigens, CD81GlycoproteinsAutoimmune DiseasesImmunoglobulin IdiotypesAntigens, NeoplasmOrganophosphonatesPeptidesSpecies SpecificityPeptide FragmentsImmunosorbent TechniquesAntibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-DerivedTransfectionPeptide LibraryRecurrenceLiver FailureCattleAntigens, CDPhylogenyBinding, CompetitiveDrug Resistance, ViralSpleenCell Line, TumorCoinfectionAutoantigensImmunoglobulin IsotypesVirion
HBsAgVaccineAbstractAntigen and antibodySpecificityAssayAcuteMonoclonal antibodyAutoimmune hepatitisSerumRecombinant Human Hepatitis C VirEstablished hepatitis C virus infectiVirus antibodyDetectionBlood donorsImmuneCore Antibody IgMVirusesInfected with hepatitis C virAntigensHepatocellularInfection with hepatitisGenotypeActual hep C virusEpitopesDiagnosisProteinSeroprevalencePresenceCaused by hepatitis virusLiverELISAInfectionsPrevalence of antibodyRole of neutraliziDatasheetChronically infectedViral infectionDivision of Viral HepatitisBroadly neutraliTotal antibodiesDetectsSurfaceClinicalTitersProteinsImmunityAssaysHigh antibodyChronic hepatitis C virSpecimenSeraGenotypesPersistence
HBsAg21
Vaccine22
Abstract1
Antigen and antibody3
Specificity4
Assay12
Acute26
Monoclonal antibody7
Autoimmune hepatitis26
Serum7
Recombinant Human Hepatitis C Vir1
Established hepatitis C virus infecti1
Virus antibody7
Detection5
Blood donors8
Immune14
Core Antibody IgM2
Viruses9
Infected with hepatitis C vir1
Antigens2
Hepatocellular6
Infection with hepatitis2
Genotype8
Actual hep C virus3
Epitopes2
Diagnosis3
Protein10
Seroprevalence3
Presence7
Caused by hepatitis virus1
Liver15
ELISA4
Infections4
Prevalence of antibody1
Role of neutralizi1
Datasheet1
  • If an Invitrogen™ antibody doesn't perform as described on our website or datasheet,we'll replace the product at no cost to you, or provide you with a credit for a future purchase. (thermofisher.com)
Chronically infected3
Viral infection1
Division of Viral Hepatitis2
  • Vials are stored under appropriate frozen (-30°C) conditions until they are shipped to Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention for testing. (cdc.gov)
  • The material in this report originated in the National Center for Infectious Diseases, James M. Hughes, M.D., Director, and the Division of Viral Hepatitis, Harold S. Margolis, M.D., Director. (cdc.gov)
Broadly neutrali1
Total antibodies1
Detects1
Surface12
Clinical5
Titers1
  • After chemotherapy, 75.9%, 67.9%, 59.3% and 51.7% of the patients showed low antibody titers that would be unlikely to protect against exposure to measles, rubella, hepatitis B and mumps, respectively. (scielo.br)
Proteins4
Immunity3
Assays3
High antibody1
  • It is suggested that further work is necessary to determine whether the high antibody rate in male homosexuals is related more to sexual practice than to promiscuity. (bmj.com)
Chronic hepatitis C vir1
Specimen1
  • Cross sectional, anonymous, unlinked survey, with self completed risk factor questionnaire and provision of oral fluid specimen for antibody testing. (bmj.com)
Sera2
Genotypes3
Persistence1
Extra-epitopic hepatitis C virus polymorphisms confer resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies by modulating binding to...
Extra-epitopic hepatitis C virus polymorphisms confer resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies by modulating binding to... (journals.plos.org)
Hepatitis C Antibody
Hepatitis C Antibody (healthlibrary.inspirahealthnetwork.org)
Recommendations for the Identification of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Persons Born During 1945-1965
Recommendations for the Identification of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Persons Born During 1945-1965 (cdc.gov)
Best Labs and Diagnostic Centers for Hepatitis C Virus Total Antibody in Vadodara | 1mg
Best Labs and Diagnostic Centers for Hepatitis C Virus Total Antibody in Vadodara | 1mg (1mg.com)
Hepatitis C Virus Antibodies in Parasitic Infections | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of Physicians
Hepatitis C Virus Antibodies in Parasitic Infections | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of Physicians (annals.org)
Hepatitis C Antibody Test: How Does It Work?
Hepatitis C Antibody Test: How Does It Work? (healthline.com)
Guidelines for Laboratory Testing and Result Reporting of Antibody to Hepatitis C Virus
Guidelines for Laboratory Testing and Result Reporting of Antibody to Hepatitis C Virus (cdc.gov)
HIV Prophylaxis Following Occupational Exposure (Transcript)
HIV Prophylaxis Following Occupational Exposure (Transcript) (medscape.com)
New Class of Synthetic Organic Compounds Mimics Antibodies
New Class of Synthetic Organic Compounds Mimics Antibodies (medindia.net)
Hepatitis C Viremia Is Associated with Cytomegalovirus IgG Antibody Levels in HIV-Infected Women
Hepatitis C Viremia Is Associated with Cytomegalovirus IgG Antibody Levels in HIV-Infected Women (journals.plos.org)
Chronic Japanese schistosomiasis and hepatocellular carcinoma : ten years of follow-up in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan /...
Chronic Japanese schistosomiasis and hepatocellular carcinoma : ten years of follow-up in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan /... (apps.who.int)
Most newborns are protected from Hepatitis B infection by antibodies received from the mother: Study
Most newborns are protected from Hepatitis B infection by antibodies received from the mother: Study (in.news.yahoo.com)
Prevention of hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees after antibody-mediated in vitro neutralization | PNAS
Prevention of hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees after antibody-mediated in vitro neutralization | PNAS (pnas.org)
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Learn About PEP | Preventing New HIV Infections | Clinicians | HIV | CDC (cdc.gov)
Locals violate social distancing at Patna's 'sabji mandi' [Video]
Locals violate social distancing at Patna's 'sabji mandi' [Video] (in.news.yahoo.com)
Officials Warn India Lockdown May be Extended as Coronavirus Cases in South Asia Near 6,000
Officials Warn India Lockdown May be Extended as Coronavirus Cases in South Asia Near 6,000 (in.news.yahoo.com)
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From Winners to Worriers: Isolated Athletes Face Mental Health Risks Amid Coronavirus Lockdown (in.news.yahoo.com)
Hepatitis: No cure for hepatitis B and D withou...
Hepatitis: No cure for hepatitis B and D withou... (scoop.it)
The Nurse Was Holding Up, Then Her 3 Close Relatives Were Brought In
The Nurse Was Holding Up, Then Her 3 Close Relatives Were Brought In (in.news.yahoo.com)
Broadly neutralizing antibodies abrogate established hepatitis C virus infection | Science Translational Medicine
Broadly neutralizing antibodies abrogate established hepatitis C virus infection | Science Translational Medicine (stm.sciencemag.org)
Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Outbreak of Hepatitis C Associated with Intravenous Immunoglobulin Administration -- United...
Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Outbreak of Hepatitis C Associated with Intravenous Immunoglobulin Administration -- United... (cdc.gov)
Autoimmune hepatitis | SpringerLink
Autoimmune hepatitis | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Metformin in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Metformin in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov)
Hepatitis Español Help - Forums and Discussions - MedHelp
Hepatitis Español Help - Forums and Discussions - MedHelp (medhelp.org)
Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings --- 2003
Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings --- 2003 (cdc.gov)
Prevention and Control of Infections with Hepatitis Viruses in Correctional Settings
Prevention and Control of Infections with Hepatitis Viruses in Correctional Settings (cdc.gov)
Recommendations for Preventing Transmission of Infections Among Chronic Hemodialysis Patients
Recommendations for Preventing Transmission of Infections Among Chronic Hemodialysis Patients (cdc.gov)