Hepatitis a. Medical search

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.

The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.

Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).

A species in the genus HEPATOVIRUS containing one serotype and two strains: HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS and Simian hepatitis A virus causing hepatitis in humans (HEPATITIS A) and primates, respectively.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the "e" antigens.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.

The hepatitis B antigen within the core of the Dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with hepatitis A virus (HEPATOVIRUS).

Immunoglobulins raised by any form of viral hepatitis; some of these antibodies are used to diagnose the specific kind of hepatitis.

A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.

A closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis B or in virulent chronic hepatitis B, probably indicating active virus replication; there are three subtypes which may exist in a complex with immunoglobulins G.

Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS.

Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS C ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.

A positive-stranded RNA virus species in the genus HEPEVIRUS, causing enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (HEPATITIS E).

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS A ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.

A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.

A strain of HEPATITIS A VIRUS which causes hepatitis in humans. The virus replicates in hepatocytes and is presumed to reach the intestine via the bile duct. Transmission occurs by the fecal-oral route.

Any of the viruses that cause inflammation of the liver. They include both DNA and RNA viruses as well viruses from humans and animals.

A defective virus, containing particles of RNA nucleoprotein in virion-like form, present in patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis. It requires the presence of a hepadnavirus for full replication. This is the lone species in the genus Deltavirus.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.

Any vaccine raised against any virus or viral derivative that causes hepatitis.

Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.

A species of the CORONAVIRUS genus causing hepatitis in mice. Four strains have been identified as MHV 1, MHV 2, MHV 3, and MHV 4 (also known as MHV-JHM, which is neurotropic and causes disseminated encephalomyelitis with demyelination as well as focal liver necrosis).

Antigens of the virions of HEPACIVIRUS, their surface, core, or other associated antigens.

A genus of PICORNAVIRIDAE causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. HEPATITIS A VIRUS is the type species.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.

One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.

Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS A VIRUS such as the human hepatitis A virus (HEPATITIS A VIRUS, HUMAN).

Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS D VIRUS.

Antigens from any of the hepatitis viruses including surface, core, and other associated antigens.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.

A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.

A DNA virus that closely resembles human hepatitis B virus. It has been recovered from naturally infected ducks.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.

An ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS causing chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchucks. It closely resembles the human hepatitis B virus.

Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.

A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and ZALCITABINE analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.

Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the NUCLEOCAPSID.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS in conjunction with HEPATITIS B VIRUS and lasting six months or more.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A genus of Sciuridae consisting of 14 species. They are shortlegged, burrowing rodents which hibernate in winter.

EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.

The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.

The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.

The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissible to another susceptible host.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.

A family of RNA viruses, many of which cause disease in humans and domestic animals. There are three genera FLAVIVIRUS; PESTIVIRUS; and HEPACIVIRUS, as well as several unassigned species.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.

Pathological processes of the LIVER.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

The common chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family HOMINIDAE. It lives in Africa, primarily in the tropical rainforests. There are a number of recognized subspecies.

Disease having a short and relatively severe course.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.

Abuse, overuse, or misuse of a substance by its injection into a vein.

Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.

A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Any DNA sequence capable of independent replication or a molecule that possesses a REPLICATION ORIGIN and which is therefore potentially capable of being replicated in a suitable cell. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.

Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions.

A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

Carbon-containing phosphonic acid compounds. Included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either OXYGEN atom or the PHOSPHOROUS atom of the (P=O)O2 structure.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation.

Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.

Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.

Tetraspanin proteins that are involved in a variety of cellular functions including BASEMENT MEMBRANE assembly, and in the formation of a molecular complexes on the surface of LYMPHOCYTES.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.

A family of hepatotropic DNA viruses which contains double-stranded DNA genomes and causes hepatitis in humans and animals. There are two genera: AVIHEPADNAVIRUS and ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS. Hepadnaviruses include HEPATITIS B VIRUS, duck hepatitis B virus (HEPATITIS B VIRUS, DUCK), heron hepatitis B virus, ground squirrel hepatitis virus, and woodchuck hepatitis B virus (HEPATITIS B VIRUS, WOODCHUCK).

The presence of viruses in the blood.

The introduction of whole blood or blood component directly into the blood stream. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Unassigned species, in the family PICORNAVIRIDAE, causing high mortality in ducklings 3 days to 3 weeks old.

A country in northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula Its capital is Cairo.

A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.

Virus diseases caused by the HEPADNAVIRIDAE.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

The indelible marking of TISSUES, primarily SKIN, by pricking it with NEEDLES to imbed various COLORING AGENTS. Tattooing of the CORNEA is done to colorize LEUKOMA spots.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.

A contagious disease caused by canine adenovirus (ADENOVIRUSES, CANINE) infecting the LIVER, the EYE, the KIDNEY, and other organs in dogs, other canids, and bears. Symptoms include FEVER; EDEMA; VOMITING; and DIARRHEA.

The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.

Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.

Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE), an enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

A species of virus (unassigned to a genus) in the family FLAVIVIRIDAE. It is genetically heterogeneous, of human origin, and transmitted by blood or blood products. Despite its alternate name (Hepatitis G virus), its pathogenicity remains controversial.

The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.

Infections with viruses of the family FLAVIVIRIDAE.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.

Infectious organisms in the BLOOD, of which the predominant medical interest is their contamination of blood-soiled linens, towels, gowns, BANDAGES, other items from individuals in risk categories, NEEDLES and other sharp objects, MEDICAL WASTE and DENTAL WASTE, all of which health workers are exposed to. This concept is differentiated from the clinical conditions of BACTEREMIA; VIREMIA; and FUNGEMIA where the organism is present in the blood of a patient as the result of a natural infectious process.

A genus in the subfamily CALLITRICHINAE consisting of 12 species and found in Panama as well as South America. Species seen most frequently in the literature are S. oedipus (cotton-top marmoset), S. nigricollis, and S. fusicollis.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.

Schedule giving optimum times usually for primary and/or secondary immunization.

The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.

Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.

A family of the order Rodentia which contains 49 genera. Some of the more common genera are MARMOTA, which includes the marmot and woodchuck; Sciurus, the gray squirrel, S. carolinensis, and the fox squirrel, S. niger; Tamias, the eastern and western chipmunk; and Tamiasciurus, the red squirrel. The flying squirrels, except the scaly-tailed Anomaluridae, also belong to this family.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

An enzyme that catalyses RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'- end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time, and can initiate a chain de novo. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p293)

Organized services to administer immunization procedures in the prevention of various diseases. The programs are made available over a wide range of sites: schools, hospitals, public health agencies, voluntary health agencies, etc. They are administered to an equally wide range of population groups or on various administrative levels: community, municipal, state, national, international.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Viral diseases which are transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct.

The entering of cells by viruses following VIRUS ATTACHMENT. This is achieved by ENDOCYTOSIS, by direct MEMBRANE FUSION of the viral membrane with the CELL MEMBRANE, or by translocation of the whole virus across the cell membrane.

Retroviral proteins coded by the pol gene. They are usually synthesized as a protein precursor (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into final products that include reverse transcriptase, endonuclease/integrase, and viral protease. Sometimes they are synthesized as a gag-pol fusion protein (FUSION PROTEINS, GAG-POL). pol is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase.

A genus of HEPADNAVIRIDAE causing hepatitis in humans, woodchucks (HEPATITIS B VIRUS, WOODCHUCK) and ground squirrels. hepatitis b virus is the type species.

FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cirrhosis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and bile secretion. Secondary biliary cirrhosis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.

The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.

Penal institutions, or places of confinement for war prisoners.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (PROVIRUSES) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, IONIZING RADIATION, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses.

The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.

The study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of viruses, and VIRUS DISEASES.

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.

A genus of tree shrews of the family TUPAIIDAE which consists of about 12 species. One of the most frequently encountered species is T. glis. Members of this genus inhabit rain forests and secondary growth areas in southeast Asia.

Purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.

An infant during the first month after birth.

A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a CAPSID plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A species of non-enveloped DNA virus in the genus ANELLOVIRUS, associated with BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS; and HEPATITIS. However, no etiological role has been found for TTV in hepatitis.

Therapy for the insufficient cleansing of the BLOOD by the kidneys based on dialysis and including hemodialysis, PERITONEAL DIALYSIS, and HEMODIAFILTRATION.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).

The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal or vertical (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).

Hospital units in which care is provided the hemodialysis patient. This includes hemodialysis centers in hospitals.

A human liver tumor cell line used to study a variety of liver-specific metabolic functions.

The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from health professional or health care worker to patients. It includes transmission via direct or indirect exposure to bacterial, fungal, parasitic, or viral agents.

Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli.

Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.

The first alpha-globulins to appear in mammalian sera during FETAL DEVELOPMENT and the dominant serum proteins in early embryonic life.

Proteins which are synthesized as a single polymer and then cleaved into several distinct proteins.

Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.

A multistate, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A. National Hepatitis A Investigation Team. (1/837)

BACKGROUND: We investigated a large, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A that occurred in February and March 1997 in Michigan and then extended the investigation to determine whether it was related to sporadic cases reported in other states among persons who had consumed frozen strawberries, the food suspected of causing the outbreak. METHODS: The cases of hepatitis A were serologically confirmed. Epidemiologic studies were conducted in the two states with sufficient numbers of cases, Michigan and Maine. Hepatitis A virus RNA detected in clinical specimens was sequenced to determine the relatedness of the virus from outbreak-related cases and other cases. RESULTS: A total of 213 cases of hepatitis A were reported from 23 schools in Michigan and 29 cases from 13 schools in Maine, with the median rate of attack ranging from 0.2 to 14 percent. Hepatitis A was associated with the consumption of frozen strawberries in a case-control study (odds ratio for the disease, 8.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.1 to 33) and a cohort study (relative risk of infection, 7.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 53) in Michigan and in a case-control study in Maine (odds ratio for infection, 3.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.0 to 14). The genetic sequences of viruses from 126 patients in Michigan and Maine were identical to one another and to those from 5 patients in Wisconsin and 7 patients in Arizona, all of whom attended schools where frozen strawberries from the same processor had been served, and to those in 2 patients from Louisiana, both of whom had consumed commercially prepared products containing frozen strawberries from the same processor. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a large outbreak of hepatitis A in Michigan that was associated with the consumption of frozen strawberries. We found apparently sporadic cases in other states that could be linked to the same source by viral genetic analysis. (+info)

Changing epidemiology of hepatitis A in the 1990s in Sydney, Australia. (2/837)

Surveillance of hepatitis A in residents of Eastern Sydney Health Area identified substantial epidemics in homosexual males in 1991-2 with a peak rate of 520 per 100,000 recorded in males aged 25-29 years, and again in 1995-6, with a peak rate of 405 per 100,000 per year in males aged 30-34 years. During 1994-5 an epidemic was detected among disadvantaged youth associated with injecting drug use; peak rates of 200 per 100,000 per year were reported in males aged 25-29 years and of 64 per 100,000 per year among females aged 20-24 years. The epidemiology of hepatitis A in these inner suburbs of Sydney is characterized by very few childhood cases and recurrent epidemics among homosexual men. Identified risk groups need to be targeted with appropriate messages regarding the importance of hygiene and vaccination in preventing hepatitis A. However, poor access to health services among disadvantaged youth and a constant influx of young homosexual males into these inner suburbs present major challenges to hepatitis A control. (+info)

Prevalence of enteric hepatitis A and E viruses in the Mekong River delta region of Vietnam. (3/837)

A study of antibody prevalence for hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) was carried out in southwestern Vietnam in an area adjacent to a known focus of epidemic HEV transmission. The purpose of this investigation was first to provide a prevalence measure of hepatitis infections, and second to determine the outbreak potential of HEV as a function of the susceptible population. Blood specimens collected from 646 persons in randomly selected village hamlets were examined by an ELISA for anti-HEV IgG and anti-HAV IgG. The prevalences of anti-HEV IgG and anti-HAV IgG were 9% and 97%, respectively. There was a significant increase (P < 0.01) in age-specific anti-HEV IgG. A notable increase in anti-HAV IgG prevalence (P < 0.0001) occurred between child populations 0-4 (64%) and 5-9 (95%) years of age. No evidence of familial clustering of anti-HEV IgG-positive individuals was detected, and household crowding was not associated with the spread of HEV. Boiling of water was found to be of protective value against HEV transmission. A relatively low prevalence of anti-HEV indicates considerable HEV outbreak potential, against a background of 1) poor, water-related hygiene/sanitation, 2) dependence on a (likely human/animal waste)-contaminated Mekong riverine system, and 3) periodic river flooding. (+info)

An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with an infected foodhandler. (4/837)

OBJECTIVE: The recommended criteria for public notification of a hepatitis A virus (HAV)-infected foodhandler include assessment of the foodhandler's hygiene and symptoms. In October 1994, a Kentucky health department received a report of a catering company foodhandler with hepatitis A. Patrons were not offered immune globulin because the foodhandler's hygiene was assessed to be good and he denied having diarrhea. During early November, 29 cases of hepatitis A were reported among people who had attended an event catered by this company. Two local health departments and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in collaboration with two state health departments, undertook an investigation to determine the extent of the outbreak, to identify the foods and event characteristics associated with illness, and to investigate the apparent failure of the criteria for determining when immune globulin (IG) should be offered to exposed members of the public. METHODS: Cases were IgM anti-HAV-positive people with onset of symptoms during October or November who had eaten foods prepared by the catering company. To determine the outbreak's extent and factors associated with illness, the authors interviewed all case patients and the infected foodhandler and collected information on menus and other event characteristics. To investigate characteristics of events associated with transmission, the authors conducted a retrospective analysis comparing the risk of illness by selected event characteristics. To evaluate what foods were associated with illness, they conducted a retrospective cohort study of attendees of four events with high attack rates. RESULTS: A total of 91 cases were identified. At least one case was reported from 21 (51%) of the 41 catered events. The overall attack rate was 7% among the 1318 people who attended these events (range 0 to 75% per event). Attending an event at which there was no on-site sink (relative risk [RR] = 2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4, 3.8) or no on-site kitchen (RR = 1.9, 95% Cl 1.1, 2.9) was associated with illness. For three events with high attack rates, eating at least one of several uncooked foods was associated with illness, with RRs ranging from 8 to undefined. CONCLUSION: A large hepatitis A outbreak resulted from an infected foodhandler with apparent good hygiene and no reported diarrhea who prepared many uncooked foods served at catered events. Assessing hygiene and symptoms s subjective, and may be difficult to accomplish. The effectiveness of the recommended criteria for determining when IG should be provided to exposed members of the public needs to be evaluated. (+info)

Identifying target groups for a potential vaccination program during a hepatitis A communitywide outbreak. (5/837)

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to identify groups for targeted vaccination during a communitywide hepatitis A outbreak in 1996. METHODS: Residents of the Sioux City, Iowa, metropolitan area reported with hepatitis A between September 1995 and August 1996 were sampled and compared with population-based controls. RESULTS: In comparison with 51 controls, the 40 case patients were more likely to inject methamphetamine, to attend emergency rooms more often than other health care facilities, and to have a family member who used the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. CONCLUSIONS: Groups at increased risk of hepatitis A can be identified that might be [corrected] accessed for vaccination during communitywide outbreaks. (+info)

The epidemiology of viral hepatitis in children in South Texas: increased prevalence of hepatitis A along the Texas-Mexico border. (6/837)

An initial retrospective study of 194 children demonstrated a high prevalence of hepatitis A but not hepatitis B or C infection among children living along the Texas-Mexico border. A larger prospective study of hepatitis A was conducted with 285 children (aged 6 months to 13 years) living in 3 sociodemographically dissimilar areas of South Texas. Children living in colonias along the border had a significantly higher prevalence of hepatitis A virus infection (37%) than children living in urban border communities (17%) or in a large metropolitan area (San Antonio [6%]). Independent risk factors for hepatitis A infection included increased age, colonia residence, and history of residence in a developing country. Use of bottled water (vs. municipal or spring/well water) and years of maternal secondary education were protective. Improved sanitation or routine hepatitis A vaccination in early childhood may reduce the prevalence of hepatitis A in these areas. (+info)

Antigenic epitopes of the hepatitis A virus polyprotein. (7/837)

Forty-two antigenic domains were identified across the hepatitis A virus (HAV) polyprotein by using a set of 237 overlapping 20-mer synthetic peptides spanning the entire HAV polyprotein and a panel of serum samples from acutely HAV-infected patients. The term "antigenic domain" is used in this study to define a protein region spanned with consecutive overlapping immunoreactive peptides. Nineteen antigenic domains were found within the structural proteins, and 22 were found within the nonstructural proteins, with 1 domain spanning the junction of VP1 and P2A proteins. Five of these domains were considered immunodominant, as judged by both the breadth and the strength of their immunoreactivity. One domain is located within the VP2 protein at position 57-90 aa. A second domain, located at position 767-842 aa, contains the C-terminal part of the VP1 protein and the entire P2A protein. A third domain, located at position 1403-1456 aa, comprises the C-terminal part of the P2C protein and the N-terminal half of the P3A protein. The fourth domain, located at position 1500-1519 aa, includes almost the entire P3B, and the last domain, located at position 1719-1764 aa, contains the C-terminal region of the P3C protein and the N-terminal region of the P3D protein. It is interesting to note that four of the five most immunoreactive domains are derived from small HAV proteins and/or encompass protein cleavage sites separating different HAV proteins. The HAV-specific immunoreactivity of each antigenically reactive peptide was confirmed by using seven HAV seroconversion panels. Collectively, these data demonstrate that HAV structural and nonstructural proteins contain antigenic epitopes that can be efficiently modeled with short synthetic peptides. (+info)

Ascertainment of secondary cases of hepatitis A--Kansas, 1996-1997. (8/837)

Each year, 25,000-30,000 cases of hepatitis A are reported in the United States. The most common infection source (22%-26%) is household or sexual contact with a person already infected with hepatitis A virus (HAV) (i.e., the source-patient). In Kansas during 1992-1997, contact with a source-patient was reported by 39% of persons with hepatitis A. Cases reported in 1996 and 1997 were studied retrospectively to determine the reasons for the apparently high proportion of secondary cases and to evaluate missed opportunities for prevention (i.e., postexposure prophylaxis with immune globulin [IG]). Results of this investigation indicate that persons with hepatitis A often were classified incorrectly as secondary cases and that some correctly identified secondary cases represented missed opportunities for prevention. (+info)

In autoimmune hepatitis[edit]. In 1972, a link between "HLA A1,8" (current:HLA A1-B8) active chronic hepatitis, subsequently B8 ... doi:10.1002/hep.1840210411. PMID 7705806.. *^ Muratori P, Czaja AJ, Muratori L, et al. (March 2005). "Genetic distinctions ... "HLA-C genes and susceptibility to type 1 autoimmune hepatitis". Hepatology. 26 (4): 1023-6. doi:10.1002/hep.510260434. PMID ... Autoimmune hepatitis, Primary biliary cirrhosis, Myasthenia gravis, Dermatitis herpetiformis HLA A1-B8-DR3-DQ2 haplotype (Also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA_A1-B8-DR3-DQ2

Typically, HEp-2 cells are used as a substrate to detect the antibodies in human serum. Microscope slides are coated with HEp-2 ... Comparison with autoimmune hepatitis and impact on the disease profile". Hepatology. 26 (3): 561-566. doi:10.1002/hep.510260305 ... Autoimmunityblog - HEp-2 ANA summary. *Antinuclear+antibodies at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( ... HEp-2 cells are permeablised (1) and then incubated with a person's blood serum (2). If the serum contains antibodies, they ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-nuclear_antibody

Hepatitis studies[edit]. Throughout the first decade of its operation, outbreaks of hepatitis, primarily hepatitis A, were ... Although it was known that hepatitis was caused by a virus, it wasn't known how hepatitis virus spread, whether it could be ... One result of the research was a better understanding of the differences between serum hepatitis, which is spread by blood ... One of his studies involved feeding live hepatitis virus to sixty healthy children. Krugman watched as their skin and eyes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willowbrook_State_School

The compound 13-cis retinoic acid was first studied in the 1960s at Roche Laboratories in Switzerland by Werner Bollag as a treatment for skin cancer. Experiments completed in 1971 showed that the compound was likely to be ineffective for cancer and, surprisingly, that it could be useful to treat acne. However, they also showed that the compound was likely to cause birth defects, so in light of the events around thalidomide, Roche abandoned the product. In 1975, Gary Peck and Frank Yoder independently rediscovered the drug's use as a treatment of cystic acne while studying it as a treatment for lamellar ichthyosis, and published that work. Roche resumed work on the drug. In clinical trials, subjects were carefully screened to avoid including women who were or might become pregnant. Roche's New Drug Application for isotretinoin for the treatment of acne included data showing that the drug caused birth defects in rabbits. The FDA approved the application in 1982. Scientists involved in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotretinoin

Moderate alcohol consumption 30-60 minutes before bedtime results in disruptions in sleep maintenance and sleep architecture that are mediated by blood alcohol levels.[2] Disruptions in sleep maintenance are most marked once alcohol has been completely metabolized from the body. Under conditions of moderate alcohol consumption where blood alcohol levels average 0.06-0.08% and decrease 0.01-0.02% per hour, an alcohol clearance rate of 4-5 hours would coincide with disruptions in sleep maintenance in the second half of an 8-hour sleep episode.[2] In terms of sleep architecture, moderate doses of alcohol facilitate "rebounds" in rapid eye movement (REM) and stage 1 sleep; following suppression in REM and stage 1 sleep in the first half of an 8-hour sleep episode, REM and stage 1 sleep increase well beyond baseline in the second half. Moderate doses of alcohol also increase slow wave sleep (SWS) in the first half of an 8-hour sleep episode.[2] Enhancements in REM sleep and SWS following moderate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_use_and_sleep

For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand ... This finding, originally reported in Nature,[42] showed that genotype 1 hepatitis C patients carrying certain genetic variant ... "Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance". Nature. 461 (7262): 399-401. Bibcode: ... demonstrated that the same genetic variants are also associated with the natural clearance of the genotype 1 hepatitis C virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection

a) Viral hepatitis: Halothane, isoniazid, phenytoin. (b) Focal hepatitis: Aspirin. (c) Chronic hepatitis: Methyldopa, ... Toxic hepatitis. Toxin induced hepatitis. Drug induced hepatitis. Drug-induced hepatic necrosis. Drug induced hepatic fibrosis ... A) viral hepatitis is the most common, where histological features are similar to acute viral hepatitis. (B) in focal or non- ... C) chronic hepatitis is very similar to autoimmune hepatitis clinically, serologically, and histologically. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatotoxicity

Final Diagnosis: Hepatitis C Absent: Olivia Wilde as Remy "Thirteen" Hadley. 138. 7. "A Pox on Our House". Tucker Gates. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_

... (development code GS-5734) is an antiviral drug, a novel nucleotide analog prodrug. It was developed by Gilead Sciences as a treatment for Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus infections, though it has subsequently also been found to show reasonable antiviral activity against more distantly related viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, Junin virus, Lassa fever virus, and MERS-coronavirus.[1] Remdesivir was rapidly pushed through clinical trials due to the 2013-2016 West African Ebola virus epidemic crisis, eventually being used in at least one human patient despite its early development stage at the time. Preliminary results were promising and it was used in the emergency setting for the 2018 Kivu Ebola outbreak along with further clinical trials, until August 2019, when Congolese health officials announced it was ineffective compared to other treatments such as mAb114 and the Regeneron-produced REGN3470-3471-3479.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] It may also help protect against Nipah ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remdesivir

Hepatitis B: certain antigens present during hepatitis can accumulate in the kidneys and damage them. ... Liver failure caused by cirrhosis, hepatitis and other conditions such as alcoholism, IV drug use or some hereditary diseases ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndrome

The vitamin thiamine also referred to as Vitamin B1, is required by three different enzymes to allow for conversion of ingested nutrients into energy. [13] Thiamine can not be produced in the body and must be obtained through diet and supplementation. [23] The duodenum is responsible for absorbing thiamine. The liver can store thiamine for 18 days.[13] Prolonged and frequent consumption of alcohol causes a decreased ability to absorb thiamine in the duodenum. Thiamine deficiency is also related to malnutrition from poor diet, impaired use of thiamine by the cells and impaired storage in the liver. [23]Without thiamine the Kreb's Cycle enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KGDH) are impaired.[13] The impaired functioning of the Kreb's Cycle results in inadequate production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or energy for the cells functioning. [13] Energy is required by the brain for proper functioning and use of its neurotransmitters. Injury to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke-Korsakoff_syndrome

This drug is approved around the world for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, chronic hepatitis B, hairy cell leukemia, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intron_A

Hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease inhibitors - class stem -previr[1]:26 *asunaprevir ... Protease inhibitors (PIs) are a class of antiviral drugs that are widely used to treat HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C. Protease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV_protease_inhibitor

"Chronic Hepatitis After Hepatitis E Virus Infection in a Patient With Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Taking Rituximab" (PDF). Retrieved ... Rituximab has been reported as a possible cofactor in a chronic Hepatitis E infection in a person with lymphoma. Hepatitis E ... Other severe side effects include reactivation of hepatitis B in those previously infected, progressive multifocal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituximab

Gujarat hepatitis (2009). *W. African meningitis (2009-2010). *Haiti cholera (2010-2019) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Plague

Family Nackednaviridae - e.g. African cichlid nackednavirus (ACNDV), formerly named African cichlid hepatitis B virus (ACHBV).[ ... "Deciphering the Origin and Evolution of Hepatitis B Viruses by Means of a Family of Non-enveloped Fish Viruses". Cell Host & ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SsRNA-RT_virus

Usually due to hepatitis B and C, HIV, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Parvo B19 virus. ... A detailed history is important to elicit any recent medications, any risk of hepatitis infection, or any recent diagnosis with ... Complement levels that are low can suggest mixed cryoglobulinemia, hepatitis C infection, and SLE, but not most other ... Most often due to hepatitis C infection, immune complexes of cryoglobulins --- proteins that consists of immunoglobulins and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_vasculitis

Hep B.[1] It protects against the infectious diseases diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, and hepatitis B.[2][3][4] ... "FDA licensure of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed, hepatitis B (recombinant), and poliovirus ... "Diphtheria, Tetanus Toxoids, Acellular Pertussis, Hepatitis B (Recombinant), and Poliovirus (Inactivated) Vaccine". Drugs.com. ... hepatitis B (recombinant) and inactivated poliovirus vaccine or DTaP-IPV- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTaP-IPV-HepB

Chronic hepatitis B. Visudyne (verteporfin). Age-related macular degeneration (wet form). Voltaren (diclofenac). Acute pain, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciba-Geigy

Hepatitis. DNA virus. HBV (B). RNA virus. CBV. HAV (A). HCV (C). HDV (D). HEV (E). HGV (G). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_Flu

Gujarat hepatitis (2009). *Western African meningitis (2009-2010). *Haiti cholera (2010-2019) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1826–1837_cholera_pandemic

Poor immune function, autoimmune diseases, Helicobacter pylori infection, hepatitis C, obesity, Epstein-Barr virus infection[1] ... Hepatitis C virus: associated with splenic marginal zone lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma ... Peveling-Oberhag J, Arcaini L, Hansmann ML, Zeuzem S (2013). "Hepatitis C-associated B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Epidemiology ... hepatitis C, obesity and Epstein-Barr virus infection.[1][3] The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies lymphomas into five ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hodgkin

Gujarat hepatitis (2009). *W. African meningitis (2009-2010). *Haiti cholera (2010-2019) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Gorakhpur_hospital_deaths

Hepatitis C virus. miR-122 Antiviral. pHIV7-shI-TAR-CCR5RZ. HIV. HIV Tat protein, HIV TAR RNA, human CCR5 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_silencing

eds.). Hepatitis Viruses in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2. . ( ... Diseases caused by fecal-oral transmission include diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, polio and hepatitis. ... "Hepatitis E: an overview and recent advances in vaccine research". World J Gastroenterol. 10 (15): 2157-62. doi:10.3748/wjg. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal–oral_route

Gujarat hepatitis (2009). *Western African meningitis (2009-2010). *Haiti cholera (2010-2019) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak

"Acute alcoholic hepatitis". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 40 (9): 833-41. doi:10.1097/01.mcg.0000225570.04773.5d. PMID 17016141.. ... Hep) moieties. The outer core oligosaccharide chain varies depending on the bacterial strain.[11][12] The term ... is considered to be an important factor in the development of alcoholic hepatitis,[41] which is likely to develop on the basis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide

Gujarat hepatitis (2009). *W. African meningitis (2009-2010). *Haiti cholera (2010-present) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_century_Madagascar_plague_outbreaks

HEPATITIS B. VACCINE 240. HYALURONIDASE 241. HYDROCORISONE 17-BUTYRATE 242. HYDROTALCITE 243. HYDROXIZINE ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schedule_H

"Quinolones may induce hepatitis". The BMJ. 314 (7084): 869. doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7084.869. PMC 2126221. PMID 9093098 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroquinolone-associated_disability

Read this article for more information on hepatitis. ... What Are Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C?. Although hep A is a ... Viral hepatitis: In the United States, most hepatitis cases are from the hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), or ... What Is Hepatitis A?. For kids, hep A is the most common type of hepatitis to get. The virus lives in poop (feces) from people ... Unfortunately, theres no vaccine for hep C yet.. What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Hepatitis?. Some people with hepatitis show ...

https://kidshealth.org/en/kids/hepatitis.html

CDC Guidelines to help health departments with surveillance and case management for different types of viral hepatitis, ... Additional candidate hepatitis viruses that have been isolated from patients with posttransfusion hepatitis include Hepatitis G ... J Viral Hep 1998; 5(Supp 2): 17-23. 18. Alter MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Nainan OV, McQuillan GM et al. The prevalence of Hepatitis C ... Non-ABC Hepatitis. HAV, HBV and HCV are the etiologic agents of ,95 % of acute viral hepatitis in the United States. However, a ...

https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/surveillanceguidelines.htm

... antibody to hepatitis B core antigen; anti-HBs, antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen; hepatitis B-directed care, physical ... Hepatitis B. Aaron M. Harris. INFECTIOUS AGENT. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a small, circular, partially double-stranded DNA virus ... Four doses of hepatitis B vaccine can be administered when a combination vaccine containing hepatitis B is administered after ... Abbreviations: HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; IM, intramuscular; ELU, ELISA units of inactivated HAV; HAV, hepatitis A ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/hepatitis-b

Get a hepatitis A vaccine:. *Ask your doctor or nurse about hepatitis A vaccine. *The hepatitis A vaccine is given in 2 doses, ... What is hepatitis A?. Hepatitis A is a liver disease spread by contaminated food and water. It can also be spread from the ... International Travel and Hepatitis A vaccination. *Hepatitis A in Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases ... If you feel sick and think you may have hepatitis A:. *Talk to your doctor or nurse if you feel seriously ill, especially if ...

http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/hepatitis-a

Hepatitis B can move from one person to another through blood and other body fluids. For this reason, people usually get it ... What Is Hepatitis B?. Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). In some people, HBV stays in the ... What Problems Can Hepatitis B Cause?. Hepatitis B (also called serum hepatitis) is a serious infection. It can lead to ... What Is Chronic Hepatitis B?. Doctors refer to hepatitis B infections as either acute or chronic:. *An acute HBV infection is a ...

https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/std-hepatitis.html

Hepatitis B is an infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. Learn about transmission, vaccination, symptoms, and prevention. ... What is the difference between hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C?. Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C are liver ... What is hepatitis B?. Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. Some people with hepatitis B are sick ... In the United States, the most common hepatitis viruses are hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/bfaq.htm

World Hepatitis Day, observed July 28, aims to raise global awareness of hepatitis B and hepatitis C and encourage prevention, ... WHO , Hepatitis B Archived 9 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine. *^ a b Zuckerman AJ (1996). "Hepatitis Viruses". In Baron S ... Hepatitis. DNA virus. HBV (B). RNA virus. CBV. HAV (A). HCV (C). HDV (D). HEV (E). HGV (G). ... doi:10.1002/hep.21347. PMID 16941687.. *^ Schilsky ML (2013). "Hepatitis B "360"". Transplantation Proceedings. 45 (3): 982-985 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B

"What is hepatitis?". www.who.int. WHO. Retrieved 17 April 2019.. *^ a b c d e "Hepatitis E". www.who.int. WHO. Retrieved 17 ... Hepatitis E is inflammation of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV).[4][5] Hepatitis E has mainly a ... Hepatitis. DNA virus. HBV (B). RNA virus. CBV. HAV (A). HCV (C). HDV (D). HEV (E). HGV (G). ... "Hepatitis E: Background, Etiopathophysiology, Epidemiology". medscape.com. Medscape. 13 March 2019.. *^ a b c d e f g Kamar, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_E

Infectious viral hepatitis such as hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D and hepatitis E, other viral diseases, ... Chronic hepatitis e.g. Hepatitis B, C Treatment of chronic infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis C usually involves ... Source: Hepatitis (liver inflammation) (netdoctor.co.uk). Epidemiology Hepatitis A is the commonest form of viral hepatitis. It ... Source: Hepatitis A: Prevention - MayoClinic.com (mayoclinic.com). Hepatitis B For active vaccination, a harmless hepatitis B ...

https://www.hon.ch/SR/C06.552.380_en.html

Latest Hepatitis News. West Virginia to get $393K from feds for hepatitis detection. Apr. 28, 2021 04:08 AM EDT ... ORONO, Maine (AP) - Patrons of a store in Orono earlier this month might have been exposed to a kind of hepatitis, the Maine ... AP) - West Virginia will receive $393,100 from the federal government to detect the spread of hepatitis. The funding comes as ... Maine CDC: Potential hepatitis A exposure at Orono store. Mar. 25, 2021 12:36 PM EDT ...

https://hosted.ap.org/thetimes-tribune/tags/hepatitis

Hepatitis C. Vol. 474 No. 7350_supp S1-S48 *. In this Supplement. *Outlook ... Real-time imaging of hepatitis C virus infection using a fluorescent cell-based reporter system *Christopher T Jones ... Decreased levels of microRNA miR-122 in individuals with hepatitis C responding poorly to interferon therapy *Magdalena Sarasin ... Infecting around 120 million people worldwide, hepatitis C virus (HCV) is more common than HIV yet it is a neglected epidemic. ...

http://www.nature.com/nature/outlook/hepatitis-c/index.html?error=cookies_not_supported&code=308af4bb-9af0-4e3e-bd4a-548b728122b8

Chronic hepatitis with combined features of autoimmune chronic hepatitis and chronic hepatitis C: favorable response to ... Tagle Arrospide, M., Leon Barva, R.: Viral hepatitis A as triggering agent of autoimmune hepatitis Report of case and review of ... Meyer zum Büschenfelde, K.H.: Autoimmune hepatitis: "Hepatitis sui generic". J. Hepatol. 2003; 38: 130-135Google Scholar ... Rahaman, S.M., Chira, P., Koff, R.S.: Idiopathic autoimmune chronic hepatitis triggered by hepatitis A. Amer. J. Gastroent. ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-540-76839-5_32

Infectious agents that cause hepatitis include viruses and ... Hepatitis, inflammation of the liver that results from a ... Hepatitis A. Hepatitis A, caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), is the most common worldwide. The onset of hepatitis A usually ... Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is a much more severe and longer-lasting disease than hepatitis A. It may occur as an acute disease, ... Hepatitis F and G. Some cases of hepatitis transmitted through contaminated food or water are attributed to the hepatitis F ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/hepatitis

Hepatitis A can be unpleasant, but its not usually serious and most people make a full recovery within a couple of months. ... Hepatitis A is a liver infection caused by a virus thats spread in the poo of an infected person. ... Read more about the hepatitis A vaccine.. Treatments for hepatitis A. Theres currently no cure for hepatitis A, but it will ... Read more about treating hepatitis A. Outlook for hepatitis A. For most people, hepatitis A will pass within two months and ...

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Hepatitis-A/

Read about hepatitis B, an infection of the liver caused by a virus. Find out about the symptoms, causes, treatments and risks ... Hepatitis B can be serious, so you should get medical advice if:. *you think you may have been exposed to the hepatitis B virus ... How hepatitis B is spread. The hepatitis B virus is found in the blood and bodily fluids, such as semen and vaginal fluids, of ... Outlook for hepatitis B. The vast majority of people infected with hepatitis B in adulthood are able to fight off the virus and ...

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Hepatitis-B/

... hepatitis C symptoms and hepatitis C treatment. Read about hepatitis C transmission, hepatitis C tests, hepatitis C vaccine, ... Hepatitis C : Review clinical reference information, guidelines, and medical news on hepatitis C-- ... Hep C and Drug Abuse Often Go Hand in Hand, but Screening Lags ... Hepatitis C Treatment Linked to Reduced CVD Risk. Reuters ... Hep C Infection May Be on the Rise Among Men Using PrEP ... Viral Hepatitis: Five Highlights From the Liver Meeting. ...

https://www.medscape.com/resource/hepc

Hepatitis C testing recommendations for baby boomers. Other Resources. *Guidelines on Management of Hepatitis C - The American ... Hepatitis C. Information. 2016 Hepatitis C Educational Tool for Public Health Nurses ...

http://www.in.gov/isdh/25474.htm

Saturday, July 28, is World Hepatitis Day, which aims to increase public awareness about all types of viral hepatitis, which ... The number of hepatitis A cases in Florida continues to grow, and its concerning health officials, because the infection can ... Its World Hepatitis Testing Day and if youre a baby boomer or born between 1945 and 1965, the state health department ... The number of hepatitis A cases in Florida has increased significantly, prompting health officials to issue an advisory on ...

https://www.orlandosentinel.com/topic/hepatitis-HEDAI00000272-topic.html

... is an inflammation of the liver. Types include viral, toxic and autoimmune. Learn about hepatitis symptoms tests and ... Tests: Hepatitis A Testing, Hepatitis B Testing, Hepatitis C Testing, Acute Viral Hepatitis Panel, Liver Panel, AST, ALP, ALT, ... HBeAg = Hepatitis B e-antigen. Anti-HBe = Hepatitis B e-antibody. Anti-HBc = Anti-hepatitis B core antigen. HBV DNA = Hepatitis ... Summary Table: Most common causes of viral hepatitis. Virus. Hepatitis A. Hepatitis B. Hepatitis C. ...

https://labtestsonline.org/conditions/hepatitis

Read this article for more information on hepatitis. ... What Are Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C?. *Can Hepatitis B and C ... What Are Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C?. Although hep A is a short-term illness that goes away completely, hepatitis B and ... Viral hepatitis: In the United States, most hepatitis cases are from the hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), or ... What Is Hepatitis A?. For kids, hep A is the most common type of hepatitis to get. The virus lives in poop (feces) from people ...

https://www.kidshealth.org/Nemours/en/kids/hepatitis.html?WT.ac=p-ra

The hepatitis D virus (HDV) was described in 1977, and it is considered the most pathogenic among all hepatotropic viruses. HDV ... Casey JL, Niro GA, Engle RE, Veja A, Gomez H, McCarthy WDM, Hyams KC, Gerin JL (1996) Hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis D virus ... Viana S, Paraná R, Moreira RC, Compri AP, Macedo V (2005) High prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus in the ... Bensag A (1983) Labrea hepatitis and other fulminant hepatitis in Serra Madureira Acre and Boca de Acre Amazonas Brasil. Rev ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-54567-7_18

Cases of acute hepatitis B infection varied with age. Figure 3 shows incidence rates of acute hepatitis B cases per 100,000 ... Hepatitis B 2002. Table 1. Hepatitis B Cases by Race and Sex, Indiana, 2002 ... The hepatitis B incidence rate for the United States in 2002 was 2.8 acute cases/100,000 population. As shown in Table 1, the ... Hepatitis B is a serious viral disease of the liver transmitted by direct contact, including sexual contact, with blood or body ...

http://in.gov/isdh/22506.htm

Find out about the different types of hepatitis. ... Hepatitis, an infectious liver disease, is more contagious than ... The three most common hepatitis viruses are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. (Hepatitis viruses D and E are rare in ... Hepatitis. What Is Hepatitis?. Hepatitis (pronounced: hep-uh-TIE-tiss) is an inflammation of the liver. The liver, in the right ... Read more about hepatitis B.. What Is Hepatitis C?. Like hepatitis B, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) spreads from person to person ...

https://www.kidshealth.org/Nemours/en/teens/hepatitis.html

Hepatitis C virus can spread through contact with infected blood, by sharing needles or needle-stick injuries. Learn who should ... There are different types of hepatitis. One type, hepatitis C, is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Hepatitis C can range ... Can hepatitis C be prevented?. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C. But you can help protect yourself from hepatitis C ... What are the symptoms of hepatitis C?. Most people with hepatitis C have no symptoms. Some people with acute hepatitis C do ...

https://medlineplus.gov/hepatitisc.html

Training booklet on the dangers of exposure to hepatitis B virus: transmission of hepatitis B; dangers of exposure ( ... About Hepatitis B. Bibliographic information. Scriptographic Publications Ltd., Channing House, Butts Road, Alton, Hants GU34 ... infectious diseases; training material; health services; infectious hepatitis. Descriptors (secondary). safety guides; ...

https://www.ilo.org/dyn/cisdoc2/cismain.details?p_lang=en&p_doc_id=66270

Health Information on Hepatitis: MedlinePlus Multiple Languages Collection ... Hepatitis: MedlinePlus Health Topic - English Hepatitis: Tema de salud de MedlinePlus - español (Spanish) ... Viral Hepatitis - 简体中文 (Chinese, Simplified (Mandarin dialect)) Bilingual PDF ... Viral Hepatitis - 繁體中文 (Chinese, Traditional (Cantonese dialect)) Bilingual PDF ...

https://medlineplus.gov/languages/hepatitis.html

serological tests negative for hepatitis A and hepatitis B; and *antibody to hepatitis C virus verified by an additional more ... View CDCs Hepatitis C page. It is estimated that 3.9 million Americans have been infected with the hepatitis C virus, and 2.7 ... In 2001, no cases identified in Indiana met the case definition of acute hepatitis C. The acute case definition of hepatitis C ... Hepatitis C 2001. View ISDHs Quick Facts about Hepatitis C. ... Reporting of acute hepatitis C is unreliable for monitoring ...

http://in.gov/isdh/22642.htm

Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver, which is most often caused by a viral infection. ... Babies born to mothers infected with hepatitis B should receive hepatitis B immune globulin and the hepatitis B vaccine within ... Hepatitis E is rare in the United States, but common in other parts of the world, according to the CDC. Hepatitis B is spread ... Most acute hepatitis infections brought on by the hepatitis A, B, C and E virus will resolve on their own over several weeks or ...

https://www.livescience.com/34735-hepatitis-symptoms-treatment.html

... hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and… ... Acute hepatocellular hepatitis: Although a number of viruses ... Other articles where Hepatocellular hepatitis is discussed: digestive system disease: ... hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and… ... In digestive system disease: Acute hepatocellular hepatitis. ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/hepatocellular-hepatitis

Get Hep B vaccine cost paid & use preventive services to stay healthy. Learn more. ... Learn how Hepatitis B shots coverage is part of Medicare Part B. ... Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection screening. *Hepatitis C ... Hepatitis B shots Medicare Part B (Medical Insurance) covers these shots if youre at medium or high risk for Hepatitis B. Your ... Other factors may also increase your risk for Hepatitis B. Check with your doctor to see if youre at high or medium risk for ...

https://www.medicare.gov/coverage/hepatitis-b-shots

Hepatitis is an inflammation (say: in-fluh-MAY-shun) - a kind of irritation - or infection of the liver. (kidshealth.org)
Getting vaccinated helps a person's body make antibodies that protect against hepatitis infection. (kidshealth.org)
Any person with a hepatitis virus infection is a potential source of infection to others. (cdc.gov)
Additional information collected by the Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Program (VHSP) includes clinical features, serologic test results, and risk factors for infection. (cdc.gov)
Disease data source: Schweitzer A, Horn J, Mikolajczyk R, Krause G, Ott J. Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013. (cdc.gov)
The clinical diagnosis of acute HBV infection is based on signs or symptoms consistent with viral hepatitis and elevated hepatic transaminases but cannot be distinguished from other causes of acute hepatitis. (cdc.gov)
Serologic markers specific for hepatitis B are necessary to diagnose HBV infection and for appropriate clinical management ( Table 4-03 ). (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis A is a common infection among travelers to developing countries. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). (kidshealth.org)
A person who still has HBV after 6 months is said to have a chronic hepatitis B infection . (kidshealth.org)
Hepatitis B (also called serum hepatitis ) is a serious infection. (kidshealth.org)
Doctors will advise someone with a hepatitis B infection on how to manage symptoms - like getting plenty of rest or drinking fluids. (kidshealth.org)
What Happens After a Hepatitis B Infection? (kidshealth.org)
Hepatitis A is usually a short-term infection. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis B and hepatitis C can also begin as short-term infections but in some people, the virus remains in the body and causes chronic, or lifelong, infection. (cdc.gov)
Some people with hepatitis B are sick for only a few weeks (known as "acute" infection), but for others, the disease progresses to a serious, lifelong illness known as chronic hepatitis B. (cdc.gov)
For other people, acute hepatitis B leads to life-long infection known as chronic hepatitis B. Over time, chronic hepatitis B can cause serious health problems, including liver damage, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and even death. (cdc.gov)
The younger a person is when infected with the hepatitis B virus, the greater the chance of developing chronic infection. (cdc.gov)
About one in three children who get infected before age 6 will develop chronic hepatitis B. By contrast, almost all older children (those aged ≥6) and adults infected with the hepatitis B virus recover completely and do not develop chronic infection. (cdc.gov)
[1] Infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people's blood during childhood is the most frequent method by which hepatitis B is acquired in areas where the disease is common . (wikipedia.org)
[10] It is also recommended that all blood be tested for hepatitis B before transfusion and condoms be used to prevent infection. (wikipedia.org)
Acute infection with hepatitis B virus is associated with acute viral hepatitis , an illness that begins with general ill-health, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, body aches, mild fever, and dark urine, and then progresses to development of jaundice . (wikipedia.org)
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus either may be asymptomatic or may be associated with a chronic inflammation of the liver (chronic hepatitis), leading to cirrhosis over a period of several years. (wikipedia.org)
Hepatitis E is inflammation of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV). (wikipedia.org)
While usually lasting weeks and then resolving, in people with weakened immune systems -particularly in people who have had solid organ transplant-hepatitis E may cause a chronic infection . (wikipedia.org)
Infection with hepatitis E virus can also lead to problems in other organs. (wikipedia.org)
Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by infection with the hepatitis A virus (HAV). (webmd.com)
Infection can be prevented by getting immunized with the hepatitis A vaccine. (webmd.com)
Hepatitis E is usually a disease that occurs in persons who travel to areas that have high rates of HEV infection. (hon.ch)
The agency said Thursday it has identified a case of acute hepatitis A virus infection in a. (ap.org)
Most cases of hepatitis are caused by viral infection. (britannica.com)
Hepatitis A is a liver infection caused by a virus that's spread in the poo of an infected person. (www.nhs.uk)
A hepatitis A vaccine is available for people at a high risk of infection. (www.nhs.uk)
Vaccination against hepatitis A isn't routinely offered in the UK because the risk of infection is low for most people. (www.nhs.uk)
Hepatitis B is an infection of the liver caused by a virus that's spread through blood and body fluids. (www.nhs.uk)
These symptoms will usually pass within 1 to 3 months (acute hepatitis B), although occasionally the infection can last for 6 months or more (chronic hepatitis B). (www.nhs.uk)
The hepatitis B vaccine may also be recommended to reduce your risk of infection. (www.nhs.uk)
If you have only had the infection for a few weeks or months (acute hepatitis B), you may only need treatment to relieve your symptoms while your body fights off the infection. (www.nhs.uk)
If you have had the infection for more than 6 months (chronic hepatitis B), you may be offered treatment with medicines that can keep the virus under control and reduce the risk of liver damage. (www.nhs.uk)
The hepatitis B vaccine is given to infants as part of the routine childhood vaccination schedule and those at high risk of developing the infection. (www.nhs.uk)
The number of hepatitis A cases in Florida continues to grow, and it's concerning health officials, because the infection can be prevented by vaccination, but there are no drugs to treat it. (orlandosentinel.com)
Most often, hepatitis is caused by infection with certain viruses . (labtestsonline.org)
Barros A, Gomes-gouvêa B, Pinho B, Alvarado-mora BA, Dos Santos A, Mendes-corrêa AJM, Caldas AMT, Sousa MDC, Santos SP, Ferreira ASP (2011) Hepatitis delta virus genotype 8 infection in northeast Brazil: inheritance from african slaves. (springer.com)
Braga WS, Castilho Mda C, Borges FG, Leão JR, Martinho AC, Rodrigues IS, Azevedo EP, Barros Júnior GM, Paraná R (2012) Hepatitis D virus infection in the Western Brazilian Amazon-far from a vanishing disease. (springer.com)
and targeted vaccination of individuals at increased risk of hepatitis B including health care workers, dialysis patients, household contacts and sex partners of persons with chronic hepatitis B infection, recipients of certain blood products, persons with a recent history of having multiple sex partners or a sexually transmitted disease, men who have sex with men, and injecting drug users. (in.gov)
Cases of acute hepatitis B infection varied with age. (in.gov)
The hepatitis A vaccine has helped to make the infection rare in the United States and other developed countries. (kidshealth.org)
Although a hepatitis A infection can cause severe symptoms, unlike some other hepatitis viruses, it rarely leads to long-lasting liver damage. (kidshealth.org)
People who have recovered from a hepatitis A infection have immunity to the virus and won't get it again. (kidshealth.org)
Hepatitis B is a more serious infection. (kidshealth.org)
The hepatitis B vaccine is approved for people of all ages to prevent HBV infection. (kidshealth.org)
Chronic hepatitis C is a long-lasting infection. (medlineplus.gov)
If you have acute hepatitis C, your health care provider may wait to see if your infection becomes chronic before starting treatment. (medlineplus.gov)
Reporting of acute hepatitis C is unreliable for monitoring incidence of newly acquired infection, because no serologic marker is available to diagnose acute hepatitis C, and persons testing positive for hepatitis C antibody may be reported as acute hepatitis C when the case definition has not been met. (in.gov)
Although hepatitis can be the symptom of many illnesses, including autoimmune diseases, it is most often caused by a viral infection. (livescience.com)
Viral hepatitis sometimes goes away without any treatment, but in some cases, the virus will stay in the body and cause a chronic infection. (livescience.com)
Hepatitis can be caused by drugs, alcohol or other toxins, by infection with bacteria, viruses or parasites, or when the body mistakenly attacks the liver (an autoimmune disease), according to the World Health Organization . (livescience.com)
About 2 to 6 percent of adults infected with hepatitis B, and about 75 to 85 percent of people infected with hepatitis C, will develop a chronic infection, according to the CDC . (livescience.com)
Infants and children who contract hepatitis B have a higher risk for chronic infection. (livescience.com)
Hepatitis B infections can also increase the risk of becoming infected with hepatitis D, which cannot be contracted unless there's already a pre-existing hepatitis B infection, according to the Mayo Clinic. (livescience.com)
Spread mainly by contact with infected blood, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes most cases of viral liver infection not due to the A and B hepatitis viruses. (encyclopedia.com)
Most (four in five) patients will not develop cirrhosis and instead have a mild, chronic form of infection called chronic persistent hepatitis and when they die, will die with, not of, the infection. (encyclopedia.com)
Once hepatitis C virus infection is diagnosed, current treatment options for eradication are limited and often result in significant adverse effects (see Treatment). (medscape.com)
Although hepatitis C virus infection is uncommon in the pediatric population, the caregiver should be familiar with the basic concepts. (medscape.com)
HCV/HIV co-infection, HCV viral load and mode of delivery: risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus? (medscape.com)
Sofosbuvir and ribavirin in adolescents 12-17 years old with hepatitis C virus genotype 2 or 3 infection. (medscape.com)
The safety and effectiveness of ledipasvir-sofosbuvir in adolescents 12-17 years old with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection. (medscape.com)
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) can cause lifelong infection, cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver, liver cancer, liver failure, and death. (ca.gov)
Is there any way to prevent hepatitis A infection? (babycenter.com)
The term 'hepatitis' simply means inflammation or swelling of the liver, and can be caused by chemicals or drugs, or by infection. (netdoctor.co.uk)
a fixed-dose combination of ledipasvir, a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitor, and sofosbuvir, an HCV nucleotide analog NS5B polymerase inhibitor, and is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) genotype 1 infection in adults. (fda.gov)
Review Innate immune responses in hepatitis C virus infection. (nih.gov)
Review Mechanisms of hepatitis C virus infection. (nih.gov)
New research from the CDC suggests that the recent steep increase in cases of acute hepatitis C virus infection is associated with increases in opioid injection. (hhs.gov)
With increased Congressional funding, the Department of Veterans Affairs is planning to treat all veterans with chronic hepatitis C infection enrolled in VA. (hhs.gov)
They note that there is a "pressing need" for new treatments for hepatitis C infection because current treatments don't always work and can have side effects. (webmd.com)
Hepatitis C is one of the three most common forms of viral hepatitis, the other two being hepatitis A and B. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, and when that inflammation is caused by a viral infection, the disease is known as viral hepatitis. (medicinenet.com)
Hepatitis A is primarily an acute infection that gets better on its own. (medicinenet.com)
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. (nih.gov)
Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. (nih.gov)
Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. (nih.gov)
The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect you when you also have a hepatitis B virus infection. (nih.gov)
Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. (nih.gov)
Individuals who recover also develop antibodies against any future hepatitis B infection. (news-medical.net)
Hepatitis is mostly caused by liver infection s, typically viral ones, but it can also be caused by exposure to toxic drug s and other chemical s that irritate and poison the liver. (everything2.com)
Of all the acute hepatitis cases in the United States from 1982-1993, 47% were caused by hepatitis A, 34% by hepatitis B, 16% by hepatitis C, and 3% by some other infection. (everything2.com)
Hepatitis A, another common form of acute viral hepatitis, can cause flu-like symptoms but usually results in complete recovery and immunity to future type A infection. (healthcentral.com)
Hepatitis B may cause mild symptoms that resolve without treatment, but this virus, like type C, can cause chronic infection. (healthcentral.com)
About 29,500 new cases of acute hepatitis C occur each year-and some 3 million Americans are estimated to have chronic hepatitis C infection. (healthcentral.com)
In about 25% of people who contract hepatitis C, acute infection resolves on its own, often within six months but sometimes years later. (healthcentral.com)
Hepatitis D is a viral infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. (nih.gov)
In this way, hepatitis D is a double infection. (nih.gov)
The hepatitis D virus can cause an acute or chronic infection, or both. (nih.gov)
Although acute liver failure is uncommon, hepatitis D and B infections are more likely to lead to acute liver failure than hepatitis B infection alone. (nih.gov)
Injection drug users who use and/or share contaminated needles or other drug-injection equipment are one of the populations at high risk of Viral Hepatitis infection. (prweb.com)
Hepatitis A does not lead to a chronic Hepatitis infection. (prweb.com)
A Hepatitis C infection sometimes causes an acute illness lasting a few weeks. (prweb.com)
Acute Hepatitis C commonly leads to a chronic infection. (prweb.com)
The CDC recommends that anyone who has been an injection drug user get tested for Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C infection. (prweb.com)
Hepatitis B is an infection of the liver by the hepatitis B virus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Hepatitis B is a common viral infection that can have serious consequences. (medicalnewstoday.com)
There are five types of viral hepatitis: A, B,C, D, and E. Hepatitis A, an acute infection caused by a virus of the genus Hepatovirus is transmitted by contaminated food and water. (dictionary.com)
Hepatitis B is a virus that infects the liver which can cause a chronic infection that could lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. (mycentraljersey.com)
Chronic hepatitis B infection affects 350 million people worldwide and 1.2 million people in the US. (mycentraljersey.com)
You should get to a doctor right away in order to receive a shot of hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B Vaccine that will help your body's own immune system to fight off the infection. (mycentraljersey.com)
Prior to exposure a very effective vaccine will protect the vast majority of people for getting Hepatitis B. This vaccine has contributed to a 96% decline in the incidence of hepatitis B infection. (mycentraljersey.com)
Percentage of patients aged 18 years and older with one or more of the following: a history of injection drug use, receipt of a blood transfusion prior to 1992, receiving maintenance hemodialysis, OR birthdate in the years 1945-1965 who received one-time screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. (acponline.org)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes liver inflammation that can lead to liver problems, including cancer. (healthline.com)
Your own immune system response causes some of the symptoms associated with Hep B infection. (thebody.com)
Chronic Hep C infection is associated with cirrhosis of t he liver, which is scar formation in the tissue, and related to an increased risk of liver cancer. (thebody.com)
There is no antiviral treatment for Hep A infection. (thebody.com)
3TC may suppress Hep B replication, but might not get rid of the infection. (thebody.com)
There is no vaccine for Hep C yet, so to avoid infection, have safer sex and use clean needles. (thebody.com)
Hep B and Hep C can be latent (very low level), active (initial infection), or chronic (life-long high level). (thebody.com)
Although treatment for chronic hepatitis C infections is available, no post-exposure prophylaxis regimen is available to prevent infection. (kingcounty.gov)
The prevalence of chronic hepatitis C infection is the highest among persons born during 1945-1965. (kingcounty.gov)
Seventy-five to 85% of people who get infected with hepatitis C virus will become chronic carriers (chronic infection). (kingcounty.gov)
Until recently, there was no cure for most people with hepatitis C infection. (kingcounty.gov)
Hepatitis C Test & Cure is committed to making the most of recent advances in medicine that can improve the lives of thousands suffering from chronic hepatitis infection. (kingcounty.gov)
They provide hepatitis B vaccine only to well-defined risk groups, in addition to screening pregnant women to identify and immunize neonates exposed to infection. (who.int)
Hepatitis A virus infects the liver and can cause illnesses that range from a mild infection that has no symptoms to a more severe illness that can last for months. (kingcounty.gov)
Hepatitis C infection is the most common chronic blood borne infection in the U.S. (kpbs.org)
A Department of Health spokeswoman said: "The UK has one of the lowest rates of chronic hepatitis B infection in the world and the incidence of acute hepatitis B remains relatively stable and low. (telegraph.co.uk)
Expert advice has been that we should seek to improve immunisation of groups most at risk of infection, such as babies born to mothers with hepatitis B - we already have universal screening of all pregnant women for hepatitis B - injecting drug users and gay and bisexual men, and this is what we have been doing. (telegraph.co.uk)
On World Hepatitis Day, 28 July 2015, WHO and partners will urge policy-makers, health workers and the public to act now to prevent infection and death from hepatitis. (who.int)
Unsafe blood, unsafe injections, and sharing drug-injection equipment can all result in hepatitis infection. (who.int)
Approximately 780 000 persons die each year from hepatitis B infection. (who.int)
A safe and effective vaccine can protect from hepatitis B infection for life. (who.int)
Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection that can be caught from another person or from consuming contaminated food or water, according to the CDC . (cnn.com)
Hepatitis A is a viral infection that can inflame and damage the liver. (womenshealthmag.com)
In rare cases, hepatitis A can be spread by contact with the blood of a person who has the infection, for instance, when intravenous drug users share needles. (womenshealthmag.com)
HepVu: Interactive online resource that visualizes the first standardized state-level estimates of people with past or current Hepatitis C infection across the United States. (nfid.org)
Hepatitis A is a highly contagious viral infection of the liver. (emoryhealthcare.org)
People who believe that they are at high risk for hepatitis A infection should contact their healthcare provider or local health department for information about vaccination. (ohio.gov)
In a collaborative effort with groups across Europe and the USA, scientists from Nottingham University have recently identified antibodies that can successfully prevent infection with many diverse strains of Hepatitis C virus in laboratory models. (eurekalert.org)
The acute form of hepatitis, generally caused by viral infection, is characterized by constitutional symptoms that are typically self-limiting. (wikipedia.org)
The complication more frequently occurs in instances of hepatitis B and D co-infection at a rate of 2-20% and in pregnant women with hepatitis E at rate of 15-20% of cases. (wikipedia.org)

What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Hepatitis? (kidshealth.org)
The symptoms of hepatitis A develop, on average, around four weeks after becoming infected, although not everyone will experience them. (www.nhs.uk)
Read more about symptoms of hepatitis A . (www.nhs.uk)
The signs and symptoms of hepatitis are the same, regardless of the cause, but they may vary from person to person and over time. (labtestsonline.org)
Most infected infants show no signs of illness, but symptoms of hepatitis B include fever , fatigue, vomiting , loss of appetite, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). (babycenter.com)
If someone is experiencing any of the symptoms of hepatitis, they should speak with their doctor immediately. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The most common symptoms of hepatitis A are fatigue, nausea and/or vomiting, low fever, loss of appetite, dark urine, rash, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin). (healthcentral.com)
If the skin becomes jaundiced and the person is exhibiting other symptoms of hepatitis, the doctor will do various lab tests, such as blood tests and liver panel tests. (healthcentral.com)
Symptoms of hepatitis include fever and jaundice . (dictionary.com)
Symptoms of hepatitis A usually emerge two to seven weeks after exposure to the virus. (emoryhealthcare.org)
Individuals who experience symptoms of hepatitis A should contact their healthcare provider. (ohio.gov)
But the shots generally are ineffective for people exposed to the disease more than 14 days previously, so for those earlier party guests, officials are recommending that they visit their doctors if they show symptoms of hepatitis A. (latimes.com)
The recovery phase is characterized by resolution of the clinical symptoms of hepatitis with persistent elevations in liver lab values and potentially a persistently enlarged liver. (wikipedia.org)

For kids, hep A is the most common type of hepatitis to get. (kidshealth.org)
Hepatitis C is the most serious type of hepatitis. (kidshealth.org)
Hepatitis D is also spread through contact with blood, but infections with this virus only occur when someone is also infected with hepatitis B. Injection drug users are at greatest risk for this type of hepatitis, according to the NIDDK . (livescience.com)
Someone with chronic hepatitis, on the other hand, continues to be infectious and may have a variety of complications, including liver damage, liver failure, and liver cancer, depending on the type of hepatitis and the health of the infected person. (babycenter.com)
The symptoms of acute hepatitis D are the same as the symptoms of any type of hepatitis and are often more severe. (nih.gov)
The therapy also wasn't very effective and worked in less than half of people with hepatitis C genotype 1, the most common type of hepatitis C in the United States. (healthline.com)
They may be used to treat hepatitis C alone or in combination with older therapies depending on the type of hepatitis C. (healthline.com)
Other autoimmune diseases frequently accompany this type of hepatitis: autoimmune thyroiditis, Sjogren syndrome, glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc. (luc.edu)
Hepatitis A is a specific type of hepatitis which is caused by the Hepatitis A virus (HAV). (empowher.com)

Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, chemicals, drugs, alcohol, inherited diseases, or the patient's own immune system. (hon.ch)
Hepatitis , inflammation of the liver that results from a variety of causes, both infectious and noninfectious. (britannica.com)
Thus, although viral hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) predominantly affects hepatocytes, it commonly leads to damaged canaliculi, small channels that transport bile from hepatocytes. (britannica.com)
Another complication is chronic hepatitis, which is characterized by liver cell death and inflammation over a period greater than six months. (britannica.com)
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. (labtestsonline.org)
Fat deposited in the liver cells in increasing amounts can lead to inflammation and liver injury, causing hepatitis. (labtestsonline.org)
Hepatitis (pronounced: hep-uh-TIE-tiss) is an inflammation of the liver. (kidshealth.org)
Hepatitis C is a form of liver inflammation that causes primarily a long-lasting (chronic) disease. (encyclopedia.com)
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can strike children and adults. (babycenter.com)
The term 'hepatitis' is the Greek term for inflammation or swelling of the liver. (netdoctor.co.uk)
Hepatitis B is a serious virus that causes inflammation of the liver. (niu.edu)
Acute viral hepatitis is caused by several types of blood-borne viruses that produce inflammation of the liver. (healthcentral.com)
Chronic hepatitis C is characterized by ongoing inflammation of the liver and destruction (necrosis) of liver cells that persist for more than six to 12 months. (healthcentral.com)
Hepatitis literally refers to any inflammation of the liver. (healthcentral.com)
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, most frequently caused by a virus. (prweb.com)
Hepatitis C is a disease that causes liver inflammation. (healthline.com)
Hepatitis is swelling or inflammation of the liver which can be caused by a variety of factors. (empowher.com)
Hepatitis A can cause inflammation and compromise the liver's ability to function properly. (emoryhealthcare.org)
It is characterized by inflammation of the liver and is the least serious of the viral forms of hepatitis. (latimes.com)
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue. (wikipedia.org)
Chronic hepatitis presents similarly, but can manifest signs and symptoms specific to liver dysfunction with long-standing inflammation and damage to the organ. (wikipedia.org)
Cases of drug-induced hepatitis can manifest with systemic signs of an allergic reaction including rash, fever, serositis (inflammation of membranes lining certain organs), elevated eosinophils (a type of white blood cell), and suppression of bone marrow activity. (wikipedia.org)
Alcoholic hepatitis is hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) due to excessive intake of alcohol. (wikipedia.org)

For active vaccination, a harmless hepatitis B antigen is given to stimulate the body's immune system to produce protective antibodies against the surface antigen of hepatitis B. Hepatitis B vaccines are 95% effective. (hon.ch)
You do not need to pay for the vaccine if your child is eligible to receive it as part of the routine childhood vaccination schedule, or they're born to a mother with hepatitis B. (www.nhs.uk)
Central Florida is experiencing a spike in the number of hepatitis A infections, mostly among people who are homeless and use drugs, and to stymie the spread of the disease, local health departments are offering free vaccination to high-risk individuals. (orlandosentinel.com)
People can protect themselves by getting a vaccination against the Hepatitis B virus and by using condom s and taking other precautions against being exposed to body fluids from infected people. (everything2.com)
Because of effective vaccination strategies for preventing hepatitis A and B, rates for those infections have steadily declined in recent years. (healthcentral.com)
Get a hepatitis A vaccination before traveling to areas such as Mexico, eastern Europe and developing countries. (healthcentral.com)
There is a vaccination to prevent Hepatitis A. (prweb.com)
A Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended by the CDC for at-risk adults. (prweb.com)
There is no vaccination to prevent Hepatitis C. Avoiding injection drug use or other high risk behavior is recommended. (prweb.com)
Additional protections that persons with hepatitis B should use to keep the liver safe included vaccination for Hepatitis A and eliminating alcohol intake. (mycentraljersey.com)
The serological data on 15- to 19-year-old women in British Columbia 7 years after hepatitis B (HB) vaccination, presented recently by Meenakshi Dawar and associates, 1 are intriguing. (cmaj.ca)
Dawar M, Patrick DM, Bigham M, Cook D, Krajden M, Ng H. Impact of universal preadolescent vaccination against hepatitis B on antenatal seroprevalence of hepatitis B markers in British Columbia women. (cmaj.ca)
However, we do keep the UK's hepatitis B immunisation programme under ongoing review and a working group of our expert committee, the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation is currently considering whether the current hepatitis B immunisation programme might needed to be strengthened or expanded in future. (telegraph.co.uk)
People who know that they have been exposed to someone with hepatitis A should contact their healthcare provider or local health department to discuss post-exposure vaccination options. (ohio.gov)

In the United States, the most common hepatitis viruses are hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis A , Hepatitis B , and Hepatitis C are liver infections caused by three different viruses. (cdc.gov)
[4] [5] Hepatitis E has mainly a fecal-oral transmission route that is similar to hepatitis A , but the viruses are unrelated. (wikipedia.org)
[10] One of five known human hepatitis viruses: hepatitis A, B , C , D , and E, HEV is a positive-sense , single-stranded, nonenveloped, RNA icosahedral virus . (wikipedia.org)
Your blood probably will be tested for the hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses as well. (hon.ch)
and a number of hepatitis viruses. (britannica.com)
The term viral hepatitis , however, usually is applied only to those cases of liver disease caused by the hepatitis viruses. (britannica.com)
More than 1,000 patients who went to one of Nova Southeastern University's dental clinics in Davie for orthodontic procedures may have been exposed to certain viruses such HIV or hepatitis, because the surgical equipment weren't properly sterilized by some of the dental residents. (orlandosentinel.com)
In the U.S., most common causes are hepatitis A, B and C viruses. (labtestsonline.org)
The hepatitis D virus (HDV) was described in 1977, and it is considered the most pathogenic among all hepatotropic viruses. (springer.com)
Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of the illness. (livescience.com)
The primary sources of the hepatitis A and E viruses are raw or undercooked food, food handled by people who have not properly washed their hands and water contaminated by animal or human waste. (livescience.com)
Since liver damage can occur before there are any overt signs and symptoms, routine screenings for hepatitis B and C are recommended for people who have a high risk of coming in contact with the viruses. (livescience.com)
While the estimated number of new infections in the United States has been declining, hepatitis B and C viruses can persist as chronic infections, according to statistics reported to the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. (livescience.com)
2.  Other viruses also infect other sites of the body, and therefore are not exclusively hepatitis viruses. (slideshare.net)
The existence of a third hepatitis virus (besides the A and B viruses) became clear in 1974, but HCV was first identified in 1989. (encyclopedia.com)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of 6 viruses (along with hepatitis A, B, D, E, and G viruses) that cause viral hepatitis. (medscape.com)
Hepatitis viruses A, B, and C are the most common causes, but hepatitis D and E viruses also exist. (babycenter.com)
The availability of serological tests for hepatitis A and B viruses in the 1970s made it clear that most parenterally transmitted hepatitis was due to neither of these viruses. (bmj.com)
Hepatitis C Viruses: Genomes and Molecular Biology. (nih.gov)
Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. (nih.gov)
The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. (nih.gov)
It is caused by DNA viruses in the family Hepadnaviridae and is much more serious than hepatitis A. Hepatitis B has a long incubation period (around three months) and can cause severe liver damage and even death. (everything2.com)
Hepatitis C is a serious disease caused by either of two types of unclassified hepatitis-causing viruses. (everything2.com)
Hepatitis C is considered the most serious of these viruses and is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis, which may cause no symptoms for years yet can result in long-term health problems. (healthcentral.com)
Viruses cause acute hepatitis. (healthcentral.com)
In most cases, people are able to recover from and fight off the acute hepatitis D and B infections and the viruses go away. (nih.gov)
There is some exciting data about treating Hepatitis B (Hep B) and Hepatitis C (Hep C). These illnesses are similar, but are caused by structurally different viruses. (thebody.com)
Historically, successful vaccines against viruses have required the production of antibodies, and this is likely to be the case for Hepatitis C virus", says Dr Alexander Tarr from the Virus Research Group at the University of Nottingham. (eurekalert.org)

Acute hepatitis is often suspected and testing done because of the appearance of signs and symptoms, such as fever, loss of appetite, and nausea, often accompanied by dark urine, pale stools, and yellow discoloration of the skin and the whites of the eyes ( jaundice ). (labtestsonline.org)
In 2002, there were 85 reported cases of acute hepatitis B in Indiana: 81 percent exhibited jaundice, 33 percent were hospitalized, and 1 case resulted in death. (in.gov)
3.  The clinical manifestations of hepatitis are the same, regardless of which virus is the cause.is characterized by: Fever+ gastrointestinal symptoms ( anorexia, nausea, vomiting) + Jaundice No jaundice ↓ ↓ icteric hepatitis anicteric hepatitis (is more common). (slideshare.net)
Although virtually all people get better, the symptoms from Hep A can be severe, even deadly: high liver enzymes, high fever, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and tell-tale jaundice. (thebody.com)
It starts with acute symptoms in 30% of the cases with jaundice, fever, malaise, liver tenderness, like an acute viral hepatitis. (luc.edu)
Some people or animals with hepatitis have no symptoms, whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. (wikipedia.org)
Signs and symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity), fatigue and hepatic encephalopathy (brain dysfunction due to liver failure). (wikipedia.org)

In addition, states and territories should consider establishing computerized databases of persons who test positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or antibody to Hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) to facilitate the notification, counseling and management of persons with chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) or Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. (cdc.gov)
Travelers going to rural areas in developing countries have a higher risk of getting hepatitis A infections than other travelers. (cdc.gov)
However, hepatitis A infections can happen in urban areas with "standard" tourist accommodations as well. (cdc.gov)
Someone with hepatitis B may have symptoms similar to those caused by other viral infections, like the flu. (kidshealth.org)
In most cases, teens who get hepatitis B recover and may develop a natural immunity to future hepatitis B infections. (kidshealth.org)
A vaccine is available to prevent Hepatitis B infections. (google.com)
Indiana law requires the reporting of both acute and chronic hepatitis B infections during pregnancy and perinatally exposed infants. (in.gov)
Estimated numbers of newly acquired hepatitis C infections in the U.S. for 2001 were 25,000, compared to 35,000 for 2000. (in.gov)
Hepatitis A and E are acute (short-term) viral infections typically transmitted through food or water contaminated by fecal matter, the WHO says. (livescience.com)
Both hepatitis A and E do not lead to chronic infections, according to the CDC. (livescience.com)
Most acute hepatitis infections brought on by the hepatitis A, B, C and E virus will resolve on their own over several weeks or months, according to the NIH. (livescience.com)
Ninety percent of babies under the age of 1 and 30 percent of children between the ages of 1 and 5 who are infected with hepatitis B develop chronic infections. (babycenter.com)
Over 60 per cent of all hepatitis E infections occur in European countries. (netdoctor.co.uk)
Infectious hepatitis commonly includes hepatitis A, B, or C. All of these forms are caused by viral infections. (medicalnewstoday.com)
A bipartisan bill was introduced in Congress last year, the Viral Hepatitis Testing Act of 2011, that would establish a national system to identify the incidence of hepatitis B and C infections, and provide funding to increase the availability of testing. (medicinenet.com)
A coinfection occurs when you get both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. (nih.gov)
Up to 25% of all those who suffer from chronic hepatitis B infections will die from the damage caused to their liver . (everything2.com)
About 85% of acute infections of hepatitis C become chronic. (healthcentral.com)
How do hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections occur together? (nih.gov)
Hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections may occur together as a coinfection or a superinfection. (nih.gov)
Coinfections usually cause acute, or short-term, hepatitis D and B infections. (nih.gov)
Hepatitis B, caused by a virus of the genus Orthohepadnavirus and Hepatitis C, caused by a virus of the genus Hepacivirus, are more serious infections that are transmitted through infected bodily fluids such as blood and semen. (dictionary.com)
New WHO data from the just released Hepatitis 2017 report show an estimated 325 million people globally are living with chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infections. (voanews.com)
Despite the burden it places on communities across the world, hepatitis appears to have been largely ignored as a public health concern: Hepatitis B and C are among the most common viral infections in the world. (roche.com)
It is estimated that about 325 million people worldwide have hepatitis B or C virus infections. (roche.com)
Viral hepatitis - a group of infectious diseases known as hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E - affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide, causing acute and chronic liver disease and killing close to 1.5 million people every year, mostly from hepatitis B and C. These infections can be prevented, but most people don't know how. (who.int)
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infects up to 500,000 people in the UK alone, many of the infections going undiagnosed. (eurekalert.org)
Acute viral hepatitis follows three distinct phases: The initial prodromal phase (preceding symptoms) involves non-specific and flu-like symptoms common to many acute viral infections. (wikipedia.org)

In 2017, hepatitis E was estimated to affect more than 19 million people. (wikipedia.org)
Below is a list of approved FDA therapies to treat Hepatitis B and C, The list below may not be comprehensive and was last updated on October 30, 2017. (fda.gov)

HBV is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide, resulting in an estimated 887,000 deaths per year. (cdc.gov)
Although hepatitis A isn't usually serious, it's important to get a proper diagnosis to rule out more serious conditions with similar symptoms, such as hepatitis C or cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) . (www.nhs.uk)
Chronic hepatitis may persist for 20 years or more before causing significant symptoms related to progressive liver damage, such as cirrhosis and liver cancer , and can cause death. (labtestsonline.org)
Like hepatitis B, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) spreads from person to person through blood or other body fluids, and can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer. (kidshealth.org)
If your hepatitis C causes cirrhosis, you should see a doctor who specializes in liver diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
Patients with hepatitis C who develop cirrhosis may go on to have liver cancer - called hepatocellular carcinoma. (encyclopedia.com)
Still, in recent years, about 15,000 people have died annually from cirrhosis or liver cancer caused by hepatitis C. Those numbers will probably decrease, however, as better treatments become widely available. (healthcentral.com)
Chronic hepatitis D may lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. (nih.gov)
Most chronic Hep B carriers don't have any symptoms, but they have a good chance of developing cirrhosis of the liver , which can kill you. (thebody.com)
All hepatitis can cause painful swelling and cirrhosis , liver damage, sometimes bad enough to cause the liver to stop working. (thebody.com)
About 20% of persons with chronic hepatitis C will develop serious liver problems including cirrhosis and liver cancer 20 to 30 years after becoming infected. (kingcounty.gov)
Our expertise includes challenging conditions such as chronic viral hepatitis (hepatitis C or hepatitis B), fatty liver, inherited liver diseases including hemochromatosis, autoimmune liver diseases, cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, hepatocellular (liver) cancer, cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) and liver metastases from other cancers. (massgeneral.org)
They have high specificity for immune hepatitis (88%), but they occur also in 7% of hepatitis B, 8% of alcoholic liver, 14% of primary biliary cirrhosis and in 82 % of patients with anti-ANA and anti-SMA. (luc.edu)
Chronic hepatitis may progress to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), liver failure, and liver cancer. (wikipedia.org)
Alcoholic hepatitis is distinct from cirrhosis caused by long-term alcohol consumption. (wikipedia.org)
Alcoholic hepatitis can occur in patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease and alcoholic cirrhosis. (wikipedia.org)
Alcoholic hepatitis by itself does not lead to cirrhosis, but cirrhosis is more common in patients with long term alcohol consumption. (wikipedia.org)
10-20% of patients with alcoholic hepatitis progress to alcoholic liver cirrhosis every year. (wikipedia.org)
In total, 70% of those with alcoholic hepatitis will go on to develop alcoholic liver cirrhosis in their lifetimes. (wikipedia.org)

Hepatitis B is spread when blood, semen, or other body fluid infected with the hepatitis B virus enters the body of someone who is not infected. (cdc.gov)
You get it by contact with a person infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). (hon.ch)
Not all individuals infected with the hepatitis B virus develop the symptoms of acute hepatitis, with around 30% of those infected staying symptom-free. (news-medical.net)

Hirnschall said there was a range of interventions and tools, including highly effective vaccines and medicines that can prevent hepatitis from becoming a chronic and fatal disease. (voanews.com)
If you live in Lahore, find the best doctors in Lahore and ask a doctor online in Lahore about how you can prevent hepatitis. (selfgrowth.com)
There is no vaccine to prevent hepatitis C but there is, however, a cure. (kingcounty.gov)
World Hepatitis Day: Prevent hepatitis. (who.int)

World Hepatitis Day is on July 28. (orlandosentinel.com)
Saturday, July 28, is World Hepatitis Day, which aims to increase public awareness about all types of viral hepatitis, which affect more than 300 million people worldwide. (orlandosentinel.com)
FILE - Supporters stage a 'Die-In' to mark World Hepatitis Day at Piccadilly Circus in London. (voanews.com)
On World Hepatitis Day, events will take place around the world focussing on preventing hepatitis B and hepatitis C. (who.int)
The date of 28 July was chosen for World Hepatitis Day in honour of the birthday of Nobel Laureate Professor Baruch Samuel Blumberg, discoverer of the hepatitis B virus and developer of the first hepatitis B vaccine. (who.int)
World Hepatitis Day is marked on 28 July each year to increase the awareness and understanding of viral hepatitis. (europa.eu)

New antibodies and autoantigens in autoimmune hepatitis. (springer.com)
The body's immune system inappropriately produces antibodies directed against liver tissue, causing hepatitis. (labtestsonline.org)
Blood tests can then be used to determine the presence and quantity of hepatitis virus and antibodies in the body. (livescience.com)
FDA Approves Rapid Test for Antibodies to Hepatitis C Virus. (medscape.com)
If you think your baby might have been exposed to hepatitis A (because a family member or friend has the illness, for example), he should get an injection of immune globulin (a.k.a. gamma globulin), which contains antibodies against the virus - preferably within seven days of exposure, but the sooner the better. (babycenter.com)
If you had hepatitis B when you gave birth, your baby should have received both the hepatitis B vaccine and an injection of immune globulin, which contains antibodies against the virus. (babycenter.com)
But if there's any chance that a baby's mother is infected with hepatitis B, he'll get his first shot within 12 hours of birth, along with an injection of immune globulin, which contains antibodies against the virus. (babycenter.com)
The diagnosis is based on the patient's symptoms and confirmed by a blood test showing antibodies to hepatitis E. (netdoctor.co.uk)
In the U.S., about 33% of all adults have antibodies for hepatitis A, indicating that they've been infected with it at some point. (everything2.com)
There are several vaccines that are available to protect against hepatitis B. The vaccine component is one of the viral envelope proteins, which the immune system recognises and starts to produce antibodies against. (news-medical.net)
Hepatitis C can be diagnosed with blood tests that detect the virus or antibodies to the virus. (healthcentral.com)
Even though there were no hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers, 0.6% of the women in this age group had antibodies to HB core antigen. (cmaj.ca)
These antibodies are easily assayed and are present in 20 to 80% of patients with autoimmune hepatitis, but they are not specific for liver antigens. (luc.edu)
Dr Tarr is presenting the paper 'Human antibodies to Hepatitis C virus - potential for vaccine design' at 1615 on Tuesday 04 September 2007 in the Young Microbiologist of the Year Competition of the 161st Meeting of the Society for General Microbiology at the University of Edinburgh, 03 - 06 September 2007. (eurekalert.org)

In 2018, a total of 3,322 cases of acute (short-term) hepatitis B were reported to CDC. (cdc.gov)
CDC estimates the actual number of acute hepatitis B cases was closer to 21,600 in 2018. (cdc.gov)
En enero se contabilizaron 194 casos y en febrero y marzo 231 y 265, respectivamente, lo que representa un "aumento constante cada mes desde abril de 2018" y por encima de la media en marzo pasado de los cinco años previos, señala el Departamento de Salud de Florida en su pagina web. (orlandosentinel.com)
ODH has declared a statewide community outbreak of hepatitis A after observing an increase in cases linked to certain risk factors since the beginning of 2018. (ohio.gov)

A particular form of chronic liver disease prevalent among young women with an excessive increase in protein and υ-globulin was first described by S. Amberg (1942) ( 2 ) and later by J. Waldenström (1950), who used the name "autoimmune hepatitis" . (springer.com)
Treatment of autoimmune hepatitis: Current and future therapies. (springer.com)
Liver transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis: A long-term pathologic study. (springer.com)
Chronic hepatitis with combined features of autoimmune chronic hepatitis and chronic hepatitis C: favorable response to prednisone and azathioprine. (springer.com)
Prevalence and epidemiology of autoimmune hepatitis. (springer.com)
Histological changes after the use of mycophenolate mofetil in autoimmune hepatitis. (springer.com)
Improvement of autoimmune hepatitis during pregnancy followed by flare-up after delivery. (springer.com)
Successful treatment of refractory type 1 autoimmune hepatitis with methotrexate. (springer.com)
The role of histologic evaluation in the diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis and its variants. (springer.com)
Outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation in autoimmune hepatitis according to subtypes. (springer.com)
Development of transient autoimmune hepatitis during interferon treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Dig. (springer.com)
How reversible is hepatic functional impairment in autoimmune hepatitis? (springer.com)
Oral pulse prednisone therapy after relapse of severe autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. (springer.com)
Significance of HLA DR4 in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. (springer.com)
In some instances hepatitis results from an autoimmune reaction directed against the liver cells of the body. (britannica.com)
Of the above only autoimmune hepatitis responds to steroid treatment. (luc.edu)
Here we will discuss autoimmune hepatitis The other conditions will be treated in other sections. (luc.edu)
Typically absent in children with acute fulminant autoimmune hepatitis. (luc.edu)
It supports the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. (luc.edu)
These cases are classified as cryptogenic chronic hepatitis or autoantibody-negative autoimmune hepatitis . (luc.edu)
They are indistinguishable from type 1 autoimmune hepatitis and respond well to steroid therapy. (luc.edu)
The vulnerable area affected by autoimmune hepatitis is the periportal region. (luc.edu)
Autoimmune hepatitis may be treated with medications to suppress the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
Both drug-induced hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis can present very similarly to acute viral hepatitis, with slight variations in symptoms depending on the cause. (wikipedia.org)
Fulminant hepatitis, or massive hepatic cell death, is a rare and life-threatening complication of acute hepatitis that can occur in cases of hepatitis B, D, and E, in addition to drug-induced and autoimmune hepatitis. (wikipedia.org)

Early diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C can prevent these complications. (medlineplus.gov)
Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. (nih.gov)
A liver biopsy (removal by needle of a small sample of tissue) may be recommended to confirm a diagnosis of advanced chronic hepatitis C and determine the extent of liver damage. (healthcentral.com)
20 Early diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis B and D can lower your chances of developing serious health problems. (nih.gov)
Percentage of patients aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of hepatitis C with whom a physician or other qualified healthcare professional reviewed the range of treatment options appropriate to their genotype and demonstrated a shared decision making approach with the patient. (acponline.org)
Specific serological diagnosis of viral hepatitis. (cmaj.ca)
The practice is staffed by a team of individuals trained in infectious disease with experience and expertise in the diagnosis, evaluation and management of viral hepatitis. (massgeneral.org)
The diagnosis of 90% of patients with viral hepatitis. (roche.com)
TEHRAN - Iran is planning to provide free diagnosis and treatment services to people who are suffering from hepatitis and eradicate the disease by 2030. (tehrantimes.com)

For example, your baby could contract hepatitis A by putting his hand in his mouth after touching something contaminated with the stool of someone who has the virus. (babycenter.com)
Though those groups are at higher risk, almost anyone can contract hepatitis. (medicinenet.com)
2 million people a year contract hepatitis from unsafe injections. (who.int)
Mild cases often don't require treatment, and most people who contract hepatitis A recover completely without permanent liver damage . (emoryhealthcare.org)

Some people have hepatitis for many years without knowing it and then discover they have liver damage because of it. (kidshealth.org)
Hepatitis A affects people for a short time, and when they recover, it does not come back. (kidshealth.org)
The hepatitis A vaccine is now given to all kids when they're between 1 and 2 years old, and to people who are traveling to countries where the virus could get into the food and water supply. (kidshealth.org)
Although hep A is a short-term illness that goes away completely, hepatitis B and hepatitis C can turn into serious long-term illnesses for some people. (kidshealth.org)
Some people with hepatitis show no signs of having the disease. (kidshealth.org)
People 1 year of age and older who are traveling to or working in countries where they would have a high or intermediate risk of hepatitis A virus, should strongly consider the Hepatitis A vaccine. (cdc.gov)
How Do People Get Hepatitis B? (kidshealth.org)
People exposed to hepatitis B may start to have symptoms from 1 to 6 months later. (kidshealth.org)
Anyone who is at risk for hepatitis B (including health care and public safety workers, people with chronic liver disease, people who inject drugs, and others) also should be vaccinated. (kidshealth.org)
Some people with acute hepatitis B have no symptoms at all or only mild illness. (cdc.gov)
Many more people (about 862,000) are estimated to be living with chronic, long-term hepatitis B. (cdc.gov)
An estimated 257 million people are living with hepatitis B worldwide. (cdc.gov)
Many people with hepatitis B don't know they are infected with the virus because they don't feel or look sick. (cdc.gov)
Many people in the U.S. with hepatitis C are poor, and several hundred thousand are incarcerated. (scientificamerican.com)
[12] Over 750,000 people die of hepatitis B each year. (wikipedia.org)
Hepatitis A spreads when people eat food or drink water that is contaminated by stool (feces) that has the virus in it. (webmd.com)
Some people who have hepatitis have no symptoms. (hon.ch)
Infecting around 120 million people worldwide, hepatitis C virus (HCV) is more common than HIV yet it is a neglected epidemic. (nature.com)
Hepatitis A can be unpleasant, but it's not usually serious and most people make a full recovery within a couple of months. (www.nhs.uk)
A hepatitis B vaccine is available for people at high risk of the condition. (www.nhs.uk)
Many people with hepatitis B will not experience any symptoms and may fight off the virus without realising they had it. (www.nhs.uk)
The number of hepatitis A cases in Florida has increased significantly, prompting health officials to issue an advisory on Wednesday and asking people, especially at-risk populations, to get vaccinated. (orlandosentinel.com)
Most people with chronic hepatitis have no symptoms at all. (labtestsonline.org)
Some people with acute hepatitis have no symptoms, but many have mild and/or vague symptoms that may be mistaken for the flu. (labtestsonline.org)
In some people, chronic hepatitis can gradually damage the liver and, after many years, cause liver failure. (labtestsonline.org)
People also can get hepatitis C from unprotected sex with an infected partner. (kidshealth.org)
Fortunately, medicines can now treat people with hepatitis C and cure them in most cases. (kidshealth.org)
In the United States, this is the most common way that people get hepatitis C. (medlineplus.gov)
Most people with hepatitis C have no symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
Some people with acute hepatitis C do have symptoms within 1 to 3 months after they are exposed to the virus. (medlineplus.gov)
Some people with hepatitis have no symptoms, according to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). (livescience.com)
Regular testing is recommended for injection-drug users, men who have sex with other men, people taking immunosuppressive drugs, HIV-positive patients and pregnant women, according to hepatitis B guidelines from the CDC . (livescience.com)
People with hepatitis E are thought to be infectious for around two weeks after the onset of symptoms, but the virus has been detected in stools of an infected individual up to six weeks after the onset of symptoms. (netdoctor.co.uk)
More than 170 million people worldwide are chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is responsible for more than 100000 cases of liver cancer per year, with similar numbers of digestive haemorrhage and ascites episodes. (nih.gov)
FRIDAY, Dec. 21 (HealthDay News) -- Of all the diseases people worry about getting, viral hepatitis is usually way down on the list. (medicinenet.com)
The vast majority of people who have viral hepatitis, especially hepatitis C , don't know they have it, and that's the biggest problem we have with hepatitis," said Dr. David Bernstein, chief of hepatology at North Shore University Hospital in Manhasset, N.Y. (medicinenet.com)
The CDC recommends that all people born between 1945 and 1965 -- the baby boom generation -- get a blood test test for the disease, and estimates that this would identify about 800,000 additional people as having hepatitis C, which could save more than 120,000 lives. (medicinenet.com)
Also at greater risk are people who had blood transfusions before 1992, when the blood supply started being screened routinely for hepatitis C. (medicinenet.com)
These high-risk individuals have about a 50 percent chance of being infected with hepatitis C, whereas people born between 1946 and 1964 have a 3 percent to 4 percent chance of being infected, said task force member Dr. Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, an associate professor of medicine and of epidemiology and biostatistics at the University of California, San Francisco. (medicinenet.com)
A type of liver cancer , hepatoma , can also follow a bout with hepatitis B. Nearly 80,000 people in the U.S. are infected, and about 5,000 die every year. (everything2.com)
Four in five people diagnosed with hepatitis C are baby boomers, most of whom became infected during the 1970s and 80s, when rates of hepatitis C peaked. (healthcentral.com)
In fact, most people with hepatitis C have no symptoms and are diagnosed when a routine blood test identifies abnormal liver enzymes or they are screened for a blood donation. (healthcentral.com)
People most at risk are children who go to day care, international travelers, military personnel stationed abroad, homosexual males, and close contacts of people infected with hepatitis A. (healthcentral.com)
There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A, and most people recover completely from and spontaneously. (healthcentral.com)
People who have chronic hepatitis B and D develop complications more often and more quickly than people who have chronic hepatitis B alone. (nih.gov)
People can only become infected with hepatitis D when they also have hepatitis B. (nih.gov)
Up to 90 percent of people with a superinfection are not able to fight off the hepatitis D virus, and develop chronic hepatitis D. 20 As a result, these people will have both chronic hepatitis D and chronic hepatitis B. (nih.gov)
Hepatitis prevention is an important issue for drug users, especially people who inject drugs. (prweb.com)
Throughout Hepatitis Awareness month, people are encouraged to learn about Viral Hepatitis, its risks and consequences, and its prevention. (prweb.com)
Hepatitis Testing Day is recognized on May 19th, and people who are at risk of Viral Hepatitis are encouraged to get tested. (prweb.com)
The United Nations' World Health Organization says millions of lives could be saved if people infected with viral hepatitis were tested and treated for these potentially fatal diseases. (voanews.com)
Latest estimates show that viral hepatitis caused 1.34 million deaths in 2015 and that some 1.75 million people were newly infected with hepatitis C, bringing the total number of people living with this disease globally to 71 million. (voanews.com)
WHO estimates 257 million people worldwide were living with chronic hepatitis B in 2015. (voanews.com)
In fact, about half of the 2.7 to 3.9 million people in the United States with chronic hepatitis C don't know they are infected with the virus. (healthline.com)
These new medicines are rapidly changing the standard treatment approaches for people with hepatitis C. (healthline.com)
Studies have shown that milk thistle, the most popular herbal supplement taken by people with liver disease, is not effective in people with hepatitis C. (healthline.com)
Hep A is passed between people through rimming (anal-oral sex), dirty plates, and glasses. (thebody.com)
Most people get Hep A from contaminated water, which can happen anywhere. (thebody.com)
People living in rural areas and regional slums are at a greater risk of acquiring hepatitis. (selfgrowth.com)
Most people with Hep A and C can't tell that they've been infected because they don't show any symptoms in the beginning. (selfgrowth.com)
Some people get infected with hepatitis A but do not experience all (or any) of these symptoms. (kingcounty.gov)
Practicing good hand hygiene - including thoroughly washing hands after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before preparing or eating food - also plays an important role in preventing the spread of hepatitis A. People in high risk groups should also avoid sharing food, drinks, drug equipment (works), and other personal items. (kingcounty.gov)
Health experts estimate 180 million people have chronic hepatitis C worldwide. (kpbs.org)
State officials contacted the CDC this year after two people treated at the now-closed Endoscopy Center of Southern Nevada were diagnosed with hepatitis C. (latimes.com)
For unvaccinated people who ate the recalled raw or undercooked tuna in the last two weeks, the CDC recommends getting the hepatitis A vaccine if they're ages 1 to 40, or hepatitis A virus-specific immunoglobulin for people outside the age range. (cnn.com)
The report, compiled by an independent group of experts, said: "The group felt strongly that it was wrong that people who have contracted HCV (hep C) through receiving blood, blood products or tissue from the NHS in Scotland should be treated less favourably than people who have contracted HIV under similar circumstances. (telegraph.co.uk)
About 30% of people in the United States have been exposed to hepatitis A, but only a very small number of them develop symptoms from the disease. (womenshealthmag.com)
Hepatitis A usually lasts two to eight weeks, although some people can be ill for as long as six months. (womenshealthmag.com)
In people who already had liver disease or other types of hepatitis, such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C, the risk of severe disease from hepatitis A is much higher. (womenshealthmag.com)
The number of cases of Hepatitis A virus in the United States is going down, in part due to the availability of a vaccine to prevent people from catching the virus. (empowher.com)
The HAV vaccine is recommended for all children over the age of one year as well as people who are at higher risk for catching Hepatitis A. If you are going to be traveling to an area where HAV is more common, talk to your doctor about what you can do to reduce your risk of catching Hepatitis A. (empowher.com)
People with hepatitis A can experience mild illness lasting a few weeks to severe illness lasting several months. (ohio.gov)
Hepatitis C virus infects 180 million people worldwide. (eurekalert.org)
Public health officials Tuesday issued an alert urging precautions against acute hepatitis A for the more than 3,500 people -- apparently including high-profile Sports Illustrated swimsuit models -- who appeared at recent events featuring food prepared by Wolfgang Puck Catering. (latimes.com)
Officials said many people who contract acute hepatitis A disease assume that it is no more than a bout of the flu. (latimes.com)
Hepatitis D can only infect people already infected with hepatitis B. Hepatitis A, B, and D are preventable with immunization. (wikipedia.org)
Worldwide in 2015, hepatitis A occurred in about 114 million people, chronic hepatitis B affected about 343 million people and chronic hepatitis C about 142 million people. (wikipedia.org)
In the United States, NASH affects about 11 million people and alcoholic hepatitis affects about 5 million people. (wikipedia.org)
In the United States, hepatitis A is estimated to occur in about 2,500 people a year and results in about 75 deaths. (wikipedia.org)
Fever, when present, is most common in cases of hepatitis A and E. Late in this phase, people can experience liver-specific symptoms, including choluria (dark urine) and clay-colored stools. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to the signs of acute hepatitis, people can also demonstrate signs of coagulopathy (abnormal coagulation studies with easy bruising and bleeding) and encephalopathy (confusion, disorientation, and sleepiness). (wikipedia.org)

Treatment for hepatitis C is with antiviral medicines. (medlineplus.gov)
However, severe cases of acute hepatitis B can be treated with antiviral drugs such as lamivudine (trade name Epivir). (livescience.com)
Hepatocellular carcinoma in long-term sustained virological responders following antiviral combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat . (medscape.com)
New antiviral drugs that promise a cure for the millions of Americans with chronic hepatitis are also benefiting another category of patients: those awaiting organ transplants. (newsday.com)
Antiviral medications are recommended in all with chronic hepatitis C, except those with conditions that limit their life expectancy. (wikipedia.org)

Typically, the incubation period for hepatitis B is 90 days (range, 60-150 days). (cdc.gov)
The average incubation period of hepatitis E is 40 days, ranging from 2 to 8 weeks. (wikipedia.org)
The incubation period of hepatitis B is 22 weeks, during which time infected individuals may present with few or no symptoms. (news-medical.net)

Acute hepatitis B is a short-term illness that occurs within the first 6 months after someone is exposed to the hepatitis B virus. (cdc.gov)
Better known as Sovaldi, the drug managed to recast hepatitis C from a hard-to-treat illness into an easily managed one that can be cured in just a few months. (scientificamerican.com)
Hepatitis B is a much more severe and longer-lasting disease than hepatitis A. It may occur as an acute disease, or, in about 5 to 10 percent of cases, the illness may become chronic and lead to permanent liver damage. (britannica.com)
Hepatitis C can range from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness. (medlineplus.gov)
The severity of hepatitis A can range from a mild illness that lasts a few weeks to a severe condition that lingers for months. (medicinenet.com)
Acute hepatitis B is a short-term illness that occurs within six months of exposure to the virus and is usually cleared by adults within three months (in 90% of cases). (news-medical.net)
In 90% of cases, infected infants go on to develop the chronic form of hepatitis B. By contrast, only 6 to 10% of children older than five years go on to develop chronic illness. (news-medical.net)
Symptoms and signs of hepatitis A can range from none to minimal in the early stages of the illness, to noticeable nausea, abdominal pain, fever, and malaise in the acute phase. (healthcentral.com)
It is a short-term illness caused by the Hepatitis B virus. (prweb.com)
It is a long-term illness caused by the Hepatitis B virus remaining in the person's body. (prweb.com)
It is a short-term illness occurring within 6 months of initial exposure to the Hepatitis C virus. (prweb.com)
Hepatitis A vaccinations can also be used to help prevent illness from hepatitis A among those who may have been exposed to the virus if given within two weeks of exposure. (kingcounty.gov)
If you have been exposed to someone with hepatitis A, your doctor may give you the hepatitis vaccine or an injection of hepatitis A immune globulin to help prevent you from getting symptoms of the illness. (womenshealthmag.com)
Call your doctor if you suspect that you have been exposed to someone with hepatitis A or if you are showing symptoms of the illness. (womenshealthmag.com)

coinfection increases the risk of fulminant hepatitis and rapidly progressive liver disease. (cdc.gov)
Complications of acute viral hepatitis include fulminant hepatitis, which is a very severe, rapidly developing form of the disease that results in severe liver failure, impaired kidney function, difficulty in the clotting of blood, and marked changes in neurological function. (britannica.com)
Bensag A (1983) Labrea hepatitis and other fulminant hepatitis in Serra Madureira Acre and Boca de Acre Amazonas Brasil. (springer.com)
This fatal condition is referred to as "fulminant hepatitis" and can lead to severe bleeding disorders and coma. (news-medical.net)

Chronic HBV/HDV coinfection leads to the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis, so it is important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating virus-host interplay and pathogenesis. (springer.com)
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 2 million U.S. baby boomers are infected with hepatitis C and many more may have the disease but not know it because it often doesn't cause symptoms until it has caused severe liver damage. (medicinenet.com)
Sometimes, the symptoms of acute hepatitis B can be more severe and the patient requires hospitalization. (news-medical.net)
In rare cases, the liver damage caused by acute hepatitis is so severe that the organ can no longer function. (news-medical.net)
A rare, severe complication of viral hepatitis is a condition called icterus gravis , or massive hepatic necrosis . (everything2.com)
Coinfections may cause severe acute hepatitis. (nih.gov)
Hepatitis has a broad spectrum of presentations that range from a complete lack of symptoms to severe liver failure. (wikipedia.org)

When used alongside other drugs it also worked much faster than any other hepatitis C treatments and had both fewer side effects and much higher success rates. (scientificamerican.com)
What are the treatments for hepatitis C? (medlineplus.gov)
The guidance provides updated FDA recommendations regarding the overall development program and clinical trial designs to support improved hepatitis C treatments. (hhs.gov)
We have treatments that can cure hepatitis C, so there's good reason to find out whether or not you've got it. (medicinenet.com)
Fortunately, getting tested for hepatitis C is a fairly simple process, and new treatments are making it easier to manage the virus. (healthline.com)
See our Hepatitis C Topic Center for more helpful information on treatments. (healthline.com)

The development of a person-based system that collects and stores public health information according to widely used, standardized definitions and formats and that uses unique identifiers to link information from different disease reports and other health data sources will significantly enhance the capacity to conduct surveillance for viral hepatitis. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis B is a nationally notifiable disease. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis A is a liver disease spread by contaminated food and water. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver . (wikipedia.org)
ORONO, Maine (AP) - Patrons of a store in Orono earlier this month might have been exposed to a kind of hepatitis, the Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention said. (ap.org)
Those persons at greatest risk for contracting hepatitis B include intravenous drug users, sexual partners of individuals with the disease, health care workers who are not adequately immunized, and recipients of organ transplants or blood transfusions. (britannica.com)
Certain gene mutations that are passed from one generation to the next can result in a disease that damages the liver, causing hepatitis. (labtestsonline.org)
for example, screening for exposure to hepatitis B or hepatitis C may be done because of increased risk of the disease (use of illegal drugs, multiple sex partners) or at the time of blood donation. (labtestsonline.org)
There is no vaccine for Hepatitis C. Treatment may keep the virus under control, but it will not cure the disease. (google.com)
Complications of Hepatitis include liver disease, liver failure and liver cancer. (google.com)
Hepatitis B is a serious viral disease of the liver transmitted by direct contact, including sexual contact, with blood or body fluids that contain the virus. (in.gov)
Nationally, higher rates of hepatitis B disease continue among adults, particularly males 25-38 years of age and persons with identified risk factors (i.e., injection drug users, men who have sex with men, and persons with multiple sex partners). (in.gov)
In 2002, 63 persons with acute hepatitis B were interviewed about risk factors for contracting the disease. (in.gov)
The Indiana Communicable Disease Reporting Rule for Physicians, Hospitals, and Laboratories requires physicians and hospitals to report acute cases of hepatitis C. Laboratories must report positive antibody to hepatitis C (anti-HCV) by Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA), Recombinant Immunoblot Assay (RIBA), and RNA tests. (in.gov)
There are five main types of viral hepatitis - A, B, C, D and E. Of those, Hepatitis A, B and C are the most common types in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (livescience.com)
Viral hepatitis is a systemic disease primarily involving the liver. (slideshare.net)
Acute (newly developed) hepatitis C is rarely observed as the early disease is generally quite mild. (encyclopedia.com)
More than half of all patients who develop hepatitis C have no symptoms or signs of liver disease. (encyclopedia.com)
Hepatitis C has been identified as the most common cause of post-transfusion hepatitis worldwide, accounting for approximately 90% of this disease in Japan, the United States and Western Europe. (hindawi.com)
Hepatitis B is a serious disease caused by a virus that attacks the liver. (ca.gov)
Adults usually get the disease through unprotected sex and intravenous drug use, but new babies can get hepatitis B from being exposed to the virus in their mother's blood and vaginal fluids during childbirth. (babycenter.com)
Hepatitis E can worsen existing chronic liver disease and occasionally cause acute liver failure, which can lead to death. (netdoctor.co.uk)
Chronic hepatitis C is a serious public health problem and a disease burden in many parts of the world. (nih.gov)
April 29, 2008 -- Grapefruits may inspire a new treatment for hepatitis C , a leading cause of liver disease. (webmd.com)
There's no cure for hepatitis B, although a vaccine can prevent the disease. (medicinenet.com)
Those patients can now receive an organ that has tested positive for hepatitis C, and if they become infected, they can be administered the antivirals to rid them of the disease. (newsday.com)
Heroin addicts often share needles, contributing to the 400 percent increase in acute hepatitis C among 18-to-29-year-olds from 2004 to 2014, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (newsday.com)
Up to one in ten adults who become infected with hepatitis B also go on to develop chronic disease. (news-medical.net)
In cases where the immune system fails to control hepatitis B within six months, an individual is said to have chronic hepatitis B. Again, not everyone with the chronic form of this disease develops symptoms. (news-medical.net)
Hepatitis can be an acute disease that makes the patient very sick and then they recover, but it can also result in a chronic disease that's hard to get rid of and can ultimately result in liver cancer or liver failure . (everything2.com)
Hepatitis C is the culprit behind 60-70% of the chronic hepatitis cases in the U.S. More importantly, it's responsible for as much as half of all the cases of fatal liver disease and liver cancer in the U.S. (everything2.com)
For some patients, therapy can retard progression of hepatitis C or cure the disease, and new combination therapies have dramatically improved cure rates. (healthcentral.com)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention designates the month of May as Hepatitis Awareness Month in the United States. (prweb.com)
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and its public health partners join together in raising public awareness of viral hepatitis during the month of May. (prweb.com)
It is an acute liver disease caused by the Hepatitis A virus (HAV). (prweb.com)
It is a liver disease caused by the Hepatitis C virus (HCV). (prweb.com)
Over time, he can transmit a bloodborne disease such as hepatitis C to the patients he is "sharing" narcotics with. (dictionary.com)
While using clean needles and syringes will prevent transmission of the disease, Gottfried Hirnschall said there is a highly effective drug that can cure hepatitis C within a relatively short time. (voanews.com)
In 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) expanded their recommendations for hepatitis C testing. (healthline.com)
The Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Viral Hepatitis is a joint Infectious Disease Division/Gastrointestinal Unit effort created to provide expertise and care to patients living with chronic viral hepatitis, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). (massgeneral.org)
This policy is unlikely to affect the circulation of the hepatitis B virus or to control the disease in those countries. (who.int)
40% of deaths from chronic liver disease can be attributed to hepatitis C. (kpbs.org)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention predicts that deaths due to hepatitis C will double or triple in the next 15 to 20 years. (kpbs.org)
All children in the UK should be immunised against potentially fatal liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus, doctors' leaders have said. (telegraph.co.uk)
An immunisation programme will not only save lives but be more cost effective than treating liver disease and cancer caused by Hepatitis B. (telegraph.co.uk)
A hepatitis C outbreak was caused by workers improperly reusing syringes and medicine vials at a Las Vegas clinic, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said. (latimes.com)
Malcolm Chisholm, Scotland's Health Minister, was criticised yesterday when he failed to give a firm commitment towards compensating hepatitis C sufferers who have contracted the disease as a result of NHS treatment . (telegraph.co.uk)
The report, commissioned by the Health Minister earlier this year, called for hepatitis C patients to be treated in the same way as HIV sufferers, who contracted the disease through infected blood products or tissue. (telegraph.co.uk)
Hepatitis A is the most common vaccine-preventable disease acquired during travel. (nfid.org)
The hepatitis A vaccine is 94-100% effective in preventing the disease. (nfid.org)
Hepatitis A is a contagious disease which means it can spread from one person to another. (empowher.com)
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that there are 25,000 new cases of Hepatitis A in the United States every year. (empowher.com)
Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable liver disease that usually spreads when a person ingests fecal matter - even in microscopic amounts - from contact with objects, food or drinks contaminated by the stool of an infected person. (ohio.gov)
Los Angeles County reported more than 400 cases of acute hepatitis A in each of the last two years but, since the mid-1990s, the disease has generally been in decline. (latimes.com)

You can protect yourself from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. (nih.gov)

One type, hepatitis C, is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). (medlineplus.gov)

In 2002, 113 Indiana women were reported as having infectious hepatitis B during pregnancy. (in.gov)
Hepatitis A, formerly called infectious hepatitis, is most common in children in developing countries, but is being seen more frequently in developed nations and is the most frequent cause of hepatitis in the United States. (healthcentral.com)

If a pregnant woman has the hepatitis B virus, her baby has a very high chance of having it unless the baby gets a special immune injection and the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine at birth. (kidshealth.org)
Passive immunization with hepatitis B immune globulin can also provide protection. (britannica.com)
Infants, on the other hand, are less resilient to hepatitis B because their immune systems do not launch an attack against the virus that is vigorous enough to clear it. (news-medical.net)
This form of hepatitis usually clears up on its own within two months, but in serious cases it is treated with injections of gamma globulin s to boost the patient's immune system . (everything2.com)
Short term protection for hepatitis A can also be provided by immune globulin, including its administration up to two weeks following exposure. (healthcentral.com)

Hep B and C get passed from person to person the same ways that HIV does - through direct contact with infected body fluids. (kidshealth.org)
The hepatitis B virus can be found in the blood, semen, and other body fluids of an infected person. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis C can also be prevented by avoiding exchange of body fluids. (hon.ch)
There are several forms of the virus including Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. Hepatitis B can be contracted through sexual contact or exposure to blood and body fluids. (google.com)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) spreads from person to person through blood or other body fluids. (kidshealth.org)
The hepatitis B virus is transmitted through contact with blood and other body fluids. (babycenter.com)
Hepatitis D spreads the same way that hepatitis B spreads, through contact with an infected person's blood or other body fluids. (nih.gov)
Hepatitis B, C, and D are transmitted through direct contact with infected blood and body fluids more commonly by injection drug users and sex. (selfgrowth.com)

Hepatitis C spreads through contact with the blood of someone who has HCV. (medlineplus.gov)
This form of the hepatitis virus is carried in stool and spreads easily from person to person. (babycenter.com)
The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person's stool. (nih.gov)
Hepatitis A virus spreads easily. (kingcounty.gov)

Health care providers will keep a close eye on patients who develop chronic hepatitis B. (kidshealth.org)
Just three years ago patients suffering from hepatitis C faced some bleak treatment options. (scientificamerican.com)
HCV is a blood-borne virus that is and always was the major cause of "transfusion hepatitis," which can develop in patients who are given blood or most blood products except for gamma-globulin. (encyclopedia.com)
About one-fourth of patients with hepatitis C do not belong to any of these high-risk groups. (encyclopedia.com)
Abdoul H, Mallet V, Pol S, Fontanet A. Serum alpha-fetoprotein predicts treatment outcome in chronic hepatitis C patients regardless of HCV genotype. (medscape.com)
FDA approves two hepatitis C drugs for pediatric patients. (medscape.com)
CA Providers: Are you testing your patients for Hepatitis B? (ca.gov)
The Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Viral Hepatitis provides care to patients living with chronic viral hepatitis, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). (massgeneral.org)
However, many Hep C patients never have symptoms. (thebody.com)
Hepatitis treatment is expensive and only successful in half of patients. (eurekalert.org)
Abstinence: Stopping further alcohol consumption is the number one factor for recovery in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. (wikipedia.org)
Nutrition Supplementation: Protein and calorie deficiencies are seen frequently in patients suffering from alcoholic hepatitis, and it negatively affects their outcomes. (wikipedia.org)

What Are the Side Effects of Hepatitis C Treatment? (healthline.com)

The onset of hepatitis A usually occurs 15 to 45 days after exposure to the virus, and some infected individuals, especially children, exhibit no clinical manifestations . (britannica.com)
In other cases, hepatitis occurs with a drug that is not directly toxic to the liver but the body recognizes the drug as foreign and attacks it, causing hepatitis. (labtestsonline.org)
Casey L, Brown TL, Colan EJ, Wignall F, Gerin JL (1993) A genotype of hepatitis D virus that occurs in northern America. (springer.com)
A superinfection occurs if you already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. (nih.gov)
Chronic hepatitis D occurs when your body is not able to fight off the virus and the virus does not go away. (nih.gov)
Symptoms of acute hepatitis in others occurs within one to six months of contracting the virus and can include fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, belly pain, light-colored stool and yellowing of skin and eyes. (mycentraljersey.com)
Play media Alcoholic hepatitis occurs in approximately 1/3 of chronic alcohol drinkers. (wikipedia.org)

What are the complications of acute hepatitis D? (nih.gov)
What are the complications of chronic hepatitis D? (nih.gov)
No dietary supplement has proven to effectively treat hepatitis C or related complications. (healthline.com)

Surveillance for viral hepatitis is needed to direct and evaluate prevention and control activities. (cdc.gov)
The primary goals of conducting surveillance for viral hepatitis are to direct prevention and control activities for these diseases and to evaluate the impact of these activities. (cdc.gov)
Aspects of the epidemiology and prevention specific for each type of viral hepatitis need to be considered in developing surveillance systems for these diseases. (cdc.gov)
Narconon Arrowhead, a long-term drug and alcohol rehabilitation and education center located in Southeastern, Oklahoma, is issuing the following guide to Hepatitis prevention in support of Hepatitis Awareness Month. (prweb.com)
Just like the measles shot and the hepatitis shot and the flu shot, the goal is prevention, pure and simple. (dictionary.com)
TEHRAN - A national plan for the prevention of Hepatitis B transmission through blood transfusion, will be implemented by the beginning of [the Iranian calendar month of] Mehr (September 23) nationwide, Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization spokesman has said. (tehrantimes.com)
National Institute on Drug Abuse - Provides information about the types of viral Hepatitis including their description, transmission, treatment, and prevention. (bms.com)

The Florida Department of Health in Orange County is offering free on-the-go flu shots and hepatitis A vaccines Saturday. (orlandosentinel.com)
Hepatitis B vaccines. (bmj.com)
Vaccines.gov - Offers information about vaccines for Hepatitis A and B. A service provided by the federal government, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (bms.com)

Responding to hepatitis A outbreaks requires partnerships between health departments, health centers, homeless service providers, & substance abuse services. (hhs.gov)
Outbreaks of hepatitis A have been seen among intravenous drug users. (womenshealthmag.com)
Outbreaks of hepatitis A are occurring in several states across the U.S., including neighboring states of Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan and West Virginia. (ohio.gov)

A test will be done for antibody to hepatitis A. The test will show whether you have been exposed recently to HAV. (hon.ch)
antibody to hepatitis C virus verified by an additional more specific assay [Recombinant Immunoblot Assay (RIBA) or RNA tests]. (in.gov)
Additional lab tests include the hepatitis A antibody tests ELISA II and RIBA II. (healthcentral.com)
We are also using the information gained by identifying and characterising the antibody responses to Hepatitis C virus to design new ways of making vaccine candidates. (eurekalert.org)

childcare or healthcare settings (although direct person-to-person transmission of hepatitis E is uncommon). (netdoctor.co.uk)
New HHS/AHRQ analysis examines trends in the number and rate of hepatitis C-related inpatient hospital stays, underscoring increasing healthcare burden. (hhs.gov)
Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Hepatitis in minutes with SmartDraw. (smartdraw.com)
Tackling the undiagnosed fraction: the ECDC Guidance outlines whom, where, how and when to test for viral hepatitis and HIV and offers options for testing strategies that are applicable to all healthcare settings and beyond, e.g. self-sampling and self-testing. (europa.eu)

The 2010 and 2016 case definitions change the name of Hepatitis C, past or present to Hepatitis C, chronic. (cdc.gov)
I am not aware of any other development that has allowed us to expand the donor pool in this way," said Kelly Schlendorf, medical director of the adult heart transplant program at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, which started using hearts infected with hepatitis C in 2016 after successful transplants of infected livers at the Nashville hospital. (newsday.com)
Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis 2016−2021. (roche.com)

Alvarado-Mora MV, Romano CM, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Gutierrez MF, Carrilho FJ, Pinho JR (2011) Dynamics of hepatitis D (delta) virus genotype 3 in the Amazon region of South America. (springer.com)
Several distinct genotypes of hepatitis C virus have been identified, and genotyping has proven to be a useful clinical tool because the response to therapy and prognosis is influenced by the viral genotype. (medscape.com)
Both drugs have been shown to cure hepatitis C in more than 90 percent of those with genotype 1. (healthline.com)

Let's learn about the most common types of viral hepatitis. (kidshealth.org)
The two most common types of Viral Hepatitis caused by drug use are Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B, though there is risk of Hepatitis C, as well. (prweb.com)
There are five main types of viral hepatitis, the most common being hepatitis A (HAV), B (HBV) and C (HCV). (roche.com)

Any form of hepatitis may keep the liver from eliminating certain colored (pigmented) substances as it normally does. (encyclopedia.com)
Hepatitis B is the most common form of hepatitis found worldwide, although it is uncommon in the U.K. Regions where incidence of this condition is higher include Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and southern Europe. (news-medical.net)
This form of hepatitis has thus far been observed almost exclusively in infants. (dictionary.com)

however, no vaccine is available for hepatitis C. (cdc.gov)

Anyone who has ever tested positive for hepatitis B cannot be a blood donor . (kidshealth.org)
Orange County Jail officials are working to vaccinate all 2,600 inmates after four tested positive for hepatitis A, jail spokeswoman Tracy Zampaglione said. (orlandosentinel.com)
By last year, 1,491 of the 37,795 organs used in transplants had tested positive for hepatitis C. (newsday.com)

There is no treatment for hepatitis A other than rest, a balanced diet, and avoiding alcohol. (webmd.com)
Treatment for hepatitis B depends on how long you have been infected for. (www.nhs.uk)
There is currently no specific treatment for hepatitis E - it is self-limiting and usually the affected individual gets better after four to six weeks. (netdoctor.co.uk)
Treatment for hepatitis C is evolving rapidly. (healthcentral.com)

Symptoms usually appear from 40 days to 6 months after exposure to the hepatitis B virus (HBV). (britannica.com)
If symptoms do develop, they tend to happen 2 or 3 months after exposure to the hepatitis B virus. (www.nhs.uk)
Hepatitis B is spread through exposure to infected blood, through sexual contact with an infected person, or during childbirth, when the virus can be transmitted from mother to child, according to the NIDDK. (livescience.com)
Hepatitis C may be spread by exposure to contaminated blood (both fresh and dried) on infected needles or during a blood transfusion. (healthcentral.com)
Hepatitis is most often caused by a virus , but it can be the result of exposure to certain toxic agents, such as drugs or chemicals. (dictionary.com)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects the liver and is transmitted primarily by direct exposure to the blood of an infected person. (kingcounty.gov)
Some preventive measures can be started up to two weeks after exposure to limit Hepatitis A symptoms. (empowher.com)

virus is spread from person-to-person by putting something in the mouth that has been contaminated with the stool of a person with hepatitis E. This type of transmission is called 'fecal-oral. (slideshare.net)
Transmission of hepatitis C virus from mothers to infants. (medscape.com)
The Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus Collaborative Study Group. (medscape.com)
For hepatitis B, most of the time transmission is from mother to child at childbirth," Bacon said. (medicinenet.com)
But in the U.S., if hepatitis B is identified in the mother, the baby can be vaccinated at the time of childbirth and given [an additional medication] that can usually break the transmission cycle. (medicinenet.com)
Use of barrier contraceptives such as condoms can help prevent the transmission of hepatitis B. (news-medical.net)
Hepatitis B plays by the same rules, though the rates of transmission are about 10 times more frequent. (dictionary.com)
Unsafe injections in health care settings and injecting drug use are the most common modes of hepatitis C transmission. (voanews.com)
Transmission of Hep C is mostly through blood, via syringes, transfusions, or needlesticks, but sexual contact has been reported (case studies of vaginal sex), as has mother-to-child transmission during birth. (thebody.com)
The British Medical Association (BMA) said the transmission of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) was on the increase in the UK. (telegraph.co.uk)

In 2002, 23 Indiana counties reported cases of acute hepatitis B. The incidence rates were highest among the following counties reporting five or more cases: Vanderburgh (5.8), Marion (3.7), and Lake (2.3). (in.gov)

however, published reports of travelers acquiring hepatitis B are rare, and the risk for travelers who do not have high-risk behaviors or exposures is low. (cdc.gov)
Who Is at Risk for Hepatitis B? (kidshealth.org)
If your health care provider determines that you may be at risk for contracting hepatitis, you will have blood drawn. (hon.ch)
Hepatitis B is less common in the UK than other parts of the world, but certain groups are at an increased risk. (www.nhs.uk)
If you are at high risk for hepatitis C, your health care provider will likely recommend that you get tested for it. (medlineplus.gov)
Other factors may also increase your risk for Hepatitis B. Check with your doctor to see if you're at high or medium risk for Hepatitis B. (medicare.gov)
The hepatitis B virus is between 50 and 100 times more infectious than HIV and can also survive outside of the body for at least a week, meaning surfaces or objects contaminated with dried blood, for example, can also pose a risk. (news-medical.net)
Who is at risk of contracting hepatitis A? (healthcentral.com)
A number of populations are at risk of Viral Hepatitis. (prweb.com)
Blood transfusion is no longer a risk for getting hepatitis B since donated blood is tested for the virus. (mycentraljersey.com)
anyone who wants to reduce their risk of hepatitis A should get vaccinated. (kingcounty.gov)
Anyone who is in the higher risk groups should be sure to get the hepatitis A vaccine to protect themselves. (kingcounty.gov)

Newborn babies in the United States now routinely get the hepatitis B vaccine as a series of three shots over a 6-month period. (kidshealth.org)
A vaccine that offers protection against hepatitis B is routinely available for all babies born in the UK. (www.nhs.uk)
The AAP recommends that all infants routinely be immunized against hepatitis B. The hepatitis B shot will protect your child for about 15 years. (babycenter.com)

If you have hepatitis symptoms and recover fully and are no longer contagious, you had acute hepatitis. (babycenter.com)
Nearly everyone who gets hepatitis A will recover completely within a few weeks to months. (womenshealthmag.com)

Chronic hepatitis may have no obvious signs and symptoms and is more commonly detected as a result of abnormal routine laboratory tests. (labtestsonline.org)
Before 1992, hepatitis C was also commonly spread through blood transfusions and organ transplants. (medlineplus.gov)
Less commonly, hepatitis C can spread through sex or childbirth. (livescience.com)
As a result, since the early 1990s transfused blood is less commonly the cause of hepatitis C. (encyclopedia.com)
Hepatitis C is commonly spread through infected blood such as may occur during needle sharing by intravenous drug users. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy13

Organisms31

Diseases50

Chemicals and Drugs67

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment39

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes32

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science6

Named Groups4

Health Care28

Geographicals10

A multistate, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A. National Hepatitis A Investigation Team. (1/837)

Changing epidemiology of hepatitis A in the 1990s in Sydney, Australia. (2/837)

Prevalence of enteric hepatitis A and E viruses in the Mekong River delta region of Vietnam. (3/837)

An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with an infected foodhandler. (4/837)

Identifying target groups for a potential vaccination program during a hepatitis A communitywide outbreak. (5/837)

The epidemiology of viral hepatitis in children in South Texas: increased prevalence of hepatitis A along the Texas-Mexico border. (6/837)

Antigenic epitopes of the hepatitis A virus polyprotein. (7/837)

Ascertainment of secondary cases of hepatitis A--Kansas, 1996-1997. (8/837)

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis B Surface Antigens

Hepatitis

Hepatitis C, Chronic

Hepatitis B, Chronic

Hepatitis, Viral, Human

Hepatitis A virus

Hepatitis B Vaccines

Hepatitis B Antibodies

Hepatitis, Chronic

Hepatitis B Core Antigens

Hepatitis A Vaccines

Hepatitis Antibodies

Hepacivirus

Hepatitis B e Antigens

Hepatitis B Antigens

Hepatitis E

Hepatitis C Antibodies

Hepatitis E virus

Hepatitis A Antibodies

Hepatitis, Viral, Animal

Hepatitis, Autoimmune

Hepatitis A Virus, Human

Hepatitis Viruses

Hepatitis Delta Virus

Hepatitis D

Hepatitis, Animal

Viral Hepatitis Vaccines

Antiviral Agents

Murine hepatitis virus

Hepatitis C Antigens

Hepatovirus

RNA, Viral

Liver Cirrhosis

Interferon-alpha

Hepatitis A Antigens

Hepatitis delta Antigens

Hepatitis Antigens

Hepatitis, Alcoholic

Ribavirin

Hepatitis B Virus, Duck

Alanine Transaminase

DNA, Viral

Viral Nonstructural Proteins

Liver

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular

Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck

Liver Neoplasms

Lamivudine

Virus Replication

Polyethylene Glycols

Viral Core Proteins

Genotype

Hepatitis D, Chronic

Molecular Sequence Data

Marmota

Seroepidemiologic Studies

Liver Transplantation

Viral Load

Carrier State

Genome, Viral

Hepatocytes

Flaviviridae

Base Sequence

Blood Donors

Liver Function Tests

Liver Diseases

Recombinant Proteins

Prevalence

Pan troglodytes

Acute Disease

Drug Therapy, Combination

Jaundice

Substance Abuse, Intravenous

Aspartate Aminotransferases

Drug-Induced Liver Injury

Polymerase Chain Reaction