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Hepatitis BHepatitis CHepatitis AHepatitis B virusHepatitis B Surface AntigensHepatitisHepatitis C, ChronicHepatitis B, ChronicHepatitis, Viral, HumanHepatitis A virusHepatitis B VaccinesHepatitis B AntibodiesHepatitis, ChronicHepatitis B Core AntigensHepatitis A VaccinesHepatitis AntibodiesHepacivirusHepatitis B e AntigensHepatitis B AntigensHepatitis EHepatitis C AntibodiesHepatitis E virusHepatitis A AntibodiesHepatitis, Viral, AnimalHepatitis, AutoimmuneHepatitis A Virus, HumanHepatitis VirusesHepatitis Delta VirusHepatitis DHepatitis, AnimalViral Hepatitis VaccinesAntiviral AgentsMurine hepatitis virusHepatitis C AntigensHepatovirusRNA, ViralLiver CirrhosisInterferon-alphaHepatitis A AntigensHepatitis delta AntigensHepatitis AntigensHepatitis, AlcoholicRibavirinHepatitis B Virus, DuckAlanine TransaminaseDNA, ViralViral Nonstructural ProteinsLiverCarcinoma, HepatocellularHepatitis B Virus, WoodchuckLiver NeoplasmsLamivudineVirus ReplicationPolyethylene GlycolsViral Core ProteinsGenotypeHepatitis D, ChronicMolecular Sequence DataMarmotaSeroepidemiologic StudiesLiver TransplantationViral LoadCarrier StateGenome, ViralHepatocytesFlaviviridaeBase SequenceBlood DonorsLiver Function TestsLiver DiseasesRecombinant ProteinsPrevalencePan troglodytesAcute DiseaseDrug Therapy, CombinationJaundiceSubstance Abuse, IntravenousAspartate AminotransferasesDrug-Induced Liver InjuryPolymerase Chain ReactionRepliconViral Envelope ProteinsDucksInterferonsCryoglobulinemiaRisk FactorsChronic DiseaseOrganophosphonatesCell LineHIV InfectionsLiver FailureAmino Acid SequenceTreatment OutcomeDrug Resistance, ViralBiopsyCoinfectionAntigens, CD81Antibodies, ViralVaccinationHepadnaviridaeViremiaBlood TransfusionRetrospective StudiesHepatitis Virus, DuckEgyptAdeninePhylogenyRecurrenceHepadnaviridae InfectionsTime FactorsMutationEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayTattooingViral ProteinsLiver Failure, AcuteGene Expression Regulation, ViralChinaHepatitis, Infectious CaninePregnancy Complications, InfectiousSerologic TestsReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsSequence Analysis, DNAVirionAntigens, ViralGB virus C5' Untranslated RegionsFlaviviridae InfectionsGenes, ViralInfectious Disease Transmission, VerticalImmunoglobulin MBilirubinProspective StudiesTransaminasesBlood-Borne PathogensSaguinusBiological MarkersDisease ProgressionImmunization ScheduleIncidenceCoronavirus InfectionsCohort StudiesBrazilCase-Control StudiesSensitivity and SpecificityEpitopesImmunoglobulin GDisease OutbreaksSciuridaeTransfectionFollow-Up StudiesDNA PrimersRNA ReplicaseImmunization ProgramsReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionHepatic EncephalopathyGenetic VariationSexually Transmitted Diseases, ViralVirus InternalizationGene Products, polOrthohepadnavirusDNA Virus InfectionsPakistanLiver Cirrhosis, BiliaryTrans-ActivatorsLiver Cirrhosis, AlcoholicProtein PrecursorsHemophilia APrisonsImmunoenzyme TechniquesVirus ActivationVirus AssemblyVirologyImmunoglobulinsCross-Sectional StudiesSeverity of Illness IndexPrisonersRadioimmunoassayFatty LiverTupaiaNucleosidesVaccines, SyntheticTaiwanInfant, NewbornNucleocapsidCell Line, TumorGuanineTorque teno virusRenal DialysisPlasmidsViral Structural ProteinsDisease Transmission, InfectiousHemodialysis Units, HospitalUnited StatesHep G2 CellsInfectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-PatientInterleukinsReagent Kits, Diagnosticalpha-FetoproteinsPolyproteinsAutoantibodiesAge Factors
Hepatitis B: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.Hepatitis C: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.Hepatitis A: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.Hepatitis B virus: The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.Hepatitis B Surface Antigens: Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.Hepatitis: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.Hepatitis C, Chronic: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.Hepatitis B, Chronic: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.Hepatitis, Viral, Human: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).Hepatitis A virus: A species in the genus HEPATOVIRUS containing one serotype and two strains: HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS and Simian hepatitis A virus causing hepatitis in humans (HEPATITIS A) and primates, respectively.Hepatitis B Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.Hepatitis B Antibodies: Antibodies to the HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the "e" antigens.Hepatitis, Chronic: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.Hepatitis B Core Antigens: The hepatitis B antigen within the core of the Dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion.Hepatitis A Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with hepatitis A virus (HEPATOVIRUS).Hepatitis Antibodies: Immunoglobulins raised by any form of viral hepatitis; some of these antibodies are used to diagnose the specific kind of hepatitis.Hepacivirus: A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.Hepatitis B e Antigens: A closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis B or in virulent chronic hepatitis B, probably indicating active virus replication; there are three subtypes which may exist in a complex with immunoglobulins G.Hepatitis B Antigens: Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS.Hepatitis E: Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.Hepatitis C Antibodies: Antibodies to the HEPATITIS C ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.Hepatitis E virus: A positive-stranded RNA virus species in the genus HEPEVIRUS, causing enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (HEPATITIS E).Hepatitis A Antibodies: Antibodies to the HEPATITIS A ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.Hepatitis, Viral, Animal: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.Hepatitis, Autoimmune: A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.Hepatitis A Virus, Human: A strain of HEPATITIS A VIRUS which causes hepatitis in humans. The virus replicates in hepatocytes and is presumed to reach the intestine via the bile duct. Transmission occurs by the fecal-oral route.Hepatitis Viruses: Any of the viruses that cause inflammation of the liver. They include both DNA and RNA viruses as well viruses from humans and animals.Hepatitis Delta Virus: A defective virus, containing particles of RNA nucleoprotein in virion-like form, present in patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis. It requires the presence of a hepadnavirus for full replication. This is the lone species in the genus Deltavirus.Hepatitis D: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.Hepatitis, Animal: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.Viral Hepatitis Vaccines: Any vaccine raised against any virus or viral derivative that causes hepatitis.Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.Murine hepatitis virus: A species of the CORONAVIRUS genus causing hepatitis in mice. Four strains have been identified as MHV 1, MHV 2, MHV 3, and MHV 4 (also known as MHV-JHM, which is neurotropic and causes disseminated encephalomyelitis with demyelination as well as focal liver necrosis).Hepatitis C Antigens: Antigens of the virions of HEPACIVIRUS, their surface, core, or other associated antigens.Hepatovirus: A genus of PICORNAVIRIDAE causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. HEPATITIS A VIRUS is the type species.RNA, Viral: Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.Hepatitis A Antigens: Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS A VIRUS such as the human hepatitis A virus (HEPATITIS A VIRUS, HUMAN).Hepatitis delta Antigens: Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS D VIRUS.Hepatitis Antigens: Antigens from any of the hepatitis viruses including surface, core, and other associated antigens.Hepatitis, Alcoholic: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.Ribavirin: A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.Hepatitis B Virus, Duck: A DNA virus that closely resembles human hepatitis B virus. It has been recovered from naturally infected ducks.Alanine Transaminase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.DNA, Viral: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.Viral Nonstructural Proteins: Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Carcinoma, Hepatocellular: A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck: An ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS causing chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchucks. It closely resembles the human hepatitis B virus.Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.Lamivudine: A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and ZALCITABINE analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease.Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.Polyethylene Glycols: Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.Viral Core Proteins: Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the NUCLEOCAPSID.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Hepatitis D, Chronic: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS in conjunction with HEPATITIS B VIRUS and lasting six months or more.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Marmota: A genus of Sciuridae consisting of 14 species. They are shortlegged, burrowing rodents which hibernate in winter.Seroepidemiologic Studies: EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissible to another susceptible host.Genome, Viral: The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.Flaviviridae: A family of RNA viruses, many of which cause disease in humans and domestic animals. There are three genera FLAVIVIRUS; PESTIVIRUS; and HEPACIVIRUS, as well as several unassigned species.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Blood DonorsLiver Function Tests: Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.Liver Diseases: Pathological processes of the LIVER.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.Pan troglodytes: The common chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family HOMINIDAE. It lives in Africa, primarily in the tropical rainforests. There are a number of recognized subspecies.Acute Disease: Disease having a short and relatively severe course.Drug Therapy, Combination: Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.Substance Abuse, Intravenous: Abuse, overuse, or misuse of a substance by its injection into a vein.Aspartate Aminotransferases: Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.Drug-Induced Liver Injury: A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Replicon: Any DNA sequence capable of independent replication or a molecule that possesses a REPLICATION ORIGIN and which is therefore potentially capable of being replicated in a suitable cell. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Viral Envelope Proteins: Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.DucksInterferons: Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions.Cryoglobulinemia: A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Chronic Disease: Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)Organophosphonates: Carbon-containing phosphonic acid compounds. Included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either OXYGEN atom or the PHOSPHOROUS atom of the (P=O)O2 structure.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.HIV Infections: Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).Liver Failure: Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Drug Resistance, Viral: The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation.Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.Coinfection: Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.Antigens, CD81: Tetraspanin proteins that are involved in a variety of cellular functions including BASEMENT MEMBRANE assembly, and in the formation of a molecular complexes on the surface of LYMPHOCYTES.Antibodies, Viral: Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.Hepadnaviridae: A family of hepatotropic DNA viruses which contains double-stranded DNA genomes and causes hepatitis in humans and animals. There are two genera: AVIHEPADNAVIRUS and ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS. Hepadnaviruses include HEPATITIS B VIRUS, duck hepatitis B virus (HEPATITIS B VIRUS, DUCK), heron hepatitis B virus, ground squirrel hepatitis virus, and woodchuck hepatitis B virus (HEPATITIS B VIRUS, WOODCHUCK).Viremia: The presence of viruses in the blood.Blood Transfusion: The introduction of whole blood or blood component directly into the blood stream. (Dorland, 27th ed)Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Hepatitis Virus, Duck: Unassigned species, in the family PICORNAVIRIDAE, causing high mortality in ducklings 3 days to 3 weeks old.Egypt: A country in northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula Its capital is Cairo.Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.Hepadnaviridae Infections: Virus diseases caused by the HEPADNAVIRIDAE.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Tattooing: The indelible marking of TISSUES, primarily SKIN, by pricking it with NEEDLES to imbed various COLORING AGENTS. Tattooing of the CORNEA is done to colorize LEUKOMA spots.Viral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus.Liver Failure, Acute: A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.Gene Expression Regulation, Viral: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.China: A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.Hepatitis, Infectious Canine: A contagious disease caused by canine adenovirus (ADENOVIRUSES, CANINE) infecting the LIVER, the EYE, the KIDNEY, and other organs in dogs, other canids, and bears. Symptoms include FEVER; EDEMA; VOMITING; and DIARRHEA.Pregnancy Complications, Infectious: The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.Serologic Tests: Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE), an enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.Antigens, Viral: Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.GB virus C: A species of virus (unassigned to a genus) in the family FLAVIVIRIDAE. It is genetically heterogeneous, of human origin, and transmitted by blood or blood products. Despite its alternate name (Hepatitis G virus), its pathogenicity remains controversial.5' Untranslated Regions: The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.Flaviviridae Infections: Infections with viruses of the family FLAVIVIRIDAE.Genes, Viral: The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding.Immunoglobulin M: A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Transaminases: A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.Blood-Borne Pathogens: Infectious organisms in the BLOOD, of which the predominant medical interest is their contamination of blood-soiled linens, towels, gowns, BANDAGES, other items from individuals in risk categories, NEEDLES and other sharp objects, MEDICAL WASTE and DENTAL WASTE, all of which health workers are exposed to. This concept is differentiated from the clinical conditions of BACTEREMIA; VIREMIA; and FUNGEMIA where the organism is present in the blood of a patient as the result of a natural infectious process.Saguinus: A genus in the subfamily CALLITRICHINAE consisting of 12 species and found in Panama as well as South America. Species seen most frequently in the literature are S. oedipus (cotton-top marmoset), S. nigricollis, and S. fusicollis.Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.Immunization Schedule: Schedule giving optimum times usually for primary and/or secondary immunization.Incidence: The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.Coronavirus Infections: Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.BrazilCase-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.Immunoglobulin G: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.Disease Outbreaks: Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.Sciuridae: A family of the order Rodentia which contains 49 genera. Some of the more common genera are MARMOTA, which includes the marmot and woodchuck; Sciurus, the gray squirrel, S. carolinensis, and the fox squirrel, S. niger; Tamias, the eastern and western chipmunk; and Tamiasciurus, the red squirrel. The flying squirrels, except the scaly-tailed Anomaluridae, also belong to this family.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.RNA Replicase: An enzyme that catalyses RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'- end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time, and can initiate a chain de novo. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p293)Immunization Programs: Organized services to administer immunization procedures in the prevention of various diseases. The programs are made available over a wide range of sites: schools, hospitals, public health agencies, voluntary health agencies, etc. They are administered to an equally wide range of population groups or on various administrative levels: community, municipal, state, national, international.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Hepatic Encephalopathy: A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)Genetic Variation: Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral: Viral diseases which are transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct.Virus Internalization: The entering of cells by viruses following VIRUS ATTACHMENT. This is achieved by ENDOCYTOSIS, by direct MEMBRANE FUSION of the viral membrane with the CELL MEMBRANE, or by translocation of the whole virus across the cell membrane.Gene Products, pol: Retroviral proteins coded by the pol gene. They are usually synthesized as a protein precursor (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into final products that include reverse transcriptase, endonuclease/integrase, and viral protease. Sometimes they are synthesized as a gag-pol fusion protein (FUSION PROTEINS, GAG-POL). pol is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase.Orthohepadnavirus: A genus of HEPADNAVIRIDAE causing hepatitis in humans, woodchucks (HEPATITIS B VIRUS, WOODCHUCK) and ground squirrels. hepatitis b virus is the type species.DNA Virus InfectionsPakistanLiver Cirrhosis, Biliary: FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cirrhosis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and bile secretion. Secondary biliary cirrhosis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.Trans-Activators: Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic: FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.Protein PrecursorsHemophilia A: The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.Prisons: Penal institutions, or places of confinement for war prisoners.Immunoenzyme Techniques: Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.Virus Activation: The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (PROVIRUSES) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, IONIZING RADIATION, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses.Virus Assembly: The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.Virology: The study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of viruses, and VIRUS DISEASES.Immunoglobulins: Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.Severity of Illness Index: Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.PrisonersRadioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.Fatty Liver: Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.Tupaia: A genus of tree shrews of the family TUPAIIDAE which consists of about 12 species. One of the most frequently encountered species is T. glis. Members of this genus inhabit rain forests and secondary growth areas in southeast Asia.Nucleosides: Purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Vaccines, Synthetic: Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.TaiwanInfant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth.Nucleocapsid: A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a CAPSID plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.GuanineTorque teno virus: A species of non-enveloped DNA virus in the genus ANELLOVIRUS, associated with BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS; and HEPATITIS. However, no etiological role has been found for TTV in hepatitis.Renal Dialysis: Therapy for the insufficient cleansing of the BLOOD by the kidneys based on dialysis and including hemodialysis, PERITONEAL DIALYSIS, and HEMODIAFILTRATION.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Viral Structural Proteins: Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).Disease Transmission, Infectious: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal or vertical (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).Hemodialysis Units, Hospital: Hospital units in which care is provided the hemodialysis patient. This includes hemodialysis centers in hospitals.United StatesHep G2 Cells: A human liver tumor cell line used to study a variety of liver-specific metabolic functions.Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from health professional or health care worker to patients. It includes transmission via direct or indirect exposure to bacterial, fungal, parasitic, or viral agents.Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli.Reagent Kits, Diagnostic: Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.alpha-Fetoproteins: The first alpha-globulins to appear in mammalian sera during FETAL DEVELOPMENT and the dominant serum proteins in early embryonic life.Polyproteins: Proteins which are synthesized as a single polymer and then cleaved into several distinct proteins.Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

A multistate, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A. National Hepatitis A Investigation Team. (1/837)

BACKGROUND: We investigated a large, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A that occurred in February and March 1997 in Michigan and then extended the investigation to determine whether it was related to sporadic cases reported in other states among persons who had consumed frozen strawberries, the food suspected of causing the outbreak. METHODS: The cases of hepatitis A were serologically confirmed. Epidemiologic studies were conducted in the two states with sufficient numbers of cases, Michigan and Maine. Hepatitis A virus RNA detected in clinical specimens was sequenced to determine the relatedness of the virus from outbreak-related cases and other cases. RESULTS: A total of 213 cases of hepatitis A were reported from 23 schools in Michigan and 29 cases from 13 schools in Maine, with the median rate of attack ranging from 0.2 to 14 percent. Hepatitis A was associated with the consumption of frozen strawberries in a case-control study (odds ratio for the disease, 8.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.1 to 33) and a cohort study (relative risk of infection, 7.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 53) in Michigan and in a case-control study in Maine (odds ratio for infection, 3.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.0 to 14). The genetic sequences of viruses from 126 patients in Michigan and Maine were identical to one another and to those from 5 patients in Wisconsin and 7 patients in Arizona, all of whom attended schools where frozen strawberries from the same processor had been served, and to those in 2 patients from Louisiana, both of whom had consumed commercially prepared products containing frozen strawberries from the same processor. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a large outbreak of hepatitis A in Michigan that was associated with the consumption of frozen strawberries. We found apparently sporadic cases in other states that could be linked to the same source by viral genetic analysis.  (+info)

Changing epidemiology of hepatitis A in the 1990s in Sydney, Australia. (2/837)

Surveillance of hepatitis A in residents of Eastern Sydney Health Area identified substantial epidemics in homosexual males in 1991-2 with a peak rate of 520 per 100,000 recorded in males aged 25-29 years, and again in 1995-6, with a peak rate of 405 per 100,000 per year in males aged 30-34 years. During 1994-5 an epidemic was detected among disadvantaged youth associated with injecting drug use; peak rates of 200 per 100,000 per year were reported in males aged 25-29 years and of 64 per 100,000 per year among females aged 20-24 years. The epidemiology of hepatitis A in these inner suburbs of Sydney is characterized by very few childhood cases and recurrent epidemics among homosexual men. Identified risk groups need to be targeted with appropriate messages regarding the importance of hygiene and vaccination in preventing hepatitis A. However, poor access to health services among disadvantaged youth and a constant influx of young homosexual males into these inner suburbs present major challenges to hepatitis A control.  (+info)

Prevalence of enteric hepatitis A and E viruses in the Mekong River delta region of Vietnam. (3/837)

A study of antibody prevalence for hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) was carried out in southwestern Vietnam in an area adjacent to a known focus of epidemic HEV transmission. The purpose of this investigation was first to provide a prevalence measure of hepatitis infections, and second to determine the outbreak potential of HEV as a function of the susceptible population. Blood specimens collected from 646 persons in randomly selected village hamlets were examined by an ELISA for anti-HEV IgG and anti-HAV IgG. The prevalences of anti-HEV IgG and anti-HAV IgG were 9% and 97%, respectively. There was a significant increase (P < 0.01) in age-specific anti-HEV IgG. A notable increase in anti-HAV IgG prevalence (P < 0.0001) occurred between child populations 0-4 (64%) and 5-9 (95%) years of age. No evidence of familial clustering of anti-HEV IgG-positive individuals was detected, and household crowding was not associated with the spread of HEV. Boiling of water was found to be of protective value against HEV transmission. A relatively low prevalence of anti-HEV indicates considerable HEV outbreak potential, against a background of 1) poor, water-related hygiene/sanitation, 2) dependence on a (likely human/animal waste)-contaminated Mekong riverine system, and 3) periodic river flooding.  (+info)

An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with an infected foodhandler. (4/837)

OBJECTIVE: The recommended criteria for public notification of a hepatitis A virus (HAV)-infected foodhandler include assessment of the foodhandler's hygiene and symptoms. In October 1994, a Kentucky health department received a report of a catering company foodhandler with hepatitis A. Patrons were not offered immune globulin because the foodhandler's hygiene was assessed to be good and he denied having diarrhea. During early November, 29 cases of hepatitis A were reported among people who had attended an event catered by this company. Two local health departments and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in collaboration with two state health departments, undertook an investigation to determine the extent of the outbreak, to identify the foods and event characteristics associated with illness, and to investigate the apparent failure of the criteria for determining when immune globulin (IG) should be offered to exposed members of the public. METHODS: Cases were IgM anti-HAV-positive people with onset of symptoms during October or November who had eaten foods prepared by the catering company. To determine the outbreak's extent and factors associated with illness, the authors interviewed all case patients and the infected foodhandler and collected information on menus and other event characteristics. To investigate characteristics of events associated with transmission, the authors conducted a retrospective analysis comparing the risk of illness by selected event characteristics. To evaluate what foods were associated with illness, they conducted a retrospective cohort study of attendees of four events with high attack rates. RESULTS: A total of 91 cases were identified. At least one case was reported from 21 (51%) of the 41 catered events. The overall attack rate was 7% among the 1318 people who attended these events (range 0 to 75% per event). Attending an event at which there was no on-site sink (relative risk [RR] = 2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4, 3.8) or no on-site kitchen (RR = 1.9, 95% Cl 1.1, 2.9) was associated with illness. For three events with high attack rates, eating at least one of several uncooked foods was associated with illness, with RRs ranging from 8 to undefined. CONCLUSION: A large hepatitis A outbreak resulted from an infected foodhandler with apparent good hygiene and no reported diarrhea who prepared many uncooked foods served at catered events. Assessing hygiene and symptoms s subjective, and may be difficult to accomplish. The effectiveness of the recommended criteria for determining when IG should be provided to exposed members of the public needs to be evaluated.  (+info)

Identifying target groups for a potential vaccination program during a hepatitis A communitywide outbreak. (5/837)

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to identify groups for targeted vaccination during a communitywide hepatitis A outbreak in 1996. METHODS: Residents of the Sioux City, Iowa, metropolitan area reported with hepatitis A between September 1995 and August 1996 were sampled and compared with population-based controls. RESULTS: In comparison with 51 controls, the 40 case patients were more likely to inject methamphetamine, to attend emergency rooms more often than other health care facilities, and to have a family member who used the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. CONCLUSIONS: Groups at increased risk of hepatitis A can be identified that might be [corrected] accessed for vaccination during communitywide outbreaks.  (+info)

The epidemiology of viral hepatitis in children in South Texas: increased prevalence of hepatitis A along the Texas-Mexico border. (6/837)

An initial retrospective study of 194 children demonstrated a high prevalence of hepatitis A but not hepatitis B or C infection among children living along the Texas-Mexico border. A larger prospective study of hepatitis A was conducted with 285 children (aged 6 months to 13 years) living in 3 sociodemographically dissimilar areas of South Texas. Children living in colonias along the border had a significantly higher prevalence of hepatitis A virus infection (37%) than children living in urban border communities (17%) or in a large metropolitan area (San Antonio [6%]). Independent risk factors for hepatitis A infection included increased age, colonia residence, and history of residence in a developing country. Use of bottled water (vs. municipal or spring/well water) and years of maternal secondary education were protective. Improved sanitation or routine hepatitis A vaccination in early childhood may reduce the prevalence of hepatitis A in these areas.  (+info)

Antigenic epitopes of the hepatitis A virus polyprotein. (7/837)

Forty-two antigenic domains were identified across the hepatitis A virus (HAV) polyprotein by using a set of 237 overlapping 20-mer synthetic peptides spanning the entire HAV polyprotein and a panel of serum samples from acutely HAV-infected patients. The term "antigenic domain" is used in this study to define a protein region spanned with consecutive overlapping immunoreactive peptides. Nineteen antigenic domains were found within the structural proteins, and 22 were found within the nonstructural proteins, with 1 domain spanning the junction of VP1 and P2A proteins. Five of these domains were considered immunodominant, as judged by both the breadth and the strength of their immunoreactivity. One domain is located within the VP2 protein at position 57-90 aa. A second domain, located at position 767-842 aa, contains the C-terminal part of the VP1 protein and the entire P2A protein. A third domain, located at position 1403-1456 aa, comprises the C-terminal part of the P2C protein and the N-terminal half of the P3A protein. The fourth domain, located at position 1500-1519 aa, includes almost the entire P3B, and the last domain, located at position 1719-1764 aa, contains the C-terminal region of the P3C protein and the N-terminal region of the P3D protein. It is interesting to note that four of the five most immunoreactive domains are derived from small HAV proteins and/or encompass protein cleavage sites separating different HAV proteins. The HAV-specific immunoreactivity of each antigenically reactive peptide was confirmed by using seven HAV seroconversion panels. Collectively, these data demonstrate that HAV structural and nonstructural proteins contain antigenic epitopes that can be efficiently modeled with short synthetic peptides.  (+info)

Ascertainment of secondary cases of hepatitis A--Kansas, 1996-1997. (8/837)

Each year, 25,000-30,000 cases of hepatitis A are reported in the United States. The most common infection source (22%-26%) is household or sexual contact with a person already infected with hepatitis A virus (HAV) (i.e., the source-patient). In Kansas during 1992-1997, contact with a source-patient was reported by 39% of persons with hepatitis A. Cases reported in 1996 and 1997 were studied retrospectively to determine the reasons for the apparently high proportion of secondary cases and to evaluate missed opportunities for prevention (i.e., postexposure prophylaxis with immune globulin [IG]). Results of this investigation indicate that persons with hepatitis A often were classified incorrectly as secondary cases and that some correctly identified secondary cases represented missed opportunities for prevention.  (+info)

Infectious hepatitis synonyms, infectious hepatitis antonyms - FreeThesaurus.comInfectious hepatitis synonyms, infectious hepatitis antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com
Synonyms for infectious hepatitis in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for infectious hepatitis. 1 synonym for infectious hepatitis: hepatitis A. What are synonyms for infectious hepatitis?
NewYork-Presbyterian Queens - Glossary - Infectious DiseasesNewYork-Presbyterian Queens - Glossary - Infectious Diseases
Hepatitis A - a form of infectious hepatitis caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus may be spread by fecal-oral contact, fecal-infected food or water, and may also be spread by a blood-borne infection (which is rare).. Hepatitis B - a form of infectious hepatitis caused by the hepatitis B virus. Transmission of the hepatitis B virus occurs through blood and body fluid exposure such as blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or saliva.. Hepatitis C - a form of infectious hepatitis caused by the hepatitis C virus. Transmission of the hepatitis C virus occurs primarily from contact with infected blood, but can also occur from sexual contact or from an infected mother to her baby.. Hepatitis D - a form of infectious hepatitis caused by the hepatitis (Delta) virus. This form of hepatitis can only occur in the presence of hepatitis B. Transmission of hepatitis D occurs the same way as hepatitis B.. Hepatitis E - a form of infectious hepatitis caused by the hepatitis E virus. This form of hepatitis is ...
Persistent Infection of Human Fibroblasts by Hepatitis a Virus† | Microbiology SocietyPersistent Infection of Human Fibroblasts by Hepatitis a Virus† | Microbiology Society
Summary Infection of human embryo fibroblasts with hepatitis A virus (HAV), a picornavirus, leads to an inapparent, persistent infection; cultures can be passed serially with consistent recovery of the virus in the supernatant. All of the cells of a HAV carrier culture are infected and proliferate. Subcultivation under HAV-immune serum cannot achieve a cure or even a reduction in the number of infected cells in HAV carrier cultures. No interferon activity can be detected during HAV infection and persistence. Addition of exogenous interferon eliminates HAV infection in vitro. Persistence of HAV in vitro appears to contradict the clinical course of HAV infection in vivo. The system presented offers the possibility of evaluating the role of immunological injury of HAV-infected cells, an injury which may lead to damage of these cells and to elimination of HAV during an HAV infection in vivo.
Is Hepatitis A Vaccine Effective In Preventing Infectious Hepatitis?Is Hepatitis A Vaccine Effective In Preventing Infectious Hepatitis?
Hepatitis A is a serious viral infection of the liver caused by the virus called Hepatitis A Virus (HAV). It is also known as infectious hepatitis. It is
People who Inject Drugs and Viral Hepatitis | Populations and Settings | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDCPeople who Inject Drugs and Viral Hepatitis | Populations and Settings | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC
People who inject drugs (PWID) are at risk for Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection through the sharing of needles and drug-preparation equipment. In addition, outbreaks of Hepatitis A infection have been reported among PWIDs; such outbreaks are believed to occur through both percutaneous and fecal-oral routes. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends that PWIDs get vaccinated against Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B. Because of higher rates of infection among this population, CDC also recommends testing anyone who has injected drugs for HBV and HCV infection.. ...
Hepatitis A Questions and Answers for Health Professionals | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDCHepatitis A Questions and Answers for Health Professionals | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC
Persons traveling to or working in countries that have high or intermediate endemicity of hepatitis A. Persons who travel to developing countries are at high risk for hepatitis A, even those traveling to urban areas, staying in luxury hotels, and those who report maintaining good hand hygiene and being careful about what they drink and eat (see https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/hepatitis-a for more information).. Men who have sex with men. Men who have sex with men should be vaccinated.. Users of injection and non-injection drugs. Persons who use injection and non-injection drugs should be vaccinated.. Persons who have occupational risk for infection. Persons who work with HAV-infected primates or with HAV in a research laboratory setting should be vaccinated. No other groups have been shown to be at increased risk for HAV infection because of occupational exposure.. Persons who have chronic liver disease. Persons with chronic liver disease who ...
Infectious hepatitis in dogs: treatment regimen and diagnosisInfectious hepatitis in dogs: treatment regimen and diagnosis
Viral, or infectious hepatitis is a contagious, most dangerous disease in animals. Almost all species of both wild and domestic animals can be affected.
Hepatitis AHepatitis A
Schedule: Two doses of hepatitis A vaccine are recommended for all children beginning at age 12 months. The two doses should be separated by 6 months. Older children can receive it as well. If you didnt get the vaccine as a child, you should get vaccinated now if you are in a group at risk for hepatitis A, or just if you want to be protected. Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable, communicable disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It is usually transmitted person-to-person through the fecal-oral route or consumption of contaminated food or water. Hepatitis A is a self-limited disease that does not result in chronic infection. Most adults with hepatitis A have symptoms, including fatigue, low appetite, stomach pain, nausea, and jaundice, that usually resolve within 2 months of infection; most children less than 6 years of age do not have symptoms or have an unrecognized infection. Antibodies produced in response to hepatitis A infection last for life and protect against ...
Hepatitis A - The Full WikiHepatitis A - The Full Wiki
Hepatitis A (formerly known as infectious hepatitis) is an acute infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV),[1] which is most commonly transmitted by the fecal-oral route via contaminated food or drinking water. Every year, approximately 10 million people worldwide are infected with the virus.[2] The time between infection and the appearance of the symptoms, (the incubation period), is between two and six weeks and the average incubation period is 28 days.[3]. In developing countries, and in regions with poor hygiene standards, the incidence of infection with this virus is high[4] and the illness is usually contracted in early childhood. HAV has also been found in samples taken to study ocean water quality.[5] Hepatitis A infection causes no clinical signs and symptoms in over 90% of infected children and since the infection confers lifelong immunity, the disease is of no special significance to the indigenous population. In Europe, the United States and other ...
Hepatitis A Vaccine Recommendations | FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS | PediatricsHepatitis A Vaccine Recommendations | FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS | Pediatrics
Humans, great apes, and some species of monkeys can be infected with hepatitis A virus. The primary source of hepatitis A for human transmission is person-to-person spread through the fecal-oral route. On rare occasions, hepatitis A infection has been transmitted by transfusion of blood or blood products collected from donors during the viremic phase of infection.15,16 Since 2002, nucleic acid amplification tests, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, have been applied to the screening of source plasma used for the manufacture of plasma-derived products.17. Transmission generally is limited to close contacts, and hepatitis A rarely is spread by casual interactions. Spread of hepatitis A within families is common, with disease occurring more commonly in older family members after being introduced into the household by an asymptomatically infected young child.12 In child care center outbreaks, contact with feces and subsequent personal contact are important means by which transmission ...
Hepatitis AHepatitis A
The Hepatitis A virus is the most common cause of Hepatitis in the world, and commonly occurs in young adults. It is spread from person to person by the fecal-oral route: that is, coming in contact with contaminated food, water, hands toilets, dishes, etc., of the infected person and eventually ingesting the fecal contaminant. Therefore, people sharing food, kitchen, or bathroom facilities with someone who has Hepatitis A can get infected. Hepatitis A is common in developing countries.. ...
China Foundation for Hepatitis Prevention and Control (CFHPC) | World Hepatitis AllianceChina Foundation for Hepatitis Prevention and Control (CFHPC) | World Hepatitis Alliance
The World Hepatitis Alliance is an ambitious patient-led and patient-driven not-for-profit organisation who works with governments, national members and other key partners to raise awareness of viral hepatitis and influence global change - transforming the lives of the 325 million people living with viral hepatitis and the future we share.. ...
Hepatitis Viral Type AHepatitis Viral Type A
Description of illness: Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable, acute, self-limited illness characterized by fever, malaise, jaundice, anorexia, and nausea. It is transmitted person-to-person through the fecal-oral route or through exposure to contaminated food or water. Only 30% of infected children younger than 6 years of age will become symptomatic, and few will have jaundice. Among older children and adults, infection usually is symptomatic and typically lasts several weeks, with jaundice occurring in ≥70%. Ten to fifteen percent of symptomatic people have prolonged or relapsing disease lasting as long as 6 months. Fulminant hepatitis and death is rare and is more common in people with underlying liver disease. Chronic infection does not occur. Serologic testing for HAV IgM in the absence of acute illness compatible with hepatitis A is not recommended due to the possibility false positive results, especially in older adults.. ...
Clinical Signs | Chronic HepatitisClinical Signs | Chronic Hepatitis
Hepatitis A is an acute and contagious infection of the liver which is caused by the hepatitis A. It is an RNA virus as its genetic material. Hepatitis A usually spread the fecal-oral route, generally transmitted person to person by hand to mouth contact with stool from an infected person or through ingested contaminated food or water. Millions of individuals Read more ...
Hepatitis A | Health.milHepatitis A | Health.mil
Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Hepatitis A can affect anyone. Vaccines are available for long-term prevention of HAV infection in persons 1 year of age and older. Good personal hygiene and proper sanitation can also help prevent the spread of hepatitis A
Hepatitis Type A & Type EHepatitis Type A & Type E
|!-- .style1 {font-weight: bold} .style2 {font-size: xx-small} --| Hepatits, Viral, Type A Description: Hepatitis A is a viral infection of the liver caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV). The clinical manifestations of HAV infection range in cli...
New ultrastructural marker in hepatocytes in non‐A, non‐B viral hepatitis<...New ultrastructural marker in hepatocytes in non‐A, non‐B viral hepatitis<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - New ultrastructural marker in hepatocytes in non‐A, non‐B viral hepatitis. AU - De Vos, R.. AU - De Wolf‐Peeters, C.. AU - Van Stapel, M. J.. AU - Callea, F.. AU - De Groote, G.. AU - Desmyter, J.. AU - Mortelmans, J.. AU - Fevery, J.. AU - De Groote, J.. AU - Desmet, V. J.. PY - 1982. Y1 - 1982. N2 - ABSTRACT- A new ultrastructural cytoplasmic marker designated as type 2, and distinct from type 1 previously associated with NA‐NB hepatitis in chimpanzees, was found in hepatocytes of two patients and of one experimentally infected chimpanzee. These cases represent a minority of all cases we studied as presumed NA‐NB viral hepatitis. Type 2 marker consists of tubular structures composed of an assembly of ring‐like units coated with smaller uniform fragments, accumulated in different patterns in dilated cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. Preliminary data using immunofluorescence with NA‐NB hepatitis convalescent serum and antiserum against fibrinogen are reported. ...
Hepatitis NSW Inc | World Hepatitis AllianceHepatitis NSW Inc | World Hepatitis Alliance
A world free of viral hepatitis. Mission statement. We work to prevent the transmission of viral hepatitis and to improve the health and well-being of affected people and communities. Values. Inclusiveness - We provide a range of non-judgemental services and information to all people living with or affected by viral hepatitis. Excellence - We deliver quality and innovative services informed by evidence-based research, harm reduction principles and dialogue with affected communities. Collaboration - We build strong partnerships with our stakeholders. Integrity - We are accountable to our communities and transparent in our actions. Independence - We work in the best interests of people affected by viral hepatitis. We commit to our vision.. We stand by and work to our mission statement.. We will promote, cherish and abide by our values. ...
Recommendations for Hepatitis Prevention and Treatment - AATODRecommendations for Hepatitis Prevention and Treatment - AATOD
We have been receiving alarming reports from our colleagues throughout the United States about the increasing incidence of Hepatitis C. This is the result of improved testing techniques and greater access to laboratory tests for Hepatitis C.. Programs will need access to increased funds to implement several of these recommendations and we encourage our colleagues to work with the states while we work with the federal agencies, who are involved in providing guidance to improve practice standards. The most important aspect to keep in mind in reviewing the following guidelines is that we must do all that we can to improve the quality of life for patients, who have been diagnosed with Hepatitis C.. ...
Breastfeeding and HepatitisBreastfeeding and Hepatitis
Breastmilk is the ideal in infant nutrition, and breastfeeding the optimal delivery system. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life and continued breastfeeding with the addition of appropriate complementary foods for at least one year, and thereafter for as long as mother and baby desire.. The benefits of breastfeeding in terms of nutrition, increased resistance to diseases, allergy protection and psychosocial development, make it the most important, cost effective substance we have in medicine today. Unfortunately, breastfeeding has been implicated as a possible mode of transmission of various forms of hepatitis from mothers to their infants. Acute viral hepatitis is a frequent cause of liver disease in the United States and results in significant illness and sometimes death. The range of viruses of concern is expanding significantly and has become a true alphabet soup, with hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and now hepatitis G as well. ...
Disease Causing Agents by Fecal - Oral Route - The Forest CloakDisease Causing Agents by Fecal - Oral Route - The Forest Cloak
This science poster has the watercolor illustration of 6 Disease Causing Parasite and Bacteria by Fecal-Oral route. Main Route of fecal-oral disease transmission include lack of hygiene practices and sanitation by Pathogens in fecal particles pass from one person to the mouth of other people. List of Archaea* Cyclospor
JCI - Genetic control of hepatitis A severity and susceptibility to allergyJCI - Genetic control of hepatitis A severity and susceptibility to allergy
There is a reciprocal relationship between the incidence of hepatitis A and the prevalence of allergic disease, as evidenced by rates of each in the United States and Argentina (where the patients included in the Kim et al. study were recruited). A minority of HAV-infected individuals exhibit a very severe form of the disease, and there is compelling evidence that HAV infection protects from allergic diseases. The work by Kim et al ...
World Hepatitis Day: Freeing the world from viral hepatitis | BMI Healthcare UKWorld Hepatitis Day: Freeing the world from viral hepatitis | BMI Healthcare UK
Every year, 1.4 million people die from viral hepatitis. This years World Hepatitis Day is launching a campaign to eliminate the disease by 2030.
Viral Hepatitis - Types, Symptoms, Tests, Treatment, Prevention | Diseases PicturesViral Hepatitis - Types, Symptoms, Tests, Treatment, Prevention | Diseases Pictures
Hepatitis is the condition of liver inflammation. Though there are many factors that cause hepatitis, virus is the most important reason for developing
Fecal-Oral Transmission: A-to-Z Guide from Diagnosis to Treatment to Prevention | DrGreeneFecal-Oral Transmission: A-to-Z Guide from Diagnosis to Treatment to Prevention | DrGreene
As parents, we dont want to believe that stool from other children gets into our childrens mouths-but fecal-oral disease transmission is very common.
Untitled DocumentUntitled Document
Eukaryotic Parasites Eukaryotic parasites typically fall into one of two categories; either protozoa or helminthes. Protozoa are one-celled eukaryotes and can be transmitted by a vector or by water, as they have difficulty surviving in the environment since they are susceptible to desiccation. Transmission by the fecal-oral route is common, as in Giardia, which causes Beaver fever. Protozoa typically damage the host cell by replication, and do not release any toxins, and can inhabit the body both intracellular and extracellular. At some point in the life cycle of protozoa, a cyst form and tropozoite form normally exist. The cyst is more resistant to the environment and is normally infectious, while the tropozoite is the form that inhabits the body. Protozoa include Plasmodium falciparum, which causes malaria ...
Finally, U.S. Takes Aim at Viral Hepatitis | Hepatitis CentralFinally, U.S. Takes Aim at Viral Hepatitis | Hepatitis Central
In a newly released action plan, eight strategies are outlined by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to battle our nations viral hepatitis epidemic.
Primary care integral to new national viral hepatitis action plan | ACP InternistPrimary care integral to new national viral hepatitis action plan | ACP Internist
Experts hope a new plan launched in May by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services will target hepatitis from a number of fronts, including education, treatment and prevention, and increasing the training of clinicians to diagnose and treat hepatitis and immunize patients.
Amitabh Bachchan is now the WHO goodwill ambassador for HepatitisAmitabh Bachchan is now the WHO goodwill ambassador for Hepatitis
He will lend his voice and support to public awareness programmes that aim to scale up preventive measures and advocate for early diagnosis and treatment of viral Hepatitis to reduce the disease burden.. Announcing his association with WHO, Poonam Khetrapal Singh, regional director for WHO southeast Asia, said, "This association is expected to help strengthen WHOs efforts in reducing the high numbers of premature deaths and illnesses from viral Hepatitis which is not only causing hardships to individuals and families, but also impacting health and development across the region.". ...
IDENTIFICATION OF A NEW TRANSMISSIBLE VIRAL AGENT ASSOCIATED WITH VIRAL HEPATITIS OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY (NANE HEPATITIS)IDENTIFICATION OF A NEW TRANSMISSIBLE VIRAL AGENT ASSOCIATED WITH VIRAL HEPATITIS OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY (NANE HEPATITIS)
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) call for discrimination. Containing the spread of an STD by focusing on promiscuous individuals, who are most likely to pass it on, should be cheaper and more effective than large-scale random campaigns, according to two new mathematical analyses
Viral Hepatitis: Page Not FoundViral Hepatitis: Page Not Found
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) leads the country in hepatitis screening, testing, treatment, research and prevention. An extensive list of documents can be found on this site intended for patient and provider alike.
Viral Hepatitis: Page Not FoundViral Hepatitis: Page Not Found
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) leads the country in hepatitis screening, testing, treatment, research and prevention. An extensive list of documents can be found on this site intended for patient and provider alike.
Glossary - Immune serum globulinGlossary - Immune serum globulin
Immune serum globulin - Also known as: Ig; Antibody; Immune serum globulin; Immune globulin; Gamma globulin1) Special proteins produced by the body in response to f...
anti-HAV IgM (hepatitis A IgM antibody) | Newfoundland & Labrador Public Health Laboratoryanti-HAV IgM (hepatitis A IgM antibody) | Newfoundland & Labrador Public Health Laboratory
Serological diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis A depends on the detection of specific anti-HAV IgM. Its presence in the patients serum indicates a recent exposure to HAV. Anti-HAV IgM becomes detectable in the blood within 2 weeks after infection, persisting at elevated levels for about 2 months before declining to undetectable levels by 6 months. However, sensitive immunoassays may occasionally detect anti-HAV IgM for up to 1 year after acute hepatitis A.. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is endemic throughout the world, occurring most commonly in areas of poor hygiene and low socioeconomic conditions. The virus is transmitted by the fecal-oral route, and it is spread by close person-to-person contact and by contaminated food and water. Thorough cooking is necessary to inactivate HAV in contaminated foods. Outbreaks frequently occur in overcrowded situations and in high-density institutions and centers, such as prisons and health care or day care centers. Viral spread by parenteral routes (eg, exposure ...
Immune serum globulin mass prophylaxis of hepatitis due to virus A in epidemic surroundings. - Semantic ScholarImmune serum globulin mass prophylaxis of hepatitis due to virus A in epidemic surroundings. - Semantic Scholar
Semantic Scholar extracted view of Immune serum globulin mass prophylaxis of hepatitis due to virus A in epidemic surroundings. by C H Laverdant et al.
July 2019 | Viral Hepatitis Prevention BoardJuly 2019 | Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board
The VHPB endorsers the annual World Hepatitis Day campaign: Find the missing millions.. Worldwide, 300 million people are living with viral hepatitis unaware. Without finding the undiagnosed and linking them to care, millions will continue to suffer, and lives will be lost. On World Hepatitis Day, 28 July, we call on people from across the world to take action and raise awareness on the prevention and control of viral hepatitis, aiming to find the "missing millions".. A World Hepatitis Day film has been made to raise awareness of viral hepatitis.. The VHPB not only draws the attention to viral hepatitis during the world hepatitis day, but continues to sensitize people and policy makers throughout the year, and year after year. The VHPB assists policy makers, health care providers and public health specialist and guides countries to prevent and control viral hepatitis:. ...
Immunogenicity and Tolerance of Two Strategies of Anti-HAV Vaccination in HIV-infected Patients - Full Text View -...Immunogenicity and Tolerance of Two Strategies of Anti-HAV Vaccination in HIV-infected Patients - Full Text View -...
RECOMMANDATIONS for hepatitis A vaccination is the same for HIV-infected patients than for general population. However, immunogenicity induced with 2 doses of anti-HAV vaccine is lower in HIV-infected patients. The primary objective of the study is to compare the immunogenicity (percentage of patients with anti-HAV antibodies , 20 mUI/ml at month 7) of 2 strategies (2 doses at months 1 and 6, versus 3 doses at months 1, 2 and 6)of anti-HAV vaccine in HIV-1 infected patients co-infected with HBV and/or HCV with CD4 cell count between 200 and 500/mm3. The second objectives are to compare mean anti-HAV antibodies titers obtained with the 2 strategies, the durability of the seroprotection 12 months after the end of vaccination, and the safety. The PARAMATERS than may have an effect on the immune response will be evaluated.. This open, prospective, study have included 99 patients, aged from 18 to 55 years old. Patients were randomized to receive 2 or 3 doses of HAVRIX 1440 UI intramuscularly at week ...
Immunogenicity and Tolerance of Two Strategies of Anti-HAV Vaccination in HIV-infected Patients - Full Text View -...Immunogenicity and Tolerance of Two Strategies of Anti-HAV Vaccination in HIV-infected Patients - Full Text View -...
RECOMMANDATIONS for hepatitis A vaccination is the same for HIV-infected patients than for general population. However, immunogenicity induced with 2 doses of anti-HAV vaccine is lower in HIV-infected patients. The primary objective of the study is to compare the immunogenicity (percentage of patients with anti-HAV antibodies , 20 mUI/ml at month 7) of 2 strategies (2 doses at months 1 and 6, versus 3 doses at months 1, 2 and 6)of anti-HAV vaccine in HIV-1 infected patients co-infected with HBV and/or HCV with CD4 cell count between 200 and 500/mm3. The second objectives are to compare mean anti-HAV antibodies titers obtained with the 2 strategies, the durability of the seroprotection 12 months after the end of vaccination, and the safety. The PARAMATERS than may have an effect on the immune response will be evaluated.. This open, prospective, study have included 99 patients, aged from 18 to 55 years old. Patients were randomized to receive 2 or 3 doses of HAVRIX 1440 UI intramuscularly at week ...
Hepatitis A (Infectious Hepatitis) - Southern Nevada Health DistrictHepatitis A (Infectious Hepatitis) - Southern Nevada Health District
Does the vaccine work if I only get one dose?. Two shots of the hepatitis A virus vaccine are recommended. Although the first dose of the vaccine is considered to be around 95 percent effective, that protection will eventually begin to decrease and a second shot boosts immunity for between 20 and 40 years, according to the CDC.. You can get a combination vaccine to protect you against both hepatitis A and B. Check with your health care provider.. Can I get my hepatitis A shot when I get other immunizations? You can receive the hepatitis A vaccine when you receive other immunizations. The injection site will be different.. Is the hepatitis A vaccine effective?. Yes, the hepatitis A vaccine is highly effective in preventing hepatitis A virus infection. A second hepatitis A shot results in long-term protection.. Is the hepatitis A vaccine safe?. Yes, the hepatitis A vaccine is safe. No serious side effects have been reported from the hepatitis A vaccine. Soreness at the injection site is the most ...
Hepatitis A immune status (Anti-HAV IgG) | Newfoundland & Labrador Public Health LaboratoryHepatitis A immune status (Anti-HAV IgG) | Newfoundland & Labrador Public Health Laboratory
Hepatitis A characteristically is an acute, self-limited illness associated with fever, malaise, jaundice, anorexia, and nausea. Among older children and adults, infection usually is symptomatic and typically lasts several weeks, with jaundice occurring in 70% or more. Symptomatic infection occurs in approximately 30% of infected children younger than 6 years of age; few of these children will have jaundice. Fulminate hepatitis is rare but is more common in people with underlying liver disease. Chronic infection does not occur.. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is endemic throughout the world, occurring most commonly in areas of poor hygiene and low socioeconomic conditions. The virus is transmitted by the fecal-oral route, and it is spread by close person-to-person contact and by contaminated food and water. Thorough cooking is necessary to inactivate HAV in contaminated foods. Outbreaks frequently occur in overcrowded situations and in high-density institutions and centers, such as prisons and health ...
HCV Research and News: Viral hepatitis requires more attention in the WHO European RegionHCV Research and News: Viral hepatitis requires more attention in the WHO European Region
There is a silent epidemic of viral hepatitis types B and C in the WHO European Region, where 13.3 million people are estimated to live with chronic hepatitis B and 15 million people with hepatitis C. Worldwide, hepatitis B and C lead to chronic disease in about 500 million people. Together, they are the most common causes of liver cirrhosis and cancer.. Although a blood test shows when someone has viral hepatitis, most people infected with hepatitis B and C do not know it. Only 1 infected person in 5 is estimated to display acute symptoms. Even among such people, testing often does not occur, since acute symptoms are often mild or confused with influenza-like illness. If left untreated, hepatitis B and C may become chronic, and can lead to disease, cirrhosis and cancer of the liver.. There are five strains of viral hepatitis (types A- E), but types B and C account for the largest burden of disease in the WHO European Region, and thus are the main focus of effort.. While hepatitis A and E ...
Viral Hepatitis kills more people than HIV, malaria or tuberculosis | World Hepatitis AllianceViral Hepatitis kills more people than HIV, malaria or tuberculosis | World Hepatitis Alliance
World Hepatitis Alliance calls for immediate political action to counteract fatal trend. [London, 14 September] According to the Global Burden of Disease study released today, deaths caused by viral hepatitis have surpassed all chronic infectious diseases including HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis.. The study illustrates that in 2016, the total deaths caused by viral hepatitis, including liver cancer, acute cases, cirrhosis, hepatitis A, E, B, C and D account for 1.34 million deaths globally, exceeding tuberculosis (1.2 million), HIV/AIDS (1 million) and malaria (719,000).. These staggering death rates occurred despite recent advances in hepatitis C medications that can cure most infections within three months and the availability of highly-effective vaccinations for hepatitis B.. "Its outrageous, but not surprising, that the Global Burden of Disease Report found that deaths related to viral hepatitis have surpassed HIV, TB and malaria" said Charles Gore, President of the World Hepatitis ...
An Outbreak of Infectious Hepatitis on a College Campus | The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and HygieneAn Outbreak of Infectious Hepatitis on a College Campus | The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Summary An epidemic of infectious hepatitis has been described, involving at least 222 individuals in a college, for a total attack rate of 8 per cent. Cases were distributed throughout the campus population with great uniformity, with two exceptions: disproportionately low attack rates (0.4%) were observed in students who lived off campus, and disproportionately high attack rates (17 to 50%) were observed in student workers in the common dining hall. Although every evidence pointed to a common source and mode of infection, these could not be determined with certainty. The outbreak is described as a
Patent US6153421 - Cloned genomes of infectious hepatitis C viruses and uses thereof - Google PatentsPatent US6153421 - Cloned genomes of infectious hepatitis C viruses and uses thereof - Google Patents
The present invention discloses nucleic acid sequences which encode infectious hepatitis C viruses and the use of these sequences, and polypeptides encoded by all or part of these sequences, in the development of vaccines and diagnostics for HCV and in the development of screening assays for the identification of antiviral agents for HCV.
Health District declares acute hepatitis A outbreak in Clark County - Southern Nevada Health DistrictHealth District declares acute hepatitis A outbreak in Clark County - Southern Nevada Health District
Hepatitis A is commonly spread from person-to-person through the fecal-oral route. Symptoms include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, and light-colored stools.. Vaccination is the best prevention against hepatitis A. Practicing good hygiene can also help prevent the transmission of hepatitis A. Wash hands thoroughly after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before preparing or eating food. More information on hepatitis A is available on the Health District website. For up to date information on the nationwide Hepatitis A outbreak visit the CDC website.. "This current outbreak of hepatitis A in our community is an unfortunate but important reminder of why vaccines are vital to both our individual and community health," said Dr. Joe Iser, Chief Health Officer of the Southern Nevada Health District.. Since March of 2017, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has assisted multiple states and local ...
PPT - An Update of a Hepatitis C Strategic Plan for Action Hepatitis Prevention, Education, Treatment & Support Network ...PPT - An Update of a Hepatitis C Strategic Plan for Action Hepatitis Prevention, Education, Treatment & Support Network ...
Hepatitis and the Homeless: The Coming Storm. An Update of a Hepatitis C Strategic Plan for Action Hepatitis Prevention, Education, Treatment & Support Network Honolulu, HI (808) 221-6204 Fax (808) 738-5797 [email protected] Slideshow 79555 by mike_john
A systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis A in Africa | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full TextA systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis A in Africa | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text
Hepatitis A, caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), is a vaccine preventable disease. In Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), poor hygiene and sanitation conditions are the main risk factors contributing to HAV infection. There have been, however, notable improvements in hygiene and sanitation conditions in many LMICs. As a result, there are studies showing a possible transition of some LMICs from high to intermediate HAV endemicity. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that countries should routinely collect, analyse and review local factors (including disease burden) to guide the development of hepatitis A vaccination programs. Up-to-date information on hepatitis A burden is, therefore, critical in aiding the development of country-specific recommendations on hepatitis A vaccination. We conducted a systematic review to present an up-to-date, comprehensive synthesis of hepatitis A epidemiological data in Africa. The main results of this review include: 1) the reported HAV seroprevalence
Hepatitis at 20x Magnification | MicroscopyUHepatitis at 20x Magnification | MicroscopyU
The means of hepatitis transmission varies depending upon the virus responsible for the inflammation. The hepatitis viruses A, E, and F are predominantly spread via the fecal-oral route through food or water that has been contaminated. These viruses are primarily responsible for epidemics of hepatitis in many less-developed regions of the world where crowded conditions and inadequate sanitation are often problems. The other main hepatitis viruses, B, C, D, and G, are chiefly spread through bodily fluids or blood, making their transmission through sexual activity and accidental contact with infected blood a common occurrence. Blood transfusions were also widely responsible for the transmission of the blood-borne varieties of hepatitis until adequate screening measures were introduced in the 1970s. Needle-exchange programs in some areas have also helped decrease incidence of the disease in recent years among intravenous drug users.
Expert blames viral hepatitis on lack of awareness | Nigerian Pilot: Nigerian NewspaperExpert blames viral hepatitis on lack of awareness | Nigerian Pilot: Nigerian Newspaper
EXECUTIVE eirector of the Beacon Youth Initiative, BYI, Mr. Evoh Emmanuel has attributed the perpetuating global burden of viral hepatitis on lack of awareness at individual, community and government levels in the country and world at large. He observed that less than five percent of the people living with viral hepatitis worldwide were unaware of their condition, largely due to the disease being mostly asymptomatic and the lack of routine screening and awareness. Emmanuel made the assertion yesterday at an event marking the 2016 World Hepatitis Day in Lafia, Nasarawa State, with theme as Elimination of Viral Hepatitis. He called on the federal and state governments and other partners to take responsibility by scaling up hepatitis testing services and bproviding treatment to reduce needless deaths. Emmanuel revealed that his organisation had carried out a four-day activities to mark the 2016 Hepatitis Day at four different locations across the southern part of Nasarawa State. "This years ...
Failure to detect circulating interferon during acute viral hepatitis.<...Failure to detect circulating interferon during acute viral hepatitis.<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Failure to detect circulating interferon during acute viral hepatitis.. AU - Rakela, J.. AU - Ishizawa, L.. PY - 1984/5/1. Y1 - 1984/5/1. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0021436398&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0021436398&partnerID=8YFLogxK. M3 - Letter. C2 - 6202808. AN - SCOPUS:0021436398. VL - 149. JO - Journal of Infectious Diseases. JF - Journal of Infectious Diseases. SN - 0022-1899. IS - 5. ER - ...
Low serum globulin levels - Things You Didnt KnowLow serum globulin levels - Things You Didn't Know
Helpful, trusted answers from doctors: Dr. Parola on low serum globulin levels: Must get on a higher dose of synthroid (thyroxine). This can be life threatening, get treated asap, ! other thyroid tests need to be done to know what needs to be done, and to come to a diagnosis.
Late Presentation for Viral HepatitisLate Presentation for Viral Hepatitis
In early 2015 a group of viral hepatitis experts within the HIV Europe Initiative formed a working group to develop a consensus definition for viral hepatitis. After discussions, meetings and several reviews the final two agreed upon definitions were approved by the EASL GB in early October 2015 and on Thursday 22 October EASL and HIV in Europe announced a consensus definition of late presentation for viral hepatitis. The announcement coincided with the European AIDS Conference in Barcelona and aims to encourage policy makers, health professionals, public health institutions and civil society organisations to implement this definition to improve the European surveillance of and response to the viral hepatitis epidemic. Presentations and Publications ...
Canine Viral Hepatitis | Article about Canine Viral Hepatitis by The Free DictionaryCanine Viral Hepatitis | Article about Canine Viral Hepatitis by The Free Dictionary
Looking for Canine Viral Hepatitis? Find out information about Canine Viral Hepatitis. acute viral disease of canines, especially dogs and foxes. The causative agent, an adenovirus, is not infectious to humans. In foxes the disease is... Explanation of Canine Viral Hepatitis
Viral hepatitis | PeaceHealthViral hepatitis | PeaceHealth
A virus that causes hepatitis can spread from one person to another. Some hepatitis viruses spread when an uninfected person comes in contact with infected body fluids. Body fluids include blood, semen, or vaginal fluid. Other viruses are spread by contaminated food and water or by coming in direct contact with the stool (feces) of a person who is infected with the virus. In the early stage of infection, the type of hepatitis virus causing the infection may be hard to identify. But several weeks to several months after infection occurs, blood tests can show which of the viruses is causing hepatitis.. Most people with viral hepatitis recover on their own. Antiviral medicine can treat many cases of hepatitis. Some forms of hepatitis can become chronic and increase a persons chance of liver failure or liver cancer. ...
July 2020 | Viral Hepatitis Prevention BoardJuly 2020 | Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board
The VHPB endorsers the annual World Hepatitis Day campaign: Find the missing millions.. Worldwide, 290 million people are living with viral hepatitis unaware. Without finding the undiagnosed and linking them to care, millions will continue to suffer, and lives will be lost. On World Hepatitis Day, 28 July, we call on people from across the world to take action and raise awareness to find the "missing millions". ...
Hepatitis | DAN Southern AfricaHepatitis | DAN Southern Africa
​I contracted Hepatitis a few years ago. Otherwise Im healthy and would like to learn to dive. What are my options? ​Condition: Hepatitis A -- formerly called infectious hepatitis, is most common in children in developing countries, but it is seen frequently in adults in the Western world. Hepatitis B -- formerly called serum hepatitis, it is the most common form of hepatitis, with 300 million c...
Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A in Mexico: a detector of social inequity and monitor of immunization policiesSeroepidemiology of hepatitis A in Mexico: a detector of social inequity and monitor of immunization policies
VALDESPINO, José Luis et al. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A in Mexico: a detector of social inequity and monitor of immunization policies. Salud pública Méx [online]. 2007, vol.49, suppl.3, pp.s377-s385. ISSN 0036-3634.. OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) in Mexico has traditionally been considered a disease with a homogeneous pattern of transmission, high rates of infection at early ages, and infrequent complication rates. The purpose of this study was to take advantage of the 2000 NHS, a probabilistic population-based survey, in order to describe the seroepidemiology of HAV infection in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study is based on information obtained from the National Health Survey that was conducted in 2000. The present report is based on 4 907 randomly selected samples that were studied to determine the prevalence of HAV antibodies using immunoenzymatic assay. Sera were collected from November 1999 to June 2000. RESULTS: Seroprevalence among the general population was 81.3% ...
Civil Society - Introduction - Global Report - World Hepatitis AllianceCivil Society - Introduction - Global Report - World Hepatitis Alliance
The World Hepatitis Alliance seeks to ensure that a unified global response to viral hepatitis is manifested in the comprehensive national strategies that all countries are being encouraged to develop in a timely manner. A solid strategic foundation exists upon which all countries can build. The components of this foundation are put forth in World Health Assembly resolutions WHA 63.18 and WHA 67.6 and in the WHO viral hepatitis strategic framework.34,35,36. As the resolutions and strategic framework reflect, we already know what to do in many regards in order to prevent new infections and to reduce suffering and death from viral hepatitis. Indeed, the section of resolution WHA 67.6 that is directed at governments itemises 16 key actions that could potentially have an enormous impact on hepatitis prevention and treatment (Box 5). The challenge is to apply this knowledge - which in many parts of the world will involve overcoming formidable barriers relating to complacency, ignorance, stigma and ...
Viral Hepatitis video: Viral Hepatitis Made Simple!Viral Hepatitis video: Viral Hepatitis Made Simple!
Viral hepatitis is a type of liver disease that can be caused by several different viruses. The most common types of viral hepatitis are hepatitis A, B, and C, although there are other varieties ...
Nigeria: World Hepatitis Day - to Prevent Liver Cancer »Nigeria: World Hepatitis Day - to Prevent Liver Cancer »
Every year, July 28 is marked as World Hepatitis Day (WHD). It is a day dedicated to increase the global awareness and understanding of viral hepatitis and the diseases that it causes. The theme of this years WHD is "Prevent Hepatitis. Act Now". Viral hepatitis is inflammation of the liver caused by a group of virus known as hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The liver is the largest internal organ. It is shaped like a pyramid and lies under the right ribs just beneath the right lung.. The liver is an indispensible organ. It has several important functions including: break down and storage of many of the nutrients absorbed from the intestine; production of most of the clotting factors that prevent excessive bleeding from cuts or injuries; release of bile into the intestines to help absorb nutrients (especially fats) as well as removal of harmful substances from the blood.. Annually, viral hepatitis affects 400 million people worldwide, causing acute and chronic liver disease and killing about 1.5 ...
Hepatitis C Action Alert!Hepatitis C Action Alert!
State and Zip code. Dear (Name of Health Staffer):. My name is ____________ and I live in City/State. I am writing to urge Representative/Senator________________ to include funding for viral hepatitis in his/her Fiscal Year 2012 programmatic appropriations request letter. [Include brief details on the impact of viral hepatitis on yourself or describe your organization].. There are over 5.3 million Americans impacted by viral hepatitis but, in FY2012, the only dedicated federal funding stream provided a mere $29.7 million through CDC. This is insufficient to provide the most basic public health services such as education, counseling, testing, or medical management for people living with or at risk of viral hepatitis.. I urge Representative/Senator ___________ to support a total funding level of $35 million for the Division of Viral Hepatitis in FY2014 to effectively combat these epidemics. I will be following up with you in the near future to discuss this request. In the meantime, feel free to ...
Publications | PROF. OGUTU ELLY OTIENOPublications | PROF. OGUTU ELLY OTIENO
Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676, Nairobi, Kenya. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of hepatitis A, B, C and HIV seropositivity among patients with acute icteric hepatitis. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive survey. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. SUBJECTS: Eighty four patients aged above six months with a history of jaundice not exceeding six months were recruited. There were 47 males and 17 females with an age range of eight months to 67 years and a median age of 25 years. METHODS: History was obtained physical examination done and blood taken for determination of bilirubin, ALT, AST and ALP levels. Sera that had disproportionately greater transaminase than ALP elevation were assayed for IgM anti-HAV, IgM anti-HBc, HbsAg, anti-HCV and anti-HIV antibodies. RESULTS: Evidence of hepatitis A, B, and C was round in 41.7%, 26.2%, and 7.1% of the patients respectively, 13.1% of the patients were HBsAg carriers while 30.1% of ...
Polyvalent Human Immune Globulin: A Prospective, Open-Label Study Assessing Anti-Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Antibody Levels,...Polyvalent Human Immune Globulin: A Prospective, Open-Label Study Assessing Anti-Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Antibody Levels,...
Polyvalent Human Immune Globulin: A Prospective, Open-Label Study Assessing Anti-Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Antibody Levels, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety in HAV-Seronegative Healthy Subjects
Three ingredients needed to eliminate viral hepatitis by 2030Three ingredients needed to eliminate viral hepatitis by 2030
Eliminating viral hepatitis by 2030 is firmly on the global health agenda.. The minister, who made the call at a press briefing to mark World Hepatitis Day, in Abuja, said the disease had become a silent killer because much importance had not been attached to dangers it posed to health.. The WHO baseline data previously revealed that although some of the 2030 targets, such as childhood vaccination and injection safety are within reach, there is a crucial need for all stakeholders, including policy makers, medical professionals and civil society to step-up efforts and work together to address access to effective treatment, diagnoses and mother-to-child transmissions.. Hepatitis A is caused by contaminated food and water and Hepatitis B is caused by unprotected sex and unsafe needle usage.. How can you catch one of the viruses? Peck reminded the increasing number of hepatitis related deaths and urged for efficient testing and early treatment in all parts of the world. Now, however, people are ...
Drugs for the Treatment of Viral Hepatitis -YAKHAK HOEJI | Korea ScienceDrugs for the Treatment of Viral Hepatitis -YAKHAK HOEJI | Korea Science
Viral hepatitis is the inflammation of liver cells caused by viruses, and still one of the major health-care problems worldwide. A number of viruses to cause hepatitis are type A, B, C, D, E or G. Among these viruses leading to hepatitis, B and C are more troublesome being more prone to chronic illness which can cause the potentially fatal conditions of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and/or liver failure. If immediate treatment is not initiated, liver transplant is the only option left. Over the past few decades there has been remarkable progress in diagnose and monitor all hepatitis virus infections for treatment and prevention. Nonetheless, important challenges remain to develop more effective and safe vaccines for prevention as well as antiviral agents to reduce viremia/viral load by inhibiting viral replication. The development and evaluation of antiviral agents through carefully designed clinical trials over the last 25 years has heralded a new dawn in the treatment of patients chronically
Viral Hepatitis Guidelines and Recommendations | National Prevention Information NetworkViral Hepatitis Guidelines and Recommendations | National Prevention Information Network
General The ABCs of Hepatitis From CDCs Division of Viral Hepatitis Guidelines for Laboratory Testing and Result Reporting From CDCs Division of Viral Hepatitis
HEPATITIS A IS ON THE RISE ALL OVER THE US NEW REPORT FROM STATE OF FL SHOWS IT IS MOSTLY MALES AGAIN HAVING SEX WITH MALES I...HEPATITIS A IS ON THE RISE ALL OVER THE US NEW REPORT FROM STATE OF FL SHOWS IT IS MOSTLY MALES AGAIN HAVING SEX WITH MALES I...
Dear DWIGHT COLLMAN, Health Care Provider Advisory Reemphasis of Hepatitis A Vaccination Recommendations After Substantial Increase in Locally Acquired Infections in Florida and Outbreak Reports Across the Nation November 14, 2017 Since January 2017, 217 cases of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection were reported in Florida. This is significantly higher than…
Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis A in a pediatric hospital traced to an anti-hepatitis A virus-negative patient with...Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis A in a pediatric hospital traced to an anti-hepatitis A virus-negative patient with...
From July through October 1991, an outbreak of hepatitis A virus HAV infection involving 26 hospital staff, inpatients and household contacts occurred in a pediatric hospital. All ill staff members had cared for one inpatient who had profuse diarrhea with gross fecal contamination of the environment, negative HAV serology and idiopathic...
Serum CMV IgM positivity in Acute Hepatitis A: fact or fallacy? - Semantic ScholarSerum CMV IgM positivity in Acute Hepatitis A: fact or fallacy? - Semantic Scholar
We describe a 74 year-old patient with chronic renal failure due to focal glomerulonephritis who was admitted to our department because of one-week jaundice and fatigue. Medical history was negative for any type of hepatitis or biliary tract lithiasis. Clinical examination revealed an icteric patient with upper right quadrant tenderness, hepatomegaly, dark-colored urine and colorless feces. Laboratory investigation of peripheral blood revealed anemia, lymphocytopenia, elevated serum urea and creatinine, transaminasemia, hyperbilirubinemia with direct bilirubin predominance and ã-GT and alkaline phosphatase elevation. Abdominal ultrasonography was within normal limits. Laboratory investigation for hepatitis A to E and liver related viruses revealed positivity for IgM immunoglobulins of hepatitis A and cytomegalovirus(CMV) virus. IgM CMV antibodies were 6-fold increased above the cut-off value while CMV IgG antibodies existed in titers below the cut-off reference value. IgM HAV antibodies were increased
ISDH: 2005 - Hepatitis AISDH: 2005 - Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is a viral infection of the liver transmitted most commonly by fecal-oral contact from contaminated food or water, or from person to person via contaminated hands or oral-anal contact. Hepatitis A virus infects primarily humans. In 2005, 23 cases of hepatitis A were reported in Indiana for a rate of less than 1 case per 100,000 population (Table 1). This represents a decrease from 2004 (0.58). Figure 1 shows the number of reported cases per year for 2001-2005. The number of reported cases was highest during the spring and fall months (Figure 2). Figure 3 shows age-specific rates were greatest for infants under the age of 1 (1.16) and preschoolers aged 1-4 years (1.16), followed by adults aged 80 years and older (0.88). Females (0.35) were just as likely to be reported as males (0.36). The rate for whites (0.34) was higher than that for blacks (0.18); however, three cases (13%) did not report race data. In 2005, 11 Indiana counties reported cases of hepatitis A, but only Marion County ...
VHAP At A Glance Viral Hepatitis Action Plan Updated 2014 - 2016 - Robert G. Gish Consultants, LLCVHAP At A Glance Viral Hepatitis Action Plan Updated 2014 - 2016 - Robert G. Gish Consultants, LLC
Building on the success of the nations first comprehensive cross-agency action plan, released in 2011, Combating the Silent Epidemic of Viral Hepatitis: Action Plan for the Prevention, Care, & Treatment of Viral Hepatitis, the U.S. Departments of Health and Human Services (HHS), Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Justice (DOJ), and Veterans Affairs (VA) released a 3-year update of the plan in April 2014.. https://jumpshare.com/v/zkq80TPb4Guy49817MxP. ...
HCV Research and News: 07/26/13HCV Research and News: 07/26/13
WORLD HEPATITIS DAY, 2013. - - - - - - -. BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. A PROCLAMATION. Each year, we mark World Hepatitis Day to bring attention to a disease that afflicts one in twelve people worldwide. Viral hepatitis is a major cause of liver cancer and cirrhosis in the United States, leading to approximately 18,000 American deaths every year. Outcomes can significantly improve with treatment, but because viral hepatitis can be present without symptoms for decades, most infected Americans do not know they have it. Today, we raise awareness about preventing and treating viral hepatitis, and we renew our commitment to combat this disease in all its forms.. Public awareness is key to halting the spread of viral hepatitis. All types of this disease pose serious health threats, and both hepatitis B and C can become chronic infections that lead to liver cancer and liver disease. Vaccines for hepatitis A and B are crucial to preventing new cases, and they are recommended for all ...
HCV Research and News: 07/26/13HCV Research and News: 07/26/13
WORLD HEPATITIS DAY, 2013. - - - - - - -. BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. A PROCLAMATION. Each year, we mark World Hepatitis Day to bring attention to a disease that afflicts one in twelve people worldwide. Viral hepatitis is a major cause of liver cancer and cirrhosis in the United States, leading to approximately 18,000 American deaths every year. Outcomes can significantly improve with treatment, but because viral hepatitis can be present without symptoms for decades, most infected Americans do not know they have it. Today, we raise awareness about preventing and treating viral hepatitis, and we renew our commitment to combat this disease in all its forms.. Public awareness is key to halting the spread of viral hepatitis. All types of this disease pose serious health threats, and both hepatitis B and C can become chronic infections that lead to liver cancer and liver disease. Vaccines for hepatitis A and B are crucial to preventing new cases, and they are recommended for all ...
Contagious: Viral Hepatitis - RightDiagnosis.comContagious: Viral Hepatitis - RightDiagnosis.com
Viral Hepatitis is it contagious? Contagiousness of Viral Hepatitis including infectiousness, transmission, and contagion methods and vectors.
Hepatitis prevention needs more investment - Society - Health - Vietnam News | Politics, Business, Economy, Society, Life,...Hepatitis prevention needs more investment - Society - Health - Vietnam News | Politics, Business, Economy, Society, Life,...
The health sector has called for more financial resources and efforts in the fight against hepatitis in Việt Nam and the world.
Hasaan FoundationHasaan Foundation
Polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral infectious disease spread from person to person, primarily via the fecal-oral route. Although around 90% of polio infections cause no symptoms at all, affected individuals can exhibit a range of symptoms if the virus enters the blood stream.. An infectious disease is a clinically evident illness resulting from the presence of pathogenic microbial agents, including pathogenic viruses, pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions. These pathogens are able to cause disease in animals and/or plants. Infectious pathologies are also called communicable diseases or transmissible diseases due to their potential of transmission from one person or species to another by a replicating agent (as opposed to a toxin). One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that ...
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What is Hepatitis A - FAQ | CDCWhat is Hepatitis A - FAQ | CDC
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ViralInfectionVaccineJaundiceCirrhosisType of hepatitisSymptoms of hepatitisVaccination2017Inflammation2018InfectionsVirusesPrevent hepatitisWorld Hepatitis DayAutoimmuneRisk for hepatitisCaused by the hepatitis A virAntibodiesContract hepatitisIncubation periodFulminant hepatitisDiagnosisSevereTypes of hepatitisComplicationsDiseasePatientsTreatmentsInfected with the hepatitis C virIllness2016Liver damageOutbreaksInject drugsImmune globulinInterferonSpreadsHealthcareForm of hepatitisTreatment for hepatitisPreventionVaccinesCasesGenotypeNauseaPrevalence of hepatitisCommonCure hepatitisTreat hepatitisCause hepatitisAlcoholic-hepatitisInfectious hepatitisOccursBlood transfusionIntravenous drug usersExposureLikely to get hepatitisPeople infected with hepatitis
Viral82
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20173
Inflammation19
20183
  • In 2018, a total of 12,474 hepatitis A cases were reported in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • En enero se contabilizaron 194 casos y en febrero y marzo 231 y 265, respectivamente, lo que representa un "aumento constante cada mes desde abril de 2018" y por encima de la media en marzo pasado de los cinco años previos, señala el Departamento de Salud de Florida en su pagina web. (orlandosentinel.com)
  • ODH has declared a statewide community outbreak of hepatitis A after observing an increase in cases linked to certain risk factors since the beginning of 2018. (ohio.gov)
Infections22
Viruses21
Prevent hepatitis3
World Hepatitis Day3
Autoimmune27
Risk for hepatitis4
Caused by the hepatitis A vir2
Antibodies8
Contract hepatitis4
  • For example, your baby could contract hepatitis A by putting his hand in his mouth after touching something contaminated with the stool of someone who has the virus. (babycenter.com)
  • Though those groups are at higher risk, almost anyone can contract hepatitis. (medicinenet.com)
  • 2 million people a year contract hepatitis from unsafe injections. (who.int)
  • Mild cases often don't require treatment, and most people who contract hepatitis A recover completely without permanent liver damage . (emoryhealthcare.org)
Incubation period3
Fulminant hepatitis3
Diagnosis5
Severe12
Types of hepatitis10
Complications7
Disease43
Patients14
Treatments7
Infected with the hepatitis C vir1
  • It is estimated that 3.9 million Americans have been infected with the hepatitis C virus, and 2.7 million of these individuals are chronically infected. (in.gov)
Illness10
20163
  • Since 2016, person-to-person outbreaks of hepatitis A have been occurring across the United States mainly among people who use injection drugs or are experiencing homelessness, resulting in more than 32,000 cases. (cdc.gov)
  • The 2010 and 2016 case definitions change the name of Hepatitis C, past or present to Hepatitis C, chronic. (cdc.gov)
  • I am not aware of any other development that has allowed us to expand the donor pool in this way," said Kelly Schlendorf, medical director of the adult heart transplant program at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, which started using hearts infected with hepatitis C in 2016 after successful transplants of infected livers at the Nashville hospital. (newsday.com)
Liver damage5
Outbreaks4
  • Unfortunately, in recent years the number of people infected has been increasing because there have been multiple outbreaks of hepatitis A in the United States resulting from person-to-person contact, especially among people who use drugs, people experiencing homelessness, and men who have sex with men. (cdc.gov)
  • Responding to hepatitis A outbreaks requires partnerships between health departments, health centers, homeless service providers, & substance abuse services. (hhs.gov)
  • Outbreaks of hepatitis A have been seen among intravenous drug users. (womenshealthmag.com)
  • Outbreaks of hepatitis A are occurring in several states across the U.S., including neighboring states of Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan and West Virginia. (ohio.gov)
Inject drugs1
Immune globulin2
Interferon3
Spreads7
Healthcare2
Form of hepatitis4
  • Any form of hepatitis may keep the liver from eliminating certain colored (pigmented) substances as it normally does. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Hepatitis B is the most common form of hepatitis found worldwide, although it is uncommon in the U.K. Regions where incidence of this condition is higher include Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and southern Europe. (news-medical.net)
  • This form of hepatitis usually clears up on its own within two months, but in serious cases it is treated with injections of gamma globulin s to boost the patient's immune system . (everything2.com)
  • This form of hepatitis has thus far been observed almost exclusively in infants. (dictionary.com)
Treatment for hepatitis6
Prevention3
Vaccines3
Cases23
Genotype3
Nausea2
Prevalence of hepatitis1
Common16
Cure hepatitis1
Treat hepatitis2
  • How do doctors treat hepatitis E? (nih.gov)
  • There are no drugs to treat hepatitis A. Doctors generally recommend getting bed rest, eating well-balanced meals, drinking plenty of fluids and avoiding alcoholic beverages. (womenshealthmag.com)
Cause hepatitis2
Alcoholic-hepatitis3
Infectious hepatitis1
Occurs3
Blood transfusion4
Intravenous drug users1
Exposure6
Likely to get hepatitis1
People infected with hepatitis2
  • People most at risk are children who go to day care, international travelers, military personnel stationed abroad, homosexual males, and close contacts of people infected with hepatitis A. (healthcentral.com)
  • Many people infected with hepatitis E have no symptoms. (nih.gov)