Larva
Bombyx
Manduca
Catechol Oxidase
Brachyura
Juvenile Hormones
Invertebrate Hormones
Horseshoe Crabs
Insect Hormones
Bivalvia
Biomphalaria
Hepatopancreas
Grasshoppers
Ecdysteroids
Diptera
Vitellogenins
Cockroaches
Molecular Sequence Data
Insects
Amino Acid Sequence
Beetles
Xenorhabdus
Molting
The pro-phenoloxidase of coleopteran insect, Tenebrio molitor, larvae was activated during cell clump/cell adhesion of insect cellular defense reactions. (1/981)
To characterize the proteins involved in cell clump/cell adhesion of insect cellular defense reactions, we induced the cell clump/cell adhesion reaction in vitro with the hemolymph of larvae of the coleopteran insect, Tenebrio molitor. The 72 kDa protein was specifically enriched in the residues of cell clump/cell adhesion and was purified to homogeneity. A cDNA clone for the 72 kDa protein was isolated. We found that the 72 kDa protein was an activated phenoloxidase from Tenebrio pro-phenoloxidase. We suggest that activated phenoloxidase is involved in the cell clump/cell adhesion reaction as well as in the synthesis of melanin. (+info)Acidification of the phagosome in Crassostrea virginica hemocytes following engulfment of zymosan. (2/981)
Phagocytic hemocytes are responsible for engulfing and internally degrading foreign organisms within the hemolymph and tissue of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Since rapid acidification of the phagosome lumen is typically essential for activation of hydrolytic and reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) producing enzymes in vertebrate cells, we measured phagosomal pH in oyster hemocytes by using the emission fluorescence of two fluorescent probes, rhodamine and Oregon Green 488 (OG 488), conjugated to zymosan to determine whether oyster hemocyte phagosomes become acidified after phagocytosis of zymosan. The average pH of 1079 phagosomes within 277 hemocytes 1 h after phagocytosis of zymosan was 3.9 +/- 0.03. Observations of 141 hemocytes with internalized zymosan by light microscopy revealed that, over a 60-min time period, 51% of highly granular hemocytes became partially granular, and 29% became agranular. In addition, 83% of partially granular hemocytes containing zymosan at time = 0 became agranular within 60 min. A comparison revealed that the phagosomes of agranular hemocytes were much more acidic (pH 3.1 +/- 0.02) than those of highly granular hemocytes (4.9 +/- 0.02; P < 0.05). These values are significantly lower than most reported in the literature for blood cells from metazoan organisms. (+info)Respecified larval proleg and body wall muscles circulate hemolymph in developing wings of Manduca sexta pupae. (3/981)
Most larval external muscles in Manduca sexta degenerate at pupation, with the exception of the accessory planta retractor muscles (APRMs) in proleg-bearing abdominal segment 3 and their homologs in non-proleg-bearing abdominal segment 2. In pupae, these APRMs exhibit a rhythmic 'pupal motor pattern' in which all four muscles contract synchronously at approximately 4 s intervals for long bouts, without externally visible movements. On the basis of indirect evidence, it was proposed previously that APRM contractions during the pupal motor pattern circulate hemolymph in the developing wings and legs. This hypothesis was tested in the present study by making simultaneous electromyographic recordings of APRM activity and contact thermographic recordings of hemolymph flow in pupal wings. APRM contractions and hemolymph flow were strictly correlated during the pupal motor pattern. The proposed circulatory mechanism was further supported by the findings that unilateral ablation of APRMs or mechanical uncoupling of the wings from the abdomen essentially abolished wing hemolymph flow on the manipulated side of the body. Rhythmic contractions of intersegmental muscles, which sometimes accompany the pupal motor pattern, had a negligible effect on hemolymph flow. The conversion of larval proleg and body wall muscles to a circulatory function in pupae represents a particularly dramatic example of functional respecification during metamorphosis. (+info)Range of activity and metabolic stability of synthetic antibacterial glycopeptides from insects. (4/981)
Antibacterial glycopeptides isolated from insects are exciting bio-oligomers because they represent a family of compounds in which the structural and functional effects of incorporating short O-linked sugars to protein fragments can be studied. Additionally, their high activity in vitro warrants detailed further drug development efforts. Due to the limited availability of the isolated material, we used synthetic glycopeptides and some analogs to investigate the range of activity of drosocin and pyrrhocoricin. While addition of the Gal-GalNAc disaccharide to the natural mid-chain position generally increased the antibacterial activity of drosocin, pyrrhocoricin lacking sugar appeared to be more potent, with an IC50 against Escherichia coli D22 of 150 nM. Although glycosylated drosocin was active against E. coli in the low microM range in vitro, this peptide was completely inactive when injected into mice. The lack of in vivo activity of drosocin could be explained by the unusually high degradation rate of the peptides in mammalian sera. The early degradation products were inactive in vitro. In contrast, the peptides were considerably more stable in insect hemolymph, where their natural activity is manifested. (+info)Insect immunity. Isolation from the lepidopteran Heliothis virescens of a novel insect defensin with potent antifungal activity. (5/981)
Lepidoptera have been reported to produce several antibacterial peptides in response to septic injury. However, in marked contrast to other insect groups, no inducible antifungal molecules had been described so far in this insect order. Surprisingly, also cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides, which predominate in the antimicrobial defense of other insects, had not been discovered in Lepidoptera. Here we report the isolation from the hemolymph of immune induced larvae of the lepidopteran Heliothis virescens of a cysteine-rich molecule with exclusive antifungal activity. We have fully characterized this antifungal molecule, which has significant homology with the insect defensins, a large family of antibacterial peptides directed against Gram-positive strains. Interestingly, the novel peptide shows also similarities with the antifungal peptide drosomycin from Drosophila. Thus, Lepidoptera appear to have built their humoral immune response against bacteria on cecropins and attacins. In addition, we report that Lepidoptera have conferred antifungal properties to the well conserved structure of antibacterial insect defensins through amino acid replacements. (+info)A novel lipoprotein from the hemolymph of the cochineal insect, Dactylopius confusus. (6/981)
A new type of insect lipoprotein was isolated from the hemolymph of the female cochineal insect Dactylopius confusus. The lipoprotein from the cochineal insect hemolymph was found to have a relative molecular mass of 450 000. It contains 48% lipid, mostly diacylglycerol, phospholipids and hydrocarbons. The protein moiety of the lipoprotein consists of two apoproteins of approximately 25 and 22 kDa, both of which are glycosylated. Both apolipoproteins are also found free in the hemolymph, unassociated with any lipid. Purified cochineal apolipoproteins can combine with Manduca sexta lipophorin, if injected together with adipokinetic hormone into M. sexta. This could indicate that the cochineal lipoprotein can function as a lipid shuttle similar to lipophorins of other insects, and that the cochineal insect apolipoproteins have an overall structure similar to insect apolipophorin-III. (+info)Molecular cloning and characterization of hemolymph 3-dehydroecdysone 3beta-reductase from the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis. A new member of the third superfamily of oxidoreductases. (7/981)
The primary product of the prothoracic glands of last instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis is 3-dehydroecdysone (3DE). After secretion, 3DE is reduced to ecdysone by 3DE 3beta-reductase in the hemolymph. We have previously purified and characterized 3DE 3beta-reductase from the hemolymph of S. littoralis. In this study, cDNA clones encoding the enzyme were obtained by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, employing primers based on the amino acid sequences, in conjunction with 5'- and 3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Multiple polyadenylation signals and AT-rich elements were found in the 3'-untranslated region, suggesting that this region may have a role in regulation of expression of the gene. Conceptual translation and amino acid sequence analysis suggest that 3DE 3beta-reductase from S. littoralis is a new member of the third superfamily of oxidoreductases. Northern analysis shows that 3DE 3beta-reductase mRNA transcripts are widely distributed, but are differentially expressed, in some tissues. The developmental profile of the mRNA revealed that the gene encoding 3DE 3beta-reductase is only transcribed in the second half of the last larval instar and that this fluctuation in expression accounts for the change in the enzyme activity during the instar. Southern analysis indicates that the 3DE 3beta-reductase is encoded by a single gene, which probably contains at least one intron. (+info)Control of oocyte maturation in sexually mature Drosophila females. (8/981)
In many sexually mature insects egg production and oviposition are tightly coupled to copulation. Sex-Peptide is a 36-amino-acid peptide synthesized in the accessory glands of Drosophila melanogaster males and transferred to the female during copulation. Sex-Peptide stimulates vitellogenic oocyte progression through a putative control point at about stage 9 of oogenesis. Here we show that application of the juvenile hormone analogue methoprene mimics the Sex-Peptide-mediated stimulation of vitellogenic oocyte progression in sexually mature virgin females. Apoptosis is induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone in nurse cells of stage 9 egg chambers at physiological concentrations (10(-7) M). 20-Hydroxyecdysone thus acts as an antagonist of early vitellogenic oocyte development. Simultaneous application of juvenile hormone analogue, however, protects early vitellogenic oocytes from 20-hydroxyecdysone-induced resorption. These results suggest that the balance of these hormones in the hemolymph regulates whether oocytes will progress through the control point at stage 9 or undergo apoptosis. These data are further supported by a molecular analysis of the regulation of yolk protein synthesis and uptake into the ovary by the two hormones. We conclude that juvenile hormone is a downstream component in the Sex-Peptide response cascade and acts by stimulating vitellogenic oocyte progression and inhibiting apoptosis. Since juvenile hormone analogue does not elicit increased oviposition and reduced receptivity, Sex-Peptide must have an additional, separate effect on these two postmating responses. (+info)Hemolymph is not a term typically used in human medicine, but it is commonly used in the study of invertebrates, particularly arthropods such as insects and crustaceans. Hemolymph is the fluid that circulates within the open circulatory system of these animals, serving multiple functions similar to both blood and lymphatic systems in vertebrates.
In simpler terms, hemolymph is a combined fluid that performs the functions of both blood and lymph in invertebrates. It serves as a transport medium for nutrients, waste products, hormones, and immune cells (hemocytes) throughout the body. Hemolymph does not contain red and white blood cells like human blood; instead, hemocytes are the primary cellular components responsible for immune responses and wound healing in these animals.
A larva is a distinct stage in the life cycle of various insects, mites, and other arthropods during which they undergo significant metamorphosis before becoming adults. In a medical context, larvae are known for their role in certain parasitic infections. Specifically, some helminth (parasitic worm) species use larval forms to infect human hosts. These invasions may lead to conditions such as cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, or gnathostomiasis, depending on the specific parasite involved and the location of the infection within the body.
The larval stage is characterized by its markedly different morphology and behavior compared to the adult form. Larvae often have a distinct appearance, featuring unsegmented bodies, simple sense organs, and undeveloped digestive systems. They are typically adapted for a specific mode of life, such as free-living or parasitic existence, and rely on external sources of nutrition for their development.
In the context of helminth infections, larvae may be transmitted to humans through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct skin contact with infective stages, or transmission via an intermediate host (such as a vector). Once inside the human body, these parasitic larvae can cause tissue damage and provoke immune responses, leading to the clinical manifestations of disease.
It is essential to distinguish between the medical definition of 'larva' and its broader usage in biology and zoology. In those fields, 'larva' refers to any juvenile form that undergoes metamorphosis before reaching adulthood, regardless of whether it is parasitic or not.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Insect Proteins" is not a recognized medical term. However, I can provide some information about insect protein from a nutritional and food science perspective.
Insect proteins refer to the proteins that are obtained from insects. Insects are a rich source of protein, and their protein content varies by species. For example, mealworms and crickets have been found to contain approximately 47-63% and 60-72% protein by dry weight, respectively.
In recent years, insect proteins have gained attention as a potential sustainable source of nutrition due to their high protein content, low environmental impact, and the ability to convert feed into protein more efficiently compared to traditional livestock. Insect proteins can be used in various applications such as food and feed additives, nutritional supplements, and even cosmetics.
However, it's important to note that the use of insect proteins in human food is not widely accepted in many Western countries due to cultural and regulatory barriers. Nonetheless, research and development efforts continue to explore the potential benefits and applications of insect proteins in the global food system.
Hemocytes are specialized cells found in the open circulatory system of invertebrates, including insects, crustaceans, and mollusks. They play crucial roles in the immune response and defense mechanisms of these organisms. Hemocytes can be categorized into several types based on their functions and morphologies, such as phagocytic cells, encapsulating cells, and clotting cells. These cells are responsible for various immunological activities, including recognition and removal of foreign particles, pathogens, and debris; production of immune effector molecules; and contribution to the formation of blood clots to prevent excessive bleeding. In some invertebrates, hemocytes also participate in wound healing, tissue repair, and other physiological processes.
"Bombyx" is a genus name that refers to a group of insects in the family Bombycidae, which are known as silk moths. The most well-known species in this genus is "Bombyx mori," which is the domesticated silkworm used for commercial silk production.
The term "Bombyx" itself does not have a specific medical definition, but it is sometimes used in medical or scientific contexts to refer to this group of insects or their characteristics. For example, researchers might study the effects of Bombyx mori silk on wound healing or tissue regeneration.
It's worth noting that while some species of moths and butterflies can be harmful to human health in certain circumstances (such as by acting as vectors for diseases), the Bombyx genus is not typically considered a medical concern.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lepidoptera" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic order that includes moths and butterflies, which are insects known for their distinctive wing scales. This term is used in the field of biology, not medicine.
"Manduca" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. However, it does refer to a genus of moths, also known as the "hawk moths." While there are no direct medical applications or definitions associated with this term, it's worth noting that some species of hawk moths have been used in scientific research. For instance, the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) is a popular model organism for studying insect physiology and genetics.
In a broader context, understanding the biology and behavior of Manduca can contribute to fields like ecology, entomology, and environmental science, which in turn can have indirect implications for human health, agriculture, and conservation. However, it is not a term that would be used in a medical context for diagnosing or treating diseases.
A "fat body" is not a medical term that is typically used to describe human anatomy. It is more commonly used in the context of insects and other invertebrates, where it refers to a specialized tissue that functions to store energy in the form of fat.
However, in humans, we do have adipose tissue, which is the medical term for body fat. Adipose tissue is found throughout the body, but is particularly concentrated in certain areas such as the abdomen, hips, and thighs. It serves a variety of functions, including storing energy, insulating the body, and producing hormones that regulate metabolism and appetite.
If you are looking for information on obesity or excess body fat in humans, there are many medical resources available to help you understand these topics better.
Catechol oxidase, also known as polyphenol oxidase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of catechols and other phenolic compounds to quinones. These quinones can then undergo further reactions to form various pigmented compounds, such as melanins. Catechol oxidase is widely distributed in nature and is found in plants, fungi, and some bacteria. In humans, catechol oxidase is involved in the metabolism of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and epinephrine.
Brachyura is a term used in the classification of crustaceans, specifically referring to a group of decapods known as "true crabs." This infraorder includes a wide variety of crab species that are characterized by having a short and broad abdomen, which is typically tucked under the thorax and protected by the shell.
The term Brachyura comes from the Greek words "brachys," meaning short, and "oura," meaning tail. This refers to the reduced abdomen that distinguishes this group of crabs from other decapods such as shrimps, lobsters, and crayfish.
Brachyura species are found in a wide range of habitats, including freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments. They can be found all over the world, with some species adapted to live in extreme conditions such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents or intertidal zones. Some well-known examples of Brachyura include the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), the European shore crab (Carcinus maenas), and the coconut crab (Birgus latro).
I must clarify that the term 'pupa' is not typically used in medical contexts. Instead, it is a term from the field of biology, particularly entomology, which is the study of insects.
In insect development, a pupa refers to a stage in the life cycle of certain insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. During this phase, the larval body undergoes significant transformation and reorganization within a protective casing called a chrysalis (in butterflies and moths) or a cocoon (in other insects). The old larval tissues are broken down and replaced with new adult structures. Once this process is complete, the pupal case opens, and the adult insect emerges.
Since 'pupa' is not a medical term, I couldn't provide a medical definition for it. However, I hope this explanation helps clarify its meaning in the context of biology.
Juvenile hormones (JHs) are a class of sesquiterpenoid compounds that play a crucial role in the regulation of insect development, reproduction, and other physiological processes. They are primarily produced by the corpora allata, a pair of endocrine glands located in the head of insects.
JHs are essential for maintaining the larval or nymphal stage of insects, preventing the expression of adult characteristics during molting. As the concentration of JH decreases in the hemolymph (insect blood), a molt to the next developmental stage occurs, and if the insect has reached its final instar, it will metamorphose into an adult.
In addition to their role in development, JHs also influence various aspects of insect reproductive physiology, such as vitellogenesis (yolk protein synthesis), oocyte maturation, and spermatogenesis. Furthermore, JHs have been implicated in regulating diapause (a period of suspended development during unfavorable environmental conditions) and caste determination in social insects like bees and ants.
Overall, juvenile hormones are vital regulators of growth, development, and reproduction in insects, making them attractive targets for the development of novel pest management strategies.
I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Moths" are not a medical term, but rather they are a group of insects closely related to butterflies. They belong to the order Lepidoptera and are characterized by their scales covering their wings and body. If you have any questions about moths or if you meant to ask something else, please let me know!
Invertebrate hormones refer to the chemical messengers that regulate various physiological processes in invertebrate animals, which include insects, mollusks, worms, and other animals without a backbone. These hormones are produced by specialized endocrine cells or glands and released into the bloodstream to target organs, where they elicit specific responses that help control growth, development, reproduction, metabolism, and behavior.
Examples of invertebrate hormones include:
1. Ecdysteroids: These are steroid hormones found in arthropods such as insects and crustaceans. They regulate molting (ecdysis) and metamorphosis by stimulating the growth and differentiation of new cuticle layers.
2. Juvenile hormone (JH): This is a sesquiterpenoid hormone produced by the corpora allata glands in insects. JH plays a crucial role in maintaining the juvenile stage, regulating reproduction, and controlling diapause (a period of suspended development during unfavorable conditions).
3. Neuropeptides: These are short chains of amino acids that act as hormones or neurotransmitters in invertebrates. They regulate various functions such as feeding behavior, growth, reproduction, and circadian rhythms. Examples include the neuropeptide F (NPF), which controls food intake and energy balance, and the insulin-like peptides (ILPs) that modulate metabolism and growth.
4. Molluscan cardioactive peptides: These are neuropeptides found in mollusks that regulate heart function by controlling heart rate and contractility. An example is FMRFamide, which has been identified in various mollusk species and influences several physiological processes, including feeding behavior, muscle contraction, and reproduction.
5. Vertebrate-like hormones: Some invertebrates produce hormones that are structurally and functionally similar to those found in vertebrates. For example, some annelids (segmented worms) and cephalopods (squid and octopus) have insulin-like peptides that regulate metabolism and growth, while certain echinoderms (starfish and sea urchins) produce steroid hormones that control reproduction.
In summary, invertebrates utilize various types of hormones to regulate their physiological functions, including neuropeptides, cardioactive peptides, insulin-like peptides, and vertebrate-like hormones. These hormones play crucial roles in controlling growth, development, reproduction, feeding behavior, and other essential processes that maintain homeostasis and ensure survival. Understanding the mechanisms of hormone action in invertebrates can provide valuable insights into the evolution of hormonal systems and their functions across different animal taxa.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Horseshoe Crabs" are not a medical term or a medical condition. They are actually marine arthropods that have survived for over 450 million years, and are found primarily in the Atlantic Ocean, especially around the Gulf of Mexico and the eastern seaboard of the United States.
However, Horseshoe Crabs do have a significant role in the medical field, particularly in the production of Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL), which is used to test for bacterial endotoxins in medical equipment and injectable drugs. The blood of Horseshoe Crabs contains amebocytes, which can clot in response to endotoxins found in gram-negative bacteria. This reaction forms a gel-like clot that can be detected and measured, providing a crucial tool for ensuring the sterility of medical products.
So while "Horseshoe Crabs" are not a medical term per se, they do have an important place in medical research and production.
Insect hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various physiological and behavioral processes in insects. They are produced and released by endocrine glands and organs, such as the corpora allata, prothoracic glands, and neurosecretory cells located in the brain. Insect hormones play crucial roles in the regulation of growth and development, reproduction, diapause (a state of dormancy), metamorphosis, molting, and other vital functions. Some well-known insect hormones include juvenile hormone (JH), ecdysteroids (such as 20-hydroxyecdysone), and neuropeptides like the brain hormone and adipokinetic hormone. These hormones act through specific receptors, often transmembrane proteins, to elicit intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately lead to changes in gene expression, cell behavior, or organ function. Understanding insect hormones is essential for developing novel strategies for pest management and control, as well as for advancing our knowledge of insect biology and evolution.
"Tenebrio" is the genus name for mealworm beetles, which are insects commonly found in stored grains and animal feed. The most common species is Tenebrio molitor. Mealworms and their larvae are often used as a food source for pets, such as reptiles and birds, but they can also cause damage to crops and structures if they infest them. They have been studied in various medical and scientific research fields including nutrition, toxicology, and allergies. Some people may have allergic reactions to mealworms or their byproducts.
Bivalvia is a class of mollusks, also known as "pelecypods," that have a laterally compressed body and two shells or valves. These valves are hinged together on one side and can be opened and closed to allow the animal to feed or withdraw into its shell for protection.
Bivalves include clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and numerous other species. They are characterized by their simple body structure, which consists of a muscular foot used for burrowing or anchoring, a soft mantle that secretes the shell, and gills that serve both as respiratory organs and feeding structures.
Bivalves play an important role in aquatic ecosystems as filter feeders, helping to maintain water quality by removing particles and organic matter from the water column. They are also commercially important as a source of food for humans and other animals, and their shells have been used historically for various purposes such as tools, jewelry, and building materials.
'Biomphalaria' is a genus of freshwater snails that are intermediate hosts for the parasitic flatworms that cause schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever. This is a type of trematode infection that affects humans and other animals. The snails of the 'Biomphalaria' genus are native to Africa and parts of South America and play an essential role in the life cycle of the parasitic worms that cause this disease.
Schistosomiasis is a significant public health issue, particularly in developing countries with poor sanitation and hygiene. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than 200 million people worldwide are infected with schistosomes, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths each year. Effective control of the disease requires a multi-faceted approach, including the prevention of transmission through snail control and the treatment of infected individuals with praziquantel, the drug of choice for schistosomiasis.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "hepatopancreas" is not a recognized term in human anatomy or pathology. It is commonly used to describe a combined exocrine organ in some invertebrates, like crustaceans, where it serves both digestive and metabolic functions. If you have any questions about human medical conditions, I'd be happy to help with those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "grasshoppers" is not a term used in medical definitions. Grasshoppers are a type of insect that belongs to the order Orthoptera and suborder Caelifera. They are known for their long hind legs which they use for jumping, and some species can jump over 20 times their own body length. If you have any questions about medical terminology or topics, I'd be happy to help with those instead!
Ecdysteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are primarily known for their role in the regulation of molting and growth in arthropods, such as insects and crustaceans. They are structurally similar to vertebrate steroid hormones, such as estrogens and androgens, but have different physiological functions.
Ecdysteroids bind to specific receptors in the cell nucleus, leading to changes in gene expression that regulate various processes related to molting and growth, including the synthesis of new exoskeleton components and the breakdown of old ones. They also play a role in other physiological processes, such as reproduction, development, and stress response.
In recent years, ecdysteroids have attracted interest in the medical community due to their potential therapeutic applications. Some studies suggest that certain ecdysteroids may have anabolic effects, promoting muscle growth and protein synthesis, while others have shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential therapeutic uses of ecdysteroids in humans.
Diptera is an order of insects that includes flies, mosquitoes, and gnats. The name "Diptera" comes from the Greek words "di," meaning two, and "pteron," meaning wing. This refers to the fact that all members of this order have a single pair of functional wings for flying, while the other pair is reduced to small knob-like structures called halteres, which help with balance and maneuverability during flight.
Some common examples of Diptera include houseflies, fruit flies, horseflies, tsetse flies, and midges. Many species in this order are important pollinators, while others can be significant pests or disease vectors. The study of Diptera is called dipterology.
Vitellogenins are a group of precursor proteins that are synthesized in the liver and subsequently transported to the ovaries, where they are taken up by developing oocytes. Once inside the oocyte, vitellogenins are cleaved into smaller proteins called lipovitellins and phosvitins, which play a crucial role in providing nutrients and energy to the developing embryo.
Vitellogenins are found in many oviparous species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and some invertebrates. They are typically composed of several domains, including a large N-terminal domain that is rich in acidic amino acids, a central von Willebrand factor type D domain, and a C-terminal domain that contains multiple repeat units.
In addition to their role in egg development, vitellogenins have also been implicated in various physiological processes, such as immune function, stress response, and metal homeostasis. Moreover, the levels of vitellogenin in the blood can serve as a biomarker for environmental exposure to estrogenic compounds, as these chemicals can induce the synthesis of vitellogenins in male and juvenile animals.
Cockroaches are not a medical condition or disease. They are a type of insect that can be found in many parts of the world. Some species of cockroaches are known to carry diseases and allergens, which can cause health problems for some people. Cockroach allergens can trigger asthma symptoms, especially in children. Additionally, cockroaches can contaminate food and surfaces with bacteria and other germs, which can lead to illnesses such as salmonellosis and gastroenteritis.
If you have a problem with cockroaches in your home or workplace, it is important to take steps to eliminate them to reduce the risk of health problems. This may include cleaning up food and water sources, sealing entry points, and using pesticides or hiring a professional pest control service.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
I apologize for any confusion, but "insects" are not a medical term. Insects are small air-breathing arthropods that have a segmented body with six legs and usually have wings. They make up the largest group of animals on Earth, with over a million described species.
If you're looking for information about a specific medical condition or topic, please provide more details so I can offer a relevant response.
An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.
"Beetles" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to insects belonging to the order Coleoptera, which is one of the largest orders in the class Insecta. Beetles are characterized by their hardened forewings, known as elytra, which protect their hind wings and body when not in use for flying.
There are many different species of beetles found all over the world, and some can have an impact on human health. For example, certain types of beetles, such as bed bugs and carpet beetles, can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions in some people. Other beetles, like the Colorado potato beetle, can damage crops and lead to economic losses for farmers. However, it is important to note that most beetles are not harmful to humans and play an essential role in ecosystems as decomposers and pollinators.
Xenorhabdus is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are symbiotically associated with nematodes of the family Heterorhabditidae. These bacteria are pathogenic to insects and have been studied for their potential as biocontrol agents. They produce a variety of bioactive compounds that are toxic to insects and also have antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal properties. When the nematodes infect an insect host, they release the bacteria into the insect's hemocoel (the equivalent of the mammalian bloodstream), where the bacteria multiply and produce toxins that kill the insect. The nematodes then feed on the bacterial mass and use it as a food source, allowing them to reproduce within the dead insect.
"Molting" is not a term typically used in medical contexts. It is primarily used to describe the shedding and replacement of feathers, hair, or skin in animals, including birds, reptiles, insects, and other invertebrates. In humans and other mammals, this process is more commonly referred to as "shedding" or "growing new hair/skin."
However, if you are referring to the medical term "molt," it is a rare genetic disorder that affects the skin's pigmentation and causes it to shed in patches. It is also known as "congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma" or "non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma." The condition is present at birth, and affected individuals have red, scaly skin that sheds in a pattern similar to snake skin. Molting is not contagious and has no known cure, but various treatments can help manage its symptoms.
"Periplaneta" is a genus name that refers to a group of large, winged insects commonly known as cockroaches. The two most common species in this genus are the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) and the German cockroach (Periplaneta germantica). These insects are typically found in warm, humid environments and can often be seen scurrying across floors or walls in homes, restaurants, and other buildings. They are known to carry diseases and can cause allergies and asthma attacks in some people.
Hemolymph
Larval hemolymph feeding
Haemolymph: Invisible Blood
Haemolymph juvenile hormone-binding protein
Willy Burgdorfer
Craesus septentrionalis
Gerard R. Wyatt
Insect
Hemocyte (invertebrate immune system cell)
Insect physiology
Aphid
Horseshoe crab
Book lung
Bivalvia
Hemocyanin
Circulatory system
Muscardine
Scorpion
Orchitophrya stellarum
Adipokinetic hormone
Nanocladius
Juvenile-hormone esterase
Mosquito control
Kerria lacca
Insect morphology
Autohaemorrhaging
Meganisoptera
Climaciella brunnea
Pacifastin
Traumatic insemination
Proteins8
- The hemolymph of lower arthropods, including most insects, is not used for oxygen transport because these animals respirate through other means, such as tracheas, but it does contain nutrients such as proteins and sugars. (wikipedia.org)
- Proteins present in the hemolymph vary in quantity during the course of development. (wikipedia.org)
- We describe a novel synergistic effect between substrate-bound hemolymph proteins and laminin. (nature.com)
- The event off hemolymph inside energy stores, scent communication, and antioxidation is away from equivalent benefits with the western and east bees, indicated by the improved phrase of various proteins types. (spotlight-reshebnik.ru)
- By using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, these trimolters were analysed for the banding patterns of haemolymph proteins at their final (fourth) instar. (elsevierpure.com)
- However, this was preceded by a feature of the penultimate instar of the normal tetramolter, i.e. with a low content of haemolymph proteins without sexual differences. (elsevierpure.com)
- The trimolter-B exhibited less distinct differences in FL content than the trimolter-A. These patterns of haemolymph proteins in the allatectomy-induced trimolters were similar to those of the recessive trimolter mutant rt. (elsevierpure.com)
- In this sense Gr-VHDL fraction has 98.6% of hemolymphatic proteins, and 89.3% of lipids presents in the hemolymph. (scirp.org)
Larvae3
- Western blot results revealed that SP2 levels were higher in the pupal stage and hemolymph of fifth-instar larvae but low in the egg and adult stages. (hindawi.com)
- Owing to the influence of juvenile hormone and ecdysone, SP2 is synthesized by the fat body of feeding larvae and released into the hemolymph [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
- By way of example, this new hemolymph proteome off larvae, pupae, and adults, and a great differential evaluation of the hemolymph proteome between the fresh king and you will employee, was recognized [1, 8-10]. (spotlight-reshebnik.ru)
Dorsal sinus2
- Coordinated movements of the body muscles gradually bring the hemolymph back to the dorsal sinus surrounding the hearts. (wikipedia.org)
- Using an insulin needle, the optimal location for hemolymph collection was determined by collection at two locations: the base of the metathoracic (hind) leg and the dorsal sinus. (vin.com)
Secretion1
- SDS-PAGE revealed a similar, but not identical protein pattern from hemolymph and oviduct secretion. (ufz.de)
Marine invertebrates1
- Lee, R.F. (1991) Lipoproteins from the Hemolymph and Ovaries of Marine Invertebrates. (scirp.org)
Protein8
- It contains hemocyanin, a copper-based protein that turns blue when oxygenated, instead of the iron-based hemoglobin in red blood cells found in vertebrates, giving hemolymph a blue-green color rather than the red color of vertebrate blood. (wikipedia.org)
- As one such antiapoptotic component in silkworm hemolymph, the 30 K protein has been studied widely [ 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
- A recent study showed that another protein in silkworm hemolymph, storage protein 2 (SP2), can also inhibit staurosporine-induced HeLa cell apoptosis and ROS generation [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Yet not, healthier term off protein folding, cytoskeletal and developmental necessary protein, and much more extremely activated energy-producing routes for the western bees means that more bee types are suffering from unique techniques to suits the particular physiology playing with hemolymph to send nutrients and in resistant safety. (spotlight-reshebnik.ru)
- This brings a kick off point to possess coming lookup into particular hemolymph necessary protein otherwise paths about this new differential phenotypes or structure. (spotlight-reshebnik.ru)
- Compared with vertebrate bloodstream, this new honey bee hemolymph has relatively higher concentrations out-of inorganic ions, amino acids, sugar, protein, and so many more compounds, but their material are varied when it comes to developmental amount, gender, and you can season [six, 7]. (spotlight-reshebnik.ru)
- facilitated by] accumulation of poly-ol compounds in the hemolymph (thus increasing the osmotic pressure), dehydration (also increasing osmotic pressure), synthesis of thermal-hysteresis protein, or evacuation or masking of ice-nucleation factors in the gut. (icr.org)
- Freeze-tolerant insects, like some arctic beetles, appear to employ physiologies that manipulate intracellular ice-nucleating agents and apply protein-stabilizing cryoprotectant substances to limit hemolymph ice crystal formation to extracellular compartments, and this prevents intracellular crystallization. (icr.org)
Mussel2
- In this study, we cultured and identified bacteria from the hemolymph of stable mussel populations from the upper Mississippi River basin and compared results to those from mussel populations experiencing a mortality event in the Clinch River, VA and TN. (usgs.gov)
- We suggest that future studies of freshwater mussel health incorporate hemolymph as a sample type due to its relative separation from the aquatic environment, its role in the circulatory system and the fact that it can be collected nonlethally. (usgs.gov)
Hemocytes2
- It is composed of a fluid plasma in which hemolymph cells called hemocytes are suspended. (wikipedia.org)
- There are free-floating cells, the hemocytes, within the hemolymph. (wikipedia.org)
Insect2
- Additional studies have also shown that hemolymph from the silkworm ( Bombyx mori ) can inhibit insect and mammalian cell apoptosis that is induced by viruses and several chemical inducers, such as staurosporine, camptothecin, and actinomycin D [ 6 - 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
- In contrast to vertebrates, trehalose is generally the primary sugar found in insect hemolymph, which is followed by glucose and fructose. (sabanciuniv.edu)
Biochemistry3
- Morris, S & Taylor, AC 1988, ' L-lactate effects carbon dioxide transport by crustacean haemolymph ', Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology , vol. 91, pp. 523 - 527. (bris.ac.uk)
- In this study, sudden, large-scale mortalities in the Australian Rock Lobster industry were investigated through comprehensive haemolymph biochemistry panels, measurements of immune status and nutritional condition. (edu.au)
- Chino, H. (1985) Lipid Transport: Biochemistry of Hemolymph Lipophorin. (scirp.org)
HPLC1
- An HPLC analysis of hemolymph extracts was undertaken to uncover differences between desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria, reared under either crowded or isolated conditions. (ox.ac.uk)
Sinuses1
- The hearts pump hemolymph into the sinuses of the hemocoel where exchanges of materials take place. (wikipedia.org)
Pathogen2
- Our results suggest that haemolymph removal plays an important role in the enhanced pathogen virulence observed in the presence of feeding Varroa mites. (uniud.it)
- The bacterial pathogen invades the hemolymph through abrasions in the cuticle of the crab, and multiplies in the nutrient-rich environment of the crab's blood. (vims.edu)
Yellowish2
- Hemolymph is actually transparent otherwise white yellowish colour and you can is short for from the twenty five-30% of your own fat away from honey-bee on hatching stage, coming down as his or her years develops [step one, 4, 5]. (spotlight-reshebnik.ru)
- Hemolymph can have yellowish or bluish-green pigments that come from the insects' plant diets. (nationalgeographic.com)
Hormones1
- Insects don't have blood, instead possessing a comparable fluid called hemolymph, which transports hormones and gases through their system, except for oxygen-they absorb that directly through openings along their sides or back. (nationalgeographic.com)
Gill1
- 1980) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in bulk DNA from oyster gill and hemolymph. (int-res.com)
Fluid2
- Hemolymph, or haemolymph, is a fluid, analogous to the blood in vertebrates, that circulates in the interior of the arthropod (invertebrate) body, remaining in direct contact with the animal's tissues. (wikipedia.org)
- Hemolymph, the circulatory fluid of Aplysia , has also been investigated as a source of neurotrophic factors. (nature.com)
Bees2
- A period-resolved proteome try opposed using a few-dimensional electrophoresis-based proteomics to disclose the newest mechanistic distinctions by investigation regarding hemolymph proteome alter within staff bees off a couple bee kinds while in the brand new larval to pupal amounts. (spotlight-reshebnik.ru)
- Consistent with this hypothesis, we show that the experimental removal of increasing volumes of haemolymph from individual bees results in increasing viral densities. (uniud.it)
Characterization3
- Simply because of its jobs when you look at the molecule transport and you may resistant coverage, characterization of your own hemolymph proteome are out-of essential importance from inside the insights their mode in the honey bee. (spotlight-reshebnik.ru)
- In conclusion, this study reports lipid characterization of the lipoproteic fractions present in the hemolymph of the tarantula, G. rosea. (scirp.org)
- Cunningham, M., Gonzalez, A. and Pollero, R.J. (2000) Characterization of Lipoproteins Isolated from the Hemolymph of the Spider Latrodectus mirabilis. (scirp.org)
Species1
- Some species produce toxic hemolymph, which can cause human disease. (medscape.com)
Circulatory1
- In animals with open circulatory systems, hemolymph directly bathes the internal organs including ganglia and connectives. (nature.com)
Insects4
- Oxygen-transport systems were long thought unnecessary in insects, but ancestral and functional hemocyanin has been found in the hemolymph. (wikipedia.org)
- Such nucleating agents have been found in the hemolymph of insects of several orders, i.e. (wikipedia.org)
- Insects, due to their small size, have limited energy storage space, but they also have high metabolic rate, so their hemolymph sugars are incredibly dynamic and play a number of important physiological functional roles in maintaining energetic homeostasis. (sabanciuniv.edu)
- An amazing survival option for many insects and spiders is to safeguard their hemolymph-essentially bug blood-with built-in "antifreeze" biochemicals. (icr.org)
Lipids2
Amino acids1
- Arthropod hemolymph contains high levels of free amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
Possess1
- At exactly the same time, the biochemical section and you will biological points of honey-bee hemolymph possess been noted [cuatro, ten, 11]. (spotlight-reshebnik.ru)
Freshwater1
- Since the Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Cl- concentrations did not change significantly from late premolt to intramolt, the increase in hemolymph volume suggests an uptake of seawater rather than freshwater. (nih.gov)
Composition2
- We analyzed ion composition and volume of the hemolymph of Ligia pallasii in four different stages of the molt cycle using capillary electrophoresis and 3H-inulin. (nih.gov)
- The age-related changes in hemolymph cellular composition of snail Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) obtained from individuals of a natural population (the river Pripayt, Gomel region, Belarus) as well as in the spectrum of cytomorphological traits of hemocyte genetic damages have been studied. (cytgen.com)
Immune1
- The immune system resides in the hemolymph. (wikipedia.org)
Concentration1
- Its concentration in hemolymph amounts to 0.1mM. (ox.ac.uk)
Adults2
Cells2
- Hemolymph fills all of the interior (the hemocoel) of the animal's body and surrounds all cells. (wikipedia.org)
- They have been recorded in haemolymph, in muscle tissue and inside cells. (earthlife.net)
Found1
- Several studies have found that hemolymph can effect regeneration of isolated neurons. (nature.com)
Present2
- Nitrogen metabolism end products are present in the hemolymph in low concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
- In the present work we studied the lipoproteic fractions present in the hemolymph of the spider Grammostola rosea. (scirp.org)
Transport1
- Blacklock, B.J. and Ryan, R.O. (1994) Hemolymph Lipid Transport. (scirp.org)
Cell2
- We have investigated Aplysia hemolymph as a source of endogenous factors to promote regeneration of bag cell neurons. (nature.com)
- The percentage of the distinguished hemolymph cell types during the chosen age period was not revealed to change. (cytgen.com)
Volume6
- The volume of hemolymph needed for such a system is kept to a minimum by a reduction in the size of the body cavity. (wikipedia.org)
- The hemolymph volume normalized to the dry mass of the animals decreased by 36% from intermolt to late premolt. (nih.gov)
- This was due to a reduction in the hemolymph volume and to an increase in dry mass of the animals during premolt. (nih.gov)
- A sudden increase in the hemolymph volume occurring between late premolt and intramolt served to expand the cuticle. (nih.gov)
- Before sampling, each animal was weighed to estimate overall hemolymph volume at 10% of their body weight. (vin.com)
- After the second sampling, roaches were provided an equal volume of 0.9% saline to replace hemolymph removed. (vin.com)
Search1
- Search for peptidic molecular markers in hemolymph of crowd-(gregarious) and isolated-reared (solitary) desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria. (ox.ac.uk)
Role1
- Just as the blood when you look at the vertebrates , the latest bug hemolymph plays a role in each other resistant security and you can number one times shops. (spotlight-reshebnik.ru)
Analysis1
- Metabonomic analysis of the haemolymph reveals the dual effects of dietary selenium supplementations on growth of silkworm Bombyx mori . (cabi.org)
Levels1
- Furthermore, we injected the enzyme inhibitors trehalozin (a trehalase inhibitor) and sorbose (a trehalase p-synthase inhibitor) to manipulate the trehalose levels in honey bee foragers as a proof of concept that this sugar can be altered independently of hemolymph glucose and fructose levels. (sabanciuniv.edu)
Sampling techniques1
- While few roaches died or were euthanized during the procedure due to injury, freshly presented individuals were examined to assess hemolymph sampling techniques. (vin.com)
Blood1
- A relative of theirs, the aptly named bloody-nosed beetle , spews red hemolymph, which looks like blood, from its mouth for the same purpose. (nationalgeographic.com)
Effect1
- Hemolymph itself has no eliciting effect. (ufz.de)
Studies1
- Gonzalez, M.S., Rimoldi, O. and Brenner, R. (1995) Studies on Very-High-Density Lipoprotein of Triatoma infestans Hemolymph in Relation to Its Function as Free Fatty Acid Carrier. (scirp.org)
Open2
- Between contractions, tiny valves in the wall of the hearts open and allow hemolymph to enter. (wikipedia.org)
- When the heart relaxes, hemolymph is drawn back toward the heart through open-ended pores called ostia. (wikipedia.org)
Animals1
- The dominant chromatographic peak in hemolymph extracts of the crowd-reared animals was identified as a novel peptide with a molecular mass of 6080Da. (ox.ac.uk)
High2
- Through ultracentrifugation two lipoproteic fractions are isolated, one of high density named Gr-HDL (δ = 1.13 - 1.15 g/ml) and the other of very high density called Gr-VHDL (δ = 1.24 - 1.27 g/ml) Gr-VHDL in hemolymph is majority in relation to Gr-HDL. (scirp.org)
- Our protocol demonstrates how to produce honey bee virus particles en masse for their use in controlled, high-throughput bioassays for rapid screening of viral treatment effectiveness. (jove.com)
Results1
- Our different results constitute a proof-of-notion of unit information that environmentally formed additional psychological conditions of various bee kinds fits with the hemolymph proteome inside the brood phase. (spotlight-reshebnik.ru)
Addition1
- Notably, the addition of hemolymph to laminin substrates accelerated growth cone migration rate over ten-fold. (nature.com)
Animal1
- Muscular movements by the animal during locomotion can facilitate hemolymph movement, but diverting flow from one area to another is limited. (wikipedia.org)
Site2
- To collect hemolymph, roaches were restrained manually between two foam sponges, one of which contained an access window overlying the sampling site. (vin.com)
- Repeated hemolymph collection was performed with each tank of roaches serving as a single time point twice so that each collection site could be assessed. (vin.com)
Period1
- Hemolymph titers of 20-hydroxyecdysone were very low in the last two days of the pupal period. (bioone.org)
Agents1
- Hemolymph can contain nucleating agents that confer extra cellular freezing protection. (wikipedia.org)
Relative1
- Hemolymph-supplemented media or coverslips treated with poly-l-lysine (PLL) and hemolymph also accelerated outgrowth of Aplysia dopaminergic neurons relative to PLL-treated coverslips alone 24 . (nature.com)