Hemoglobin a. Medical search

The oxygen-carrying proteins of ERYTHROCYTES. They are found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. The number of globin subunits in the hemoglobin quaternary structure differs between species. Structures range from monomeric to a variety of multimeric arrangements.

Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains.

Hemoglobins characterized by structural alterations within the molecule. The alteration can be either absence, addition or substitution of one or more amino acids in the globin part of the molecule at selected positions in the polypeptide chains.

The major component of hemoglobin in the fetus. This HEMOGLOBIN has two alpha and two gamma polypeptide subunits in comparison to normal adult hemoglobin, which has two alpha and two beta polypeptide subunits. Fetal hemoglobin concentrations can be elevated (usually above 0.5%) in children and adults affected by LEUKEMIA and several types of ANEMIA.

An abnormal hemoglobin resulting from the substitution of valine for glutamic acid at position 6 of the beta chain of the globin moiety. The heterozygous state results in sickle cell trait, the homozygous in sickle cell anemia.

A commonly occurring abnormal hemoglobin in which lysine replaces a glutamic acid residue at the sixth position of the beta chains. It results in reduced plasticity of erythrocytes.

A compound formed by the combination of hemoglobin and oxygen. It is a complex in which the oxygen is bound directly to the iron without causing a change from the ferrous to the ferric state.

Minor hemoglobin components of human erythrocytes designated A1a, A1b, and A1c. Hemoglobin A1c is most important since its sugar moiety is glucose covalently bound to the terminal amino acid of the beta chain. Since normal glycohemoglobin concentrations exclude marked blood glucose fluctuations over the preceding three to four weeks, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is a more reliable index of the blood sugar average over a long period of time.

An abnormal hemoglobin that results from the substitution of lysine for glutamic acid at position 26 of the beta chain. It is most frequently observed in southeast Asian populations.

An adult hemoglobin component normally present in hemolysates from human erythrocytes in concentrations of about 3%. The hemoglobin is composed of two alpha chains and two delta chains. The percentage of HbA2 varies in some hematologic disorders, but is about double in beta-thalassemia.

A family of hemoglobin-like proteins found in BACTERIA; PLANTS; and unicellular eukaryotes. Truncated hemoglobins are distantly related to vertebrate hemoglobins and are typically shorter than vertebrate hemoglobins by 20-40 residues.

A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.

A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.

Measurement of hemoglobin concentration in blood.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

A disease characterized by compensated hemolysis with a normal hemoglobin level or a mild to moderate anemia. There may be intermittent abdominal discomfort, splenomegaly, and slight jaundice.

Substances that are used in place of blood, for example, as an alternative to BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS after blood loss to restore BLOOD VOLUME and oxygen-carrying capacity to the blood circulation, or to perfuse isolated organs.

A group of abnormal hemoglobins with similar electrophoretic characteristics. They have faster electrophoretic mobility and different amino acid substitutions in either the alpha or beta chains than normal adult hemoglobin. Some of the variants produce hematologic abnormalities, others result in no clinical disorders.

An abnormal hemoglobin composed of four beta chains. It is caused by the reduced synthesis of the alpha chain. This abnormality results in ALPHA-THALASSEMIA.

A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508)

A superfamily of proteins containing the globin fold which is composed of 6-8 alpha helices arranged in a characterstic HEME enclosing structure.

The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.

A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.

A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.

The volume of packed RED BLOOD CELLS in a blood specimen. The volume is measured by centrifugation in a tube with graduated markings, or with automated blood cell counters. It is an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, ANEMIA shows a low value; POLYCYTHEMIA, a high value.

Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.

One of the sickle cell disorders characterized by the presence of both hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C. It is similar to, but less severe than sickle cell anemia.

Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Agents which improve the quality of the blood, increasing the hemoglobin level and the number of erythrocytes. They are used in the treatment of anemias.

The number of RED BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD.

ERYTHROCYTE size and HEMOGLOBIN content or concentration, usually derived from ERYTHROCYTE COUNT; BLOOD hemoglobin concentration; and HEMATOCRIT. The indices include the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).

Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.

Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.

Plasma glycoproteins that form a stable complex with hemoglobin to aid the recycling of heme iron. They are encoded in man by a gene on the short arm of chromosome 16.

Electrophoresis applied to BLOOD PROTEINS.

A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.

The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.

A group of abnormal hemoglobins in which amino acid substitutions take place in either the alpha or beta chains but near the heme iron. This results in facilitated oxidation of the hemoglobin to yield excess methemoglobin which leads to cyanosis.

Agents used to prevent or reverse the pathological events leading to sickling of erythrocytes in sickle cell conditions.

A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.

Iron-containing proteins that are widely distributed in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Their major function is to store IRON in a nontoxic bioavailable form. Each ferritin molecule consists of ferric iron in a hollow protein shell (APOFERRITINS) made of 24 subunits of various sequences depending on the species and tissue types.

Members of the alpha-globin family. In humans, they are encoded in a gene cluster on CHROMOSOME 16. They include zeta-globin and alpha-globin. There are also pseudogenes of zeta (theta-zeta) and alpha (theta-alpha) in the cluster. Adult HEMOGLOBIN is comprised of 2 alpha-globin chains and 2 beta-globin chains.

Oxygen-carrying RED BLOOD CELLS in mammalian blood that are abnormal in structure or function.

A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group.

The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.

Members of the beta-globin family. In humans, they are encoded in a gene cluster on CHROMOSOME 11. They include epsilon-globin, gamma-globin, delta-globin and beta-globin. There is also a pseudogene of beta (theta-beta) in the gene cluster. Adult HEMOGLOBIN is comprised of two ALPHA-GLOBIN chains and two beta-globin chains.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)

The production of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES). In humans, erythrocytes are produced by the YOLK SAC in the first trimester; by the liver in the second trimester; by the BONE MARROW in the third trimester and after birth. In normal individuals, the erythrocyte count in the peripheral blood remains relatively constant implying a balance between the rate of erythrocyte production and rate of destruction.

The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.

An increase in the total red cell mass of the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Chloro(7,12-diethenyl-3,8,13,17-tetramethyl-21H,23H-porphine-2,18-dipropanoato(4-)-N(21),N(22),N(23),N(24)) ferrate(2-) dihydrogen.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

Electrophoresis in which cellulose acetate is the diffusion medium.

The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a blood disease (HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES) which involves BLOOD CELLS or COAGULATION FACTORS. The hematologic disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or FETUS.

Abnormal intracellular inclusions, composed of denatured hemoglobin, found on the membrane of red blood cells. They are seen in thalassemias, enzymopathies, hemoglobinopathies, and after splenectomy.

Repetitive withdrawal of small amounts of blood and replacement with donor blood until a large proportion of the blood volume has been exchanged. Used in treatment of fetal erythroblastosis, hepatic coma, sickle cell anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, septicemia, burns, thrombotic thrombopenic purpura, and fulminant malaria.

Tests used in the analysis of the hemic system.

A phylum of metazoan invertebrates comprising the segmented worms, and including marine annelids (POLYCHAETA), freshwater annelids, earthworms (OLIGOCHAETA), and LEECHES. Only the leeches are of medical interest. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The number of RETICULOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. The values are expressed as a percentage of the ERYTHROCYTE COUNT or in the form of an index ("corrected reticulocyte index"), which attempts to account for the number of circulating erythrocytes.

A class of annelid worms with few setae per segment. It includes the earthworms such as Lumbricus and Eisenia.

Proteins that contain an iron-porphyrin, or heme, prosthetic group resembling that of hemoglobin. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p480)

Glucose in blood.

The introduction of whole blood or blood component directly into the blood stream. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Stable iron atoms that have the same atomic number as the element iron, but differ in atomic weight. Fe-54, 57, and 58 are stable iron isotopes.

A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.

A noninvasive technique that uses the differential absorption properties of hemoglobin and myoglobin to evaluate tissue oxygenation and indirectly can measure regional hemodynamics and blood flow. Near-infrared light (NIR) can propagate through tissues and at particular wavelengths is differentially absorbed by oxygenated vs. deoxygenated forms of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Illumination of intact tissue with NIR allows qualitative assessment of changes in the tissue concentration of these molecules. The analysis is also used to determine body composition.

Immature ERYTHROCYTES. In humans, these are ERYTHROID CELLS that have just undergone extrusion of their CELL NUCLEUS. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. RIBOSOMES are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM), hence the name reticulocytes.

A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.

An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the "classical" Amadori rearrangement.

Electrophoresis in which a starch gel (a mixture of amylose and amylopectin) is used as the diffusion medium.

A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).

Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point.

The PROTEIN SUBUNITS that comprise multimeric HEMOGLOBINS.

Chemical bond cleavage reactions resulting from absorption of radiant energy.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The number of LEUKOCYTES and ERYTHROCYTES per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the HEMOGLOBIN; HEMATOCRIT; and ERYTHROCYTE INDICES.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The transfer of erythrocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Inorganic or organic compounds that contain divalent iron.

The modification of the reactivity of ENZYMES by the binding of effectors to sites (ALLOSTERIC SITES) on the enzymes other than the substrate BINDING SITES.

Therapy for the insufficient cleansing of the BLOOD by the kidneys based on dialysis and including hemodialysis, PERITONEAL DIALYSIS, and HEMODIAFILTRATION.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic or microaerophilic, colorless filaments. It is nonfruiting, motile by gliding, and found in freshwater sediments and cow dung. One species (V. stercoraria) is considered morphologically to be a streptobacillus. That species is strictly aerobic and produces a homodimeric bacterial hemoglobin, especially under oxygen-limited growth conditions. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

Volume of circulating ERYTHROCYTES . It is usually measured by RADIOISOTOPE DILUTION TECHNIQUE.

The senescence of RED BLOOD CELLS. Lacking the organelles that make protein synthesis possible, the mature erythrocyte is incapable of self-repair, reproduction, and carrying out certain functions performed by other cells. This limits the average life span of an erythrocyte to 120 days.

The pressure that would be exerted by one component of a mixture of gases if it were present alone in a container. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A class of marine annelids including sandworms, tube worms, clamworms, and fire worms. It includes also the genus Myxicola infundibulum.

Reduction of blood viscosity usually by the addition of cell free solutions. Used clinically (1) in states of impaired microcirculation, (2) for replacement of intraoperative blood loss without homologous blood transfusion, and (3) in cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of mussels; clams; OYSTERS; COCKLES; and SCALLOPS. They are characterized by a bilaterally symmetrical hinged shell and a muscular foot used for burrowing and anchoring.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A clinical manifestation consisting of an unnatural paleness of the skin.

A family of nonbiting midges, in the order DIPTERA. Salivary glands of the genus Chironomus are used in studies of cellular genetics and biochemistry.

Members of the beta-globin family. In humans, two non-allelic types of gamma-globin - A gamma and G gamma are encoded in the beta-globin gene cluster on CHROMOSOME 11. Two gamma-globin chains combine with two ZETA-GLOBIN chains to form the embryonic hemoglobin Portland. Fetal HEMOGLOBIN F is formed from two gamma-globin chains combined with two ALPHA-GLOBIN chains.

The determination of oxygen-hemoglobin saturation of blood either by withdrawing a sample and passing it through a classical photoelectric oximeter or by electrodes attached to some translucent part of the body like finger, earlobe, or skin fold. It includes non-invasive oxygen monitoring by pulse oximetry.

Diazo derivatives of aniline, used as a reagent for sugars, ketones, and aldehydes. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase.

Iron or iron compounds used in foods or as food. Dietary iron is important in oxygen transport and the synthesis of the iron-porphyrin proteins hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, and cytochrome oxidase. Insufficient amounts of dietary iron can lead to iron-deficiency anemia.

Porphyrins with four methyl, two vinyl, and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Protoporphyrin IX occurs in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and most of the cytochromes.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Analysis of the intensity of Raman scattering of monochromatic light as a function of frequency of the scattered light.

An examination of chemicals in the blood.

The semi-permeable outer structure of a red blood cell. It is known as a red cell 'ghost' after HEMOLYSIS.

High molecular weight (1,500,000 to 3,000,000) hemoglobins found in the plasma of many polychete and oligochete annelid worms and various mollusks. They bind one mole of oxygen per heme and function as oxygen carriers.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

The measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Mercury-containing benzoic acid derivatives.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

Large marine mammals of the order CETACEA. In the past, they were commercially valued for whale oil, for their flesh as human food and in ANIMAL FEED and FERTILIZERS, and for baleen. Today, there is a moratorium on most commercial whaling, as all species are either listed as endangered or threatened.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

A hemoglobin-like oxygen-binding hemeprotein present in the nitrogen-fixing root nodules of leguminous plants. The red pigment has a molecular weight approximately 1/4 that of hemoglobin and has been suggested to act as an oxido-reduction catalyst in symbiotic nitrogen fixation.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Substances which lower blood glucose levels.

A vertical distance measured from a known level on the surface of a planet or other celestial body.

A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.

An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.

Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.

A major protein in the BLOOD. It is important in maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic molecules.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

RED BLOOD CELL sensitivity to change in OSMOTIC PRESSURE. When exposed to a hypotonic concentration of sodium in a solution, red cells take in more water, swell until the capacity of the cell membrane is exceeded, and burst.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Puncture of a vein to draw blood for therapeutic purposes. Bloodletting therapy has been used in Talmudic and Indian medicine since the medieval time, and was still practiced widely in the 18th and 19th centuries. Its modern counterpart is PHLEBOTOMY.

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

Immature, nucleated ERYTHROCYTES occupying the stage of ERYTHROPOIESIS that follows formation of ERYTHROID PRECURSOR CELLS and precedes formation of RETICULOCYTES. The normal series is called normoblasts. Cells called MEGALOBLASTS are a pathologic series of erythroblasts.

State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients.

The cells in the erythroid series derived from MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS or from the bi-potential MEGAKARYOCYTE-ERYTHROID PROGENITOR CELLS which eventually give rise to mature RED BLOOD CELLS. The erythroid progenitor cells develop in two phases: erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) followed by erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E); BFU-E differentiate into CFU-E on stimulation by ERYTHROPOIETIN, and then further differentiate into ERYTHROBLASTS when stimulated by other factors.

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

Stable chromium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element chromium, but differ in atomic weight. Cr-50, 53, and 54 are stable chromium isotopes.

The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

A genus of trematode liver flukes of the family Dicrocoeliidae which includes the species dendriticum and hospes. It occurs in the biliary passages or liver of many vertebrates including man. The intermediate hosts are mainly mollusks but occasionally ants.

Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Ability of ERYTHROCYTES to change shape as they pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature.

Coupling of the oxygen-linked interaction energy for inositol hexakisphosphate and bezafibrate binding to human HbA0. (1/606)

The energetics of signal propagation between different functional domains (i.e. the binding sites for O2, inositol hexakisphospate (IHP), and bezafibrate (BZF)) of human HbA0 was analyzed at different heme ligation states and through the use of a stable, partially heme ligated intermediate. Present data allow three main conclusions to be drawn, and namely: (i) IHP and BZF enhance each others binding as the oxygenation proceeds, the coupling free energy going from close to zero in the deoxy state to -3.4 kJ/mol in the oxygenated form; (ii) the simultaneous presence of IHP and BZF stabilizes the hemoglobin T quaternary structure at very low O2 pressures, but as oxygenation proceeds it does not impair the transition toward the R structure, which indeed occurs also under these conditions; (iii) under room air pressure (i.e. pO2 = 150 torr), IHP and BZF together induce the formation of an asymmetric dioxygenated hemoglobin tetramer, whose features appear reminiscent of those suggested for transition state species (i.e. T- and R-like tertiary conformation(s) within a quaternary R-like structure). (+info)

Altered ligand rebinding kinetics due to distal-side effects in hemoglobin chico (Lysbeta66(E10) --> thr). (2/606)

Hb Chico is an unusual human hemoglobin variant that has lowered oxygen affinity, but unaltered cooperativity and anion sensitivity. Previous studies showed these features to be associated with distal-side heme pocket alterations that confer increased structural rigidity on the molecule and that increase water content in the beta-chain heme pocket. We report here that the extent of nanosecond geminate rebinding of oxygen to the variant and its isolated beta-chains is appreciably decreased. Structural alterations in this variant decrease its oxygen recombination rates without significantly altering rates of migration out of the heme pocket. Data analysis indicates that one or more barriers that impede rebinding of oxygen from docking sites in the heme pocket are increased, with less consequence for CO rebinding. Resonance Raman spectra show no significant alterations in spectral regions sensitive to interactions between the heme iron and the proximal histidine residue, confirming that the functional differences in the variant are due to distal-side heme pocket alterations. These effects are discussed in the context of a schematic representation of heme pocket wells and barriers that could aid the design of novel hemoglobins with altered ligand affinity without loss of the normal allosteric responses that facilitate unloading of oxygen to respiring tissues. (+info)

Sickle hemoglobin polymer melting in high concentration phosphate buffer. (3/606)

Sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS) prepared in argon-saturated 1.8 M phosphate buffer was rapidly mixed with carbon monoxide (CO)-saturated buffer. The binding of CO to the sickle hemoglobin and the simultaneous melting of the hemoglobin polymers were monitored by transmission spectroscopy (optical absorption and turbidity). Changes in the absorption profile were interpreted as resulting from CO binding to deoxy-HbS while reduced scattering (turbidity) was attributed to melting (depolymerization) of the HbS polymer phase. Analysis of the data provides insight into the mechanism and kinetics of sickle hemoglobin polymer melting. Conversion of normal deoxygenated, adult hemoglobin (HbA) in high concentration phosphate buffer to the HbA-CO adduct was characterized by an average rate of 83 s-1. Under the same conditions, conversion of deoxy-HbS in the polymer phase to the HbS-CO adduct in the solution phase is characterized by an average rate of 5.8 s-1 via an intermediate species that grows in with a 36 s-1 rate. Spectral analysis of the intermediate species suggests that a significant amount of CO may bind to the polymer phase before the polymer melts. (+info)

Physiological effects of modified hemoglobin as an oxygen-carrying macromolecule. (4/606)

A stabilized hemoglobin as oxygen-carrying macromolecules was developed. It had approximately 90,000 dalton molecular weights and its intravascular half life was 36 hours. Its molecular size was less than 0.1 micron. Its hemoglobin concentration was 6% and P50 value was 24 mmHg. The oxygen carried inside the plasma performs differently than the oxygen carried inside the red cells. Only less than 0.3 ml of oxygen in 100 ml of blood is available inside the plasma while 14-19 ml of oxygen is carried inside the red cells. Thus, less than 5 ml of oxygen is available inside the plasma of the entire body. When a patient develops hypovolemic shock, the red cells are bypassed and are not perfused directly inside the tissues. However, the plasma should reach such hypoxic tissues. Thus, infusion of oxygen-carrying macromolecules in the plasma should be therapeutically effective even if less than 100 ml of stabilized hemoglobin solution were infused under shock conditions. The basic physiology of oxygen-carrying macromolecules is described in detail, which is different from the oxygen carried inside the red cells. (+info)

Metal complexes as allosteric effectors of human hemoglobin: an NMR study of the interaction of the gadolinium(III) bis(m-boroxyphenylamide)diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid complex with human oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. (5/606)

The boronic functionalities on the outer surface of the Gd(III) bis(m-boroxyphenylamide)DTPA complex (Gd(III)L) enable it to bind to fructosamine residues of oxygenated glycated human adult hemoglobin. The formation of the macromolecular adduct can be assessed by NMR spectroscopy via observation of the enhancement of the solvent water proton relaxation rate. Unexpectedly, a strong binding interaction was also observed for the oxygenated unglycated human adult hemoglobin, eventually displaying a much higher relaxation enhancement. From relaxation rate measurements it was found that two Gd(III)L complexes interact with one hemoglobin tetramer (KD = 1.0 x 10(-5) M and 4.6 x 10(-4) M, respectively), whereas no interaction has been observed with monomeric hemoproteins. A markedly higher affinity of the Gd(III)L complex has been observed for oxygenated and aquo-met human adult hemoglobin derivatives with respect to the corresponding deoxy derivative. Upon binding, a net change in the quaternary structure of hemoglobin has been assessed by monitoring the changes in the high-resolution 1H-NMR spectrum of the protein as well as in the Soret absorption band. On the basis of these observations and the 11B NMR results obtained with the diamagnetic La(III)L complex, we suggest that the interaction between the lanthanide complex and deoxygenated, oxygenated, and aquo-met derivatives of human adult hemoglobin takes place at the 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) binding site, through the formation of N-->B coordinative bonds at His143beta and His2beta residues of different beta-chains. The stronger binding to the oxygenated form is then responsible for a shift of the allosteric equilibrium toward the high-affinity R-state. Accordingly, Gd(III)L affinity for oxygenated human fetal hemoglobin (lacking His143beta) is significantly lower than that observed for the unglycated human adult tetramer. (+info)

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) synthesis in baboons, Papio cynocephalus. Analysis of fetal and adult hemoglobin synthesis during fetal development. (6/606)

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) and adult hemoglobin (HbA) synthesis was studied in fetal baboons, Papio cynocephalus, to determine the normal pattern of hemoglobin production during fetal development. Fetuses ranging from 53 to 180 days gestation (term gestation 184 days) were used. Erythroid cells were incubated with 3H-L-leucine, and the rates of globin chain synthesis and the distribution of radioactivity into hemoglobin intermediates and completed hemoglobin molecules were determined. Gamma chain synthesis accounted for approximately 97% of the total nonalpha chain synthesis up to 140 days gestation; beta chain synthesis accounted for the remainder. After 140 days gestation, approximately equal quantities of gamma and beta chain were synthesized in the bone marrow. Prior to 140 days gestation, total alpha chain synthesis was 30% greater than total non-alpha chain synthesis, while there was balanced chain synthesis after 140 days gestation. During the period of excess alpha chain synthesis, fetal erythrocytes contained a large pool of alpha-hemoglobin (alpha chain with heme attached) molecules uncombined with beta or gamma chains. In view of the possibility that alpha chains may have a lower affinity for gamma chains than beta chains, excess alpha chain synthesis may be required to maintain low levels of free gamma chains. (+info)

Kinetic studies on the binding affinity of human hemoglobin for the 4th carbon monoxide molecule, L4. (7/606)

L4, the affinity of hemoglobin for the 4th CO molecule, has been determined for human adult hemoglobin (HbA) as a function of pH and the presence of organic phosphates by measuring the kinetic parameters for the reaction. l'4, the rate of combination of CO with the triliganded molecule, was measured by flash photolysis while l4, the rate of CO dissociation for the ligand-saturated molecule, was measured by ligand replacement. L4 is pH-dependent and affected by 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. Additionally, this pH dependence of the high affinity state is largely eliminated by carboxypeptidase A digestion. L4 for human fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in phosphate buffers was also determined and found to be pH-dependent. These results cannot be reconciled within the framework of the two-state allosteric model. Additional structures in the conformational equilibrium due to either intermediates in the T to R transition or two or more R states must exist. (+info)

Iron nutritional status in preterm infants fed formulas fortified with iron. (8/606)

AIMS: To prospectively evaluate the iron nutritional status of preterm infants fed either a term (0.5 mg/dl iron) or preterm (0.9 mg/dl) formulas fortified with iron after hospital discharge. METHODS: Healthy low birthweight preterm infants were randomly assigned into three groups at the time of hospital discharge. Group A were fed an iron fortified preterm formula (0.9 mg/dl iron) until 6 months corrected age; group B, a fortified term formula (0.5 mg/l iron) until 6 months corrected age group C, the preterm formula between hospital discharge and term, then the term formula until 6 months corrected age. RESULTS: Seventy eight infants were followed up to 6 months corrected age. Iron intake from formula differed significantly between the groups (A, 1.17 mg/kg/day (SD 0.32) > C, 0. 86 mg/kg/day (SD 0.40) = B, 0.81 mg/kg/day (SD 0.23); p < 0.0001). Haemoglobin concentrations were similar to those of iron sufficient preterm infants of the same postnatal age, and term infants of the same postmenstrual age (after 3 months of age). There were no significant differences in haemoglobin concentration (p = 0.391), plasma ferritin (A vs B, p = 0.322), or in the incidence of iron deficiency (A vs B, p = 0.534). CONCLUSIONS: Iron fortified formulas containing between 0.5 and 0.9 mg/dl iron seem to meet the iron nutritional needs of preterm infants after hospital discharge. (+info)

Hemoglobin synthesis and function[edit]. PLP aids in the synthesis of hemoglobin, by serving as a coenzyme for the enzyme ALA ... It also binds to two sites on hemoglobin to enhance the oxygen binding of hemoglobin.[4] ... hemoglobin synthesis and function, and gene expression. PLP generally serves as a coenzyme (cofactor) for many reactions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6

Hb (HbC, HbE, HbS, etc.) hemoglobin (hemoglobin polymorphisms: hemoglobin type C, hemoglobin type E, hemoglobin type S) ... HbAS: Heterozygous sickle-cell hemoglobin; HbAA: normal hemoglobin; HbSS: homozygous sickle-cell hemoglobin. [65] ... Main articles: Hemoglobin C and Hemoglobin E. There is evidence that the persons with α-thalassemia, HbC and HbE have some ... Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin[edit]. Some studies suggest that high levels of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) confer some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_Resistance_to_Malaria

Differences from hemoglobin[edit]. Like hemoglobin, myoglobin is a cytoplasmic protein that binds oxygen on a heme group. It ... Myoglobin is distantly related to hemoglobin. Compared to hemoglobin, myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen and does not ... Although its heme group is identical to those in Hb, Mb has a higher affinity for oxygen than does hemoglobin. This difference ... All known vertebrate myoglobins and β-hemoglobin subunits are similar in structure, but myoglobin binds O2 more avidly at low ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoglobin

anemia: hemoglobin , 13.5 g/dL (male) or 12 g/dL (female).. *leukopenia: total white cell count , 4.0 x 109/L. Decrease in all ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancytopenia

Many animals have as many or more CYP genes than humans do. Reported numbers range from 35 genes in the sponge Amphimedon queenslandica to 235 genes in the cephalochordate Branchiostoma floridae.[30] Mice have genes for 101 CYPs, and sea urchins have even more (perhaps as many as 120 genes).[31] Most CYP enzymes are presumed to have monooxygenase activity, as is the case for most mammalian CYPs that have been investigated (except for, e.g., CYP19 and CYP5). Gene and genome sequencing is far outpacing biochemical characterization of enzymatic function, though many genes with close homology to CYPs with known function have been found, giving clues to their functionality. The classes of CYPs most often investigated in non-human animals are those either involved in development (e.g., retinoic acid or hormone metabolism) or involved in the metabolism of toxic compounds (such as heterocyclic amines or polyaromatic hydrocarbons). Often there are differences in gene regulation or enzyme function of CYPs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP450

Hemoglobin. Level of hemoglobin molecules.. HCT. Hematocrit. Similar to RBC but in percentage.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Test

hemoglobin complex. • cytosol. • haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex. Biological process. • blood coagulation. • oxygen transport. • ... 1993). "Clinical course and molecular characterization of a compound heterozygote for sickle hemoglobin and hemoglobin Kenya". ... Hemoglobin subunit gamma-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HBG1 gene.[3] ... 1975). "Haemoglobin F Victoria Jubilee (alpha 2 A gamma 2 80 Asp-Try)". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 393 (1): 188-94. doi:10.1016/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBG1

Hemoglobin , 10.5 g/dl. *Lymphocyte count , 600/µl or , 8%. *Male. *Albumin , 4.0 g/dl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkins_lymphoma

A peripheral cannula is the most common intravenous access method utilized in both hospitals and pre-hospital services. A peripheral IV line (PVC or PIV) consists of a short catheter (a few centimeters long) inserted through the skin into a peripheral vein (any vein not situated in the chest or abdomen). This is usually in the form of a cannula-over-needle device, in which a flexible plastic cannula comes mounted over a metal trocar. Once the tip of the needle and cannula are introduced into the vein via venipuncture, the cannula is advanced inside the vein over the trocar to the appropriate position and secured, the trocar is then withdrawn and discarded. Blood samples may be drawn directly after the initial IV cannula insertion. Any accessible vein can be used although arm and hand veins are used most commonly, with leg and foot veins used to a much lesser extent. In infants, the scalp veins are sometimes used. The caliber of needles and catheters can be given in Birmingham gauge or French ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous

Decreased serum protein reduces the osmotic pressure of the blood, leading to loss of fluid from the intravascular compartment, or the blood vessels, to the interstitial tissues, resulting in edema. This is termed as hypoproteinemia. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoproteinemia

Normal saline (NSS, NS or N/S) is the commonly used phrase for a solution of 0.90% w/v of NaCl, 308 mOsm/L or 9.0 g per litre. Less commonly, this solution is referred to as physiological saline or isotonic saline (because it closely approximates isotonic, that is, physiologically normal, solution); although neither of those names is technically accurate (because normal saline is not exactly like blood serum), they convey the practical effect usually seen: good fluid balance with minimal hypotonicity or hypertonicity. NS is used frequently in intravenous drips (IVs) for people who cannot take fluids orally and have developed or are in danger of developing dehydration or hypovolemia. NS is also used for aseptic purpose. NS is typically the first fluid used when hypovolemia is severe enough to threaten the adequacy of blood circulation, and has long been believed to be the safest fluid to give quickly in large volumes. However, it is now known that rapid infusion of NS can cause metabolic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_

October 2014). "Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock". The New England Journal of Medicine ... The Surviving Sepsis Campaign recommended packed red blood cells transfusion for hemoglobin levels below 70 g/L if there is no ... blood may be given to reach a hemoglobin of 10 g/dL and then inotropes are added until the ScvO2 is optimized.[40] In those ... lactate and hemoglobin determination, urine output monitoring, high-flow oxygen, and intravenous fluids.[52][53] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis

Causes of hyperuricemia that are of mixed type have a dual action, both increasing production and decreasing excretion of uric acid. High intake of alcohol (ethanol), a significant cause of hyperuricemia, has a dual action that is compounded by multiple mechanisms. Ethanol increases production of uric acid by increasing production of lactic acid, hence lactic acidosis. Ethanol also increases the plasma concentrations of hypoxanthine and xanthine via the acceleration of adenine nucleotide degradation, and is a possible weak inhibitor of xanthine dehydrogenase. As a byproduct of its fermentation process, beer additionally contributes purines. Ethanol decreases excretion of uric acid by promoting dehydration and (rarely) clinical ketoacidosis.[5] High dietary intake of fructose contributes significantly to hyperuricemia.[15][16][17] In a large study in the United States, consumption of four or more sugar-sweetened soft drinks per day gave an odds ratio of 1.82 for hyperuricemia.[18] Increased ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperuricemia

The most commonly known pathogen is Candida albicans, causing roughly 70% of fungemias, followed by Candida glabrata with 10%, Aspergillus with 1% and Saccharomyces as the fourth most common.[citation needed] However, the frequency of infection by C. glabrata, Saccharomyces boulardii, Candida tropicalis, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis is increasing, perhaps because significant use of fluconazole is common or due to increase in antibiotic use.[citation needed]. New emerging pathogen: Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant (MDR) yeast that can cause invasive infections and is associated with high mortality. It was first described in 2009 after being isolated from external ear discharge of a patient in Japan. Since the 2009 report, C. auris infections, specifically fungemia, have been reported from South Korea, India, South Africa, and Kuwait. Although published reports are not available, C. auris has also been identified in Colombia, Venezuela, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom.[3]. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungemia

Red blood cells or erythrocytes, primarily carry oxygen and collect carbon dioxide through the use of haemoglobin. Haemoglobin ... Circular, Nucleated, do not contain hemoglobin Play important role in immunity 3 Platelets 1,30,000 to 4,00,000/mm3 Cytoplasmic ... Biconcave without nucleus; contains hemoglobin; survives 100 to 120 days Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_cells

PICCs can remain in situ for extended periods of time, from seven days to 4 months [4] up to 12 months although little information is available with respect to viability timeframes. They are used in both the hospital and community settings. PICCs can be used for intravenous delivery of total parenteral nutrition (TPN), chemotherapy, antibiotics or other medications, and can also be used for blood sampling if the lumen is 4 French or larger in size (Arrow and Bard manufacturers guidelines). To maintain patency, PICC management should include regular flushing with normal saline and "locking" with Heparin or normal saline when not in use. The type of locking procedure depends on the type of PICC and bung; Groshong PICCs have a three-way valve at the tip so the use of a heparin lock is not necessary, and there are no clamps on the external length. In comparison, Arrow PICCs have clamps on the exterior line and require a heparin lock. The use of heparin to maintain line patency, though, is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PICC_line

Ringer's lactate has an osmolarity of 273 mOsm L−1.[12] The lactate is metabolized into bicarbonate by the liver, which can help correct metabolic acidosis. Ringer's lactate solution alkalinizes via its consumption in the citric acid cycle, the generation of a molecule of carbon dioxide which is then excreted by the lungs. They increase the strong ion difference in solution, leading to proton consumption and an overall alkalinizing effect.[13] The solution is formulated to have concentrations of potassium and calcium that are similar to the ionized concentrations found in normal blood plasma. To maintain electrical neutrality, the solution has a lower level of sodium than that found in blood plasma or normal saline.[4] Generally, the source of the constituent ions is a mixture of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium lactate (CH3CH(OH)CO2Na), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and potassium chloride (KCl), dissolved into distilled water. Ringer's solution has the same constituents without the sodium lactate, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringer's_lactate_solution

... (RL), also known as sodium lactate solution and Hartmann's solution, is a mixture of sodium chloride, sodium lactate, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride in water.[1] It is used for replacing fluids and electrolytes in those who have low blood volume or low blood pressure.[2] It may also be used to treat metabolic acidosis in cases other than those caused by lactic acidosis and to wash the eye following a chemical burn.[2][3] It is given by injection into a vein or applied to the affected area.[2][3]. Side effects may include allergic reactions, high blood potassium, volume overload, and high blood calcium.[2] It may not be suitable for mixing with certain medications and some recommend against use in the same infusion as a blood transfusion.[4] Ringer's lactate solution has a lower rate of acidosis as compared with normal saline.[1][4] Use is generally safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding.[2] Ringer's lactate solution is in the crystalloid family of medication.[5] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactated_Ringer

Hemoglobin‎; 01:32 . . (+2)‎ . . ‎. Ebehn. (talk , contribs)‎ (→‎Research history). *(diff , hist) . . m Cryptocurrency‎; 01:28 ... Hemoglobin‎; 20:38 . . (+20)‎ . . ‎. 176.74.176.148. (talk)‎ (It is so much better) (Tags: Mobile edit, Mobile web edit) ... Hemoglobin‎; 20:33 . . (0)‎ . . ‎. 176.74.176.148. (talk)‎ (I did all) (Tags: Mobile edit, Mobile web edit) ... m Hemoglobin‎; 20:38 . . (-20)‎ . . ‎. ClueBot NG. (talk , contribs)‎ (Reverting possible vandalism by 176.74.176.148 to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Xi_

I. Glutathione peroxidase, an erythrocyte enzyme which protects hemoglobin from oxidative breakdown". The Journal of Biological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione_peroxidase

Glycated haemoglobin between 5.7 and 6.4 percent[22]. Glycated hemoglobin is however, of questionable accuracy and while ... using hemoglobin A1C, fasting plasma glucose or the two-hour plasma glucose definition was 14% for total diabetes, 9% for ... A 2016 review found worse outcomes when blood sugar levels were over 100 mg/dL and glycated haemoglobin over 5.7%.[24] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediabetes

Low hemoglobin.[49]. *In the Asian population, the b fibrinogen gene G-455A polymorphism was associated with the risk of CAD.[ ... Hemoglobin: Emerging marker in stable coronary artery disease. Chron Young Sci [serial online] 2011 [cited 2011 July 24];2:109- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemic_heart_disease

The liver has transaminases to synthesize and break down amino acids and to convert energy storage molecules. The concentrations of these transaminases in the serum (the non-cellular portion of blood) are normally low. However, if the liver is damaged, the liver cell (hepatocyte) membrane becomes more permeable and some of the enzymes leak out into the blood circulation. The two transaminases commonly measured are alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST).[1] These levels previously were called serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT). Elevated levels are sensitive for liver injury, meaning that they are likely to be present if there is injury. However, they may also be elevated in other conditions such as thyroid disorders, celiac disease, and muscle disorders.[4] ALT is usually found only in the liver. AST is most commonly found in the liver, but also in significant amounts in heart (cardiac) and skeletal muscle. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevated_transaminases

Only a limited number of emulsifiers are commonly regarded as safe to use for parenteral administration, of which the most important is lecithin.[medical citation needed] Lecithin can be biodegraded and metabolized, since it is an integral part of biological membranes, making it virtually non-toxic. Other emulsifiers can only be excreted via the kidneys,[citation needed] creating a toxic load. The emulsifier of choice for most fat emulsions used for parenteral nutrition is a highly purified egg lecithin,[36] due to its low toxicity and complete integration with cell membranes. Use of egg-derived emulsifiers is not recommended for people with an egg allergy due to the risk of reaction. In situations where there is no suitable emulsifying agent for a person at risk of developing essential fatty acid deficiency, cooking oils may be spread upon large portions of available skin for supplementation by transdermal absorption. Another type of fat emulsion Omegaven is being used experimentally within the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenteral_nutrition

... is the quantitative content of parasites in the blood.[1] It is used as a measurement of parasite load in the organism and an indication of the degree of an active parasitic infection. Systematic measurement of parasitemia is important in many phases of the assessment of disease, such as in diagnosis and in the follow-up of therapy, particularly in the chronic phase, when cure depends on ascertaining a parasitemia of zero. The methods to be used for quantifying parasitemia depends on the parasitic species and its life cycle. For instance, in malaria, the number of blood-stage parasites can be counted using an optical microscope, on a special thick film (for low parasitemias) or thin film blood smear (for high parasitemias). The use of molecular biology techniques, such as PCR has been used increasingly as a tool to measure parasitemia, especially in patients in the chronic phase of disease. In this technique, blood samples are obtained from the patient, and specific DNA of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitemia

The precise mechanism by which immunoglobulin therapy suppresses harmful inflammation is likely multifactorial. For example, it has been reported that immunoglobulin therapy can block Fas-mediated cell death.[23] Perhaps a more popular theory is that the immunosuppressive effects of immunoglobulin therapy are mediated through IgG's Fc glycosylation. By binding to receptors on antigen presenting cells, IVIG can increase the expression of the inhibitory Fc receptor, FcgRIIB, and shorten the half-life of auto-reactive antibodies.[24][25][26] The ability of immunoglobulin therapy to suppress pathogenic immune responses by this mechanism is dependent on the presence of a sialylated glycan at position CH2-84.4 of IgG.[24] Specifically, de-sialylated preparations of immunoglobulin lose their therapeutic activity and the anti-inflammatory effects of IVIG can be recapitulated by administration of recombinant sialylated IgG1 Fc.[24] There are several other proposed mechanisms of action and the actual ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_immunoglobulin

Muirhead H, Perutz M (1963). "Structure of hemoglobin. A three-dimensional fourier synthesis of reduced human hemoglobin at 5.5 ... The first protein structures to be solved were hemoglobin and myoglobin, by Max Perutz and Sir John Cowdery Kendrew, ... From left to right are: immunoglobulin G (IgG, an antibody), hemoglobin, insulin (a hormone), adenylate kinase (an enzyme), and ... The canonical example of a ligand-binding protein is haemoglobin, which transports oxygen from the lungs to other organs and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_protein

Hemoglobin binds O. 2, changing color from bluish red to bright red[39] (CO. 2 is released from another part of hemoglobin ... 2 concentration in the lungs helps to displace carbon monoxide from the heme group of hemoglobin.[99][100] Oxygen gas is ... This class of compounds includes the heme proteins hemoglobin and myoglobin.[128] An exotic and unusual reaction occurs with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

The first protein structures to be solved were hemoglobin and myoglobin, by Max Perutz and Sir John Cowdery Kendrew, ... From left to right are: immunoglobulin G (IgG, an antibody), hemoglobin, insulin (a hormone), adenylate kinase (an enzyme), and ... The canonical example of a ligand-binding protein is haemoglobin, which transports oxygen from the lungs to other organs and ... A three-dimensional fourier synthesis of reduced human hemoglobin at 5.5 Å resolution". Nature. 199 (4894): 633-38. Bibcode: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinaceous

HBAP1: Hemoglobin, alpha pseudogene 1. *HBHR, ATR1: Alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome, type 1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_16

Doctors use a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test to determine if your childs diabetes management plan needs to be adjusted. ... What Is a Hemoglobin A1c Test?. A hemoglobin A1c test measures how much a persons glucose levels have been in and out of the ... Why Are Hemoglobin A1c Tests Done?. Doctors check hemoglobin A1c tests in kids with diabetes. The test helps them see how well ... A high hemoglobin A1c level may mean that a childs medicines need to be adjusted. Sometimes a hemoglobin A1c test is done as ...

https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/blood-test-hba1c.html

Hemoglobin (American) or haemoglobin (British) (/ˈhiːməˌɡloʊbɪn, ˈhɛ-, -moʊ-/[1][2][3]); abbreviated Hb or Hgb, is the iron- ... Deoxygenated hemoglobin[edit]. Deoxygenated hemoglobin is the form of hemoglobin without the bound oxygen. The absorption ... Hemoglobin Hopkins-2 - A variant form of hemoglobin that is sometimes viewed in combination with Hemoglobin S to produce sickle ... There is more than one hemoglobin gene: in humans, hemoglobin A (the main form of hemoglobin present) is coded for by the genes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin_deficiency

Glycated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c, A1C, or less commonly HgbA1c, haemoglobin A1c, HbA1c, Hb1c, etc.) is a form of ... HbA1c is a measure of the beta-N-1-deoxy fructosyl component of hemoglobin.[2] The origin of the naming derives from Hemoglobin ... Once a hemoglobin molecule is glycated, it remains that way. A buildup of glycated hemoglobin within the red cell, therefore, ... Hemoglobin A1c was first separated from other forms of hemoglobin by Huisman and Meyering in 1958 using a chromatographic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin_A1C

A hemoglobin molecule is composed of a protein group, known as globin, and four heme groups, each associated with an ... Hemoglobin deficiency may be a result of structural abnormality in the hemoglobin molecules themselves. In sickle cell disease ... allowing hemoglobin to deliver its oxygen to the tissues. Then the oxygen- and nitric oxide-free hemoglobin molecule picks up ... hemoglobin hē´məglō˝bĭn [key], respiratory protein found in the red blood cells (erythrocytes) of all vertebrates and some ...

https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/medicine/body/anatomy-physio/hemoglobin

Ethylene oxide hemoglobin adducts were measured in blood from random subsamples of NHANES participants. Hemoglobin adducts were ... Geometric mean and selected percentiles of hemoglobin adduct concentrations (in pmol/g hemoglobin) for the non-smoking ... Geometric mean and selected percentiles of hemoglobin adduct concentrations (in pmol/g hemoglobin) for the cigarette smoking ... Ethylene Oxide Hemoglobin Adduct (2013 - 2016). Demographic. (Category). Survey. Years. Geometric Mean. (95% CI). 50th ...

https://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/ethylene_oxide_hemoglobin.html

The hemoglobin test measures how much hemoglobin is in your blood. ... Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. ... LOWER THAN NORMAL HEMOGLOBIN. Low hemoglobin level may be due ... Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The hemoglobin test measures how much hemoglobin is in your ... HIGHER THAN NORMAL HEMOGLOBIN. High hemoglobin level is most often caused by low oxygen levels in the blood (hypoxia), present ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003645.htm

A hemoglobin electrophoresis can help diagnose diseases involving abnormal hemoglobin production, and often is performed as ... A hemoglobin electrophoresis test measures the different types of hemoglobin in the blood. Normal hemoglobin carries and ... What Is a Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Test?. Hemoglobin is the protein inside of red blood cells that carries oxygen. ... Are There Any Risks From Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Tests?. A hemoglobin electrophoresis test is a safe procedure with minimal ...

http://kidshealth.org/VidantMedicalCenter/en/parents/test-electrophoresis.html

Description Hemoglobin is a crystallizable, conjugated protein consisting of an iron-containing pigmen ... Definition Hemoglobin is the iron-carrying protein found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen. ... The amount of hemoglobin in the blood averages between 12 and 16 grams/100 milliliters of blood in adult females, about 14 and ... Defects in hemoglobin production may be either genetic in origin (for example, sickle cell anemia) or acquired. Anemia is a ...

https://www.healthcentral.com/encyclopedia/hemoglobin-definition

Hemoglobin electrophoresis measures the levels of the different types of this protein in the blood. ... Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in the blood. ... The hemoglobins move on the paper and form bands that show the ... Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in the blood. Hemoglobin electrophoresis measures the levels of the different types ... You may have this test if your health care provider suspects that you have a disorder caused by abnormal forms of hemoglobin ( ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003639.htm

The NIDDK Erythropoiesis and Hemoglobin program supports work on the molecular and cellular biological pathways involved in ... The Erythropoiesis and Hemoglobin program supports work on the molecular and cellular biological pathways involved in erythroid ... Erythropoiesis & Hemoglobin. The molecular and cellular biological pathways involved in erythroid cell differentiation. ... detection of abnormal hemoglobins; development of genetically targeted therapies for sickle cell anemia and thalassemias; and ...

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/research-funding/research-programs/erythropoiesis-hemoglobin

... is a substance contained within red blood cells that is responsible for their color and high oxygen-carrying ... Hemoglobin is a member of the same class of porphyrins to which chlorophyll also belongs. A hemoglobin molecule consists of a ... The normal hemoglobin content of blood is 13.5-18.0 g/100 ml in men and 11.5-16.5 g/100 ml in women. The average human contains ... Hemoglobin also combines very easily with carbon monoxide, forming carboxyhemoglobin. It also plays a part in regulating the ...

https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/hemoglobin.html

... which are made by genetically or chemically engineering hemoglobin isolated from the red blood cells of humans or bovines. ... oxygen therapeutics include agents called hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), ... Other articles where Hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier is discussed: blood transfusion: Blood substitutes: … ... oxygen therapeutics include agents called hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), which are made by genetically or chemically ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/hemoglobin-based-oxygen-carrier

... of this is hemoglobin (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, or MCHC, normally is 32 to 36 percent). If determined ... Other articles where Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is discussed: blood disease: Anemia: … ... of this is hemoglobin (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, or MCHC, normally is 32 to 36 percent). If determined ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/mean-corpuscular-hemoglobin-concentration

Oxygen transport by hemoglobin.. Mairbäurl H1, Weber RE.. Author information. 1. Medical Clinic VII, Sports Medicine, ... Hemoglobin (Hb) constitutes a vital link between ambient O2 availability and aerobic metabolism by transporting oxygen (O2) ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23798307?dopt=Abstract

A hemoglobin test can be done as part of a routine checkup to screen for problems and or because a child isnt feeling well. ... Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells. ... What Is a Hemoglobin Test?. Hemoglobin (HEE-muh-glow-bin) is a ... Why Are Hemoglobin Tests Done?. Doctors will order a hemoglobin test to check for low or high levels of red blood cells. They ... A hemoglobin blood test helps doctors check the level of red blood cells. Red blood cells deliver oxygen to the different parts ...

https://www.kidshealth.org/Nemours/en/parents/blood-test-hemoglobin.html?WT.ac=p-ra

Hemoglobin definition, the oxygen-carrying pigment of red blood cells that gives them their red color and serves to convey ... hemoglobin in Medicine Expand. hemoglobin he·mo·glo·bin (hēmə-glōbĭn). n. Abbr. Hb The red respiratory protein of red blood ... hemoglobin in Culture Expand. hemoglobin [(hee-muh-gloh-bin)]. A complex organic molecule containing iron that carries oxygen ... Hemoglobin is contained in the red blood cells of vertebrates and gives these cells their characteristic color. Hemoglobin is ...

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/hemoglobin?qsrc=2446

My hemoglobin has dropped 2 Mg this month and it was already low. Ive been on iron since the first test and now Im worse. Im ... low hemoglobin kstrader My hemoglobin has dropped 2 Mg this month and it was already low. Ive been on iron since the first ... It is completely normal and expected for the hemoglobin to drop a bit as pregnancy progresses. Taking Iron is definitely a good ...

https://www.medhelp.org/posts/Pregnancy/low-hemoglobin/show/1861017

Learn more about this blood test that checks for a protein called hemoglobin. Low levels indicate a low red blood cell count ( ... A hemoglobin test measures the amount of hemoglobin in your blood. Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries ... If a hemoglobin test reveals that your hemoglobin level is lower than normal, it means you have a low red blood cell count ( ... If your hemoglobin level is below or above normal, your doctor may want to evaluate the hemoglobin test results along with ...

https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/hemoglobin-test/about/pac-20385075?mc_id=us&utm_source=sharingmayoclinic&utm_medium=l&utm_content=content&utm_campaign=mayoclinic&geo=national&placementsite=enterprise&cauid=100717

Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Hemoglobin Molecule in minutes with SmartDraw. SmartDraw includes 1000s of ... Hemoglobin Molecule. Diagram of the shape of the hemoglobin molecule found in red blood cells that carries the oxygen.. Beta ... Hemoglobin Molecule. Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Hemoglobin Molecule in minutes with SmartDraw. ...

https://www.smartdraw.com/circulatory-system-diagram/examples/hemoglobin-molecule/

If you would like to schedule an appointment with one of our nationally ranked specialists or Primary Care physicians please click or call 800-881-7385.. ...

https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/laboratory-services/lab-test-directory/plasma-hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that moves oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body tissues. Learn more ... Hemoglobin derivatives are altered forms of hemoglobin. . Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that moves oxygen and ... High levels of hemoglobin derivatives can lead to major health problems. The altered forms of hemoglobin do not allow oxygen to ... Abnormal forms of hemoglobin include:. * Carboxyhemoglobin: An abnormal form of hemoglobin that has attached to carbon monoxide ...

https://www.ucsfhealth.org/medical-tests/003371

The hemoglobin A1c blood test used widely to diagnose diabetes is highly unreliable with a significant tendency to miss cases ... However, accuracy of hemoglobin A1c varied across by races and ethnicity. It had the highest sensitivity for diagnosing ... "Hemoglobin A1c has become the primary method of screening and diagnosing diabetes. The ADA (American Diabetes Association) ... NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - The hemoglobin A1c blood test used widely to diagnose diabetes is "highly unreliable" with a ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/910989?src=soc_fb_190401_mscpedt_news_mdscp_hemoglobin&faf=1

LSBio HBA2 / Hemoglobin Alpha 2 Proteins [LifeSpan BioSciences, Inc.] LSBio HBA2 / Hemoglobin Alpha 2 Proteins. LifeSpan ... LSBio HBA2 / Hemoglobin Alpha 2 Antibodies [LifeSpan BioSciences, Inc.] LSBio HBA2 / Hemoglobin Alpha 2 Antibodies. LifeSpan ... hemoglobin subunit alpha [Homo sapiens] hemoglobin subunit alpha [Homo sapiens]. gi,4504345,ref,NP_000508.1, ... Chen B, Lin L, Yi S, Chen Q, Wei H, Li G, Zheng C, He S, Qiu X. Hemoglobin. 2017 Jan; 41(1):56-58. Epub 2017 Apr 11. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_000508.1

Hemoglobin definition, the oxygen-carrying pigment of red blood cells that gives them their red color and serves to convey ... hemoglobin a, hemoglobin c, hemoglobin c disease, hemoglobin disease, hemoglobin h ... Hemoglobin is contained in the red blood cells of vertebrates and gives these cells their characteristic color. Hemoglobin is ... hemoglobin. *. A red blood cell having no hemoglobin is also called a ghost. ...

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/hemoglobin

EKFs DiaSpect Tm hemoglobin analyzer used for anemia study in remote region of Ghana EKF, announces the successful use of its ... Research has found that many cases of diabetes are missed when the hemoglobin A1c blood test is used solely to diagnose the ... Associations of nadir hemoglobin level and red blood cell transfusion with mortality and length of stay in surgical specialties ... FDA cleared DiaSpect Tm POC hemoglobin analyzer to study iron-deficient anemia in remote region of Ghana, West Africa. ...

https://www.news-medical.net/?tag=/Hemoglobin&page=7

Novel hemoglobins possessing a NOD function continue to be discovered in diverse life forms. Unique hemoglobin structures ... D. Keilin, "Haemoglobin in fungi: occurrence of haemoglobin in yeast and the supposed stabilization of the oxygenated ... R. Oshino, N. Oshino, and B. Chance, "Studies on yeast hemoglobin. The properties of yeast hemoglobin and its physiological ... J. B. Wittenberg, M. Bolognesi, B. A. Wittenberg, and M. Guertin, "Truncated hemoglobins: a new family of hemoglobins widely ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/683729/

I had my pre op appointment yesturday for my May 8th surgery (one week from today!!) my hemoglobin is 11.0. Ive always been ... A hemoglobin of 11 is not low enough to cancel surgery....you should be fine! good luck...and I hope you can relex and look ... Mine was 14 going in and 11.8 afterwards I took Bifera iron supplements for 6 months till my Hemoglobin got back up to where it ... I had my pre op appointment yesturday for my May 8th surgery (one week from today!!) my hemoglobin is 11.0. Ive always been ...

https://www.obesityhelp.com/forums/plasticsurgery/4527460/Hemoglobin-and-TT/

Excessive glucose in ones blood can attach to hemoglobin and raise the level of hemoglobin A1c. Hemoglobin and hemoglobin-like ... Hemoglobin Portland II (ζ2β2). In the fetus: Hemoglobin F (α2γ2) (PDB: 1FDH). After birth: Hemoglobin A (adult hemoglobin) ( ... There is more than one hemoglobin gene: in humans, hemoglobin A (the main form of hemoglobin present) is coded for by the genes ... Variant forms that cause disease: Hemoglobin D-Punjab - (α2βD2) - A variant form of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin H (β4) - A variant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin

Cell-Free Hemoglobin Synthesis in Beta-Thalassemia. J. M. Gilbert, A. G. Thornton, A. W. Nienhuis, and W. F. Anderson ... Translation of Rabbit Haemoglobin Messenger RNA by Thalassaemic and Non-thalassaemic Ribosomes ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/67/4/1854/tab-article-info

Hemoglobin levels can become high or low, and we describe symptoms, risks, prevention, and treatment. Learn about hemoglobin ... Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells. Oxygen entering the lungs adheres to this protein, allowing blood cells to ... How are hemoglobin levels tested?. Hemoglobin levels are measured by a blood test. Hemoglobin, or Hb, is usually expressed in ... Low hemoglobin levels. Low hemoglobin levels usually indicate that a person has anemia. There are several kinds of anemia:. * ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318050.php

The mammalian hemoglobin molecule can bind (carry) up to four oxygen molecules. (wikipedia.org)
A hemoglobin molecule is composed of a protein group, known as globin, and four heme groups, each associated with an iron atom. (infoplease.com)
Each hemoglobin molecule also has attached a single cysteine amino acid, which attracts nitric oxide from the lungs. (infoplease.com)
Then the oxygen- and nitric oxide-free hemoglobin molecule picks up carbon dioxide and free nitric oxide and transports both back to the lungs, where they are exhaled as waste. (infoplease.com)
A hemoglobin molecule consists of a porphyrin ring with a central iron atom ( heme ), hooked to a clump of protein called globin. (daviddarling.info)
Ninety percent of the protein in red blood cells is made up of hemoglobin, the main oxygen transport molecule in mammals. (dictionary.com)
A protein with four iron-containing subunits called hemes, hemoglobin is a complex molecule with a complex function. (dictionary.com)
When the last of the four heme subunits loses its oxygen, the structure of hemoglobin changes again, so that the size of the opening from the environment to the heme groups decreases, making it difficult for an oxygen molecule to rebind to the hemoglobin. (dictionary.com)
Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Hemoglobin Molecule in minutes with SmartDraw. (smartdraw.com)
Diagram of the shape of the hemoglobin molecule found in red blood cells that carries the oxygen. (smartdraw.com)
The Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassemic Disorders explains that hemoglobin is a very important molecule which, like other proteins, is created from genetic codes in cellular DNA. (reference.com)
Each haemoglobin molecule consists of four iron-containing parts ( haems ) and four protein chains ( globins ). (encyclopedia.com)
Each haemoglobin molecule can combine with four oxygen molecules, but with no more. (encyclopedia.com)
These conserved positions are especially important for the function of the hemoglobin molecule. (kenyon.edu)
HBOCs use the natural oxygen-carrying molecule called hemoglobin (Hb) to carry oxygen throughout the body. (fda.gov)
The hemoglobin molecule contains iron, an essential mineral found in our diet. (blood.ca)

Defects in hemoglobin production may be either genetic in origin (for example, sickle cell anemia) or acquired. (healthcentral.com)
Anemia is a general term referring to a shortage of red blood cells or a reduction in hemoglobin. (healthcentral.com)
If anemia is suspected, a simple blood test can be taken to detect a shortage of red blood cells or hemoglobin. (healthcentral.com)
Any adult who has a hemoglobin content of less than 12 grams/100ml blood in women, and less than 13.5 grams/100 ml in men, is diagnosed as having anemia. (healthcentral.com)
Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a shortage of the mineral iron, which is necessary to produce hemoglobin. (healthcentral.com)
HbS is an abnormal form of hemoglobin associated with sickle cell anemia . (medlineplus.gov)
If a hemoglobin test reveals that your hemoglobin level is lower than normal, it means you have a low red blood cell count (anemia). (mayoclinic.org)
Your doctor may test your hemoglobin as part of a complete blood count during a routine medical examination to monitor your general health and to screen for a variety of disorders, such as anemia. (mayoclinic.org)
If you've been diagnosed with anemia or polycythemia vera, your doctor may use a hemoglobin test to monitor your condition and guide treatment. (mayoclinic.org)
If your hemoglobin level is lower than normal, you have anemia. (mayoclinic.org)
If you've been previously diagnosed with anemia, a hemoglobin level that's lower than normal may indicate a need to alter your treatment plan. (mayoclinic.org)
Hemoglobin variants associated with hemolytic anemia, altered oxygen affinity, and methemoglobinemias. (ucsfhealth.org)
Anemia is caused by an abnormal drop in either red blood cells or hemoglobin (the main constituent of red blood cells). (dictionary.com)
EKF, announces the successful use of its FDA cleared DiaSpect Tm POC hemoglobin analyzer to study iron-deficient anemia in remote region of Ghana, West Africa. (news-medical.net)
A large study just published in the journal Anaesthesia raises important questions about the way anemia is currently managed in surgical patients (Associations of nadir hemoglobin level and red blood cell transfusion with mortality and length of stay in surgical specialties: a retrospective cohort study). (news-medical.net)
Findings from an interim analysis of a new study comparing the hemoglobin response rates of Epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa in the treatment of chemotherapy-related anemia were published in the November 15, 2004 issue of the Medical Journal 'Blood' as part of the American Society of Hematology 46th Annual Meeting and Exposition. (news-medical.net)
Low hemoglobin levels usually indicate that a person has anemia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
This form of anemia occurs when a person does not have enough iron in their body, and it cannot make the hemoglobin it needs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Two diseases that arise from mutations in the hemoglobin genes are sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. (reference.com)
Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carry the oxygen your body needs throughout the blood stream and a low count is frequently a sign of anemia. (diabetesdaily.com)
It then turns to functional abnormalities of whole blood in sickle cell anemia, inhibition of sickle hemoglobin gelation by amino acids and peptides, and intermolecular interactions in crystals of human deoxy hemoglobins A, C, F, and S. The chapters that follow focus on glycosylation of human hemoglobin, the phase transitions of sickle-cell hemoglobin, conformational effects of the HbS mutation, and mechanisms for hemoglobin oxidation. (elsevier.com)
Problems with hemoglobin production cause common diseases, such as anemia, which comes from low levels of hemoglobin and is found in 25% of the world's population. (redorbit.com)
Anemia means there is less hemoglobin in the RBCs than normal. (drugs.com)
Anemia can occur if the body's hemoglobin levels are too low. (brighthub.com)
Mass spectrometry, a newer analytical technology, may be used to identify highly unstable hemoglobins that may manifest clinically as hemolytic anemia or thalassemia. (medscape.com)
Sometimes your body does not contain adequate levels of hemoglobin, a condition known as anemia. (livestrong.com)
This is an effect of intravascular hemolysis, in which hemoglobin separates from red blood cells, a form of anemia. (wikipedia.org)
Low hemoglobin levels lead to anemia, which causes symptoms like fatigue and trouble breathing. (clevelandclinic.org)
Your healthcare provider can perform blood tests to check your hemoglobin level and to tell if you have anemia . (clevelandclinic.org)
Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a genetic blood disorder caused by abnormal inherited hemoglobin. (medindia.net)
Anemia is defined as a hemoglobin level of less than 120 g/L in non-pregnant females and less than 130 g/L in males. (blood.ca)
If anemia is present, you should not return to donate until the cause of the low hemoglobin has been identified and corrected. (blood.ca)
Frequent blood donation can contribute to anemia because a "whole blood donation" results in a drop of hemoglobin levels by approximately 10 g/L. Healthy donors produce new red blood cells to replace donated cells. (blood.ca)
It leads to an abnormal form of hemoglobin that may cause mild anemia. (rochester.edu)
When inherited from both parents, or with other abnormal hemoglobin genes, it can cause anemia and other problems. (rochester.edu)
In this disease, the hemoglobin E causes anemia symptoms. (rochester.edu)
Those with hemoglobin E trait plus a second abnormal hemoglobin gene (as described above), may have thalassemia, or anemia-like symptoms. (rochester.edu)
There is an alternate test to measure fructosamine levels, which is sometimes used instead of the hemoglobin A1c test, for patients who require it, such as those with hemolytic anemia. (wisegeek.com)
If your hemoglobin levels are too low, you may have anemia, which can leave your feeling fatigued or short of breath. (livestrong.com)
Once your doctor determines the cause of your anemia, you'll be able to develop a treatment plan to raise hemoglobin levels. (livestrong.com)
According to the National Anemia Action Council, the most common cause of low hemoglobin levels is an iron deficiency. (livestrong.com)
Low hemoglobin levels may be one of the first signs of internal bleeding or other serious illness, such as sickle cell anemia. (livestrong.com)
Although an iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia, a B-12 deficiency or B-9 deficiency, also called folic acid, may cause low hemoglobin levels. (livestrong.com)
When the amount of hemoglobin in the red blood cells drops below the required levels, based on the age and gender of the person, it leads to a disorder of the blood known as anemia . (home-remedies-for-you.com)
Fewer red blood cells and lower hemoglobin levels may cause the person to develop anemia. (clevelandclinic.org)
Anemia is a blood disorder that occurs when there is not enough hemoglobin in a person's blood. (clevelandclinic.org)

A hemoglobin electrophoresis test measures the different types of hemoglobin in the blood. (kidshealth.org)
Why Are Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Tests Done? (kidshealth.org)
How Should We Prepare for a Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Test? (kidshealth.org)
This can affect the hemoglobin electrophoresis test. (kidshealth.org)
Can I Stay With My Child During a Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Test? (kidshealth.org)
How Long Does a Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Test Take? (kidshealth.org)
When Are Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Test Results Ready? (kidshealth.org)
Are There Any Risks From Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Tests? (kidshealth.org)
A hemoglobin electrophoresis test is a safe procedure with minimal risks. (kidshealth.org)
If you have questions about the hemoglobin electrophoresis test, speak with your doctor or the health professional doing the blood draw. (kidshealth.org)
Hemoglobin (HE-moh-gloh-bin) electrophoresis (ee-lek-troh-fo-REE-sis) is a blood test to find hemoglobin that is not normal. (drugs.com)
See all of hemoglobin electrophoresis , no other writeups in this node. (everything2.com)
This technique is a type of electrophoresis used to separate hemoglobin proteins from each other with an electric current . (everything2.com)
Hemoglobin electrophoresis is used as a screening test to identify normal and abnormal hemoglobins and assess their quantity. (medscape.com)
Hemoglobin electrophoresis has been superseded by more rapid, sensitive, and quantitative methods of hemoglobin separation. (medscape.com)
[ 3 ] Citrate agar electrophoresis at pH 6.0-6.2 provides better resolution for different hemoglobin variants. (medscape.com)
Evaluation of a suspected hemoglobinopathy should include electrophoresis of a hemolysate to detect abnormal hemoglobins and quantification of HbA 2 and HbF with column chromatography. (medscape.com)
A method useful for determining the content of a first hemoglobin in a blood sample which also contains other forms of hemoglobin is based on capillary electrophoresis. (google.com)
The testing might also include hemoglobin electrophoresis or iron studies. (rochester.edu)

Cite this: Hemoglobin A1c Misses Many Cases of Diabetes - Medscape - Mar 27, 2019. (medscape.com)

Haemoglobin in the blood carries oxygen from the lungs or gills to the rest of the body (i.e. the tissues). (wikipedia.org)
Other cells that contain haemoglobin include the A9 dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra , macrophages , alveolar cells , lungs, retinal pigment epithelium, hepatocytes, mesangial cells in the kidney, endometrial cells, cervical cells and vaginal epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
The principal function of hemoglobin is to combine and transport oxygen from the lungs following inhalation, and then deliver it to all body tissues, where it is required to provide energy for the chemical reactions of all living cells. (healthcentral.com)
Hemoglobin (Hb) constitutes a vital link between ambient O2 availability and aerobic metabolism by transporting oxygen (O2) from the respiratory surfaces of the lungs or gills to the O2-consuming tissues. (nih.gov)
The red respiratory protein of red blood cells that transports oxygen as oxyhemoglobin from the lungs to the tissues, where the oxygen is readily released and the oxyhemoglobin becomes hemoglobin. (dictionary.com)
When the red blood cell carrying hemoglobin returns to the lungs, where oxygen concentration is high, the cycle of oxygen binding, transport, and release starts again. (dictionary.com)
Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs. (mayoclinic.org)
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that moves oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body tissues. (ucsfhealth.org)
Hemoglobin transport is only one of a number of bodily mechanisms by which carbon dioxide travels from the tissues to the lungs for release to the air. (dictionary.com)
Oxygen entering the lungs attaches to the hemoglobin in the blood, which carries it to the tissues in the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
According to the Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassemic Disorders, hemoglobin bonds to oxygen molecules from the lungs and delivers them to cells throughout the body. (reference.com)
The major function of hemoglobin is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and then transport carbon dioxide out of the tissue back to th. (reference.com)
Haemoglobin, found in red blood cells, transports oxygen throughout the body from the lungs. (ehow.co.uk)
In a typical total blood volume of 5 litres, even though more than half is in the veins, we thus have about 0.75 litre of oxygen combined with haemoglobin in the blood, and we have about the same amount as gas in the lungs. (encyclopedia.com)
An example of hemoglobin is what brings oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissue. (yourdictionary.com)
The iron-containing protein (pigment) found in red blood cells.Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues. (medindia.net)
Hemoglobin transports oxygen from our lungs to the cells in our body. (blood.ca)
Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood from the lungs to the rest of the body. (wikibooks.org)
This is useful because, with a high affinity for oxygen in the lungs, hemoglobin can effectively bind to more oxygen. (wikibooks.org)
It is said that 97 percent of the oxygen carried by the blood from the lungs is carried through haemoglobin and the other three percent is dissolved by the plasma. (ndtv.com)
Hemoglobin is found in red blood cells binding to four oxygen molecules in the lungs and transports them to the tissues. (kenyon.edu)
Hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells, carries oxygen from your lungs through your bloodstream to all of your cells. (livestrong.com)

Haemoglobin and haemoglobin-like molecules are also found in many invertebrates, fungi, and plants. (wikipedia.org)
Hemoglobin consists of protein subunits (the "globin" molecules), and these proteins, in turn, are folded chains of a large number of different amino acids called polypeptides . (wikipedia.org)
Hemoglobin deficiency may be a result of structural abnormality in the hemoglobin molecules themselves. (infoplease.com)
You can't fully understand how hemoglobin molecules interact until you've seen them depicted through a classical pas de deux. (dictionary.com)
Each hemoglobin protein can carry four molecules of oxygen, which are delivered throughout the body by red blood cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
As soon as the blood sample contacts the reagent on the membrane, the red blood cells are lysed and the hemoglobin molecules are released and dispersed into the membrane by the action of surfactant. (google.ca)
Separation of hemoglobins is based on variable rates of migration of charged hemoglobin molecules in an electrical field. (medscape.com)
In these organisms, hemoglobins may carry oxygen, or they may act to transport and regulate other small molecules and ions such as carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide and sulfide. (wikipedia.org)
If there's not too much oxygen in the tissues, and we know that the hemoglobin is kind of constantly bumping into oxygen molecules and binding them. (khanacademy.org)

The most common type of hemoglobin in mammals contains four such subunits. (wikipedia.org)
The hemoglobins move on the paper and form bands that show the amount of each type of hemoglobin. (medlineplus.gov)
This is the main type of hemoglobin in an unborn baby's body. (medlineplus.gov)
You may also have a higher than normal level of one type of hemoglobin that may run in your family, but not cause disease. (drugs.com)
And what I mean by that is, thinking specifically about the type of hemoglobin. (khanacademy.org)
Most people who are heterozygous - having one variant gene and one standard hemoglobin gene - for a hemoglobin variant have no symptoms and may not know that they carry this type of hemoglobin. (diabetesincontrol.com)

Glycated hemoglobin ( hemoglobin A1c , HbA1c , A1C , or less commonly HgbA1c, haemoglobin A1c, HbA 1c , Hb1c, etc.) is a form of hemoglobin that is bound to glucose. (wikipedia.org)
Carboxyhemoglobin: An abnormal form of hemoglobin that has attached to carbon monoxide instead of oxygen or carbon dioxide. (ucsfhealth.org)
Sulfhemoglobin: A rare abnormal form of hemoglobin that can't carry oxygen. (ucsfhealth.org)
There is more than one hemoglobin gene: in humans, hemoglobin A (the main form of hemoglobin present) is coded for by the genes, HBA1, HBA2, and HBB. (wikipedia.org)
In the method, a specific binding partner to the first form of hemoglobin is added to the sample, and the sample is then subjected to. (google.com)
c) determining the content of the first form of hemoglobin in the sample from the electropherogram. (google.com)
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the first form of hemoglobin is a glycosylated hemoglobin. (google.com)
f) determining the absolute concentration of the first form of hemoglobin in the sample from a standard curve of protein concentration versus the ratio of protein signal to internal standard signal. (google.com)
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the first form of hemoglobin is Hb A 1c . (google.com)
Hemoglobin Gower 1 (also referred to as ζ2ε2 or HbE Gower-1) is a form of hemoglobin existing only during embryonic life, and is the primary embryonic hemoglobin. (wikipedia.org)
Hemoglobin Gower 2 (also referred to as α2ε2 or HbE Gower-2) is a form of hemoglobin existing at low levels during embryonic and fetal life. (wikipedia.org)
Hemoglobin Portland I (also referred to as ζ2γ2 or HbE Portland-1) is a form of hemoglobin existing at low levels during embryonic and fetal life, composed of two zeta chains and two gamma chains. (wikipedia.org)

Hemoglobin A1c was first separated from other forms of hemoglobin by Huisman and Meyering in 1958 using a chromatographic column . (wikipedia.org)
The composition of the globin chain can vary, giving rise to several normal and abnormal forms of hemoglobin. (healthcentral.com)
You may have this test if your health care provider suspects that you have a disorder caused by abnormal forms of hemoglobin ( hemoglobinopathy ). (medlineplus.gov)
Hemoglobin derivatives are altered forms of hemoglobin . (ucsfhealth.org)
The altered forms of hemoglobin do not allow oxygen to be moved properly through the body. (ucsfhealth.org)

Doctors may order the test to help diagnose conditions related to irregular hemoglobin production, such as sickle cell disease or thalassemia. (kidshealth.org)
Due to its relative stability compared to hemoglobin Gower 1 and hemoglobin S, it has been proposed as a subject for reactivation in the adult in cases of severe β thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies in subjects for which the reactivation of hemoglobin F is contraindicated due to toxicity concerns. (wikipedia.org)
Hemoglobin E/thalassemia. (rochester.edu)
This means you have 1 hemoglobin gene from 1 parent, and a beta-thalassemia gene from the other parent. (rochester.edu)

A hemoglobin A1c test measures how much a person's glucose levels have been in and out of the healthy (or target) range during the last 2-3 months. (kidshealth.org)
If too much glucose builds up in blood, it binds to hemoglobin. (kidshealth.org)
[3] Normal levels of glucose produce a normal amount of glycated hemoglobin. (wikipedia.org)
As the average amount of plasma glucose increases, the fraction of glycated hemoglobin increases in a predictable way. (wikipedia.org)
In diabetes mellitus , higher amounts of glycated hemoglobin, indicating poorer control of blood glucose levels, have been associated with cardiovascular disease , nephropathy , neuropathy , and retinopathy . (wikipedia.org)
The use of hemoglobin A1c for monitoring the degree of control of glucose metabolism in diabetic patients was proposed in 1976 by Anthony Cerami , Ronald Koenig and coworkers. (wikipedia.org)
Doctors order blood tests to check things such as the levels of glucose , hemoglobin, or white blood cells. (kidshealth.org)
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - The hemoglobin A1c blood test used widely to diagnose diabetes is "highly unreliable" with a significant tendency to miss cases of diabetes and overestimate the prevalence of normal glucose tolerance (NGT), according to new research. (medscape.com)
Clinicians "should not rely solely" on hemoglobin A1c, and perhaps for high-risk patients should "pursue oral glucose-tolerance test to further elucidate a diagnosis," Dr. Maria Mercedes Chang Villacreses said during a press briefing at The Endocrine Society's annual meeting in New Orleans, where the findings were presented March 23. (medscape.com)
However, in an effort to smooth the transition to the new units, as well as to help both physicians and patients appreciate the clinical context of various hemoglobin A1c levels, many laboratories are now reporting eAG (estimated average glucose) along with every hemoglobin A1c level. (medscape.com)
Chan CL, Pyle L, Newnes L, Nadeau KJ, Zeitler PS, Kelsey MM. Continuous glucose monitoring and its relationship to hemoglobin A1c and oral glucose tolerance testing in obese and prediabetic youth. (medscape.com)
a stable glycoprotein formed when glucose binds to hemoglobin A in the blood Blood sugar was assessed by measuring the amount of hemoglobin A1c in the participants' blood, a test that looks for hemoglobin with sugar attached to it. (merriam-webster.com)
HbA1c is formed as a result of binding of glucose with hemoglobin present in red blood cells. (medindia.net)
Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c or A1c) Calculator calculates average blood glucose level, which is directly related to HbA1c. (medindia.net)
Excessive glucose in one's blood can attach to hemoglobin and raise the level of hemoglobin A1c. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike using a blood glucose meter - which captures your sugar levels at a given point in time , the Hemoglobin A1c test captures your body's sugar level over a three month period. (howstuffworks.com)
HbA1c is a glycated hemoglobin formed by a binding reaction between an amine group of hemoglobin and the glucose aldehyde group, for example between the amino group of the N-terminal valine of the β-chain of hemoglobin and the glucose aldehyde group. (google.com)
The percentage of HbA1c (i.e. the amount of glycated hemoglobin relative to total hemaglobin in the blood) has come to be taken as a measure of the level of blood glucose control a diabetic patient has maintained for a period of two or three months prior to the measurement. (google.com)
At any given average glucose level, high variability results in higher glycosylated hemoglobin level. (diabetesincontrol.com)
It is possible that low hemoglobin A1c test results indicate a mix of incidents of high blood glucose and hypoglycemia. (wisegeek.com)
As a person's blood sugar gets higher, glucose attaches to hemoglobin (a substance inside red blood cells that carries oxygen to cells). (rchsd.org)
The glucose remains attached to the hemoglobin for the life of the red blood cell, or about 2 to 3 months. (rchsd.org)

Hemoglobin variants and hemoglobin A1c analysis: problem solved? (medscape.com)
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the macromolecular specific binding partner is an antibody that specifically binds Hb A 1c and lacks significant binding affinity for Hb A and other hemoglobin variants. (google.com)
Two new haemoglobin variants in a very young human embryo. (wikipedia.org)
According to the NGSP - The hemoglobin A1C (A1C) test can be unreliable for diagnosing or monitoring diabetes and prediabetes in people with inherited hemoglobin variants, also called hemoglobinopathies. (diabetesincontrol.com)
Hemoglobins S and E are prevalent variants in people of African, Mediterranean, or Southeast Asian descent. (diabetesincontrol.com)
Reliable A1C tests that do not cause interference with hemoglobin variants are available. (diabetesincontrol.com)

High hemoglobin A1c levels can happen when someone's blood sugars have been higher than their healthy range. (kidshealth.org)
High hemoglobin level is most often caused by low oxygen levels in the blood (hypoxia), present over a long period of time. (medlineplus.gov)
What is the cause of the low hemoglobin levels? (healthcentral.com)
Certain diseases are associated with high HbF levels (when HbF is more than 2% of the total hemoglobin). (medlineplus.gov)
Doctors will order a hemoglobin test to check for low or high levels of red blood cells. (kidshealth.org)
High levels of hemoglobin derivatives can lead to major health problems. (ucsfhealth.org)
What's to know about hemoglobin levels? (medicalnewstoday.com)
Here, we will look at the role of hemoglobin, and how levels of it in the blood are tested. (medicalnewstoday.com)
How are hemoglobin levels tested? (medicalnewstoday.com)
Hemoglobin levels are measured by a blood test. (medicalnewstoday.com)
High hemoglobin levels could be indicative of the rare blood disease, polycythemia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Here is a list of the most common causes of elevated haemoglobin levels. (ehow.co.uk)
A simple blood test is all it takes to find out if your haemoglobin levels are normal. (ehow.co.uk)
If you are dehydrated at the time of the test, your haemoglobin levels may be falsely elevated. (ehow.co.uk)
If this is the case, haemoglobin levels will return to normal upon proper hydration. (ehow.co.uk)
Although the mechanism hasn't quite been worked out, smokers have a tendency to have elevated haemoglobin levels. (ehow.co.uk)
Injecting erythropoietin (EPO) to enhance athletic performance can also cause high haemoglobin levels. (ehow.co.uk)
The fact that this medication, which stimulates the production of red blood cells, is used to treat anaemia is a sure sign that it can raise the haemoglobin levels of a healthy person to excess. (ehow.co.uk)
Less commonly, high haemoglobin levels are caused by more serious conditions. (ehow.co.uk)
Other types of heart and lung diseases in addition to exposure to toxins are all possible (but rare) causes of elevated haemoglobin levels. (ehow.co.uk)
C peptide levels, B12 & Hemoglobin levels high. (diabetesdaily.com)
This new finding is critical: understanding how hemoglobin levels are controlled at a genetic level has significant public health implications for people of all ages in developing and developed countries", explains Dr John Chambers, from the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health at Imperial College London and one of the lead authors of the study. (redorbit.com)
Changes in hemoglobin levels can also affect our susceptibility to diseases like malaria, which infect the red blood cells" says Professor Kooner, from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London and the study's chief investigator. (redorbit.com)
The new research adds to our understanding of the multiple causes of problems with hemoglobin levels, which include an iron-deficient diet, chronic diseases such as cancer, and genetic associations, such as the one described in this paper. (redorbit.com)
In the future, the finding could lead to new treatments for people suffering from chronic problems with hemoglobin levels not linked to iron in the diet. (redorbit.com)
Designing a drug that enhances TMPRSS6 activity could augment hemoglobin in people such as cancer and kidney failure patients, who suffer from chronically low levels. (redorbit.com)
A different drug that blocked TMPRSS6 enzyme production might bring down high hemoglobin levels", adds Dr Chambers. (redorbit.com)
This test measures the body's blood levels of hemoglobin. (brighthub.com)
When the hemoglobin levels in the blood are elevated, polycythemia vera can occur. (brighthub.com)
Many environmental factors and poor health decisions can cause hemoglobin levels to rise. (brighthub.com)
One reason a test may be done to measure hemoglobin levels is to monitor previous medical conditions. (brighthub.com)
Testing hemoglobin levels can also be used to view a persons overall health. (brighthub.com)
Monitoring the bloods hemoglobin levels can help test for many medical disorders. (brighthub.com)
The test for measuring hemoglobin levels is relatively simple. (brighthub.com)
Diabetes screening is done using blood tests like fasting blood sugar and hemoglobin A1c levels. (medindia.net)
Low hemoglobin levels may leave you feeling more tired than usual during exercise. (livestrong.com)
When hemoglobin levels are low, your tissues and organs do not receive enough oxygen. (livestrong.com)
Do Certain Foods Raise Hemoglobin Blood Levels? (livestrong.com)
AMSTERDAM -- High levels of hemoglobin may be dangerous in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), with bleeding a potential remedy, researchers said here. (medpagetoday.com)
Some research has linked hemoglobin levels to the level of liver damage in NAFLD patients, as well as suggesting that excess iron may be overtly hepatotoxic -- that is, not just an epiphenomenon in NAFLD. (medpagetoday.com)
High hemoglobin levels were associated with younger patient age, higher blood lipid levels, and increased ALT and AST, Peltec and colleagues reported. (medpagetoday.com)
Normal hemoglobin levels are different in women and in men. (blood.ca)
Why does Canadian Blood Services measure hemoglobin levels? (blood.ca)
Donating blood with low hemoglobin levels may cause you to become anemic. (blood.ca)
We recommend that you see your doctor to check your hemoglobin levels and iron stores (ferritin). (blood.ca)
If your doctor has started you on iron pills, you may return to donate six months after starting them, if your hemoglobin and iron levels are back to normal. (blood.ca)
What steps can I take to improve my hemoglobin levels? (blood.ca)
As per Nutritionist Sujetha Shetty, "Consuming foods that are rich in iron, folic acid and vitamin B-12 help in maintaining haemoglobin levels. (ndtv.com)
As per the National Anaemia Action Council, iron deficiency is one of the most common causes of low haemoglobin levels. (ndtv.com)
Drink pomegranate juice daily in order to ensure your haemoglobin levels are at par. (ndtv.com)
Dates provide ample sources of iron that increases haemoglobin levels in the blood. (ndtv.com)
Beetroot is one of the best ways to increase haemoglobin levels. (ndtv.com)
His haemoglobin level has risen and carbon-dioxide levels have come down, but he will continue to need oxygen," she added. (ndtv.com)
The hemoglobin A1c (A1c) test is a measure of blood sugar levels that is more reliable than the standard finger prick test performed at home, using a blood sugar meter. (wisegeek.com)
If sugar levels are high in the blood, they will bind to hemoglobin. (wisegeek.com)
The hemoglobin A1c test provides a reliable measure of blood sugar levels over the past three months, which is the approximate lifespan of a red blood cell. (wisegeek.com)
Since it measures the amount of glycated hemoglobin in the red blood cells, the hemoglobin A1c test provides an estimate of blood sugar levels over the preceding months. (wisegeek.com)
One might expect that low levels from a hemoglobin A1c test would be considered healthy for a diabetic, but this may not be the case. (wisegeek.com)
It will take your body a week to start manufacturing more red blood cells and hemoglobin levels should rise within three weeks. (livestrong.com)
Stomach ulcers and heavy menstrual bleeding can also cause low hemoglobin levels. (livestrong.com)
Treat the underlying cause of your low hemoglobin to stabilize hemoglobin levels. (livestrong.com)
Iron is responsible in determining the blood's hemoglobin levels. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
Nutritional deficiency, particularly the deficiency of iron, vitamin B12 or folic acid, is the most common cause of low levels of hemoglobin in the blood. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
There are several natural remedies that can increase the levels of hemoglobin in the red blood cells. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
Eat ripe bananas, as they are rich in iron and bananas mixed with honey twice daily are believed to increase the levels of hemoglobin. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
Hence, individuals afflicted with low levels of hemoglobin are recommended to add foods with a high content of Vitamin C in their diets. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
This will also raise your hemoglobin levels very rapidly. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
Human Hemoglobin ELISA Kit is an in vitro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantitative measurement of Hemoglobin levels in human serum and plasma. (abcam.com)
If a disease or condition affects the body's production of red blood cells, the hemoglobin levels may drop. (clevelandclinic.org)

Hemoglobin is the iron-carrying protein found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen. (healthcentral.com)
Normally, iron binds with oxygen to form rust (iron oxide), but the structure of hemoglobin prevents this from happening, since it would inactivate the heme subunits. (dictionary.com)
To cope, the body produces extra haemoglobin so it can maximise the amount of oxygen it binds to. (ehow.co.uk)
The conformation of hemoglobin also changes as the oxygen binds to the iron, raising both the iron and the histidine residue bound to it. (wikibooks.org)
Once sugar binds to the hemoglobin, it stays bound. (wisegeek.com)
Because what's happening is that as each oxygen binds, it actually changes the conformation or shape of hemoglobin. (khanacademy.org)

Therefore, genetic fusion to prevent the dissociation of the hemoglobin tetramer, thereby inhibiting renal clearance based upon molecular size, is a structurally conservative method to stabilize hemoglobin for use as an oxygen-delivery therapeutic. (rcsb.org)
Hemoglobin is a tetramer with two pairs of globin chains, each containing an identical heme group. (medscape.com)
Embryonic hemoglobin is a tetramer produced in the blood islands in the embryonic yolk sac during the mesoblastic stage (from 3rd week of pregnancy until 3 months). (wikipedia.org)
Hemoglobin ( Haemoglobin in many varieties of English and often abbreviated to 'Hb') is a tetramer consisting of two dimers that bind to oxygen. (wikibooks.org)

In 1959, Max Perutz determined the molecular structure of hemoglobin by X-ray crystallography . (wikipedia.org)
The glycine crosslinks, localized between one N- and C--termini pair of the alpha subunits in the deoxy crystalline state, do not perturb the overall tertiary or quaternary or even the local structure of hemoglobin. (rcsb.org)
The 3D structure of hemoglobin, PDB ID 1hho [1] . (wikibooks.org)
The three-dimensional structure of hemoglobin was solved using X-ray crystallography in 1959 by Max Perutz. (wikibooks.org)
The structure of hemoglobin is very similar to the single polypeptide chain in myoglobin despite the fact that their amino acid sequences differ at 83% of the residues. (wikibooks.org)

Both the glycoprotein and the test are also called A1c , glycated hemoglobin , glycohemoglobin , glycosylated hemoglobin , HA1c , and HbA1c . (merriam-webster.com)
Glycated/Glycosylated Hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) test checks your average blood sugar level in the past 3 months. (medindia.net)
The present invention relates to a process for the determination of the amount of irreversibly glycated hemoglobin, or HbA1c, present in a sample of blood, relative to the amount of total hemoglobin. (google.com)
This report analyzes the worldwide markets for Hemoglobin A1c Monitoring in US$ by the following Test Types: HbA1c Laboratory Testing, and HbA1c Point of Care Testing. (reportlinker.com)

[11] In these tissues, haemoglobin has a non-oxygen-carrying function as an antioxidant and a regulator of iron metabolism . (wikipedia.org)
The enriched hemoglobin circulates and is carried through the body to the tissues, where the nitric oxide dilates the small capillaries, allowing hemoglobin to deliver its oxygen to the tissues. (infoplease.com)
In this way, hemoglobin stops itself from competing with the tissues for needed oxygen. (dictionary.com)
Haemoglobin not only distributes oxygen as it is required by the tissues but is also an important store of the gas. (encyclopedia.com)
As oxygen pressure reduces below that required for full saturation, haemoglobin is relatively little desaturated until and unless the oxygen pressure reaches about the level which blood normally encounters in the oxygen-using tissues: it then parts with it readily. (encyclopedia.com)
deoxygenated hemoglobin accessorizes a feedback loop by reducing nitrite to NO, a vasodilator which enhances blood flow to oxygen-deprived tissues. (mpbio.com)
Hemoglobin, or haemoglobin (spelling differences) (Greek αἷμα (haîma, "blood") + -in) + -o- + globulin (from Latin globus ("ball, sphere") + -in) (/ˈhiːməˌɡloʊbɪn, ˈhɛ-, -moʊ-/), abbreviated Hb or Hgb, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells (erythrocytes) of almost all vertebrates (the exception being the fish family Channichthyidae) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
Once it reaches the muscle, where the pH is lower, the lowered affinity for oxygen allows hemoglobin to release its oxygen into the tissues. (wikibooks.org)

The following values, except sulfhemoglobin, represent the percentage of hemoglobin derivatives based on total hemoglobin. (ucsfhealth.org)
We showed that intrinsic total hemoglobin contrast holds promise as an adjunct to diagnostic mammography and ultrasound for distinguishing early-stage invasive breast cancers from benign lesions," they added. (medpagetoday.com)
The total hemoglobin contrast may also help to distinguish some high-risk proliferative lesions from nonproliferative lesions. (medpagetoday.com)
Light absorption was measured at two optical wavelengths, and lesion angiogenesis was calculated from total hemoglobin concentration and compared with biopsy results. (medpagetoday.com)
Women found to have malignant lesions underwent excision, and total hemoglobin was compared with pathologic parameters. (medpagetoday.com)
The in situ and T1 lesions had mean and mean maximal total hemoglobin values of 71.9 and 102.0 µmol/L, respectively. (medpagetoday.com)
For large ultrasound-visible lesions, this technique can provide some total hemoglobin distribution features, such as heterogeneous peripheral enhancement and/or posterior shadowing, that can add diagnostic value to ultrasound," Zhu and colleagues wrote. (medpagetoday.com)
In addition, the total hemoglobin distribution can be monitored and used to assess response in patients who have locally advanced cancers and who are undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. (medpagetoday.com)
Because the amount of oxygen dissolved in the sample is known, the total hemoglobin is determined by subtracting the amount of free oxygen from the total oxygen measured, recognizing the fast equilibrium Hb+O 2 ⇄HbO 2 . (google.com)

Doctors check hemoglobin A1c tests in kids with diabetes. (kidshealth.org)
Hemoglobin A1c has become the primary method of screening and diagnosing diabetes. (medscape.com)
Impact of common genetic determinants of Hemoglobin A1c on type 2 diabetes risk and diagnosis in ancestrally diverse populations: A transethnic genome-wide meta-analysis. (nih.gov)
For any diabetic, the Hemoglobin A1c test will help you and your doctor to better manage your diabetes. (howstuffworks.com)
Most people who have diabetes should keep their hemoglobin A1c under seven percent . (howstuffworks.com)
The hemoglobin A1c test is an important part of your diabetes management plan and can help you tell whether your plan is working. (howstuffworks.com)
Hemoglobin A1c in Diabetes: Panacea or Pointless? (diabetesjournals.org)

Many different types of hemoglobin (Hb) exist. (medlineplus.gov)
This causes the different types of hemoglobin to move apart. (drugs.com)

The reader is also introduced to oxidation of oxyhemoglobin by reductants, the kinetics of oxygen binding to human red blood cells, and oxidation of human hemoglobin by copper. (elsevier.com)

In another study, elevated hemoglobin level appeared to adversely influence the cardiovascular risk profile in patients with NAFLD. (medpagetoday.com)

The crystal structures of three recombinant human hemoglobins, rHb1. (rcsb.org)

Carbon dioxide does not bind the heme in hemoglobin, but rather the amino groups at the ends of the hemoglobin's protein subunits. (dictionary.com)
The process whereby hemoglobin performs this essential physiological role is characterized by a cooperative interaction among its constituent subunits. (springer.com)
These cells also expressed hemoglobin protein subunits as determined by probing Western blots with three different anti-hemoglobin antibodies. (cdc.gov)
The human hemoglobin protein is made up of four subunits, two identical alpha subunits ( A and C , 141 residues) and two identical beta subunits ( B and D , 146 residues). (kenyon.edu)

The amount of hemoglobin in the blood averages between 12 and 16 grams/100 milliliters of blood in adult females, about 14 and 18 in males, and somewhat less in children. (healthcentral.com)
Not only does it help in increasing the amount of hemoglobin in the blood cells, but is also a rich source of minerals such as manganese, iron and copper. (home-remedies-for-you.com)

of this is hemoglobin (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, or MCHC, normally is 32 to 36 percent). (britannica.com)
A chapter that assesses the effect of physiological parameters, such as pH, oxygen concentration, protein concentration, non-gelling hemoglobins, and the erythrocyte membrane, on the kinetics of polymerization of deoxyhemoglobin S concludes the book. (elsevier.com)
The reflection is inversely proportional to hemoglobin concentration. (google.ca)
The intensity of the reflected light is converted to hemoglobin concentration, g/dL, or mmol/L by an interpolative comparison with stored reflection data indicative of known hemoglobin contents. (google.ca)
To maintain a material balance hemoglobin must then diffuse back and can carry small amounts of oxygen against a concentration gradient of oxygen. (springer.com)
Cell specialised for oxygen transport, having a high concentration of hemoglobin in the cytoplasm. (medindia.net)
thus, the absorbance, at 450 nm, is a measure of the concentration of Hemoglobin in the test sample. (abcam.com)

Contributors discuss the biochemical and clinical aspects of hemoglobin abnormalities and cover topics ranging from amino acid substitutions to sickle cell disease, glycosylated hemoglobins, cystamine inhibition of sickling, and gelation of sickle cell hemoglobin. (elsevier.com)

1992) Biochemistry 31, 8619-8628] has been transformed into a functionally homogeneous protein whose properties closely approximate those of normal hemoglobin A. (rcsb.org)
1992) Biochemistry 31, 8619-8628] has been transformed into a functionally homogeneous protein whose properties closely approximate those of normal hemoglobin A. Both of the alpha and beta chains of this hemoglobin contain a valine-methionine substitution at position 1 in order to accommodate the difference in specificity of the protein-processing enzymes of procaryotes. (rcsb.org)
The focus of research of the Biochemistry of Hemoglobin (Hb)-based Substitutes Section is on the structural-functional characterization of modified Hb in relation to its redox (reduction-oxidation) chemistry and toxicity. (fda.gov)

A high hemoglobin A1c level may mean that a child's medicines need to be adjusted. (kidshealth.org)
How long does it take with diet alone to increase the hemoglobin level? (healthcentral.com)
A hemoglobin blood test helps doctors check the level of red blood cells. (kidshealth.org)
If a hemoglobin test shows a higher than normal level, there are several potential causes - the blood disorder polycythemia vera, living at a high altitude, smoking and dehydration. (mayoclinic.org)
The range for a normal hemoglobin level may differ from one medical practice to another. (mayoclinic.org)
If your hemoglobin level is below or above normal, your doctor may want to evaluate the hemoglobin test results along with those of other tests, or additional tests may be necessary, to determine next steps. (mayoclinic.org)
A low level of hemoglobin in the blood relates directly to a low level of oxygen. (medicalnewstoday.com)
What Is a Normal Hemoglobin Level? (reference.com)
A low haemoglobin level, a condition known as anaemia, is fairly common and has serious effects. (ehow.co.uk)
A gene with a significant effect on regulating hemoglobin in the body has been identified as part of a genome-wide association study, which looked at the link between genes and hemoglobin level in 16,000 people. (redorbit.com)
A modified diet rich in Folate, Vitamin B12 and Iron is essential for the rapid rise in hemoglobin level. (medindia.net)
It is important that you do not donate blood if your hemoglobin level is low. (blood.ca)
We check each donor's hemoglobin level at the clinic before every donation with an onsite finger stick test. (blood.ca)
If your hemoglobin level is below 110 g/L, you should see your physician for further testing. (blood.ca)
Most people who have low hemoglobin are able to improve their iron level and hemoglobin count and become eligible donors once again, provide that they meet all other eligibility criteria. (blood.ca)
A folic acid deficiency may lead to a low haemoglobin level. (ndtv.com)
Is it possible that hypoglycemia increases the hemoglobin level? (wisegeek.com)
Recent studies have shown that the level of hemoglobin in the body can be boosted by foods rich in iron. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
Bananas too have been found to be quite beneficial in increasing the level of hemoglobin. (home-remedies-for-you.com)

In this assay the Hemoglobin present in samples reacts with the anti-Hemoglobin antibodies which have been adsorbed to the surface of polystyrene microtitre wells. (abcam.com)
After the removal of unbound proteins by washing, anti-Hemoglobin antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), are added. (abcam.com)

Your search returned 94 Hemoglobin mu ELISA ELISA Kit across 9 suppliers. (biocompare.com)

Hemoglobin also combines very easily with carbon monoxide , forming carboxyhemoglobin . (daviddarling.info)
Such countergradient diffusion can take place in the oxygen-carbon monoxide-hemoglobin system. (springer.com)
Hemoglobin can also bind to carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. (kenyon.edu)

This is a deficiency of hemoglobin , or red corpuscles, or both. (dictionary.com)
One of the most common conditions that humans tend to suffer from is deficiency of haemoglobin . (ndtv.com)

fetal hemoglobin), hemoglobin C (HbC), and hemoglobin S (HbS). (medscape.com)
Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) has two α- and two γ-globin chains (α 2 γ 2 ). (medscape.com)
Also worth mentioning is the fact that fetal hemoglobin has a noticeably higher affinity for oxygen than does maternal hemoglobin. (wikibooks.org)

What Is a Hemoglobin A1c Test? (kidshealth.org)
Sometimes a hemoglobin A1c test is done as part of a routine checkup to screen for problems. (kidshealth.org)
If you have questions about the hemoglobin A1c test or what the test results mean, talk to your doctor. (kidshealth.org)
The hemoglobin test measures how much hemoglobin is in your blood. (medlineplus.gov)
The hemoglobin test is a common test and is almost always done as part of a complete blood count (CBC). (medlineplus.gov)
If you have questions about the hemoglobin test or what the results of the test mean, speak with your doctor. (kidshealth.org)
A hemoglobin test measures the amount of hemoglobin in your blood. (mayoclinic.org)
Your doctor may suggest a hemoglobin test if you're experiencing weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath or dizziness. (mayoclinic.org)
A hemoglobin test may help diagnose these or other medical conditions. (mayoclinic.org)
If your blood sample is being tested only for hemoglobin, you can eat and drink normally before the test. (mayoclinic.org)
For a hemoglobin test, a member of your health care team takes a sample of blood by pricking your fingertip or inserting a needle into a vein in your arm. (mayoclinic.org)
For specifics about what your hemoglobin test results mean, talk to your doctor. (mayoclinic.org)
This article discusses the test used to detect and measure the amount of hemoglobin derivatives in your blood. (ucsfhealth.org)
Hemoglobin tests are usually conducted to test the blood for the amount of hemoglobin present in the blood. (brighthub.com)
Hemoglobin test are often given to test for underlying health conditions. (brighthub.com)
Why is a Hemoglobin Test Used? (brighthub.com)
In order to diagnose many medical conditions, a hemoglobin test is often conducted. (brighthub.com)
The hemoglobin A1c test is also called 'glycosylated hemoglobin' test or 'glycated hemoglobin' test. (howstuffworks.com)
Hemoglobin A1c Test" 1 April 2008. (howstuffworks.com)
We test each donor's hemoglobin at our donations centres and we require a minimum of 120 g/L (females) and 125g/L (male) to be eligible to donate at the time of your appointment. (blood.ca)
I am a healthy female donor, but I seem to fail my hemoglobin test every second time. (blood.ca)
This forms glycated hemoglobin , which is detected by a hemoglobin A1c laboratory test. (wisegeek.com)
There are certain individuals for whom the hemoglobin A1c test is not recommended. (wisegeek.com)
The quantity of Hemoglobin in the test sample can be interpolated from the standard curve constructed from the standards, and corrected for sample dilution. (abcam.com)

[6] Haemoglobin has an oxygen-binding capacity of 1.34 mL O 2 per gram, [7] which increases the total blood oxygen capacity seventy-fold compared to dissolved oxygen in blood. (wikipedia.org)

It's got millions and millions and millions of hemoglobin proteins. (khanacademy.org)

It shows a strong association between a gene known as TMPRSS6 and the regulation of hemoglobin. (redorbit.com)
Hemoglobin gene expression has been previously reported in activated macrophages from adult mice, and recent studies indicate that alveolar epithelial cells can be derived from hematopoietic stem cells. (cdc.gov)
Hemoglobin is used to study paradigm for the regulation of gene expression and cellular differentiation. (mpbio.com)
Hemoglobin E trait is caused by a gene defect. (rochester.edu)
This means you have 1 hemoglobin gene from each parent. (rochester.edu)
This causes a slight defect in the hemoglobin beta, or HBB, gene. (rochester.edu)

The name hemoglobin is derived from the words heme and globin , reflecting the fact that each subunit of hemoglobin is a globular protein with an embedded heme group. (wikipedia.org)

The definition of hemoglobin is the red iron pigment that makes red blood cells red. (yourdictionary.com)

Normal hemoglobin carries and delivers oxygen well, but some abnormal types of hemoglobin do not. (kidshealth.org)
The normal hemoglobin content of blood is 13.5-18.0 g/100 ml in men and 11.5-16.5 g/100 ml in women. (daviddarling.info)
Their red blood corpuscles and hemoglobin are distinctly below normal. (dictionary.com)
It is completely normal and expected for the hemoglobin to drop a bit as pregnancy progresses. (medhelp.org)
High amounts of this type of abnormal hemoglobin prevent the normal movement of oxygen by the blood. (ucsfhealth.org)
This is an expression which indicates the amount of hemoglobin in each red corpuscle compared with the normal amount. (dictionary.com)
The alpha globin obtained from the E. coli expressed hemoglobin was also combined with normal human beta chains and hemin to form the alphaV1M variant. (rcsb.org)
Normal adult hemoglobin (HbA) has two α- and two β-globin chains (α 2 β 2 ). (medscape.com)
Murine monoclonal antibodies against human normal and variant hemoglobins may be used for identification and/or quantification of hemoglobins, such as HbF measurement with radial immunodiffusion or HbF-containing erythrocytes (F-cells) with flow cytometry. (medscape.com)
Most people with hemoglobin E trait and hemoglobin E disease will live a healthy, normal life. (rochester.edu)
Most people with hemoglobin E disease will live a healthy, normal life. (rochester.edu)
According to Sujetha Shetty, Nutritionist at Gympik.com, "Ideally a male needs 13.5 to 17.5 grams per decilitre and female needs 12.0 to 15.5 grams per decilitre haemoglobin that is deemed as normal. (ndtv.com)

Hemoglobin adducts were used as a marker of exposure for this chemical substance. (cdc.gov)
Hemoglobin is a substance contained within erythrocytes (red blood cells) that is responsible for their color and their remarkably high oxygen -carrying capacity. (daviddarling.info)
Hemoglobin, the substance that gives color to red blood cells, is the substance that allows for the transport of oxygen throughout the body. (clevelandclinic.org)
Hemoglobin is a substance in red blood cells that makes it possible for blood to transport (carry) oxygen throughout the body. (clevelandclinic.org)

10. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said hemoglobin content of said blood sample can vary between 4 to 24 g/dl of said blood sample volume. (google.ca)
2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein the hemoglobin is reduced gastrointestinal effect hemoglobin, low gastrointestinal effect hemoglobin, low pressor effect hemoglobin, or hemoglobin which exhibits decreased aggregate formation when stored in solution in deoxygenated form for prolonged periods. (freepatentsonline.com)
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the partially deoxygenated hemoglobin solution contains less than 1000 parts per million of oxygen. (google.com.au)
7. The composition of claim 1 wherein the reducing agent is less than 3 moles of reducing agent per mole of hemoglobin. (google.com.au)
9. The composition of claim 1 wherein the storage stable hemoglobin is storage stable for at least one year. (google.com.au)
10. The composition of claim 1 wherein the storage stable hemoglobin is storage stable for at least six months. (google.com.au)
12. The composition of claim 1 wherein the storage stable hemoglobin is storage stable up to 40 C. (google.com.au)

Hemoglobin (HEE-muh-glow-bin) is the protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen. (kidshealth.org)
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. (medlineplus.gov)

Hemoglobin is involved in the transport of other gases: It carries some of the body's respiratory carbon dioxide (about 20-25% of the total [9] ) as carbaminohemoglobin , in which CO 2 is bound to the heme protein. (wikipedia.org)
When oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, the color changes to crimson red. (wikibooks.org)
Hemoglobin oxygen binding is classified as cooperative binding meaning that once one oxygen is bound to a heme, the other three hemes have a higher affinity for oxygen. (kenyon.edu)
Once the oxygen is bound to the hemoglobin it is moved via blood in the arteries. (kenyon.edu)
The majority is bound to hemoglobin. (khanacademy.org)
These enzyme-labeled antibodies form complexes with the previously bound Hemoglobin. (abcam.com)

A healthy individual has 12 to 16 grams of haemoglobin in every 100 ml of blood. (wikipedia.org)
Hemoglobin, or Hb, is usually expressed in grams per deciliter (g/dL) of blood. (medicalnewstoday.com)
1. A pharmaceutical composition for transporting and releasing oxygen comprising a suspension of from about 5 to about 20 grams of reduced lesion hemoglobin per deciliter of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. (freepatentsonline.com)
Hemoglobin is considered low if it is less than 13 grams per deciliter, or g/dL, for men and 12 g/dL for women. (livestrong.com)

Hemoglobin is the part of red blood cells (RBCs) that has iron and carries oxygen. (drugs.com)

The average human contains about 4 g (0.14 oz) of iron, a lot of which circulates as hemoglobin. (daviddarling.info)
Hemoglobin is also found in many invertebrates, where it circulates freely in the blood. (dictionary.com)

Hemoglobin (Hb) Sherwood Forest is a rare high-affinity hemoglobin first described in 1977, arising from an Arg to Thr substitution at codon 104 of the beta chain. (hindawi.com)

Anatomy7

Organisms8

Diseases24

Chemicals and Drugs60

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

Phenomena and Processes26

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science2

Health Care6

Coupling of the oxygen-linked interaction energy for inositol hexakisphosphate and bezafibrate binding to human HbA0. (1/606)

Altered ligand rebinding kinetics due to distal-side effects in hemoglobin chico (Lysbeta66(E10) --> thr). (2/606)

Sickle hemoglobin polymer melting in high concentration phosphate buffer. (3/606)

Physiological effects of modified hemoglobin as an oxygen-carrying macromolecule. (4/606)

Metal complexes as allosteric effectors of human hemoglobin: an NMR study of the interaction of the gadolinium(III) bis(m-boroxyphenylamide)diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid complex with human oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. (5/606)

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) synthesis in baboons, Papio cynocephalus. Analysis of fetal and adult hemoglobin synthesis during fetal development. (6/606)

Kinetic studies on the binding affinity of human hemoglobin for the 4th carbon monoxide molecule, L4. (7/606)

Iron nutritional status in preterm infants fed formulas fortified with iron. (8/606)

Hemoglobins

Hemoglobin A

Hemoglobins, Abnormal

Fetal Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin, Sickle

Hemoglobin C

Oxyhemoglobins

Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated

Hemoglobin E

Hemoglobin A2

Methemoglobin

Truncated Hemoglobins

Anemia

Hemoglobinopathies

Carboxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobinometry

Oxygen

Hemoglobin C Disease

Blood Substitutes

Hemoglobin J

Hemoglobin H

Diphosphoglyceric Acids

Anemia, Sickle Cell

Erythrocytes

2,3-Diphosphoglycerate

Globins

Heme

Thalassemia

Iron

Hematocrit

Erythropoietin

Hemoglobin SC Disease

Carbon Monoxide

Hematinics

Erythrocyte Count

Erythrocyte Indices

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency

Phytic Acid

Haptoglobins

Blood Protein Electrophoresis

beta-Thalassemia

Sickle Cell Trait

Hemoglobin M

Antisickling Agents

alpha-Thalassemia

Ferritins

alpha-Globins

Erythrocytes, Abnormal

Myoglobin

Hemolysis

beta-Globins

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Anemia, Hypochromic

Erythropoiesis

Hemoglobinuria

Polycythemia

Hemin

Spectrophotometry

Electrophoresis, Cellulose Acetate

Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic

Heinz Bodies

Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood

Hematologic Tests

Annelida

Kinetics

Reticulocyte Count

Oligochaeta

Hemeproteins

Blood Glucose

Blood Transfusion

Iron Isotopes

Diabetes Mellitus

Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared

Reticulocytes

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Fructosamine

Electrophoresis, Starch Gel

Anemia, Hemolytic

Isoelectric Focusing

Hemoglobin Subunits