Hemifacial Spasm
Spasm
Facial Muscles
Facial Nerve Diseases
Facial Nerve
Microvascular Decompression Surgery
Nerve Compression Syndromes
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Facial Hemiatrophy
Neuromuscular Agents
Botulinum Toxins, Type A
Decompression, Surgical
Spasms, Infantile
Facial Paralysis
Facial Nerve Injuries
Meige Syndrome
Vertebral Artery
Botulinum Toxins
Cranial Fossa, Posterior
Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
Cranial Nerve Diseases
Facial Transplantation
Cerebellar Neoplasms
Perforating branches from offending arteries in hemifacial spasm: anatomical correlation with vertebrobasilar configuration. (1/61)
OBJECTIVE: In microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm, the perforating branches around the facial nerve root exit zone occasionally complicate facial nerve decompression. In this context, the vertebrobasilar configuration was retrospectively correlated with the perforating branches. METHODS: Based on vertebral angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, and three dimensional computed tomographic angiography, 69 patients were divided into three groups, according to the anatomy of the vertebrobasilar system. In patients with the type I configuration, the vertebral artery on the affected side was dominant and had a sigmoidal course. The type II patients had the basilar artery curving mainly towards the affected side. The type III patients showed the basilar artery either running straight or curving toward the unaffected side. The relation of the anatomical configuration of these vessels with the perforating branches around the facial nerve exit zone was investigated. RESULTS: The posterior inferior cerebellar artery in type I patients (n=33) and the anterior inferior cerebellar artery in type II (n=5) and type III (n=31) patients were the most common offending arteries. More than half of the type I patients (n=20) showed no perforating branches around the facial nerve exit zone. However, the type II (n=3) and III patients (n=23) often showed one or more perforating branches around that region. CONCLUSIONS: The configuration of the vertebrobasilar system has a significant correlation with the presence of perforating branches near the site of microvascular decompression. These perforating vessels are often responsible for the difficulty encountered in mobilising the offending artery during the procedure. (+info)Botulinum toxin treatment of hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm: objective response evaluation. (2/61)
Twenty seven patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS) and sixteen patients with blepharospasm (BS) having mean Jankovic disability rating scale score of 2.56+0.58 SD and 2.81+0.54 SD, respectively, were treated with botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injections. The total number of injection sessions were ninety one with relief response in 98.91%. The mean improvement in function scale score was 3.78+0.64 SD and 3.29+1.07 SD respectively, in HFS and BS groups. The clinical benefit induced by botulinum toxin lasted for a mean of 4.46+3.11 SD (range 2 to 13) months in HFS group and 2.66+1.37 SD (range 1 to 6) months, in BS groups. Transient ptosis was seen in 4.39% of total ninety one injection sessions. These findings show that local botulinum toxin treatment provides effective, safe and long lasting relief of spasms. (+info)Preoperative assessment of trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm using constructive interference in steady state-three-dimensional Fourier transformation magnetic resonance imaging. (3/61)
Results of microvascular decompression (MVD) for trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and hemifacial spasm (HFS) may be improved by accurate preoperative assessment of neurovascular relationships at the root entry/exit zone (REZ). Constructive interference in steady state (CISS)-three-dimensional Fourier transformation (3DFT) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was evaluated for visualizing the neurovascular relationships at the REZ. Fourteen patients with TN and eight patients with HFS underwent MR imaging using CISS-3DFT and 3D fast inflow with steady-state precession (FISP) sequences. Axial images of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) obtained by the two sequences were reviewed to assess the neurovascular relationships at the REZ of the trigeminal and facial nerves. Eleven patients subsequently underwent MVD. Preoperative MR imaging findings were related to surgical observations and results. CISS MR imaging provided excellent contrast between the cranial nerves, small vessels, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the CPA. CISS was significantly better than FISP for delineating anatomic detail in the CPA (trigeminal and facial nerves, petrosal vein) and abnormal neurovascular relationships responsible for TN and HFS (vascular contact and deformity at the REZ). Preoperative CISS MR imaging demonstrated precisely the neurovascular relationships at the REZ and identified the offending artery in all seven patients with TN undergoing MVD. CISS MR imaging has high resolution and excellent contrast between cranial nerves, small vessels, and CSF, so can precisely and accurately delineate normal and abnormal neurovascular relationships at the REZ in the CPA, and is a valuable preoperative examination for MVD. (+info)Hemifacial spasm due to cerebellopontine angle meningiomas--two case reports. (4/61)
A 54-year-old female and a 49-year-old female presented with complaints of hemifacial spasm. Both patients underwent surgery to remove cerebellopontine angle meningiomas. In one case, no vascular compression was observed at the root exit zone. The tumor was removed subtotally leaving residual tumor adhered to the lower cranial nerves. The hemifacial spasm disappeared immediately after the operation. The residual tumor was treated using gamma knife radiosurgery. In the other case, the root exit zone of the facial nerve was compressed by both the tumor and anterior inferior cerebellar artery and the tumor was removed totally. Postoperatively, the hemifacial spasm disappeared, but the patient suffered facial nerve paresis and deafness that was probably due to intraoperative manipulation. However, the facial nerve paresis gradually improved. Cerebellopontine angle meningioma with hemifacial spasm must be treated by surgical resection limited to preserve cranial nerve function. Subtotal removal with subsequent radiosurgery to treat the remaining tumor tissue is one option for the treatment of cerebellopontine angle meningioma. (+info)Tic convulsif caused by cerebellopontine angle schwannoma. (5/61)
A case is presented of painful tic convulsif caused by schwannoma in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA), with right trigeminal neuralgia and ipsilateral hemifacial spasm. Magnetic resonance images showed a 4 cm round mass displacing the 4th ventricle and distorting the brain stem in the right CPA. The schwannoma, which compressed the fifth and seventh cranial nerves directly, was subtotally removed by a suboccipital craniectomy. Postoperatively, the patient had a complete relief from the hemifacial spasm and marked improvement from trigeminal neuralgia. The painful tic convulsif in this case was probably produced by the tumor compressing and displacing the anterior cerebellar artery directly. (+info)Clinical usefulness of magnetic resonance cisternography in patients having hemifacial spasm. (6/61)
To evaluate the usefulness of MR cisternography fourteen patients that had hemifacial spasm and 20 control patients underwent MR cisternography. All the patients with hemifacial spasm had a confirmed vascular compression after surgery. MR cisternography was performed using a 1.5-tesla superconducting MR magnet in which a 3D (dimensional) heavily T2-weighted turbo spin-echo sequence was used. In 34 randomly selected individuals, we retrospectively determined whether MR cisternography images could be used to evaluate symptoms, and what the benefits of obtaining this image was. The results were correlated with the surgical findings. The sensitivity was 100% and the specificity was 94% in all patients having a hemifacial spasm. The offending vessels were the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) in six patients cases, the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) in six, both the vertebral artery and PICA in one, and the vertebral artery in one. All the images showed good resolution and contrast, and also showed the exact correlation between the facial nerve and intracranial vessels in the multiplaner image. The findings of neurovascular compression were well correlated with the surgical findings. We believe that high-resolution 3D MR cisternography is a very useful method for evaluating the neurovascular compression in patients that have hemifacial spasm. (+info)Cerebellopontine angle epidermoid tumor presenting with 'tic convulsif' and tinnitus--case report. (7/61)
A 22-year-old female presented with a cerebellopontine angle epidermoid tumor manifesting as a rare combination of hemifacial spasm, trigeminal neuralgia, and tinnitus. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated the tumor distorting the brainstem and the fourth ventricle. The tumor was almost completely resected and the seventh-eighth cranial nerve complex was decompressed by mobilizing the anterior inferior cerebellar artery loop. No arterial loop was related to the trigeminal nerve. The patient was completely relieved of the "tic convulsif" and tinnitus after the surgery. The inflammatory nature of epidermoid tumor may be involved in the etiology of the syndrome. Microvascular decompression may be needed in addition to tumor removal in such cases. (+info)Snare technique of vascular transposition for microvascular decompression--technical note. (8/61)
Recurrence of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) or hemifacial spasm (HFS) after microvascular decompression (MVD) is not rare. The prosthesis material eventually adheres to the neurovascular structures and again transmits arterial pulsation to the nerve. A snare ligature technique using a Gore-Tex tape can be used for the transposition of the offending artery. No prosthesis is necessary once the transposition is complete. This technique requires introduction of either Gore-Tex tape or thread around the artery and suture over the petrous dura, so an adequate working space as if operating in a shallow basin is essential. Therefore, the osteoplastic craniotomy is a little larger than usual with the scalp flap entirely reflected using a semicircular skin incision. The Gore-Tex tape can be directly snared around the artery and sutured over the petrous dura. If this procedure is difficult, a thread can be attached to both ends of the Gore-Tex tape to pass the tape around the vessel. Seven patients with TN and 13 patients with HFS have undergone this surgery. Although the follow-up period is not yet long enough, there has been no case of recurrence. The present technique for MVD can provide complete and permanent transposition of the offending artery. (+info)Hemifacial spasm is a relatively rare movement disorder that affects one side of the face. It is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions and twitching on half of the face, which can be quite distressing for those who experience it. While there are several possible causes, including nerve compression or brain tumors, the exact cause is often difficult to determine.
One of the most common symptoms of HFS is muscle spasms and twitching on one side of the face, which can be quite pronounced and unpredictable. These spasms can occur in any of the muscles on the affected side, including those around the eyes, mouth, and jaw. In some cases, these spasms can also affect the eyelids, causing them to droop or close involuntarily.
The exact cause of hemifacial spasm is not always clear, but it is believed to be related to nerve compression or irritation of the facial nerve. This nerve runs from the brain down through the face and controls many of the muscles in the face, including those involved in eyelid movement and facial expressions. When this nerve is compressed or irritated, it can cause the muscles on one side of the face to spasm and twitch involuntarily.
There are several possible causes of HFS, including:
* Compression of the facial nerve by a blood vessel or tumor
* Trauma to the face or head
* Inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis or sarcoidosis
* Brain tumors or cysts
* Stroke or other forms of brain damage
Treatment for hemifacial spasm usually involves a combination of medications and other therapies. Botulinum toxin injections are often used to relax the affected muscles and reduce spasms. Medications such as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anti-anxiety drugs may also be prescribed to help manage symptoms. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve compression on the facial nerve.
In addition to these medical treatments, there are also several self-care techniques that can help manage hemifacial spasm. These include:
* Avoiding triggers such as stress or fatigue
* Applying warm compresses to the affected side of the face
* Practicing relaxation techniques such as deep breathing or meditation
* Using eye exercises to strengthen the muscles around the eyes and improve eyelid function.
It is important to seek medical attention if you are experiencing symptoms of hemifacial spasm, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes. With proper management, many people with HFS are able to effectively manage their symptoms and lead normal lives.
Example sentences:
1. The patient experienced a spasm in their leg while running, causing them to stumble and fall.
2. The doctor diagnosed the patient with muscle spasms caused by dehydration and recommended increased fluids and stretching exercises.
3. The athlete suffered from frequent leg spasms during their training, which affected their performance and required regular massage therapy to relieve the discomfort.
Blepharospasm is a type of movement disorder that affects the eyelids, causing them to twitch or spasm involuntarily. The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
1. Stress and fatigue: High levels of stress and fatigue can lead to muscle tension in the eyelids, resulting in blepharospasm.
2. Caffeine withdrawal: Suddenly stopping or reducing caffeine intake can cause withdrawal symptoms, including blepharospasm.
3. Medications: Certain medications, such as antidepressants and antipsychotics, can cause blepharospasm as a side effect.
4. Neurological disorders: In some cases, blepharospasm may be a symptom of an underlying neurological disorder, such as dystonia or Parkinson's disease.
5. Other causes: Blepharospasm can also be caused by other factors, such as dry eyes, allergies, or exposure to bright lights.
Treatment options for blepharospasm include:
1. Relaxation techniques: Techniques such as deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and visualization can help reduce stress and muscle tension in the eyelids.
2. Botulinum toxin injections: Injecting botulinum toxin into the eyelid muscles can weaken the muscles and reduce the frequency and severity of blepharospasm.
3. Surgery: In severe cases of blepharospasm, surgery may be necessary to remove part of the affected muscle or to alter the position of the eyelid.
4. Medications: Various medications, such as anticholinergic drugs and benzodiazepines, can help reduce the symptoms of blepharospasm.
5. Glasses or contact lenses: In some cases, wearing glasses or contact lenses may help reduce the symptoms of blepharospasm by reducing glare and improving vision.
It is important to note that the best course of treatment will depend on the underlying cause of the blepharospasm, and a healthcare professional should be consulted to determine the appropriate treatment plan.
Some examples of Facial Nerve Diseases include:
* Bell's Palsy: A condition that causes weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles on one side of the face, often resulting in drooping or twitching of the eyelid and facial muscles.
* Facial Spasm: A condition characterized by involuntary contractions of the facial muscles, which can cause twitching or spasms.
* Progressive Bulbar Palsy (PBP): A rare disorder that affects the brain and spinal cord, leading to weakness and wasting of the muscles in the face, tongue, and throat.
* Parry-Romberg Syndrome: A rare condition characterized by progressive atrophy of the facial muscles on one side of the face, leading to a characteristic "smile" or "grimace."
* Moebius Syndrome: A rare neurological disorder that affects the nerves responsible for controlling eye movements and facial expressions.
* Trauma to the Facial Nerve: Damage to the facial nerve can result in weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles, depending on the severity of the injury.
These are just a few examples of Facial Nerve Diseases, and there are many other conditions that can affect the facial nerve and cause similar symptoms. A comprehensive diagnosis and evaluation by a healthcare professional is necessary to determine the specific underlying condition and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
There are several types of nerve compression syndromes, including:
1. Carpal tunnel syndrome: Compression of the median nerve in the wrist, commonly caused by repetitive motion or injury.
2. Tarsal tunnel syndrome: Compression of the posterior tibial nerve in the ankle, similar to carpal tunnel syndrome but affecting the lower leg.
3. Cubital tunnel syndrome: Compression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow, often caused by repetitive leaning or bending.
4. Thoracic outlet syndrome: Compression of the nerves and blood vessels that pass through the thoracic outlet (the space between the neck and shoulder), often caused by poor posture or injury.
5. Peripheral neuropathy: A broader term for damage to the peripheral nerves, often caused by diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, or other systemic conditions.
6. Meralgia paresthetica: Compression of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve in the thigh, commonly caused by direct trauma or compression from a tight waistband or clothing.
7. Morton's neuroma: Compression of the plantar digital nerves between the toes, often caused by poorly fitting shoes or repetitive stress on the feet.
8. Neuralgia: A general term for pain or numbness caused by damage or irritation to a nerve, often associated with chronic conditions such as shingles or postherpetic neuralgia.
9. Trigeminal neuralgia: A condition characterized by recurring episodes of sudden, extreme pain in the face, often caused by compression or irritation of the trigeminal nerve.
10. Neuropathic pain: Pain that occurs as a result of damage or dysfunction of the nervous system, often accompanied by other symptoms such as numbness, tingling, or weakness.
The symptoms of TN can vary in severity and frequency, and may include:
* Pain on one side of the face
* Episodes of sudden, intense pain that can be triggered by light touch or contact with the face
* Pain that is described as stabbing, shooting, or like an electric shock
* Spontaneous pain episodes without any apparent cause
* Pain that is worse with light sensation, such as from wind, cold, or touch
* Pain that is better with pressing or rubbing the affected area
The exact cause of TN is not known, but it is believed to be related to compression or irritation of the trigeminal nerve. The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
* A blood vessel pressing on the nerve
* A tumor or cyst in the brain or face
* Multiple sclerosis or other conditions that damage the nerve
* Injury to the nerve
* Genetic mutations that affect the nerve
There is no cure for TN, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms. These may include:
* Medications such as anticonvulsants or pain relievers
* Nerve blocks or injections to reduce inflammation and relieve pain
* Surgery to decompress the nerve or remove a tumor or cyst
* Lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding triggers and using gentle, soothing touch
It is important for individuals with TN to work closely with their healthcare provider to find the most effective treatment plan for their specific needs. With proper management, many people with TN are able to experience significant relief from their symptoms and improve their quality of life.
* Genetic mutations or variations
+ Examples: craniofacial syndromes, such as Turner syndrome
+ Other examples: asymmetrical facial features due to genetic mutations or variations
* Trauma or injuries
+ Examples: facial injuries from accidents or assaults
+ Other examples: facial paralysis or nerve damage due to trauma
* Neurological conditions
+ Examples: Bell's palsy, Moebius syndrome
+ Other examples: other neurological conditions that affect facial muscles or nerves
* Congenital conditions
+ Examples: cleft lip and palate, Down syndrome
+ Other examples: other congenital conditions that affect facial development
Note: The causes of facial asymmetry can be complex and multifactorial, and may involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Slide 4: Symptoms of Facial Asymmetry
* Visible unevenness or disproportion of the face
+ May be more noticeable when viewed from the side or front
* Difficulty closing the eyes completely due to uneven eyelids
* Difficulty smiling or expressing emotions due to uneven facial muscles
* Headaches or eye strain due to misalignment of the bones or soft tissues of the face
* Self-esteem issues or body dissatisfaction due to the appearance of the face
Note: The symptoms of facial asymmetry can vary in severity and may not be immediately noticeable to others. However, they can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life and self-esteem.
Slide 5: Diagnosis of Facial Asymmetry
* Physical examination and observation of the face and facial features
+ Measurement of the distance between facial landmarks, such as the eyes, nose, and mouth
+ Assessment of the symmetry of the eyebrows, eyelids, and facial muscles
* Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, may be ordered to evaluate the bones and soft tissues of the face
* 3D imaging technology may be used to create a detailed model of the face and assess its symmetry
Note: A thorough diagnosis of facial asymmetry is important to identify any underlying causes or associated conditions that may need to be addressed.
Slide 6: Treatment of Facial Asymmetry
* Treatment options for facial asymmetry depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition
+ Surgical procedures, such as orthodontic surgery or facial reconstructive surgery, may be necessary to correct any underlying bone or soft tissue abnormalities
+ Non-surgical treatments, such as injectable fillers or Botox, may be used to address unevenness or disproportion of the face
* Treatment may also involve addressing any associated conditions, such as TMJ dysfunction or nasal airway obstruction
* Regular follow-up appointments with a healthcare professional are important to monitor progress and adjust treatment as needed
Note: The most appropriate treatment approach for facial asymmetry will depend on the individual case and may involve a combination of surgical and non-surgical techniques.
Slide 7: Facial Asymmetry in Children
* Facial asymmetry can be present at birth or develop later in childhood due to various causes
+ Genetic conditions, such as craniosynostosis or hemifacial spasm, may cause facial asymmetry in children
+ Trauma or injury to the face can also lead to facial asymmetry
* Diagnosis and treatment of facial asymmetry in children is important to ensure proper development and self-esteem
* Treatment options for children may include surgery, orthodontic care, and other interventions depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition
Note: Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help ensure proper development and self-esteem in children with facial asymmetry.
Slide 8: Facial Asymmetry in Adults
* Facial asymmetry can occur at any age, but is more common in adults due to various factors such as injury, trauma, or surgery
* Adults may experience facial asymmetry due to conditions such as Bell's palsy, tumors, or craniofacial injuries
* Treatment options for adults may include surgery, physical therapy, and other interventions depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition
* Adults with facial asymmetry may also experience psychological effects such as lowered self-esteem and social anxiety
Note: Facial asymmetry in adults can have a significant impact on quality of life, and early diagnosis and appropriate treatment is important to address both physical and psychological symptoms.
Slide 9: Non-Surgical Treatment Options
* Non-surgical treatment options for facial asymmetry may include:
+ Orthodontic care to align teeth and improve bite
+ Facial exercises to strengthen muscles and improve symmetry
+ Botulinum toxin injections to relax facial muscles and improve symmetry
+ Fillers or injectables to correct facial asymmetry caused by volume loss or tissue deficiency
+ Physical therapy to improve facial muscle function and reduce asymmetry
Note: Non-surgical treatment options can be effective in mild to moderate cases of facial asymmetry, but may not be sufficient for more severe cases.
Slide 10: Surgical Treatment Options
* Surgical treatment options for facial asymmetry may include:
+ Osteotomy (cutting and repositioning of bone) to correct skeletal asymmetry
+ Soft tissue surgery to correct soft tissue asymmetry
+ Facial implants to improve symmetry
+ Fat transfer to augment or restore facial tissues
+ Bone grafting to correct defects or deformities
Note: Surgical treatment options can be effective in severe cases of facial asymmetry, but may be associated with risks such as infection and scarring.
Slide 11: Psychological Impact of Facial Asymmetry
* Facial asymmetry can have a significant psychological impact on individuals, including:
+ Lowered self-esteem and confidence
+ Increased anxiety and stress
+ Difficulty forming relationships or finding employment
+ Feelings of isolation and stigma
Note: The psychological impact of facial asymmetry can be significant, but can be mitigated with appropriate treatment and support.
Slide 12: Conclusion
* Facial asymmetry is a common condition that can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life
* Both surgical and non-surgical treatment options are available for facial asymmetry, depending on the severity of the condition
* A comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare professional is necessary to determine the appropriate course of treatment for each individual case.
Infantile spasms typically occur in children under the age of 2, with the peak incidence between 6-12 months. They are more common in boys than girls and can be associated with other conditions such as fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, and other genetic disorders.
The exact cause of infantile spasms is not fully understood, but they are believed to be related to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Treatment options for infantile spasms include anticonvulsant medications such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and vigabatrin, as well as surgical interventions in some cases.
It is important to seek medical attention if your child exhibits signs of infantile spasms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of long-term complications such as developmental delays and intellectual disability.
The main symptoms of facial paralysis are:
1. Weakness or numbness in the facial muscles
2. Drooping or sagging of one side of the face
3. Twitching or spasms in the facial muscles
4. Difficulty smiling, frowning, or expressing emotions
5. Difficulty closing the eye on the affected side
6. Dry mouth or difficulty swallowing
7. Pain or discomfort in the face or head.
The diagnosis of facial paralysis is based on a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and other tests to determine the underlying cause. Treatment options for facial paralysis depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, physical therapy, and other interventions to address any associated symptoms.
There are several types of facial paralysis, including:
1. Bell's palsy: A condition that causes weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face, usually due to nerve damage.
2. Facial spasm: A condition characterized by involuntary twitching or contractions of the facial muscles.
3. Hemifacial spasm: A condition that causes weakness or paralysis of half of the face due to nerve compression.
4. Trauma-related facial paralysis: Caused by injury or trauma to the face or head.
5. Tumor-related facial paralysis: Caused by a tumor that compresses or damages the nerves responsible for facial movement.
6. Stroke-related facial paralysis: Caused by a stroke that affects the nerves responsible for facial movement.
7. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
8. Infection-related facial paralysis: Caused by infections such as Lyme disease, meningitis, or encephalitis.
9. Post-viral facial paralysis: Caused by a viral infection that affects the nerves responsible for facial movement.
Treatment for facial paralysis depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, physical therapy, and other interventions to address any associated symptoms.
There are several types of facial nerve injuries, including:
1. Bell's palsy: This is a condition that affects the facial nerve and causes weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face. It is often temporary and resolves on its own within a few weeks.
2. Facial paralysis: This is a condition in which the facial nerve is damaged, leading to weakness or paralysis of the muscles of facial expression. It can be caused by trauma, tumors, or viral infections.
3. Ramsay Hunt syndrome: This is a rare condition that occurs when the facial nerve is affected by a virus, leading to symptoms such as facial paralysis and pain in the ear.
4. Traumatic facial nerve injury: This can occur as a result of trauma to the head or face, such as a car accident or a fall.
5. Tumor-related facial nerve injury: In some cases, tumors can grow on the facial nerve and cause damage.
6. Ischemic facial nerve injury: This occurs when there is a reduction in blood flow to the facial nerve, leading to damage to the nerve fibers.
7. Neurofibromatosis type 2: This is a rare genetic disorder that can cause tumors to grow on the facial nerve, leading to damage and weakness of the facial muscles.
Treatment for facial nerve injuries depends on the underlying cause and severity of the injury. In some cases, physical therapy may be recommended to help regain strength and control of the facial muscles. Surgery may also be necessary in some cases to repair damaged nerve fibers or remove tumors.
The exact cause of Meige Syndrome is not well understood, but it is thought to be related to abnormalities in the brain's basal ganglia and cerebellum. The condition is usually benign and does not affect vision, but it can be distressing and disrupt daily activities. Treatment options for Meige Syndrome include medications such as anticholinergics and botulinum toxin injections, as well as surgical procedures such as blepharoplasty or myectomy.
It is important to note that while Meige Syndrome is a distinct condition, it can be associated with other movement disorders such as dystonia, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. A proper diagnosis by a neurologist is essential to determine the underlying cause of the condition and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
Mandibular Injuries can range from mild to severe and can affect different parts of the jaw bone, including the symphysis (the joint between the two halves of the mandible), the condyle (the rounded end of the mandible that articulates with the temporal bone of the skull), and the ramus (the outer portion of the mandible).
Some common types of Mandibular Injuries include:
1. Fractures: These are breaks in the bone that can be caused by direct trauma or a sudden impact.
2. Luxation injuries: These occur when the jaw bone becomes dislocated or moves out of its normal position.
3. Avulsions: These occur when a piece of bone is torn away from the rest of the mandible.
4. Subluxations: These occur when the jaw bone partially dislocates or slips out of place.
5. Contusions: These are bruises that occur when the mandible hits another object or surface.
6. Stretching and tearing of the soft tissue surrounding the mandible, such as muscles, ligaments, and tendons.
Symptoms of Mandibular Injuries can include pain, swelling, difficulty opening or closing the mouth, difficulty speaking or eating, and difficulty moving the jaw. Treatment for these injuries may involve immobilization of the mandible with a splint or cast, medication to manage pain and inflammation, and in some cases surgery to realign or repair the bone.
The term "pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism" is used to describe this condition because it is a type of hypoparathyroidism (underactive parathyroid glands) that is caused by a mutation in the GNAS gene, which is responsible for regulating the expression of parathyroid hormone. This mutation leads to the production of a truncated form of the parathyroid hormone that is biologically inactive and does not stimulate the calcium levels in the blood.
The symptoms of pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include hypocalcemia, tingling or numbness in the fingers and toes, muscle weakness, and dental problems such as caries (tooth decay) and poor tooth development.
Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment for the condition typically involves calcium supplements and vitamin D supplements to manage hypocalcemia and prevent complications such as tetany (muscle spasms) and osteoporosis (bone weakening). In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove a parathyroid tumor or to correct anatomical abnormalities.
Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism is a rare condition, and the prevalence is not well established. However, it is estimated to affect approximately 1 in 100,000 to 1 in 200,000 individuals worldwide. The condition can be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the condition. However, some cases may be due to spontaneous mutations and not inherited from either parent.
There is no cure for pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism, but with proper management, individuals with the condition can lead normal lives. Regular monitoring and treatment by a healthcare provider are essential to manage the condition and prevent complications. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for individuals with pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism is generally good.
1. Abnormal development of the skull and facial bones, resulting in a distinctive "golden" color to the face and head.
2. Deformities of the ears and eyes, such as Microtia (small or missing ear) and Anotia (absence of the external ear).
3. Cervical spine abnormalities, including a short or missing neck.
4. Heart defects, such as atrial septal defects or ventricular septal defects.
5. Bone deformities, such as scoliosis or clubfoot.
6. Limb abnormalities, such as micromelia (small limbs) or dysmelia (abnormal limb development).
7. Intellectual disability and developmental delays.
8. Other health problems, such as gastrointestinal issues, hearing loss, and vision loss.
Goldenhar Syndrome is a complex condition, and its exact cause is not fully understood. However, it is thought to be due to genetic mutations that affect the development of the embryo during early pregnancy. The syndrome can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI, and genetic testing.
There is no cure for Goldenhar Syndrome, but treatment may include surgery to correct physical deformities, management of associated health problems, and supportive care to help with developmental delays and intellectual disability. With proper management and support, many individuals with Goldenhar Syndrome can lead fulfilling lives.
Some common examples of cranial nerve diseases include:
1. Bell's palsy: A condition that affects the facial nerve, causing weakness or paralysis of one side of the face.
2. Multiple sclerosis: An autoimmune disease that damages the protective covering of nerve fibers, leading to communication problems between the brain and the rest of the body.
3. Trigeminal neuralgia: A condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, causing facial pain and numbness.
4. Meningitis: An inflammation of the meninges, the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord, which can damage the cranial nerves.
5. Acoustic neuroma: A type of non-cancerous tumor that grows on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain.
6. Cranial polyneuropathy: A condition where multiple cranial nerves are damaged, leading to a range of symptoms including muscle weakness, numbness, and pain.
7. Tumors: Both benign and malignant tumors can affect the cranial nerves, causing a variety of symptoms depending on their location and size.
8. Trauma: Head injuries or trauma can damage the cranial nerves, leading to a range of symptoms.
9. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections such as meningitis or encephalitis can damage the cranial nerves, leading to a range of symptoms.
10. Genetic disorders: Certain genetic disorders such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease can affect the cranial nerves, leading to a range of symptoms.
It's important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there may be other causes of cranial nerve damage. If you are experiencing any symptoms that you think may be related to cranial nerve damage, it's important to seek medical attention as soon as possible for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Symptoms of cerebellar neoplasms can include:
* Headaches
* Nausea and vomiting
* Dizziness and loss of balance
* Weakness or paralysis in the arms or legs
* Coordination problems and difficulty walking
* Double vision or other visual disturbances
* Speech difficulties
* Seizures
Cerebellar neoplasms can be caused by genetic mutations, exposure to radiation, or viral infections. They can also occur spontaneously without any known cause.
Diagnosis of cerebellar neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and tissue sampling through biopsy. Treatment options for cerebellar neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health.
Treatment options may include:
* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Radiation therapy to kill remaining cancer cells
* Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells
* Targeted therapy to attack specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of the tumor.
Prognosis for cerebellar neoplasms varies depending on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. In general, the prognosis is better for patients with benign tumors that are located in the outer layers of the cerebellum, and worse for those with malignant tumors that are located in the deeper layers.
Overall, cerebellar neoplasms are a complex and rare type of brain tumor that require specialized care and treatment from a team of medical professionals.
Word Origin: From coronary (pertaining to the crown) + vasospasm (a spasmodic constriction of a blood vessel).
Hemifacial spasm
Trigeminal neuralgia
Robert Wartenberg
Michael Jeffrey Aminoff
Aage Møller
John H. Sampson
Meige's syndrome
Mark A Gillman
Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi
Édouard Brissaud
Hyperkinesia
Botulinum toxin
Myoclonic dystonia
List of MeSH codes (C23)
List of neurological conditions and disorders
Microvascular decompression
List of MeSH codes (C10)
HFS
Dextroscope
Intracranial dolichoectasias
Neuro-ophthalmology
Hyperglycemia
Alan B. Scott
Cricothyroid muscle
Aaron Cohen-Gadol
Blepharospasm
Parry-Romberg syndrome
Hemifacial Spasm | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Hemifacial Spasm Differential Diagnoses
Hemifacial Spasm Differential Diagnoses
Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm - PubMed
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Clinical Use of Botulinum Toxin
Facial Injuries| Facial Disorders | MedlinePlus
Facial Injuries| Facial Disorders | MedlinePlus
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Clinical Use of Botulinum Toxin
Biomarkers Search
Trigeminal Nerve Anatomy: Gross Anatomy, Branches of the Trigeminal Nerve, Microscopic Anatomy
Katharine E. Alter, MD | Clinical Center
Katharine E. Alter, MD | Clinical Center
PROC FORMAT for International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) codes
MeSH Browser
PA-09-179: Development of In-Vitro Assays to Assess the Potency of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A (SBIR [R43/R44])
Dystonia Treatment using Botulinum Toxin: Overview, Indications, Contraindications
NIH Clinical Center Search the Studies: Study Number, Study Title
Code System Concept
DeCS
Warfarin withdrawal. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic considerations - PubMed
MeSH Browser
Ophthalmology Cases & Quizzes - Index
Prefix: hemi
Myoclonus | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Trigeminal Nerve Anatomy: Gross Anatomy, Branches of the Trigeminal Nerve, Microscopic Anatomy
SCTID SNOMED CT Fully Specified Name
Pesquisa | Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde - BRASIL
PMID- 3504184
Blepharospasm4
- BOTOX® was approved in December 1989 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for "the treatment of strabismus, blepharospasm, and focal spasms including hemifacial spasm" and more recently for the treatment of cervical dystonia. (medscape.com)
- Little progress was made in the diagnosis or treatment of blepharospasm until the early 20th century, when Henry Meige (pronounced "mehzh"), a French neurologist, described a patient with eyelid and midface spasms, spasm facial median, a disorder now known as Meige syndrome. (medscape.com)
- At one end of the clinical spectrum, essential blepharospasm is manifested by simple increased blink rate and intermittent eyelid spasms, while at the other end of the spectrum, blepharospasm is a disabling condition with ocular pain and functional blindness. (medscape.com)
- Executive functioning in patients with blepharospasm in comparison with patients with hemifacial spasm. (bvsalud.org)
Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm1
- Preservation of the lesser occipital nerve during microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. (bvsalud.org)
Trigeminal neuralgia1
- For example, nerve diseases like trigeminal neuralgia or Bell's palsy sometimes cause facial pain, spasms and trouble with eye or facial movement. (medlineplus.gov)
Botulinum toxin1
- For most people, botulinum toxin injections are the most effective treatment for hemifacial spasm. (worldwidefaqs.com)
Involuntary2
- Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a neurological disorder that is characterised by a frequent involuntary spasm (contraction) of the muscles of one side of the face. (tasmanianeye.org)
- In severe cases, these spasms can limit function due to involuntary eye closing or the impact they have on speaking. (worldwidefaqs.com)
Focal1
- Ever since, botulinum toxins continue to play a key role in the management of a wide range of medical conditions, especially hemifacial spasm, focal dystonias and strabismus, several spastic movement disorders, hyperhidrosis, hypersalivation, headaches, and certain chronic diseases that only partially respond to medical treatments. (sbwire.com)
Eyelid1
- Here's what may be causing your, An eyelid twitch is when your eyelid muscles involuntarily and repetitively spasm. (komma-media.ro)
Involuntarily2
- A dystonia is a movement disorder that causes the muscles to contract and spasm involuntarily. (medscape.com)
- Hemifacial spasm is a nervous system disorder in which the muscles on one side of your face twitch involuntarily. (worldwidefaqs.com)
Lower facial1
- Gradually the spasms will progress down to the lower facial muscles eventually causing the mouth to be pulled to one side. (tasmanianeye.org)
Occur2
- Facial spasms usually occur around the eye of the affected side and are most commonly caused by blood vessels constricting the facial nerve. (tasmanianeye.org)
- meg90 Hemifacial spasms occur because of damage to the seventh cranial nerve, which affects the face muscles. (komma-media.ro)
Stroke1
- Conventionally called "medical botox", chemodenervation provides significant relief for muscle spasm from dystonia commonly seen in movement disorders, and spasticity resulting from other central nervous system disorders such as stroke or multiple sclerosis. (theparkinsonclinic.com)
Muscles1
- These injections temporarily weaken the muscles and stop the spasms. (worldwidefaqs.com)
Treatment1
- The safest and most effective treatment for a Hemifacial spasm is injection with a toxin into the area to temporarily alleviate spasms. (tasmanianeye.org)
Patients1
- At that time, and for several ensuing centuries, patients with such spasms were regarded as being mentally unstable and often were institutionalized in insane asylums. (medscape.com)
Face1
- Rarely, doctors see individuals with spasm on both sides of the face. (worldwidefaqs.com)
Blepharospasm5
- Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Blepharospasm, Orofacial/Oromandibular Dystonia, and Hemifacial Spasm. (nih.gov)
- Botulinum toxin in the treatment of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. (nih.gov)
- Botulinum toxin type B in blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. (nih.gov)
- Local injections of botulinum toxin are effective in the treatment of strabismus, essential blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm. (nih.gov)
- BOTOX® was approved in December 1989 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for "the treatment of strabismus, blepharospasm, and focal spasms including hemifacial spasm" and more recently for the treatment of cervical dystonia. (medscape.com)
Unilateral1
- Yaltho TC, Jankovic J. The many faces of hemifacial spasm: differential diagnosis of unilateral facial spasms. (medscape.com)
Spasmodic dysphonia1
- Clinical studies indicate that botulinum toxin injections also can provide useful symptomatic relief in a variety of other conditions characterized by involuntary spasms of certain muscle groups, notably in focal or segmental dystonia including spasmodic torticollis, oromandibular dystonia (orofacial dyskinesia, Meige syndrome), and spasmodic dysphonia. (nih.gov)
Neurovascular4
- Campos-Benitez M, Kaufmann AM. Neurovascular compression findings in hemifacial spasm. (medscape.com)
- 5. Cerebellopontine angle arachnoid cyst: a case of hemifacial spasm caused by an organic lesion other than neurovascular compression: case report. (nih.gov)
- 6. Hemifacial spasm: neurovascular compressive patterns and surgical significance. (nih.gov)
- 18. Classification of neurovascular compression in typical hemifacial spasm: three-dimensional visualization of the facial and the vestibulocochlear nerves. (nih.gov)
Neuromuscular2
- Hemifacial spasm is a neuromuscular disorder that involves frequent contractions or spasms of the muscles on one side of the face. (nih.gov)
- Advantage can be taken of this neuromuscular blocking effect to alleviate muscle spasm due to excessive neural activity of central origin or to weaken a muscle for therapeutic purposes. (nih.gov)
Considerations1
- 19. Therapeutic considerations in cerebellopontine angle lipomas inducing hemifacial spasm. (nih.gov)
Facial movement1
- For example, nerve diseases like trigeminal neuralgia or Bell's palsy sometimes cause facial pain, spasms and trouble with eye or facial movement. (nih.gov)
Compression2
- 11. [Hemifacial spasm due to vascular compression of the distal portion of root exit zone of the facial nerve: report of two cases]. (nih.gov)
- 16. Hemifacial spasm caused by vascular compression of the distal portion of the facial nerve associated with configuration variation of the facial and vestibulocochlear nerve complex. (nih.gov)
Trigeminal1
- Hemimasticatory spasm is analogous to hemifacial spasm and occurs with irritation to the motor trigeminal nerve. (medscape.com)
Disorders1
- Consider participating in a clinical trial so clinicians and scientists can learn more about hemifacial spasm and related disorders. (nih.gov)
People1
- How can I or my loved one help improve care for people with hemifacial spasm? (nih.gov)