A group of conditions that develop due to overexposure or overexertion in excessive environmental heat.
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. There are various forms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depending on the time of onset and the duration of these stress symptoms. In the acute form, the duration of the symptoms is between 1 to 3 months. In the chronic form, symptoms last more than 3 months. With delayed onset, symptoms develop more than 6 months after the traumatic event.
A class of traumatic stress disorders that is characterized by the significant dissociative states seen immediately after overwhelming trauma. By definition it cannot last longer than 1 month, if it persists, a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC) is more appropriate.
Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.
A constellation of responses that occur when an organism is exposed to excessive heat. Responses include synthesis of new proteins and regulation of others.
Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.
Former members of the armed services.
Hostile conflict between organized groups of people.
Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness.
Those occurrences, including social, psychological, and environmental, which require an adjustment or effect a change in an individual's pattern of living.
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)
Anxiety disorders manifested by the development of characteristic symptoms following a psychologically traumatic event that is outside the normal range of usual human experience. Symptoms include re-experiencing the traumatic event, increased arousal, and numbing of responsiveness to or reduced involvement with the external world. Traumatic stress disorders can be further classified by the time of onset and the duration of these symptoms.
Proteins which are synthesized in eukaryotic organisms and bacteria in response to hyperthermia and other environmental stresses. They increase thermal tolerance and perform functions essential to cell survival under these conditions.
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
A conflict occurring from 1954 through 1975 within the Republic of Vietnam. It involved neighboring nations and the United States and other members of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.
The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.
An armed intervention involving multi-national forces in the country of IRAQ.
Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.
Multinational coalition military operation initiated in October 2001 to counter terrorism and bring security to AFGHANISTAN in collaboration with Afghan forces.
Marked depression appearing in the involution period and characterized by hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and agitation.
A method for extinguishing anxiety by a saturation exposure to the feared stimulus situation or its substitute.
A class of MOLECULAR CHAPERONES found in both prokaryotes and in several compartments of eukaryotic cells. These proteins can interact with polypeptides during a variety of assembly processes in such a way as to prevent the formation of nonfunctional structures.
Persons including soldiers involved with the armed forces.
A clinical syndrome caused by heat stress, such as over-exertion in a hot environment or excessive exposure to sun. It is characterized by SWEATING, water (volume) depletion, salt depletion, cool clammy skin, NAUSEA, and HEADACHE.
A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.
The measure of the level of heat of a human or animal.
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.
Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim.
Terrorism on September 11, 2001 against targets in New York, the Pentagon in Virginia, and an aborted attack that ended in Pennsylvania.
A country of eastern Europe, formerly the province of Bosnia in Yugoslavia, uniting with the province of Herzegovina to form the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1946. It was created 7 April 1992 as a result of the division of Yugoslavia and recognized by the United States as an independent state. Bosnia takes is name from the river Bosna, in turn from the Indoeuropean root bhog, "current"; Herzegovina is from the Serbian herceg (duke) + -ov (the possessive) + -ina (country or territory).
Calamities producing great damage, loss of life, and distress. They include results of natural phenomena and man-made phenomena. Normal conditions of existence are disrupted and the level of impact exceeds the capacity of the hazard-affected community.
The use or threatened use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of criminal laws for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom, in support of political or social objectives.
The processes of heating and cooling that an organism uses to control its temperature.
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
Individual or group aggressive behavior which is socially non-acceptable, turbulent, and often destructive. It is precipitated by frustrations, hostility, prejudices, etc.
Created 7 April 1992 as a result of the division of Yugoslavia.
Stress-inducible members of the heat-shock proteins 70 family. HSP72 heat shock proteins function with other MOLECULAR CHAPERONES to mediate PROTEIN FOLDING and to stabilize pre-existent proteins against aggregation.
Sexual maltreatment of the child or minor.
Persons fleeing to a place of safety, especially those who flee to a foreign country or power to escape danger or persecution in their own country or habitual residence because of race, religion, or political belief. (Webster, 3d ed)
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Iraq" is a country located in the Middle East and it doesn't have a medical definition. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I'd be happy to try to help answer them!
The affective response to an actual current external danger which subsides with the elimination of the threatening condition.
Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.
Disorders related to substance abuse.
Any violation of established legal or moral codes in respect to sexual behavior.
The TEMPERATURE at the outer surface of the body.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.
Non-frontal low-pressure systems over tropical or sub-tropical waters with organized convection and definite pattern of surface wind circulation.
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.
Sudden slips on a fault, and the resulting ground shaking and radiated seismic energy caused by the slips, or by volcanic or magmatic activity, or other sudden stress changes in the earth. Faults are fractures along which the blocks of EARTH crust on either side have moved relative to one another parallel to the fracture.
Individuals subjected to and adversely affected by criminal activity. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
A directed conversation aimed at eliciting information for psychiatric diagnosis, evaluation, treatment planning, etc. The interview may be conducted by a social worker or psychologist.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Abuse of children in a family, institutional, or other setting. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
The human ability to adapt in the face of tragedy, trauma, adversity, hardship, and ongoing significant life stressors.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Afghanistan" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is a country located in South-Central Asia. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I would be happy to help answer those!
The process of exocrine secretion of the SWEAT GLANDS, including the aqueous sweat from the ECCRINE GLANDS and the complex viscous fluids of the APOCRINE GLANDS.
Feeling or emotion of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with major depression present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)
A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior.
The intentional infliction of physical or mental suffering upon an individual or individuals, including the torture of animals.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
Persons who were child victims of violence and abuse including physical, sexual, or emotional maltreatment.
Check list, usually to be filled out by a person about himself, consisting of many statements about personal characteristics which the subject checks.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication.
Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal.
Persons who have experienced a prolonged survival after serious disease or who continue to live with a usually life-threatening condition as well as family members, significant others, or individuals surviving traumatic life events.
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
A state of harmony between internal needs and external demands and the processes used in achieving this condition. (From APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)
Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old.
Personnel trained to provide the initial services, care, and support in EMERGENCIES or DISASTERS.
A technique that induces the processing of disturbing memories and experiences, by stimulating neural mechanisms that are similar to those activated during REM sleep. The technique consists of eye movements following side-to-side movements of the index and middle fingers, or the alternate tapping of the hands on the knees. This procedure triggers the processing of information, thus facilitating the connection of neural networks.
A complex involuntary response to an unexpected strong stimulus usually auditory in nature.
A peninsula in Southeast EUROPE between the Adriatic and Ionian seas on the West and Aegean and Black Seas on the East. (from www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/balkan%20peninsula)
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by a another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
Disorders claimed as a result of military service.
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)
Those affective states which can be experienced and have arousing and motivational properties.
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)
The state wherein the person is well adjusted.
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
A series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep which are dissociated from the usual stream of consciousness of the waking state.
Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures.
Branch of psychiatry concerned with problems related to the prevention, diagnosis, etiology, and treatment of mental or emotional disorders of Armed Forces personnel.
A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with overall planning, promoting, and administering programs pertaining to VETERANS. It was established March 15, 1989 as a Cabinet-level position.
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
A measure of the amount of WATER VAPOR in the air.
The practice of medicine as applied to special circumstances associated with military operations.
Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.
Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. Sleep disorders may be divided into three major categories: DYSSOMNIAS (i.e. disorders characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia), PARASOMNIAS (abnormal sleep behaviors), and sleep disorders secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)
Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.
Agents of the law charged with the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing law and order among the citizenry.
Cortical vigilance or readiness of tone, presumed to be in response to sensory stimulation via the reticular activating system.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Created as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in 1918. Yugoslavia became the official name in 1929. BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA; CROATIA; and SLOVENIA formed independent countries 7 April 1992. Macedonia became independent 8 February 1994 as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (MACEDONIA REPUBLIC).
Recurrent seizures causally related to CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Seizure onset may be immediate but is typically delayed for several days after the injury and may not occur for up to two years. The majority of seizures have a focal onset that correlates clinically with the site of brain injury. Cerebral cortex injuries caused by a penetrating foreign object (CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, PENETRATING) are more likely than closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED) to be associated with epilepsy. Concussive convulsions are nonepileptic phenomena that occur immediately after head injury and are characterized by tonic and clonic movements. (From Rev Neurol 1998 Feb;26(150):256-261; Sports Med 1998 Feb;25(2):131-6)
The concept covering the physical and mental conditions of VETERANS.
A class of MOLECULAR CHAPERONES whose members act in the mechanism of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by STEROID RECEPTORS.
Normal, appropriate sorrowful response to an immediate cause. It is self-limiting and gradually subsides within a reasonable time.
The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.
Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.
Aid for consistent recording of data such as tasks completed and observations noted.
Theoretical representations that simulate psychological processes and/or social processes. These include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
A change in electrical resistance of the skin, occurring in emotion and in certain other conditions.
A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or mis-use of alcohol.
The process whereby a representation of past experience is elicited.
The determination and evaluation of personality attributes by interviews, observations, tests, or scales. Articles concerning personality measurement are considered to be within scope of this term.
Women who are physically and mentally abused over an extended period, usually by a husband or other dominant male figure. Characteristics of the battered woman syndrome are helplessness, constant fear, and a perceived inability to escape. (From American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 3d ed)
The procedure of presenting the conditioned stimulus without REINFORCEMENT to an organism previously conditioned. It refers also to the diminution of a conditioned response resulting from this procedure.
The co-existence of a substance abuse disorder with a psychiatric disorder. The diagnostic principle is based on the fact that it has been found often that chemically dependent patients also have psychiatric problems of various degrees of severity.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.
Deliberate severe and repeated injury to one domestic partner by the other.
The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.

Aerobic training and cutaneous vasodilation in young and older men. (1/470)

To determine the effect and underlying mechanisms of exercise training and the influence of age on the skin blood flow (SkBF) response to exercise in a hot environment, 22 young (Y; 18-30 yr) and 21 older (O; 61-78 yr) men were assigned to 16 wk of aerobic (A; YA, n = 8; OA, n = 11), resistance (R; YR, n = 7; OR, n = 3), or no training (C; YC, n = 7; OC, n = 7). Before and after treatment, subjects exercised at 60% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) on a cycle ergometer for 60 min at 36 degrees C. Cutaneous vascular conductance, defined as SkBF divided by mean arterial pressure, was monitored at control (vasoconstriction intact) and bretylium-treated (vasoconstriction blocked) sites on the forearm using laser-Doppler flowmetry. Forearm vascular conductance was calculated as forearm blood flow (venous occlusion plethysmography) divided by mean arterial pressure. Esophageal and skin temperatures were recorded. Only aerobic training (functionally defined a priori as a 5% or greater increase in VO2 max) produced a decrease in the mean body temperature threshold for increasing forearm vascular conductance (36.89 +/- 0.08 to 36.63 +/- 0.08 degrees C, P < 0.003) and cutaneous vascular conductance (36.91 +/- 0.08 to 36.65 +/- 0.08 degrees C, P < 0.004). Similar thresholds between control and bretylium-treated sites indicated that the decrease was mediated through the active vasodilator system. This shift was more pronounced in the older men who presented greater training-induced increases in VO2 max than did the young men (22 and 9%, respectively). In summary, older men improved their SkBF response to exercise-heat stress through the effect of aerobic training on the cutaneous vasodilator system.  (+info)

Effect of heat stress on rabbit esophageal epithelium. (2/470)

Hot beverages expose the esophageal epithelium to temperatures as high as 58 degrees C. To study the impact of such temperatures, rabbit esophageal epithelium was exposed to luminal heat or both luminal and serosal heat while mounted in Ussing chambers. Luminal heat, mimicking exposure to hot beverages, reduced potential difference (PD) and resistance (R) when applied at >/=49 degrees C and reduced short-circuit current (Isc) at >/=60 degrees C. At >/=60 degrees C, subepithelial blisters developed. Higher temperatures reduced R only moderately and reversibly. In contrast, the Isc declined sharply and irreversibly once threshold was reached. Luminal and serosal heat also reduced PD, Isc, and R, although the threshold for reduction in Isc was now similar to that for R. Additionally, luminal and serosal heat reduced Isc more than R for any given temperature and resulted in blisters at lower temperatures (50 degrees C) than luminal heat alone. The heat-induced decline in Isc was attributed in part to inactivation of Na-K-ATPase activity, although other transport systems could have been equally affected, and the decline in R to an increase in paracellular permeability. The latter effect on R also contributed to an increase in tissue sensitivity to luminal acid damage. Consumption of hot beverages exposes the esophagus to temperatures that can negatively impact epithelial structure and function. Impaired barrier function by heat increases the risk of esophageal damage by subsequent contact with (refluxed) gastric acid. These findings help explain in part the association between esophageal disease and consumption of hot beverages.  (+info)

Can gender differences during exercise-heat stress be assessed by the physiological strain index? (3/470)

A physiological strain index (PSI) based on rectal temperature (Tre) and heart rate (HR) was recently suggested to evaluate exercise-heat stress. The purpose of this study was to evaluate PSI for gender differences under various combinations of exercise intensity and climate. Two groups of eight men each were formed according to maximal rate of O2 consumption (VO2 max). The first group of men (M) was matched to a group of nine women (W) with similar (P > 0.001) VO2 max (46.1 +/- 2.0 and 43.6 +/- 2.9 ml. kg-1. min-1, respectively). The second group of men (MF) was significantly (P < 0. 001) more fit than M or W with VO2 max of 59.1 +/- 1.8 ml. kg-1. min-1. Subjects completed a matrix of nine experimental combinations consisting of three different exercise intensities for 60 min [low, moderate, and high (300, 500, and 650 W, respectively)] each at three climates (comfortable, hot wet, and hot dry [20 degrees C 50% relative humidity (RH), 35 degrees C 70% RH, and 40 degrees C 35% RH, respectively]). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found between matched genders (M and W) at the same exposure for sweat rate, relative VO2 max (%VO2 max), and PSI. However, MF had significantly (P < 0.05) lower strain than M and W as reflected by %VO2 max and PSI. In summary, PSI applicability was extended for exercise-heat stress and gender. This index continues to show potential for wide acceptance and application.  (+info)

Age and renal prostaglandin inhibition during exercise and heat stress. (4/470)

Aging is associated with a number of physiological changes that may cause the kidney to rely to a greater extent on vasodilatory PGs for normal functioning. Acute exercise has been shown to cause renal vasoconstriction that may be partially buffered by vasodilatory PGs. To determine the relative importance of renal PGs during exercise in older adults, we compared the renal effects of the PG inhibitor ibuprofen (1.2 g/day for 3 days) vs. a placebo control in a cohort of eight younger (24 +/- 2 yr) and eight older (64 +/- 2 yr) women during treadmill exercise ( approximately 57% maximal oxygen consumption) in the heat (36 degrees C). This over-the-counter dose of ibuprofen reduced renal PG (i.e., PGE2) excretion by 47% (P < 0. 05). Acute exercise in the heat caused dramatic decreases in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, and sodium excretion in both age groups. PG inhibition was associated with greater decreases in urine production and free water clearance (P < 0.05). There were no drug-related declines in glomerular filtration rate or renal blood flow. We conclude that PG inhibition has only modest effects on renal function during exercise. Also, the lack of hemodynamic changes with PG inhibition indicates that healthy well-hydrated older women are not in a renal PG-dependent state.  (+info)

The free-convective anomaly. (5/470)

Persons exposed to high temperature, or to equivalent environmental factors, have quantifiable reactions, such as reducing the resistance to both heat and moisture flow in skin tissues and clothing needed to maintain thermal equilibrium. The one-to-one relationship between this resistance in the walking person and temperature, with the other factors neutral, is the basis for the apparent temperature scale and the derived heat index. When this approach is taken to assess the thermal environment for a still person exposed to heat in still air, there is a zone of ambient conditions in which there are three solutions to the heat-balance equation. Extraordinary thermal stress occurs, depending slightly on other conditions, at ambient temperatures near 41 degrees C, especially at high humidity, because of the difficulty in carrying sweat vapor from the person when free convection is minimal. This anomaly is examined for a range of ambient vapor pressures and extra radiation. The rapid rise in heat stress when ambient temperature just exceeds body temperature in still conditions may explain the severity of some observed distress.  (+info)

Low doses of melatonin and diurnal effects on thermoregulation and tolerance to uncompensable heat stress. (6/470)

This study examined whether the reported hypothermic effect of melatonin ingestion increased tolerance to exercise at 40 degrees C, for trials conducted either in the morning or afternoon, while subjects were wearing protective clothing. Nine men performed four randomly ordered trials; two each in the morning (0930) and afternoon (1330) after the double-blind ingestion of either two placebo capsules or two 1-mg capsules of melatonin. Despite significant elevations in plasma melatonin to over 1,000 ng/ml 1 h after the ingestion of the first 1-mg dose, rectal temperature (T(re)) was unchanged before or during the heat-stress exposure. Also, all other indexes of temperature regulation and the heart rate response during the uncompensable heat stress were unaffected by the ingestion of melatonin. Initial T(re) was increased during the afternoon (37.1 +/- 0.2 degrees C), compared with the morning (36.8 +/- 0.2 degrees C) exposures, and these differences remained throughout the uncompensable heat stress, such that final T(re) was also increased for the afternoon (39.2 +/- 0.2 degrees C) vs. the morning (39.0 +/- 0.3 degrees C) trials. Tolerance times and heat storage were not different among the exposures at approximately 110 min and 16 kJ/kg, respectively. It was concluded that this low dose of melatonin had no impact on tolerance to uncompensable heat stress and that trials conducted in the early afternoon were associated with an increased T(re) tolerated at exhaustion that offset the circadian influence on resting T(re) and thus maintained tolerance times similar to those of trials conducted in the morning.  (+info)

Role of radical oxygen species in rat testicular germ cell apoptosis induced by heat stress. (7/470)

The present study was designed to clarify the role of radical oxygen species in testicular germ cell apoptosis induced by heat stress. Testicular cells isolated from immature rats were cultured with or without elevated temperature, and occurrence of apoptosis in these cells was defined by the appearance of DNA fragmentation following agarose gel electrophoresis and by flow cytometric quantification of apoptotic cells. At 32.5 degrees C, < 1% of cells showed signs of apoptosis throughout the culture period, whereas under heat stress, the proportion of apoptotic cells increased to 5% at 37 degrees C after 24 h of culture, or to 14% after 1-h exposure at 43 degrees C followed by 23-h culture at 32.5 degrees C. Similar to the effect of heat stress, exogenously supplied oxygen free radicals also induced apoptosis. In contrast, treatment with catalase significantly attenuated heat stress-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, heat stress of testicular cells was associated with an increased intracellular peroxide level as measured by a fluorescent probe, 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate. In conclusion, our data indicate the involvement of radical oxygen species during testicular germ cell apoptosis induced by heat stress. This study provides a useful in vitro model for the study of testicular germ cell apoptosis.  (+info)

Heat-related illnesses and deaths--Missouri, 1998, and United States, 1979-1996. (8/470)

Although heat-related illness and death are readily preventable, exposure to extremely high temperatures caused an annual average of 381 deaths in the United States during 1979-1996. Basic behavioral and environmental precautions are essential to preventing adverse health outcomes associated with sustained periods of hot weather (daytime heat index of > or = 105 F [> or = 40.6 C] and a nighttime minimum temperature of 80 F [26.7 C] persisting for at least 48 hours). This report describes four heat-related deaths that occurred in Missouri during 1998, summarizes heat-related deaths in the United States during 1979-1996, describes risk factors associated with heat-related illness and death, especially in susceptible populations (young and elderly, chronically ill, and disabled persons), and recommends preventive measures.  (+info)

Heat-related illnesses, also known as heat stress disorders, encompass a range of medical conditions that occur when the body is unable to cool down properly in hot environments. These conditions can vary in severity from mild heat rash or cramps to more serious and potentially life-threatening conditions such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

Heat rash, also known as prickly heat, is a skin irritation caused by excessive sweating during hot, humid weather. It typically occurs on the neck, chest, and thighs and appears as small red bumps or blisters.

Heat cramps are painful muscle spasms that can occur during or after intense physical activity in hot weather. They are often accompanied by heavy sweating and are most common in the legs, arms, and abdomen.

Heat exhaustion is a more severe form of heat-related illness that occurs when the body loses too much water and salt through excessive sweating. Symptoms may include weakness, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and fainting. If left untreated, heat exhaustion can lead to heat stroke.

Heat stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when the body's core temperature rises above 104°F (40°C) due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures or strenuous physical activity in hot weather. Symptoms may include confusion, seizures, loss of consciousness, and even death if not treated promptly.

Prevention measures for heat-related illnesses include staying hydrated, wearing loose-fitting clothing, taking frequent breaks during physical activity, avoiding prolonged exposure to the sun, and seeking air-conditioned environments when possible.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, serious accident, war combat, rape, or violent personal assault. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), PTSD is characterized by the following symptoms, which must last for more than one month:

1. Intrusion symptoms: These include distressing memories, nightmares, flashbacks, or intense psychological distress or reactivity to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.
2. Avoidance symptoms: Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event, including thoughts, feelings, conversations, activities, places, or people.
3. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood: This includes negative beliefs about oneself, others, or the world; distorted blame of self or others for causing the trauma; persistent negative emotional state; decreased interest in significant activities; and feelings of detachment or estrangement from others.
4. Alterations in arousal and reactivity: This includes irritable behavior and angry outbursts, reckless or self-destructive behavior, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, problems with concentration, and sleep disturbance.
5. Duration of symptoms: The symptoms must last for more than one month.
6. Functional significance: The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

It is essential to note that PTSD can occur at any age and can be accompanied by various physical and mental health problems, such as depression, substance abuse, memory problems, and other difficulties in cognition. Appropriate treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, can significantly improve the symptoms and overall quality of life for individuals with PTSD.

Traumatic acute stress disorder is a short-term mental health condition that occurs in response to a traumatic or stressful event. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), it is characterized by the development of various symptoms, such as intrusive memories of the traumatic event, avoidance of reminders of the event, negative mood and cognitions, marked autonomic arousal, and sleep disturbances. These symptoms usually occur within one month after the traumatic event and last for no more than three months.

Acute stress disorder is different from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in that it has a shorter duration and does not involve some of the more severe symptoms associated with PTSD, such as avoidance behaviors, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and persistent symptoms of increased arousal. Additionally, acute stress disorder may be more likely to resolve on its own without treatment, while PTSD typically requires professional intervention.

It's important to note that experiencing a traumatic event can have long-lasting effects on mental health, and it is essential to seek help from a qualified mental health professional if symptoms persist or interfere with daily functioning.

Combat disorders are a category of mental health conditions that can occur in military personnel as a result of their experiences during combat. These disorders can include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorders, among others. Combat disorders may be caused by exposure to traumatic events, such as experiencing or witnessing combat, the threat of death or serious injury, or the loss of fellow soldiers. Symptoms can include flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance of reminders of the trauma, difficulty sleeping, irritability, and feelings of detachment or numbness. Treatment for combat disorders typically involves a combination of medication and therapy.

The Heat-Shock Response is a complex and highly conserved stress response mechanism present in virtually all living organisms. It is activated when the cell encounters elevated temperatures or other forms of proteotoxic stress, such as exposure to toxins, radiation, or infectious agents. This response is primarily mediated by a group of proteins known as heat-shock proteins (HSPs) or chaperones, which play crucial roles in protein folding, assembly, transport, and degradation.

The primary function of the Heat-Shock Response is to protect the cell from damage caused by misfolded or aggregated proteins that can accumulate under stress conditions. The activation of this response leads to the rapid transcription and translation of HSP genes, resulting in a significant increase in the intracellular levels of these chaperone proteins. These chaperones then assist in the refolding of denatured proteins or target damaged proteins for degradation via the proteasome or autophagy pathways.

The Heat-Shock Response is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis and ensuring proper protein function under stress conditions. Dysregulation of this response has been implicated in various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases.

In a medical context, "hot temperature" is not a standard medical term with a specific definition. However, it is often used in relation to fever, which is a common symptom of illness. A fever is typically defined as a body temperature that is higher than normal, usually above 38°C (100.4°F) for adults and above 37.5-38°C (99.5-101.3°F) for children, depending on the source.

Therefore, when a medical professional talks about "hot temperature," they may be referring to a body temperature that is higher than normal due to fever or other causes. It's important to note that a high environmental temperature can also contribute to an elevated body temperature, so it's essential to consider both the body temperature and the environmental temperature when assessing a patient's condition.

A "Veteran" is not a medical term per se, but rather a term used to describe individuals who have served in the military. Specifically, in the United States, a veteran is defined as a person who has served in the armed forces of the country and was discharged or released under conditions other than dishonorable. This definition can include those who served in war time or peace time. The term "veteran" does not imply any specific medical condition or diagnosis. However, veterans may have unique health needs and challenges related to their military service, such as exposure to hazardous materials, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other physical and mental health conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "war" is not a medical term. It refers to a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or between political or social groups, usually with large-scale violence and loss of life. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them.

Dissociative disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by disruptions or dysfunctions in memory, consciousness, identity, or perception. These disturbances can be sudden or ongoing and can interfere significantly with a person's ability to function in daily life. The main types of dissociative disorders include:

1. Dissociative Amnesia: This disorder is characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually due to trauma or stress.
2. Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder): In this disorder, a person exhibits two or more distinct identities or personalities that recurrently take control of their behavior.
3. Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder: This disorder involves persistent or recurring feelings of detachment from one's self (depersonalization) or the environment (derealization).
4. Other Specified Dissociative Disorder and Unspecified Dissociative Disorder: These categories are used for disorders that do not meet the criteria for any of the specific dissociative disorders but still cause significant distress or impairment.

Dissociative disorders often develop as a way to cope with trauma, stress, or other overwhelming life experiences. Treatment typically involves psychotherapy, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), as well as medication for co-occurring conditions such as anxiety or depression.

Life change events refer to significant changes or transitions in an individual's personal circumstances that may have an impact on their health and well-being. These events can include things like:

* Marriage or divorce
* Birth of a child or loss of a loved one
* Job loss or retirement
* Moving to a new home or city
* Changes in financial status
* Health diagnoses or serious illnesses
* Starting or ending of a significant relationship

Research has shown that life change events can have a profound effect on an individual's stress levels, mental health, and physical health. Some life change events may be positive and exciting, while others may be challenging and difficult to cope with. In either case, it is important for individuals to take care of themselves during times of transition and seek support as needed.

Anxiety disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or anxiety that interfere with daily activities. They include several different types of disorders, such as:

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This is characterized by chronic and exaggerated worry and tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it.
2. Panic Disorder: This is characterized by recurring unexpected panic attacks and fear of experiencing more panic attacks.
3. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Also known as social phobia, this is characterized by excessive fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social situations due to feelings of embarrassment, self-consciousness, and concern about being judged or viewed negatively by others.
4. Phobias: These are intense, irrational fears of certain objects, places, or situations. When a person with a phobia encounters the object or situation they fear, they may experience panic attacks or other severe anxiety responses.
5. Agoraphobia: This is a fear of being in places where it may be difficult to escape or get help if one has a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms.
6. Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD): This is characterized by excessive anxiety about separation from home or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (such as a parent, sibling, or partner).
7. Selective Mutism: This is a disorder where a child becomes mute in certain situations, such as at school, but can speak normally at home or with close family members.

These disorders are treatable with a combination of medication and psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy). It's important to seek professional help if you suspect that you or someone you know may have an anxiety disorder.

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It is widely used by mental health professionals in the United States and around the world to diagnose and classify mental health conditions.

The DSM includes detailed descriptions of symptoms, clinical examples, and specific criteria for each disorder, which are intended to facilitate accurate diagnosis and improve communication among mental health professionals. The manual is regularly updated to reflect current research and clinical practice, with the most recent edition being the DSM-5, published in 2013.

It's important to note that while the DSM is a valuable tool for mental health professionals, it is not without controversy. Some critics argue that the manual medicalizes normal human experiences and that its categories may be too broad or overlapping. Nonetheless, it remains an essential resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in the field of mental health.

Traumatic stress disorders are a category of mental health conditions that occur after exposure to a traumatic event or series of events. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) recognizes several types of traumatic stress disorders, including:

1. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): This disorder occurs after a person experiences or witnesses a traumatic event, such as combat, sexual assault, or a natural disaster. Symptoms include avoidance of reminders of the trauma, intrusive thoughts about the event, negative changes in mood and cognition, alterations in arousal and reactivity, and disturbances in sleep and concentration.
2. Acute Stress Disorder (ASD): This disorder is similar to PTSD but has a shorter duration. It occurs after exposure to a traumatic event and lasts for less than a month. Symptoms include dissociation, intrusive thoughts about the event, and avoidance of reminders of the trauma.
3. Adjustment Disorders: These disorders occur in response to a stressor or change in life circumstances, such as the loss of a job or the death of a loved one. Symptoms include anxiety, depression, and disturbances in conduct.
4. Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED): These disorders occur in children who have experienced neglect or abuse and have difficulty forming attachments to caregivers.

It's important to note that traumatic stress disorders can have significant impacts on a person's daily functioning, relationships, and overall well-being. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of a traumatic stress disorder, it's essential to seek professional help from a mental health provider.

Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are a group of conserved proteins that are produced by cells in response to stressful conditions, such as increased temperature, exposure to toxins, or infection. They play an essential role in protecting cells and promoting their survival under stressful conditions by assisting in the proper folding and assembly of other proteins, preventing protein aggregation, and helping to refold or degrade damaged proteins. HSPs are named according to their molecular weight, for example, HSP70 and HSP90. They are found in all living organisms, from bacteria to humans, indicating their fundamental importance in cellular function and survival.

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.

Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.

There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:

* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. The "Vietnam Conflict" is not a medical term, but rather a historical event - it was a long, violent conflict that took place in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1959 to 1975.

However, I can provide you with some information on how the Vietnam War may relate to medical and health-related topics:

The Vietnam Conflict had significant impacts on the physical and mental health of both military personnel and civilians involved. Some common health issues related to this conflict include:

1. Agent Orange Exposure: Many US soldiers were exposed to Agent Orange, a powerful herbicide used by the US military during the war. This exposure has been linked to various health problems, including different types of cancer, neurological disorders, and birth defects in their offspring.
2. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): The Vietnam War is known for its high prevalence of PTSD among veterans. The traumatic experiences during the war led to long-term psychological issues, such as anxiety, depression, and substance abuse disorders.
3. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Military personnel involved in the conflict were at risk of TBIs due to explosions and other combat-related injuries. These injuries can lead to cognitive impairments, motor function issues, and emotional disturbances.
4. Physical Disabilities: Amputations, sensory losses, and other physical disabilities were common among veterans due to landmines, gunshot wounds, and other war-related injuries.
5. Infectious Diseases: Tropical diseases, such as malaria and tuberculosis, were prevalent among both military personnel and civilians during the Vietnam Conflict. Additionally, soldiers were at risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections due to high-risk behaviors.

These are just a few examples of how the Vietnam Conflict intersects with medical and health topics.

Physiological stress is a response of the body to a demand or threat that disrupts homeostasis and activates the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This results in the release of stress hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol, and noradrenaline, which prepare the body for a "fight or flight" response. Increased heart rate, rapid breathing, heightened sensory perception, and increased alertness are some of the physiological changes that occur during this response. Chronic stress can have negative effects on various bodily functions, including the immune, cardiovascular, and nervous systems.

The Iraq War (2003-2011) is not a medical term or concept. It refers to a military intervention and subsequent occupation of Iraq by the United States and its allies, which began on March 20, 2003, with the invasion of Iraq by U.S.-led forces. The stated reasons for the invasion included the presence of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in Iraq, which were never found, and the alleged links between the government of Saddam Hussein and terrorist organizations such as al-Qaeda, which were also not substantiated.

However, it is worth noting that the Iraq War had significant medical and public health consequences for both the Iraqi population and U.S. military personnel. The conflict resulted in widespread destruction of infrastructure, displacement of civilians, and a breakdown of healthcare services, leading to increased rates of infectious diseases, malnutrition, and mental health disorders among Iraqis. Additionally, U.S. soldiers were exposed to various health hazards during their deployment, including traumatic brain injuries, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and exposure to toxic substances such as burn pits.

Therefore, while the term "Iraq War, 2003-2011" is not a medical definition, it does have important implications for medical research, practice, and policy related to military conflicts and their health impacts.

Psychiatric Status Rating Scales are standardized assessment tools used by mental health professionals to evaluate and rate the severity of a person's psychiatric symptoms and functioning. These scales provide a systematic and structured approach to measuring various aspects of an individual's mental health, such as mood, anxiety, psychosis, behavior, and cognitive abilities.

The purpose of using Psychiatric Status Rating Scales is to:

1. Assess the severity and improvement of psychiatric symptoms over time.
2. Aid in diagnostic decision-making and treatment planning.
3. Monitor treatment response and adjust interventions accordingly.
4. Facilitate communication among mental health professionals about a patient's status.
5. Provide an objective basis for research and epidemiological studies.

Examples of Psychiatric Status Rating Scales include:

1. Clinical Global Impression (CGI): A brief, subjective rating scale that measures overall illness severity, treatment response, and improvement.
2. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): A comprehensive scale used to assess the symptoms of psychosis, including positive, negative, and general psychopathology domains.
3. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) or Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS): Scales used to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms.
4. Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS): A scale used to assess the severity of manic or hypomanic symptoms.
5. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R): Scales that measure a broad range of psychiatric symptoms and psychopathology.
6. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF): A scale used to rate an individual's overall psychological, social, and occupational functioning on a hypothetical continuum of mental health-illness.

It is important to note that Psychiatric Status Rating Scales should be administered by trained mental health professionals to ensure accurate and reliable results.

Mood disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by significant and persistent changes in mood, affect, and emotional state. These disorders can cause disturbances in normal functioning and significantly impair an individual's ability to carry out their daily activities. The two primary types of mood disorders are depressive disorders (such as major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder) and bipolar disorders (which include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder).

Depressive disorders involve prolonged periods of low mood, sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. Individuals with these disorders may also experience changes in sleep patterns, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem. In severe cases, they might have thoughts of death or suicide.

Bipolar disorders involve alternating episodes of mania (or hypomania) and depression. During a manic episode, individuals may feel extremely elated, energetic, or irritable, with racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive behavior. They might engage in risky activities, have decreased sleep needs, and display poor judgment. In contrast, depressive episodes involve the same symptoms as depressive disorders.

Mood disorders can be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Proper diagnosis and treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, are essential for managing these conditions and improving quality of life.

The "Afghan Campaign" is a term commonly used to refer to the military intervention and ongoing efforts in Afghanistan, led by the United States and NATO forces, which began in October 2001. The campaign was launched in response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, with the primary objective of defeating al-Qaeda and removing the Taliban regime that had provided them safe haven.

The military intervention, known as Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), started with airstrikes against al-Qaeda and Taliban targets in Afghanistan. The ground invasion followed, led by the United States and supported by coalition forces from various countries, including NATO members. The initial success of the campaign resulted in the overthrow of the Taliban regime and the establishment of a new government in Afghanistan.

However, despite the initial victory, the situation in Afghanistan has remained volatile due to the ongoing insurgency led by the resurgent Taliban and other militant groups. The mission in Afghanistan has evolved over time, with the focus shifting from combat operations to training and advising Afghan security forces, counterinsurgency, and counterterrorism efforts.

The "Afghan Campaign" is also referred to as the "War in Afghanistan," and it represents one of the longest military conflicts in United States history. The campaign has involved various phases, including Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Operation Freedom's Sentinel (OFS), and NATO's Resolute Support Mission (RSM).

The medical aspects of the Afghan Campaign have been significant, with thousands of coalition forces injured or killed during the conflict. Additionally, the campaign has had a substantial impact on the healthcare system in Afghanistan, as well as the overall health and well-being of its population. The ongoing efforts to improve healthcare infrastructure, train medical personnel, and provide essential services to the Afghan people remain an important part of the broader mission in the region.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also simply referred to as depression, is a serious mental health condition characterized by the presence of one or more major depressive episodes. A major depressive episode is a period of at least two weeks during which an individual experiences a severely depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities, accompanied by at least four additional symptoms such as significant changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

MDD can significantly impair an individual's ability to function in daily life, and it is associated with increased risks of suicide, substance abuse, and other mental health disorders. The exact cause of MDD is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a complex interplay of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy) and medication (such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants).

I am not able to find a medical definition for "implosive therapy" as it is not a widely recognized or established term in the field of medicine or psychotherapy. It may be a term specific to certain alternative or unconventional approaches, and I would recommend conducting further research to find more information from reliable sources.

However, in the context of psychotherapy, "implosive therapy" is a technique that was developed by psychiatrist Arnold A. Lazarus as a part of his multimodal therapy approach. It involves the use of imaginal exposure to feared stimuli or situations in order to reduce anxiety and avoidance behaviors. The therapist asks the client to vividly imagine a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking scenarios, starting with less distressing ones and gradually moving towards more anxiety-provoking ones. This process is repeated until the anxiety response to the imagined scenarios decreases or disappears.

It's important to note that implosive therapy should be administered by a qualified mental health professional who has received proper training in this technique, as it can potentially lead to increased distress if not conducted appropriately.

HSP70 heat-shock proteins are a family of highly conserved molecular chaperones that play a crucial role in protein folding and protection against stress-induced damage. They are named after the fact that they were first discovered in response to heat shock, but they are now known to be produced in response to various stressors, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and exposure to toxins.

HSP70 proteins bind to exposed hydrophobic regions of unfolded or misfolded proteins, preventing their aggregation and assisting in their proper folding. They also help target irreversibly damaged proteins for degradation by the proteasome. In addition to their role in protein homeostasis, HSP70 proteins have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, making them a subject of interest in various therapeutic contexts.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Military Personnel" is not a medical term. It refers to individuals who serve in the military forces of a country, including the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. Medical terms typically refer to specific conditions, diagnoses, treatments, or anatomical features related to healthcare. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify!

Heat exhaustion is a condition characterized by excessive loss of water and salt, typically through heavy sweating, leading to physical symptoms such as weakness, dizziness, cool moist skin with goose bumps when in a hot environment, and a rapid, weak pulse. It can also cause nausea, headache, and fainting. Heat exhaustion is less severe than heat stroke but should still be treated as a medical emergency to prevent progression to the more serious condition. The primary treatment for heat exhaustion includes restoring water and salt balance through oral or intravenous rehydration, cooling the body with cold compresses or a cool bath, and removing the person from the hot environment.

Heat stroke is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the body becomes unable to regulate its temperature. It is characterized by a core body temperature of 104°F (40°C) or higher, and symptoms such as hot, dry skin or heavy sweating; confusion or loss of consciousness; rapid pulse; rapid breathing; and seizures or convulsions. Heat stroke can be caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures, physical exertion in hot weather, or dehydration. It is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment to prevent serious complications, such as organ damage or failure, and it can be fatal if not treated promptly.

Body temperature is the measure of heat produced by the body. In humans, the normal body temperature range is typically between 97.8°F (36.5°C) and 99°F (37.2°C), with an average oral temperature of 98.6°F (37°C). Body temperature can be measured in various ways, including orally, rectally, axillary (under the arm), and temporally (on the forehead).

Maintaining a stable body temperature is crucial for proper bodily functions, as enzymes and other biological processes depend on specific temperature ranges. The hypothalamus region of the brain regulates body temperature through feedback mechanisms that involve shivering to produce heat and sweating to release heat. Fever is a common medical sign characterized by an elevated body temperature above the normal range, often as a response to infection or inflammation.

A depressive disorder is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities. It can also include changes in sleep, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem, as well as thoughts of death or suicide. Depressive disorders can vary in severity and duration, with some people experiencing mild and occasional symptoms, while others may have severe and chronic symptoms that interfere with their ability to function in daily life.

There are several types of depressive disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder (PDD), and postpartum depression. MDD is characterized by symptoms that interfere significantly with a person's ability to function and last for at least two weeks, while PDD involves chronic low-grade depression that lasts for two years or more. Postpartum depression occurs in women after childbirth and can range from mild to severe.

Depressive disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy (talk therapy), and lifestyle changes.

Rape is a legal term and its exact definition varies by jurisdiction. However, in general, rape is a type of sexual assault involving sexual penetration without the consent of the victim. This can include vaginal, anal, or oral penetration with any body part or object. In many places, rape also includes situations where the victim is unable to give consent due to factors such as age, mental incapacity, or being under the influence of drugs or alcohol. It's important to note that force, threat of force, or coercion do not necessarily have to be present for the act to be considered rape, and lack of consent is the crucial factor.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "September 11 Terrorist Attacks" is a historical event rather than a medical condition or term. Therefore, it doesn't have a specific medical definition. However, I can provide some context:

The September 11 Terrorist Attacks, often referred to as 9/11, were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks that occurred in the United States on September 11, 2001. These attacks were carried out by the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda. The attacks involved the hijacking of four commercial airplanes. Two of these planes were flown into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center complex in New York City, causing both towers to collapse within hours. Another plane hit the Pentagon building in Arlington, Virginia, and the fourth crashed in a field in Pennsylvania after passengers attempted to overcome the hijackers.

The attacks resulted in thousands of deaths and injuries, making it one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in world history. The physical and psychological health effects were significant and far-reaching, affecting not only the survivors and first responders but also the nation as a whole. These effects included acute trauma reactions, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and various physical health issues.

While "September 11 Terrorist Attacks" is not a medical term, it is associated with numerous mental and physical health issues that have been studied and documented in the medical and psychological literature.

Bosnia-Herzegovina is not a medical term. It is a country located in Southeastern Europe, bordered by Croatia to the north and west, Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the south. The country has a population of approximately 3.5 million people and is known for its rich history, diverse culture, and natural beauty.

Bosnia-Herzegovina is made up of two entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska, as well as the Brčko District, which is a self-governing administrative unit. The country has a complex political system with a three-member presidency, consisting of one member from each of the three main ethnic groups: Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs.

Bosnia-Herzegovina has faced significant challenges since the end of the Bosnian War in 1995, including political instability, economic underdevelopment, and high levels of corruption. Despite these challenges, the country is working towards greater integration with European institutions and has made progress in areas such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure development.

A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Disasters can be natural, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, and wildfires, or they can be caused by human activities, such as technological accidents, intentional acts of violence, and complex emergencies.

The medical definition of a disaster focuses on the health impacts and consequences of the event, which can include injury, illness, disability, and death, as well as psychological distress and social disruption. The response to a disaster typically involves a coordinated effort by multiple agencies and organizations, including healthcare providers, emergency responders, public health officials, and government authorities, to address the immediate needs of affected individuals and communities and to restore basic services and infrastructure.

Disasters can have long-term effects on the health and well-being of individuals and populations, including increased vulnerability to future disasters, chronic illness and disability, and mental health problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety. Preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery efforts are critical components of disaster management, with the goal of reducing the risks and impacts of disasters and improving the resilience of communities and societies to withstand and recover from them.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "terrorism" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a concept that is typically defined within the contexts of criminal law, international relations, and political science. Generally, terrorism refers to the use of violence or threat of violence, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political, religious, or ideological objectives. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!

Body temperature regulation, also known as thermoregulation, is the process by which the body maintains its core internal temperature within a narrow range, despite varying external temperatures. This is primarily controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain, which acts as a thermostat and receives input from temperature receptors throughout the body. When the body's temperature rises above or falls below the set point, the hypothalamus initiates responses to bring the temperature back into balance. These responses can include shivering to generate heat, sweating to cool down, vasodilation or vasoconstriction of blood vessels to regulate heat loss, and changes in metabolic rate. Effective body temperature regulation is crucial for maintaining optimal physiological function and overall health.

Comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional health conditions or diseases alongside a primary illness or condition. These co-occurring health issues can have an impact on the treatment plan, prognosis, and overall healthcare management of an individual. Comorbidities often interact with each other and the primary condition, leading to more complex clinical situations and increased healthcare needs. It is essential for healthcare professionals to consider and address comorbidities to provide comprehensive care and improve patient outcomes.

Violence is not typically defined in medical terms, but it can be described as the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation. This definition is often used in public health and medical research to understand the impact of violence on health outcomes.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Croatia" is not a medical term or condition. It is a country located in Central and Southeastern Europe. If you have any questions about Croatian healthcare or medical practices, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you.

HSP72, or Heat Shock Protein 72, is a member of the heat shock protein (HSP) family, which are highly conserved proteins found in all living organisms. They function as molecular chaperones, helping to facilitate the proper folding and assembly of other proteins and preventing their aggregation under stressful conditions, such as elevated temperatures, oxidative stress, or inflammation. HSP72 is specifically induced by heat shock and plays a crucial role in protecting cells from various forms of stress-induced damage and promoting cell survival. It also participates in the immune response and has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular disease.

Sexual child abuse is a form of abuse in which a child is engaged in sexual activities or exposed to sexual situations that are inappropriate and harmful for their age. This can include:

1. Sexual contact or intercourse with a child.
2. Exposing a child to pornography or using a child to produce pornographic materials.
3. Engaging in sexual acts in front of a child.
4. Inappropriately touching or fondling a child.
5. Using a child for sexual exploitation, including prostitution.

Sexual child abuse can have serious and long-lasting effects on a child's emotional, psychological, and physical well-being. It is important to report any suspected cases of sexual child abuse to the appropriate authorities immediately.

Medically, the term "refugees" does not have a specific definition. However, in a broader social and humanitarian context, refugees are defined by the United Nations as:

"People who are outside their country of nationality or habitual residence; have a well-founded fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion; and are unable or unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country, or to return there, for fear of persecution."

Refugees often face significant health challenges due to forced displacement, violence, trauma, limited access to healthcare services, and harsh living conditions. They may experience physical and mental health issues, including infectious diseases, malnutrition, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Providing medical care and support for refugees is an important aspect of global public health.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Iraq" is not a medical term. It is a country located in the Middle East. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I would be happy to help!

Fear is a basic human emotion that is typically characterized by a strong feeling of anxiety, apprehension, or distress in response to a perceived threat or danger. It is a natural and adaptive response that helps individuals identify and respond to potential dangers in their environment, and it can manifest as physical, emotional, and cognitive symptoms.

Physical symptoms of fear may include increased heart rate, rapid breathing, sweating, trembling, and muscle tension. Emotional symptoms may include feelings of anxiety, worry, or panic, while cognitive symptoms may include difficulty concentrating, racing thoughts, and intrusive thoughts about the perceived threat.

Fear can be a normal and adaptive response to real dangers, but it can also become excessive or irrational in some cases, leading to phobias, anxiety disorders, and other mental health conditions. In these cases, professional help may be necessary to manage and overcome the fear.

Psychological stress is the response of an individual's mind and body to challenging or demanding situations. It can be defined as a state of emotional and physical tension resulting from adversity, demand, or change. This response can involve a variety of symptoms, including emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological components.

Emotional responses may include feelings of anxiety, fear, anger, sadness, or frustration. Cognitive responses might involve difficulty concentrating, racing thoughts, or negative thinking patterns. Behaviorally, psychological stress can lead to changes in appetite, sleep patterns, social interactions, and substance use. Physiologically, the body's "fight-or-flight" response is activated, leading to increased heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and other symptoms.

Psychological stress can be caused by a wide range of factors, including work or school demands, financial problems, relationship issues, traumatic events, chronic illness, and major life changes. It's important to note that what causes stress in one person may not cause stress in another, as individual perceptions and coping mechanisms play a significant role.

Chronic psychological stress can have negative effects on both mental and physical health, increasing the risk of conditions such as anxiety disorders, depression, heart disease, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, it's essential to identify sources of stress and develop effective coping strategies to manage and reduce its impact.

Substance-related disorders, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), refer to a group of conditions caused by the use of substances such as alcohol, drugs, or medicines. These disorders are characterized by a problematic pattern of using a substance that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. They can be divided into two main categories: substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders. Substance use disorders involve a pattern of compulsive use despite negative consequences, while substance-induced disorders include conditions such as intoxication, withdrawal, and substance/medication-induced mental disorders. The specific diagnosis depends on the type of substance involved, the patterns of use, and the presence or absence of physiological dependence.

Sex offenses are criminal acts that involve sexual misconduct or non-consensual sexual contact with another person. These crimes can range from non-contact offenses such as exhibitionism and voyeurism, to forcible rape and sexual assault. Sex offenses also include the crime of sexual abuse, which involves engaging in sexual contact with a minor or vulnerable adult who is unable to give consent due to age, disability, or incapacitation.

The legal definition of sex offenses varies by jurisdiction, but generally includes any form of unwanted sexual touching, forced penetration, or exploitation of another person for sexual gratification without their consent. In addition, some sex offenses may involve the production, distribution, or possession of child pornography, as well as other forms of sexual exploitation.

Those convicted of sex offenses often face severe penalties, including lengthy prison sentences, fines, and mandatory registration as a sex offender. The stigma associated with being labeled a sex offender can also have long-lasting consequences on an individual's personal and professional life, making it difficult to find employment or housing.

Skin temperature is the measure of heat emitted by the skin, which can be an indicator of the body's core temperature. It is typically lower than the body's internal temperature and varies depending on factors such as environmental temperature, blood flow, and physical activity. Skin temperature is often used as a vital sign in medical settings and can be measured using various methods, including thermal scanners, digital thermometers, or mercury thermometers. Changes in skin temperature may also be associated with certain medical conditions, such as inflammation, infection, or nerve damage.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

A phobic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by an excessive and irrational fear or avoidance of specific objects, situations, or activities. This fear can cause significant distress and interfere with a person's daily life. Phobic disorders are typically classified into three main categories: specific phobias (such as fear of heights, spiders, or needles), social phobia (or social anxiety disorder), and agoraphobia (fear of open spaces or situations where escape might be difficult).

People with phobic disorders often recognize that their fear is excessive or unreasonable, but they are unable to control it. When exposed to the feared object or situation, they may experience symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, and difficulty breathing. These symptoms can be so distressing that individuals with phobic disorders go to great lengths to avoid the feared situation, which can have a significant impact on their quality of life.

Treatment for phobic disorders typically involves cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps individuals identify and challenge their irrational thoughts and fears, as well as exposure therapy, which gradually exposes them to the feared object or situation in a safe and controlled environment. In some cases, medication may also be recommended to help manage symptoms of anxiety.

A Cyclonic Storm is a large scale air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure. In the context of meteorology, cyclonic storms are characterized by inward spiraling winds that rotate about a calm center known as the "eye." These storms can bring significant rainfall, high winds, and severe weather conditions. They are often referred to as tropical cyclones, hurricanes, or typhoons depending on their location and strength.

In the Indian Ocean, including the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, a cyclonic storm is defined as a tropical cyclone with sustained wind speeds of 34-61 knots (39-70 mph) near its center. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) and other regional meteorological organizations are responsible for tracking and issuing warnings for these storms to help minimize potential impacts on human life and property.

A wound is a type of injury that occurs when the skin or other tissues are cut, pierced, torn, or otherwise broken. Wounds can be caused by a variety of factors, including accidents, violence, surgery, or certain medical conditions. There are several different types of wounds, including:

* Incisions: These are cuts that are made deliberately, often during surgery. They are usually straight and clean.
* Lacerations: These are tears in the skin or other tissues. They can be irregular and jagged.
* Abrasions: These occur when the top layer of skin is scraped off. They may look like a bruise or a scab.
* Punctures: These are wounds that are caused by sharp objects, such as needles or knives. They are usually small and deep.
* Avulsions: These occur when tissue is forcibly torn away from the body. They can be very serious and require immediate medical attention.

Injuries refer to any harm or damage to the body, including wounds. Injuries can range from minor scrapes and bruises to more severe injuries such as fractures, dislocations, and head trauma. It is important to seek medical attention for any injury that is causing significant pain, swelling, or bleeding, or if there is a suspected bone fracture or head injury.

In general, wounds and injuries should be cleaned and covered with a sterile bandage to prevent infection. Depending on the severity of the wound or injury, additional medical treatment may be necessary. This may include stitches for deep cuts, immobilization for broken bones, or surgery for more serious injuries. It is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully to ensure proper healing and to prevent complications.

An earthquake is not a medical condition. It is a natural disaster that results from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, causing the ground to shake and sometimes resulting in damage to structures and loss of life. The point where the earthquake originates is called the focus or hypocenter, and the epicenter is the point directly above it on the surface of the Earth.

Earthquakes can cause various medical conditions and injuries, such as:

* Cuts, bruises, and fractures from falling debris
* Head trauma and concussions
* Crush syndrome from being trapped under heavy objects
* Respiratory problems from dust inhalation
* Psychological distress, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

If you experience an earthquake, it is important to seek medical attention if you are injured or experiencing any symptoms. Additionally, it is crucial to follow safety guidelines during and after an earthquake to minimize the risk of injury and ensure your well-being.

A crime victim is a person who has suffered direct or threatened physical, emotional, or financial harm as a result of the commission of a crime. According to the United States Department of Justice, victims of crime may experience a range of negative effects including physical injury, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and financial losses.

Crime victimization can take many forms, such as assault, robbery, homicide, sexual assault, domestic violence, child abuse, identity theft, and fraud. In addition to the immediate harm caused by criminal acts, victims may also face long-term challenges related to their recovery, including emotional trauma, difficulty trusting others, and economic instability.

Many countries have laws and policies in place to support crime victims and provide them with access to resources and services. These can include victim compensation programs, counseling and therapy services, and legal assistance. In the United States, for example, the Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) provides funding for victim services through a federal grant program administered by the Office for Victims of Crime (OVC).

Overall, the medical definition of 'crime victims' refers to individuals who have been directly or indirectly harmed by criminal behavior and may require support and resources to help them recover from their experiences.

A psychological interview is a clinical assessment tool used by mental health professionals to gather information about a person's cognitive, emotional, and behavioral status. It is a structured or unstructured conversation between the clinician and the client aimed at understanding the client's symptoms, concerns, personal history, current life situation, and any other relevant factors that contribute to their psychological state.

The interview may cover various topics such as the individual's mental health history, family background, social relationships, education, occupation, coping mechanisms, and substance use. The clinician will also assess the person's cognitive abilities, emotional expression, thought processes, and behavior during the interview to help form a diagnosis or treatment plan.

The psychological interview is an essential component of a comprehensive mental health evaluation, as it provides valuable insights into the individual's subjective experiences and helps establish a therapeutic relationship between the clinician and the client. It can be conducted in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, private practices, or community centers.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Child abuse is a broad term that refers to any form of physical, emotional, or sexual mistreatment or neglect that causes harm to a child's health, development, or dignity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), child abuse includes:

1. Physical abuse: Non-accidental injuries caused by hitting, kicking, shaking, burning, or otherwise harming a child's body.
2. Sexual abuse: Any sexual activity involving a child, such as touching or non-touching behaviors, exploitation, or exposure to pornographic material.
3. Emotional abuse: Behaviors that harm a child's emotional well-being and self-esteem, such as constant criticism, humiliation, threats, or rejection.
4. Neglect: Failure to provide for a child's basic needs, including food, clothing, shelter, medical care, education, and emotional support.

Child abuse can have serious short-term and long-term consequences for the physical, emotional, and psychological well-being of children. It is a violation of their fundamental human rights and a public health concern that requires prevention, early detection, and intervention.

Psychological resilience refers to the ability of an individual to adapt and cope effectively in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, or significant sources of stress. It is the capacity to "bounce back" from difficulties, maintain psychological well-being, and continue to function positively despite experiencing challenging life events. Psychological resilience involves various factors such as cognitive flexibility, problem-solving skills, positive self-esteem, adaptive coping strategies, and strong social support networks. It is not a fixed trait but can be developed and strengthened through personal growth, learning experiences, and supportive environments.

'Afghanistan' is a country and not a medical term or condition. It is located in Central Asia and is bordered by Pakistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, China, and the Arabian Sea. The country has a complex history with ongoing political and security challenges. If you are looking for information related to medical tourism or healthcare in Afghanistan, I can provide some general insights. However, please note that the medical facilities and services in Afghanistan may not be comparable to those in developed countries due to various factors such as infrastructure, resources, and expertise.

Sweating, also known as perspiration, is the production of sweat by the sweat glands in the skin in response to heat, physical exertion, hormonal changes, or emotional stress. Sweat is a fluid composed mainly of water, with small amounts of sodium chloride, lactate, and urea. It helps regulate body temperature by releasing heat through evaporation on the surface of the skin. Excessive sweating, known as hyperhidrosis, can be a medical condition that may require treatment.

Anxiety: A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome. In a medical context, anxiety refers to a mental health disorder characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or panic that interfere with daily activities. It can also be a symptom of other medical conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, or substance abuse disorders. Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and phobias.

Depression is a mood disorder that is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities. It can also cause significant changes in sleep, appetite, energy level, concentration, and behavior. Depression can interfere with daily life and normal functioning, and it can increase the risk of suicide and other mental health disorders. The exact cause of depression is not known, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. There are several types of depression, including major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, postpartum depression, and seasonal affective disorder. Treatment for depression typically involves a combination of medication and psychotherapy.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with hyperactivity is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. The condition is characterized by symptoms including:

1. Difficulty paying attention or staying focused on a single task
2. Impulsivity, or acting without thinking
3. Hyperactivity, or excessive fidgeting, restlessness, or talking

In order to be diagnosed with ADHD with hyperactivity, an individual must exhibit these symptoms to a degree that is developmentally inappropriate and interferes with their daily functioning. Additionally, the symptoms must have been present for at least six months and be present in multiple settings (e.g., at home, school, work).

It's important to note that ADHD can manifest differently in different people, and some individuals may experience predominantly inattentive or impulsive symptoms rather than hyperactive ones. However, when the hyperactive component is prominent, it is referred to as ADHD with hyperactivity.

Effective treatments for ADHD with hyperactivity include a combination of medication (such as stimulants) and behavioral therapy. With appropriate treatment, individuals with ADHD can learn to manage their symptoms and lead successful, fulfilling lives.

Cognitive Therapy (CT) is a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that helps patients understand the thoughts and feelings that influence behaviors. It is a form of talk therapy where the therapist and the patient work together to identify and change negative or distorted thinking patterns and beliefs, with the goal of improving emotional response and behavior.

Cognitive Therapy is based on the idea that our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are all interconnected, and that negative or inaccurate thoughts can contribute to problems like anxiety and depression. By identifying and challenging these thoughts, patients can learn to think more realistically and positively, which can lead to improvements in their mood and behavior.

In cognitive therapy sessions, the therapist will help the patient identify negative thought patterns and replace them with healthier, more accurate ways of thinking. The therapist may also assign homework or exercises for the patient to practice between sessions, such as keeping a thought record or challenging negative thoughts.

Cognitive Therapy has been shown to be effective in treating a wide range of mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is often used in combination with other forms of treatment, such as medication, and can be delivered individually or in group settings.

Torture is not typically defined in medical terms, but it is recognized as a severe violation of human rights by the World Medical Association (WMA), the United Nations (UN), and other international bodies. The UN defines torture as:

"any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions."

The WMA's Declaration of Tokyo states that "physicians shall not countenance, condone or participate in the practice of torture or other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment" and defines torture as "the deliberate, systematic or wanton infliction of physical or mental suffering by one or more persons acting alone or on behalf of others."

Medical professionals play a critical role in identifying, documenting, and reporting torture, as well as providing care and support to survivors.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a mental health disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, and mood, as well as marked impulsivity that begins by early adulthood and is present in various contexts.

Individuals with BPD often experience intense and fluctuating emotions, ranging from profound sadness, anxiety, and anger to feelings of happiness or calm. They may have difficulty managing these emotions, leading to impulsive behavior, self-harm, or suicidal ideation.

People with BPD also tend to have an unstable sense of self, which can lead to rapid changes in their goals, values, and career choices. They often struggle with feelings of emptiness and boredom, and may engage in risky behaviors such as substance abuse, reckless driving, or binge eating to alleviate these feelings.

Interpersonal relationships are often strained due to the individual's fear of abandonment, intense emotional reactions, and difficulty regulating their emotions. They may experience idealization and devaluation of others, leading to rapid shifts in how they view and treat people close to them.

Diagnosis of BPD is typically made by a mental health professional using criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is published by the American Psychiatric Association. Treatment for BPD may include psychotherapy, medication, and support groups to help individuals manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

Psychotic disorders are a group of severe mental health conditions characterized by distorted perceptions, thoughts, and emotions that lead to an inability to recognize reality. The two most common symptoms of psychotic disorders are hallucinations and delusions. Hallucinations are when a person sees, hears, or feels things that aren't there, while delusions are fixed, false beliefs that are not based on reality.

Other symptoms may include disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms such as apathy and lack of emotional expression. Schizophrenia is the most well-known psychotic disorder, but other types include schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, shared psychotic disorder, and substance-induced psychotic disorder.

Psychotic disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, brain chemistry imbalances, trauma, and substance abuse. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, therapy, and support services to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

'Adult survivors of child abuse' is a term used to describe individuals who have experienced any form of abuse during their childhood, including physical, sexual, emotional, or neglect, and have reached adulthood. These individuals may face various ongoing challenges related to their past experiences, such as mental health issues, difficulties in forming relationships, trust issues, low self-esteem, and coping mechanisms that may impact their daily lives. They are often in need of support, therapy, and counseling to help them overcome the effects of their abuse and lead healthy, fulfilling lives.

A Personality Inventory is a standardized test used in psychology to assess an individual's personality traits and characteristics. It typically consists of a series of multiple-choice questions or statements that the respondent must rate according to their level of agreement or disagreement. The inventory measures various aspects of an individual's behavior, attitudes, and temperament, providing a quantifiable score that can be compared to normative data to help diagnose personality disorders, assess personal strengths and weaknesses, or provide insights into an individual's likely responses to different situations. Examples of well-known personality inventories include the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the California Psychological Inventory (CPI).

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Psychotherapy is a type of treatment used primarily to treat mental health disorders and other emotional or behavioral issues. It involves a therapeutic relationship between a trained psychotherapist and a patient, where they work together to understand the patient's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, identify patterns that may be causing distress, and develop strategies to manage symptoms and improve overall well-being.

There are many different approaches to psychotherapy, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, interpersonal therapy, and others. The specific approach used will depend on the individual patient's needs and preferences, as well as the training and expertise of the therapist.

Psychotherapy can be conducted in individual, group, or family sessions, and may be provided in a variety of settings, such as hospitals, clinics, private practices, or online platforms. The goal of psychotherapy is to help patients understand themselves better, develop coping skills, improve their relationships, and enhance their overall quality of life.

Defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological strategies that individuals use to cope with stressful, threatening, or uncomfortable situations. These mechanisms help protect the ego from being overwhelmed by anxiety, fear, or other negative emotions. They can also help individuals maintain a positive self-image and a sense of control in difficult circumstances.

There are many different types of defense mechanisms, including:

1. Repression: The unconscious forgetting or pushing aside of painful memories or thoughts.
2. Denial: Refusing to acknowledge the existence or reality of a threatening situation or feeling.
3. Projection: Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or emotions to someone else.
4. Displacement: Channeling unacceptable feelings toward a safer or less threatening target.
5. Rationalization: Creating logical explanations or excuses for unacceptable behavior or feelings.
6. Reaction formation: Converting unconscious impulses or desires into their opposite, conscious attitudes or behaviors.
7. Sublimation: Transforming unacceptable impulses or instincts into socially acceptable behaviors or activities.
8. Regression: Returning to an earlier stage of development in order to cope with stress or anxiety.
9. Suppression: Consciously pushing aside unwanted thoughts or feelings.
10. Identification: Adopting the characteristics, attitudes, or behaviors of another person as a way of coping with anxiety or fear.

Defense mechanisms can be adaptive or maladaptive, depending on the situation and how they are used. While they can help individuals cope with stress and maintain their emotional well-being in the short term, relying too heavily on defense mechanisms can lead to problems in relationships, work, and other areas of life. It is important for individuals to be aware of their defense mechanisms and work to develop healthier coping strategies over time.

In a medical context, "survivors" typically refers to individuals who have lived through or recovered from a serious illness, injury, or life-threatening event. This may include people who have survived cancer, heart disease, trauma, or other conditions that posed a significant risk to their health and well-being. The term is often used to describe the resilience and strength of these individuals, as well as to highlight the importance of ongoing support and care for those who have faced serious medical challenges. It's important to note that the definition may vary depending on the context in which it's used.

Panic Disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and significant worry about the implications of these attacks or fear of their occurrence. A panic attack is a sudden surge of intense fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes, and includes physical symptoms such as accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, and feelings of impending doom or danger. In Panic Disorder, these attacks are not triggered by specific situations or stimuli, but can occur spontaneously and without warning. The individual may also develop avoidance behaviors to prevent future panic attacks, which can interfere with daily functioning and quality of life.

Psychological adaptation refers to the process by which individuals adjust and cope with stressors, challenges, or changes in their environment or circumstances. It involves modifying thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and copabilities to reduce the negative impact of these stressors and promote well-being. Psychological adaptation can occur at different levels, including intrapersonal (within the individual), interpersonal (between individuals), and cultural (within a group or society).

Examples of psychological adaptation include:

* Cognitive restructuring: changing negative thoughts and beliefs to more positive or adaptive ones
* Emotion regulation: managing and reducing intense or distressing emotions
* Problem-solving: finding solutions to practical challenges or obstacles
* Seeking social support: reaching out to others for help, advice, or comfort
* Developing coping strategies: using effective ways to deal with stressors or difficulties
* Cultivating resilience: bouncing back from adversity and learning from negative experiences.

Psychological adaptation is an important aspect of mental health and well-being, as it helps individuals adapt to new situations, overcome challenges, and maintain a sense of control and optimism in the face of stressors or changes.

Acclimatization is the process by which an individual organism adjusts to a change in its environment, enabling it to maintain its normal physiological functions and thus survive and reproduce. In the context of medicine, acclimatization often refers to the body's adaptation to changes in temperature, altitude, or other environmental factors that can affect health.

For example, when a person moves from a low-altitude area to a high-altitude area, their body may undergo several physiological changes to adapt to the reduced availability of oxygen at higher altitudes. These changes may include increased breathing rate and depth, increased heart rate, and altered blood chemistry, among others. This process of acclimatization can take several days or even weeks, depending on the individual and the degree of environmental change.

Similarly, when a person moves from a cold climate to a hot climate, their body may adjust by increasing its sweat production and reducing its heat production, in order to maintain a stable body temperature. This process of acclimatization can help prevent heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

Overall, acclimatization is an important physiological process that allows organisms to adapt to changing environments and maintain their health and well-being.

Emergency responders are individuals who are trained and authorized to provide immediate assistance in the event of an emergency. This can include medical emergencies, fires, natural disasters, or other situations that require urgent attention. Some common types of emergency responders include:

1. Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel: These are healthcare professionals who provide pre-hospital care to patients in emergency situations. They may be trained as emergency medical technicians (EMTs), paramedics, or nurses, and they often work for ambulance services, fire departments, or hospitals.
2. Firefighters: These are individuals who are trained to respond to fires, rescue people from dangerous situations, and provide other emergency services. They may also be trained in medical response and can provide basic life support care until EMS personnel arrive.
3. Police officers: Law enforcement officers who respond to emergencies such as crimes in progress, traffic accidents, or natural disasters. They are responsible for maintaining public safety and order, and may provide first aid or other emergency medical services if necessary.
4. Search and Rescue (SAR) teams: These are specialized teams that are trained to locate and rescue people who are lost, missing, or injured in remote or difficult-to-reach areas. They may work for government agencies, volunteer organizations, or private companies.
5. Public Health officials: These are individuals who work for local, state, or federal health departments and are responsible for responding to public health emergencies such as disease outbreaks or bioterrorism attacks. They may provide education, vaccination, or other services to protect the public's health.
6. Emergency Management professionals: These are individuals who are trained to coordinate emergency response efforts during large-scale disasters or emergencies. They may work for government agencies, nonprofit organizations, or private companies.

Overall, emergency responders play a critical role in protecting public safety and ensuring that people receive the medical care they need during emergencies.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychotherapy treatment that was originally designed to alleviate the distress associated with traumatic memories. It is now also used for treating other mental health problems. The therapy involves focusing on hand movements or sounds while recalling distressing memories, with the goal of reducing the negative emotions and beliefs associated with those memories.

During EMDR treatment, the therapist will guide the client through three time periods: the past, present, and future. They will identify and process traumatic memories from the past, current situations that cause distress, and develop skills and strategies to help the client navigate future challenges. The goal of EMDR is to help the client process traumatic memories and reduce their negative impact on mental health.

It's important to note that while EMDR has been shown to be effective for some individuals, it may not be suitable for everyone. It should only be administered by a trained and certified professional, and its effectiveness can vary depending on the individual and the nature of their trauma or other mental health concerns.

A startle reaction is a natural, defensive response to an unexpected stimulus that is characterized by a sudden contraction of muscles, typically in the face, neck, and arms. It's a reflexive action that occurs involuntarily and is mediated by the brainstem. The startle reaction can be observed in many different species, including humans, and is thought to have evolved as a protective mechanism to help organisms respond quickly to potential threats. In addition to the muscle contraction, the startle response may also include other physiological changes such as an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.

The Balkan Peninsula, also known as the Balkans, is a geographical region located in southeastern Europe. It is surrounded by the Adriatic Sea to the west, the Ionian Sea to the southwest, the Aegean Sea to the south and the Black Sea to the east. The peninsula is made up of several countries including Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia, and parts of Greece and Romania.

The Balkan Peninsula has a diverse landscape with mountain ranges, rivers, and coastlines. It is home to a variety of cultures, languages, and religions, making it a unique and complex region in Europe. The term "Balkanization" was coined based on the political fragmentation that occurred in this region during the 19th and 20th centuries.

Somatoform disorders are a group of psychological disorders characterized by the presence of physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition or substance abuse. These symptoms cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The individual's belief about the symptoms is not consistent with the medical evaluation and often leads to excessive or repeated medical evaluations.

Examples of somatoform disorders include:

1. Somatization disorder: characterized by multiple physical symptoms that cannot be explained medically, affecting several parts of the body.
2. Conversion disorder: characterized by the presence of one or more neurological symptoms (such as blindness, paralysis, or difficulty swallowing) that cannot be explained medically and appear to have a psychological origin.
3. Pain disorder: characterized by chronic pain that is not fully explained by a medical condition.
4. Hypochondriasis: characterized by an excessive preoccupation with having a serious illness, despite reassurance from medical professionals.
5. Body dysmorphic disorder: characterized by the obsessive idea that some aspect of one's own body part or appearance is severely flawed and warrants exceptional measures to hide or fix it.

It's important to note that these disorders are not caused by intentional deceit or malingering, but rather reflect a genuine belief in the presence of physical symptoms and distress related to them.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

The amygdala is an almond-shaped group of nuclei located deep within the temporal lobe of the brain, specifically in the anterior portion of the temporal lobes and near the hippocampus. It forms a key component of the limbic system and plays a crucial role in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. The amygdala is involved in the integration of sensory information with emotional responses, memory formation, and decision-making processes.

In response to emotionally charged stimuli, the amygdala can modulate various physiological functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and stress hormone release, via its connections to the hypothalamus and brainstem. Additionally, it contributes to social behaviors, including recognizing emotional facial expressions and responding appropriately to social cues. Dysfunctions in amygdala function have been implicated in several psychiatric and neurological conditions, such as anxiety disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health disorder characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are intrusive, unwanted, and often distressing. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rigid rules, and which are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing some dreaded event or situation. These obsessions and/or compulsions cause significant distress, take up a lot of time (an hour or more a day), and interfere with the individual's daily life, including social activities, relationships, and work or school performance. OCD is considered a type of anxiety disorder and can also co-occur with other mental health conditions.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.

ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.

ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.

Veterans disability claims refer to the requests for benefits filed by veterans who have disabilities as a result of their military service. These benefits are provided through the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the United States.

A veteran must be able to provide evidence of a current physical or mental disability, and a link between that disability and an injury, illness, or event that occurred during their military service. The VA then rates the severity of the disability on a scale from 0 to 100 percent, in increments of 10, with a higher rating indicating a more severe disability.

The VA uses this disability rating to determine the amount of compensation the veteran is entitled to receive. Benefits may also include medical treatment and vocational rehabilitation services. Veterans can appeal the decision if they disagree with the disability rating or the denial of their claim.

Autistic Disorder, also known as Autism or Classic Autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication and behavior. It is characterized by:

1. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, including:
* Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity;
* Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction;
* Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships.
2. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least two of the following:
* Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech;
* Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior;
* Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus;
* Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment.
3. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period (but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities) and limit or impair everyday functioning.
4. Symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder or other psychotic disorders.

Autistic Disorder is part of the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), which also include Asperger's Syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). The current diagnostic term for this category of conditions, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Emotions are complex psychological states that involve three distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response. Emotions can be short-lived, such as a flash of anger, or more long-lasting, such as enduring sadness. They can also vary in intensity, from mild irritation to intense joy or fear.

Emotions are often distinguished from other psychological states, such as moods and temperament, which may be less specific and more enduring. Emotions are typically thought to have a clear cause or object, such as feeling happy when you receive good news or feeling anxious before a job interview.

There are many different emotions that people can experience, including happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, and shame. These emotions are often thought to serve important adaptive functions, helping individuals respond to challenges and opportunities in their environment.

In medical contexts, emotions may be relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of various mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety disorders, and bipolar disorder. Abnormalities in emotional processing and regulation have been implicated in many psychiatric illnesses, and therapies that target these processes may be effective in treating these conditions.

Alcoholism is a chronic and often relapsing brain disorder characterized by the excessive and compulsive consumption of alcohol despite negative consequences to one's health, relationships, and daily life. It is also commonly referred to as alcohol use disorder (AUD) or alcohol dependence.

The diagnostic criteria for AUD include a pattern of alcohol use that includes problems controlling intake, continued use despite problems resulting from drinking, development of a tolerance, drinking that leads to risky behaviors or situations, and withdrawal symptoms when not drinking.

Alcoholism can cause a wide range of physical and psychological health problems, including liver disease, heart disease, neurological damage, mental health disorders, and increased risk of accidents and injuries. Treatment for alcoholism typically involves a combination of behavioral therapies, medications, and support groups to help individuals achieve and maintain sobriety.

Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. It involves the emotional, psychological, and social aspects of an individual's health. Mental health is not just the absence of mental illness, it also includes positive characteristics such as resilience, happiness, and having a sense of purpose in life.

It is important to note that mental health can change over time, and it is possible for an individual to experience periods of good mental health as well as periods of poor mental health. Factors such as genetics, trauma, stress, and physical illness can all contribute to the development of mental health problems. Additionally, cultural and societal factors, such as discrimination and poverty, can also impact an individual's mental health.

Mental Health professionals like psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers and other mental health counselors use different tools and techniques to evaluate, diagnose and treat mental health conditions. These include therapy or counseling, medication, and self-help strategies.

Conduct Disorder is a mental health disorder that typically begins in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a repetitive pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms and rules. The behaviors fall into four main categories: aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules.

The specific symptoms of Conduct Disorder can vary widely among individuals, but they generally include:

1. Aggression to people and animals: This may include physical fights, bullying, threatening others, cruelty to animals, and use of weapons.
2. Destruction of property: This may include deliberate destruction of others' property, arson, and vandalism.
3. Deceitfulness or theft: This may include lying, shoplifting, stealing, and breaking into homes, buildings, or cars.
4. Serious violation of rules: This may include running away from home, truancy, staying out late without permission, and frequent violations of school rules.

Conduct Disorder can have serious consequences for individuals who suffer from it, including academic failure, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and difficulties in interpersonal relationships. It is important to note that Conduct Disorder should be diagnosed by a qualified mental health professional based on a comprehensive evaluation.

Dreams are a series of thoughts, images, and sensations occurring in a person's mind during sleep. They can be vivid or vague, positive or negative, and may involve memories, emotions, and fears. The scientific study of dreams is called oneirology. While the exact purpose and function of dreams remain a topic of debate among researchers, some theories suggest that dreaming may help with memory consolidation, problem-solving, emotional processing, and learning.

Dreams usually occur during the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep, although they can also happen in non-REM stages. They are typically associated with complex brain activities, involving areas such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and the neocortex. The content of dreams can be influenced by various factors, including a person's thoughts, experiences, emotions, physical state, and environmental conditions.

It is important to note that dreaming is a natural and universal human experience, and understanding dreams can provide insights into our cognitive processes, emotional well-being, and mental health.

Psychometrics is a branch of psychology that deals with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, such as the development and standardization of tests used to measure intelligence, aptitude, personality, attitudes, and other mental abilities or traits. It involves the construction and validation of measurement instruments, including the determination of their reliability and validity, and the application of statistical methods to analyze test data and interpret results. The ultimate goal of psychometrics is to provide accurate, objective, and meaningful measurements that can be used to understand individual differences and make informed decisions in educational, clinical, and organizational settings.

Military psychiatry is a subspecialty of psychiatry that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illnesses and psychological issues in military personnel. It involves providing care to active-duty military members, veterans, and their families who are experiencing problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and other psychological challenges related to combat or military life. Military psychiatrists also play a crucial role in developing policies and programs that promote mental health and resilience within the military community. They may serve in various settings, including military treatment facilities, deployed units, and veteran affairs medical centers.

The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is not a medical term per se, but it is a government agency that provides medical care and benefits to veterans of the US armed forces. Here's the official definition from the VA's website:

"The US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is an independent federal establishment charged with providing federal benefits, services, and healthcare to eligible United States veterans, their dependents, and certain other specified individuals."

The VA operates a vast network of medical centers, clinics, and benefits offices throughout the country, providing a range of services including medical treatment, long-term care, disability compensation, vocational rehabilitation, education assistance, home loan guarantees, and life insurance.

Temperature, in a medical context, is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment. It is usually measured using a thermometer and reported in degrees Celsius (°C), degrees Fahrenheit (°F), or kelvin (K). In the human body, normal core temperature ranges from about 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) when measured rectally, and can vary slightly depending on factors such as time of day, physical activity, and menstrual cycle. Elevated body temperature is a common sign of infection or inflammation, while abnormally low body temperature can indicate hypothermia or other medical conditions.

Humidity, in a medical context, is not typically defined on its own but is related to environmental conditions that can affect health. Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor present in the air. It is often discussed in terms of absolute humidity (the mass of water per unit volume of air) or relative humidity (the ratio of the current absolute humidity to the maximum possible absolute humidity, expressed as a percentage). High humidity can contribute to feelings of discomfort, difficulty sleeping, and exacerbation of respiratory conditions such as asthma.

"Military medicine" is a specific branch of medical practice that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and injuries in military populations. It encompasses the provision of healthcare services to military personnel, both in peacetime and during times of conflict or emergency situations. This may include providing care in combat zones, managing mass casualties, delivering preventive medicine programs, conducting medical research, and providing medical support during peacekeeping missions and humanitarian assistance efforts. Military medicine also places a strong emphasis on the development and use of specialized equipment, techniques, and protocols to ensure the best possible medical care for military personnel in challenging environments.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), an Adjustment Disorder is a mental health condition that occurs as a reaction to a stressful life event or significant change. It is characterized by emotional or behavioral symptoms that cause distress and interfere with daily functioning, but do not meet the criteria for other more specific mental disorders.

The symptoms of an Adjustment Disorder typically develop within three months of the identified stressor and may include:

* Depressed mood
* Anxiety
* Irritability or anger
* Worrying
* Difficulty sleeping
* Loss of appetite
* Difficulty concentrating
* Physical symptoms, such as headaches or stomachaches

The symptoms must be out of proportion to the severity or intensity of the stressor and may lead to significant impairment in social, occupational, or academic functioning. The diagnosis is not given if the symptoms persist for more than six months after the stressor has ended.

There are several subtypes of Adjustment Disorders, including:

* Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood
* Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety
* Adjustment Disorder with Mixed Anxiety and Depressed Mood
* Adjustment Disorder with Disturbance of Conduct
* Adjustment Disorder with Emotional or Behavioral Symptoms Not Otherwise Specified

Treatment for Adjustment Disorders typically involves psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or solution-focused brief therapy, to help individuals develop coping skills and manage their symptoms. In some cases, medication may also be recommended to alleviate symptoms of anxiety or depression.

Sleep disorders are a group of conditions that affect the ability to sleep well on a regular basis. They can include problems with falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early in the morning. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, medical conditions, or substance abuse.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) recognizes over 80 distinct sleep disorders, which are categorized into the following major groups:

1. Insomnia - difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
2. Sleep-related breathing disorders - abnormal breathing during sleep such as obstructive sleep apnea.
3. Central disorders of hypersomnolence - excessive daytime sleepiness, including narcolepsy.
4. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders - disruption of the internal body clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
5. Parasomnias - abnormal behaviors during sleep such as sleepwalking or night terrors.
6. Sleep-related movement disorders - repetitive movements during sleep such as restless legs syndrome.
7. Isolated symptoms and normal variants - brief and occasional symptoms that do not warrant a specific diagnosis.

Sleep disorders can have significant impacts on an individual's quality of life, productivity, and overall health. If you suspect that you may have a sleep disorder, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or a sleep specialist for proper evaluation and treatment.

Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) are a group of conditions that affect the development and functioning of the brain, leading to delays in many areas of development. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) has replaced the term "pervasive developmental disorders" with "autism spectrum disorder" and "other neurodevelopmental disorders."

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The symptoms of ASD can range from mild to severe, and the condition affects approximately 1 in 54 children in the United States.

Other neurodevelopmental disorders that were previously classified as PDDs include:

1. Intellectual disability (ID): a condition characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disorder used to be referred to as "mental retardation."
2. Communication disorders: these are disorders that affect an individual's ability to communicate, including language disorders, speech sound disorders, and stuttering.
3. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
4. Specific learning disorder: a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to learn and use specific academic skills, such as reading, writing, or mathematics.
5. Motor disorders: these are disorders that affect an individual's movement and coordination, including developmental coordination disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, and tic disorders.

The medical definition of 'Child Development Disorders, Pervasive' has been replaced with more specific diagnoses in the DSM-5 to better reflect the diverse nature of these conditions and improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning.

I apologize for the confusion, but "Police" is not a medical term. It refers to a civil force that maintains order, prevents and detects crime, and enforces laws. If you have any medical terms or concepts you would like me to explain, please let me know!

In a medical or physiological context, "arousal" refers to the state of being awake and responsive to stimuli. It involves the activation of the nervous system, particularly the autonomic nervous system, which prepares the body for action. Arousal levels can vary from low (such as during sleep) to high (such as during states of excitement or stress). In clinical settings, changes in arousal may be assessed to help diagnose conditions such as coma, brain injury, or sleep disorders. It is also used in the context of sexual response, where it refers to the level of physical and mental awareness and readiness for sexual activity.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Yugoslavia" is not a medical term. It refers to a country in southeastern Europe that existed from 1929 to 2006. The country was originally named the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, but it was renamed Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, it became a socialist federal republic. The country dissolved in the 1990s amidst political turmoil and ethnic conflict, leading to the formation of several independent countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia. I hope this clarifies things! If you have any other questions, please let me know.

Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a type of epilepsy that is caused by brain injury or trauma. The head injury can be either traumatic (such as from a car accident, fall, or physical assault) or non-traumatic (such as stroke, infection, or brain tumor).

In PTE, the first seizure occurs within one week to one year after the initial injury. The seizures may be immediate (within the first 24 hours of the injury) or delayed (occurring more than one week after the injury).

PTE is characterized by recurrent seizures that are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. These seizures can vary in severity and frequency, and may cause a range of symptoms such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, and altered sensations or emotions.

The diagnosis of PTE is typically made based on the patient's history of head trauma, along with the results of an electroencephalogram (EEG) and neuroimaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment for PTE may include medication to control seizures, as well as surgery or other interventions in some cases.

Veterans Health, also known as Veterans Medical Care, refers to the healthcare services and benefits provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the United States. The VA operates one of the largest healthcare systems in the country, providing comprehensive medical care to eligible veterans. This includes hospital care, outpatient care, and long-term care, as well as mental health services, home health care, and geriatric and extended care services. Eligibility for VA healthcare is based on a variety of factors, including military service history, discharge status, income, and other criteria. The mission of Veterans Health is to provide high-quality, compassionate care to veterans in recognition of their service to the nation.

HSP90 (Heat Shock Protein 90) refers to a family of highly conserved molecular chaperones that are expressed in all eukaryotic cells. They play a crucial role in protein folding, assembly, and transport, thereby assisting in the maintenance of proper protein function and cellular homeostasis. HSP90 proteins are named for their increased expression during heat shock and other stress conditions, which helps protect cells by facilitating the refolding or degradation of misfolded proteins that can accumulate under these circumstances.

HSP90 chaperones are ATP-dependent and consist of multiple domains: a N-terminal nucleotide binding domain (NBD), a middle domain, and a C-terminal dimerization domain. They exist as homodimers and interact with a wide range of client proteins, including transcription factors, kinases, and steroid hormone receptors. By regulating the activity and stability of these client proteins, HSP90 chaperones contribute to various cellular processes such as signal transduction, cell cycle progression, and stress response. Dysregulation of HSP90 function has been implicated in numerous diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious diseases, making it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.

Grief is not strictly defined in medical terms, but it is generally described as the normal and natural response to the loss of someone or something that holds significant meaning to an individual. This emotional suffering can include feelings of sadness, anger, frustration, disbelief, yearning, and even physical symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, or difficulty sleeping. The process of grieving is unique to each person and may vary in duration and intensity based on factors like the nature of the loss, the relationship with what/who was lost, and individual coping mechanisms.

While not a medical condition itself, complicated grief can develop when intense feelings of grief persist for an extended period, typically more than six months, and interfere with daily functioning. Complicated grief may require professional intervention to help the person navigate through their loss and find healthy ways to cope.

Physiological adaptation refers to the changes or modifications that occur in an organism's biological functions or structures as a result of environmental pressures or changes. These adaptations enable the organism to survive and reproduce more successfully in its environment. They can be short-term, such as the constriction of blood vessels in response to cold temperatures, or long-term, such as the evolution of longer limbs in animals that live in open environments.

In the context of human physiology, examples of physiological adaptation include:

1. Acclimatization: The process by which the body adjusts to changes in environmental conditions, such as altitude or temperature. For example, when a person moves to a high-altitude location, their body may produce more red blood cells to compensate for the lower oxygen levels, leading to improved oxygen delivery to tissues.

2. Exercise adaptation: Regular physical activity can lead to various physiological adaptations, such as increased muscle strength and endurance, enhanced cardiovascular function, and improved insulin sensitivity.

3. Hormonal adaptation: The body can adjust hormone levels in response to changes in the environment or internal conditions. For instance, during prolonged fasting, the body releases stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline to help maintain energy levels and prevent muscle wasting.

4. Sensory adaptation: Our senses can adapt to different stimuli over time. For example, when we enter a dark room after being in bright sunlight, it takes some time for our eyes to adjust to the new light level. This process is known as dark adaptation.

5. Aging-related adaptations: As we age, various physiological changes occur that help us adapt to the changing environment and maintain homeostasis. These include changes in body composition, immune function, and cognitive abilities.

Suicidal ideation is a medical term used to describe thoughts about, or an unusual preoccupation with, suicide. The range of suicidal ideation varies greatly from fleeting thoughts, to extensive thoughts, to detailed planning, role playing, and incomplete attempts, which may be deliberately constructed to not complete or to be discovered, or may be fully intended to result in death.

It's important to take any mention of suicide seriously and seek immediate help from a healthcare professional if someone is experiencing suicidal ideation. Mental health conditions such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, and substance abuse are commonly associated with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts.

If you or someone you know is struggling with suicidal thoughts, please reach out to a mental health professional or trusted person immediately. In the US, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255) or use the Crisis Text Line by texting HOME to 741741.

Cognitive disorders are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as brain injury, degenerative diseases, infection, substance abuse, or developmental disabilities. Examples of cognitive disorders include dementia, amnesia, delirium, and intellectual disability. It's important to note that the specific definition and diagnostic criteria for cognitive disorders may vary depending on the medical source or classification system being used.

A checklist is a type of tool used in various fields, including medicine, to ensure that all necessary steps or items are accounted for and completed in a systematic and standardized manner. It typically consists of a list of tasks or items that need to be checked off as they are finished. In a medical context, checklists can be used in a variety of settings such as surgery, patient care, and research to improve safety, reduce errors, and enhance the quality of care. They help to standardize processes, promote communication, and ensure that important steps are not overlooked.

Psychological models are theoretical frameworks used in psychology to explain and predict mental processes and behaviors. They are simplified representations of complex phenomena, consisting of interrelated concepts, assumptions, and hypotheses that describe how various factors interact to produce specific outcomes. These models can be quantitative (e.g., mathematical equations) or qualitative (e.g., conceptual diagrams) in nature and may draw upon empirical data, theoretical insights, or both.

Psychological models serve several purposes:

1. They provide a systematic and organized way to understand and describe psychological phenomena.
2. They generate hypotheses and predictions that can be tested through empirical research.
3. They integrate findings from different studies and help synthesize knowledge across various domains of psychology.
4. They inform the development of interventions and treatments for mental health disorders.

Examples of psychological models include:

1. The Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality, which posits that individual differences in personality can be described along five broad dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
2. The Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) model, which suggests that maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected and can be changed through targeted interventions.
3. The Dual Process Theory of Attitudes, which proposes that attitudes are formed and influenced by two distinct processes: a rapid, intuitive process (heuristic) and a slower, deliberative process (systematic).
4. The Social Cognitive Theory, which emphasizes the role of observational learning, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations in shaping behavior.
5. The Attachment Theory, which describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans, particularly the parent-child relationship.

It is important to note that psychological models are provisional and subject to revision or replacement as new evidence emerges. They should be considered as useful tools for understanding and explaining psychological phenomena rather than definitive truths.

Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), also known as Electrodermal Activity (EDA), is a physiological response that reflects the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. It measures changes in the electrical properties of the skin, which are influenced by the sweat gland activity. GSR is often used as an indicator of emotional arousal or psychological stress in various research and clinical settings.

Health surveys are research studies that collect data from a sample population to describe the current health status, health behaviors, and healthcare utilization of a particular group or community. These surveys may include questions about various aspects of health such as physical health, mental health, chronic conditions, lifestyle habits, access to healthcare services, and demographic information. The data collected from health surveys can be used to monitor trends in health over time, identify disparities in health outcomes, develop and evaluate public health programs and policies, and inform resource allocation decisions. Examples of national health surveys include the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).

'Diseases in Twins' is a field of study that focuses on the similarities and differences in the occurrence, development, and outcomes of diseases among twins. This research can provide valuable insights into the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to various medical conditions.

Twins can be classified into two types: monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal). Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes, while dizygotic twins share about 50%, similar to non-twin siblings. By comparing the concordance rates (the likelihood of both twins having the same disease) between monozygotic and dizygotic twins, researchers can estimate the heritability of a particular disease.

Studying diseases in twins also helps understand the role of environmental factors. When both twins develop the same disease, but they are discordant for certain risk factors (e.g., one twin smokes and the other does not), it suggests that the disease may have a stronger genetic component. On the other hand, when both twins share similar risk factors and develop the disease, it implies that environmental factors play a significant role.

Diseases in Twins research has contributed to our understanding of various medical conditions, including infectious diseases, cancer, mental health disorders, and developmental disorders. This knowledge can lead to better prevention strategies, early detection methods, and more targeted treatments for these diseases.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Psychological tests are standardized procedures or measures used to assess various aspects of an individual's cognitive functioning, personality traits, emotional status, and behavior. These tests are designed to be reliable and valid tools for evaluating specific psychological constructs such as intelligence, memory, attention, achievement, aptitude, interests, and values. They can be in the form of questionnaires, interviews, observational scales, or performance-based tasks. The results obtained from these tests help mental health professionals make informed decisions about diagnosis, treatment planning, and educational or vocational guidance for their clients. It is important to note that psychological tests should only be administered, scored, and interpreted by trained and qualified professionals to ensure accurate and meaningful results.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), alcohol-related disorders are a category of mental disorders defined by a problematic pattern of alcohol use that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. The disorders include:

1. Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD): A chronic relapsing brain disorder characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences. AUD can be mild, moderate, or severe, and recovery is possible regardless of severity. The symptoms include problems controlling intake of alcohol, continued use despite problems resulting from drinking, development of a tolerance, drinking that leads to risky situations, or withdrawal symptoms when not drinking.
2. Alcohol Intoxication: A state of acute impairment in mental and motor function caused by the recent consumption of alcohol. The symptoms include slurred speech, unsteady gait, nystagmus, impaired attention or memory, stupor, or coma. In severe cases, it can lead to respiratory depression, hypothermia, or even death.
3. Alcohol Withdrawal: A syndrome that occurs when alcohol use is heavily reduced or stopped after prolonged and heavy use. The symptoms include autonomic hyperactivity, increased hand tremor, insomnia, nausea or vomiting, transient visual, tactile, or auditory hallucinations or illusions, psychomotor agitation, anxiety, and grand mal seizures.
4. Other Alcohol-Induced Disorders: These include alcohol-induced sleep disorder, alcohol-induced sexual dysfunction, and alcohol-induced major neurocognitive disorder.

It is important to note that alcohol use disorders are complex conditions that can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, environment, and personal behavior. If you or someone you know is struggling with alcohol use, it is recommended to seek professional help.

"Mental recall," also known as "memory recall," refers to the ability to retrieve or bring information from your memory storage into your conscious mind, so you can think about, use, or apply it. This process involves accessing and retrieving stored memories in response to certain cues or prompts. It is a fundamental cognitive function that allows individuals to remember and recognize people, places, events, facts, and experiences.

In the context of medical terminology, mental recall may be used to assess an individual's cognitive abilities, particularly in relation to memory function. Impairments in memory recall can be indicative of various neurological or psychological conditions, such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease, or amnesia.

A personality assessment is a systematic process used by healthcare professionals to evaluate and understand an individual's characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior. It typically involves the use of standardized measures, such as self-report questionnaires, interviews, and observational techniques, to gather information about an individual's personality traits, attitudes, values, and behaviors.

The goal of a personality assessment is to provide a comprehensive and integrated understanding of an individual's unique personality style, including their strengths, weaknesses, and potential vulnerabilities. This information can be useful in a variety of contexts, including clinical treatment planning, vocational counseling, and forensic evaluation.

It is important to note that personality assessments should always be conducted by qualified professionals with appropriate training and expertise in the use of these measures. Additionally, while personality assessments can provide valuable insights into an individual's personality style, they are not infallible and should always be considered alongside other sources of information when making important decisions about treatment or management.

"Battered Women" is a term used to describe women who have experienced repeated physical, emotional, sexual, or psychological abuse at the hands of an intimate partner. This pattern of behavior is often characterized by a power imbalance in the relationship, with the abuser using various tactics to control and intimidate the victim.

The term "battered" implies that the woman has been subjected to ongoing and severe violence, which can include punching, kicking, choking, burning, or use of weapons. Emotional abuse may involve threats, humiliation, isolation, or manipulation.

Battered women often experience a range of physical, emotional, and psychological symptoms as a result of the abuse, including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and chronic pain. They may also face significant barriers to seeking help, such as fear of retaliation from their abuser, shame, or lack of resources.

It is important to note that anyone can be a victim of domestic violence, regardless of gender, age, race, or socioeconomic status. However, women are disproportionately affected by intimate partner violence, and the term "battered women" is often used to describe this specific population.

"Extinction, Psychological" refers to the process by which a conditioned response or behavior becomes weakened and eventually disappears when the behavior is no longer reinforced or rewarded. It is a fundamental concept in learning theory and conditioning.

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (US), leading to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response (CR). For example, if a person learns to associate a tone (CS) with a puff of air to the eye (US), causing blinking (CR), but then the tone is presented several times without the puff of air, the blinking response will become weaker and eventually disappear.

In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when a reinforcer is no longer provided following a behavior, leading to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of that behavior. For example, if a child receives candy every time they clean their room (reinforcement), but then the candy is withheld, the child may eventually stop cleaning their room (extinction).

It's important to note that extinction can be a slow process and may require multiple trials or repetitions. Additionally, behaviors that have been extinguished can sometimes reappear in certain circumstances, a phenomenon known as spontaneous recovery.

Longitudinal studies are a type of research design where data is collected from the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, often years or even decades. These studies are used to establish patterns of changes and events over time, and can help researchers identify causal relationships between variables. They are particularly useful in fields such as epidemiology, psychology, and sociology, where the focus is on understanding developmental trends and the long-term effects of various factors on health and behavior.

In medical research, longitudinal studies can be used to track the progression of diseases over time, identify risk factors for certain conditions, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. For example, a longitudinal study might follow a group of individuals over several decades to assess their exposure to certain environmental factors and their subsequent development of chronic diseases such as cancer or heart disease. By comparing data collected at multiple time points, researchers can identify trends and correlations that may not be apparent in shorter-term studies.

Longitudinal studies have several advantages over other research designs, including their ability to establish temporal relationships between variables, track changes over time, and reduce the impact of confounding factors. However, they also have some limitations, such as the potential for attrition (loss of participants over time), which can introduce bias and affect the validity of the results. Additionally, longitudinal studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, requiring significant resources and a long-term commitment from both researchers and study participants.

"Plant proteins" refer to the proteins that are derived from plant sources. These can include proteins from legumes such as beans, lentils, and peas, as well as proteins from grains like wheat, rice, and corn. Other sources of plant proteins include nuts, seeds, and vegetables.

Plant proteins are made up of individual amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. While animal-based proteins typically contain all of the essential amino acids that the body needs to function properly, many plant-based proteins may be lacking in one or more of these essential amino acids. However, by consuming a variety of plant-based foods throughout the day, it is possible to get all of the essential amino acids that the body needs from plant sources alone.

Plant proteins are often lower in calories and saturated fat than animal proteins, making them a popular choice for those following a vegetarian or vegan diet, as well as those looking to maintain a healthy weight or reduce their risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Additionally, plant proteins have been shown to have a number of health benefits, including improving gut health, reducing inflammation, and supporting muscle growth and repair.

Spouse abuse, also known as intimate partner violence (IPV), is a pattern of behavior involving violence or threatened violence, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and/or psychological abuse directed by an individual toward their current or former spouse or intimate partner. This can include physical harm, sexual assault, harassment, threats, intimidation, stalking, and various forms of controlling behaviors. Spouse abuse can occur in both heterosexual and same-sex relationships and can affect individuals of any socioeconomic background, race, age, or education level. It is a serious public health issue and a violation of human rights.

Hydrocortisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which is a class of steroid hormones. It is identical to the naturally occurring cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal gland that helps regulate metabolism and helps your body respond to stress. Hydrocortisone has anti-inflammatory effects and is used to treat various inflammatory conditions such as allergies, skin disorders, and autoimmune diseases. It works by suppressing the immune system's response to reduce swelling, redness, itching, and other symptoms caused by inflammation.

Hydrocortisone is available in different forms, including oral tablets, topical creams, lotions, gels, and ointments, as well as injectable solutions. The specific use and dosage depend on the condition being treated and the individual patient's medical history and current health status.

As with any medication, hydrocortisone can have side effects, especially when used in high doses or for extended periods. Common side effects include increased appetite, weight gain, mood changes, insomnia, and skin thinning. Long-term use of hydrocortisone may also increase the risk of developing osteoporosis, diabetes, cataracts, and other health problems. Therefore, it is essential to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using this medication.

Cheshire, William P. (April 2016). "Thermoregulatory disorders and illness related to heat and cold stress". Autonomic ... Sweat production is a vital thermoregulatory mechanism used by the body to prevent heat-related illness as the evaporation of ... Impaired sudomotor function can occur in any disorder that directly and/or indirectly affects the autonomic nervous system, ... Excessive sweating can cause social embarrassment, while insufficient sweating can result in heat intolerance and dry skin. ...
To this day, the IOM continues ergonomics activities, especially in the fields of musculoskeletal disorders; heat stress and ... One of the most prevalent types of work-related injuries is musculoskeletal disorder. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders ( ... Pressure that is insignificant or imperceptible to those unaffected by these disorders may be very painful, or render a device ... Many ergonomically designed products are also used or recommended to treat or prevent such disorders, and to treat pressure- ...
Mild cases present clinically as minor rashes (without odor) that can become exacerbated by heat, humidity, stress, and ... ISBN 978-0-323-54753-6. National Organization for Rare Disorders (2002). NORD Guide to Rare Disorders. Lippincott Williams & ... There were high lifetime rates for mood disorders (50%), including depression (30%), bipolar disorder (4%), suicidal thoughts ( ... Darier's disease (DAR) is a rare, inherited skin disorder that presents with multiple greasy, crusting, thick brown bumps that ...
Attacks last from seconds to minutes and are known to be at higher risk of occurring during stress, fear, cold, heat, or ... It is an autosomal dominant disorder passing to nearly 50% of the offspring. Some predisposing factors include stress, ... New drug regimens help treat symptoms of PD, but no cure for the disorder is known. These movement disorders are classified ... Instead the attacks are brought on by stresses such as emotional stress, fatigue, alcohol, or caffeine consumption. Just like ...
Similarly, vaccination of livestock is less effective when they suffer from heat stress. So far, heat stress had been estimated ... and the combination of these responses can lead to metabolic disorders. One examples is ketosis, or the rapid accumulation of ... Oladokun, Samson; Adewole, Deborah I. (1 October 2022). "Biomarkers of heat stress and mechanism of heat stress response in ... daily milk yield per cow declines by 1.8 kg during severe heat stress. In organic farming systems, the effect of heat stress on ...
... insomnia or stress. Erythromelalgia may occur either as a primary or secondary disorder (i.e. a disorder in and of itself or a ... Many of those with primary erythromelalgia avoid wearing shoes or socks as the heat this generates is known to produce ... In 2004 erythromelalgia became the first human disorder in which it has been possible to associate an ion channel mutation with ... A possible reduction in skin damage may be accomplished by enclosing the flaring limb in a commonly available, thin, heat ...
Before the beginning of exercises, cadets receive a safety briefing on the "importance of hydration, heat stress disorders, and ...
... heat in the body, and cold in the body. Recommendations to improve blood flow include not eating while stressed, not eating too ... A functional disorder of the spleen or kidneys would lead to qi stagnation and blood stasis. Some causes of blood stasis are ... For non-practitioners of TCM it is sometimes explained in terms of hematological disorders such as hemorrhage, congestion, ... "Many researchers are trying to shoehorn BS into vascular diseases such as angina and lipid disorders." He referred to the ...
... metabolic disorders and nephropathy, due to heat stress. This impact is most likely to affect vulnerable people such as the ... "Climate Change and the Emergent Epidemic of CKD from Heat Stress in Rural Communities: The Case for Heat Stress Nephropathy". ... which has prompted Italy to create the Heat Wave Forecasting and Warning System bulletins. The Ministry of Health set up Heat ... The anthropogenic stress in forms of industrial processes, growing urbanization and tourism, has reduced the coastal fringe ...
... metabolic disorders and nephropathy, due to heat stress. This impact is most likely to affect vulnerable people such as the ... "Climate Change and the Emergent Epidemic of CKD from Heat Stress in Rural Communities: The Case for Heat Stress Nephropathy". ... which has prompted Italy to create the Heat Wave Forecasting and Warning System bulletins. The Ministry of Health set up Heat ... Rising temperatures and heat waves are one of the causes of death every year in Italy, ...
In rare cases, the biological stresses of physical exercise or heat may be the trigger. In fact, malignant hyperthermia ... This disorder occurs worldwide and affects all racial groups. In the Manawatu region of New Zealand, up to 1 in 200 people are ... is one of the most severe heat-related illnesses. The MHS-associated heat susceptibilities predominantly affect children and ... This generates excessive heat and results in metabolic acidosis. Diagnosis is based on symptoms in the appropriate situation. ...
Sleep disorders and partial sleep deprivation Shiftwork and frequently disrupted sleep Dehydration Heat stress from ... Geda NR, Feng CX, Yu Y (March 2022). "Examining the association between work stress, life stress and obesity among working ... Mental health disorders, including depression and anxiety, are increasing globally and in the U.S. A 2021 National Academy of ... Sui H, Sun N, Zhan L, Lu X, Chen T, Mao X (2016-08-11). "Association between Work-Related Stress and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: ...
"Climate Change and the Emergent Epidemic of CKD from Heat Stress in Rural Communities: The Case for Heat Stress Nephropathy". ... metabolic disorders, and kidney disease. The health impacts of climate change may disproportionately affect groups such as ... have been found to increase heat stress, leading to higher risk of death from various health conditions including ischaemic ...
"Climate Change and the Emergent Epidemic of CKD from Heat Stress in Rural Communities: The Case for Heat Stress Nephropathy". ... metabolic disorders, and kidney disease. The health impacts of climate change may disproportionately affect groups such as ... Of Spain's many heat waves, some that stand out are: 2017 for being the year with most heat waves, having had 5, totaling 25 ... have been found to increase heat stress, leading to higher risk of death from various health conditions including ischaemic ...
It has been shown that there is a relationship between heat and violence, especially after heat waves. Therefore, it can be ... "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, and Wildfires: A Fifth-Year Postdisaster Evaluation among Residents ... Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition caused by past, life altering events in which people have experienced or ... "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after the 6.1 Magnitude Earthquake in Piura, Peru: A Cross-Sectional Study". International ...
Brown fat is responsible for causing heat in times of stress or cold. For general callus tissue is stimulated by the ... "Treatment Summary". Fat Disorders Resource Society. Retrieved 2019-11-22. "Lipoma - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic". www ... Familial multiple lipomatosis is a hereditary adipose tissue disorder that is characterized by the formation of multiple ... Therapeutic treatments that are recommended for adipose tissue disorders include improving lymphatic flow through exercise and ...
Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities, Fictional characters with post-traumatic stress disorder, Fictional refugees ... Artist Neal Adams suggested that other alternatives were open to Superman when Zod threatened innocent people with his heat ... burning off his right horn with his heat vision. Despite Superman's arrival, Stone cannot pull apart the Mother Boxes in time, ...
Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities, Fictional characters with post-traumatic stress disorder, Fictional ...
Fictional characters with post-traumatic stress disorder, Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities, Fictional ... However, overuse of his powers could cause him to suffer from frostbite or heat stroke. In the series' anime adaptation, Shoto ...
Fictional characters with post-traumatic stress disorder, Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities, Fictional Japanese ...
Thermal, chemical or mechanical stress can cause split ends. For example, the use of curling irons and other heat treatments ... Split ends can be a symptom of copper transport disorders such as Menkes disease and occipital horn syndrome. Rubbing the hair ... is the splitting or fraying of the hair-shaft due to excessive heat and mechanical stress. ... Mechanical stresses include pulling a comb forcefully through tangled hair and repeated combing. ...
... and the heat stress response. Additionally, modulation of sphingolipid metabolism by phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate ... Sphingolipidoses, or disorders of sphingolipid metabolism, have particular impact on neural tissue. A sphingolipid with a ... Higher plants contain a wider variety of sphingolipids than animals and fungi.[citation needed] There are several disorders of ... Hannun YA, Obeid LM (July 2002). "The Ceramide-centric universe of lipid-mediated cell regulation: stress encounters of the ...
Lowering stress levels appears to reduce pain. For regular treatment some people prefer body length heating pads while others ... "Central Pain Syndrome - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). ... National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (13 January 2011). "NINDS Central Pain Syndrome Information Page". ... immune system disorders or diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, Graves or Addison's disease, rheumatoid arthritis ...
For all onshore work, heat stress and ergonomic hazards were found to be the greatest threats to worker safety and health. The ... and post-traumatic stress disorder A 2011 study looked at the psychological impacts of the Gulf spill on Florida and Alabama ... noted the increased risk of mental disorders and stress-related health problems. In August, the group released their ... mental health disorders, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders." According to a Newsweek report, cleanup workers were not ...
Human responses to heat stress can include heat stroke and hyperthermia. Extreme heat is also linked to low quality sleep, ... These include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Scientific studies have linked mental health to several climate-related ... 2016). "Climate Change and the Emergent Epidemic of CKD from Heat Stress in Rural Communities: the Case for Heat Stress ... heat and physical activity, change in labor capacity, heat and sentiment (mental health), heat-related mortality. The global ...
Clinical disorders Trauma related disorders Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Acute stress disorder Depression Anxiety Self ... Another European study supports this finding with increased mortality risk for people with psychiatric disorders during heat ... mood disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, somatoform disorders, and disorders of psychological ... mood disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, somatoform disorders, and disorders of psychological ...
... except when in the heat of battle, and not involving gross negligence; post-traumatic stress disorders; and jump injuries not ... As well, individuals wounded or killed as a result of "friendly fire" in the "heat of battle" will be awarded the Purple Heart ... Injuries or wounds which do not qualify for award of the Purple Heart include frostbite or trench foot injuries; heat stroke; ... Alvarez, L. and E. Eckholm (7 January 2009 ). "Purple Heart Is Ruled Out for Traumatic Stress." The New York Times. Retrieved ...
Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities, Fictional child soldiers, Fictional characters with post-traumatic stress ... disorder, Fictional genocide survivors, Fictional illusionists, Fictional martial arts trainers, Fictional murderers, Fictional ...
Testing the cardiovascular response to prolonged head-up tilting, exercise, eating, and heat stress may help determine the best ... POTS is a disorder of the autonomic nervous system that can lead the individual to experience a variety of symptoms. Symptoms ... Exposure to extreme heat may also aggravate symptoms. Prolonged physical inactivity can worsen the symptoms of POTS. Techniques ... For example, the hypothesis that POTS is an auto-immune disorder may be an indication that a significant number of POTS cases ...
Fictional characters with post-traumatic stress disorder, Fictional sea pirates, Fictional sea captains, Fictional treasure ... Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities, Fictional characters with disfigurements, ...
Heat and Drought Stress. Periods of extreme heat can be injurious to trees. The two principle effects of heat are water loss, ... Drought and heat stress can encourage some tree species to enter into a mild state of dormancy. Once the stress is relieved, ... To help prevent injury from heat stress, apply a layer of organic mulch around susceptible trees. Mulch has numerous benefits: ... The following examines two of the most common heat related disorders, and recommended practices for mitigating their effects. ...
Effect of age at first calving and heat stress at parturition on reproductive efficiency and postpartum disorders in Holstein ... 2019). Effect of age at first calving and heat stress at parturition on reproductive efficiency and postpartum disorders in ... Effect of heat stress on incidence of retained placenta in Holstein cows at dry hot weather of Shiraz. J Appl Anim Res 29: 23- ... Effects of heat stress and productive level on the main reproduction indices and incidence of dystocia in brown breed cows. Sci ...
However, it is unclear how conditions of restricted evaporative and convective heat loss (i.e., high humidity, clothing ... Older adults have been reported to have a lower evaporative heat loss capacity than younger adults during exercise when full ... alter heat stress. to the purpose of this study was to examine the heat stress responses of young and older males during and ... Despite age-related local heat loss differences, YOUNG and OLDER males had similar levels of heat stress during intermittent ...
... over consecutive work shifts despite decreases in work effort in electrical utilities workers during regular work in the heat. ... Heat Stress Disorders / physiopathology* * Hot Temperature / adverse effects* * Humans * Male * Middle Aged ... Peak Tcore surpassed the ACGIH recommended threshold limit of 38.0°C for work in the heat in three workers on day 1 (38.1 ± 0.2 ... over consecutive work shifts despite decreases in work effort in electrical utilities workers during regular work in the heat. ...
Cheshire, William P. (April 2016). "Thermoregulatory disorders and illness related to heat and cold stress". Autonomic ... Sweat production is a vital thermoregulatory mechanism used by the body to prevent heat-related illness as the evaporation of ... Impaired sudomotor function can occur in any disorder that directly and/or indirectly affects the autonomic nervous system, ... Excessive sweating can cause social embarrassment, while insufficient sweating can result in heat intolerance and dry skin. ...
Heat also induces mental relaxation and relieves stress. Hot packs, heating pads, or hot baths improve cutaneous blood flow and ... Anxiety may also be a primary psychiatric disorder or represent an exaggerated response to the stress and worry associated with ... Heating has long been used to relieve muscle, bone, and joint pain. The analgesic effect of heat is due in part to increased ... Treatment of psychological disorders may play a role in pain management. Both anxiety and depression can decrease pain ...
Treating Heat Disorders (DVD). Get this cool and refreshing program on preventing heat disorders. Beat the heat with ... ... Beat the heat with this program and its no-nonsense approach to heat stress and other heat disorders. It emphasizes the ... No comments were found for Beat the Heat: Preventing & Treating Heat Disorders (DVD). Be the first to comment! ... Get this cool and refreshing program on preventing heat disorders. ...
... heat stress, effects of and protection from noise exposure, noise measurement evaluation and control, respiratory and eye ... Terms: eye injur* OR eye burn* OR eye disorder* OR eye irrita* OR eye protect* OR vision disorder* OR ocular* OR ... Heat-stress; Noise-exposure; Air-sampling; Industrial-ventilation; Ergonomics; Regulations ... Industrial-hygiene-programs; Industrial-chemicals; Toxicology; Respiratory-system-disorders; Occupational-dermatitis; ...
Treatment includes exercise, local heat, stress management, drugs to improve sleep, and nonopioid analgesics. ... Anxiety disorders are... read more , depression Depressive Disorders Depressive disorders are characterized by sadness severe ... Exact cause is unknown... read more , and especially bipolar disorder Bipolar Disorders Bipolar disorders are characterized by ... Anxiety Overview of Anxiety Disorders Anxiety disorders are characterized by persistent and excessive fear and anxiety and the ...
This article lists practical steps to take to avoid death, hospitalization or other medical problems caused by heat stress. It ... Drug-Induced Movement Disorders February 2018 Abnormal involuntary movements (movement disorders) occur as adverse events ... This article lists practical steps to take to avoid death, hospitalization or other medical problems caused by heat stress. It ... Medications that Cause Taste Disorders April 2019 Drugs are the most frequent cause of taste disturbances. In this article, we ...
Retains body heat to improve blood circulation. Also helps prevent repetitive stress disorders.... more ...
He said heat stress appears to be an exacerbating factor. People with a predisposition to gut diseases or disorders may be more ... "The stress response of prolonged vigorous exercise shuts down gut function," said lead author Ricardo Costa. ... She also suggested discussing any symptoms with a doctor to ensure there is no underlying gastrointestinal disorder. ... The International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders suggests consulting a dietitian familiar with FODMAP ...
S&T recognizes the struggle for wildland firefighters as they try to achieve a balance of personal protective clothing and heat ... The general term used for heat disorders is hyperthermia. Onset usually appears in three common forms: heat cramps, heat ... stressed the importance of this problem as firefighters battling wildfires in the state succumbed to heat stress at a higher ... The NFPA 1977 criteria include total heat loss, thermal stability, heat and thermal shrinkage parameters. ...
These include asbestos and manmade fibers, lead and other metals, solvents, heat stress and extreme cold, hazardous wastes, and ... In addition to traumatic injuries and work-related musculoskeletal disorders, chronic health hazards are receiving close ... And we know theres more to controlling heat stroke than "the wise use of salt." Nor was Trice the first to point out some of ... Today, industrial hygienists stress local-exhaust ventilation, which generally must be portable for construction, along with ...
Heat Stress Control and Heat Casualty Management. 7 March 2003.. *Headquarters, United States Marine Corps, Department of the ... Heat illness refers to a group of disorders that occur when the elevation of core body temperature surpasses the compensatory ... Notifiable cases of heat illness include heat exhaustion and heat stroke. All cases of heat illness that require medical ... exposes service members to considerable heat stress because of high environmental heat and/or a high rate of metabolic heat ...
The aluminosilicate glass was heated to 1,000 degrees Celsius under 15 gigapascals of pressure to cause ... Eventually, such stress can result in fractures, even if the most recent impact was relatively weak. In the experimental ... The structures dissolve to return the glass to its amorphous, disordered state. It doesnt crack, though. ... Scientists Use Extreme Heat and Pressure to Create Strongest Glass Ever. The aluminosilicate glass was heated to 1,000 degrees ...
... which could result in heat stress and mental disorders.. The national strategy pledged to effectively identify health risks and ... It also stressed the need to adjust the design of urban protection facilities that deal with rising sea levels and help ... To make national infrastructure more resilient to climate change, the document stressed the need to develop a smart hydraulic ... increasing hazards from meteorological disasters and pests and growing health risks as a result of high temperatures and heat ...
... stress, tight clothing, genes, and hormones; obesity, bacterial infection, and smoking are also considerations. Other disorders ... Although the exact pathophysiologic mechanisms are unknown, contributing factors include axillary adiposity, sweat, heat, ... Royal Jelly (RJ) is used in the Turkish folk medicine for the treatment of number of disorders.. The present study describes ... Royal Jelly strengthens the adrenal glands, helping to protect them from the stress of our busy lifestyles and our diets that ...
Heat Stress Control and Heat Casualty Management. 7 March 2003.. *Headquarters, United States Marine Corps, Department of the ... Heat illness refers to a group of disorders that occur when the elevation of core body temperature surpasses the compensatory ... Notifiable cases of heat illness include heat exhaustion and heat stroke. All cases of heat illness that require medical ... exposes service members to considerable heat stress because of high environmental heat and/or a high rate of metabolic heat ...
... chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), and heat stress. ... chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), and heat stress. ... Heat-related hospitalization. Heat stress, also known as heat-related illness, is a preventable illness that occurs when heat ... chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), and heat stress. Environmental hospitalizations data are presented as two ... Nearly all heat stress hospitalizations begin with an ED visit. After being examined and/or treated in the ED, some patients ...
... inhibited oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and increased intracellular heat shock protein 70 (Hsp 70) expression. Cii also ... Cell injury associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been reported in various muscular disorders. We found that a ... Heat-treated γ-glutamyltranspeptidase of Escherichia coli recovered enzymatic activity after incubation at 4 °C, while heat- ... BB reduced oxidative stress and cholesterol accumulation in the aorta and liver of the guinea pigs. This effect may be related ...
The journal publishes multidisciplinary work in the cellular stress response field of animals, micro-organisms, and plants. ... Expression of heat shock protein 70 in the thermally stressed Antarctic clam Laternula elliptica ... Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have been ... Previously, we reported a role for the DNA-binding protein heat shock factor (HSF2) in bookmarking the stress-inducible 70 000- ...
Preventing Cold-Related Disorders. The following recommendations may help reduce the number of cold-related disorders that ... Heat Illness Training. Employees who may be exposed to outdoor heat at or above the action levels should be trained on the ... Preventing Heat-Related Illnesses. This program applies when employees are exposed to outdoor heat at or above the following ... Supervisors should attempt to control outdoor heat stress factors when feasible. Controls to consider include: ...
... genotype of the cows and heat stress (Ahuja et al., 2005). Determination of estrus also appears to be important in conception ... cows not seen in heat during underlying disorder of the prolonged postpartum anoestrus (Zdunczyk et al., 2002; Shrestha et al ... Prevalence of underlying disorders: The prevalence of anoestrus was 18.5% (83 out of 448 cows) with silent estrus 53.0% (n = 44 ... Underlying disorders of anoestrus: The present investigation demonstrated that estrus in about half of the cows (53%) remain ...
This is a physical type of urticaria is brought on my heat, exercise, or stress. Binge drinking is drinking so much at once ... An addiction to alcohol, or alcoholism, when diagnosed is called an alcohol use disorder (AUD). Alcohol-related disorders ... Potential Predictors of Alcohol Use Disorders. When alcoholism and other chronic diseases arent being properly treated and ...
  • It also profiles conditions such as sunburn, heat rash, exhaustion and stroke. (environmental-expert.com)
  • Onset usually appears in three common forms: heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. (dhs.gov)
  • A major concern for developing the new PPE was the need to increase the protection, safety, and comfort for wildland firefighters while lowering the danger of heat exhaustion. (dhs.gov)
  • As firefighters continue to battle wildfires, the unseen threat of heat exhaustion will remain a significant danger to their safety. (dhs.gov)
  • In 2019, there were 507 incident cases of heat stroke and 2,174 incident cases of heat exhaustion among active component service members. (health.mil)
  • The overall crude incidence rates of heat stroke and heat exhaustion were 0.39 cases and 1.65 cases per 1,000 person-years, respectively. (health.mil)
  • Annual rates of incident heat stroke and heat exhaustion cases among active component U.S. military members rose from 2015 through 2018 but then dropped in 2019. (health.mil)
  • Although sizable proportions of heat stroke and heat exhaustion cases were not identified by way of mandatory reports through the Disease Reporting System internet (DRSi), the proportions of heat stroke cases identified via reportable medical events increased steadily between 2015 and 2019. (health.mil)
  • Heat stroke and heat exhaustion can reduce operational readiness by causing considerable morbidity, particularly during training of recruits and of Marine Corps and Army members in combat arms specialties. (health.mil)
  • 1 Heat illness is the result of environmental heat stress and/or exertion and represents a set of conditions that exist along a continuum from less severe (heat exhaustion) to potentially life threatening (heat stroke). (health.mil)
  • Heat exhaustion is caused by the inability to maintain adequate cardiac output because of strenuous physical exertion and environmental heat stress. (health.mil)
  • 1,2 Acute dehydration often accompanies heat exhaustion but is not required for the diagnosis. (health.mil)
  • 3 The clinical criteria for heat exhaustion include a core body temperature greater than 100.5ºF/38ºC and less than 104ºF/40ºC at the time of or immediately after exertion and/or heat exposure, physical collapse at the time of or shortly after physical exertion, and no significant dysfunction of the central nervous system. (health.mil)
  • During 2016-2020, annual rates of both heat stroke and heat exhaustion among active component service members peaked in 2018 but were the lowest in 2020. (health.mil)
  • In 2020, there were 475 incident cases of heat stroke and 1,667 incident cases of heat exhaustion among active component service members. (health.mil)
  • Emergency medical services will be called (911) when employees experience signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion or heat stroke. (wcf.com)
  • The major heat stress injuries and illnesses include heat rash, heat cramps, heat syncope, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. (georgia.gov)
  • In addition to traumatic injuries and work-related musculoskeletal disorders, chronic health hazards are receiving close attention. (elcosh.org)
  • Environmental injury has been associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a response characterized by activation of the unfolded protein response, proteasomal degradation of proteins, and induction of HSPA5, also known as GRP78 or BiP. (bioone.org)
  • Studies previously conducted show that HS negatively affects the skeletal muscle growth and development by changing its effects on myogenic regulatory factors, insulin growth factor-1, and heat-shock proteins. (frontiersin.org)
  • Elucidate the structure, dynamics and functions of intrinsically disordered proteins and protein regions (IDPs/IDRs) and their biological regulation by Post-translational modifications. (upstate.edu)
  • When the ambient temperature exceeds the upper limit of the thermoneutral zone of poultry, the body will be under stress, resulting in tissue and endocrine system disorders and suppressed organ development. (scielo.br)
  • aminobutyric acid on laying performance, egg quality, immune activity and endocrine hormone in heat-stressed roman hens. (scielo.br)
  • OBJECTIVE: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that affects one in every 15 women worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
  • This Population Health Information Tool (PHIT) dataset provides selected data on environmental hospitalizations in Massachusetts, including information on asthma, acute myocardial Infarctions (heart attacks), carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), and heat stress. (mass.gov)
  • The environmental hospitalizations dataset includes information on asthma, acute myocardial Infarctions (heart attacks), carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), and heat stress. (mass.gov)
  • Heat stress (HS) is widely classified into acute heat stress (AHS), which is the intense environmental temperature for a brief period and chronic heat stress (CHS) characterized by high temperature for a longer duration. (frontiersin.org)
  • Natural heat exposure was a contributing cause of death attributed to certain chronic medical conditions, alcohol poisoning, and drug overdoses. (cdc.gov)
  • Natural heat exposure was a contributing cause of deaths attributed to certain chronic medical conditions and other external causes. (cdc.gov)
  • The hippocampus, a brain area involved in forming and storing memories, is one of the earliest structures to undergo neurodegeneration when exposed to chronic stress 1 . (nature.com)
  • Professionals and dedicated EFT students should find much to study in this detailed excursion through a complicated Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) case by Dr. Alexander Lees (from Canada). (emofree.com)
  • It's been an agonizing week for Susan Jacqueline L'Heureux who suffers from major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. (cheknews.ca)
  • In 2019, subgroup-specific rates of incident heat stroke were highest among males, those less than 20 years old, Asian/Pacific Islanders, Marine Corps and Army members, recruit trainees, and those in combat-specific occupations. (health.mil)
  • 7.5% (n=26) were diagnosed as heat stroke. (health.mil)
  • Heat stroke is a debilitating illness characterized clinically by severe hyperthermia (i.e., a core body temperature of 104ºF/40ºC or greater), profound central nervous system dysfunction (e.g., delirium, seizures, or coma), and additional organ and tissue damage. (health.mil)
  • 7.0% (n=24) were diagnosed as heat stroke. (health.mil)
  • 1,4,5 The onset of heat stroke should prompt aggressive clinical treatments, including rapid cooling and supportive therapies such as fluid resuscitation to stabilize organ function. (health.mil)
  • Your risk for overheating or developing heat stroke increases. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Trees may incur sunburn injuries as a result of drought stress, or from sudden exposure of shaded foliage to sunlight during hot, dry periods. (irontreeservice.com)
  • Symptoms can be exacerbated by environmental or emotional stress, poor sleep, trauma, exposure to dampness or cold, or by a physician, family member, or friend who implies that the disorder is "all in the head. (merckmanuals.com)
  • However, a single heat exposure in embryonic fibroblasts primed a faster gene induction in their daughter cells by increasing promoter-proximal Pol II pausing and by accelerating the pause release. (scilifelab.se)
  • Deaths attributed to natural heat exposure represent a continuing public health concern. (cdc.gov)
  • Preparedness and response initiatives that limit exposure during periods of extreme heat can reduce mortality. (cdc.gov)
  • Deaths attributable to natural heat exposure, although generally considered preventable ( 1 ), represent a continuing public health concern in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • To study patterns in heat-related deaths by age group, sex, race/ethnicity, and level of urbanization, and to explore comorbid conditions associated with deaths resulting from heat exposure, CDC analyzed nationally comprehensive mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS). (cdc.gov)
  • Preparedness and response initiatives directed toward extreme heat events, currently underway at local, state, and national levels, can contribute to reducing morbidity and mortality associated with natural heat exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Selected heat-related case records included those listing ICD-10 codes X30 (exposure to excessive natural heat), P81.0 (environmental hyperthermia of newborn), or T67 (effects of heat and light) as the underlying cause of death,** or as one of the contributing causes. (cdc.gov)
  • Records with ICD-10 code W92 (exposure to excessive heat of man-made origin) listed anywhere on the death certificate were excluded to restrict the selection to deaths resulting from natural heat exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Trialling exposure-based therapy for adolescent traumatic stress and substance use: Challenges and observations from a randomized controlled trial. (lu.se)
  • 'So the diagnosis you wrote on the Intake Form says you are suffering from Post Traumatic Stress,' I offered, just to break the silence. (emofree.com)
  • The mental health of adolescents and young people experiencing traumatic stress and problematic substance use. (lu.se)
  • To protect trees from sunburn injuries, avoid pruning in extreme heat unless soil moisture levels are adequately maintained. (irontreeservice.com)
  • Reported health problems included allergies, respiratory distress, repetitive stress injuries, back injuries, possible hearing loss, and dehydration due to heat. (cdc.gov)
  • The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) stressed the importance of this problem as firefighters battling wildfires in the state succumbed to heat stress at a higher rate than those afflicted with burn injuries. (dhs.gov)
  • Summer temperatures are on the way, and with this season's warm weather comes the potential for heat-related injuries. (georgia.gov)
  • Plan , provide Access to Water , provide Shade for break areas, and provide proper Training to prevent heat related injuries. (georgia.gov)
  • Heat can increase the risk of injuries as it may result in sweaty palms, fogged-up safety glasses, and dizziness. (georgia.gov)
  • Molecular chaperones are known to play a role in stabilizing protein structure and function during events of cellular stress. (bioone.org)
  • Reprogramming of transcription is critical for the survival under cellular stress. (scilifelab.se)
  • Commanders, small unit leaders, training cadre, and supporting medical personnel must ensure that the military members whom they supervise and support are informed about the risks, preventive countermeasures, early signs and symptoms, and first-responder actions related to heat illnesses. (health.mil)
  • The annual numbers of heat illnesses diagnosed in Iraq and Afghanistan have trended downward since 2016. (health.mil)
  • This analysis demonstrates again the magnitude of risks of heat illnesses among active component service members and the enhanced risks associated with sex age, location of assignment, and occupational categories. (health.mil)
  • The table below outlines the potential types of heat-related illnesses, signs and symptoms, and specific first aid and emergency procedures. (wcf.com)
  • Employees who work in outdoor settings and other severe environmental conditions are at a higher risk for heat-related illnesses and should exercise greater caution by taking appropriate protective measures. (georgia.gov)
  • As a consequence, many hematological, physiological, metabolic and immunological parameters of stressed calves might be altered on arrival at the veal farm. (frontiersin.org)
  • Sweat production is a vital thermoregulatory mechanism used by the body to prevent heat-related illness as the evaporation of sweat is the body's most effective method of heat reduction and the only cooling method available when the air temperature rises above skin temperature. (wikipedia.org)
  • Extreme heat becomes lethal when the human body faces conditions of high temperatures and humidity and subsequently struggles to sustain the normal temperature of 98 degrees Fahrenheit. (dhs.gov)
  • Heat illness refers to a group of disorders that occur when the elevation of core body temperature surpasses the compensatory limits of thermoregulation. (health.mil)
  • This program applies when employees are exposed to outdoor heat at or above the following temperature and clothing action levels. (wcf.com)
  • Taken together, we show that HSFs function as multi-stress-responsive factors that activate distinct genes and enhancers when encountering changes in temperature and redox state. (scilifelab.se)
  • Usually, high ambient temperature leads to stress associated problems such as production losses, metabolic changes, growth depression, and poor efficiency ( 6 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In temperate regions of world the high ambient temperature during the summer season often proves disastrous for poultry farming as thermal stress induced by extremely high temperatures is responsible for massive economic losses to poultry industry. (frontiersin.org)
  • Thermoregulation is the maintenance of physiologic core body temperature by balancing heat generation with heat loss. (nih.gov)
  • This area then activates heat regulation mechanisms to increase or decrease body temperature and return it to baseline. (nih.gov)
  • To increase body temperature, the researchers had 10 rosacea patients and 10 healthy control individuals wear a tight-fitting suit lined with tubes carrying water heated to 115°F until their body temperature increased by approximately 2°F. Each person was then precisely measured for supraorbital nerve activity (a nerve just above the eyebrow that serves the forehead skin), forehead skin blood flow and forehead sweat rate. (rosacea.org)
  • HSFs drive transcription of distinct genes and enhancers during oxidative stress and heat shock. (scilifelab.se)
  • We utilized PRO-seq and ChIP-seq to study how Heat Shock Factors, HSF1 and HSF2, coordinate transcription at genes and enhancers upon oxidative stress and heat shock. (scilifelab.se)
  • Under oxidative stress, HSF1 localizes to a unique set of promoters and enhancers to trans-activate oxidative stress-specific genes. (scilifelab.se)
  • Farm managers can also look at nutritional approaches to maintain the intake, mitigate inflammation and support the resistance of cows to oxidative stress. (lallemandanimalnutrition.com)
  • The request also described ergonom ic hazards and heat stress as potential workplace hazards. (cdc.gov)
  • It highlighted more frequent floods, droughts, shrinking glaciers and frozen soil, as well as mounting risks to water security, increasing hazards from meteorological disasters and pests and growing health risks as a result of high temperatures and heat waves. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • You should recognize the hazards and symptoms of heat stress disorders, identify ways to prevent them from occurring, and take corrective actions if these symptoms occur. (georgia.gov)
  • Employees experiencing sunburn, heat rash, or heat cramps will be monitored to determine whether medical attention is necessary. (wcf.com)
  • It uses material with high heat loss properties to reduce core-body temperatures sustained during work rates consistent with those experienced during wildfire scenarios. (dhs.gov)
  • Elevated temperatures trigger cortisol secretion, which is also known as the stress hormone. (lallemandanimalnutrition.com)
  • In general, higher temperatures may indicate infection, heat stress or other disorders while a lower than normal temp is often a sign of shock or hypothermia. (gundogmag.com)
  • To help prevent injury from heat stress, apply a layer of organic mulch around susceptible trees. (irontreeservice.com)
  • People with a predisposition to gut diseases or disorders may be more susceptible to such exercise-related health problems, he added. (chicagotribune.com)
  • Poultry are highly susceptible to heat stress (HS), because they are covered with feathers and lack sweat glands. (scielo.br)
  • Successful public health interventions † to mitigate heat-related deaths include conducting outreach to vulnerable communities to increase awareness of heat-related symptoms and provide guidance for staying cool and hydrated, particularly for susceptible groups at risk such as young athletes and persons who are older or socially isolated ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The general term used for heat disorders is hyperthermia. (dhs.gov)
  • Heat and stress have long been recognized as rosacea triggers, but it has not been clear what happens in the body to cause these flare-ups to occur," said Dr. Thad Wilson, associate professor of physiology at Ohio University. (rosacea.org)
  • Research interests focus on embryo development and broiler growth with an emphasis on the investigation of stress physiology, developmental stability, and welfare. (wpsa.com)
  • Mild, acute stress often enhances hippocampal function by augmenting synaptic plasticity, reflecting the adaptive importance of remembering threatening or dangerous circumstances 2 . (nature.com)
  • This type of care is focused on providing patients with relief from the symptoms, pain, and stress of a serious illness-whatever the diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • It often occurs in patients with other concomitant, unrelated systemic rheumatic disorders, thus complicating diagnosis and management. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Diagnosis of Skin Disorders Doctors can identify many skin disorders simply by looking at the skin. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The continuous increase in poultry production over the last decades to meet the high growing demand and provide food security has attracted much concern due to the recent negative impacts of the most challenging environmental stressor, heat stress (HS), on birds. (frontiersin.org)
  • CVDs are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and include coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease and other conditions. (who.int)
  • Impaired sudomotor function can occur in any disorder that directly and/or indirectly affects the autonomic nervous system, including diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, infections, neurodegenerative diseases, multiple system atrophy, and pure autonomic failure. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is possible the reduction of DMI observed during heat stress affects heifers more than multiparous cows. (lallemandanimalnutrition.com)
  • Sometimes, however, the skin provides clues to a disorder that affects the entire body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • to the purpose of this study was to examine the heat stress responses of young and older males during and following exercise in a warm/humid environment under two different levels of air velocity. (nih.gov)
  • We characterize the structural and functional interaction between CBP/EP300 and heat-shock factor 2 (HSF2), a tuner of brain cortical development and major player in prenatal stress responses in the neocortex: CBP/EP300 acetylates HSF2, leading to the stabilization of the HSF2 protein. (scilifelab.se)
  • 2017). They are also more likely to have increased inflammatory responses in the postpartum period compared to cows not submitted to heat stress. (lallemandanimalnutrition.com)
  • New medical research into the process of facial flushing and redness has found that individuals with rosacea produce greater nerve, blood flow and sweating responses than people without the disorder when exposed to increased heat or stress. (rosacea.org)
  • Respiratory diseases are common health disorders in veal calves, which have a severe impact on both animal welfare and the income of producers, because they are the most important causes of morbidity and mortality ( 13 , 14 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Relationship between accumulated heat stress prepartum, body condition and postpartum performance in dairy cattle. (inia.es)
  • The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to determine the underlying disorders and effective treatment of postpartum anoestrus. (scialert.net)
  • Although, the significant effects of postpartum anoestrus are well known, the prevalence of underlying disorders and effective remedies in Bangladeshi crossbred cows is not well studied. (scialert.net)
  • Hence, the objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of underlying disorders and to evaluate the effective treatment of the postpartum anoestrus in crossbred dairy cows. (scialert.net)
  • Heat stress can disturb dairy cows postpartum, could producers find solutions through nutrition? (lallemandanimalnutrition.com)
  • Consequently, RSTS patient-derived primary cells show decreased levels of HSF2 and HSF2-dependent alteration in their repertoire of molecular chaperones and stress response. (scilifelab.se)
  • The HS group was placed in a 40 ± 0.5°C artificial climate chamber for heat-stress treatment from 13:00 to 15:00 daily for six consecutive weeks. (scielo.br)
  • At the same time, climate change is having a negative impact on urban areas, e.g., resulting in more days of stagnant urban atmosphere and heat. (springer.com)
  • Between 2030 and 2050, climate change is expected to cause approximately 250 000 additional deaths per year, from malnutrition, malaria, diarrhoea and heat stress alone. (who.int)
  • The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of age at first calving (AFC) and climatic conditions at calving on peripartum disorders and reproductive performance in Holstein heifers in a hot environment. (inia.es)
  • HSF1 binds to many chaperone genes upon oxidative and heat stress but activates them only in heat-shocked cells. (scilifelab.se)
  • Also helps prevent repetitive stress disorders. (shopzilla.com)
  • A total of 9106 cases were investigated, in which the physical loads were assessed using the Occupational Repetitive Actions method, and the psychological loads using the Job Stress scale. (bvsalud.org)
  • Repetitive Actions y las psicológicas mediante la Job Stress Scale . (bvsalud.org)
  • We show that pause-release of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a universal mechanism regulating gene transcription in stressed cells, while enhancers are activated at the level of Pol II recruitment. (scilifelab.se)
  • Heat-related deaths among U.S. residents were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) ¶ codes included in the NVSS multiple-cause-of-death mortality data. (cdc.gov)
  • Mitochondrial biology, stress signaling and aging-related degenerative diseases. (upstate.edu)
  • 2022. Reduced milk yield is also associated with heat stress, whether the hot period occurs before parturition, after parturition, or both. (lallemandanimalnutrition.com)
  • A coordinated approach across health care sectors to prevent heat-related mortality can include conducting syndromic surveillance, developing and implementing heat response plans, facilitating communication and education activities, and operating cooling centers. (cdc.gov)
  • For firefighters, the strenuous work of combatting fires in locations ranging from dense cities, where asphalt retains heat thereby creating the urban heat island effect, to rural wildfires, which require long hours to control and contain blazes, heightens the need to take precautions. (dhs.gov)
  • Although summer heat is the largest cause of heat distress, it may also occur when workers are exposed to confined areas such as pipelines, shipboard spaces with limited ventilation, or any confined area involving welding or cutting. (georgia.gov)
  • [7] Though central thermoregulatory mechanisms are present at birth, they are deemed both developmentally deficient and poorly differentiated, which places the newborn, especially those that are small and premature, at risk of severe heat loss and hypothermia. (nih.gov)
  • The NFPA 1977 criteria include total heat loss, thermal stability, heat and thermal shrinkage parameters. (dhs.gov)
  • Effect of heat stress on incidence of retained placenta in Holstein cows at dry hot weather of Shiraz. (inia.es)
  • The prevalence of anoestrus was 18.5% (83 out of 448 cows) as reported by the farmers with silent estrus 53.0% (n = 44), true anoestrus 42.2% (n = 35), cystic ovarian disease 2.4% (n = 2) and uterine infections 2.4% (n = 2) as the underlying disorders. (scialert.net)
  • Plus, recent research investigates the link between heat stress, immune response, and inflammatory and antioxidant status of cows. (lallemandanimalnutrition.com)
  • 2022), heat-stressed cows showed a decrease in milk production (35.8 to 31.9 kg/d), consistent with previous findings (Collier et al. (lallemandanimalnutrition.com)
  • It is crucial to implement practices that can help alleviate heat stress on both gestating and lactating cows. (lallemandanimalnutrition.com)
  • The aluminosilicate glass was heated to 1,000 degrees Celsius under 15 gigapascals of pressure to cause 'paracrystallization. (extremetech.com)
  • The glass was heated to 1,832 degrees Fahrenheit (1,000 degrees Celsius) under a pressure of between 10 and 15 gigapascals. (extremetech.com)
  • Elevated concentrations of air pollutants, higher levels of acoustic noise, and more heat days, as well as increasingly complex mixtures of pollutants pose health risks for urban inhabitants. (springer.com)
  • Relative levels of heat shock protein (Hsp)70 were measured in developing and diapausing embryos of A. limnaeus using quantitative Western blots. (bioone.org)
  • Constitutive expression of Hsp70 during development may afford these embryos protection from environmental stresses during development more quickly than relying on the induction of a classic heat shock response. (bioone.org)
  • Heat shock has provided an excellent model to investigate nascent transcription in stressed cells, but the molecular mechanisms orchestrating RNA synthesis during other types of stress are unknown. (scilifelab.se)
  • Heat shock instantly reprograms transcription. (scilifelab.se)
  • Pertinent to AD pathophysiology, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90)/co-chaperone complex folds tau or hyperphosphorylated tau, whereas heat shock protein 70-carboxyl-terminus of HSP70 Interacting protein (HSP70-CHIP) complex mediates degradation 13 , 14 . (nature.com)
  • HSP90 inhibition may also enhance synaptic protein expression via activation of heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1) transcriptional regulation 16 . (nature.com)
  • Complete and timely submission of mandatory reports of heat illness events ensures that local public health and command leaders have ready access to real-time surveillance data to identify trends and to guide preventive measures. (health.mil)
  • Employees are responsible for monitoring their own personal factors for heat-related illness, including consumption of water or other acceptable beverages to ensure hydration. (wcf.com)
  • Supervisors will respond to heat-related illness in a quick and safe manner. (wcf.com)
  • Employees experiencing signs and symptoms of a heat-related illness are to cease work and report their condition to their supervisor. (wcf.com)
  • Whether gene and enhancer transcription fully recover from stress and whether stress establishes a memory by provoking transcription regulation that persists through mitosis remained unknown. (scilifelab.se)
  • This case report demonstrates elevations in thermal strain over consecutive work shifts despite decreases in work effort in electrical utilities workers during regular work in the heat. (nih.gov)
  • Our focus today is on the evidence for lifestyle management strategy with MG, including therapeutic exercise , sleep hygiene, symptom management, and stress reduction. (medscape.com)
  • Impact of maternal heat stress in conjunction with dietary zinc supplementation on hatchability, embryonic development, and growth performance in offspring broilers. (scielo.br)
  • In this study, we evaluated the effect of heat stress (HS) on the development of cells secreting major reproductive hormones of the HPG axis (i.e., hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovary, and testis) of Wenchang chicks. (scielo.br)
  • Stress-induced transcriptional memory accelerates promoter-proximal pause release and decelerates termination over mitotic divisions. (scilifelab.se)
  • These results demonstrate that heat-induced transcriptional memory acts through promoter-proximal pause release and pre-mRNA processing at transcription termination. (scilifelab.se)
  • Older adults have been reported to have a lower evaporative heat loss capacity than younger adults during exercise when full sweat evaporation is permitted. (nih.gov)
  • Despite age-related local heat loss differences, YOUNG and OLDER males had similar levels of heat stress during intermittent exercise in warm and humid conditions while wearing work coveralls. (nih.gov)
  • The stress response of prolonged vigorous exercise shuts down gut function," said lead author Ricardo Costa. (chicagotribune.com)
  • This is a physical type of urticaria is brought on my heat, exercise, or stress. (fasshotel.ch)
  • The National Rosacea Society is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization whose mission is to improve the lives of people with rosacea by raising awareness, providing public health information and supporting medical research on this widespread but poorly understood disorder. (rosacea.org)
  • Although HSPA5 has been implicated in the stress response to environmental injury in several cell types, its role in the glomerular ER stress response is unknown. (bioone.org)
  • This review focuses on three environmental factors that are expected to increase in frequency and intensity, especially in urban areas: heat, air pollution, and noise [ 94 ]. (springer.com)
  • Drought and heat stress can encourage some tree species to enter into a mild state of dormancy. (irontreeservice.com)
  • However, it is unclear how conditions of restricted evaporative and convective heat loss (i.e., high humidity, clothing insulation) alter heat stress. (nih.gov)
  • Ten young (YOUNG: 24±2 yr) and 10 older (OLDER: 59±3 yr) males, matched for body surface area performed 4×15-min cycling bouts (15-min rest) at a fixed rate of heat production (400 W) in warm/humid conditions (35°C, 60% relative humidity) under 0.5 (Low) and 3.0 (High) m·s(-1) air velocity while wearing work coveralls. (nih.gov)
  • The following examines two of the most common heat related disorders, and recommended practices for mitigating their effects. (irontreeservice.com)
  • Moreover, besides functioning as conventional promoter-binding transcription factors, HSF1 and HSF2 bind to stress-induced enhancers to trigger Pol II pause-release from poised gene promoters. (scilifelab.se)