Tumors in any part of the heart. They include primary cardiac tumors and metastatic tumors to the heart. Their interference with normal cardiac functions can cause a wide variety of symptoms including HEART FAILURE; CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS; or EMBOLISM.
The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.
The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another.
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.
The heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (HEART/embryology) only on the basis of time.
Flaps of tissue that prevent regurgitation of BLOOD from the HEART VENTRICLES to the HEART ATRIA or from the PULMONARY ARTERIES or AORTA to the ventricles.
The chambers of the heart, to which the BLOOD returns from the circulation.
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.
Impaired conduction of cardiac impulse that can occur anywhere along the conduction pathway, such as between the SINOATRIAL NODE and the right atrium (SA block) or between atria and ventricles (AV block). Heart blocks can be classified by the duration, frequency, or completeness of conduction block. Reversibility depends on the degree of structural or functional defects.
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.
Abnormal growths of tissue that follow a previous neoplasm but are not metastases of the latter. The second neoplasm may have the same or different histological type and can occur in the same or different organs as the previous neoplasm but in all cases arises from an independent oncogenic event. The development of the second neoplasm may or may not be related to the treatment for the previous neoplasm since genetic risk or predisposing factors may actually be the cause.
The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.
A procedure to stop the contraction of MYOCARDIUM during HEART SURGERY. It is usually achieved with the use of chemicals (CARDIOPLEGIC SOLUTIONS) or cold temperature (such as chilled perfusate).
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.
Examinations used to diagnose and treat heart conditions.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Contractile activity of the MYOCARDIUM.
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.
DNA present in neoplastic tissue.
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Neoplasms developing from some structure of the connective and subcutaneous tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in connective or soft tissue.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Neoplasms associated with a proliferation of a single clone of PLASMA CELLS and characterized by the secretion of PARAPROTEINS.
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).
Tumors or cancer of the APPENDIX.
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.
A multilocular tumor with mucin secreting epithelium. They are most often found in the ovary, but are also found in the pancreas, appendix, and rarely, retroperitoneal and in the urinary bladder. They are considered to have low-grade malignant potential.
Striated muscle cells found in the heart. They are derived from cardiac myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, CARDIAC).
Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
Tumors or cancer of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, from the MOUTH to the ANAL CANAL.
Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
Neoplasms composed of vascular tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in blood vessels.
Tumors or cancer of the EYE.
Tumors or cancer of the NOSE.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.
Tumors, cancer or other neoplasms produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Neoplasms composed of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, or smooth. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in muscles.
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.
Neoplasms composed of glandular tissue, an aggregation of epithelial cells that elaborate secretions, and of any type of epithelium itself. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the various glands or in epithelial tissue.
Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
A malignant cystic or semisolid tumor most often occurring in the ovary. Rarely, one is solid. This tumor may develop from a mucinous cystadenoma, or it may be malignant at the onset. The cysts are lined with tall columnar epithelial cells; in others, the epithelium consists of many layers of cells that have lost normal structure entirely. In the more undifferentiated tumors, one may see sheets and nests of tumor cells that have very little resemblance to the parent structure. (Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p184)
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.
The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the left HEART VENTRICLE. Its measurement is an important aspect of the clinical evaluation of patients with heart disease to determine the effects of the disease on cardiac performance.
Neoplasms located in the vasculature system, such as ARTERIES and VEINS. They are differentiated from neoplasms of vascular tissue (NEOPLASMS, VASCULAR TISSUE), such as ANGIOFIBROMA or HEMANGIOMA.
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.
Neoplasms composed of sebaceous or sweat gland tissue or tissue of other skin appendages. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the sebaceous or sweat glands or in the other skin appendages.
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.
Sweat gland neoplasms are abnormal growths that develop in sweat glands, which can be benign or malignant.
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.
A pumping mechanism that duplicates the output, rate, and blood pressure of the natural heart. It may replace the function of the entire heart or a portion of it, and may be an intracorporeal, extracorporeal, or paracorporeal heart. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying.
Tumors or cancer of the PALATE, including those of the hard palate, soft palate and UVULA.
Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
Neoplasms composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue.
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.
Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).
Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.
A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)
General or unspecified injuries to the heart.
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.
Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.
The heart rate of the FETUS. The normal range at term is between 120 and 160 beats per minute.
This structure includes the thin muscular atrial septum between the two HEART ATRIA, and the thick muscular ventricular septum between the two HEART VENTRICLES.
Agents that have a strengthening effect on the heart or that can increase cardiac output. They may be CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES; SYMPATHOMIMETICS; or other drugs. They are used after MYOCARDIAL INFARCT; CARDIAC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; in SHOCK; or in congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).
Tumors or cancer of the SPLEEN.
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.
The amount of BLOOD pumped out of the HEART per beat, not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). It is calculated as the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume.
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.
A cystic tumor of the ovary, containing thin, clear, yellow serous fluid and varying amounts of solid tissue, with a malignant potential several times greater than that of mucinous cystadenoma (CYSTADENOMA, MUCINOUS). It can be unilocular, parvilocular, or multilocular. It is often bilateral and papillary. The cysts may vary greatly in size. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972)
Damage to the MYOCARDIUM resulting from MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION (restoration of blood flow to ischemic areas of the HEART.) Reperfusion takes place when there is spontaneous thrombolysis, THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY, collateral flow from other coronary vascular beds, or reversal of vasospasm.
Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.
Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Tumors or cancer of the anal gland.
A device that substitutes for a heart valve. It may be composed of biological material (BIOPROSTHESIS) and/or synthetic material.
Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.
Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Neoplasms composed of fatty tissue or connective tissue made up of fat cells in a meshwork of areolar tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in adipose tissue.
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during DIASTOLE leading to defective cardiac filling.
Tumors or cancer of the DUODENUM.
A voluntary organization concerned with the prevention and treatment of heart and vascular diseases.
The geometric and structural changes that the HEART VENTRICLES undergo, usually following MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. It comprises expansion of the infarct and dilatation of the healthy ventricle segments. While most prevalent in the left ventricle, it can also occur in the right ventricle.
Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.
Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.
Tumors or cancer in the ILEUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.
A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.
A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.
Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.
A Janus kinase subtype that is involved in signaling from GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTORS; PROLACTIN RECEPTORS; and a variety of CYTOKINE RECEPTORS such as ERYTHROPOIETIN RECEPTORS and INTERLEUKIN RECEPTORS. Dysregulation of Janus kinase 2 due to GENETIC TRANSLOCATIONS have been associated with a variety of MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.
The local recurrence of a neoplasm following treatment. It arises from microscopic cells of the original neoplasm that have escaped therapeutic intervention and later become clinically visible at the original site.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askanazy cells.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes arising from or involving components of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, cranial nerves, and meninges. Included in this category are primary and metastatic nervous system neoplasms.
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Experimentally induced tumors of the LIVER.
The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
Tumors or cancer located in muscle tissue or specific muscles. They are differentiated from NEOPLASMS, MUSCLE TISSUE which are neoplasms composed of skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscle tissue, such as MYOSARCOMA or LEIOMYOMA.
The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS.
Regulation of the rate of contraction of the heart muscles by an artificial pacemaker.
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
Abnormalities in any part of the HEART SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communication between the left and the right chambers of the heart. The abnormal blood flow inside the heart may be caused by defects in the ATRIAL SEPTUM, the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM, or both.
Clonal myeloid disorders that possess both dysplastic and proliferative features but are not properly classified as either MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES or MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.
A condition caused by underdevelopment of the whole left half of the heart. It is characterized by hypoplasia of the left cardiac chambers (HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE), the AORTA, the AORTIC VALVE, and the MITRAL VALVE. Severe symptoms appear in early infancy when DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS closes.
Surgical removal of the pancreas. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)
Neoplasms of the thin serous membrane that envelopes the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity. Pleural neoplasms are exceedingly rare and are usually not diagnosed until they are advanced because in the early stages they produce no symptoms.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Neoplasms located in the brain ventricles, including the two lateral, the third, and the fourth ventricle. Ventricular tumors may be primary (e.g., CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS and GLIOMA, SUBEPENDYMAL), metastasize from distant organs, or occur as extensions of locally invasive tumors from adjacent brain structures.
Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It conducts and supports research program related to diseases of the heart, blood vessels, lung, and blood; blood resources; and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS. From 1948 until October 10, 1969, it was known as the National Heart Institute. From June 25, 1976, it was the National Heart and Lung Institute. Since October 1997, the NHLBI has also had administrative responsibility for the NIH Woman's Health Initiative.
A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.
Abdominal neoplasms refer to tumors or growths that develop in the abdominal cavity or its organs.
Tumor or cancer of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.
The pressure within a CARDIAC VENTRICLE. Ventricular pressure waveforms can be measured in the beating heart by catheterization or estimated using imaging techniques (e.g., DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY). The information is useful in evaluating the function of the MYOCARDIUM; CARDIAC VALVES; and PERICARDIUM, particularly with simultaneous measurement of other (e.g., aortic or atrial) pressures.
Controlled physical activity which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used.
Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.
A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
Primary or metastatic neoplasms of the CEREBELLUM. Tumors in this location frequently present with ATAXIA or signs of INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION due to obstruction of the fourth ventricle. Common primary cerebellar tumors include fibrillary ASTROCYTOMA and cerebellar HEMANGIOBLASTOMA. The cerebellum is a relatively common site for tumor metastases from the lung, breast, and other distant organs. (From Okazaki & Scheithauer, Atlas of Neuropathology, 1988, p86 and p141)
The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.
Facial neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop on the face, which can be benign or malignant in nature.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the cardiovascular system, processes, or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers and other electronic equipment.
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
A collective term for precoordinated organ/neoplasm headings locating neoplasms by organ, as BRAIN NEOPLASMS; DUODENAL NEOPLASMS; LIVER NEOPLASMS; etc.
The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
Distinctive neoplastic disorders of histiocytes. Included are malignant neoplasms of MACROPHAGES and DENDRITIC CELLS.
Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Spinal neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop on or in the spinal cord or surrounding tissues.
A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.
Neoplasms of the bony part of the skull.
Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.
Neoplasms composed of neuroepithelial cells, which have the capacity to differentiate into NEURONS, oligodendrocytes, and ASTROCYTES. The majority of craniospinal tumors are of neuroepithelial origin. (From Dev Biol 1998 Aug 1;200(1):1-5)
Tumors or cancer of the ADRENAL GLANDS.
Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).
Rats, Inbred F344 are a strain of laboratory rats commonly used in medical research due to their genetic uniformity and susceptibility to various diseases.
A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.
Period of contraction of the HEART, especially of the HEART VENTRICLES.
Tumors or cancer of the LIP.
The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells.
Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.

Echocardiographic diagnosis of large fungal verruca attached to mitral valve. (1/1025)

In a patient with endocarditis due to Candida tropicalis echocardiograms from mitral valve vegetations were found to mimic the typical pattern of a left atrial myxoma. A mass was shown occupying the mitral orifice posterior to the anterior mitral leaflet; densities also appeared in the left atrium. Though these echocardiographic findings were consistent with the diagnosis of a left atrial myxoma, there were other distinctive differential diagnostic features. Other diagnostic possibilities must, therefore, be considered in the interpretation of echocardiograms which suggest left atrial tumour.  (+info)

Symptomatic mitral myxomatous transformation in the elderly. (2/1025)

The clinical and pathological features of four patients with intractable heart failure, due to myxomatous change in the mitral valve, are described. It is suggested that this change may represent a response of ageing connective tissue to mechanical stress.  (+info)

Primary right atrial angiosarcoma mimicking acute pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, and tricuspid stenosis. (3/1025)

A 29 year old white man presented to the emergency room with new onset pleuritic chest pain and shortness of breath. He was initially diagnosed as having viral pericarditis and was treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A few weeks later he developed recurrent chest pain with cough and haemoptysis. Chest radiography, cardiac examination, transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography pointed to a mass that arose from the posterior wall of the right atrium, not attached to the interatrial septum, which protruded into the lumen of the right atrium causing intermittent obstruction of inflow across the tricuspid valve. Contrast computed tomography of the chest showed a right atrial mass extending to the anterior chest wall. The lung fields were studded with numerous pulmonary nodules suggestive of metastases. A fine needle aspiration of the pulmonary nodule revealed histopathology consistent with spindle cell sarcoma thought to originate in the right atrium. Immunohistochemical stains confirmed that this was an angiosarcoma. There was no evidence of extracardiac origin of the tumour. The patient was treated with chemotherapy and radiation. This case highlights the clinical presentation, rapid and aggressive course of cardiac angiosarcomas, and the diagnostic modalities available for accurate diagnosis.  (+info)

Dystrophic calcification of the fetal myocardium. (4/1025)

Intramural cardiac masses were detected antenatally in three fetuses by echocardiography. The masses were initially thought to be rhabdomyomas. All three pregnancies were terminated and histology showed dystrophic calcification in all, with no evidence of tumour. Therefore, dystrophic calcification of the fetal myocardium may have a similar appearance to single or multiple rhabdomyomas. This should be considered when counselling parents after detection of masses in the fetal heart, particularly when considering the risk of associated tuberous sclerosis.  (+info)

Primary cardiac Kaposi's sarcoma. (5/1025)

We report the clinical, laboratory, and necropsy findings in a 14-year-old boy with a primary Kaposi's sarcoma of the heart. Primary cardiac Kaposi's sarcoma and angiosarcoma are compared, and the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma is discussed. Relevant literature is briefly reviewed.  (+info)

Localized pericarditis with calcifications mimicking a pericardial tumor. (6/1025)

A 62-year-old man was admitted with increasing palpitations. Radiography of the chest demonstrated a calcified mass. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed compression of the right ventricle by a tumor. At the time of cardiac catheterization, the coronary arteries were found not to supply blood flow of the mass, and no dip-and-plateau pattern was seen in the right ventricular pressure measurements. At the time of surgery, the mass was found to be a focal calcified thickening of the pericardium containing only pus. The thickening resembled an oval pericardial tumor. Microbiologic examination of the pus revealed Propionibacterium acnes.  (+info)

In utero diagnosis of cardiac hemangioma. (7/1025)

Fetal cardiac hemangioma is rarely diagnosed prenatally. We present here a fetus with such a tumor diagnosed at 28 weeks' gestation. With the use of fetal echocardiography, a mixed echogenic mass protruding outward from the right atrial wall was observed. Moderate amounts of pericardial effusion were also found. Although no apparent blood flow signal was detected in the mass, fetal echocardiography showed signs suggestive of a hemangioma. Differential diagnosis, management and prognosis are discussed.  (+info)

Expression of nm23 in the primary tumor and the metastatic regional lymph nodes of patients with gastric cardiac cancer. (8/1025)

Tumor recurrence and distant metastasis are major causes of treatment failure in gastric cardiac cancer (GCC). Rapid growth of tumor cells and reduced expression of nm23, a metastatic suppressor gene, in tumor cells have been suggested as two important mechanisms for disease progression of GCC. Therefore, to determine the prognostic value of nm23 expression in GCC, we used immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of nm23 in the pathological sections of both gastric cancer and metastatic lymph nodes from 24 stage III patients. Twenty-two patients had total gastrectomy, and two patients had proximal subtotal gastrectomy with a D2 dissection. Postoperative adjuvant therapy was provided, and the clinical responses were followed routinely. Clinical correlation was evaluated by chi2 with Fisher's exact test and survival by log-rank test. Our results show that the reduced nm23 expression in the primary tumor and in the nodal metastasis is the most useful marker for the poor prognosis of GCC following surgery.  (+info)

Heart neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in the heart or its surrounding tissues. These tumors can be either benign or malignant, and they can occur in any part of the heart, including the atria, ventricles, valves, and pericardium. Heart neoplasms are relatively rare, accounting for less than 1% of all cardiac tumors. They can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on their location and size, including chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, and fatigue. In some cases, heart neoplasms may not cause any symptoms and are only discovered incidentally during a routine medical examination. Diagnosis of heart neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as echocardiography, computed tomography (CT) scan, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for heart neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the tumor, while in other cases, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be used to shrink the tumor or prevent it from growing. In some cases, no treatment may be necessary if the tumor is small and not causing any symptoms.

Heart failure, also known as congestive heart failure, is a medical condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. This can lead to a buildup of fluid in the lungs, liver, and other organs, causing symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and ankles. Heart failure can be caused by a variety of factors, including damage to the heart muscle from a heart attack, high blood pressure, or long-term damage from conditions such as diabetes or coronary artery disease. It can also be caused by certain genetic disorders or infections. Treatment for heart failure typically involves medications to improve heart function and reduce fluid buildup, as well as lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. In some cases, surgery or other medical procedures may be necessary to treat the underlying cause of the heart failure or to improve heart function.

Heart diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. These conditions can range from minor to severe and can affect the heart's ability to pump blood effectively, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications. Some common types of heart diseases include: 1. Coronary artery disease: This is the most common type of heart disease, which occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque. 2. Heart failure: This occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. 3. Arrhythmias: These are abnormal heart rhythms that can cause the heart to beat too fast, too slow, or irregularly. 4. Valvular heart disease: This occurs when the heart valves become damaged or diseased, leading to problems with blood flow. 5. Congenital heart disease: This refers to heart defects that are present at birth. 6. Inflammatory heart disease: This includes conditions such as pericarditis and myocarditis, which cause inflammation of the heart. 7. Heart infections: These include conditions such as endocarditis and myocarditis, which can cause damage to the heart muscle and valves. Treatment for heart diseases depends on the specific condition and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

Pancreatic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the pancreas, a gland located in the abdomen behind the stomach. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Pancreatic neoplasms can occur in various parts of the pancreas, including the exocrine gland (which produces digestive enzymes), the endocrine gland (which produces hormones), and the ducts (which carry digestive juices from the pancreas to the small intestine). Symptoms of pancreatic neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), nausea, vomiting, and unexplained fatigue. Diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasms typically involves imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, or ultrasound, as well as blood tests and biopsies. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the type and stage of the neoplasm.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities in the heart that are present at birth. These defects can affect the heart's structure, function, or both, and can range from minor to severe. CHDs are the most common type of birth defect and affect approximately 1 in 100 live births. CHDs can occur in any part of the heart, including the valves, arteries, veins, and chambers. Some common types of CHDs include: - Atrial septal defect (ASD): A hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart. - Ventricular septal defect (VSD): A hole in the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart. - Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA): A blood vessel that remains open between the pulmonary artery and the aorta. - Coarctation of the aorta: A narrowing of the aorta, the main artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. - Tetralogy of Fallot: A combination of four heart defects that affect the flow of blood through the heart. CHDs can cause a range of symptoms, including shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and heart palpitations. Treatment for CHDs depends on the type and severity of the defect, and may include medications, surgery, or other interventions. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

In the medical field, neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors of cells that can occur in any part of the body. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. They can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, or difficulty moving the affected area. Examples of benign neoplasms include lipomas (fatty tumors), hemangiomas (vascular tumors), and fibromas (fibrous tumors). Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. They can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the location and stage of the cancer. Examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinomas (cancers that start in epithelial cells), sarcomas (cancers that start in connective tissue), and leukemias (cancers that start in blood cells). The diagnosis of neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy (the removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope). Treatment options for neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.

Neoplasms, cystic, mucinous, and serous are types of tumors that can occur in various organs of the body. Cystic neoplasms are tumors that are filled with fluid or semi-solid material. They can be benign or malignant and can occur in various organs, including the liver, kidneys, ovaries, and pancreas. Mucinous neoplasms are tumors that produce a thick, gelatinous substance called mucus. They can be benign or malignant and are most commonly found in the ovaries, appendix, and colon. Serous neoplasms are tumors that produce a clear, watery fluid called serous fluid. They can be benign or malignant and are most commonly found in the ovaries, peritoneum, and pleura. It's important to note that not all cystic, mucinous, and serous neoplasms are cancerous, and some may be benign and not require treatment. However, it's important to have any suspicious cystic, mucinous, or serous neoplasm evaluated by a medical professional to determine the best course of action.

Skin neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop on the skin. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Skin neoplasms can occur anywhere on the body and can vary in size, shape, and color. Some common types of skin neoplasms include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and keratosis. These growths can be treated with a variety of methods, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. It is important to have any unusual skin growths evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the best course of treatment.

Multiple primary neoplasms, also known as synchronous or metachronous neoplasms, are two or more neoplasms (cancerous or non-cancerous tumors) that occur in the same individual at the same time or at different times. In the medical field, multiple primary neoplasms can occur in different organs or tissues of the body, and they can be either cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). The occurrence of multiple primary neoplasms can be due to various factors, including genetic predisposition, exposure to environmental toxins, lifestyle factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption, and certain medical conditions such as immunosuppression. The diagnosis of multiple primary neoplasms typically involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy of the tumors. Treatment options depend on the type, location, and stage of the neoplasms, as well as the overall health of the individual.

Heart block is a condition in which the electrical signals that regulate the heartbeat are slowed or blocked as they travel through the heart's conduction system. This can cause the heart to beat too slowly (bradycardia) or irregularly, which can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, and shortness of breath. There are three main types of heart block: first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree. First-degree heart block is the mildest form and usually does not cause any symptoms. Second-degree heart block is more serious and can cause symptoms, especially if it is caused by an underlying heart condition. Third-degree heart block is the most serious form and can lead to life-threatening complications if not treated promptly. Heart block can be caused by a variety of factors, including damage to the heart muscle, certain medications, and inherited conditions. Treatment options depend on the severity of the heart block and the underlying cause. In some cases, a pacemaker may be necessary to regulate the heartbeat.

Kidney neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the kidneys. These tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Kidney neoplasms are also known as renal neoplasms or renal tumors. There are several types of kidney neoplasms, including: 1. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC): This is the most common type of kidney cancer and accounts for about 80-90% of all kidney neoplasms. 2. Wilms tumor: This is a type of kidney cancer that is most common in children. 3. Angiomyolipoma: This is a benign tumor that is made up of fat, smooth muscle, and blood vessels. 4. Oncocytoma: This is a benign tumor that is made up of cells that resemble normal kidney cells. 5. Papillary renal cell carcinoma: This is a type of kidney cancer that is less common than RCC but has a better prognosis. 6. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma: This is a type of kidney cancer that is the most common in adults and has a poor prognosis. The diagnosis of kidney neoplasms typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, as well as a biopsy to confirm the type and stage of the tumor. Treatment options for kidney neoplasms depend on the type, size, and stage of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy.

In the medical field, "Neoplasms, Second Primary" refers to the development of a new cancer in a person who has already been diagnosed with one or more primary cancers. This type of cancer is also known as a "metastatic cancer" or a "secondary cancer." When a person develops a second primary cancer, it means that the cancer has spread from its original location to a new part of the body. This can happen through the bloodstream, lymphatic system, or other means of spread. The development of a second primary cancer can be a complex and challenging situation for both the patient and their healthcare team. Treatment options may depend on the type and location of the second cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history.

Adenocarcinoma, mucinous is a type of cancer that starts in the glandular cells of the body's tissues and produces a large amount of mucus. It is a subtype of adenocarcinoma, which is a type of cancer that begins in the glandular cells that produce mucus, sweat, or other fluids. Mucinous adenocarcinomas are often found in the digestive system, such as the colon, stomach, and pancreas, but they can also occur in other parts of the body, such as the lungs, ovaries, and breast. They are typically slow-growing and may not cause symptoms until they are advanced. Treatment for mucinous adenocarcinoma may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, depending on the location and stage of the cancer.

Thyroid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the thyroid gland, which is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Thyroid neoplasms can occur in any part of the thyroid gland, but some areas are more prone to developing tumors than others. The most common type of thyroid neoplasm is a thyroid adenoma, which is a benign tumor that arises from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. Other types of thyroid neoplasms include papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the size and location of the tumor, as well as whether it is benign or malignant. Some common symptoms include a lump or swelling in the neck, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and a rapid or irregular heartbeat. Diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan, and biopsy of the thyroid tissue. Treatment options for thyroid neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and age. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, or medication to manage symptoms or slow the growth of the tumor.

Myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) are a group of blood disorders characterized by the overproduction of blood cells in the bone marrow. These disorders are caused by genetic mutations that lead to the uncontrolled growth and proliferation of certain types of blood cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. The most common MPDs are polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis. These disorders can lead to a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, and bleeding disorders. Treatment for MPDs typically involves medications to control the overproduction of blood cells and manage symptoms. In some cases, a blood transfusion or a stem cell transplant may be necessary. It is important for individuals with MPDs to work closely with their healthcare providers to manage their condition and prevent complications.

Lung neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the lungs. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Lung neoplasms can occur in any part of the lung, including the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Lung neoplasms can be further classified based on their type, including: 1. Primary lung neoplasms: These are tumors that develop in the lungs and do not spread to other parts of the body. 2. Secondary lung neoplasms: These are tumors that develop in the lungs as a result of cancer that has spread from another part of the body. 3. Benign lung neoplasms: These are non-cancerous tumors that do not spread to other parts of the body. 4. Malignant lung neoplasms: These are cancerous tumors that can spread to other parts of the body. Some common types of lung neoplasms include lung adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma. The diagnosis of lung neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as chest X-rays and CT scans, and a biopsy to examine a sample of tissue from the tumor. Treatment options for lung neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms. It is composed of four types of nitrogen-containing molecules called nucleotides, which are arranged in a specific sequence to form the genetic code. Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells in the body, which can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to carcinogens, and hormonal imbalances. In the medical field, DNA and neoplasms are closely related because many types of cancer are caused by mutations in the DNA of cells. These mutations can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and the formation of tumors. DNA analysis is often used to diagnose and treat cancer, as well as to identify individuals who are at increased risk of developing the disease.

Parotid neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in the parotid gland, which is one of the largest salivary glands located in the face, just in front of the ear. These tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can affect people of all ages. The parotid gland is responsible for producing saliva, which helps to moisten the mouth and throat, and aids in the digestion of food. When a tumor develops in the parotid gland, it can cause a variety of symptoms, including swelling or a mass in the neck, difficulty swallowing, ear pain, and hearing loss. The diagnosis of a parotid neoplasm typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan, and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Benign tumors may be treated with surgery to remove the tumor, while malignant tumors may require surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Cystadenoma is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that develops in the glandular tissue of the ovary. It is a cystic tumor, meaning that it is filled with fluid or semi-solid material. Cystadenomas are usually slow-growing and do not cause any symptoms unless they become large or cause pressure on surrounding organs. They are typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI, and are often removed surgically if they cause symptoms or if there is a concern about their potential to become cancerous.

In the medical field, "Neoplasms, Connective and Soft Tissue" refers to a group of abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the connective tissues and soft tissues of the body. Connective tissues are the supportive tissues that connect and support other tissues in the body, such as bone, muscle, and organs. Soft tissues include organs, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. Connective and soft tissue neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms can grow quickly and invade nearby tissues and organs, as well as spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Examples of connective and soft tissue neoplasms include fibromas, lipomas, leiomyomas, sarcomas, and lymphomas. Treatment for these neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy.

Neoplasms, Plasma Cell, also known as plasma cell neoplasms, are a group of rare blood cancers that affect the plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. These antibodies are important for fighting infections and diseases in the body. There are several types of plasma cell neoplasms, including multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, and heavy chain diseases. These conditions are characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow, which can lead to a variety of symptoms, including bone pain, fatigue, weakness, and frequent infections. Treatment for plasma cell neoplasms typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies, as well as stem cell transplantation in some cases. The prognosis for these conditions varies depending on the specific type and stage of the disease, as well as the overall health of the patient.

Liver neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the liver. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign liver neoplasms include hemangiomas, focal nodular hyperplasia, and adenomas. These growths are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant liver neoplasms, on the other hand, are more serious and include primary liver cancer (such as hepatocellular carcinoma) and secondary liver cancer (such as metastatic cancer from other parts of the body). These tumors can grow quickly and spread to other parts of the body, leading to serious health complications. Diagnosis of liver neoplasms typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, as well as blood tests and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapy.

Myocardial ischemia is a medical condition that occurs when the blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced or blocked, leading to a lack of oxygen and nutrients to the heart cells. This can cause chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, and other symptoms. Myocardial ischemia is often caused by atherosclerosis, a condition in which plaque builds up in the arteries, narrowing or blocking the flow of blood. It can also be caused by other factors, such as heart valve problems or blood clots. Myocardial ischemia can be a serious condition and requires prompt medical attention to prevent heart attack or other complications.

Appendiceal neoplasms refer to tumors or cancerous growths that develop in the appendix, a small tube-like organ located at the end of the large intestine. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign appendiceal neoplasms are relatively rare and include polyps, cysts, and fibromas. Malignant appendiceal neoplasms, on the other hand, are more common and include carcinomas, sarcomas, and lymphomas. Appendiceal neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs, as well as a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Ovarian neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the ovaries, which are the female reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs and hormones. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can vary in size, shape, and location within the ovaries. Ovarian neoplasms can be classified based on their histological type, which refers to the type of cells that make up the tumor. Some common types of ovarian neoplasms include epithelial ovarian cancer, germ cell tumors, sex cord-stromal tumors, and stromal tumors. Symptoms of ovarian neoplasms may include abdominal pain, bloating, pelvic pain, and changes in menstrual patterns. However, many ovarian neoplasms are asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally during routine pelvic exams or imaging studies. Diagnosis of ovarian neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound or CT scans, and blood tests to measure levels of certain hormones and tumor markers. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type and stage of the neoplasm. Treatment for ovarian neoplasms depends on the type, stage, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and survival rates for patients with ovarian neoplasms.

Cystadenoma, mucinous is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that forms in the lining of certain organs, particularly the ovaries, pancreas, and bile ducts. It is characterized by the production of a thick, gel-like substance called mucus, which can accumulate within the cyst and cause it to grow in size. Cystadenomas are usually slow-growing and do not cause symptoms unless they become large or cause pressure on surrounding organs. They are typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and may be removed through surgery if they cause problems or are found to be at risk of becoming cancerous. In some cases, cystadenomas may be associated with other conditions such as endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It is important to note that while cystadenomas are usually benign, they can still be removed to prevent complications or to confirm the diagnosis.

Endocrine gland neoplasms refer to tumors or abnormal growths that develop in the endocrine glands, which are responsible for producing hormones that regulate various bodily functions. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can affect any of the endocrine glands, including the thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, and gonads (ovaries and testes). Endocrine gland neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the location and size of the tumor, as well as the hormones it produces. Some common symptoms include hormonal imbalances, such as weight gain or loss, changes in appetite, fatigue, and mood swings. In some cases, endocrine gland neoplasms can also cause more serious complications, such as hypercalcemia (high levels of calcium in the blood) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland). Diagnosis of endocrine gland neoplasms typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, blood tests, imaging studies (such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI), and biopsy (removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope). Treatment options for endocrine gland neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Gastrointestinal neoplasms refer to tumors or abnormal growths that develop in the lining of the digestive tract, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Gastrointestinal neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the location and size of the tumor. Some common symptoms include abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, nausea and vomiting, weight loss, and anemia. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal neoplasms typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging tests such as endoscopy or CT scans, and biopsy. Treatment options for gastrointestinal neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

In the medical field, "Neoplasms, Experimental" refers to the study of neoplasms (abnormal growths of cells) in experimental settings, such as in laboratory animals or in vitro cell cultures. These studies are typically conducted to better understand the underlying mechanisms of neoplasms and to develop new treatments for cancer and other types of neoplastic diseases. Experimental neoplasms may be induced by various factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to carcinogens, or other forms of cellular stress. The results of these studies can provide valuable insights into the biology of neoplasms and help to identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal is a type of cancer that originates in the cells lining the pancreatic ducts, which are the tubes that carry digestive enzymes and bicarbonate from the pancreas to the small intestine. This type of cancer is also known as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) or pancreatic cancer. It is the most common type of pancreatic cancer and is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, making it difficult to treat. The symptoms of pancreatic ductal carcinoma may include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and nausea. Treatment options for this type of cancer may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy.

Coronary disease, also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), is a condition in which the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque. This can lead to reduced blood flow to the heart, which can cause chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and other symptoms. In severe cases, coronary disease can lead to a heart attack, which occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart is completely blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle. Coronary disease is a common condition that affects many people, particularly those who are middle-aged or older, and is often associated with other risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes. Treatment for coronary disease may include lifestyle changes, medications, and in some cases, procedures such as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery.

Neoplasms, Vascular Tissue refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the blood vessels or lymphatic vessels of the body. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can affect any part of the circulatory system, including arteries, veins, and capillaries. Vascular neoplasms can be classified based on their cell type, location, and other characteristics. Some common types of vascular neoplasms include hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, angiosarcomas, and Kaposi's sarcoma. Hemangiomas are the most common type of vascular neoplasm and are usually benign. They are caused by the abnormal growth of blood vessels and can occur anywhere in the body, but are most commonly found in the skin, liver, and brain. Lymphangiomas are rare and are caused by the abnormal growth of lymphatic vessels. They are usually benign and can occur anywhere in the body, but are most commonly found in the head and neck. Angiosarcomas are malignant tumors that develop in the lining of blood vessels. They are rare and can occur anywhere in the body, but are most commonly found in the skin, liver, and lungs. Kaposi's sarcoma is a type of cancer that develops in the lymphatic vessels and blood vessels. It is caused by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and is most commonly found in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. Treatment for vascular neoplasms depends on the type, location, and size of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Eye neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the eye or its surrounding tissues. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can affect any part of the eye, including the eyelids, conjunctiva, iris, ciliary body, choroid, and retina. Eye neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on their location and size. Some common symptoms include changes in vision, eye pain or discomfort, redness or swelling of the eye, and the appearance of a growth or mass on the eye or eyelid. Diagnosis of eye neoplasms typically involves a comprehensive eye exam, including a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment options for eye neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Nose neoplasms refer to tumors or abnormal growths that develop in the tissues of the nose. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign nose neoplasms include nasal polyps, which are non-cancerous growths that develop in the lining of the nasal passages. Other examples of benign nose neoplasms include angiofibromas, which are benign tumors that develop in the blood vessels of the nose and sinuses, and basal cell carcinomas, which are non-cancerous skin growths that can occur on the nose. Malignant nose neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous tumors that can develop in any of the tissues of the nose, including the nasal cavity, sinuses, and nasal septum. Examples of malignant nose neoplasms include squamous cell carcinomas, which are the most common type of cancerous nose neoplasm, and adenocarcinomas, which are less common but can be more aggressive. Treatment for nose neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

Salivary gland neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in the salivary glands, which are responsible for producing saliva. These glands are located in the mouth, head, and neck, and include the parotid gland, submandibular gland, and sublingual gland. Salivary gland neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can affect any part of the salivary gland. Symptoms of salivary gland neoplasms may include a lump or swelling in the gland, difficulty swallowing or chewing, and pain or discomfort in the gland or surrounding area. Treatment for salivary gland neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, depending on the type and stage of the tumor.

Neoplasms, radiation-induced are abnormal growths of cells that are caused by exposure to ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is a type of energy that has enough force to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, causing the atoms to become ionized. This type of radiation is capable of damaging DNA and other cellular structures, which can lead to mutations and the development of cancer. Radiation-induced neoplasms can occur in any part of the body that has been exposed to ionizing radiation, including the skin, lungs, thyroid gland, and bone marrow. The risk of developing a radiation-induced neoplasm increases with the dose of radiation received and the duration of exposure. In addition, certain factors such as age, gender, and genetic predisposition can also affect the risk of developing a radiation-induced neoplasm. Treatment for radiation-induced neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the location and extent of the radiation exposure. Options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. It is important for individuals who have been exposed to ionizing radiation to be monitored for the development of radiation-induced neoplasms, as early detection and treatment can improve outcomes.

Adenocarcinoma, papillary is a type of cancer that begins in the cells that line certain organs or glands in the body. It is a type of adenocarcinoma, which is a type of cancer that begins in glandular cells. Papillary adenocarcinoma is characterized by the growth of small, finger-like projections called papillae, which can be seen under a microscope. This type of cancer is most commonly found in the thyroid gland, but it can also occur in other organs such as the lungs, breast, and pancreas. Treatment for papillary adenocarcinoma typically involves surgery to remove the affected tissue, followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.

Carcinoma, papillary refers to a type of cancer that originates in the cells lining a gland or duct, such as the thyroid gland or the breast. Papillary carcinomas are characterized by the presence of small, finger-like projections called papillae, which are a common feature of these types of tumors. These tumors are typically slow-growing and may not cause symptoms until they are quite large. Treatment for papillary carcinoma usually involves surgery to remove the affected gland or duct, followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, hormone therapy may also be used to treat papillary carcinoma.

Neoplasms, muscle tissue refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in muscle cells or tissues. These tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign muscle neoplasms are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. Examples of benign muscle neoplasms include lipomas, fibromas, and hemangiomas. Malignant muscle neoplasms, on the other hand, are more aggressive and can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Examples of malignant muscle neoplasms include rhabdomyosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and leiomyoma. Diagnosis of muscle neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Testicular neoplasms refer to tumors or abnormal growths that develop in the testicles, which are the male reproductive organs responsible for producing sperm and testosterone. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can occur in either one or both testicles. Testicular neoplasms are relatively rare, but they are one of the most common types of cancer in young men between the ages of 15 and 35. The most common type of testicular cancer is germ cell tumors, which account for about 95% of all testicular cancers. Other types of testicular neoplasms include Leydig cell tumors, Sertoli cell tumors, and teratomas. Symptoms of testicular neoplasms may include a painless lump or swelling in the testicle, a feeling of heaviness or discomfort in the scrotum, or a change in the size or shape of the testicle. If left untreated, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, lungs, and liver. Diagnosis of testicular neoplasms typically involves a physical examination of the testicles, as well as imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment for testicular neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer. Options may include surgery to remove the affected testicle or part of the testicle, chemotherapy to kill cancer cells, or radiation therapy to shrink tumors. In some cases, watchful waiting may be recommended for small, slow-growing tumors that are not likely to cause harm.

In the medical field, "Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial" refers to abnormal growths or tumors that arise from glandular or epithelial cells. These types of neoplasms can occur in various organs and tissues throughout the body, including the breast, prostate, thyroid, and lungs. Glandular neoplasms are tumors that develop in glands, which are organs that produce and secrete substances such as hormones and enzymes. Examples of glandular neoplasms include breast cancer, prostate cancer, and thyroid cancer. Epithelial neoplasms, on the other hand, are tumors that develop in epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of organs and tissues. Examples of epithelial neoplasms include skin cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer. Both glandular and epithelial neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms typically do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms have the potential to invade nearby tissues and spread to other organs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

Neoplasm proteins are proteins that are produced by cancer cells. These proteins are often abnormal and can contribute to the growth and spread of cancer. They can be detected in the blood or other body fluids, and their presence can be used as a diagnostic tool for cancer. Some neoplasm proteins are also being studied as potential targets for cancer treatment.

Cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous is a type of cancer that arises from the epithelial cells lining the cysts of the ovary. It is a type of ovarian cancer that is characterized by the production of large amounts of a thick, gelatinous substance called mucus. This type of cancer is typically slow-growing and may not cause symptoms in the early stages. However, as the cancer grows, it can cause abdominal pain, bloating, and other symptoms. Treatment for cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous typically involves surgery to remove the affected ovary and any other affected tissue. In some cases, chemotherapy may also be used to help kill any remaining cancer cells.

An adenoma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that develops from glandular cells. It is a type of neoplasm, which is an abnormal growth of cells. Adenomas can occur in various parts of the body, including the colon, rectum, breast, thyroid gland, and prostate gland. In the colon and rectum, adenomas are commonly referred to as polyps. They can vary in size and shape and may or may not cause symptoms. However, some adenomas can develop into cancer if left untreated, which is why they are often removed during a colonoscopy or other screening tests. In other parts of the body, adenomas may cause symptoms depending on their location and size. For example, an adenoma in the thyroid gland may cause a goiter, while an adenoma in the prostate gland may cause difficulty urinating. Treatment for adenomas depends on their size, location, and whether they are causing symptoms. Small adenomas may not require treatment, while larger ones may be removed through surgery or other procedures. In some cases, medication may be used to shrink the adenoma or prevent it from growing back.

Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, typically measured in liters per minute (L/min). Low cardiac output refers to a condition where the heart is not pumping enough blood to meet the body's needs. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including heart failure, low blood volume, severe anemia, and certain medications. Symptoms of low cardiac output may include shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, and decreased urine output. Treatment for low cardiac output depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, fluid replacement, or surgery.

Soft tissue neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells that develop in the soft tissues of the body, such as the muscles, tendons, ligaments, fat, and blood vessels. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can occur in any part of the body. Soft tissue neoplasms can be further classified based on their cell type, such as fibrous tumors, sarcomas, and leiomyomas. Some common examples of soft tissue neoplasms include lipomas (benign fatty tumors), leiomyomas (benign smooth muscle tumors), and sarcomas (malignant tumors that develop from connective tissue). The diagnosis of soft tissue neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and biopsy (the removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope). Treatment options for soft tissue neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. They may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Hematologic neoplasms are a group of disorders that affect the blood and bone marrow, including the production of blood cells. These disorders are characterized by the abnormal growth and proliferation of blood cells, which can lead to an overproduction of certain types of blood cells (such as leukemias) or a deficiency of certain types of blood cells (such as anemia). Hematologic neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can affect people of all ages. Some common types of hematologic neoplasms include leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and myelodysplastic syndromes. Treatment for hematologic neoplasms typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or stem cell transplantation.

Vascular neoplasms are tumors that arise from the blood vessels or lymphatic vessels in the body. These tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). There are several types of vascular neoplasms, including hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, angiosarcomas, and Kaposi's sarcoma. Hemangiomas are the most common type of vascular neoplasm and are usually benign. They are often found in the skin, liver, and brain. Lymphangiomas are rare and are caused by abnormal development of the lymphatic system. Angiosarcomas are malignant tumors that arise from the lining of blood vessels, and Kaposi's sarcoma is a type of cancer that is caused by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). Vascular neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on their location and size. Some common symptoms include pain, swelling, and redness or discoloration of the skin. In some cases, a vascular neoplasm may cause bleeding or blockage of blood flow to surrounding tissues. Treatment for vascular neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy. In some cases, a combination of these treatments may be used. It is important for patients with vascular neoplasms to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a treatment plan that is tailored to their individual needs.

Uterine neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the uterus, which is the female reproductive organ responsible for carrying and nourishing a developing fetus during pregnancy. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) in nature. Benign uterine neoplasms include leiomyomas (fibroids), adenomyosis, and endometrial polyps. These conditions are relatively common and often do not require treatment unless they cause symptoms such as heavy bleeding, pain, or pressure on other organs. Malignant uterine neoplasms, on the other hand, are less common but more serious. The most common type of uterine cancer is endometrial cancer, which develops in the lining of the uterus. Other types of uterine cancer include uterine sarcomas, which are rare and aggressive tumors that develop in the muscle or connective tissue of the uterus. Diagnosis of uterine neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as ultrasound or MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the neoplasm, as well as the patient's overall health and age. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Intestinal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the lining of the intestines, including the small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Intestinal neoplasms can occur in any part of the digestive tract, but they are most commonly found in the colon and rectum. Some common types of intestinal neoplasms include adenomas, carcinoids, and lymphomas. Symptoms of intestinal neoplasms may include abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, weight loss, and anemia. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy. Treatment for intestinal neoplasms depends on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

"Neoplasms, Adnexal and Skin Appendage" refers to tumors or abnormal growths that develop in the adnexal structures or skin appendages of the body. The adnexal structures include glands such as sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles, as well as structures such as the mammary glands and the thyroid gland. Skin appendages include hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. These types of neoplasms can be benign or malignant, and can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, breasts, thyroid gland, and other organs. They are typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and imaging studies, and are often treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or other treatments depending on the type and location of the tumor.

Lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system. It occurs when lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, grow and divide uncontrollably, forming abnormal masses or tumors in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, or other parts of the body. There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is a less common type of lymphoma that typically affects younger adults and has a better prognosis than non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a more common type of lymphoma that can affect people of all ages and has a wide range of outcomes depending on the specific subtype and the stage of the disease. Symptoms of lymphoma can include swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, and itching. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, blood tests, imaging studies, and a biopsy of the affected tissue. Treatment for lymphoma depends on the subtype, stage, and overall health of the patient. It may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. In some cases, a stem cell transplant may also be necessary.

Sweat gland neoplasms are abnormal growths that develop in the sweat glands of the skin. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Some common types of sweat gland neoplasms include: 1. Syringoma: A benign tumor that develops in the eccrine sweat glands of the eyelids. 2. Sebaceous gland nevus: A benign tumor that develops in the sebaceous glands of the skin. 3. Malignant eccrine sweat gland carcinoma: A rare, but aggressive form of skin cancer that develops in the eccrine sweat glands. 4. Malignant apocrine sweat gland carcinoma: A rare, but aggressive form of skin cancer that develops in the apocrine sweat glands. Sweat gland neoplasms can be treated with a variety of methods, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The best treatment option depends on the type and stage of the neoplasm, as well as the overall health of the patient.

Bone neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the bones. They can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign bone neoplasms are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant bone neoplasms can be invasive and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. There are several types of bone neoplasms, including osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and multiple myeloma. These tumors can affect any bone in the body, but they are most commonly found in the long bones of the arms and legs, such as the femur and tibia. Symptoms of bone neoplasms may include pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected bone, as well as bone fractures that do not heal properly. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests such as X-rays, MRI scans, and CT scans, as well as a biopsy to examine a sample of the tumor tissue. Treatment for bone neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Options may include surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy to shrink the tumor, and targeted therapy to block the growth of cancer cells. In some cases, a combination of these treatments may be used.

Heart failure, systolic refers to a condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. This type of heart failure is characterized by a weak or impaired systolic function, which is the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood out to the body. In systolic heart failure, the heart muscle may be weakened or damaged due to a variety of factors, including high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, heart attack, or certain genetic conditions. As a result, the heart is unable to pump enough blood to the body, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs and ankles, and rapid or irregular heartbeat. Treatment for systolic heart failure typically involves medications to improve heart function, lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet and regular exercise, and in some cases, surgery or other medical procedures. It is important for individuals with systolic heart failure to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their condition and prevent complications.

Palatal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop on the hard palate, which is the bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant, and they can occur in any part of the palate, including the anterior (front) palate, the posterior (back) palate, and the lateral (side) palate. Palatal neoplasms can be classified into several types, including: 1. Benign neoplasms: These are non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other parts of the body. Examples of benign palatal neoplasms include fibromas, lipomas, and epulis fissuratum. 2. Malignant neoplasms: These are cancerous growths that can spread to other parts of the body. Examples of malignant palatal neoplasms include squamous cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Palatal neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including difficulty swallowing, difficulty speaking, pain or discomfort in the mouth, and bleeding from the palate. Treatment for palatal neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

In the medical field, "Neoplasms, Complex and Mixed" refers to a group of tumors that are characterized by their complex and varied histological features. These tumors are composed of two or more distinct types of cells, which may be of different lineages or grades of malignancy. The term "complex" is used to describe tumors that have a mixture of different cell types, often with varying degrees of differentiation and malignancy. These tumors may also have a complex architecture, with different regions of the tumor having different histological features. The term "mixed" is used to describe tumors that are composed of two or more distinct types of neoplasms, which may be of different histological types or grades of malignancy. These tumors may also have a complex architecture, with different regions of the tumor having different histological features. Examples of neoplasms that are considered complex and mixed include mixed germ cell tumors, mixed mesodermal tumors, and mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tumors. These tumors can be challenging to diagnose and treat, as they often have unique histological features and may require a multidisciplinary approach to management.

Dilated cardiomyopathy is a medical condition characterized by the enlargement and weakening of the heart muscle, specifically the ventricles, which are the lower chambers of the heart responsible for pumping blood out to the rest of the body. This enlargement causes the heart to become weakened and unable to pump blood efficiently, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and ankles. Dilated cardiomyopathy can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, infections, alcohol and drug abuse, and certain medications. It can also be a complication of other heart conditions, such as hypertension or coronary artery disease. Diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy typically involves a physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, and other imaging tests. Treatment may include medications to improve heart function, lifestyle changes such as a heart-healthy diet and exercise, and in some cases, surgery or heart transplantation.

Cardiomegaly is a medical condition characterized by an enlarged heart. The term "cardiomegaly" comes from the Greek words "kardia," meaning heart, and "mega," meaning large. Cardiomegaly can be caused by a variety of factors, including hypertension, valvular heart disease, myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle), and certain genetic disorders. The diagnosis of cardiomegaly is typically made through imaging tests such as echocardiography, chest X-rays, or computed tomography (CT) scans. Cardiomegaly can lead to a variety of complications, including heart failure, arrhythmias, and increased risk of stroke. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the cardiomegaly and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.

In the medical field, "Antigens, Neoplasm" refers to proteins or other molecules that are produced by cancer cells (neoplasms) and are recognized by the immune system as foreign. These antigens can be used as targets for cancer immunotherapy, which aims to stimulate the immune system to attack and destroy cancer cells. Antigens, neoplasm can also be used as diagnostic markers to identify cancer cells in the body or to monitor the effectiveness of cancer treatment.

Myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack, is a medical condition that occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, usually by a blood clot. This lack of blood flow can cause damage to the heart muscle, which can lead to serious complications and even death if not treated promptly. The most common cause of a heart attack is atherosclerosis, a condition in which plaque builds up in the arteries that supply blood to the heart. When a plaque ruptures or becomes unstable, it can form a blood clot that blocks the flow of blood to the heart muscle. Other causes of heart attacks include coronary artery spasms, blood clots that travel to the heart from other parts of the body, and certain medical conditions such as Kawasaki disease. Symptoms of a heart attack may include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting, lightheadedness or dizziness, and pain or discomfort in the arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach. If you suspect that you or someone else is having a heart attack, it is important to call emergency services immediately. Early treatment with medications and possibly surgery can help to reduce the risk of serious complications and improve the chances of a full recovery.

In the medical field, "dog diseases" refers to any illness or condition that affects dogs. These diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, infections, environmental factors, and lifestyle. Some common examples of dog diseases include: 1. Canine Influenza: A highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus. 2. Canine Distemper: A highly contagious viral disease that affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems. 3. Canine Leukemia: A type of cancer that affects the white blood cells. 4. Canine Hip Dysplasia: A genetic disorder that affects the development of the hip joint. 5. Canine Heartworm: A parasitic disease that affects the heart and blood vessels. 6. Canine Cancers: A group of diseases that affect the body's cells and tissues. 7. Canine Arthritis: A joint disease that causes inflammation and pain. 8. Canine Allergies: A condition in which the immune system overreacts to certain substances, such as pollen or food. 9. Canine Eye Diseases: A group of conditions that affect the eyes, including cataracts, glaucoma, and retinal detachment. 10. Canine Skin Diseases: A group of conditions that affect the skin, including allergies, mange, and acne. These are just a few examples of the many diseases that can affect dogs. It is important for pet owners to be aware of the common diseases that affect their dogs and to take steps to prevent and treat them.

Mandibular neoplasms refer to tumors or abnormal growths that develop in the bones of the lower jaw, also known as the mandible. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant, and they can affect both the bone and the surrounding soft tissues. Mandibular neoplasms can be classified into several types, including: 1. Benign neoplasms: These are non-cancerous tumors that grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. Examples of benign mandibular neoplasms include osteoma, osteoblastoma, and osteoid osteoma. 2. Malignant neoplasms: These are cancerous tumors that can spread to other parts of the body. Examples of malignant mandibular neoplasms include squamous cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and osteosarcoma. Mandibular neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including pain, swelling, difficulty chewing or speaking, and changes in the appearance of the jaw. Treatment options for mandibular neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Cystadenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from the epithelial cells lining fluid-filled sacs, or cysts, in the body. It is a type of adenocarcinoma, which is a cancer that begins in glandular tissue. Cystadenocarcinomas can occur in various locations throughout the body, including the ovaries, pancreas, and bile ducts. They are typically slow-growing and may not cause symptoms until they have advanced to a more advanced stage. Treatment for cystadenocarcinoma may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, depending on the location and stage of the cancer.

Heart injuries refer to any type of damage or trauma that affects the heart or its surrounding structures. These injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including blunt force trauma, penetration wounds, or sudden cardiac arrest. Some common types of heart injuries include: 1. Contusion: A bruise or contusion on the heart caused by blunt force trauma. 2. Pericardial injury: Damage to the sac that surrounds the heart, which can cause bleeding or inflammation. 3. Cardiac tamponade: A life-threatening condition in which blood or other fluid builds up around the heart, compressing it and preventing it from functioning properly. 4. Myocardial contusion: Damage to the heart muscle caused by blunt force trauma. 5. Cardiac rupture: A tear in the heart muscle or wall, which can cause significant bleeding and be life-threatening. 6. Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium, which can cause chest pain, fever, and other symptoms. 7. Cardiac arrest: A sudden and complete loss of heart function, which can be caused by a variety of factors, including heart attack, electrical disturbances, or sudden cardiac death. Heart injuries can be serious and require prompt medical attention. Treatment may include medications, surgery, or other interventions depending on the severity and type of injury.

Bile duct neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in the bile ducts, which are the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. These tumors can be either benign or malignant, and they can occur in any part of the bile duct system, including the intrahepatic bile ducts (which are located within the liver), the extrahepatic bile ducts (which are located outside the liver), and the ampulla of Vater (which is the point where the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct join). Bile duct neoplasms can present with a variety of symptoms, depending on the location and size of the tumor. Some common symptoms include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, weight loss, and fever. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, as well as biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment for bile duct neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches. The prognosis for bile duct neoplasms varies widely, depending on the specific type and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's age, overall health, and response to treatment.

In the medical field, "neoplasm invasiveness" refers to the ability of a cancerous tumor to invade and spread beyond its original site of origin. This can occur through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, or by direct extension into surrounding tissues. The degree of invasiveness of a neoplasm can be an important factor in determining the prognosis and treatment options for a patient. More invasive tumors are generally considered to be more aggressive and may be more difficult to treat. However, the specific characteristics of the tumor, such as its type, stage, and location, as well as the overall health of the patient, can also play a role in determining the prognosis. Invasive neoplasms may also be referred to as malignant tumors, as they have the potential to spread and cause harm to surrounding tissues and organs. Non-invasive neoplasms, on the other hand, are generally considered to be benign and are less likely to spread.

Thymus neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in the thymus gland, which is a small organ located in the upper chest, behind the breastbone. The thymus gland is responsible for the development and maturation of T-cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a critical role in the immune system. Thymus neoplasms can be either benign or malignant. Benign thymus neoplasms are non-cancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant thymus neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and can spread to other parts of the body, leading to serious health problems. Thymus neoplasms can be further classified based on their type, including thymoma, thymic carcinoma, and thymic hyperplasia. Thymoma is the most common type of thymus neoplasm, accounting for about 90% of all cases. Thymic carcinoma is a rare and aggressive type of thymus neoplasm, while thymic hyperplasia is a non-cancerous condition characterized by an overgrowth of thymus tissue. Thymus neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including chest pain, difficulty breathing, coughing, and fatigue. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI, as well as a biopsy to confirm the presence of a tumor. Treatment options for thymus neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Cardiotonic agents, also known as inotropic agents, are medications that increase the strength and force of contraction of the heart muscle. They are used to treat heart failure, a condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Cardiotonic agents work by increasing the sensitivity of the heart muscle to calcium, which is a key component of muscle contraction. This leads to an increase in the strength and force of the heart's contractions, allowing it to pump more blood and improve cardiac output. Some examples of cardiotonic agents include digitalis, dobutamine, and milrinone.

Splenic neoplasms refer to tumors or growths that develop in the spleen, a vital organ in the immune system located in the upper left part of the abdomen. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) in nature. Benign splenic neoplasms include hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, and fibromas, which are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant splenic neoplasms, on the other hand, are less common but can be more aggressive and potentially life-threatening. These include lymphomas, leukemias, and sarcomas. Symptoms of splenic neoplasms may include abdominal pain, swelling, fatigue, fever, and weight loss. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, as well as biopsy to confirm the presence of a tumor. Treatment for splenic neoplasms depends on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy. In some cases, a splenectomy (removal of the spleen) may be necessary to remove the tumor or alleviate symptoms.

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the heart valves. It is caused by a group of bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes, which can infect the throat and cause a condition called strep throat. In some cases, the body's immune system responds to the infection by attacking the heart valves, leading to inflammation and scarring of the valves. This can cause the valves to become thickened, narrowed, or leaky, which can lead to heart failure, stroke, and other complications. RHD is most common in children and young adults in developing countries, but it can occur at any age. It is treated with antibiotics to prevent recurrent infections and medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged heart valves.

Colonic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the colon, which is the final part of the large intestine. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign colonic neoplasms include polyps, which are small, non-cancerous growths that can develop on the inner lining of the colon. Polyps can be further classified as adenomas, which are made up of glandular tissue, or hyperplastic polyps, which are non-glandular. Malignant colonic neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous tumors that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The most common type of colon cancer is adenocarcinoma, which starts in the glandular tissue of the colon. Colonic neoplasms can be detected through various diagnostic tests, including colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and fecal occult blood testing. Treatment options for colonic neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the growth, as well as the overall health of the patient. Early detection and treatment of colonic neoplasms can significantly improve the chances of a successful outcome.

Cardiomyopathies are a group of heart diseases that affect the heart muscle (myocardium). These diseases can cause the heart to become enlarged, thickened, or rigid, which can lead to problems with the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. There are several different types of cardiomyopathies, including: 1. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: This is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes abnormally thick, which can make it difficult for the heart to pump blood. 2. Dilated cardiomyopathy: This is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes weakened and enlarged, which can cause the heart to pump blood less effectively. 3. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC): This is a condition in which the heart muscle in the right ventricle becomes abnormal and can cause irregular heart rhythms. 4. Non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: This is a type of dilated cardiomyopathy that is not caused by a lack of blood flow to the heart muscle. 5. Idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy: This is a condition in which the left ventricle of the heart becomes abnormally thick, which can make it difficult for the heart to pump blood. Cardiomyopathies can be inherited or acquired, and they can range from mild to severe. Treatment for cardiomyopathies depends on the specific type and severity of the condition, and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.

Cystadenoma, Serous is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that develops in the ovaries or fallopian tubes. It is a type of cystadenoma, which is a cyst that forms from the epithelial cells lining the glandular tissue of the ovary or fallopian tube. Serous cystadenomas are typically filled with a clear or cloudy fluid and can vary in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. They are usually discovered incidentally during a pelvic exam or imaging study, and are often asymptomatic. However, in some cases, they may cause abdominal pain, bloating, or discomfort. Treatment for serous cystadenomas typically involves surgical removal, although smaller tumors may be monitored with regular imaging studies.

Myocardial reperfusion injury (MRI) refers to the damage that occurs to the heart muscle when blood flow is restored to an area of the heart that has been previously deprived of oxygen-rich blood. This can happen during a heart attack, when a blood clot blocks a coronary artery, cutting off blood flow to a portion of the heart muscle. MRI is a complex process that involves a combination of physical, chemical, and inflammatory mechanisms. When blood flow is restored to the heart muscle, it can cause damage to the cells and tissues in the area, leading to inflammation, cell death, and scarring. This damage can further impair the heart's ability to pump blood effectively, leading to heart failure and other complications. There are several strategies that can be used to reduce the risk of MRI, including the use of medications to prevent blood clots, timely revascularization procedures to restore blood flow to the heart muscle, and the use of protective therapies to minimize the damage caused by reperfusion. Understanding the mechanisms of MRI is important for developing effective treatments to prevent and manage heart attacks and other cardiovascular diseases.

Maxillary neoplasms refer to tumors or abnormal growths that develop in the maxillary region of the face, which includes the upper jawbone (maxilla) and the surrounding soft tissues. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) in nature. Some common types of maxillary neoplasms include: 1. Odontogenic tumors: These are tumors that develop from the cells that give rise to teeth, such as ameloblastomas, odontomas, and dentigerous cysts. 2. Benign tumors: These include lipomas, fibromas, and hemangiomas. 3. Malignant tumors: These include squamous cell carcinomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, and mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Maxillary neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on their location and size. These may include pain, swelling, difficulty chewing or swallowing, changes in facial appearance, and dental problems. Treatment options for maxillary neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Heart arrest is a medical emergency that occurs when the heart stops beating effectively, resulting in a lack of blood flow to the body's vital organs. This can happen suddenly or gradually, and it can be caused by a variety of factors, including heart disease, electrical abnormalities in the heart, trauma, or certain medications. In heart arrest, the heart's electrical activity is disrupted, and the heart muscle is unable to contract and pump blood. This can lead to a loss of consciousness, respiratory arrest, and death if not treated promptly. Treatment for heart arrest typically involves cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), which involves chest compressions and rescue breathing to try to restore blood flow to the body and the heart. In some cases, defibrillation may also be necessary to shock the heart back into a normal rhythm. If the heart arrest is caused by an underlying medical condition, such as a heart attack or arrhythmia, additional treatment may be required to address the underlying cause.

Anal gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the anal glands, which are small glands located in the anal canal. These neoplasms can be either benign or malignant, and they can occur in both men and women. Benign anal gland neoplasms are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. They can cause symptoms such as pain, itching, and bleeding during bowel movements. Malignant anal gland neoplasms, on the other hand, are more aggressive and can spread to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes and other organs. The most common type of anal gland neoplasm is anal gland hyperplasia, which is a benign condition characterized by an overgrowth of the anal glands. Other types of anal gland neoplasms include anal gland adenoma, anal gland carcinoma, and anal gland sarcoma. Diagnosis of anal gland neoplasms typically involves a physical examination, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and biopsy of the affected tissue. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

In the medical field, "Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal" refers to a group of tumors that arise from cells that are derived from the germ cells or embryonic cells. Germ cells are the cells that give rise to eggs and sperm, while embryonic cells are the cells that give rise to all the different types of cells in the body during development. Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal tumors can occur in various parts of the body, including the brain, spinal cord, testes, ovaries, and other organs. These tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The diagnosis of a Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal tumor typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as CT scans or MRI scans, and a biopsy to examine the tissue. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health.

Bone marrow neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells in the bone marrow, which is the spongy tissue inside bones that produces blood cells. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can affect the production of different types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Some common types of bone marrow neoplasms include: 1. Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): A group of blood disorders characterized by abnormal blood cell production and an increased risk of developing leukemia. 2. Multiple myeloma: A type of cancer that affects plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. 3. Leukemia: A type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, causing the production of abnormal white blood cells. 4. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is part of the immune system. 5. Polycythemia vera: A type of blood disorder characterized by an overproduction of red blood cells. 6. Myelofibrosis: A type of bone marrow disorder characterized by the formation of scar tissue in the bone marrow, which can lead to anemia and other complications. Treatment for bone marrow neoplasms depends on the specific type and stage of the condition, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation, and targeted therapies.

In the medical field, "Disease Models, Animal" refers to the use of animals to study and understand human diseases. These models are created by introducing a disease or condition into an animal, either naturally or through experimental manipulation, in order to study its progression, symptoms, and potential treatments. Animal models are used in medical research because they allow scientists to study diseases in a controlled environment and to test potential treatments before they are tested in humans. They can also provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of a disease and help to identify new therapeutic targets. There are many different types of animal models used in medical research, including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. Each type of animal has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of model depends on the specific disease being studied and the research question being addressed.

Neoplasms, adipose tissue refer to tumors that arise from adipose tissue, which is the specialized connective tissue that stores energy in the form of fat. Adipose tissue is found throughout the body, including beneath the skin, around internal organs, and in bone marrow. Adipose tissue neoplasms can be classified as benign or malignant. Benign adipose tissue neoplasms are non-cancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant adipose tissue neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Some common types of adipose tissue neoplasms include lipomas, fibromas, and angiolipomas. Lipomas are the most common type of benign adipose tissue tumor and are usually painless and slow-growing. Fibromas are also benign and are made up of fibrous tissue. Angiolipomas are a type of benign tumor that contains both fat and blood vessels. Treatment for adipose tissue neoplasms depends on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Benign tumors may not require treatment if they are small and not causing any symptoms. However, larger or symptomatic tumors may be removed through surgery. Malignant tumors may require more aggressive treatment, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of both.

Ventricular dysfunction, left, is a medical condition in which the left ventricle of the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently. The left ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. When it is not functioning properly, it can lead to a variety of symptoms, including shortness of breath, fatigue, and chest pain. There are several causes of left ventricular dysfunction, including heart attacks, high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, and heart valve problems. Treatment for left ventricular dysfunction depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery. Left ventricular dysfunction can be a serious condition and requires prompt medical attention.

Colorectal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the colon or rectum. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Colorectal neoplasms can be further classified into polyps, adenomas, and carcinomas. Polyps are non-cancerous growths that typically arise from the inner lining of the colon or rectum. Adenomas are a type of polyp that have the potential to become cancerous if left untreated. Carcinomas, on the other hand, are cancerous tumors that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Colorectal neoplasms are a common health concern, and regular screening is recommended for individuals at high risk, such as those with a family history of colorectal cancer or those over the age of 50. Early detection and treatment of colorectal neoplasms can significantly improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

Meningeal neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in the meninges, which are the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. These tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Meningeal neoplasms can occur in any part of the meninges, including the dura mater (outermost layer), arachnoid mater (middle layer), and pia mater (innermost layer). They can also occur in the leptomeninges, which are the delicate membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms of meningeal neoplasms can include headache, nausea, vomiting, double vision, weakness or numbness in the extremities, and changes in mental status. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as MRI or CT scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of a tumor. Treatment for meningeal neoplasms depends on the type, location, and size of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Adrenergic beta-antagonists are a class of drugs that block the action of adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) on beta-adrenergic receptors in the body. These receptors are found in various organs and tissues, including the heart, lungs, and blood vessels. When adrenaline and noradrenaline bind to beta-adrenergic receptors, they cause a number of physiological responses, such as increased heart rate, blood pressure, and bronchodilation. Adrenergic beta-antagonists work by blocking these receptors, thereby reducing the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including high blood pressure, angina pectoris (chest pain), heart failure, and arrhythmias. They are also used to prevent migraines and to treat anxiety and panic disorders. Some common examples of adrenergic beta-antagonists include propranolol, atenolol, and metoprolol.

Heart failure, diastolic, is a medical condition in which the heart is unable to effectively fill with blood during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle. This can lead to a decrease in the amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart with each beat, resulting in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and ankles. Diastolic heart failure is typically caused by damage to the heart muscle, such as from a heart attack or high blood pressure, and is often associated with other cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, obesity, and smoking. Treatment for diastolic heart failure may include medications to improve heart function, lifestyle changes such as exercise and a healthy diet, and in some cases, surgery.

Duodenal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Duodenal neoplasms can present with a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and jaundice. The diagnosis of duodenal neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as endoscopy and CT scans, and biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment for duodenal neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

The American Heart Association (AHA) is a non-profit organization that is dedicated to promoting cardiovascular health and preventing heart disease and stroke. The AHA was founded in 1924 and is headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The AHA conducts research, develops guidelines and policies, and provides education and training to healthcare professionals and the public on topics related to heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular conditions. The organization also advocates for public policies that promote cardiovascular health and works to raise awareness about the importance of healthy lifestyle choices, such as regular physical activity, a healthy diet, and not smoking. The AHA's research and guidelines are widely respected in the medical field and are often used as the basis for clinical practice recommendations. The organization also publishes a number of well-known medical journals, including Circulation and Circulation Research.

Ventricular remodeling refers to the structural and functional changes that occur in the heart's ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart) in response to various factors such as heart disease, injury, or genetic predisposition. These changes can include thickening of the heart muscle, enlargement of the ventricles, and changes in the electrical activity of the heart. Ventricular remodeling can lead to a variety of heart conditions, including heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. It is a complex process that involves multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms, including inflammation, fibrosis, and changes in gene expression. In the medical field, ventricular remodeling is an important area of research, as it can help identify new targets for the prevention and treatment of heart disease. Treatment options for ventricular remodeling may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgical interventions.

Adrenal cortex neoplasms, also known as adrenal cortical tumors, are abnormal growths that develop in the outer layer of the adrenal gland, which is called the cortex. The adrenal cortex is responsible for producing hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens, which play important roles in regulating various bodily functions. There are two main types of adrenal cortex neoplasms: benign and malignant. Benign tumors are non-cancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors, on the other hand, are cancerous and can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Symptoms of adrenal cortex neoplasms may include weight loss, fatigue, high blood pressure, and an increase in the production of certain hormones, such as cortisol or aldosterone. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests such as CT scans or MRIs, as well as blood and urine tests to measure hormone levels. Treatment for adrenal cortex neoplasms depends on the type and size of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Benign tumors may be monitored with regular imaging tests, while malignant tumors may require surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. In some cases, hormone therapy may also be used to manage symptoms or slow the growth of the tumor.

Mouth neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the mouth, including the lips, tongue, gums, palate, and throat. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can occur in any part of the mouth. Mouth neoplasms can be further classified based on their type, including: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of mouth cancer and usually develops on the lips, tongue, or floor of the mouth. 2. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: This type of cancer usually develops in the salivary glands and can spread to other parts of the mouth and neck. 3. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that develops in the salivary glands and can spread to other parts of the mouth and neck. 4. Basal cell carcinoma: This type of cancer usually develops on the lips and can spread to other parts of the mouth and neck. 5. Melanoma: This is a type of cancer that develops in the melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) of the mouth. Mouth neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including pain, difficulty swallowing, changes in the appearance of the mouth, and bleeding. Treatment options for mouth neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Mediastinal neoplasms refer to tumors or masses that develop in the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the chest that contains the heart, great vessels, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant and can arise from any tissue in the mediastinum, including lymph nodes, thymus, thyroid gland, and chest wall. Symptoms of mediastinal neoplasms may include difficulty breathing, chest pain, cough, hoarseness, and weight loss. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as CT scans or MRI, and biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of neoplasm. Treatment options depend on the type and location of the neoplasm, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

In the medical field, a chronic disease is a long-term health condition that persists for an extended period, typically for more than three months. Chronic diseases are often progressive, meaning that they tend to worsen over time, and they can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. Chronic diseases can affect any part of the body and can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Some examples of chronic diseases include heart disease, diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and arthritis. Chronic diseases often require ongoing medical management, including medication, lifestyle changes, and regular monitoring to prevent complications and manage symptoms. Treatment for chronic diseases may also involve rehabilitation, physical therapy, and other supportive care.

Tongue neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop on the tongue. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign tongue neoplasms include conditions such as fibromas, papillomas, and granulomas, while malignant tongue neoplasms are more serious and can include squamous cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and others. Tongue neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including difficulty swallowing, pain, and changes in the appearance or texture of the tongue. Treatment for tongue neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Ileal neoplasms refer to tumors or abnormal growths that develop in the ileum, which is the final section of the small intestine. The ileum is responsible for absorbing nutrients from digested food and eliminating waste products from the body. Ileal neoplasms can be either benign or malignant, and they can occur in people of all ages. Some common types of ileal neoplasms include adenomas, carcinoids, and lymphomas. Symptoms of ileal neoplasms may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, weight loss, and anemia. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy. Treatment for ileal neoplasms depends on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

Stomach neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the lining of the stomach. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Stomach neoplasms can occur in different parts of the stomach, including the stomach lining, the muscular wall of the stomach, and the glands that produce stomach acid. Some common types of stomach neoplasms include gastric adenocarcinoma (a type of cancer that starts in the glandular cells of the stomach lining), gastric lymphoma (a type of cancer that starts in the lymphatic cells of the stomach), and gastric stromal tumors (benign tumors that develop in the connective tissue of the stomach). Stomach neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and loss of appetite. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging tests (such as endoscopy or CT scan), and biopsy. Treatment for stomach neoplasms depends on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Hemangiosarcoma is a rare and aggressive type of cancer that affects the blood vessels. It is a malignant tumor that arises from the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels. Hemangiosarcoma can occur in various parts of the body, including the liver, spleen, heart, and lungs, as well as other organs such as the skin, bones, and lymph nodes. In the liver, hemangiosarcoma is the most common type of primary liver cancer in dogs, but it can also occur in humans. It is usually found in older dogs and is more common in certain breeds, such as Boxers, Doberman Pinschers, and Great Danes. The symptoms of hemangiosarcoma can vary depending on the location of the tumor and the stage of the disease. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, weight loss, anemia, and a rapid heartbeat. In some cases, the tumor may rupture, causing internal bleeding and severe symptoms. Hemangiosarcoma is usually diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and confirmed through a biopsy. Treatment options for hemangiosarcoma include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. However, the prognosis for this type of cancer is generally poor, with a median survival time of only a few months.

Urinary bladder neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the urinary bladder. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms include cysts, polyps, and adenomas, while malignant neoplasms are classified as urothelial carcinomas, which are the most common type of bladder cancer. Symptoms of urinary bladder neoplasms may include blood in the urine, frequent urination, pain or burning during urination, and abdominal pain or discomfort. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and stage of the neoplasm, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Carcinoma, acinar cell is a type of cancer that originates in the acinar cells of the pancreas. These cells are responsible for producing digestive enzymes and hormones such as insulin and glucagon. Acinar cell carcinoma is a relatively rare type of pancreatic cancer, accounting for less than 1% of all pancreatic cancers. It is more common in women than men and typically occurs in people over the age of 60. The symptoms of acinar cell carcinoma may include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and nausea. Diagnosis is typically made through imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs, and a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options for acinar cell carcinoma may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches. The prognosis for acinar cell carcinoma depends on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis, with earlier stages generally having a better prognosis than later stages.

Spinal cord neoplasms are tumors that develop in the spinal cord, which is a bundle of nerves that runs from the base of the brain down through the back. These tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can occur at any point along the length of the spinal cord. Spinal cord neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on their location and size. Some common symptoms include back pain, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, difficulty walking or standing, and changes in bladder or bowel function. In some cases, spinal cord neoplasms can also cause problems with sensation, coordination, and balance. Diagnosis of spinal cord neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as MRI or CT scans, and a physical examination by a healthcare provider. Treatment options for spinal cord neoplasms depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Vaginal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the vaginal tissue. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Vaginal neoplasms can occur in any part of the vagina, including the vestibule, the cervix, the corpus, and the vagina itself. Some common types of vaginal neoplasms include vaginal polyps, vaginal cysts, vaginal leiomyomas (fibroids), vaginal adenosis (abnormal growth of glandular tissue), vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), and vaginal cancer. VIN is a precancerous condition that can progress to invasive vaginal cancer if left untreated. Vaginal cancer is a rare but serious condition that can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments. It is important for women to be aware of the signs and symptoms of vaginal neoplasms, such as abnormal vaginal bleeding, pain during intercourse, and changes in vaginal discharge, and to seek medical attention if they experience any of these symptoms. Early detection and treatment of vaginal neoplasms can improve outcomes and increase the chances of successful treatment.

Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is a protein that plays a role in the signaling pathways of many different cell types in the body. It is a member of the Janus kinase family of enzymes, which are involved in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and immune function. In the context of the medical field, JAK2 is of particular interest because it has been implicated in the development of certain blood disorders, such as myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). MPNs are a group of blood cancers that involve the overproduction of blood cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. JAK2 mutations have been identified in a large proportion of patients with MPNs, and these mutations are thought to contribute to the development and progression of the disease. JAK2 inhibitors are a class of drugs that have been developed to target the JAK2 enzyme and are being used to treat certain types of MPNs. These drugs work by blocking the activity of JAK2, which helps to reduce the overproduction of blood cells and alleviate the symptoms of the disease.

Neoplasm recurrence, local refers to the return of cancer cells to the original site of the tumor after treatment. This can occur even if the cancer has been completely removed through surgery or other treatments. Local recurrence is typically treated with additional surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, depending on the type and stage of the cancer. It is important to note that local recurrence does not necessarily mean that the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Adenoma, oxyphilic is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that develops in the thyroid gland. It is also known as a "Hürthle cell adenoma" or "oncocytic adenoma." The tumor is composed of cells that are larger and more abundant in mitochondria (organelles responsible for energy production) than normal thyroid cells. This gives the tumor a distinctive appearance under a microscope, with a granular or "oncocytic" cytoplasm. While adenoma, oxyphilic is usually benign, it can sometimes produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and anxiety. In some cases, the tumor may also compress nearby structures, causing symptoms such as difficulty swallowing or hoarseness. Treatment for adenoma, oxyphilic typically involves surgical removal of the tumor. In some cases, medication may be used to manage symptoms or reduce the risk of complications.

Nervous system neoplasms refer to tumors or abnormal growths that develop in the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can affect any part of the nervous system. The nervous system is responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body, controlling movement, sensation, and thought. When a neoplasm develops in the nervous system, it can disrupt these functions and cause a range of symptoms, depending on the location and size of the tumor. Some common symptoms of nervous system neoplasms include headaches, seizures, changes in sensation or movement, difficulty speaking or swallowing, and changes in behavior or personality. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans, as well as a biopsy to confirm the presence of a tumor. Treatment for nervous system neoplasms depends on the type, location, and size of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. In some cases, a watchful waiting approach may be appropriate if the tumor is small and not causing symptoms.

Neoplasm metastasis refers to the spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to other parts of the body. This occurs when cancer cells break away from the primary tumor, enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system, and travel to distant organs or tissues, where they can form new tumors. Metastasis is a major cause of cancer-related deaths, as it makes the disease more difficult to treat and increases the risk of complications. The ability of cancer cells to metastasize is a key factor in determining the prognosis for patients with cancer.

Cohort studies are a type of observational study in the medical field that involves following a group of individuals (a cohort) over time to identify the incidence of a particular disease or health outcome. The individuals in the cohort are typically selected based on a common characteristic, such as age, gender, or exposure to a particular risk factor. During the study, researchers collect data on the health and lifestyle of the cohort members, and then compare the incidence of the disease or health outcome between different subgroups within the cohort. This can help researchers identify risk factors or protective factors associated with the disease or outcome. Cohort studies are useful for studying the long-term effects of exposure to a particular risk factor, such as smoking or air pollution, on the development of a disease. They can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions or treatments for a particular disease. One of the main advantages of cohort studies is that they can provide strong evidence of causality, as the exposure and outcome are measured over a long period of time and in the same group of individuals. However, they can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and may be subject to biases if the cohort is not representative of the general population.

In the medical field, "Liver Neoplasms, Experimental" refers to the study of liver tumors or cancer in experimental settings, such as in laboratory animals or tissue cultures. This type of research is typically conducted to better understand the underlying mechanisms of liver cancer and to develop new treatments or therapies for the disease. Experimental liver neoplasms may involve the use of various techniques, such as genetic manipulation, drug administration, or exposure to environmental toxins, to induce the development of liver tumors in animals or cells. The results of these studies can provide valuable insights into the biology of liver cancer and inform the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the disease.

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in the epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the surfaces of organs and tissues in the body. Carcinomas can develop in any part of the body, but they are most common in the skin, lungs, breast, prostate, and colon. Carcinomas are classified based on the location and type of epithelial cells from which they originate. For example, a carcinoma that develops in the skin is called a skin carcinoma, while a carcinoma that develops in the lungs is called a lung carcinoma. Carcinomas can be further classified as either non-melanoma skin cancers (such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) or melanoma, which is a more aggressive type of skin cancer that can spread to other parts of the body. Treatment for carcinomas depends on the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy.

Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in the glandular cells of an organ or tissue. It is one of the most common types of cancer and can occur in many different parts of the body, including the lungs, breast, colon, rectum, pancreas, stomach, and thyroid gland. Adenocarcinomas typically grow slowly and may not cause symptoms in the early stages. However, as the cancer grows, it can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. This can lead to more serious symptoms and a higher risk of complications. Treatment for adenocarcinoma depends on the location and stage of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient. Options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches. The goal of treatment is to remove or destroy the cancer cells and prevent them from spreading further.

Muscle neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the muscles of the body. They can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign muscle neoplasms are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. They can cause symptoms such as pain, weakness, and swelling in the affected muscle. Examples of benign muscle neoplasms include fibromatosis, lipoma, and leiomyoma. Malignant muscle neoplasms, on the other hand, are more aggressive and can spread to other parts of the body. They can cause similar symptoms as benign muscle neoplasms, but they may also cause more serious complications such as difficulty moving, weight loss, and fatigue. Examples of malignant muscle neoplasms include rhabdomyosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and fibrosarcoma. Diagnosis of muscle neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans, and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. They may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate, breathing, digestion, and blood pressure. It is responsible for maintaining homeostasis, or a stable internal environment, in the body. The ANS is divided into two branches: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The SNS is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, which prepares the body for action in response to a perceived threat. The PNS, on the other hand, is responsible for the "rest and digest" response, which helps the body to relax and conserve energy. The ANS communicates with the central nervous system (CNS) through a series of ganglia (clusters of nerve cells) and nerves. The ANS is an important part of the body's overall functioning and plays a critical role in maintaining health and wellness.

Cardiac pacing, artificial refers to the medical procedure of implanting a device called a pacemaker into a patient's chest to regulate the heartbeat. The pacemaker is a small electronic device that sends electrical signals to the heart to prompt it to beat at a normal rate. The pacemaker is typically implanted under local anesthesia and can be done on an outpatient basis. The device is connected to the heart through wires called leads, which are placed in the heart's chambers. The pacemaker is then programmed to send electrical signals to the heart at specific intervals to ensure that the heart beats at a normal rate. Artificial cardiac pacing is commonly used to treat patients with bradycardia, a condition in which the heart beats too slowly. It can also be used to treat patients with certain heart conditions, such as heart failure, that cause the heart to beat irregularly. Artificial cardiac pacing can improve a patient's quality of life by reducing symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath.

Breast neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the breast tissue. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign breast neoplasms are usually not life-threatening, but they can cause discomfort or cosmetic concerns. Malignant breast neoplasms, on the other hand, can spread to other parts of the body and are considered a serious health threat. Some common types of breast neoplasms include fibroadenomas, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma.

Heart septal defects are structural abnormalities in the heart's septum, which is the wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart. The septum is made up of two parts: the interatrial septum, which separates the two upper chambers (atria) of the heart, and the interventricular septum, which separates the two lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart. There are several types of heart septal defects, including: 1. Atrial septal defect (ASD): This is the most common type of heart septal defect, and it occurs when there is a hole in the interatrial septum. This allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the right atrium, which can lead to an overproduction of red blood cells and an increased risk of blood clots. 2. Ventricular septal defect (VSD): This occurs when there is a hole in the interventricular septum, which allows blood to flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle. This can lead to an overproduction of red blood cells and an increased risk of heart failure. 3. Ostium primum atrial septal defect (OP-ASD): This is a type of ASD that occurs when there is a hole in the interatrial septum near the opening of the tricuspid valve. This can lead to an overproduction of red blood cells and an increased risk of blood clots. 4. Ostium secundum atrial septal defect (OS-ASD): This is a type of ASD that occurs when there is a hole in the interatrial septum near the opening of the mitral valve. This can lead to an overproduction of red blood cells and an increased risk of blood clots. Heart septal defects can be diagnosed through a physical examination, an electrocardiogram (ECG), an echocardiogram, or a cardiac catheterization. Treatment options for heart septal defects may include medication, surgery, or a combination of both, depending on the severity of the defect and the individual's overall health.

Myelodysplastic-Myeloproliferative Diseases (MDS-MPsD) is a group of blood disorders that affect the bone marrow, which is the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are produced. MDS-MPsD is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of blood cells in the bone marrow, which can lead to the production of abnormal blood cells that do not function properly. This can cause a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, and an increased risk of infections and bleeding. MDS-MPsD can be a precancerous condition, and some people with MDS-MPsD may develop acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Treatment for MDS-MPsD typically involves medications to control symptoms and improve blood cell production, as well as blood transfusions and stem cell transplantation in some cases.

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a rare and complex congenital heart defect that affects the left side of the heart. It is characterized by underdevelopment or abnormal development of the left ventricle, the left atrium, and the aorta, which are the main pumping chambers and vessels of the heart. As a result of this underdevelopment, the heart is unable to pump enough oxygen-rich blood to the body, leading to a range of symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and blue skin (cyanosis). In severe cases, HLHS can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention. Treatment for HLHS typically involves a series of surgeries to repair or replace the affected heart structures. The first surgery, called the Norwood procedure, is typically performed within the first few days of birth and involves creating a connection between the right ventricle and the aorta to allow some blood to flow to the body. Subsequent surgeries may be required to further repair or replace the heart structures as the child grows.

Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms (PNS neoplasms) are tumors that develop in the peripheral nervous system, which is the network of nerves that extends from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. These tumors can occur in any part of the peripheral nervous system, including the nerves in the arms and legs, the autonomic nerves that control bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion, and the cranial nerves that control sensory and motor functions in the head and neck. PNS neoplasms can be either benign or malignant. Benign tumors are not cancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors, on the other hand, are cancerous and can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Symptoms of PNS neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, as well as whether it is benign or malignant. Common symptoms include pain, weakness, numbness, tingling, and difficulty moving or controlling certain parts of the body. In some cases, PNS neoplasms may not cause any symptoms until they are large or have spread to other parts of the body. Diagnosis of PNS neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans, and biopsy to confirm the presence of a tumor and determine whether it is benign or malignant. Treatment options for PNS neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Pleural neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in the pleura, which is the thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the inside of the chest cavity. These tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). There are two types of pleural neoplasms: primary pleural neoplasms and secondary pleural neoplasms. Primary pleural neoplasms are tumors that start in the pleura itself, while secondary pleural neoplasms are tumors that have spread to the pleura from another part of the body. Some common types of pleural neoplasms include mesothelioma, a type of cancer that is often associated with exposure to asbestos, and pleural effusion, which is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. Other types of pleural neoplasms include pleural fibroma, pleural sarcoma, and pleural mesothelioma. The diagnosis of pleural neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans, as well as a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for pleural neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient.

In the medical field, RNA, Messenger (mRNA) refers to a type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus of a cell to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. During the process of transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a complementary RNA sequence called messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA molecule then leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm of the cell, where it binds to ribosomes and serves as a template for the synthesis of a specific protein. The sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein that is synthesized. Therefore, changes in the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule can result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can affect the function of the protein and potentially lead to disease. mRNA molecules are often used in medical research and therapy as a way to introduce new genetic information into cells. For example, mRNA vaccines work by introducing a small piece of mRNA that encodes for a specific protein, which triggers an immune response in the body.

Cerebral ventricle neoplasms, also known as ventricular neoplasms or neoplasms of the cerebral ventricles, are tumors that develop within the ventricles of the brain. The ventricles are fluid-filled cavities that are responsible for producing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) throughout the brain and spinal cord. Cerebral ventricle neoplasms can be either benign or malignant, and they can arise from a variety of different cell types. Some common types of ventricular neoplasms include astrocytomas, ependymomas, and choroid plexus papillomas. Symptoms of cerebral ventricle neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, as well as the extent to which it is affecting the surrounding brain tissue. Common symptoms may include headaches, nausea and vomiting, changes in vision or hearing, difficulty with balance or coordination, and seizures. Diagnosis of a cerebral ventricle neoplasm typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for ventricular neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the specific type and stage of the tumor.

Paranasal sinus neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in the paranasal sinuses, which are air-filled cavities located within the skull. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) in nature. The paranasal sinuses include the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, ethmoid sinus, and sphenoid sinus. Tumors can develop in any of these sinuses and can cause a range of symptoms, including facial pain, nasal congestion, headache, and facial swelling. Diagnosis of paranasal sinus neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as CT scans or MRI scans, and biopsy of the affected tissue. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

In the medical field, "age factors" refer to the effects of aging on the body and its various systems. As people age, their bodies undergo a variety of changes that can impact their health and well-being. These changes can include: 1. Decreased immune function: As people age, their immune system becomes less effective at fighting off infections and diseases. 2. Changes in metabolism: Aging can cause changes in the way the body processes food and uses energy, which can lead to weight gain, insulin resistance, and other metabolic disorders. 3. Cardiovascular changes: Aging can lead to changes in the heart and blood vessels, including increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. 4. Cognitive changes: Aging can affect memory, attention, and other cognitive functions, which can lead to conditions such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease. 5. Joint and bone changes: Aging can cause changes in the joints and bones, including decreased bone density and increased risk of osteoporosis and arthritis. 6. Skin changes: Aging can cause changes in the skin, including wrinkles, age spots, and decreased elasticity. 7. Hormonal changes: Aging can cause changes in hormone levels, including decreased estrogen in women and decreased testosterone in men, which can lead to a variety of health issues. Overall, age factors play a significant role in the development of many health conditions and can impact a person's quality of life. It is important for individuals to be aware of these changes and to take steps to maintain their health and well-being as they age.

Natriuretic Peptide, Brain (NPB) is a hormone that is produced by the brain and released into the bloodstream. It is a member of the natriuretic peptide family, which also includes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). NPB has several functions in the body, including regulating blood pressure, fluid balance, and heart rate. It works by inhibiting the release of renin, a hormone that stimulates the production of angiotensin II, which in turn constricts blood vessels and increases blood pressure. NPB also has a role in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system, which controls heart rate and blood pressure. It can stimulate the release of nitric oxide, a molecule that helps to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. In the medical field, NPB is being studied as a potential diagnostic tool for various cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure and hypertension. It may also have therapeutic potential for these conditions, as it has been shown to improve cardiac function and reduce blood pressure in animal models.

Abdominal neoplasms refer to tumors or growths that develop in the abdominal cavity, which includes the organs in the abdomen such as the liver, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and ovary. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant, and they can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their location and size. Some common symptoms of abdominal neoplasms include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, changes in bowel habits, weight loss, and fatigue. Treatment options for abdominal neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. They may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these treatments.

Common bile duct neoplasms refer to tumors or growths that develop in the common bile duct, which is a tube that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine. These neoplasms can be either benign or malignant, and they can cause a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, jaundice, and weight loss. Treatment options for common bile duct neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Some possible treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy.

Orbital neoplasms refer to tumors or growths that develop in the orbit, which is the bony socket that surrounds the eye. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can affect the muscles, nerves, fat, or other tissues in the orbit. Some common types of orbital neoplasms include: 1. Benign tumors: These include adenomas (tumors made up of glandular tissue), hemangiomas (tumors made up of blood vessels), and schwannomas (tumors made up of nerve tissue). 2. Malignant tumors: These include squamous cell carcinomas (cancers that start in the squamous cells of the skin), melanomas (cancers that start in the pigment-producing cells of the skin), and lymphomas (cancers that start in the lymphatic system). 3. Inflammatory conditions: These include orbital inflammation, which can cause swelling and pain in the orbit. Orbital neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including double vision, eye pain, swelling around the eye, and changes in the shape or size of the eye. Treatment options for orbital neoplasms depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Lipoma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that consists of fat cells. It is the most common type of soft tissue tumor, and it usually appears as a painless, round, and movable mass under the skin. Lipomas can occur anywhere in the body, but they are most commonly found on the back, neck, shoulders, and arms. Lipomas are usually diagnosed through physical examination and medical imaging tests such as ultrasound, MRI, or CT scan. Treatment for lipomas is usually not necessary unless they cause discomfort or interfere with daily activities. In such cases, surgical removal of the lipoma is the most common treatment option.

Cerebellar neoplasms, also known as cerebellar tumors, are abnormal growths of cells that develop in the cerebellum, which is the part of the brain responsible for controlling balance, coordination, and movement. These tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can occur at any age, although they are more common in adults. Cerebellar neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on their size and location. Some common symptoms include headache, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, unsteadiness, difficulty with coordination and balance, weakness or numbness in the limbs, and changes in speech or vision. Diagnosis of cerebellar neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as MRI or CT scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for cerebellar neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Facial neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop on the face. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can occur on any part of the face, including the skin, bones, muscles, and nerves. Facial neoplasms can be further classified based on their location, size, and type. Some common types of facial neoplasms include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, lipomas, hemangiomas, and cysts. The diagnosis of facial neoplasms typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Biopsy may also be necessary to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of neoplasm. Treatment for facial neoplasms depends on the type, size, and location of the growth, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. In some cases, monitoring the growth over time may be the best course of action.

Bronchial neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the bronchial tubes, which are the airways that carry air from the trachea (windpipe) to the lungs. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign bronchial neoplasms, also known as bronchial adenomas, are relatively rare and usually do not cause any symptoms. However, they can sometimes cause blockages in the bronchial tubes, leading to difficulty breathing or recurrent infections. Malignant bronchial neoplasms, also known as bronchogenic carcinomas, are more common and can be further classified into several subtypes, including small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. These tumors can grow rapidly and spread to other parts of the body, leading to serious health problems and potentially death if left untreated. Diagnosis of bronchial neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as chest X-rays or CT scans, and bronchoscopy, a procedure in which a thin, flexible tube is inserted into the bronchial tubes to visualize the tumors and take biopsies for further analysis. Treatment options for bronchial neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient.

In the medical field, "Neoplasms by Site" refers to a classification system used to group and categorize neoplasms (tumors) based on the location or site in the body where they occur. This classification system is used to provide a standardized way of describing and reporting neoplasms, and to facilitate research and comparison of different types of tumors. The classification system typically includes categories for different organs and tissues in the body, such as the breast, lung, prostate, brain, and skin. Each category may further be divided into subcategories based on the specific location or type of neoplasm within that organ or tissue. The "Neoplasms by Site" classification system is used by medical professionals, including oncologists, pathologists, and researchers, to diagnose and treat neoplasms, and to track and monitor the incidence and prevalence of different types of tumors over time. It is also used in medical research to compare the characteristics and outcomes of different types of neoplasms, and to identify potential risk factors and treatments for these conditions.

Peritoneal neoplasms are tumors that develop in the peritoneum, which is the lining of the abdominal cavity that covers the abdominal organs. The peritoneum is made up of two layers: the outer serous layer and the inner visceral layer. Peritoneal neoplasms can be either benign or malignant, and they can arise from any of the cells or tissues that make up the peritoneum. Peritoneal neoplasms can be classified into several types, including mesothelioma, peritoneal carcinomatosis, peritoneal sarcomas, and peritoneal leiomyosarcomas. Mesothelioma is a type of cancer that arises from the mesothelial cells that line the peritoneum, pleura, and pericardium. Peritoneal carcinomatosis occurs when cancer cells spread from another part of the body to the peritoneum and form tumors there. Peritoneal sarcomas are rare tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the peritoneum, while peritoneal leiomyosarcomas are rare tumors that arise from the smooth muscle cells of the peritoneum. Peritoneal neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as CT scans or MRI scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for peritoneal neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the cancer, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Biological markers, also known as biomarkers, are measurable indicators of biological processes, pathogenic processes, or responses to therapeutic interventions. In the medical field, biological markers are used to diagnose, monitor, and predict the progression of diseases, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments. Biological markers can be found in various biological samples, such as blood, urine, tissue, or body fluids. They can be proteins, genes, enzymes, hormones, metabolites, or other molecules that are associated with a specific disease or condition. For example, in cancer, biological markers such as tumor markers can be used to detect the presence of cancer cells or to monitor the response to treatment. In cardiovascular disease, biological markers such as cholesterol levels or blood pressure can be used to assess the risk of heart attack or stroke. Overall, biological markers play a crucial role in medical research and clinical practice, as they provide valuable information about the underlying biology of diseases and help to guide diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring.

Histiocytic Disorders, Malignant refer to a group of rare and aggressive cancers that arise from cells called histiocytes. Histiocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a role in the immune system by engulfing and destroying foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. Malignant histiocytic disorders are characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of histiocytes, which can lead to the formation of tumors in various parts of the body. These tumors can be either solitary or multiple and can affect any organ or tissue. Examples of malignant histiocytic disorders include: * Diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL): a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that affects histiocytes in the lymph nodes and other tissues. * Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH): a rare disorder that affects histiocytes in the skin, bones, and other organs. * Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD): a rare inflammatory disorder that can affect histiocytes in various tissues. Malignant histiocytic disorders are typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, imaging studies, and biopsy. Treatment options for these disorders may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplantation. The prognosis for malignant histiocytic disorders varies depending on the specific type of disorder, the stage of the disease, and the response to treatment.

Urogenital neoplasms refer to tumors or abnormal growths that develop in the urinary and genital systems of the body. These neoplasms can occur in various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, as well as in the genital system, including the prostate, testicles, ovaries, and uterus. Urogenital neoplasms can be either benign or malignant. Benign neoplasms are non-cancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms, also known as cancers, are cancerous and can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Some common types of urogenital neoplasms include kidney cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, and uterine cancer. The symptoms of urogenital neoplasms can vary depending on the location and type of the tumor, but may include pain, blood in the urine or stool, difficulty urinating, and changes in bowel or bladder habits. Treatment options for urogenital neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the stage and type of the tumor.

Spinal neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in or on the spinal cord or spinal column. These tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Spinal neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on their location and size. Some common symptoms include back pain, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, difficulty walking or standing, and changes in bladder or bowel function. Diagnosis of spinal neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as MRI or CT scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for spinal neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient.

A fibroma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that consists of fibrous connective tissue. It is a common type of tumor that can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, breast, uterus, and digestive tract. Fibromas can be classified into several types based on their location and characteristics. For example, a skin fibroma is a raised, flesh-colored bump that is usually painless and grows slowly. A breast fibroma is a benign tumor that develops in the breast tissue and can cause breast pain or discomfort. A uterine fibroma is a non-cancerous growth that develops in the uterus and can cause heavy bleeding during menstruation. Fibromas are usually diagnosed through physical examination and medical imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Treatment for fibromas depends on the size, location, and symptoms associated with the tumor. Small fibromas may not require any treatment, while larger fibromas may be removed surgically. In some cases, medications may be used to manage symptoms such as pain or heavy bleeding.

Skull neoplasms refer to tumors or abnormal growths that develop in or on the skull. These can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign skull neoplasms are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant skull neoplasms can be aggressive and invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Skull neoplasms can occur in any part of the skull, including the bones, nerves, and meninges (the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord). Some common types of skull neoplasms include meningiomas, gliomas, and osteomas. Symptoms of skull neoplasms may include headaches, facial pain or numbness, difficulty with vision or hearing, and changes in behavior or personality. Diagnosis of skull neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as MRI or CT scans, and a biopsy to examine a sample of the tissue. Treatment options for skull neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Vulvar neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop on the vulva, which is the external female genitalia. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Vulvar neoplasms can occur at any age, but are more common in older women. Some common types of vulvar neoplasms include vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), which is a precancerous condition that can progress to vulvar cancer if left untreated, and vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC), which is a type of cancer that develops in the cells that line the vulva. Symptoms of vulvar neoplasms may include itching, burning, pain, bleeding, or the appearance of a lump or mass on the vulva. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, biopsy, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or MRI. Treatment for vulvar neoplasms depends on the type, size, and location of the growth, as well as the patient's overall health. Options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

Neoplasms, neuroepithelial, also known as neuroepithelial tumors, are a type of cancer that arises from the cells that line the cavities of the brain and spinal cord. These tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neuroepithelial tumors can be further classified based on their location, size, and cell type. Some common types of neuroepithelial tumors include gliomas (tumors that arise from glial cells), meningiomas (tumors that arise from cells that line the meninges, the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord), and schwannomas (tumors that arise from Schwann cells, which are cells that wrap around nerve fibers). Symptoms of neuroepithelial tumors can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include headaches, seizures, changes in vision or hearing, and difficulty with balance or coordination. Treatment options for neuroepithelial tumors may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Adrenal gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the adrenal glands, which are small endocrine glands located on top of each kidney. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can occur in either adrenal gland. Adrenal gland neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the size and location of the tumor, as well as whether it is benign or malignant. Some common symptoms include abdominal pain, weight loss, high blood pressure, and an increase in the production of hormones such as cortisol or aldosterone. Diagnosis of adrenal gland neoplasms typically involves imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI scans, as well as blood tests to measure hormone levels. Treatment options depend on the type and size of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Benign tumors may be monitored with regular imaging tests, while malignant tumors may require surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Ear neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the ear. These growths can occur in any part of the ear, including the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. Ear neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign ear neoplasms are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. Examples of benign ear neoplasms include cholesteatoma, a cyst-like growth that forms in the middle ear, and exostoses, which are bony growths that form on the external ear canal. Malignant ear neoplasms are more rare and can be aggressive, spreading to other parts of the body. Examples of malignant ear neoplasms include squamous cell carcinoma, which can develop in the outer ear or ear canal, and adenoid cystic carcinoma, which can develop in the middle ear. Diagnosis of ear neoplasms typically involves a physical examination of the ear, imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI scans, and a biopsy to confirm the type and stage of the tumor. Treatment options for ear neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Lip neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop on the lips. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Some common types of lip neoplasms include lipomas, fibromas, papillomas, and squamous cell carcinomas. Lip neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including pain, swelling, discoloration, and difficulty with speech or eating. Treatment for lip neoplasms depends on the type and severity of the growth, and may include surgical removal, radiation therapy, or other forms of treatment. It is important to have any unusual growths on the lips evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate course of treatment.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is removed from a person's body for examination under a microscope. The sample is usually taken from a lump, growth, or other abnormal area, and is used to help diagnose a medical condition or disease. There are several types of biopsy procedures, including: 1. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy: A sample of tissue is removed using a thin needle inserted into the abnormal area. 2. Core biopsy: A larger sample of tissue is removed using a hollow needle that takes multiple cores of tissue. 3. Excision biopsy: A larger piece of tissue is removed using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. 4. Endoscopic biopsy: A biopsy is performed using a flexible tube with a camera and light on the end, which is inserted into the body through a natural opening or a small incision. Biopsies are commonly used to diagnose cancer, but they can also be used to diagnose other medical conditions, such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and genetic disorders. The results of a biopsy can help guide treatment decisions and provide important information about a person's prognosis.

Pelvic neoplasms refer to tumors or abnormal growths that develop in the pelvic region, which includes the bones, muscles, ligaments, and organs of the pelvis. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) in nature. Some common types of pelvic neoplasms include ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, vaginal cancer, and prostate cancer. These neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, such as pelvic pain, difficulty urinating or having a bowel movement, abnormal vaginal bleeding, and a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. Diagnosis of pelvic neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI, and biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for pelvic neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. They may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Gingival neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the gums, which are the soft tissues that line the inner surface of the mouth. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can occur in both adults and children. Gingival neoplasms can be further classified into several types, including: 1. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that are made up of connective tissue. 2. Epulis fissuratum: This is a benign growth that occurs on the gums near a tooth. 3. Pyogenic granuloma: This is a benign growth that occurs in response to an injury or irritation to the gums. 4. Leukoplakia: This is a white patch or plaque that develops on the gums, tongue, or other areas of the mouth. It can be caused by smoking, tobacco use, or other factors. 5. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: This is a type of cancer that develops in the cells that line the inside of the mouth, including the gums. Gingival neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including swelling, redness, bleeding, pain, and difficulty chewing or speaking. Treatment for gingival neoplasms depends on the type and severity of the growth, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. It is important to seek prompt medical attention if you notice any changes in your gums or mouth.

Gallbladder neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the gallbladder, a small organ located in the upper right part of the abdomen. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign gallbladder neoplasms include polyps, which are small, non-cancerous growths that can develop on the lining of the gallbladder. These polyps are usually asymptomatic and are often discovered incidentally during imaging studies for other conditions. Malignant gallbladder neoplasms, on the other hand, are less common but more serious. These include gallbladder cancer, which can be either primary (occurring in the gallbladder) or secondary (occurring as a result of cancer that has spread from another part of the body to the gallbladder). Symptoms of gallbladder neoplasms may include abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, as well as biopsy to confirm the presence of a neoplasm. Treatment for gallbladder neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Options may include surgery to remove the affected organ, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Disease progression refers to the worsening or progression of a disease over time. It is a natural course of events that occurs in many chronic illnesses, such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. Disease progression can be measured in various ways, such as changes in symptoms, physical examination findings, laboratory test results, or imaging studies. In some cases, disease progression can be slowed or stopped through medical treatment, such as medications, surgery, or radiation therapy. However, in other cases, disease progression may be inevitable, and the focus of treatment may shift from trying to cure the disease to managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Understanding disease progression is important for healthcare providers to develop effective treatment plans and to communicate with patients about their condition and prognosis. It can also help patients and their families make informed decisions about their care and treatment options.

In the medical field, "neoplasm seeding" refers to the process by which cancer cells break away from a primary tumor and spread to other parts of the body. This can occur through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, and is also known as metastasis. Neoplasm seeding is a serious complication of cancer, as it can lead to the development of new tumors in other organs, making the cancer more difficult to treat and potentially leading to a poor prognosis for the patient.

Isoproterenol is a synthetic beta-adrenergic agonist that is used in the medical field as a medication. It is a drug that mimics the effects of adrenaline (epinephrine) and can be used to treat a variety of conditions, including asthma, heart failure, and bradycardia (a slow heart rate). Isoproterenol works by binding to beta-adrenergic receptors on the surface of cells, which triggers a cascade of events that can lead to increased heart rate, relaxation of smooth muscle, and dilation of blood vessels. This can help to improve blood flow and oxygen delivery to the body's tissues, and can also help to reduce inflammation and bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways). Isoproterenol is available in a variety of forms, including tablets, inhalers, and intravenous solutions. It is typically administered as a short-acting medication, although longer-acting formulations are also available. Side effects of isoproterenol can include tremors, palpitations, and increased heart rate, and the drug may interact with other medications that affect the heart or blood vessels.

Neoplasms, fibroepithelial, also known as fibroadenomas, are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that develop in the breast tissue. They are the most common type of benign breast tumor, accounting for about 80-90% of all breast lumps. Fibroadenomas are typically round or oval, smooth, and firm to the touch. They are usually painless and move easily under the skin. They are usually found in women between the ages of 15 and 30, but can occur at any age. The exact cause of fibroadenomas is not known, but they are thought to be related to hormonal changes in the body, such as those that occur during pregnancy or puberty. Fibroadenomas are usually diagnosed through a physical examination and imaging tests such as mammography or ultrasound. Treatment for fibroadenomas is usually not necessary, as they are not cancerous and do not cause any symptoms. However, if a fibroadenoma is causing discomfort or if it is large, a doctor may recommend surgical removal. In rare cases, fibroadenomas may undergo a change in their appearance or size, which can be a sign of cancer, so it is important to have them monitored by a doctor.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. They are the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for more than 17 million deaths each year. CVDs include conditions such as coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure, arrhythmias, valvular heart disease, peripheral artery disease (PAD), and stroke. These conditions can be caused by a variety of factors, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and a family history of CVDs. Treatment for CVDs may include lifestyle changes, medications, and in some cases, surgery.

Respiratory tract neoplasms refer to tumors or cancerous growths that develop in the respiratory system, which includes the lungs, trachea, bronchi, and other structures involved in breathing. These neoplasms can be either benign or malignant, with malignant neoplasms being cancerous and capable of spreading to other parts of the body. Respiratory tract neoplasms can be further classified based on their location within the respiratory system. For example, lung cancer is a type of respiratory tract neoplasm that develops in the lungs, while tracheal cancer develops in the trachea. Other types of respiratory tract neoplasms include bronchial cancer, which develops in the bronchi, and carcinomas of the larynx, which develop in the voice box. The symptoms of respiratory tract neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include persistent coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, hoarseness, and. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as chest X-rays and CT scans, and biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment for respiratory tract neoplasms depends on the type, stage, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. The goal of treatment is to remove or destroy the cancer cells and prevent them from spreading to other parts of the body.

Propanolamines are a class of organic compounds that contain a tertiary amine group attached to a propane chain. They are commonly used as pharmaceuticals and as active ingredients in over-the-counter cold and allergy medications. There are several different types of propanolamines, including pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, and triprolidine. These drugs work by constricting blood vessels in the nasal passages and sinuses, reducing inflammation, and relieving congestion. They are also used to treat other conditions such as high blood pressure, heart failure, and certain types of asthma. Propanolamines can have side effects, including dizziness, dry mouth, and insomnia. They can also interact with other medications, so it is important to tell your doctor about all the medications you are taking before starting to use propanolamines. In some cases, propanolamines may be contraindicated for certain individuals, such as those with certain heart conditions or high blood pressure.

In the medical field, "Neoplasms, Connective Tissue" refers to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the connective tissue of the body. Connective tissue is a type of tissue that provides support, structure, and protection to various organs and tissues in the body. Connective tissue neoplasms can occur in various forms, including benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous) tumors. Benign tumors are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant tumors can grow quickly and invade nearby tissues and organs, as well as spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Examples of connective tissue neoplasms include fibromas, lipomas, leiomyomas, and sarcomas. Sarcomas are a type of cancer that develops in the connective tissue, including bone, muscle, fat, and blood vessels. The diagnosis and treatment of connective tissue neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy.

Heart septal defects, ventricular, refer to a type of congenital heart defect that affects the ventricles, which are the lower chambers of the heart responsible for pumping blood out to the body. In a healthy heart, there is a wall called the septum that separates the left and right ventricles. However, in a person with a ventricular septal defect, there is a hole or opening in this wall, allowing blood to flow from one ventricle to the other. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, depending on the size and location of the defect. Some people may not experience any symptoms at all, while others may experience shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, or heart palpitations. In severe cases, a ventricular septal defect can lead to heart failure or other complications. Treatment for ventricular septal defects typically involves surgical repair or the placement of a device to close the hole in the septum. The specific treatment approach will depend on the size and location of the defect, as well as the individual's overall health and medical history.

Case-control studies are a type of observational study used in the medical field to investigate the relationship between an exposure and an outcome. In a case-control study, researchers identify individuals who have experienced a particular outcome (cases) and compare their exposure history to a group of individuals who have not experienced the outcome (controls). The main goal of a case-control study is to determine whether the exposure was a risk factor for the outcome. To do this, researchers collect information about the exposure history of both the cases and the controls and compare the two groups to see if there is a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of the exposure between the two groups. Case-control studies are often used when the outcome of interest is rare, and it is difficult or unethical to conduct a prospective cohort study. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to recall bias, where participants may not accurately remember their exposure history. Additionally, because case-control studies only provide information about the association between an exposure and an outcome, they cannot establish causality.

Hemangioma is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that is made up of blood vessels. It is the most common type of tumor found in infants and children, and it can occur anywhere in the body, but it is most commonly found in the skin, liver, and brain. Hemangiomas can range in size from a small spot on the skin to a large mass that can compress surrounding organs. They are usually not painful and do not cause any symptoms, but in some cases, they can cause problems if they grow too large or if they are located in a sensitive area. Treatment for hemangiomas depends on the size and location of the tumor, as well as the age and overall health of the patient.

Rodent diseases refer to a group of infectious diseases that are caused by pathogens transmitted by rodents, such as mice and rats. These diseases can affect both humans and animals, and can be transmitted through direct contact with infected rodents, their urine, feces, or saliva, or through the bites of infected fleas or ticks. Some common rodent-borne diseases include: 1. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS): A severe respiratory illness that can be fatal. 2. Rat-bite fever: A bacterial infection that can cause fever, joint pain, and swelling. 3. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM): A viral infection that can cause meningitis and encephalitis. 4. Leptospirosis: A bacterial infection that can cause fever, headache, muscle pain, and liver damage. 5. Salmonellosis: A bacterial infection that can cause diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. 6. Plague: A bacterial infection that can cause fever, chills, and swelling of the lymph nodes. Preventing rodent-borne diseases involves controlling rodent populations through sanitation, exclusion, and the use of rodenticides, as well as practicing good hygiene and avoiding contact with rodents and their droppings. If you suspect that you or someone you know may have been exposed to a rodent-borne disease, it is important to seek medical attention immediately.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a type of cancer that arises from cells that produce hormones or neurotransmitters. These tumors can occur in various parts of the body, including the lungs, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, and other organs. NETs are classified based on their size, location, and the level of hormones they produce. They can be further divided into two main categories: well-differentiated NETs, which are slow-growing and have a better prognosis, and poorly differentiated NETs, which are more aggressive and have a worse prognosis. The symptoms of NETs can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, as well as the hormones it produces. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, flushing, and high blood pressure. Treatment for NETs may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. The choice of treatment depends on the stage and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a type of blood cancer that affects the bone marrow, which is the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are produced. In PMF, the bone marrow becomes scarred and fibrotic, leading to a decrease in the production of healthy blood cells. PMF is a myeloproliferative neoplasm, which means that it is a type of cancer that affects the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow. The disease is characterized by an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets, which can lead to a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and easy bruising. PMF is typically diagnosed through a combination of blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging studies. Treatment options for PMF include medications to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease, as well as blood transfusions and stem cell transplantation in some cases.

Thoracic neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in the chest region, specifically in the lungs, pleura, mediastinum, or other structures within the thorax. These tumors can be either benign or malignant, and they can arise from a variety of cell types, including epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, and hematopoietic cells. Some common types of thoracic neoplasms include lung cancer, mesothelioma, thymoma, and germ cell tumors. These tumors can cause a range of symptoms, depending on their location and size, including coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and weight loss. Diagnosis of thoracic neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and PET scans, as well as biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for thoracic neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy.

In the medical field, the cause of death is the underlying reason or condition that directly led to a person's death. It is the primary factor that initiated the chain of events that ultimately resulted in the person's demise. The cause of death is typically determined by a medical examiner or a doctor who has been authorized to issue a death certificate. This determination is based on a thorough examination of the person's medical history, physical examination, and any relevant test results. The cause of death can be either an acute or chronic condition, and it can be related to a variety of factors, including illness, injury, genetics, environmental factors, or lifestyle choices. Some common causes of death include heart disease, cancer, stroke, respiratory failure, and accidents.

Polycythemia vera is a rare blood disorder that occurs when the bone marrow produces too many red blood cells. This leads to an overproduction of blood, which can cause a variety of symptoms and complications. In polycythemia vera, the bone marrow produces too many red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This can lead to thick, sticky blood that is more prone to clotting. The extra red blood cells can also cause the blood vessels to become narrow, which can lead to high blood pressure and an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. Symptoms of polycythemia vera can include fatigue, shortness of breath, headaches, dizziness, and itching. In some cases, the condition can also cause skin changes, such as redness or warmth, and an increased risk of bleeding or bruising. Treatment for polycythemia vera typically involves medications to lower the number of red blood cells in the blood, as well as regular monitoring to check for complications. In some cases, a procedure called phlebotomy may be used to remove excess blood from the body. In severe cases, a bone marrow transplant may be necessary.

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium) that can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection, autoimmune disorders, or other factors. It can lead to swelling and damage to the heart muscle, which can affect its ability to pump blood effectively. Symptoms of myocarditis can include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and an irregular heartbeat. Treatment for myocarditis depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, rest, and lifestyle changes. In severe cases, hospitalization and supportive care may be necessary. Myocarditis can be a serious condition and can lead to complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death.

Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a rare blood disorder characterized by an abnormally high level of platelets in the blood. Platelets are small blood cells that play a crucial role in blood clotting. In ET, the bone marrow produces too many platelets, leading to an increased risk of blood clots. ET is usually a chronic condition, meaning it persists over a long period of time. It can cause a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, joint pain, and bruising or bleeding easily. In some cases, ET can lead to more serious complications, such as blood clots in the lungs, brain, or other organs. The exact cause of ET is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to genetic mutations that affect the production of platelets. ET is typically diagnosed through blood tests that measure platelet levels and other blood parameters. Treatment for ET may include medications to lower platelet levels, blood thinners to prevent blood clots, and in some cases, surgery to remove excess platelets from the blood.

Hemangioendothelioma is a rare type of cancer that arises from the cells that line blood vessels. It can occur in various parts of the body, including the liver, lungs, and lymph nodes. Hemangioendothelioma is classified as a mesenchymal tumor, which means it arises from connective tissue cells. The symptoms of hemangioendothelioma can vary depending on the location of the tumor. In some cases, there may be no symptoms at all. However, in other cases, symptoms may include a mass or, pain, fatigue, weight loss, and fever. Hemangioendothelioma is usually diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans or MRI scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the tumor for examination under a microscope. Treatment for hemangioendothelioma depends on the location and size of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy. In some cases, a combination of these treatments may be used.

RNA, Neoplasm refers to the presence of abnormal RNA molecules in a neoplasm, which is a mass of abnormal cells that grow uncontrollably in the body. RNA is a type of genetic material that plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression and protein synthesis. In neoplasms, abnormal RNA molecules can be produced due to mutations in the DNA that codes for RNA. These abnormal RNA molecules can affect the normal functioning of cells and contribute to the development and progression of cancer. The detection and analysis of RNA in neoplasms can provide important information about the genetic changes that are occurring in the cells and can help guide the development of targeted therapies for cancer treatment.

Trophoblastic neoplasms are a group of rare tumors that arise from the cells that form the placenta during pregnancy. These tumors can be either benign or malignant, and they can occur in women of any age, although they are most common in women who are pregnant or have recently given birth. There are two main types of trophoblastic neoplasms: hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma. Hydatidiform mole is a benign tumor that is caused by the abnormal development of the placenta. Choriocarcinoma, on the other hand, is a malignant tumor that can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. Trophoblastic neoplasms are typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, and blood tests. Treatment options for these tumors depend on the type and stage of the tumor, as well as the woman's overall health. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the tumor, while in other cases, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be used to shrink the tumor or kill cancer cells.

Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It is a vital mineral for the human body and is essential for many bodily functions, including bone health, muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. In the medical field, calcium is often used to diagnose and treat conditions related to calcium deficiency or excess. For example, low levels of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia) can cause muscle cramps, numbness, and tingling, while high levels (hypercalcemia) can lead to kidney stones, bone loss, and other complications. Calcium supplements are often prescribed to people who are at risk of developing calcium deficiency, such as older adults, vegetarians, and people with certain medical conditions. However, it is important to note that excessive calcium intake can also be harmful, and it is important to follow recommended dosages and consult with a healthcare provider before taking any supplements.

Head and neck neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in the head and neck region of the body. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can affect any part of the head and neck, including the mouth, nose, throat, sinuses, salivary glands, thyroid gland, and neck lymph nodes. Head and neck neoplasms can be further classified based on the type of tissue they arise from, such as squamous cell carcinoma (which develops from the squamous cells that line the inside of the mouth and throat), adenoid cystic carcinoma (which develops from the glands that produce mucus), and salivary gland tumors (which develop from the salivary glands). The treatment for head and neck neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving the prognosis and reducing the risk of complications.

Effects of the index were also found for infant mortality (P = 0.013); coronary heart disease (P = 0.004); malignant neoplasms ...
... unspecified 163 Malignant neoplasm of pleura 164 Malignant neoplasm of thymus, heart, and mediastinum 165 Malignant neoplasm of ... 140 Malignant neoplasm of lip 141 Malignant neoplasm of tongue 142 Malignant neoplasm of major salivary glands 143 Malignant ... benign neoplasm of uterus 220 Benign neoplasm of ovary 221 Benign neoplasm of other female genital organs 222 Benign neoplasm ... neoplasm of oropharynx 147 Malignant neoplasm of nasopharynx 148 Malignant neoplasm of hypopharynx 149 Malignant neoplasm of ...
58 The country's leading causes of death in 2021 were ischaemic heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, COVID-19, neoplasms, ...
... heart attack), angina pectoris, and neoplasms. Costochondritis is most commonly confused with Tietze syndrome, as they have ... Neoplasms, both benign and malignant (cancerous), including chondroma, osteochondroma, multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma, Hodgkin ... Ruling out other conditions, especially potentially life-threatening ones such as myocardial infarction (heart attack) and ... heart attack) should be ruled out prior to diagnosis of other conditions. Tietze syndrome is often confused with ...
Death in Belgium is mainly due to heart and vascular disorders, neoplasms, disorders of the respiratory system and unnatural ... Its location at the heart of a highly industrialized region helped make it the world's 15th largest trading nation in 2007. The ... ISBN 978-0-06-122490-4. Riding, Alan (21 September 2002). "Belgium Confronts Its Heart of Darkness; Unsavory Colonial Behavior ...
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", "heart attack" to "myocardial infarction", "breast cancer" to "breast neoplasms". Where appropriate, these MeSH terms are ... "heart"[All Fields] AND "attack"[All Fields]) OR "heart attack"[All Fields]) AND ("aspirin"[MeSH Terms] OR "aspirin"[All Fields ...
Syndromes affecting the heart, RASopathies, Genodermatoses, Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms, Enzyme defects, Neuro-cardio-facial ... Pulmonary stenosis: Narrowing of the pulmonary artery as it exits the heart. Other cardiac abnormalities may be present, ...
Sinusitis Diarrhea High heart rate Fatigue Abdominal pain Neoplasms (cancers) Rare (. ... Other significant side effects include urinary retention, irregular heart rate, and angioedema. It works by activating the β3 ...
Obesity Infection HIV Myeloproliferative neoplasms including essential thrombocytosis and polycythemia vera Chemotherapy Heart ... Tang L, Wu YY, Lip GY, Yin P, Hu Y (January 2016). "Heart failure and risk of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and ... In pulmonary embolism, this applies in situations where heart function is compromised due to lack of blood flow through the ... Since the veins return blood to the heart, if a piece of a blood clot formed in a vein breaks off it can be transported to the ...
... syndrome Lung agenesis heart defect thumb anomalies Lung cancer Lung herniation congenital defect of sternem Lung neoplasm ... retardation Laryngeal carcinoma Laryngeal cleft Laryngeal neoplasm Laryngeal papillomatosis Laryngeal web congenital heart ... isolated Lissencephaly Listeria infection Listeriosis Livedoid dermatitis Liver cirrhosis Liver neoplasms Lobar atrophy of ... pulmonary Lymphangiomyomatosis Lymphatic filariasis Lymphatic neoplasm Lymphedema distichiasis Lymphedema hereditary type 1 ...
Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms, Syndromes affecting the skin, Syndromes affecting the heart, Syndromes with tumors). ... Myxomas may also occur outside the heart, usually in the skin and breast. Endocrine tumors may manifest as disorders such as ... Cardiac myxomas can be difficult to manage surgically because of recurrence within the heart, often far away from the site of ... Cardiac myxomas may lead to embolic strokes and heart failure and may present with fever, joint pain, shortness of breath, ...
miR-21 has been shown to play important role in development of heart disease. It is one of the microRNAs whose expression is ... it has been demonstrated as an independent prognostic factor in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. ... "Role for MicroRNA-21 in atrial profibrillatory fibrotic remodeling associated with experimental postinfarction heart failure". ... "Prognostic relevance of proliferation-related miRNAs in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms". European Journal of Endocrinology ...
Inflammatory bowel disease Congenital heart defect (single ventricle following surgical repair resulting in congestive heart ... Infection (secondary obstruction) Neoplasm (secondary obstruction) Sarcoidosis (secondary obstruction). Amyloidosis. Systemic ... For causes related to the heart, treatment for PLE after the Fontan operation treatment must be equal to the level of ... Possible secondary causes of lymphangiectasis include congestive heart failure or constrictive pericarditis. These conditions ...
Benign neoplasms are typically, but not always, composed of cells which bear a strong resemblance to a normal cell type in ... Children with this type of [inoperable, benign] tumor usually die of an abnormal heart rhythm at an early age. (Articles with ... ISBN 92-832-2416-7. Gill SS, Heuman DM, Mihas AA (October 2001). "Small intestinal neoplasms". Journal of Clinical ... Subscription or participating institution membership required.) Rao AK (February 2021). "Overview of Heart Tumors - Treatment ...
Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms, Neuro-cardio-facial-cutaneous syndromes, Neurological disorders, Syndromes, RASopathies, ... Valvular heart disease). ...
RGD peptide has also been used to improve endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation on synthetic heart valves. Bone defects ... or fractures can occur in a number of ways, including trauma, neoplasm, osteoporosis, or congenital disorders. Treatments such ... There have also been efforts to regenerate damaged heart tissues by applying cardiac patches following myocardial infarction. ... and can lead to cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. Clinically available Doxil utilizes liposomes to reduce ...
Following heart failure, the body increases sympathetic activity to the adrenal medulla as the compensatory mechanism to ... Neoplasms arising from these cells are pheochromocytomas (also called chromaffin or sympathetic paragangliomas, in contrast to ... "Reduction of Sympathetic Activity via Adrenal-targeted GRK2 Gene Deletion Attenuates Heart Failure Progression and Improves ... increase heart rate and cardiac output. This increased sympathetic activity leads to chronically increased synthesis and ...
... and malignant neoplasm of trachea, bronchus & lung (2.2%). In 2016, the Ischemic heart disease was the principal cause of death ... Deaths due to ischaemic heart diseases recorded the highest percentage for males (15.3%), followed by pneumonia of 11.5%, 7.5% ... Deaths due to pneumonia (14%) recorded the highest percentage for females in 2016, ischaemic heart diseases followed next at ... for transport accidents, cerebrovascular diseases accounts for 6.4% and 2.4% malignant neoplasm of trachea, bronchus & lung. ...
Later in the decade, Mayo Clinic began using and refining the Gibbon heart-lung machine in cardiac surgery. It is now known as ... "Defect of neuromuscular conduction associated with malignant neoplasms". Am. J. Physiol. 187: 612-613. Gutmann L, Crosby TW, ... "Mayo-Gibbon Heart-Lung Machine". The National Museum of American History. Smithsonian. Retrieved October 4, 2018. Lambert-Eaton ... Fye, W. Bruce (2015). Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization. Oxford University Press. Lennon, Troy ( ...
... is a rare malignant tumor of the heart. Takami Y, Masumoto H, Terasawa A, Kanai M, Sugiura H (2007). "Left atrial ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Sarcoma, All stub articles, Neoplasm ... myxosarcoma with previously detected intestinal metastasis". Tex Heart Inst J. 34 (1): 122-5. PMC 1847916. PMID 17420810. ...
Heart Disease: About 60-70% of the those affected by carcinoid syndrome develop cardiac complications. This mainly affects the ... "Paraneoplastic syndromes and other systemic disorders associated with neuroendocrine neoplasms". Seminars in Diagnostic ... Carcinoid heart disease is the result of valvular damage related to the vasoactive substances released by the neuroendocrine ... This mainly affects the right side of the heart unless there is anomalous circulation (i.e. patent foramen ovale) because the ...
... neoplasms (2nd) and neurological disorders (3rd), since the 1990s. In 2015, the total number of deaths by heart disease was ... Rates of obesity, heart disease (high blood pressure, controlled high cholesterol), and type 2 diabetes are areas of major ... Minorities are more likely to develop serious illnesses (e.g., type 2 diabetes, heart disease and colon cancer) and less likely ... Drivers for this drop in life expectancy include accidents, drug overdoses, heart and liver disease, suicides and the COVID-19 ...
Cleave T.L. Fat Consumption and Coronary Heart Disease. Bristol: John Wright, 1957. Cleave T.L The Causation of Varicose Veins ... Cleave published during his lifetime: Cleave T.L. A Molecular Conception of Organisms and Neoplasms. Bristol: John Wright, 1932 ...
facial cartilage aorticopulmonary septum of the developing heart and lungs ciliary body of the eye adrenal medulla Neural tube ... spinal cord and motor neurons retina posterior pituitary Neural plate Neuroectodermal neoplasm Neuroepithelial cell Larsen's ...
In 1851 he published A Practical Treatise on Diseases of the Lungs and Heart, of which several editions appeared, and part of ... a collection of the then existing knowledge of neoplasms and hypotheses as to their origin. ... which was enlarged into A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Heart and Great Vessels. A complete list of his medical ...
ISBN 978-3-642-65806-8. Li JJ (3 April 2009). Triumph of the Heart: The Story of Statins. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 34 ... Dao TL (1975). "Pharmacology and Clinical Utility of Hormones in Hormone Related Neoplasms". In Sartorelli AC, Johns DG (eds ...
... is a brown pigmentation of skeletal and heart muscles of cattle. The condition is particularly seen in older animals ... Xanthosis is a yellowish discoloration of degenerating tissues, especially seen in malignant neoplasms. It can be ...
It also accumulates in norepinephrine transporters in adrenergic nerves in the heart, lungs, adrenal medulla, salivary glands, ... and malignant neoplasms originating in the adrenal glands. It can detect both intra and extra-adrenal disease. The imaging is ... Iobenguane concentrates in presynaptic terminals of the heart and other autonomically innervated organs. This enables the ...
EMH in the lymph nodes is usually associated with underlying hematopoietic neoplasms. Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) tend ... The following tissues may also be associated with EMH: thymus, heart, breast, prostate, fatty tissue, adrenal glands, kidney, ... Other manifestations occur in the thymus, heart, breast, prostate, broad ligaments, kidneys, adrenal glands, pleura, ... para-nasal sinuses and numerous types of benign/malignant neoplasms. The most common sites of EMH associated with neoplastic ...
In 1936, the first successful removal of a neoplasm of the heart was performed. ... Metastatic neoplasms to the heart are more common than primary cardiac neoplasms; the prognosis is dependent on the histologic ... Lam et al reviewed 12,485 autopsies and found only 7 cases of primary neoplasm of the heart versus 154 cases of secondary heart ... In 1936, the first successful removal of a neoplasm of the heart was performed. In 1952, angiography was first used for the ...
Cardiology/trends, Cardiology/ethics, Heart Neoplasms, Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures, Ciências Cardiovasculares, Cardio- ...
... - Featured Topics from the National Center for Health Statistics ... heart attack (11) *Heart disease (3) *height and weight tables (4) *heroin (4) ... "Malignant Neoplasms." Here are our latest national Read More , ...
The four most common causes of ascites in North America and Europe are cirrhosis, neoplasm, congestive heart failure, and ... What are non-heart beating donors (NHBDs) and what are the risks in liver transplantation for cirrhosis? ... In contrast to the organ procured from a heart-beating donor (HBD), the allograft obtained from an NHBD may be subject to ... Survival following liver transplantation from non-heart-beating donors. Ann Surg. 2004 Jan. 239(1):87-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
The four most common causes of ascites in North America and Europe are cirrhosis, neoplasm, congestive heart failure, and ... What are non-heart beating donors (NHBDs) and what are the risks in liver transplantation for cirrhosis? ... In contrast to the organ procured from a heart-beating donor (HBD), the allograft obtained from an NHBD may be subject to ... Survival following liver transplantation from non-heart-beating donors. Ann Surg. 2004 Jan. 239(1):87-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
Heart; Cardiovascular-disease; Neoplasms; Pesticides; Statistical-analysis; Author Keywords: agriculture; healthy worker effect ... heart disease, and diabetes were significantly below 1.0. In contrast, applicators experienced elevated numbers of machine- ...
... heart; K, kidney; MPN, myeloproliferative neoplasm; MSG, major surface glycoprotein; NA, not applicable; ND, not done; NHL, non ... Heart and kidney transplant. 300 (H) - 2 (K). BAL. 3.9 × 108. Survived. ...
Malignant neoplasms are the second (after heart disease) leading cause of death in Poland. We can observe the changes of ... Lung cancer is currently most frequently new diagnosed neoplasm in males and the second most frequent cancer in females. In ... are convincing evidences that the exposure to tobacco smoke cancerogenes significantly increases the risk of many neoplasms ...
Cardiology/trends, Cardiology/ethics, Heart Neoplasms, Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures, Ciências Cardiovasculares, Cardio- ...
Glucose uptake by heart muscle, liver, skeletal muscle, and neoplasm accounted for 0.8, 14, 44, and 15% of total glucose use, ... Model parameters in liver and neoplasm were not significantly different, and glucose transport and phosphorylation were twofold ... because of hepatic involvement by neoplasm. We studied a patient with nonhepatic recurrence of hepatoma after successful liver ...
Heart Failure 01/2015. 1. Thrombocytopenia (Thrombopenia) 01/2015. 1. Genetic Predisposition to Disease (Genetic Predisposition ... Breast Neoplasms (Breast Cancer). 11/2015. Role of vascular density and normalization in response to neoadjuvant bevacizumab ...
NeoplasmsMandibular NeoplasmsCystadenocarcinomaMuscle NeoplasmsProstatic NeoplasmsThoracic NeoplasmsEndometrial NeoplasmsHeart ... Pancreatic NeoplasmsNeoplasmsLymphatic MetastasisSkin NeoplasmsNeoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and SerousLung NeoplasmsNeoplasms, ... Cord NeoplasmsVaginal NeoplasmsAdrenal Gland NeoplasmsNervous System NeoplasmsPenile NeoplasmsNeoplasm SeedingGenital Neoplasms ... Uterine NeoplasmsBreast NeoplasmsColonic NeoplasmsBone Marrow NeoplasmsEndocrine Gland NeoplasmsIntestinal NeoplasmsNeoplasms, ...
Tissues examined for neoplasms included liver, kidney, spleen, gill, gonads, thymus, thyroid, heart, stomach, pyloric caeca, ... 1,1-DCE produced no neoplasms at the exposure levels used and no increase in liver weight. There was no evidence of any other ... There is some evidence of developmental variations in the heart after oral exposure, but it is not clear if these effects are ... There is some evidence of developmental variations in the heart following ingestion of 1,1-DCE by pregnant rats from drinking- ...
The leading causes of death are heart disease, malignant neoplasm, cirrhosis of the liver, accidents other than motor vehicles ... Northwest Tribes recognize that healthy Native mothers and children are at the heart of healthy Native communities. Healthy ...
See the total deaths and age adjusted death rate for Coronary Heart Disease Kuwait. ... According to the latest WHO data published in 2020 Coronary Heart Disease Deaths in Kuwait reached 2,325 or 30.48% of total ...
... is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm or tumor of the heart that is malignant in nature. The most common type is ... Rarely, paragangliomas may occur in the heart. Common signs and symptoms include chest pain, heart murmur, palpitations, ... C49.9 - Malignant neoplasm of connective and soft tissue, unspecified. SNOMEDCT:. 424413001 - Sarcoma ...
DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center. *Houston Methodist Institute for Technology, Innovation & Education. *Houston Methodist ... Cardiac autotransplant for surgical treatment of a malignant neoplasm. Michael J. Reardon, Clement A. Defelice, Roy Sheinbaum, ... Cardiac autotransplant for surgical treatment of a malignant neoplasm. Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1999 Jun;67(6):1793-1795. ... Cardiac autotransplant for surgical treatment of a malignant neoplasm. In: Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1999 ; Vol. 67, No. 6. ...
Heart Neoplasm Neoplasm, Cardiac Neoplasm, Heart Neoplasms, Cardiac Neoplasms, Heart Tumor, Cardiac Tumors, Cardiac ... Heart Cancer. Heart Cancers. Heart Neoplasm. Heart Tumor. Heart Tumors. Intracavitary Tumors of the Heart. Myocardial Tumor ( ... Neoplasm, Heart. Neoplasms, Cardiac. Neoplasms, Heart. Primary Cardiac Tumors, Childhood. Tumor, Cardiac. Tumor, Heart. Tumor, ... Heart Neoplasms Entry term(s). Cardiac Neoplasm Cardiac Neoplasms Cardiac Tumor Cardiac Tumors ...
Bronchus or lung, unspecified - Malignant neoplasms (269). *Atherosclerotic heart disease (242). *Stroke, not specified as ...
Neoplasms, Heart Diseases, Exercise, Heart Failure, Cardiology, Hypertension, Referral and Consultation, Hispanic Americans, ... Keywords: Anthracyclines, Cardiotoxicity, Breast Neoplasms, Male, Cardiovascular Diseases, African Americans, Ethnic Groups, ... Sep 28, 2023 , Cardiology Magazine Focus on Heart Failure , Reimagining Solutions: The AHFTC Workforce Crisis ... Clinical Topics: Arrhythmias and Clinical EP, Cardio-Oncology, Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Disease, Dyslipidemia, Heart ...
... and harboured continuing concerns regarding potential risks of neoplasms and valvular heart disease. Other adverse events, ... Along with recommendations for additional animal studies of neoplasms, the panel suggested conducting clinical trials in ...
A new diabetes study indicates diabetes is now the 3rd leading cause of death behind heart disease and malignant neoplasms (i.e ... behind heart disease and malignant neoplasms [i.e. cancer]). Let me repeat that…3rd. ... 70 percent of heart disease is preventable.. These numbers are all true, but they also are old news. Deaths from heart disease ... This is American Heart month. Im sure by now you once again have been inundated with all sorts of stats regarding heart ...
Head And Neck Neoplasms. *Heart Arrest. *Heart Block. *Hypotension. *Mydriasis. *Shock, Septic ...
These conditions play a major role in the etiology of coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and neoplasms, which ... Association between dietary factors and mortality from heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes in the United States. Jama. ...
Heart disease in south Asia: experience in Pakistan. In: Hurst JW et al., eds. Clinical essays on the heart, vol. 2. New York, ... accidents and malignant neoplasms accounted for almost half the general mortality rate in 1984. Diseases of the circulatory ... Coronary heart disease seems to be the predominant type of cardiopathy encountered in many countries. For example, coronary ... On the basis of epidemiological and other evidence, many countries have identified the prevention of coronary heart disease as ...
Conditions involving the heart (congenital heart disease, rheumatic heart disease). *Neoplasms (cancers, tumors) ...
  • The death of ESPN sportscaster Stuart Scott has generated interest in cancer deaths in the U.S. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the U.S. The number of cancer deaths are available from the multiple cause of death option on the CDC WONDER database using the C00-C97 ICD Code, "Malignant Neoplasms. (cdc.gov)
  • Among male and female workers, overall mortality rate was significantly increased, due primarily to excess of all malignant neoplasms, heart, heart disease and nonmalignant respiratory disease. (cdc.gov)
  • The excess of malignant neoplasms was due mostly to respiratory cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • Systematically collected information on birth weights, congenital anomalies, nephrogenic rests, histologic type, and on radiation and chemotherapy doses will be used to construct risk functions for ESRD and to investigate whether treatment effects on congestive heart failure and secondary malignant neoplasms differ according to the biological subtype of Wilms tumor. (cancer.gov)
  • By contrast, 30.3% were from diseases of the heart, 23% were from malignant neoplasms (cancer), and 7% from cerebrovascular disease (stroke), the three leading causes. (healthyplace.com)
  • HCP Roundtable: Shared Decision-Making in Myeloproliferative Neoplasm (MPN) Care from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo . (powerfulpatients.org)
  • What does shared decision-making look like in myeloproliferative neoplasm care? (powerfulpatients.org)
  • These mutations suggest a high rate of CH, and CH in other cohorts has been shown to be associated with risk for development of myeloid neoplasms, inflammatory conditions and heart diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • These are oncological diseases, benign neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord, heart valve defects, diabetes mellitus and its complications, joint diseases and other pathologies. (bookinghealth.com)
  • The earlier you receive the treatment, the higher chance is for you to recover from insufficient rigidity / ED. It is believed that insufficient rigidity / ED can be an early sign of other illnesses, such as heart diseases. (mhsclinic.com.hk)
  • however, not all of them are suitable for such treatment, especially those who have chronic heart diseases, liver and kidney problems. (mhsclinic.com.hk)
  • Other eligibility criteria included having a respiratory rate of 24 breaths per minute or higher with oxygen saturation of less than 93% on room air, and risk factors for complications such as heart disease, diabetes, systemic arterial hypertension, neoplasms, immunosuppression, pulmonary tuberculosis, and obesity. (fapesp.br)
  • This can cause serious health problems such as a stroke, heart attack or pulmonary embolism Is one of a related group of blood cancers known as "myeloproliferative neoplasms" (MPNs) in w. (tlls.org)
  • The section provides practical guidance from preconception through postpartum for cardiovascular conditions that are predominantly congenital or heritable in nature, including aortopathies, CHD, pulmonary hypertension and valvular heart disease. (acc.org)
  • Although the rise in ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales has been associated with increasing prosperity, mortality rates are highest in the least affluent areas. (nih.gov)
  • On division of the country into two hundred and twelve local authority areas a strong geographical relation was found between ischaemic heart disease mortality rates in 1968-78 and infant mortality in 1921-25. (nih.gov)
  • Of the twenty-four other common causes of death only bronchitis, stomach cancer, and rheumatic heart disease were similarly related to infant mortality. (nih.gov)
  • Ischaemic heart disease is strongly correlated with both neonatal and postneonatal mortality. (nih.gov)
  • Several comorbidities had an impact on the frequency and severity of COPD exacerbations, quality of life, and mortality risk, in particular malignancies, coronary artery disease, chronic heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias. (e-trd.org)
  • This RFA, Exploratory Center Grants for Research on Health Promotion in Older Minority Populations, is related to the priority areas of diabetes and chronic disabling conditions, cancer, heart disease and stroke, physical activity, and educational and community-based programs. (nih.gov)
  • The map above, included in the original interactive, showed the most common causes of death excluding heart disease and cancer. (myfuneral.com)
  • Myeloproliferative neoplasms are a type of blood cancer that includes myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. (tlls.org)
  • Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are types of blood cancer that begin with an abnormal mutation (change) in a stem cell in the bone marrow. (tlls.org)
  • Dr. Gabriela Hobbs is a hematology-oncology physician specializing in the care of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), chronic myeloid leukemia, and leukemia. (powerfulpatients.org)
  • Is one of a related group of blood cancers known as "myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs)" in which bone marrow cells that produce blood cells develop and function abnormally. (tlls.org)
  • Polycythemia Vera (PV) Is one of a related group of blood cancers known as "myeloproliferative neoplasms" (MPNs). (tlls.org)
  • Lung neoplasms, SBE, Congenital cyanotic heart disease and Tuberculosis are some of the causes of clubbing. (indiandoctorsguide.com)
  • Much of the attention on heart disease during pregnancy has previously focused on women with congenital heart disease. (acc.org)
  • Managing complex patients during pregnancy requires doctors with expertise in pregnancy as well as in particular conditions - congenital heart disease, valvular disease, aortic disease and cardiomyopathy. (acc.org)
  • Medical and surgical advances in the management of pediatric heart disease now permit survival of most women born with congenital heart disease (CHD), but pregnancy may be poorly tolerated by these women. (acc.org)
  • To save women's lives, we need to have a team approach to caring for pregnant and postpartum patients, to screen all pregnant and postpartum patients for cardiovascular disease and to learn to distinguish cardiovascular signs and symptoms from normal symptoms of pregnancy," says Janet Wei, MD, FACC , from Cedars-Sinai Smidt Heart Institute and Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center in Los Angeles. (acc.org)
  • It finds that the animal studies showed a significantly increased risk of cardiomyopathy [heart muscle disease] and neoplasms [abnormal tissue growths] in laboratory rats exposed to radiofrequency radiation or RFR. (thecitizen.in)
  • At WG 330, the caption was changed from Disorders of the heart beat to Cardiac arrhythmias (General) . (nih.gov)
  • I think shared decision-making can take many different forms in many of our clinical encounters, and I think one of the luxuries that we have in myeloproliferative neoplasms is that a lot of the decision-making that we need to make doesn't have to happen immediately, and we also have the luxury of really getting to know our patients over time. (powerfulpatients.org)
  • While this remains an important area, more and more women with acquired heart disease and other cardiovascular risk factors are also becoming pregnant and require specialized attention. (acc.org)
  • 3. Malignant mesenchymoma of the heart base in a dog with infiltration of the pericardium and metastasis to the lung. (nih.gov)
  • 17. [Blood- and lymphatic vessels of the heart in malignant neoplasm metastases]. (nih.gov)
  • Arrhythmias, heart failure, fever, pericardial effusion, and new or louder heart murmurs are a few of the findings for all these growths (see Background ). (medscape.com)
  • The authors say that data from these studies, as well as epidemiological studies, link RFR with "impacts on the heart, brain, and other organs" and "support the need for updated health-based guidelines for general population RFR exposure. (thecitizen.in)
  • 6. Primary malignant mesenchymoma of the heart. (nih.gov)
  • 20. Primary malignant mixed mesenchymal tumour of the heart in a dog. (nih.gov)
  • They include primary cardiac tumors and metastatic tumors to the heart. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this location, the submucosa is expanded by a neoplasm, which has infiltrated the muscularis mucosa (asterisk). (avma.org)