Hearing. Medical search

A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.

The ability or act of sensing and transducing ACOUSTIC STIMULATION to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is also called audition.

Wearable sound-amplifying devices that are intended to compensate for impaired hearing. These generic devices include air-conduction hearing aids and bone-conduction hearing aids. (UMDNS, 1999)

Part of an ear examination that measures the ability of sound to reach the brain.

Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.

Conditions that impair the transmission of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways.

Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.

Partial hearing loss in both ears.

Persons with any degree of loss of hearing that has an impact on their activities of daily living or that requires special assistance or intervention.

The testing of the acuity of the sense of hearing to determine the thresholds of the lowest intensity levels at which an individual can hear a set of tones. The frequencies between 125 and 8000 Hz are used to test air conduction thresholds and the frequencies between 250 and 4000 Hz are used to test bone conduction thresholds.

Hearing loss due to interference with the mechanical reception or amplification of sound to the COCHLEA. The interference is in the outer or middle ear involving the EAR CANAL; TYMPANIC MEMBRANE; or EAR OSSICLES.

Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.

Measurement of hearing based on the use of pure tones of various frequencies and intensities as auditory stimuli.

Procedures for correcting HEARING DISORDERS.

The audibility limit of discriminating sound intensity and pitch.

A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.

Sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days. It varies in severity from mild to total deafness. Sudden deafness can be due to head trauma, vascular diseases, infections, or can appear without obvious cause or warning.

Partial or complete hearing loss in one ear.

Noise present in occupational, industrial, and factory situations.

Personal devices for protection of the ears from loud or high intensity noise, water, or cold. These include earmuffs and earplugs.

The teaching or training of those individuals with hearing disability or impairment.

Electrical waves in the CEREBRAL CORTEX generated by BRAIN STEM structures in response to auditory click stimuli. These are found to be abnormal in many patients with CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE lesions, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, or other DEMYELINATING DISEASES.

Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.

The part of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, as a snail-like structure that is situated almost horizontally anterior to the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH.

Any sound which is unwanted or interferes with HEARING other sounds.

Self-generated faint acoustic signals from the inner ear (COCHLEA) without external stimulation. These faint signals can be recorded in the EAR CANAL and are indications of active OUTER AUDITORY HAIR CELLS. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions are found in all classes of land vertebrates.

Hearing loss due to disease of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS (in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM) which originate in the COCHLEAR NUCLEI of the PONS and then ascend bilaterally to the MIDBRAIN, the THALAMUS, and then the AUDITORY CORTEX in the TEMPORAL LOBE. Bilateral lesions of the auditory pathways are usually required to cause central hearing loss. Cortical deafness refers to loss of hearing due to bilateral auditory cortex lesions. Unilateral BRAIN STEM lesions involving the cochlear nuclei may result in unilateral hearing loss.

The process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes).

A form of electrophysiologic audiometry in which an analog computer is included in the circuit to average out ongoing or spontaneous brain wave activity. A characteristic pattern of response to a sound stimulus may then become evident. Evoked response audiometry is known also as electric response audiometry.

The study of hearing and hearing impairment.

Objective tests of middle ear function based on the difficulty (impedance) or ease (admittance) of sound flow through the middle ear. These include static impedance and dynamic impedance (i.e., tympanometry and impedance tests in conjunction with intra-aural muscle reflex elicitation). This term is used also for various components of impedance and admittance (e.g., compliance, conductance, reactance, resistance, susceptance).

Surgical insertion of an electronic hearing device (COCHLEAR IMPLANTS) with electrodes to the COCHLEAR NERVE in the inner ear to create sound sensation in patients with residual nerve fibers.

The identification of selected parameters in newborn infants by various tests, examinations, or other procedures. Screening may be performed by clinical or laboratory measures. A screening test is designed to sort out healthy neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN) from those not well, but the screening test is not intended as a diagnostic device, rather instead as epidemiologic.

The essential part of the hearing organ consists of two labyrinthine compartments: the bony labyrinthine and the membranous labyrinth. The bony labyrinth is a complex of three interconnecting cavities or spaces (COCHLEA; VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH; and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS) in the TEMPORAL BONE. Within the bony labyrinth lies the membranous labyrinth which is a complex of sacs and tubules (COCHLEAR DUCT; SACCULE AND UTRICLE; and SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS) forming a continuous space enclosed by EPITHELIUM and connective tissue. These spaces are filled with LABYRINTHINE FLUIDS of various compositions.

Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.

Hearing loss without a physical basis. Often observed in patients with psychological or behavioral disorders.

Sensory cells in the organ of Corti, characterized by their apical stereocilia (hair-like projections). The inner and outer hair cells, as defined by their proximity to the core of spongy bone (the modiolus), change morphologically along the COCHLEA. Towards the cochlear apex, the length of hair cell bodies and their apical STEREOCILIA increase, allowing differential responses to various frequencies of sound.

Measurement of the ability to hear speech under various conditions of intensity and noise interference using sound-field as well as earphones and bone oscillators.

Transmission of sound waves through vibration of bones in the SKULL to the inner ear (COCHLEA). By using bone conduction stimulation and by bypassing any OUTER EAR or MIDDLE EAR abnormalities, hearing thresholds of the cochlea can be determined. Bone conduction hearing differs from normal hearing which is based on air conduction stimulation via the EAR CANAL and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.

A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages.

Ability to make speech sounds that are recognizable.

The space and structures directly internal to the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE and external to the inner ear (LABYRINTH). Its major components include the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE that connects the cavity of middle ear (tympanic cavity) to the upper part of the throat.

A test to determine the lowest sound intensity level at which fifty percent or more of the spondaic test words (words of two syllables having equal stress) are repeated correctly.

The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism.

The spiral EPITHELIUM containing sensory AUDITORY HAIR CELLS and supporting cells in the cochlea. Organ of Corti, situated on the BASILAR MEMBRANE and overlaid by a gelatinous TECTORIAL MEMBRANE, converts sound-induced mechanical waves to neural impulses to the brain.

Sound that expresses emotion through rhythm, melody, and harmony.

The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS) of the BRAIN STEM. They mediate the sense of hearing.

The sensory ganglion of the COCHLEAR NERVE. The cells of the spiral ganglion send fibers peripherally to the cochlear hair cells and centrally to the COCHLEAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM.

Sensory cells of organ of Corti. In mammals, they are usually arranged in three or four rows, and away from the core of spongy bone (the modiolus), lateral to the INNER AUDITORY HAIR CELLS and other supporting structures. Their cell bodies and STEREOCILIA increase in length from the cochlear base toward the apex and laterally across the rows, allowing differential responses to various frequencies of sound.

A benign SCHWANNOMA of the eighth cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE), mostly arising from the vestibular branch (VESTIBULAR NERVE) during the fifth or sixth decade of life. Clinical manifestations include HEARING LOSS; HEADACHE; VERTIGO; TINNITUS; and FACIAL PAIN. Bilateral acoustic neuromas are associated with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p673)

The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.

The fitting and adjusting of artificial parts of the body. (From Stedman's, 26th ed)

An oval semitransparent membrane separating the external EAR CANAL from the tympanic cavity (EAR, MIDDLE). It contains three layers: the skin of the external ear canal; the core of radially and circularly arranged collagen fibers; and the MUCOSA of the middle ear.

Auditory sensory cells of organ of Corti, usually placed in one row medially to the core of spongy bone (the modiolus). Inner hair cells are in fewer numbers than the OUTER AUDITORY HAIR CELLS, and their STEREOCILIA are approximately twice as thick as those of the outer hair cells.

The hearing and equilibrium system of the body. It consists of three parts: the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR. Sound waves are transmitted through this organ where vibration is transduced to nerve signals that pass through the ACOUSTIC NERVE to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The inner ear also contains the vestibular organ that maintains equilibrium by transducing signals to the VESTIBULAR NERVE.

Tests of the ability to hear and understand speech as determined by scoring the number of words in a word list repeated correctly.

Hearing loss due to damage or impairment of both the conductive elements (HEARING LOSS, CONDUCTIVE) and the sensorineural elements (HEARING LOSS, SENSORINEURAL) of the ear.

The graphic registration of the frequency and intensity of sounds, such as speech, infant crying, and animal vocalizations.

Either of a pair of compound bones forming the lateral (left and right) surfaces and base of the skull which contains the organs of hearing. It is a large bone formed by the fusion of parts: the squamous (the flattened anterior-superior part), the tympanic (the curved anterior-inferior part), the mastoid (the irregular posterior portion), and the petrous (the part at the base of the skull).

Ability to determine the specific location of a sound source.

Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).

Examination of the EAR CANAL and eardrum with an OTOSCOPE.

The interference of one perceptual stimulus with another causing a decrease or lessening in perceptual effectiveness.

A type of non-ionizing radiation in which energy is transmitted through solid, liquid, or gas as compression waves. Sound (acoustic or sonic) radiation with frequencies above the audible range is classified as ultrasonic. Sound radiation below the audible range is classified as infrasonic.

NEURAL PATHWAYS and connections within the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, beginning at the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI, continuing along the eighth cranial nerve, and terminating at the AUDITORY CORTEX.

An abnormally disproportionate increase in the sensation of loudness in response to auditory stimuli of normal volume. COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; FACIAL NERVE DISEASES; STAPES SURGERY; and other disorders may be associated with this condition.

A small bony canal linking the vestibule of the inner ear to the posterior part of the internal surface of the petrous TEMPORAL BONE. It transmits the endolymphatic duct and two small blood vessels.

The science pertaining to the interrelationship of psychologic phenomena and the individual's response to the physical properties of sound.

The science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and reception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Surgery performed on the external, middle, or internal ear.

Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).

A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of GAP JUNCTIONS. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions.

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

Portable electronics device for storing and playing audio and or media files. MP3 for MPEG-1 audio layer 3, is a digital coding format.

A layer of stratified EPITHELIUM forming the endolymphatic border of the cochlear duct at the lateral wall of the cochlea. Stria vascularis contains primarily three cell types (marginal, intermediate, and basal), and capillaries. The marginal cells directly facing the ENDOLYMPH are important in producing ion gradients and endochoclear potential.

The perceived attribute of a sound which corresponds to the physical attribute of intensity.

Fenestra of the cochlea, an opening in the basal wall between the MIDDLE EAR and the INNER EAR, leading to the cochlea. It is closed by a secondary tympanic membrane.

The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences.

A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.

Pathological processes of the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE, including the branches of COCHLEAR NERVE and VESTIBULAR NERVE. Common examples are VESTIBULAR NEURITIS, cochlear neuritis, and ACOUSTIC NEUROMA. Clinical signs are varying degree of HEARING LOSS; VERTIGO; and TINNITUS.

Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.

The process by which an observer comprehends speech by watching the movements of the speaker's lips without hearing the speaker's voice.

A dimension of auditory sensation varying with cycles per second of the sound stimulus.

The acoustic aspects of speech in terms of frequency, intensity, and time.

The electric response of the cochlear hair cells to acoustic stimulation.

The region of the cerebral cortex that receives the auditory radiation from the MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY.

Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE only in the homozygous state.

Loss of sensitivity to sounds as a result of auditory stimulation, manifesting as a temporary shift in auditory threshold. The temporary threshold shift, TTS, is expressed in decibels.

The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.

Surgical reconstruction of the hearing mechanism of the middle ear, with restoration of the drum membrane to protect the round window from sound pressure, and establishment of ossicular continuity between the tympanic membrane and the oval window. (Dorland, 28th ed.)

An auditory orientation mechanism involving the emission of high frequency sounds which are reflected back to the emitter (animal).

A mobile chain of three small bones (INCUS; MALLEUS; STAPES) in the TYMPANIC CAVITY between the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE and the oval window on the wall of INNER EAR. Sound waves are converted to vibration by the tympanic membrane then transmitted via these ear ossicles to the inner ear.

One of the three ossicles of the middle ear. It transmits sound vibrations from the INCUS to the internal ear (Ear, Internal see LABYRINTH).

Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.

Communication through a system of conventional vocal symbols.

Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.

The yellow or brown waxy secretions produced by vestigial apocrine sweat glands in the external ear canal.

Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.

The branch of physics that deals with sound and sound waves. In medicine it is often applied in procedures in speech and hearing studies. With regard to the environment, it refers to the characteristics of a room, auditorium, theatre, building, etc. that determines the audibility or fidelity of sounds in it. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

An infant during the first month after birth.

An institute of the CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION which is responsible for assuring safe and healthful working conditions and for developing standards of safety and health. Research activities are carried out pertinent to these goals.

The ability to differentiate tones.

An oval, bony chamber of the inner ear, part of the bony labyrinth. It is continuous with bony COCHLEA anteriorly, and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS posteriorly. The vestibule contains two communicating sacs (utricle and saccule) of the balancing apparatus. The oval window on its lateral wall is occupied by the base of the STAPES of the MIDDLE EAR.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A characteristic symptom complex.

An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)

Autosomal recessive hereditary disorders characterized by congenital SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS and RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA. Genetically and symptomatically heterogeneous, clinical classes include type I, type II, and type III. Their severity, age of onset of retinitis pigmentosa and the degree of vestibular dysfunction are variable.

Inflammation of the inner ear (LABYRINTH).

An office in the Department of Labor responsible for developing and establishing occupational safety and health standards.

A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.

Mechanosensing organelles of hair cells which respond to fluid motion or fluid pressure changes. They have various functions in many different animals, but are primarily used in hearing.

The sum or the stock of words used by a language, a group, or an individual. (From Webster, 3d ed)

The magnitude of INBREEDING in humans.

Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

Two membranous sacs within the vestibular labyrinth of the INNER EAR. The saccule communicates with COCHLEAR DUCT through the ductus reuniens, and communicates with utricle through the utriculosaccular duct from which the ENDOLYMPHATIC DUCT arises. The utricle and saccule have sensory areas (acoustic maculae) which are innervated by the VESTIBULAR NERVE.

A spiral tube that is firmly suspended in the bony shell-shaped part of the cochlea. This ENDOLYMPH-filled cochlear duct begins at the vestibule and makes 2.5 turns around a core of spongy bone (the modiolus) thus dividing the PERILYMPH-filled spiral canal into two channels, the SCALA VESTIBULI and the SCALA TYMPANI.

Standards for limiting worker exposure to airborne contaminants. They are the maximum concentration in air at which it is believed that a particular substance will not produce adverse health effects with repeated daily exposure. It can be a time-weighted average (TLV-TWA), a short-term value (TLV-STEL), or an instantaneous value (TLV-Ceiling). They are expressed either as parts per million (ppm) or milligram per cubic meter (mg/m3).

A number of tests used to determine if the brain or balance portion of the inner ear are causing dizziness.

A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat.

The lymph fluid found in the membranous labyrinth of the ear. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Cells forming a framework supporting the sensory AUDITORY HAIR CELLS in the organ of Corti. Lateral to the medial inner hair cells, there are inner pillar cells, outer pillar cells, Deiters cells, Hensens cells, Claudius cells, Boettchers cells, and others.

Measurement of parameters of the speech product such as vocal tone, loudness, pitch, voice quality, articulation, resonance, phonation, phonetic structure and prosody.

Most frequently refers to the integration of a physically or mentally disabled child into the regular class of normal peers and provision of the appropriately determined educational program.

Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

A genus of the family Chinchillidae which consists of three species: C. brevicaudata, C. lanigera, and C. villidera. They are used extensively in biomedical research.

The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (COCHLEAR NERVE) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (VESTIBULAR NERVE) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

A membrane, attached to the bony SPIRAL LAMINA, overlying and coupling with the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI in the inner ear. It is a glycoprotein-rich keratin-like layer containing fibrils embedded in a dense amorphous substance.

The language and sounds expressed by a child at a particular maturational stage in development.

Electronic devices that increase the magnitude of a signal's power level or current.

Acquired or developmental cognitive disorders of AUDITORY PERCEPTION characterized by a reduced ability to perceive information contained in auditory stimuli despite intact auditory pathways. Affected individuals have difficulty with speech perception, sound localization, and comprehending the meaning of inflections of speech.

Mammals of the families Delphinidae (ocean dolphins), Iniidae, Lipotidae, Pontoporiidae, and Platanistidae (all river dolphins). Among the most well-known species are the BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHIN and the KILLER WHALE (a dolphin). The common name dolphin is applied to small cetaceans having a beaklike snout and a slender, streamlined body, whereas PORPOISES are small cetaceans with a blunt snout and rather stocky body. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp978-9)

Skills in the use of language which lead to proficiency in written or spoken communication.

A basement membrane in the cochlea that supports the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI, consisting keratin-like fibrils. It stretches from the SPIRAL LAMINA to the basilar crest. The movement of fluid in the cochlea, induced by sound, causes displacement of the basilar membrane and subsequent stimulation of the attached hair cells which transform the mechanical signal into neural activity.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex.

Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.

A spiral thickening of the fibrous lining of the cochlear wall. Spiral ligament secures the membranous COCHLEAR DUCT to the bony spiral canal of the COCHLEA. Its spiral ligament fibrocytes function in conjunction with the STRIA VASCULARIS to mediate cochlear ion homeostasis.

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state.

Recorded electrical responses from muscles, especially the neck muscles or muscles around the eyes, following stimulation of the EAR VESTIBULE.

The fluid separating the membranous labyrinth from the osseous labyrinth of the ear. It is entirely separate from the ENDOLYMPH which is contained in the membranous labyrinth. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1396, 642)

The blind pouch at the end of the endolymphatic duct. It is a storage reservoir for excess ENDOLYMPH, formed by the blood vessels in the membranous labyrinth.

Conditions characterized by language abilities (comprehension and expression of speech and writing) that are below the expected level for a given age, generally in the absence of an intellectual impairment. These conditions may be associated with DEAFNESS; BRAIN DISEASES; MENTAL DISORDERS; or environmental factors.

Disorders of hearing or auditory perception due to pathological processes of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. These include CENTRAL HEARING LOSS and AUDITORY PERCEPTUAL DISORDERS.

A POU domain factor that activates neuronal cell GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of GENES encoding NEUROFILAMENT PROTEINS, alpha internexin, and SYNAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25. Mutations in the Brn-3c gene have been associated with DEAFNESS.

An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a high incidence of bilateral acoustic neuromas as well as schwannomas (NEURILEMMOMA) of other cranial and peripheral nerves, and other benign intracranial tumors including meningiomas, ependymomas, spinal neurofibromas, and gliomas. The disease has been linked to mutations of the NF2 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2) on chromosome 22 (22q12) and usually presents clinically in the first or second decade of life.

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

Any enterprise centered on the processing, assembly, production, or marketing of a line of products, services, commodities, or merchandise, in a particular field often named after its principal product. Examples include the automobile, fishing, music, publishing, insurance, and textile industries.

A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.

Noise associated with transportation, particularly aircraft and automobiles.

The science of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and historical linguistics. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

The analysis of a critical number of sensory stimuli or facts (the pattern) by physiological processes such as vision (PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL), touch, or hearing.

Sounds used in animal communication.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

The comparison of the quantity of meaningful data to the irrelevant or incorrect data.

Sensory cells in the acoustic maculae with their apical STEREOCILIA embedded in a gelatinous OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE. These hair cells are stimulated by the movement of otolithic membrane, and impulses are transmitted via the VESTIBULAR NERVE to the BRAIN STEM. Hair cells in the saccule and those in the utricle sense linear acceleration in vertical and horizontal directions, respectively.

The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in birds, fishes, insects, and mammals.

Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside. Some of them are clinically important ANTIBIOTICS.

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

A continuing periodic change in displacement with respect to a fixed reference. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Junction between the cerebellum and the pons.

Benign and malignant neoplasms that arise from one or more of the twelve cranial nerves.

Disorders of the quality of speech characterized by the substitution, omission, distortion, and addition of phonemes.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of negatively charged molecules (anions) across a biological membrane.

The dense rock-like part of temporal bone that contains the INNER EAR. Petrous bone is located at the base of the skull. Sometimes it is combined with the MASTOID PROCESS and called petromastoid part of temporal bone.

The part of the membranous labyrinth that traverses the bony vestibular aqueduct and emerges through the bone of posterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR) where it expands into a blind pouch called the endolymphatic sac.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Persons including soldiers involved with the armed forces.

The posterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies which contain centers for auditory function.

The sounds produced by humans by the passage of air through the LARYNX and over the VOCAL CORDS, and then modified by the resonance organs, the NASOPHARYNX, and the MOUTH.

Methods to determine in patients the nature of a disease or disorder at its early stage of progression. Generally, early diagnosis improves PROGNOSIS and TREATMENT OUTCOME.

Tests for central hearing disorders based on the competing message technique (binaural separation).

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

A verbal or nonverbal means of communicating ideas or feelings.

The total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. Lod is an acronym for "logarithmic odds."

Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.

The posterior part of the temporal bone. It is a projection of the petrous bone.

Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).

A part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA situated in the olivary body. It is involved with motor control and is a major source of sensory input to the CEREBELLUM.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Design, development, manufacture, and operation of heavier-than-air AIRCRAFT.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Tests designed to assess language behavior and abilities. They include tests of vocabulary, comprehension, grammar and functional use of language, e.g., Development Sentence Scoring, Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Scale, Parsons Language Sample, Utah Test of Language Development, Michigan Language Inventory and Verbal Language Development Scale, Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, Northwestern Syntax Screening Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Ammons Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test, and Assessment of Children's Language Comprehension.

Implants used in arthroscopic surgery and other orthopedic procedures to attach soft tissue to bone. One end of a suture is tied to soft tissue and the other end to the implant. The anchors are made of a variety of materials including titanium, stainless steel, or absorbable polymers.

The lower chamber of the COCHLEA, extending from the round window to the helicotrema (the opening at the apex that connects the PERILYMPH-filled spaces of scala tympani and SCALA VESTIBULI).

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

Education of the individual who markedly deviates intellectually, physically, socially, or emotionally from those considered to be normal, thus requiring special instruction.

Common name of the order Siluriformes. This order contains many families and over 2,000 species, including venomous species. Heteropneustes and Plotosus genera have dangerous stings and are aggressive. Most species are passive stingers.

Sensory perception: supernormal hearing in the blind? (1/1228)

A recent experimental study suggests that blind individuals may compensate for their lack of vision with better-than-normal hearing. This provides support for a view dating back to 18th century philosophers, but the data raise as many problems as they solve. (+info)

Comparing in vitro, in situ, and in vivo experimental data in a three-dimensional model of mammalian cochlear mechanics. (2/1228)

Normal mammalian hearing is refined by amplification of the motion of the cochlear partition. This partition, comprising the organ of Corti sandwiched between the basilar and tectorial membranes, contains the outer hair cells that are thought to drive this amplification process. Force generation by outer hair cells has been studied extensively in vitro and in situ, but, to understand cochlear amplification fully, it is necessary to characterize the role played by each of the components of the cochlear partition in vivo. Observations of cochlear partition motion in vivo are severely restricted by its inaccessibility and sensitivity to surgical trauma, so, for the present study, a computer model has been used to simulate the operation of the cochlea under different experimental conditions. In this model, which uniquely retains much of the three-dimensional complexity of the real cochlea, the motions of the basilar and tectorial membranes are fundamentally different during in situ- and in vivo-like conditions. Furthermore, enhanced outer hair cell force generation in vitro leads paradoxically to a decrease in the gain of the cochlear amplifier during sound stimulation to the model in vivo. These results suggest that it is not possible to extrapolate directly from experimental observations made in vitro and in situ to the normal operation of the intact organ in vivo. (+info)

Activation of Heschl's gyrus during auditory hallucinations. (3/1228)

Apart from being a common feature of mental illness, auditory hallucinations provide an intriguing model for the study of internally generated sensory perceptions that are attributed to external sources. Until now, the knowledge about the cortical network that supports such hallucinations has been restricted by methodological limitations. Here, we describe an experiment with paranoid schizophrenic patients whose on- and offset of auditory hallucinations could be monitored within one functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session. We demonstrate an increase of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal in Heschl's gyrus during the patients' hallucinations. Our results provide direct evidence of the involvement of primary auditory areas in auditory verbal hallucinations and establish novel constraints for psychopathological models. (+info)

Sequential cycles of high-dose chemotherapy with dose escalation of carboplatin with or without paclitaxel supported by G-CSF mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells: a phase I/II study in advanced ovarian cancer. (4/1228)

To assess high-dose carboplatin chemotherapy with or without paclitaxel with filgrastim mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) support in a phase I/II study, a total of 21 patients with mostly chemonaive disease received four cycles of high-dose chemotherapy. Cycle 1 (cyclophosphamide, 6 g/m2) was followed by two cycles of carboplatin (1600 mg/m2 or 1800 mg/m2). Cycle 4 consisted of carboplatin (1600 mg/m2), etoposide (1600 mg/m2), and melphalan (140 mg/m2). Further chemotherapy intensification was achieved by adding paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) to all cycles with a fixed carboplatin dose (1600 mg/m2). Ototoxicity was dose-limiting for escalation of sequential cycles of carboplatin. Grade 2 and grade 3 ototoxicity, hearing loss not requiring a hearing aid, or hearing loss correctable with a hearing aid, was observed with carboplatin at 1800 mg/m2. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of sequential carboplatin, therefore, was identified in this study as 1600 mg/m2. After cycles 1, 2, 3 and 4 the median duration of leukopenia (<1.0x10(9)/l) was 7, 4, 4 and 6 days. Severe grade 3 and 4 infections were seen in only 7% of cycles. Of the 21 patients evaluable for disease response, 57% had complete remissions and 43% experienced partial remissions resulting in an overall response rate of 100%. The median progression-free survival is 25 (15-36) months, the median overall survival 36.5 (15-38) months. Most patients were suboptimally debulked or had bulky residual disease at the start of chemotherapy. Sequential high-dose chemotherapy to a maximum dose of 1600 mg/m2 carboplatin is effective and feasible. A randomized, prospective trial comparing sequential high-dose chemotherapy with optimal standard chemotherapy is now warranted. (+info)

Assessment of hearing in 80 inbred strains of mice by ABR threshold analyses. (5/1228)

The common occurrence of hearing loss in both humans and mice, and the anatomical and functional similarities of their inner ears, attest to the potential of mice being used as models to study inherited hearing loss. A large-scale, auditory screening project is being undertaken at The Jackson Laboratory (TJL) to identify mice with inherited hearing disorders. To assess hearing sensitivity, at least five mice from each inbred strain had auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds determined. Thus far, we have screened 80 inbred strains of mice; 60 of them exhibited homogeneous ABR threshold values not significantly different from those of the control strain CBA/CaJ. This large database establishes a reliable reference for normal hearing mouse strains. The following 16 inbred strains exhibited significantly elevated ABR thresholds before the age of 3 months: 129/J, 129/ReJ, 129/SvJ, A/J, ALR/LtJ, ALS/LtJ, BUB/BnJ, C57BLKS/J, C57BR/cdJ, C57L/J, DBA/2J, I/LnJ, MA/MyJ, NOD/LtJ, NOR/LtJ, and SKH2/J. These hearing impaired strains may serve as models for some forms of human non-syndromic hearing loss and aid in the identification of the underlying genes. (+info)

Intracellular responses of onset chopper neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus to tones: evidence for dual-component processing. (6/1228)

Intracellular responses of onset chopper neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus to tones: evidence for dual-component processing. The ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) contains a heterogeneous collection of cell types reflecting the multiple processing tasks undertaken by this nucleus. This in vivo study in the rat used intracellular recordings and dye filling to examine membrane potential changes and firing characteristics of onset chopper (OC) neurons to acoustic stimulation (50 ms pure tones, 5 ms r/f time). Stable impalements were made from 15 OC neurons, 7 identified as multipolar cells. Neurons responded to characteristic frequency (CF) tones with sustained depolarization below spike threshold. With increasing stimulus intensity, the depolarization during the initial 10 ms of the response became peaked, and with further increases in intensity the peak became narrower. Onset spikes were generated during this initial depolarization. Tones presented below CF resulted in a broadening of this initial depolarizing component with high stimulus intensities required to initiate onset spikes. This initial component was followed by a sustained depolarizing component lasting until stimulus cessation. The amplitude of the sustained depolarizing component was greatest when frequencies were presented at high intensities below CF resulting in increased action potential firing during this period when compared with comparable high intensities at CF. During the presentation of tones at or above the high-frequency edge of a cell's response area, hyperpolarization was evident during the sustained component. The presence of hyperpolarization and the differences seen in the level of sustained depolarization during CF and off CF tones suggests that changes in membrane responsiveness between the initial and sustained components may be attributed to polysynaptic inhibitory mechanisms. The dual-component processing resulting from convergent auditory nerve excitation and polysynaptic inhibition enables OC neurons to respond in a unique fashion to intensity and frequency features contained within an acoustic stimulus. (+info)

Supporting cells contribute to control of hearing sensitivity. (7/1228)

The mammalian hearing organ, the organ of Corti, was studied in an in vitro preparation of the guinea pig temporal bone. As in vivo, the hearing organ responded with an electrical potential, the cochlear microphonic potential, when stimulated with a test tone. After exposure to intense sound, the response to the test tone was reduced. The electrical response either recovered within 10-20 min or remained permanently reduced, thus corresponding to a temporary or sustained loss of sensitivity. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy, stimulus-induced changes of the cellular structure of the hearing organ were simultaneously studied. The cells in the organ were labeled with two fluorescent probes, a membrane dye and a cytoplasm dye, showing enzymatic activity in living cells. Confocal microscopy images were collected and compared before and after intense sound exposure. The results were as follows. (1) The organ of Corti could be divided into two different structural entities in terms of their susceptibility to damage: an inner, structurally stable region comprised of the inner hair cell with its supporting cells and the inner and outer pillar cells; and an outer region that exhibited dynamic structural changes and consisted of the outer hair cells and the third Deiters' cell with its attached Hensen's cells. (2) Exposure to intense sound caused the Deiters' cells and Hensen's cells to move in toward the center of the cochlear turn. (3) This event coincided with a reduced sensitivity to the test tone (i.e., reduced cochlear microphonic potential). (4) The displacement and sensitivity loss could be reversible. It is concluded that these observations have relevance for understanding the mechanisms behind hearing loss after noise exposure and that the supporting cells take an active part in protection against trauma during high-intensity sound exposure. (+info)

Tympanal hearing in the sarcophagid parasitoid fly Emblemasoma sp.: the biomechanics of directional hearing. (8/1228)

In Diptera, tympanal hearing has evolved at least twice in flies that belong to two different families, the tachinids and the sarcophagids. Common to these flies is their parasitoid reproductive strategy, both relying on the acoustic detection and localization of their hosts, singing insects, by means of tympanal hearing organs. In the present study, the external anatomy of the unusual hearing organs of the sarcophagid fly Emblemasoma sp. is described. The sarcophagid ears bear numerous anatomical similarities with those of ormiine tachinids: they are located on the ventral prosternum and possess a pair of scolopidial mechanoreceptive sense organs. A striking difference, however, resides in the lack of a well-defined presternum in the sarcophagid tympanal system. Instead, a deep longitudinal fold, the tympanal fold, spans both hemilateral tympanal membranes across the midline of the animal. Measured using laser Doppler vibrometry, the tympanal mechanical response in the sound field reveals asymmetrical deflection shapes that differ from those of tachinids. Lacking a central fulcrum, the sarcophagid tympanal complex presents different vibrational modes that also result in interaural coupling. The evolutionarily convergent, yet distinct, solutions used by these two small auditory systems to extract directional cues from the sound field and the role of tympanal coupling in this process are discussed. (+info)

Hearing loss is a condition in which an individual is unable to hear sounds or perceive them at a normal level. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, exposure to loud noises, infections, aging, and certain medical conditions. There are several types of hearing loss, including conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound waves cannot pass through the outer or middle ear, while sensorineural hearing loss occurs when the inner ear or auditory nerve is damaged. Mixed hearing loss is a combination of both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Hearing loss can affect an individual's ability to communicate, socialize, and perform daily activities. It can also lead to feelings of isolation and depression. Treatment options for hearing loss include hearing aids, cochlear implants, and other assistive devices, as well as surgery in some cases.

Hearing Loss, Sensorineural is a type of hearing loss that occurs when there is damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve. This type of hearing loss is also known as nerve deafness or sensorineural hearing loss. It is the most common type of hearing loss and can be caused by a variety of factors, including aging, exposure to loud noises, certain medications, and genetic factors. Sensorineural hearing loss is typically characterized by a gradual loss of hearing over time, and it can affect both ears or just one. It is often treated with hearing aids or cochlear implants, but in some cases, it may be permanent.

Hearing disorders refer to any condition that affects an individual's ability to perceive sound. These disorders can range from mild to severe and can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, aging, exposure to loud noises, infections, and certain medical conditions. Some common types of hearing disorders include: 1. Conductive hearing loss: This type of hearing loss occurs when sound waves cannot pass through the outer or middle ear properly. Causes of conductive hearing loss include ear infections, earwax buildup, and damage to the eardrum or middle ear bones. 2. Sensorineural hearing loss: This type of hearing loss occurs when there is damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve. Causes of sensorineural hearing loss include aging, exposure to loud noises, certain medications, and genetic factors. 3. Mixed hearing loss: This type of hearing loss occurs when there is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. 4. Auditory processing disorder: This type of hearing disorder affects an individual's ability to process and interpret sounds. It can cause difficulties with speech and language development, as well as problems with reading and writing. 5. Tinnitus: This is a condition characterized by a ringing, buzzing, or hissing sound in the ears. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including exposure to loud noises, ear infections, and certain medications. Treatment for hearing disorders depends on the type and severity of the condition. Some common treatments include hearing aids, cochlear implants, and medications to manage symptoms such as tinnitus. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct structural problems in the ear.

Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced, also known as Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL), is a type of hearing loss that is caused by prolonged exposure to loud noises. It is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide, especially those who work in noisy environments or engage in recreational activities that involve loud sounds. NIHL can occur when the hair cells in the inner ear are damaged by exposure to loud noises. These hair cells are responsible for converting sound waves into electrical signals that are sent to the brain for interpretation. When they are damaged, the brain may not receive the signals properly, leading to hearing loss. The severity of NIHL can vary depending on the duration and intensity of the exposure to loud noises. Short-term exposure to very loud noises can cause temporary hearing loss, while long-term exposure to loud noises can lead to permanent hearing loss. NIHL is preventable by taking steps to protect the ears from loud noises. This can include wearing earplugs or earmuffs in noisy environments, limiting exposure to loud noises, and taking breaks from noisy activities. If you suspect that you may have NIHL, it is important to see a healthcare professional for an evaluation and treatment.

Hearing loss, bilateral refers to a type of hearing loss that affects both ears equally. Bilateral hearing loss means that the individual has a similar degree of hearing loss in both ears, and it can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, aging, exposure to loud noises, infections, and certain medical conditions. Bilateral hearing loss can range from mild to severe and can affect an individual's ability to understand speech, especially in noisy environments. It can also impact social interactions, communication, and overall quality of life. Treatment options for bilateral hearing loss may include the use of hearing aids, cochlear implants, and other assistive devices. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to address the underlying cause of the hearing loss.

Hearing loss, conductive, is a type of hearing loss that occurs when sound waves are not able to reach the inner ear properly due to a problem with the outer or middle ear. This type of hearing loss is usually caused by a blockage or damage to the ear canal, eardrum, or middle ear bones (ossicles). Conductive hearing loss can be temporary or permanent, and it can be caused by a variety of factors, including ear infections, earwax buildup, exposure to loud noises, head injuries, and certain medications. Treatment for conductive hearing loss depends on the underlying cause. For example, if the hearing loss is caused by earwax buildup, it can be treated with earwax removal. If the hearing loss is caused by a blockage or damage to the eardrum or ossicles, surgery may be necessary to restore normal function. In some cases, hearing aids or cochlear implants may also be used to improve hearing.

Hearing Loss, High-Frequency is a type of hearing loss that affects the ability to hear high-pitched sounds. It is also known as sensorineural hearing loss, which means that it is caused by damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve. High-frequency hearing loss is often associated with aging, exposure to loud noises, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. It can also be caused by genetic factors. Symptoms of high-frequency hearing loss include difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds, such as women's and children's voices, and difficulty understanding speech in noisy environments. Treatment options for high-frequency hearing loss include hearing aids, cochlear implants, and assistive listening devices.

Deafness is a medical condition characterized by a partial or complete inability to hear sounds. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to loud noises, infections, and aging. In the medical field, deafness is typically classified into two main types: conductive deafness and sensorineural deafness. Conductive deafness occurs when there is a problem with the outer or middle ear that prevents sound waves from reaching the inner ear. Sensorineural deafness, on the other hand, occurs when there is damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve that transmits sound signals to the brain. Deafness can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life, affecting their ability to communicate, socialize, and participate in daily activities. Treatment options for deafness depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, hearing aids or cochlear implants may be used to improve hearing, while in other cases, surgery or other medical interventions may be necessary to address the underlying cause of the deafness.

Hearing loss that occurs suddenly is known as sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). SSNHL is a medical emergency that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. It is characterized by a rapid and significant decrease in hearing ability, often accompanied by ringing in the ears (tinnitus) and dizziness (vertigo). The cause of sudden hearing loss is not always clear, but it is thought to be related to damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve. Risk factors for SSNHL include age, previous ear infections, head or neck trauma, certain medications, and a family history of hearing loss. Treatment for SSNHL typically involves the use of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and swelling in the inner ear. In some cases, additional treatments such as antiviral medications or surgery may be necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for the best possible outcome, as the success of treatment decreases over time.

Hearing loss, unilateral, refers to a condition in which an individual has a hearing impairment in only one ear. This type of hearing loss is also known as monaural hearing loss or one-sided hearing loss. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, exposure to loud noises, head or ear injuries, infections, and certain medical conditions such as meningitis or otosclerosis. Unilateral hearing loss can affect an individual's ability to hear speech and other sounds, and may require the use of hearing aids or other assistive devices to improve communication.

Presbycusis is a common type of hearing loss that occurs naturally with age. It is also known as age-related hearing loss or sensorineural hearing loss. Presbycusis is caused by damage to the tiny hair cells in the inner ear that are responsible for converting sound waves into electrical signals that the brain can interpret. As we age, these hair cells can become damaged or die off, leading to a gradual loss of hearing. Presbycusis is a progressive condition, meaning that the hearing loss typically worsens over time. It can affect one or both ears and can make it difficult to understand speech, especially in noisy environments. Other symptoms of presbycusis may include ringing in the ears (tinnitus), dizziness, and difficulty following conversations. Presbycusis is a common condition, affecting an estimated 30 million people in the United States alone. While there is no cure for presbycusis, there are several treatment options available to help manage the symptoms, including hearing aids, cochlear implants, and assistive listening devices.

Hearing loss, central, is a type of hearing loss that occurs when there is damage to the central auditory pathway, which includes the auditory nerve and the brainstem. This type of hearing loss is often referred to as sensorineural hearing loss, as it affects both the sensory (reception of sound) and neural (transmission of sound) components of the auditory system. Central hearing loss can be caused by a variety of factors, including head injury, stroke, brain tumors, infections, and degenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis or Alzheimer's disease. It can also be caused by exposure to loud noises or certain medications. Symptoms of central hearing loss may include difficulty understanding speech, especially in noisy environments or when speaking to people with normal hearing, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and a feeling of fullness or pressure in the ears. Diagnosis typically involves a hearing test and an evaluation of the central auditory pathway using imaging techniques such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment for central hearing loss may include hearing aids, cochlear implants, and speech therapy to help individuals improve their ability to understand speech and communicate effectively. In some cases, medications or surgery may be recommended to treat the underlying cause of the hearing loss.

Hearing loss, functional, is a type of hearing impairment that is caused by a problem with the way the brain processes sound. It is also known as a central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) or a cognitive hearing loss. Unlike sensorineural hearing loss, which is caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve, functional hearing loss is not related to the physical structure of the ear or the nervous system. People with functional hearing loss may have normal or near-normal hearing sensitivity when tested with standard audiometric tests, but they have difficulty understanding speech, especially in noisy environments or when the speaker is not facing them. This is because their brain has difficulty processing the auditory information that is received from the ear. Functional hearing loss can be caused by a variety of factors, including brain injury, stroke, brain tumors, and certain neurological disorders. It can also be caused by aging, as the brain may become less efficient at processing auditory information as it ages. Treatment for functional hearing loss may include speech therapy, cognitive training, and the use of assistive devices such as hearing aids or cochlear implants. In some cases, medication may also be used to help improve cognitive function and hearing ability.

An acoustic neuroma, also known as a vestibular schwannoma, is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that develops on the vestibular nerve, which is responsible for transmitting signals from the inner ear to the brain. The tumor typically grows slowly and can cause a variety of symptoms, including hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), dizziness, and balance problems. In some cases, an acoustic neuroma can cause pressure on the brainstem, which can lead to more serious symptoms such as double vision, weakness on one side of the face, and difficulty speaking. Treatment options for an acoustic neuroma may include observation, medication, radiation therapy, or surgery.

Hearing Loss, Mixed Conductive-Sensorineural is a type of hearing loss that occurs when there is a combination of both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound waves cannot travel through the outer or middle ear, while sensorineural hearing loss occurs when there is damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve. In mixed hearing loss, both of these types of hearing loss are present, which can make it more difficult to understand speech and other sounds. Treatment for mixed hearing loss may involve the use of hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other devices to help amplify sound and improve hearing.

Labyrinth diseases refer to a group of disorders that affect the inner ear, specifically the labyrinth, which is responsible for balance and hearing. The labyrinth is a complex structure that contains the cochlea, which is responsible for hearing, and the vestibular system, which is responsible for balance. Labyrinth diseases can be classified into two main categories: conductive labyrinthine disorders and sensorineural labyrinthine disorders. Conductive labyrinthine disorders involve problems with the transmission of sound waves from the outer ear to the inner ear, while sensorineural labyrinthine disorders involve damage to the hair cells in the cochlea or the vestibular system. Some common examples of labyrinthine disorders include Meniere's disease, which is characterized by episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus, and labyrinthitis, which is an inflammation of the labyrinth that can cause vertigo, hearing loss, and dizziness. Other examples include vestibular neuronitis, which is an inflammation of the vestibular nerve, and acoustic neuroma, which is a benign tumor that can grow on the vestibular nerve and cause hearing loss and vertigo. Treatment for labyrinthine disorders depends on the specific disorder and its severity. In some cases, medications may be used to manage symptoms, while in other cases, surgery may be necessary to remove a tumor or repair damage to the labyrinth.

Hyperacusis is a hearing disorder characterized by an increased sensitivity to sounds, even at low volumes. People with hyperacusis may experience discomfort, pain, or even physical reactions to sounds that others find tolerable or even pleasant. Hyperacusis can be caused by a variety of factors, including ear infections, head injuries, exposure to loud noises, certain medications, and neurological conditions. It can also be a symptom of other hearing disorders, such as tinnitus or hearing loss. Treatment for hyperacusis may involve a combination of therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes. Audiologists and other hearing healthcare professionals can work with individuals to develop strategies for coping with hyperacusis, such as sound therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and relaxation techniques. In some cases, hearing aids or other assistive devices may also be helpful.

Cochlear diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the inner ear, specifically the cochlea, which is responsible for converting sound waves into electrical signals that are sent to the brain for interpretation. These diseases can cause a range of symptoms, including hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), dizziness, and balance problems. Some common cochlear diseases include: 1. Sensorineural hearing loss: This is the most common type of hearing loss and occurs when there is damage to the hair cells in the cochlea that convert sound waves into electrical signals. 2. Meniere's disease: This is a disorder that affects the inner ear and can cause episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, and ringing in the ears. 3. Labyrinthitis: This is an inflammation of the inner ear that can cause vertigo, hearing loss, and ringing in the ears. 4. Acoustic neuroma: This is a benign tumor that grows on the nerve that connects the ear to the brain and can cause hearing loss, ringing in the ears, and dizziness. 5. Otosclerosis: This is a condition in which the bone in the middle ear becomes abnormally hard, leading to hearing loss. Treatment for cochlear diseases depends on the specific condition and may include medications, surgery, hearing aids, or other devices to help improve hearing and balance.

Connexins are a family of transmembrane proteins that form gap junctions, which are channels that allow the direct exchange of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells. These channels play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication and coordination, and are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including the regulation of heart rate, the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, and the development and function of the nervous system. In the medical field, connexins are of particular interest because they have been implicated in a number of diseases and disorders, including deafness, skin disorders, and certain types of cancer. For example, mutations in connexin genes have been linked to a variety of hearing disorders, including congenital deafness and progressive hearing loss. Additionally, changes in the expression or function of connexins have been observed in a number of cancers, and may play a role in the development and progression of these diseases.

Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear that affects balance and hearing. It is characterized by episodes of vertigo (a sensation of spinning or dizziness), hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and a feeling of fullness or pressure in the affected ear. The exact cause of Meniere's disease is not known, but it is thought to be related to an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the inner ear. There is no cure for Meniere's disease, but treatments such as diuretics, antivertigo medications, and surgery can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Vestibulocochlear nerve diseases refer to disorders that affect the vestibulocochlear nerve, which is also known as the eighth cranial nerve. This nerve is responsible for transmitting signals from the inner ear to the brain, allowing us to hear and maintain balance. Vestibulocochlear nerve diseases can affect either the hearing portion of the nerve (cochlear) or the balance portion of the nerve (vestibular). Some common vestibulocochlear nerve diseases include: 1. Meniere's disease: This is a disorder that affects the inner ear and can cause symptoms such as hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), vertigo, and a feeling of fullness in the ear. 2. Acoustic neuroma: This is a benign tumor that grows on the vestibulocochlear nerve and can cause symptoms such as hearing loss, ringing in the ears, and vertigo. 3. Labyrinthitis: This is an inflammation of the inner ear that can cause symptoms such as hearing loss, vertigo, and ringing in the ears. 4. Vestibular neuronitis: This is an inflammation of the vestibular nerve that can cause symptoms such as vertigo, dizziness, and nausea. Treatment for vestibulocochlear nerve diseases depends on the specific disorder and its severity. In some cases, medications or lifestyle changes may be sufficient to manage symptoms. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove a tumor or repair damage to the nerve.

In the medical field, ear diseases refer to any disorders or conditions that affect the structures and functions of the ear. The ear is a complex organ that is responsible for hearing, balance, and maintaining the inner ear pressure. Ear diseases can affect any part of the ear, including the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. Some common ear diseases include: 1. Otitis media: Inflammation of the middle ear that can cause pain, fever, and hearing loss. 2. Tinnitus: A ringing or buzzing sound in the ear that can be caused by a variety of factors, including age, noise exposure, and ear infections. 3. Conductive hearing loss: A type of hearing loss that occurs when sound waves cannot pass through the outer or middle ear. 4. Sensorineural hearing loss: A type of hearing loss that occurs when the inner ear or auditory nerve is damaged. 5. Meniere's disease: A disorder that affects the inner ear and can cause vertigo, hearing loss, and ringing in the ears. 6. Otosclerosis: A condition in which the bone in the middle ear becomes too hard, leading to hearing loss. 7. Ear infections: Infections of the outer, middle, or inner ear that can cause pain, fever, and hearing loss. 8. Earwax impaction: A blockage of the ear canal caused by excessive buildup of earwax. Treatment for ear diseases depends on the specific condition and can include medications, surgery, or other interventions. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of an ear disease to prevent further complications.

Vestibular diseases refer to a group of disorders that affect the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation in the body. The vestibular system is located in the inner ear and consists of three semicircular canals and two otolith organs (utricle and saccule) that detect changes in head position and movement. Vestibular diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, head injuries, aging, genetics, and certain medications. Symptoms of vestibular diseases can include dizziness, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, unsteadiness, and difficulty with balance and coordination. Some common vestibular diseases include: 1. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV): A condition characterized by brief episodes of vertigo triggered by changes in head position. 2. Meniere's disease: A disorder that affects the inner ear and can cause symptoms such as vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the ear. 3. Vestibular neuronitis: An inflammation of the vestibular nerve that can cause symptoms such as vertigo, nausea, and vomiting. 4. Labyrinthitis: An inflammation of the inner ear that can cause symptoms similar to those of vestibular neuronitis. 5. Vestibular schwannoma: A benign tumor that can grow on the vestibular nerve and cause symptoms such as hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. Treatment for vestibular diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms. In some cases, medications or physical therapy may be used to manage symptoms. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove tumors or repair damaged structures in the inner ear.

Otitis Media with Effusion (OME) is a medical condition that occurs when there is a build-up of fluid in the middle ear behind the eardrum. This can cause swelling and inflammation in the middle ear, which can lead to hearing loss, ear pain, and other symptoms. OME is a common condition in children, particularly those under the age of five. It is often caused by a viral or bacterial infection, but can also be caused by allergies or other factors. Treatment for OME depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the symptoms. In some cases, the fluid may resolve on its own without treatment. However, if the fluid persists or causes significant symptoms, treatment may include antibiotics, decongestants, or other medications. In some cases, a procedure called tympanostomy may be necessary to drain the fluid from the middle ear.

Occupational diseases are illnesses or injuries that are caused by exposure to hazards or conditions in the workplace. These hazards or conditions can include chemicals, dusts, fumes, radiation, noise, vibration, and physical demands such as repetitive motions or awkward postures. Occupational diseases can affect various systems in the body, including the respiratory system, skin, eyes, ears, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. Examples of occupational diseases include asbestosis, silicosis, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and hearing loss. Occupational diseases are preventable through proper safety measures and regulations in the workplace. Employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthy work environment for their employees, and workers have the right to report hazards and seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms related to their work.

In the medical field, a syndrome is a set of symptoms and signs that occur together and suggest the presence of a particular disease or condition. A syndrome is often defined by a specific pattern of symptoms that are not caused by a single underlying disease, but rather by a combination of factors, such as genetic, environmental, or hormonal. For example, Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that is characterized by a specific set of physical and intellectual characteristics, such as a flattened facial profile, short stature, and intellectual disability. Similarly, the flu syndrome is a set of symptoms that occur together, such as fever, cough, sore throat, and body aches, that suggest the presence of an influenza virus infection. Diagnosing a syndrome involves identifying the specific set of symptoms and signs that are present, as well as ruling out other possible causes of those symptoms. Once a syndrome is diagnosed, it can help guide treatment and management of the underlying condition.

Vertigo is a sensation of spinning or dizziness that can be caused by a variety of medical conditions. It is a common symptom that can be experienced by people of all ages and can range from mild to severe. Vertigo is often associated with a feeling of being off balance or as if the room is spinning around the person. It can be accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light. There are several types of vertigo, including benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), which is caused by small crystals in the inner ear becoming dislodged and moving to a different location, and Meniere's disease, which is characterized by episodes of vertigo, ringing in the ears, and hearing loss. Diagnosis of vertigo typically involves a physical examination and may include additional tests such as an audiogram, balance testing, or imaging studies. Treatment for vertigo depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, physical therapy, or surgery.

Usher syndromes are a group of genetic disorders that affect hearing and vision. They are named after the American physician and geneticist Dr. Helen Usher, who first described the condition in 1952. There are three main types of Usher syndrome: Usher syndrome type I, Usher syndrome type II, and Usher syndrome type III. Each type is characterized by a different combination of hearing and vision loss, as well as other symptoms. Usher syndrome is caused by mutations in genes that are involved in the development and function of the inner ear and the retina. It is a rare condition, affecting an estimated 1 in 6,000 to 8,000 people worldwide.

Labyrinthitis is a medical condition that affects the inner ear, specifically the labyrinth, which is responsible for balance and hearing. It is caused by an infection or inflammation of the labyrinth, which can lead to symptoms such as vertigo (a sensation of spinning or dizziness), nausea, vomiting, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and hearing loss. Labyrinthitis is usually caused by a viral infection, but it can also be caused by bacteria or fungi. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and symptoms, and in some cases, physical therapy to help with balance and coordination.

Tympanic membrane perforation, also known as a ruptured eardrum, is a medical condition in which a hole or tear develops in the tympanic membrane, which is the thin, delicate membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including infection, injury, or exposure to loud noises. Symptoms of tympanic membrane perforation may include pain or discomfort in the ear, hearing loss, ringing in the ear (tinnitus), and discharge from the ear. Treatment options for tympanic membrane perforation depend on the underlying cause and the severity of the perforation. In some cases, the perforation may heal on its own over time, while in other cases, medical intervention may be necessary to prevent complications or promote healing.

Otitis Media is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation or infection of the middle ear. It is commonly known as "ear infection" and is one of the most common childhood illnesses. The middle ear is the space behind the eardrum that contains three small bones called ossicles, which help to transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. When the middle ear becomes inflamed or infected, it can cause pain, fever, and other symptoms. Otitis Media can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacteria, viruses, and allergies. It is typically treated with antibiotics, pain relievers, and other medications, and in some cases, surgery may be necessary.

Auditory perceptual disorders refer to a range of conditions that affect an individual's ability to perceive and interpret sounds. These disorders can result from damage to the auditory system, such as hearing loss or damage to the brain, or from other medical conditions that affect the nervous system. Some common examples of auditory perceptual disorders include: 1. Central auditory processing disorder (CAPD): This is a condition in which the brain has difficulty processing and interpreting auditory information, even when an individual's hearing is normal. 2. Auditory agnosia: This is a condition in which an individual has difficulty recognizing and identifying sounds, even when their hearing is normal. 3. Synesthesia: This is a condition in which an individual experiences a cross-modal perception, such as seeing colors when they hear certain sounds. 4. Hyperacusis: This is a condition in which an individual has an increased sensitivity to sounds, which can result in discomfort or pain. 5. Tinnitus: This is a condition in which an individual experiences a ringing, buzzing, or other type of noise in their ears, even when there is no external sound source. Auditory perceptual disorders can have a significant impact on an individual's ability to communicate and interact with others, and may require treatment or therapy to manage.

Otitis Media, Suppurative is a medical condition that refers to the presence of pus or other inflammatory materials in the middle ear. It is a type of otitis media, which is an inflammation of the middle ear. Suppurative otitis media is typically caused by bacterial infections and is characterized by symptoms such as ear pain, fever, and discharge from the ear. It is a common condition in children, particularly those under the age of five, and can lead to complications if left untreated. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics to clear the infection and relieve symptoms.

Language Development Disorders (LDDs) refer to a group of conditions that affect the ability of an individual to acquire, use, and understand language. These disorders can affect any aspect of language development, including receptive language (understanding spoken or written language), expressive language (using language to communicate thoughts, ideas, and feelings), and pragmatic language (using language appropriately in social situations). LDDs can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic, neurological, environmental, and social factors. Some common examples of LDDs include: 1. Specific Language Impairment (SLI): A disorder characterized by difficulty with language development that is not due to hearing loss, intellectual disability, or global developmental delay. 2. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A neurodevelopmental disorder that affects social interaction, communication, and behavior. 3. Dyslexia: A learning disorder that affects reading and writing skills. 4. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A neurodevelopmental disorder that affects attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. 5. Stuttering: A speech disorder characterized by involuntary repetitions, prolongations, or blocks of sounds, syllables, or words. LDDs can have a significant impact on an individual's ability to communicate effectively and can affect their academic, social, and emotional development. Early identification and intervention are crucial for improving outcomes and promoting language development.

Auditory diseases, central, refer to disorders that affect the central auditory system, which is the part of the nervous system responsible for processing sound information. The central auditory system includes the brainstem, thalamus, and cortex, which work together to interpret and understand sound. Central auditory diseases can result from a variety of causes, including genetic disorders, infections, head injuries, and degenerative diseases. Some common examples of central auditory diseases include: 1. Central auditory processing disorder (CAPD): A condition in which the brain has difficulty processing auditory information, even when the ears are functioning normally. 2. Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD): A condition in which there is damage to the auditory nerve, which can result in hearing loss and difficulty understanding speech. 3. Cochlear neuropathy: A condition in which there is damage to the nerve cells in the cochlea, which can result in hearing loss and difficulty understanding speech. 4. Auditory agnosia: A condition in which there is a loss of the ability to recognize and identify sounds, even when there is no hearing loss. Central auditory diseases can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including hearing tests, brain imaging, and behavioral assessments. Treatment options may include hearing aids, cochlear implants, and speech therapy, depending on the specific diagnosis and severity of the condition.

Transcription factor Brn-3C is a protein that plays a role in regulating gene expression in various cells and tissues in the body. It is a member of the Brn-3 family of transcription factors, which are involved in the development and function of neurons and other cells. In the medical field, Brn-3C has been studied in relation to a number of conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS), as well as peripheral neuropathy and other neurological disorders. Research has suggested that Brn-3C may play a role in the development and progression of these conditions, and may be a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Overall, the exact role of Brn-3C in the body and its potential applications in medicine are still being studied, and more research is needed to fully understand its function and significance.

Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) is a genetic disorder that affects the development of Schwann cells, which are specialized cells that wrap around nerve fibers and help to insulate and protect them. People with NF2 typically develop multiple benign tumors, called schwannomas, on the nerves of the brain and spinal cord. These tumors can cause a variety of symptoms, including hearing loss, balance problems, and facial pain. In some cases, NF2 can also cause tumors to develop on other parts of the body, such as the eyes and the skin. NF2 is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means that a person only needs to inherit one copy of the mutated gene from one parent in order to develop the condition. It is estimated that NF2 affects about 1 in every 25,000 to 1 in every 60,000 people.

Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that are commonly used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and meningitis. They work by binding to the ribosomes of bacterial cells, which are responsible for protein synthesis, and interfering with this process, leading to the death of the bacteria. Aminoglycosides are typically administered intravenously, although some may also be given by mouth or injection. They are often used in combination with other antibiotics to increase their effectiveness and reduce the risk of bacterial resistance. However, aminoglycosides can also have serious side effects, including hearing loss, kidney damage, and neuromuscular disorders. As a result, they are typically reserved for use in severe infections and are administered with caution, under close medical supervision.

Cranial nerve neoplasms refer to tumors that develop on the cranial nerves, which are the nerves that emerge from the brainstem and control various functions such as movement, sensation, and autonomic functions. These tumors can be either benign or malignant and can affect any of the 12 cranial nerves. Symptoms of cranial nerve neoplasms may include facial weakness, numbness or tingling in the face or extremities, difficulty swallowing, double vision, hearing loss, and balance problems. Treatment options for cranial nerve neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.

Articulation disorders, also known as speech sound disorders, refer to difficulties in producing speech sounds correctly. These disorders can affect the way a person pronounces individual sounds or groups of sounds, making it difficult for others to understand them. Articulation disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including neurological disorders, hearing loss, developmental delays, and oral-motor problems. They can affect people of all ages, but are most commonly diagnosed in children. Treatment for articulation disorders typically involves speech therapy, which focuses on improving the production of speech sounds and helping the individual to communicate more effectively. Speech therapists work with the individual to identify the specific sounds that are being mispronounced and develop exercises and strategies to help them produce those sounds correctly. With consistent practice and therapy, many individuals with articulation disorders are able to improve their speech and communicate more effectively.

Anion transport proteins are membrane proteins that facilitate the movement of negatively charged ions across cell membranes. These proteins play a crucial role in maintaining the proper balance of ions in the body, which is essential for many physiological processes, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and the regulation of fluid balance. There are several types of anion transport proteins, including chloride channels, bicarbonate transporters, and anion exchangers. Chloride channels allow chloride ions to move down their electrochemical gradient, while bicarbonate transporters facilitate the movement of bicarbonate ions across cell membranes. Anion exchangers, on the other hand, exchange one anion for another across the membrane. Anion transport proteins can be found in various tissues throughout the body, including the lungs, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. Mutations in these proteins can lead to a variety of medical conditions, such as cystic fibrosis, which is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel.

Meningitis, bacterial is an infection of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges. It is caused by bacteria, most commonly Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). The symptoms of bacterial meningitis can include fever, headache, neck stiffness, sensitivity to light, vomiting, and a rash. In severe cases, it can lead to seizures, confusion, and even coma or death if not treated promptly. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics. Vaccines are available to prevent some types of bacterial meningitis, including Hib and meningococcal meningitis.

Ear neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the ear. These growths can occur in any part of the ear, including the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. Ear neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign ear neoplasms are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. Examples of benign ear neoplasms include cholesteatoma, a cyst-like growth that forms in the middle ear, and exostoses, which are bony growths that form on the external ear canal. Malignant ear neoplasms are more rare and can be aggressive, spreading to other parts of the body. Examples of malignant ear neoplasms include squamous cell carcinoma, which can develop in the outer ear or ear canal, and adenoid cystic carcinoma, which can develop in the middle ear. Diagnosis of ear neoplasms typically involves a physical examination of the ear, imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI scans, and a biopsy to confirm the type and stage of the tumor. Treatment options for ear neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

In the medical field, "Disease Models, Animal" refers to the use of animals to study and understand human diseases. These models are created by introducing a disease or condition into an animal, either naturally or through experimental manipulation, in order to study its progression, symptoms, and potential treatments. Animal models are used in medical research because they allow scientists to study diseases in a controlled environment and to test potential treatments before they are tested in humans. They can also provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of a disease and help to identify new therapeutic targets. There are many different types of animal models used in medical research, including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. Each type of animal has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of model depends on the specific disease being studied and the research question being addressed.

... conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss and mixed types. There are defined degrees of hearing loss: Mild hearing ... Profound hearing loss - People with profound hearing loss are very hard of hearing and they mostly rely on lip-reading and sign ... Severe hearing loss - People with severe hearing loss depend on powerful hearing aid. However, they often rely on lip-reading ... Hearing can be measured by mobile applications which includes audiological hearing test function or hearing aid application. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing

Normal human hearing is recognised as having an upper bound of 15-28 kHz, depending on the person. Ultrasonic sinusoids as high ... Ultrasonic hearing is a recognised auditory effect which allows humans to perceive sounds of a much higher frequency than would ... Hypersonic effect Ashihara, Kaoru (2007-09-01). "Hearing thresholds for pure tones above 16kHz". The Journal of the Acoustical ... Lenhardt, M. (2003). "Ultrasonic hearing in humans: applications for tinnitus treatment" (PDF). Int. Tinnitus J. 9 (2): 69-75. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_hearing

In August 2017, Hearing Link merged with Hearing Dogs for Deaf People, another leading hearing loss charity. In 2022, Hearing ... Hearing Link Services is part of Hearing Dogs for Deaf People, a UK-wide charitable organisation for adults with hearing loss, ... "Hearing screening for life". Hearing screening for life. Retrieved 31 July 2014. BBC News, Health. "Campaign to get hearing ... Hearing Concern was originally called BAHOH - The British Association of the Hard of Hearing. It was renamed in the 1990s. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_Link

A Sirois hearing is a legal hearing used when a prosecution witness either becomes unavailable to testify at trial or refuses ... The hearing is named after Daniel Sirois, the defendant in Holtzman v. Hellenbrand. Division, New York (State) Supreme Court ... In order to obtain the hearing, the prosecution must allege specific facts that the defendant's conduct induced the witness's ... Absent waiver by the defendant, a hearing is needed to determine the admissibility of the prior statement, where the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirois_hearing

... the-canal hearing aids In-the-ear hearing aid In-the-canal hearing aid Woman wearing a bone anchored hearing aid Hearing aid ... A hearing aid is a device designed to improve hearing by making sound audible to a person with hearing loss. Hearing aids are ... Hearing aid mode is a hearing correction system that corrects the user's hearing in accordance with the user's hearing ... Almost all hearing aids in use in the US are digital hearing aids, as analog aids are phased out. Devices similar to hearing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_aid

There are also hearing aid applications with a built-in hearing test for making hearing aid adjustments. In the process of ... There are other hearing tests as well, e.g., Weber test and Rinne test. Prior to the hearing test, the ears of the patient are ... A hearing test provides an evaluation of the sensitivity of a person's sense of hearing and is most often performed by an ... A complete hearing evaluation involves several other tests as well. In order to determine what kind of hearing loss is present ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_test

There are three main types of hearing loss: conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss. An ... it is not clear if bilateral hearing aids (hearing aids in both ears) are better than a unilateral hearing aid (hearing aid in ... conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss. About half of hearing loss globally is preventable ... While everyone loses hearing with age, the amount and type of hearing loss is variable. Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_loss

A hearing dog is a type of assistance dog specifically selected and trained to assist people who are deaf or hard of hearing by ... In the United Kingdom, hearing dogs wear distinctive burgundy jackets bearing the logo of the charity (Hearing Dogs for Deaf ... such as fines or criminal penalties for interfering with or denying access to a hearing dog team. Hearing dogs often wear a ... Hearing dogs may be trained professionally in as little as three months, though many are trained for at least a year. Generally ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_dog

The Hearing Research is a peer-reviewed monthly journal that publishes research work with basic peripheral and central auditory ... "Hearing Research". 2017 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2018. (Articles with short ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_Research

... is the practice of attending worship services or preaching by ministers of denominations other than one's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occasional_hearing

The hearing is named after Howard Berman, the member of the California State Assembly who instituted it. Cal. Labor Code § 98 ... A Berman hearing is a provision under California law for the administrative resolution of wage claims before the California ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berman_hearing

However, the scope of the pretermination hearing depends upon the scope of the post-termination hearing available to the ... Thus State agencies offer this pre-deprivation hearing or Loudermill hearing in cases of discharge, demotion and unpaid ... If a full post-termination hearing is available, the Loudermill pretermination hearing is minimal. In such situations the ... this type of hearing does not need to be elaborate and does not require a full-blown court-type evidentiary hearing. The court ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudermill_hearing

A Markman hearing is a pretrial hearing in a U.S. District Court during which a judge examines evidence from all parties on the ... Markman hearings are before a judge, and generally take place before trial. A Markman hearing may occur before the close of ... It is also known as a "Claim Construction Hearing". Holding a Markman hearing in patent infringement cases has been common ... a Markman hearing before a judge decides how a claim is to be construed and then the jury decides in another hearing whether ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markman_hearing

Hearing is the sense by which sound is perceived. Hearing or The Hearing may also refer to: Hearing (law), a legal proceeding ... a person who has hearing within normal parameters Hearing loss "The Hearing" (Dynasty 1982), a television episode "The Hearing ... before a court or other decision-making body or officer Preliminary hearing United States congressional hearing Hearing (person ... Occasional hearing This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Hearing. If an internal link led you here ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_(disambiguation)

... is an extended wear hearing aid developed by InSound Medical, founded by medical device inventor entrepreneur ... 09.asp Take a Look at the Smallest Hearing Aid, By Juju Chang, JAY SHAYLOR, JOSH GAYNOR, July 6, 2009, ABC News Lyric Hearing ... The Lyric Hearing device is not a Cochlear Implant. The device is removed every few months and is replaced with a new one. ... Lyric Hearing is also water resistant, so wearers can shower with the device or do other water surface based activities, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_Hearing

The reporter is responsible for the administration of the Hearing and also represents the decisions of hearings in a court ... On 15 April 1971, hearings took over from the courts most of the responsibility for children under 16. The Children's Hearings ... "Development of the Children's Hearings System". Children's Hearing Scotland. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. ... must attend every hearing to contribute to the proceedings of the hearing. Child Relevant Person (Relevant person is a person ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children's_hearing

ISBN 978-0-13-505578-6. National Health Service: Causes of Hearing Loss Hearing Protection Protects Against Hearing Loss ( ... a person with normal hearing would most likely detect them from hearing the door open. A deaf person might rely on changes in ... Deaf hearing refers to a condition in which deaf individuals are able to react to an auditory stimulus, without actually being ... Because hearing relies on external sound waves, a deaf patient will feel the vibrations, rather than relying on what would ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_hearing

The Chicago Hearing main website The Chicago Hearing Facebook page Enhanced Summary Video of the Chicago Hearing The American ... The hearing heard testimony from four "witnesses" to U.S. Policy in Israel and Palestine. Cindy Corrie is the mother of Rachel ... The AFSC stated that the hearing "highlighted voices of those on the other end of the pipeline of U.S. aid to Israel." ... The Chicago Hearing's Organizing Committee published a 28-page Final Report which includes summaries of the testimonies as well ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Hearing

Hearing was born in London and brought up in west Dorset. Hearing was educated at Hardye's School, a state grammar school (now ... "Roger Hearing - Speaker Profile". Specialist Speakers. Retrieved 13 July 2017. BBC presenter profile. Roger Hearing's diary in ... Hearing was also heard on BBC Radio 4 as a relief presenter on The World Tonight. He has covered such important events as the ... Roger Hearing is a journalist and former news presenter. He has worked as a presenter on the BBC World Service and at Bloomberg ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Hearing

... hearing loss prevention, hearing rehabilitation devices, and hearing rehabilitation procedures. Hearing Australia is the ... Hearing Australia is a statutory authority constituted under the Australian Hearing Services Act 1991. Hearing Australia is the ... "Welcome to Hearing Australia". Hearing Australia. 2019-06-10. Retrieved 2019-12-13. Hearing Australia National Acoustic ... component of the Hearing Services Program. Hearing Australia also provides private hearing services to anyone who does not fall ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_Australia

The Hearing Itself A Guide to Krimstock Hearings in NYC - The Police Officer Will Not be Present A Guide to Krimstock Hearings ... You Must Attend the Hearing A Guide to Krimstock Hearings in NYC - You May Bring an Attorney A Guide to Krimstock Hearings in ... The hearings are conducted by the New York City Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings (OATH) and presided over by New ... All vehicle owners are entitled to a hearing, but hearings are scheduled only when an owner requests one.) Vehicle owners must ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimstock_hearing

Hearing of speech is considered to be impaired when the hearing level is shifted 25 dB or more. "The Audiogram" (PDF). VanAsh ... Hearing level is the sound pressure level produced by an audiometer at a specific frequency. It is measured in decibels with ... "Hearing level". Handbook for acoustic ecology. SFA. Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2012 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_level

An omnibus hearing is a pretrial hearing. It is usually held soon after a defendant's arraignment. The main purpose of the ... The purpose of the hearing is to see if the rights of the defendant have been violated, and it is the duty of the judge to make ... The counsel for the plaintiff (or the People) and the defendant attend the hearing to discuss pretrial matters pertaining to ... hearing is to determine the evidence, including testimony and evidence seized at the time of arrest. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_hearing

Congressional hearing Unofficial hearing There are several different types of hearings in the US legal system, each serving a ... A preliminary hearing (also known as evidentiary hearing, probable cause hearing, and other variant terms) is a proceeding, ... A hearing is a part of the court process in Australia. There are different types of hearing in a case. There may be several ... Preliminary hearings are used to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to require a trial. In a preliminary hearing, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_(law)

The hearing ability of a dog is dependent on breed and age, though the range of hearing is usually around 67 Hz to 45 kHz. As ... The hearing range of birds is most sensitive between 1 kHz and 4 kHz, but their full range is roughly similar to human hearing ... In women, hearing decrease is worse at low and partially medium frequencies, while men are more likely to suffer from hearing ... Behavioural hearing tests or physiological tests can be used to find hearing thresholds of humans and other animals. For humans ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_range

... which is different from a preliminary hearing. Those other hearings are not probable cause hearings. A preliminary hearing is ... At such a hearing, the defendant may be assisted by a lawyer. In Canada, a preliminary hearing is sometimes referred to as a ... There is a right to counsel at the preliminary hearing. The conduct of the preliminary hearing as well as the specific rules ... In some jurisdictions, "preliminary hearing" may refer to a different type of hearing than is described in this article. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preliminary_hearing

... in the context of U.S. Congress is a hearing conducted by either single congressional representatives of the ... Attendance to such a hearing is entirely voluntary. Usually, they are conducted by members of the minority party. Hearing (law ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unofficial_hearing

ISBN 0-419-23000-9. "The hearing - Court Stage - Enforcement Guide (England & Wales)". "Newton Hearings - A Procedure Stacked ... The practice operates as a disincentive to opt for a Newton hearing. Many defence advocates avoid Newton hearings because, ... A Newton hearing or inquiry is a legal procedure in English law originating in the early 1980s, used where the two sides offer ... The Newton hearing itself operates like a "mini trial", with a judge rather than a jury deciding the disputed points based upon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_hearing

The comparative hearing process was used by the United States Federal Radio Commission from 1927 to 1934 and its successor, the ... Halm, K.C. (1998). "Bechtel v. FCC: the beginning of the end of the FCC's comparative hearing process". Administrative Law ... After designating such applications for hearing, commission examiners evaluated criteria to make an initial decision, which ... Holland, Bill (March 12, 1994). "FCC Freezes Comparative Hearing Cases After Ruling". Billboard. p. 87. ProQuest 1506053797. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_hearing

... or hearing voices may be: Auditory hallucination Curse Hearing Voices (album), 2001 audio-recording collection ... by D. Mahler Hearing Voices (TV series), US comedy TV series that premiered in 2014 Hearing Voices Movement, a different way of ... viewing people who hear voices This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Hearing Voices. If an internal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_Voices

The best way to find out if your baby may be deaf or hard of hearing is by a hearing screening. Early diagnosis and ... The best way to find out if your baby may be deaf or hard of hearing is by a simple hearing test, also called a hearing ... Hearing screening at birth can determine if your baby may have a hearing loss and if more tests are needed. An early diagnosis ... Why is a hearing screening important for my baby?. Learn more about outcomes associated with early hearing detection and ...

https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hearingloss/features/baby-hearing-screening.html

Hearing loss is being partly or totally unable to hear sound in one or both ears. ... Decreased hearing; Deafness; Loss of hearing; Conductive hearing loss; Sensorineural hearing loss; Presbycusis ... Sign language (for those with severe hearing loss) Cochlear implants are only used in people who have lost too much hearing to ... Types of hearing loss. In: Eggermont JJ, ed. Hearing Loss. Cambridge, MA: Elsevier Academic Press; 2017:chap 5. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003044.htm

However, medical professionals learn little about hearing impairment, about how to advise parents of children who are deaf or ... Hearing loss is more prevalent than diabetes mellitus, myelomeningocele, all pediatric cancers, and numerous other medical ... hard of hearing, or about the special considerations needed in the care of children... ... encoded search term (Hearing Impairment) and Hearing Impairment What to Read Next on Medscape ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/994159-medication

... discuss the Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) 1-3-6 plan and efforts to understand barriers to reporting and ... Recommended Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) benchmarks include screening all infants for hearing loss before 1 ... 2. More than 1 in 4 US infants who do not pass their newborn hearing screen are lost to follow-up or lost to documentation ... 1. The EHDI 1-3-6 plan is crucial to reducing long-term impacts of early hearing loss on developmental outcomes. Healthcare ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/995522

The second was a multi-year occupational hearing loss study which conducted a survey of individuals with hearing loss claims ... Executive summary of study of noise and hearing loss among construction apprentices ... The first was a five year study of noise and hearing loss among construction apprentices. ... study designed to increase hearing protection use in construction workers. The reports below describe the results of two ...

http://depts.washington.edu/occnoise/reports.html

Gene therapy reduces hearing loss associated with Norrie disease in mice An international team led by researchers at UCL and ... Hearing the sound of a newborns wail can trigger the release of oxytocin, a brain chemical that controls breast milk release ... Cholesterol loss in inner ear linked to age-related hearing loss Researchers led by María Eugenia Gomez-Casati, the Institute ... Hearing impairment may cause difficulties in social interactions, but new research indicates that social struggles experienced ...

https://www.news-medical.net/?tag=/Hearing

No or unknown hearing problem 338 1b HEARING RIGHT EAR 2,380 1. Good 4,297 2. Little trouble 1,846 3. Lot of trouble 613 4. ... No or unknown hearing problem 339 2a-d GALLAUDET HEARING SCALE SCORE 2,123 1. Can understand whisper 4,142 2. Can understand ... DOES PERSON HAVE A HEARING PROBLEM 9,344 1. Yes 106,702 2. No 3,585 9. Unknown 337 1a HEARING LEFT EAR 1,980 1. Good 4,557 2. ... No or unknown hearing problem or under 3 years of age Tape Positions 342-346 Tape Locations Item No. Frequency Items and Codes ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/sci_data/surveys/nhis/type_txt/hearx90.asp

... A new Israeli gadget allows users to quietly watch TV when they need to, without ... and the ability to control the volume could help those with hearing difficulties. ...

https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4622898,00.html

Inform the genetic counseling of an individual with genetic hearing loss and their family members. ... Goal 5: Review the management of genetic hearing loss. Goal 6: Inform the genetic counseling of an individual with genetic ... Goal 3: Review the differential diagnosis of genetic hearing loss. Goal 4: Explain the evaluation strategy to identify the ... Goal 1: Describe the audiometric and clinical aspects of genetic hearing loss. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301607/

Barack Obamas nominee to lead the Social Security Administration appeared to evaporate Thursday at a confirmation hearing that ... The hearing was sharply different in tone from the one Colvins predecessor experienced seven years ago. Astrue was nominated ... Carolyn W. Colvins hearing before the Senate Finance Committee - which took place hours ahead of a scheduled monthlong recess ... Most of those issues have been the focus of separate and occasionally combative hearings in recent weeks, but there was little ...

https://www.baltimoresun.com/politics/bs-md-colvin-confirmation-20140731-story.html

Questioning at Supreme Court nominee Samuel Alitos confirmation hearing offers entertainment as chairman, Sen. Kennedy spar ... At the top of the hearing, Leahy told Alito that, "a number of us have been troubled by what we see as inconsistencies in some ... Outside the hearing room, Vice President Dick Cheney also accused liberal groups of trying to undermine the nomination. ... Throughout the hearings, some Republicans have taken exception to the notion that the abortion precedent could not be ...

https://www.foxnews.com/story/sparks-fly-at-alito-hearing

Michigan Office of Administrative Hearings and Rules. Go to Michigan Office of Administrative Hearings and Rules Michigan ... Hearing Aid Dealer , Licensing Resources for Veterans ... Find Panel, Public Hearing & Workgroup Information * Find a ...

https://www.michigan.gov/lara/about/veterans/prof-occ/hearing-aid-dealer

Hearing ability varies significantly from person to person. It tends to decline with age, especially the hearing of higher ... This results in what doctors call "mixed hearing loss.". A doctor may also refer to hearing loss as bilateral, affecting both ... Presbycusis: This refers to natural hearing loss due to aging, and it is the most common cause of sensorineural hearing loss. ... In this article, we explore the anatomy of the ear, describe how hearing works, and investigate common causes of hearing loss. ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321179

Tuttobiciweb has reported that Torri will commence hearing evidence relating to the riders positive doping test on December 14 ... The Italian Olympic Committee (CONI) anti-doping prosecutor, Ettore Torri, has decided that Leonardo Piepolis hearing will ...

https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/piepoli-hearing-next-week/

Collins called the hearing a waste of time because Pelosi already called for articles of impeachment. "The speaker undercut you ... Seven hours after the hearing started, Collins swigged a Red Bull energy drink from the dais. Eight and a half hours in, only ... No other hearings have been scheduled. Democrats are expected to formally pass the impeachment resolution through committee ... Republican members repeatedly pressed Nadler about why he had not scheduled a hearing for them to call their own witnesses as ...

https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-12-09/judiciary-hearing-impeachment-charges

Commerce and Consumer Protection held a hearing on H.R. 107, also known as the Digital Media Consumers Rights Act (DMCRA). ... This is the first time a DMCA reform bill has made it to the hearing stage. Its success is a testament to the efforts of the ... EFF staff attorney Fred von Lohmann attended the hearing and reported that news from the Capitol is promising. "As of today, ... Commerce and Consumer Protection held a hearing on H.R. 107, also known as the Digital Media Consumers Rights Act (DMCRA). ...

https://www.eff.org/ar/press/archives/2004/05/12-0

During the hearing, Chapman expressed remorse for the murder,explained that he was "young and stupid" at the time of the ... Lennon Killers Parole Hearing Transcript. * Lennon Killers Parole Hearing Transcript. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/file/ ... What follows are excerpts from the just-released transcript of Mark David Chapmans October 3 parole hearing at New Yorks ... Lennon Killers Parole Hearing Transcript. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/file/lennon-killers-parole-hearing-transcript-0 ...

http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/crime/lennon-killers-parole-hearing-transcript-0

In accordance with Chapter 26 of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Code, the hearing is also being conducted to allow the public the ...

https://www.txdot.gov/projects/hearings-meetings/houston/archive/092617.html

... hearing aids to listen and talk on your iPhone, iPad, or Mac. ... Put your hearing device in pairing mode. If your hearing device ... Hearing device doesnt appear in Hearing Devices settings. *Make sure that your hearing device is compatible with your Apple ... Hearing device is dimmed in Hearing Devices settings. *Make sure that your hearing device is near your Apple device. ... then click Hearing Devices on the right to begin searching for your hearing device. (Hearing Devices appears only if your Mac ...

https://support.apple.com/en-hk/HT201466

Attorneys for Bill Cosby have again sought to delay hearings in a criminal case while the embattled comedian seeks to have the ... Cosby attorneys again seek hearing delay in criminal case. Cosbys attorneys on Tuesday asked the PA state Supreme Court to ... Comedian Bill Cosby arrives at the Montgomery County courthouse for pre-trial hearings in the sexual assault case against him ...

https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/cosby-attorneys-again-seek-hearing-delay-criminal-case-msna844166

People with mild to moderate hearing loss can now buy less expensive hearing aids online or in stores without a medical exam or ... Hearing linked to health. Kelley of the Hearing Loss Association says she hopes the availability of over-the-counter hearing ... people with mild to moderate hearing loss can buy a hearing aid without going through an intermediary, test their own hearing ... Who can use over-the-counter hearing aids?. The over-the-counter hearing aids are not for everyone. They are specifically ...

https://www.aarp.org/health/healthy-living/info-2022/fda-over-the-counter-hearing-aids.html

The Senate Judiciary Committee has postponed a scheduled hearing with former FBI Deputy Director Andrew McCabe on Tuesday after ... "For these reasons, we are unwilling to appear in person for the October 6 hearing; and for reasons of fairness, we are ... A fair and appropriate hearing of this kind - which is complex and contentious - simply cannot be conducted other than in ... The Senate Judiciary Committee has postponed a scheduled hearing with former FBI Deputy Director Andrew McCabe on Tuesday after ...

https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/04/politics/andrew-mccabe-hearing/index.html?utm_term=link&utm_content=2020-10-05T03%3A30%3A07&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twCNNp

... and other alternatives to hearing aids for dogs with hearing problems. ... Learn about innovations in dog hearing aids, the challenges with their development, and whether the can improve your pets ... Learn about innovations in dog hearing aids, the challenges with their development, and whether the can improve your pets ... Learn about how hearing aids for dogs work, which dogs are good candidates, ...

https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/dog-hearing-aids/

The RSA Inclusive Growth Commission will run four evidence hearings across the country during the course of its inquiry. The ... The roundtable will be followed by an Evidence Hearing which you are welcome to stay and observe from 2.30-5.30. Those giving ... The RSA Inclusive Growth Commission will run four evidence hearings across the country during the course of its inquiry. The ... The RSA Inclusive Growth Commission will run four evidence hearings across the country during the course of its inquiry. The ...

https://www.thersa.org/events/research-impact/2016/11/nottingham-evidence-hearing-igc

hard of hearing Clinical Research Trial Listings on CenterWatch ... I am/have/hadhearing screening. added new label for I am/have/ ... Investigating Hearing Aid Frequency Response Curves 2 Internal research on the manufacturers hearing aid products has ... hearing. loss. and have been provided with partial restoration of hearing through cochlear ... by investigating if hearing rehabilitation based on UAud is non-inferior to hearing rehabilitation based on traditional ...

https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/listings/search/?q=hard+of+hearing&page=7

Absent persuasive reasons to the contrary, expert witnesses should be permitted to attend all hearings. (b) An attorney for a ... non-party witness may attend a hearing while that non-party witness is testifying. ... a) The parties and their representatives are entitled to attend all hearings. ... b) An attorney for a non-party witness may attend a hearing while that non-party witness is testifying. Unless otherwise ...

https://www.finra.org/rules-guidance/rulebooks/finra-rules/13602

Case management hearings It may be necessary for there to be a case management hearing at which the Regulatory Panel or ... LD: Procedures and guidance for licensing hearings - 3 - The hearing Last updated: 16 May 2022 ... 2 - Preparing for the hearing. Contents. * Introduction Ensuring that the Regulatory Panel or Director have all the information ... Licensing decisions: Procedures and guidance for licensing hearings. Guidance to assist Directors or the Regulatory Panel to ...

https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/guidance/licensing-decisions-procedures-and-guidance-for-licensing-hearings/ld-procedures-and-guidance-for-licensing-hearings-2-preparing-for-the

... hearing with two ears instead of one, how it impacts communication and daily life. ... How hearing works. Learn how hearing works, why we have two ears, and how hearing impacts daily life. ... Signs of hearing loss in adults. Dont ignore the signs of hearing loss. Know what to look for and understand what it means. ... Signs of hearing loss in children. If you think your child has hearing loss there are certain things you should look for. ...

https://www.cochlear.com/my/en/home/diagnosis-and-treatment/diagnosing-hearing-loss/how-hearing-works

Hearing Impairment. Keyboards & Mice. High Visibility Keyboards. Portable & Desktop Scanners. Powerpacks & Cables. Printers, ... and hard of hearing. We supply software for reading and writing; hardware for note-taking, ergonomic solutions, spelling and ...

https://www.dyslexic.com/product-tag/hearing/

Sudden deafness , also known as sudden sensorineural hearing loss, is an unexplained rapid loss of hearing. (nih.gov)
In some children with sensorineural hearing impairment, the part of the inner ear that provides information about balance and movement of the head is also damaged. (healthychildren.org)
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) occurs when the tiny hair cells (nerve endings) that detect sound in the inner ear are injured, diseased, do not work correctly, or have died. (nih.gov)
Sensorineural hearing loss in adults. (nih.gov)
Cochlear genetic sensorineural hearing loss. (medscape.com)
The aging process is a very common cause of sensorineural hearing loss. (ucsfhealth.org)
Some people have a combination of both sensorineural and conductive hearing loss. (ucsfhealth.org)
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Background Hearing aids continue to be the management of choice for many people with sensorineural hearing loss. (nih.gov)
Most forms of nonsyndromic hearing loss are described as sensorineural, which means they are associated with a permanent loss of hearing caused by damage to structures in the inner ear. (nih.gov)

Even without a family history of deafness, the cause is frequently genetic) Parents and other family members often are unaffected because each parent is only a carrier for a hearing-loss gene. (healthychildren.org)
NIH's National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) and the American Hearing Research Foundation. (nih.gov)
The term "deafness" is often used to describe severe-to-profound hearing loss. (nih.gov)
This FOA, issued by the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, encourages Exploratory/Developmental Research Grant (R21) applications from institutions/organizations to support research leading to accessible and affordable hearing health care (HHC). (nih.gov)

Susan Drummond joined the office as Deputy Hearing Examiner in 2021. (seattle.gov)
Patricia Cole re-joined the Office of Hearing Examiner on December 22, 2021, having previously served in this position from October 2007 to April 2016. (seattle.gov)
Francis Collins, M.D., Ph.D., Director of NIH, responds to Congressman Harder's question about NIH priorities for climate change and health during the May 25, 2021 House Appropriations Subcommittee Hearing. (nih.gov)

Cochlear implants are only used in people who have lost too much hearing to benefit from a hearing aid. (nih.gov)
In other cases, patients may benefit from hearing aids, assistive listening devices or cochlear implants. (ucsfhealth.org)
These include hearing aids, cochlear implants, and communication approaches. (nih.gov)

Guideline] Alford RL, Arnos KS, Fox M, et al, ACMG Working Group on Update of Genetics Evaluation Guidelines for the Etiologic Diagnosis of Congenital Hearing Loss, Professional Practice and Guidelines Committee. (medscape.com)

Conductive hearing loss (CHL) occurs because of a mechanical problem in the outer or middle ear. (nih.gov)
Causes of conductive hearing loss can often be treated. (nih.gov)
Many forms of conductive hearing loss can be helped medically or surgically. (ucsfhealth.org)

Katbamna B, Crumpton T, Patel DR. Hearing impairment in children. (medscape.com)

That's why, before baby goes home from the hospital after birth, they undergo a formal newborn hearing screening . (healthychildren.org)
Erenberg A, Lemons J, Sia C, Trunkel D, Ziring P. Newborn and infant hearing loss: detection and intervention. (medscape.com)
Task Force on Newborn and Infant Hearing, 1998- 1999. (medscape.com)
A multicenter evaluation of how many infants with permanent hearing loss pass a two-stage otoacoustic emissions/automated auditory brainstem response newborn hearing screening protocol. (medscape.com)
Newborn hearing screening in the NICU: profile of failed auditory brainstem response/passed otoacoustic emission. (medscape.com)
Universal newborn hearing screening: systematic review to update the 2001 US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. (medscape.com)
In many regions the COVID-19 pandemic interrupted the delivery of healthcare services in 2020, including newborn hearing screening and follow-up diagnostic and intervention services. (cdc.gov)
That's why every newborn has a hearing screening test before leaving the hospital. (kidshealth.org)
Hospitals use OAE for newborn hearing screening. (kidshealth.org)

If an impairment is detected, your child may be referred to an audiologist (hearing specialist), and/or an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) doctor ( otolaryngologist ). (healthychildren.org)
You should see someone trained to do hearing screenings, like an audiologist, nurse, or teacher. (asha.org)
You should see an audiologist for a hearing evaluation. (asha.org)
Hearing is checked by a hearing specialist called an audiologist . (kidshealth.org)

Joint Committee on Infant Hearing, American Academy of Audiology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, and Directors of Speech and Hearing Programs in State Health and Welfare Agencies. (medscape.com)
Click the Pay Online button below, then choose the "Audiology Payment" (hearing) or "Speech Payment" icon. (wichita.edu)

American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guideline for the clinical evaluation and etiologic diagnosis of hearing loss. (medscape.com)
Number of infants in maternal age-specific category (e.g., 15-19 years) receiving hearing screening/evaluated for diagnosis/enrolled in early intervention. (cdc.gov)
College Graduate or higher) receiving hearing screening/evaluated for diagnosis/enrolled in early intervention. (cdc.gov)

However, at any time during your child's life, if you or your pediatrician suspect that they have a hearing impairment, insist that a formal hearing evaluation be performed promptly. (healthychildren.org)
If you're wondeirng if you need to have your hearing or your child's hearing tested, there are questions and considerations that can help you find out. (asha.org)
That's why it's important to get your child's hearing screened at birth and checked regularly. (kidshealth.org)
Tell your child's doctor if you are concerned about a hearing problem. (kidshealth.org)
Doctors can tell a lot about a child's hearing based on how well this reflex works. (kidshealth.org)

Earwax or fluid buildup can also cause hearing loss by blocking sounds that are carried from the eardrum to the inner ear. (nih.gov)
A ruptured eardrum can also cause hearing loss. (nih.gov)

The hearings for the academic year 2022-2023 will take place on 22, 23 and 24 August 2023. (tudelft.nl)
Sarah Grant joined the Office of Hearing Examiner on March 30, 2023. (seattle.gov)
The first public hearing will took place on June 6, 2023 during the open session of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Advisory Committee meeting. (nih.gov)
The second public hearing took place on June 7, 2023 using the NHLBI DLD Director's Twitter account. (nih.gov)

However, hearing impairment at birth, or that develops in infants and toddlers, is of extra concern. (healthychildren.org)
As a result, infants born in 2020 and needing hearing screening and/or follow-up services may have experienced delays or had difficulties obtaining these services. (cdc.gov)
Most infants are screened for hearing loss before they leave the hospital. (nih.gov)
Learn more about infants and hearing loss . (nih.gov)

For example, there are some medicines that can cause hearing loss, but only in people who have certain mutations in their genes. (cdc.gov)
About 70% of all mutations causing hearing loss are non-syndromic. (cdc.gov)
About 30% of the mutations causing hearing loss are syndromic. (cdc.gov)
Clinical studies of families with hearing loss attributable to mutations in the connexin 26 gene (GJB2/DFNB1). (medscape.com)
Mutations in these genes contribute to hearing loss by interfering with critical steps in processing sound. (nih.gov)
Different mutations in the same gene can be associated with different types of hearing loss, and some genes are associated with both syndromic and nonsyndromic forms. (nih.gov)
Mutations in the GJB2 or GJB6 gene alter their respective connexin proteins, which changes the structure of gap junctions and may affect the function or survival of cells that are needed for hearing. (nih.gov)
The most common cause of moderate autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss is mutations in the STRC gene. (nih.gov)

Age-related hearing loss usually occurs in both ears, affecting them equally. (nih.gov)
Permanent hearing loss occurs when inner ear nerves become damaged and do not properly transmit their signals to the brain. (ucsfhealth.org)
In contrast, syndromic hearing loss occurs with signs and symptoms affecting other parts of the body. (nih.gov)
Hearing loss that occurs after the development of speech is classified as postlingual. (nih.gov)
It plays sounds and measures an "echo" response that occurs in ears with normal hearing. (nih.gov)

The NIDCD, NASA and the Department of Veterans Affairs agreed in 1995 to initiate a federal technology transfer program for hearing aids by developing partnerships among scientists, industry and Federal laboratories for commercialization of promising technologies for the benefit of individuals with hearing impairment. (nih.gov)
1995)‎. Children's hearing endangered. (who.int)

Mr. Vancil joined the office as Deputy Hearing Examiner in October of 2016. (seattle.gov)

Hearing loss is being partly or totally unable to hear sound in one or both ears. (nih.gov)
You have sudden, severe hearing loss or ringing in the ears (tinnitus). (nih.gov)
Hearing loss can affect one ear (unilateral) or both ears (bilateral). (nih.gov)
Between 2 and 3 per 1,000 children in the United States are born with detectable hearing loss in one or both ears. (nih.gov)

It can range from a mild loss, in which a person misses certain high-pitched sounds, to a total loss of hearing. (nih.gov)

The establishment of prevalence and incidence estimates of hearing loss within industries is made possible through surveillance. (cdc.gov)

A search of Federal laboratories for acoustic and electronic technologies that might improve hearing aids was completed in September, 1996 utilizing a NASA contract with Research Triangle Institute (RTI). (nih.gov)

Tinnitus is sometimes the first sign of hearing loss in older adults. (nih.gov)
These include hearing loss, tinnitus and vertigo. (medscape.com)

Our audiologists will find a solution for your hearing concerns that fits your lifestyle and budget. (wichita.edu)
At UCSF, our audiologists work closely with a variety of specialists to provide state-of-the-art evaluation and treatment for patients with any degree of hearing loss. (ucsfhealth.org)

Ryan Vancil was appointed as Hearing Examiner in March of 2018. (seattle.gov)

The identified technologies were reviewed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the most promising were selected for presentation by their developers at the NIDCD/NASA/VA Hearing Aid Improvement Conference: Facilitating Partnerships for Technology Transfer held on May 1 and 2, 1997 on the NIH campus in Bethesda, Maryland. (nih.gov)
This joint NIDCD/NASA Program Announcement is a solicitation for applications to support multidisciplinary collaborative research needed to transfer promising technologies into practical implementation of improvements in hearing aid performance. (nih.gov)

Age-related hearing loss , also called presbycusis, comes on gradually as a person grows older. (nih.gov)

This is the hearing nerve that leads from the ear to the brain. (kidshealth.org)
The electrodes measure the hearing nerve and brain's response to these sounds. (kidshealth.org)

About one-third of older adults have hearing loss, and the chance of developing hearing loss increases with age. (nih.gov)
Although hearing loss is very common among adults, particularly those over age 65, the condition is often under diagnosed in older people. (ucsfhealth.org)
Damage to hair cells or their stereocilia during life is permanent in mammals, so understanding the basic mechanisms underlying their development during early life holds the promise to unlock regeneration potential in adults and restore hearing following injury. (jax.org)

Angela Oberhansly joined the office of Hearing Examiner in June of 2019. (seattle.gov)

Syndromic Hearing Loss in Children. (nih.gov)

The difference between a hearing screening and a hearing evaluation can sometimes be confusing. (asha.org)
A hearing screening is a quick test that you will pass or fail. (asha.org)
Neonatal hearing screening: to do or not to do. (medscape.com)
Universal screening for hearing loss in newborns: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. (medscape.com)
If your baby doesn't have a screening before going home, or was born at home or a birthing center, get their hearing checked within the first 3 weeks of life. (kidshealth.org)
Not passing a hearing screening doesn't mean a baby has hearing loss, but it does mean that the baby should have a full hearing evaluation within 3 months. (kidshealth.org)
A baby that fails this screening will need a full hearing evaluation. (kidshealth.org)
If the screening shows that your baby may have hearing loss, you'll be referred for follow-up testing. (nih.gov)

A Design Public Hearing Webinar will be published on the MassDOT website to present the design for the proposed Bruce Freeman Rail Trail project in the Towns of Sudbury and Concord, MA. (mass.gov)
All statements and exhibits intended for inclusion in the public hearing webinar transcript must be postmarked/date stamped no later than ten (10) business days after the webinar is posted (July 30thfor this project) to the MassDOT website. (mass.gov)
To view the archived recording of the June 6th public hearing, click on the video below. (nih.gov)

normal hearing commonly returns once the congestion or infection gets better and the Eustachian tube (which connects the middle ear to the throat) drains the remaining fluid into the back of the throat. (healthychildren.org)
Less commonly, nonsyndromic hearing loss is described as conductive, meaning it results from changes in the middle ear. (nih.gov)

If your child experiences hearing impairment during infancy and early childhood, immediate attention is needed. (healthychildren.org)
Depending on the type, nonsyndromic hearing loss can become apparent at any time from infancy to old age. (nih.gov)

In some populations about 40% of newborns with a genetic hearing loss who do not have a syndrome, have a mutation in the GJB2 gene. (cdc.gov)

Even mild hearing loss in children can cause problems with speech, language, learning, and social skills. (kidshealth.org)

Ear infections caused by viruses and bacteria (also known as otitis media), a heart condition, stroke , brain injury, or a tumor may also affect your hearing. (nih.gov)
Most children experience mild hearing loss when fluid builds up in the middle ear from congestion, colds, or ear infections. (healthychildren.org)
Hearing loss can be related to conditions affecting the nerves of the ear or can accompany infections that produce congestion of the sinus is and Airways. (medicinenet.com)

The overarching emphasi s is on the acquisition of knowledge that can be rapidly translated into new or enhanced approaches for access, assessment or interventions with a goal to delivering better hearing health care outcomes. (nih.gov)

For some people with otosclerosis, the hearing loss may become severe. (ucsfhealth.org)
Hearing loss can be stable, or it may be progressive, becoming more severe as a person gets older. (nih.gov)

Hearing loss is a common problem caused by loud noise, aging, disease, and genetic variations. (nih.gov)
Noise from lawn mowers, snow blowers, or loud music can damage the inner ear and result in permanent hearing loss. (nih.gov)
You can prevent most noise-related hearing loss by turning down the sound on your devices, moving away from loud noise, or using earplugs or other ear protection. (nih.gov)
Occupational hearing loss (OHL) may occur when workers are exposed to loud noise and/or ototoxic chemicals such as heavy metals, organic solvents, and asphyxiants. (cdc.gov)
For instance, family members may complain that the person with hearing loss listens to the television or radio too loud and often ask them to repeat what they've just said. (ucsfhealth.org)
This reflex helps protect the ear against loud sounds, which can harm hearing. (kidshealth.org)
Degrees of hearing loss range from mild (difficulty understanding soft speech) to profound (inability to hear even very loud noises). (nih.gov)

Hearing aids, special training, certain medications, and surgery are some of the treatments that can help. (nih.gov)
Medicare does not cover the cost of hearing aids. (wichita.edu)
In most cases, the symptoms can be significantly minimized with hearing aids. (ucsfhealth.org)
Although hearing aids allow for improved hearing function in many situations, they provide limited benefit in noisy and other adverse listening environments. (nih.gov)
Various signal processing algorithms, technologies and microelectronics have been developed for security, military and space applications, yet many of these have not been applied to hearing aids. (nih.gov)

Much less common is the permanent kind of hearing impairment that always impacts normal speech and language development. (healthychildren.org)
Permanent hearing impairment varies from mild or partial to complete or total. (healthychildren.org)
Language ability after early detection of permanent childhood hearing impairment. (medscape.com)

Hearing loss can also result from taking certain medications that can damage the inner ear, sometimes permanently. (nih.gov)
This type of hearing impairment is caused by an abnormality of the inner ear or the nerves that carry sound messages from the inner ear to the brain. (healthychildren.org)
Or, if the birth parent had rubella (German measles), cytomegalovirus (CMV), toxoplasmosis, or another infectious illness that affects the inner ear during pregnancy, the fetus could have been infected and may lose hearing as a result. (healthychildren.org)
Sound waves, transmitted by the fluid in the inner ear, must deflect the motion sensors at exactly the right angle for proper hearing. (jax.org)
Investigates inner ear development, focusing on the role of cytoskeleton polarization in sensory function and hearing loss, with a goal to inform therapies for sensory cell regeneration. (jax.org)
Some forms of nonsyndromic hearing loss, particularly a type called DFNX2, involve changes in both the inner ear and the middle ear. (nih.gov)

It can lead to developmental challenges if not recognized and treated early, since normal hearing is needed to understand spoken language ⁠- and then, later, to produce clear speech. (healthychildren.org)
Even a temporary but significant hearing impairment during this time can make it very challenging for the child to learn spoken language or speech patterns. (healthychildren.org)
Directors of Speech and Hearing Programs in State Health and Welfare Agencies. (medscape.com)
Submit a Speech-Language-Hearing Clinic Request Information form . (wichita.edu)
Ready to make a payment for hearing or speech services? (wichita.edu)

Read and share this infographic about the six signs of hearing loss. (nih.gov)
If you pass, then you show no signs of hearing loss. (asha.org)
Nonsyndromic hearing loss is a partial or total loss of hearing that is not associated with other signs and symptoms. (nih.gov)

If you or someone you know experiences sudden hearing loss, visit a doctor immediately. (nih.gov)

This is usually mistaken for inattention or resistance, but could be the result of a partial hearing impairment. (healthychildren.org)

Genetic epidemiology of hearing impairment. (medscape.com)

This means that the person has other symptoms besides hearing loss. (cdc.gov)
You have other symptoms, such as ear pain , along with hearing problems. (nih.gov)

However, I don't think a hearing test affects our ability to judge the quality of playback equipment unless one has truly poor hearing. (stereophile.com)

some children have hearing loss in only one ear . (healthychildren.org)
Hearing loss in school-aged children. (nih.gov)
Children with hearing loss who get help early develop better language skills than those who don't. (nih.gov)
They specialize in testing and treating children with hearing loss. (nih.gov)

Your ability to hear the frequency extremes may be diminished (which is normal - also, there is a roll-off like Kal described even in individuals with perfect hearing), but your years of experience listening for minute differences gives you an advantage over someone like me, who is only just getting started in the world of auditioning. (stereophile.com)
The Municipal Code requires that the Deputy Hearing Examiner be an attorney with training and experience in administrative hearings. (seattle.gov)
She has served as a hearing examiner throughout the state and brings to the office over 20-years of experience in land use, real property, environmental and local government law. (seattle.gov)
By age 85, more than half of all people experience hearing loss. (nih.gov)

Scientists, representatives of hearing aid and hearing aid component manufacturers, and individuals from Federal laboratories attended the conference. (nih.gov)
The purpose of the conference was to initiate the development of partnerships among scientists, hearing aid or hearing aid component manufacturers and Federal laboratories to carry out research that will lead to the commercialization of the promising technologies. (nih.gov)

Now researchers at the University of Maryland and Johns Hopkins University have overturned conventional wisdom, showing the brains of adult mice can also be re-wired to compensate for a temporary vision loss by improving their hearing. (nih.gov)

It can accompany any type of hearing loss. (nih.gov)
This type of hearing loss often cannot be reversed. (nih.gov)

Each of these types of hearing loss includes multiple subtypes. (nih.gov)

Health conditions common in older people, such as diabetes or high blood pressure , can contribute to hearing loss. (nih.gov)

Some family doctors, pediatricians, and well-baby clinics can test for hearing loss or fluid in the middle ear. (healthychildren.org)
When this happens, doctors check to see if the cochlea (the organ of hearing, which creates the messages) is working properly. (kidshealth.org)
This helps doctors detect any hearing problems early and start treatment. (nih.gov)

Anatomy43

Organisms4

Diseases40

Chemicals and Drugs4

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment40

Psychiatry and Psychology24

Phenomena and Processes26

Disciplines and Occupations4

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena5

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Humanities1

Information Science12

Named Groups3

Health Care18

Geographicals1

Sensory perception: supernormal hearing in the blind? (1/1228)

Comparing in vitro, in situ, and in vivo experimental data in a three-dimensional model of mammalian cochlear mechanics. (2/1228)

Activation of Heschl's gyrus during auditory hallucinations. (3/1228)

Sequential cycles of high-dose chemotherapy with dose escalation of carboplatin with or without paclitaxel supported by G-CSF mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells: a phase I/II study in advanced ovarian cancer. (4/1228)

Assessment of hearing in 80 inbred strains of mice by ABR threshold analyses. (5/1228)

Intracellular responses of onset chopper neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus to tones: evidence for dual-component processing. (6/1228)

Supporting cells contribute to control of hearing sensitivity. (7/1228)

Tympanal hearing in the sarcophagid parasitoid fly Emblemasoma sp.: the biomechanics of directional hearing. (8/1228)

Hearing Loss

Hearing

Hearing Aids

Hearing Tests

Hearing Loss, Sensorineural

Hearing Disorders

Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced

Hearing Loss, Bilateral

Persons With Hearing Impairments

Audiometry

Hearing Loss, Conductive

Hearing Loss, High-Frequency

Audiometry, Pure-Tone

Correction of Hearing Impairment

Auditory Threshold

Deafness

Hearing Loss, Sudden

Hearing Loss, Unilateral

Noise, Occupational

Ear Protective Devices

Education of Hearing Disabled

Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem

Presbycusis

Cochlea

Noise

Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous

Hearing Loss, Central

Speech Perception

Audiometry, Evoked Response

Audiology

Acoustic Impedance Tests

Cochlear Implantation

Neonatal Screening

Ear, Inner

Acoustic Stimulation

Hearing Loss, Functional

Hair Cells, Auditory

Audiometry, Speech

Bone Conduction

Sign Language

Speech Intelligibility

Ear, Middle

Speech Reception Threshold Test

Auditory Perception

Organ of Corti

Music

Cochlear Nerve

Spiral Ganglion

Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer

Neuroma, Acoustic

Evoked Potentials, Auditory

Prosthesis Fitting

Tympanic Membrane

Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner

Ear

Speech Discrimination Tests

Hearing Loss, Mixed Conductive-Sensorineural

Sound Spectrography

Temporal Bone

Sound Localization

Labyrinth Diseases

Otoscopy

Perceptual Masking

Sound

Auditory Pathways

Hyperacusis

Vestibular Aqueduct

Psychoacoustics

Phonetics

Otologic Surgical Procedures

Cochlear Diseases

Connexins

Pedigree

MP3-Player

Stria Vascularis

Loudness Perception

Round Window, Ear

Language Development

Meniere Disease

Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases