Organized systems for providing comprehensive prepaid health care that have five basic attributes: (1) provide care in a defined geographic area; (2) provide or ensure delivery of an agreed-upon set of basic and supplemental health maintenance and treatment services; (3) provide care to a voluntarily enrolled group of persons; (4) require their enrollees to use the services of designated providers; and (5) receive reimbursement through a predetermined, fixed, periodic prepayment made by the enrollee without regard to the degree of services provided. (From Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988)
A partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity that enters into an arrangement for the provision of services with persons who are licensed to practice medicine, osteopathy, and dentistry, and with other care personnel. Under an IPA arrangement, licensed professional persons provide services through the entity in accordance with a mutually accepted compensation arrangement, while retaining their private practices. Services under the IPA are marketed through a prepaid health plan. (From Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988)
Method of charging whereby a physician or other practitioner bills for each encounter or service rendered. In addition to physicians, other health care professionals are reimbursed via this mechanism. Fee-for-service plans contrast with salary, per capita, and prepayment systems, where the payment does not change with the number of services actually used or if none are used. (From Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, 1976)
A method of payment for health services in which an individual or institutional provider is paid a fixed, per capita amount without regard to the actual number or nature of services provided to each patient.
Arrangements negotiated between a third-party payer (often a self-insured company or union trust fund) and a group of health-care providers (hospitals and physicians) who furnish services at lower than usual fees, and, in return, receive prompt payment and an expectation of an increased volume of patients.
The effort of two or more parties to secure the business of a third party by offering, usually under fair or equitable rules of business practice, the most favorable terms.
Health insurance plans intended to reduce unnecessary health care costs through a variety of mechanisms, including: economic incentives for physicians and patients to select less costly forms of care; programs for reviewing the medical necessity of specific services; increased beneficiary cost sharing; controls on inpatient admissions and lengths of stay; the establishment of cost-sharing incentives for outpatient surgery; selective contracting with health care providers; and the intensive management of high-cost health care cases. The programs may be provided in a variety of settings, such as HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS and PREFERRED PROVIDER ORGANIZATIONS.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "California" is a place, specifically a state on the western coast of the United States, and not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.
Economic sector concerned with the provision, distribution, and consumption of health care services and related products.
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
#### My apologies, but the term 'Washington' is not a medical concept or condition that has a defined meaning within the medical field. It refers to various concepts, primarily related to the U.S. state of Washington or the District of Columbia, where the nation's capital is located. If you have any questions about medical topics or conditions, please feel free to ask!
The integration of epidemiologic, sociological, economic, and other analytic sciences in the study of health services. Health services research is usually concerned with relationships between need, demand, supply, use, and outcome of health services. The aim of the research is evaluation, particularly in terms of structure, process, output, and outcome. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
The containment, regulation, or restraint of costs. Costs are said to be contained when the value of resources committed to an activity is not considered excessive. This determination is frequently subjective and dependent upon the specific geographic area of the activity being measured. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Adverse or favorable selection bias exhibited by insurers or enrollees resulting in disproportionate enrollment of certain groups of people.
Amounts charged to the patient as payer for medical services.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Oregon" is a geographical location and not a medical concept or condition. It is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer those!
The combining of administrative and organizational resources of two or more health care facilities.
The geographic area of the northwestern region of the United States. The states usually included in this region are Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming.
Health insurance plans for employees, and generally including their dependents, usually on a cost-sharing basis with the employer paying a percentage of the premium.
That portion of total HEALTH CARE COSTS borne by an individual's or group's employing organization.
The levels of excellence which characterize the health service or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality.
Federal program, created by Public Law 89-97, Title XVIII-Health Insurance for the Aged, a 1965 amendment to the Social Security Act, that provides health insurance benefits to persons over the age of 65 and others eligible for Social Security benefits. It consists of two separate but coordinated programs: hospital insurance (MEDICARE PART A) and supplementary medical insurance (MEDICARE PART B). (Hospital Administration Terminology, AHA, 2d ed and A Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, US House of Representatives, 1976)
Insurance providing coverage of medical, surgical, or hospital care in general or for which there is no specific heading.
The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures.
Care which provides integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community. (JAMA 1995;273(3):192)
Provisions of an insurance policy that require the insured to pay some portion of covered expenses. Several forms of sharing are in use, e.g., deductibles, coinsurance, and copayments. Cost sharing does not refer to or include amounts paid in premiums for the coverage. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
An organized group of three or more full-time physicians rendering services for a fixed prepayment.
The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population.
Statistical measures of utilization and other aspects of the provision of health care services including hospitalization and ambulatory care.
Application of marketing principles and techniques to maximize the use of health care resources.
Alternative health care delivery mechanisms, such as PREFERRED PROVIDER ORGANIZATIONS or other health insurance services or prepaid plans (other than HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS), that meet Medicare qualifications for a risk-sharing contract. (From Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988)
The Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997 establishes a Medicare+Choice program under part C of Title XVIII, Section 4001, of the Social Security Act. Under this program, an eligible individual may elect to receive Medicare benefits through enrollment in a Medicare+Choice plan. Beneficiaries may choose to use private pay options, establish medical savings accounts, use managed care plans, or join provider-sponsored plans.
Insurance providing benefits for the costs of care by a physician which can be comprehensive or limited to surgical expenses or for care provided only in the hospital. It is frequently called "regular medical expense" or "surgical expense".
An organized procedure carried out through committees to review admissions, duration of stay, professional services furnished, and to evaluate the medical necessity of those services and promote their most efficient use.
Federal program, created by Public Law 89-97, Title XIX, a 1965 amendment to the Social Security Act, administered by the states, that provides health care benefits to indigent and medically indigent persons.
The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (HEALTH CARE COSTS) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers.
Any system which allows payors to share some of the financial risk associated with a particular patient population with providers. Providers agree to adhere to fixed fee schedules in exchange for an increase in their payor base and a chance to benefit from cost containment measures. Common risk-sharing methods are prospective payment schedules (PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT SYSTEM), capitation (CAPITATION FEES), diagnosis-related fees (DIAGNOSIS-RELATED GROUPS), and pre-negotiated fees.
The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Israel" is a country in the Middle East and does not have a medical definition. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like me to define, I'd be happy to help!
The controlling of access to health services, usually by primary care providers; often used in managed care settings to reduce utilization of expensive services and reduce referrals. (From BIOETHICS Thesaurus, 1999)
Compensatory plans designed to motivate physicians in relation to patient referral, physician recruitment, and efficient use of the health facility.
Any group of three or more full-time physicians organized in a legally recognized entity for the provision of health care services, sharing space, equipment, personnel and records for both patient care and business management, and who have a predetermined arrangement for the distribution of income.
Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.
Economic aspects of the field of medicine, the medical profession, and health care. It includes the economic and financial impact of disease in general on the patient, the physician, society, or government.
Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility.
Review of claims by insurance companies to determine liability and amount of payment for various services. The review may also include determination of eligibility of the claimant or beneficiary or of the provider of the benefit; determination that the benefit is covered or not payable under another policy; or determination that the service was necessary and of reasonable cost and quality.
Organizations which are not operated for a profit and may be supported by endowments or private contributions.
Payments or services provided under stated circumstances under the terms of an insurance policy. In prepayment programs, benefits are the services the programs will provide at defined locations and to the extent needed.
The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from HEALTH EXPENDITURES, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Massachusetts" is a geographical location and not a medical term or concept. It is a state located in the northeastern region of the United States. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like me to define, please let me know!
Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.
Generally refers to the amount of protection available and the kind of loss which would be paid for under an insurance contract with an insurer. (Slee & Slee, Health Care Terms, 2d ed)
Services designed for HEALTH PROMOTION and prevention of disease.
State plans prepared by the State Health Planning and Development Agencies which are made up from plans submitted by the Health Systems Agencies and subject to review and revision by the Statewide Health Coordinating Council.
Cost-sharing mechanisms that provide for payment by the insured of some portion of covered expenses. Deductibles are the amounts paid by the insured under a health insurance contract before benefits become payable; coinsurance is the provision under which the insured pays part of the medical bill, usually according to a fixed percentage, when benefits become payable.
The amount that a health care institution or organization pays for its drugs. It is one component of the final price that is charged to the consumer (FEES, PHARMACEUTICAL or PRESCRIPTION FEES).
Hospitals owned and operated by a corporation or an individual that operate on a for-profit basis, also referred to as investor-owned hospitals.
Payment by a third-party payer in a sum equal to the amount expended by a health care provider or facility for health services rendered to an insured or program beneficiary. (From Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988)
The remuneration paid or benefits granted to an employee.
Research aimed at assessing the quality and effectiveness of health care as measured by the attainment of a specified end result or outcome. Measures include parameters such as improved health, lowered morbidity or mortality, and improvement of abnormal states (such as elevated blood pressure).
Amounts charged to the patient as payer for health care services.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Michigan" is not a medical concept or condition that has a defined meaning within the medical field. It refers to a state in the United States, and does not have a direct medical connotation.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Colorado" is a place, specifically a state in the United States, and does not have a medical definition. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help with those!
Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health.
Attitudes of personnel toward their patients, other professionals, toward the medical care system, etc.
Management of the internal organization of the hospital.
Absolute, comparative, or differential costs pertaining to services, institutions, resources, etc., or the analysis and study of these costs.
Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care.
Formal programs for assessing drug prescription against some standard. Drug utilization review may consider clinical appropriateness, cost effectiveness, and, in some cases, outcomes. Review is usually retrospective, but some analysis may be done before drugs are dispensed (as in computer systems which advise physicians when prescriptions are entered). Drug utilization review is mandated for Medicaid programs beginning in 1993.
Health services required by a population or community as well as the health services that the population or community is able and willing to pay for.
Reductions in all or any portion of the costs of providing goods or services. Savings may be incurred by the provider or the consumer.
A traditional term for all the activities which a physician or other health care professional normally performs to insure the coordination of the medical services required by a patient. It also, when used in connection with managed care, covers all the activities of evaluating the patient, planning treatment, referral, and follow-up so that care is continuous and comprehensive and payment for the care is obtained. (From Slee & Slee, Health Care Terms, 2nd ed)
Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system.
Patterns of practice related to diagnosis and treatment as especially influenced by cost of the service requested and provided.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Excessive, under or unnecessary utilization of health services by patients or physicians.
Organized services to provide health care for children.
An occupation limited in scope to a subsection of a broader field.
The art and science of studying, performing research on, preventing, diagnosing, and treating disease, as well as the maintenance of health.
whoa, buddy! I'm just a friendly AI and I don't have access to real-time databases or personal data, so I can't provide medical definitions or any other specific information about individuals, places, or things. But I can tell you that I couldn't find any recognized medical definition for "Wisconsin" - it's a state in the United States, not a medical term!
Individuals licensed to practice medicine.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
Processes or methods of reimbursement for services rendered or equipment.
Works about lists of drugs or collections of recipes, formulas, and prescriptions for the compounding of medicinal preparations. Formularies differ from PHARMACOPOEIAS in that they are less complete, lacking full descriptions of the drugs, their formulations, analytic composition, chemical properties, etc. In hospitals, formularies list all drugs commonly stocked in the hospital pharmacy.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.
Directions written for the obtaining and use of DRUGS.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Minnesota" is a state located in the Midwestern United States and not a term with a medical definition. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial.
Norms, criteria, standards, and other direct qualitative and quantitative measures used in determining the quality of health care.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
Innovation and improvement of the health care system by reappraisal, amendment of services, and removal of faults and abuses in providing and distributing health services to patients. It includes a re-alignment of health services and health insurance to maximum demographic elements (the unemployed, indigent, uninsured, elderly, inner cities, rural areas) with reference to coverage, hospitalization, pricing and cost containment, insurers' and employers' costs, pre-existing medical conditions, prescribed drugs, equipment, and services.
Customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction with a benefit or service received.
Community or individual involvement in the decision-making process.
A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
The state wherein the person is well adjusted.
Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.
Public attitudes toward health, disease, and the medical care system.
Activities and programs intended to assure or improve the quality of care in either a defined medical setting or a program. The concept includes the assessment or evaluation of the quality of care; identification of problems or shortcomings in the delivery of care; designing activities to overcome these deficiencies; and follow-up monitoring to ensure effectiveness of corrective steps.
Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses.
**I'm really sorry, but I can't fulfill your request.**
The state of the organism when it functions optimally without evidence of disease.
Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural.
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
The confinement of a patient in a hospital.
A specialized agency of the United Nations designed as a coordinating authority on international health work; its aim is to promote the attainment of the highest possible level of health by all peoples.
Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure.
A method of comparing the cost of a program with its expected benefits in dollars (or other currency). The benefit-to-cost ratio is a measure of total return expected per unit of money spent. This analysis generally excludes consideration of factors that are not measured ultimately in economic terms. Cost effectiveness compares alternative ways to achieve a specific set of results.
Personal satisfaction relative to the work situation.
Insurance providing for payment of services rendered by the pharmacist. Services include the preparation and distribution of medical products.
Planning for needed health and/or welfare services and facilities.
Those physicians who have completed the education requirements specified by the American Academy of Family Physicians.
A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.
The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.
The use of severity-of-illness measures, such as age, to estimate the risk (measurable or predictable chance of loss, injury or death) to which a patient is subject before receiving some health care intervention. This adjustment allows comparison of performance and quality across organizations, practitioners, and communities. (from JCAHO, Lexikon, 1994)
Studies in which a number of subjects are selected from all subjects in a defined population. Conclusions based on sample results may be attributed only to the population sampled.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
The concept pertaining to the health status of inhabitants of the world.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact.
The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs.
Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.
Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).
Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.
Radiographic examination of the breast.
Men and women working in the provision of health services, whether as individual practitioners or employees of health institutions and programs, whether or not professionally trained, and whether or not subject to public regulation. (From A Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, 1976)
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of immediate medical or surgical care to the emergency patient.
The utilization of drugs as reported in individual hospital studies, FDA studies, marketing, or consumption, etc. This includes drug stockpiling, and patient drug profiles.
Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends.
Conformity in fulfilling or following official, recognized, or institutional requirements, guidelines, recommendations, protocols, pathways, or other standards.
Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for assisting health care practitioners in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery.
A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable.
The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease.
A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.
A shared service which combines the purchasing power of individual organizations or facilities in order to obtain lower prices for equipment and supplies. (From Health Care Terms, 2nd ed)
Management of public health organizations or agencies.
Computer-based systems for input, storage, display, retrieval, and printing of information contained in a patient's medical record.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
Revenues or receipts accruing from business enterprise, labor, or invested capital.
Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.
The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment.
The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.
Variation in rates of disease occurrence and disabilities between population groups defined by socioeconomic characteristics such as age, ethnicity, economic resources, or gender and populations identified geographically or similar measures.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family.
Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Components of a national health care system which administer specific services, e.g., national health insurance.
A health care system which combines physicians, hospitals, and other medical services with a health plan to provide the complete spectrum of medical care for its customers. In a fully integrated system, the three key elements - physicians, hospital, and health plan membership - are in balance in terms of matching medical resources with the needs of purchasers and patients. (Coddington et al., Integrated Health Care: Reorganizing the Physician, Hospital and Health Plan Relationship, 1994, p7)
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Planning for the equitable allocation, apportionment, or distribution of available health resources.
Preferentially rated health-related activities or functions to be used in establishing health planning goals. This may refer specifically to PL93-641.
The activities and endeavors of the public health services in a community on any level.
Organized services to provide mental health care.
A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.
Diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive health services provided for individuals in the community.
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).

Use of out-of-plan services by Medicare members of HIP. (1/1026)

Use of out-of-plan services in 1972 by Medicare members of the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York (HIP) is examined in terms of the demographic and enrollment characteristics of out-of-plan users, types of services received outside the plan, and the relationship of out-of-plan to in-plan use. Users of services outside the plan tended to be more seriously ill and more frequently hospitalized than those receiving all of their services within the plan. The costs to the SSA of providing medical care to HIP enrollees are compared with analogous costs for non-HIP beneficiaries, and the implications for the organization and financing of health services for the aged are discussed.  (+info)

Hypertension, antihypertensive medication use, and risk of renal cell carcinoma. (2/1026)

To investigate whether diuretic medication use increases risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the authors conducted a case-control study of health maintenance organization members in western Washington State. Cases (n = 238) diagnosed between January 1980 and June 1995 were compared with controls (n = 616) selected from health maintenance organization membership files. The computerized health maintenance organization pharmacy database provided information on medications prescribed after March 1977. Additional exposure information was collected from medical records. For women, use of diuretics was associated with increased risk of RCC (odds ratio (OR) = 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-3.1), but the association was not independent of a diagnosis of hypertension (adjusted for hypertension, OR = 1.1, 95% CI 0.5-2.1). Similarly, nondiuretic antihypertensive use was associated with increased risk, but only when unadjusted for hypertension. For men, neither diuretic nor nondiuretic antihypertensive use was associated with risk of RCC. A diagnosis of hypertension was clearly associated with RCC risk for women (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.2-5.1), but not men (OR = 1.3, 95% CI 0.7-2.5). High systolic and diastolic blood pressures were associated with increased risk in both sexes. These results do not support the hypothesis that use of diuretic medication increases RCC risk; they are more consistent with an association between RCC and high blood pressure.  (+info)

The changing elderly population and future health care needs. (3/1026)

The impending growth of the elderly population requires both fiscal and substantive changes in Medicare and Medicaid that are responsive to cost issues and to changing patterns of need. More emphasis is required on chronic disease management, on meaningful integration between acute and long-term care services, and on improved coordination between Medicare and Medicaid initiatives. This paper reviews various trends, including the growth in managed-care approaches, experience with social health maintenance organizations and Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly demonstrations, and the need for a coherent long-term care policy. Such policies, however, transcend health care and require a broad range of community initiatives.  (+info)

Raising the bar: the use of performance guarantees by the Pacific Business Group on Health. (4/1026)

In 1996 the Pacific Business Group on Health (PBGH) negotiated more than two dozen performance guarantees with thirteen of California's largest health maintenance organizations (HMOs) on behalf the seventeen large employers in its Negotiating Alliance. The negotiations put more than $8 million at risk for meeting performance targets with the goal of improving the performance of all health plans. Nearly $2 million, or 23 percent of the premium at risk, was refunded to the PBGH by the HMOs for missed targets. The majority of plans met their targets for satisfaction with the health plan and physicians, as well as cesarean section, mammography, Pap smear, and prenatal care rates. However, eight of the thirteen plans missed their targets for childhood immunizations, refunding 86 percent of the premium at risk.  (+info)

Financial incentives and drug spending in managed care. (5/1026)

This study estimates the impact of patient financial incentives on the use and cost of prescription drugs in the context of differing physician payment mechanisms. A large data set was developed that covers persons in managed care who pay varying levels of cost sharing and whose physicians are compensated under two different models: independent practice association (IPA)-model and network-model health maintenance organizations (HMOs). Our results indicate that higher patient copayments for prescription drugs are associated with lower drug spending in IPA models (in which physicians are not at risk for drug costs) but have little effect in network models (in which physicians bear financial risk for all prescribing behavior).  (+info)

Waking the health plan giant: Group Health Cooperative stops counting sheep and starts counting key tobacco indicators. (6/1026)

Implementing a comprehensive approach to decreasing tobacco use in a large health plan requires hard work and commitment on the part of many individuals. We found that major organisational change can be accomplished and sustained. Keys to our success included our decision to remove access barriers to our cessation programmes (including cost); obtaining top leadership buy-in; identifying accountable individuals who owned responsibility for change; measuring key processes and outcomes; and finally keeping at it tenaciously through multiple cycles of improvement.  (+info)

Health maintenance organizations in developing countries: what can we expect? (7/1026)

Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) are a relatively new and alternative means of providing health care, combining a risk-sharing (insurance) function with health service provision. Their potential for lowering costs has attracted great interest in the USA and elsewhere, and has raised questions regarding their applicability to other settings. Little attention, however, has been given to critically reviewing the experience with HMOs in other countries, particularly concerning their introduction to settings other than the USA. This paper first reviews the current experience of HMOs in low- and middle-income countries, including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Uruguay, Chile and Indonesia. Secondly, the paper reviews the USA experience with HMOs: prerequisites for the establishment of HMOs in the USA are identified and discussed, followed by a review of the performance of HMOs in terms of cost containment, integration of care and quality of care for the elderly and poor. The analysis concludes that difficulties may arise when implementing HMOs in developing countries, and that potential adverse effects on the overall health care delivery system may occur. These should be avoided by careful analyses of a nation's health care system.  (+info)

The corporate practice of health care ... a panel discussion. (8/1026)

The pros and cons of treating health care as a profit-making business got a lively airing in Boston May 16, when the Harvard School of Public Health's "Second Conference on Strategic Alliances in the Evolving Health Care Market" presented what was billed as a "Socratic panel." The moderator was Charles R. Nesson, J.D., a Harvard Law School professor of 30 years' standing whose knack for guiding lively discussions is well known to viewers of such Public Broadcasting Service series as "The Constitution: That Delicate Balance. "As one panelist mentioned, Boston was an interesting place for this conversation. With a large and eminent medical establishment consisting mostly of traditionally not-for-profit institutions, the metropolis of the only state carried in 1972 by liberal Presidential candidate George McGovern is in one sense a skeptical holdout against the wave of aggressive investment capitalism that has been sweeping the health care industry since the 1994 failure of the Clinton health plan. In another sense, though, managed care-heavy Boston is an innovative crucible of change, just like its dominant HMO, the not-for-profit but merger-minded Harvard Pilgrim Health Care. Both of these facets of Beantown's health care psychology could be discerned in the comments heard during the panel discussion. With the permission of the Harvard School of Public Health--and asking due indulgence for the limitations of tape-recording technology in a room often buzzing with amateur comment--MANAGED CARE is pleased to present selections from the discussion in the hope that they will shed light on the business of health care.  (+info)

A Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) is a type of managed care organization (MCO) that provides comprehensive health care services to its members, typically for a fixed monthly premium. HMOs are characterized by a prepaid payment model and a focus on preventive care and early intervention to manage the health of their enrolled population.

In an HMO, members must choose a primary care physician (PCP) who acts as their first point of contact for medical care and coordinates all aspects of their healthcare needs within the HMO network. Specialist care is generally only covered if it is referred by the PCP, and members are typically required to obtain medical services from providers that are part of the HMO's network. This helps to keep costs down and ensures that care is coordinated and managed effectively.

HMOs may also offer additional benefits such as dental, vision, and mental health services, depending on the specific plan. However, members may face higher out-of-pocket costs if they choose to receive care outside of the HMO network. Overall, HMOs are designed to provide comprehensive healthcare coverage at a more affordable cost than traditional fee-for-service insurance plans.

An Independent Practice Association (IPA) is a type of legal and administrative structure in the US healthcare system. It is an association made up of independent physicians and other healthcare professionals who come together to coordinate healthcare delivery and negotiate contracts with health insurance plans, Medicare Advantage plans, and other managed care organizations.

In an IPA model, the participating providers maintain their independence and autonomy while benefiting from economies of scale, shared resources, and improved bargaining power. The IPA typically provides administrative services such as claims processing, utilization review, quality improvement, and practice management support to its members. By pooling resources and expertise, IPAs aim to enhance the quality of care, increase efficiency, and reduce healthcare costs for both providers and patients.

It is important to note that IPAs are not responsible for direct patient care but rather serve as intermediaries between healthcare providers and insurance networks.

Fee-for-service (FFS) plans are a type of medical reimbursement model in which healthcare providers are paid for each specific service or procedure they perform. In this system, the patient or their insurance company is charged separately for each appointment, test, or treatment, and the provider receives payment based on the number and type of services delivered.

FFS plans can be either traditional fee-for-service or modified fee-for-service. Traditional FFS plans offer providers more autonomy in setting their fees but may lead to higher healthcare costs due to potential overutilization of services. Modified FFS plans, on the other hand, involve pre-negotiated rates between insurance companies and healthcare providers, aiming to control costs while still allowing providers to be compensated for each service they deliver.

It is important to note that FFS plans can sometimes create financial incentives for healthcare providers to perform more tests or procedures than necessary, potentially leading to increased healthcare costs and potential overtreatment. As a result, alternative payment models like capitation, bundled payments, and value-based care have emerged as alternatives to address these concerns.

A capitation fee is a payment model in healthcare systems where physicians or other healthcare providers receive a set amount of money per patient assigned to their care, per period of time, whether or not that patient seeks care. This fee is intended to cover all the necessary medical services for that patient during that time frame. It is a type of risk-based payment model that encourages providers to manage resources efficiently and provide appropriate care to keep patients healthy and avoid unnecessary procedures or hospitalizations. The amount of the capitation fee can vary based on factors such as the patient's age, health status, and any specific healthcare needs they may have.

A Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) is a type of managed care plan in which the enrollee can choose to receive healthcare services from any provider within the network, without needing a referral from a primary care physician. The network includes hospitals, physicians, and other healthcare professionals who have agreed to provide services to the PPO's members at reduced rates.

In a PPO plan, members typically pay lower out-of-pocket costs when they use providers within the network, compared to using non-network providers. However, members still have some coverage for care received from non-network providers, although it is usually subject to higher cost-sharing requirements.

PPOs aim to provide more flexibility and choice to enrollees than other managed care plans, such as Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs), while also offering lower costs through negotiated rates with network providers.

Economic competition in the context of healthcare and medicine generally refers to the rivalry among healthcare providers, organizations, or pharmaceutical companies competing for patients, resources, market share, or funding. This competition can drive innovation, improve quality of care, and increase efficiency. However, it can also lead to cost-containment measures that may negatively impact patient care and safety.

In the pharmaceutical industry, economic competition exists between different companies developing and marketing similar drugs. This competition can result in lower prices for consumers and incentives for innovation, but it can also lead to unethical practices such as price gouging or misleading advertising.

Regulation and oversight are crucial to ensure that economic competition in healthcare and medicine promotes the well-being of patients and the public while discouraging harmful practices.

Managed care programs are a type of health insurance plan that aims to control healthcare costs and improve the quality of care by managing the utilization of healthcare services. They do this by using a network of healthcare providers who have agreed to provide services at reduced rates, and by implementing various strategies such as utilization review, case management, and preventive care.

In managed care programs, there is usually a primary care physician (PCP) who acts as the patient's main doctor and coordinates their care within the network of providers. Patients may need a referral from their PCP to see specialists or access certain services. Managed care programs can take various forms, including Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs), Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs), Point-of-Service (POS) plans, and Exclusive Provider Organizations (EPOs).

The goal of managed care programs is to provide cost-effective healthcare services while maintaining or improving the quality of care. They can help patients save money on healthcare costs by providing coverage for a range of services at lower rates than traditional fee-for-service plans, but they may also limit patient choice and require prior authorization for certain procedures or treatments.

"California" is a geographical location and does not have a medical definition. It is a state located on the west coast of the United States, known for its diverse landscape including mountains, beaches, and forests. However, in some contexts, "California" may refer to certain medical conditions or situations that are associated with the state, such as:

* California encephalitis: a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes that is common in California and other western states.
* California king snake: a non-venomous snake species found in California and other parts of the southwestern United States, which can bite and cause allergic reactions in some people.
* California roll: a type of sushi roll that originated in California and is made with avocado, cucumber, and crab meat, which may pose an allergy risk for some individuals.

It's important to note that these uses of "California" are not medical definitions per se, but rather descriptive terms that refer to specific conditions or situations associated with the state.

The Health Care Sector is a segment of the economy that includes companies and organizations that provide goods and services to treat patients with medical conditions, as well as those that work to maintain people's health through preventative care and health education. This sector includes hospitals, clinics, physician practices, dental practices, pharmacies, home health care agencies, nursing homes, laboratories, and medical device manufacturers, among others.

The Health Care Sector is often broken down into several subsectors, including:

1. Providers of healthcare services, such as hospitals, clinics, and physician practices.
2. Payers of healthcare costs, such as insurance companies and government agencies like Medicare and Medicaid.
3. Manufacturers of healthcare products, such as medical devices, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology products.
4. Distributors of healthcare products, such as wholesalers and pharmacy benefit managers.
5. Providers of healthcare information technology, such as electronic health record systems and telemedicine platforms.

The Health Care Sector is a significant contributor to the economy in many countries, providing employment opportunities and contributing to economic growth. However, it also faces significant challenges, including rising costs, an aging population, and increasing demands for access to high-quality care.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Washington" is not a medical term. It is a place name, referring to the U.S. state of Washington or the city of Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those for you!

Health services research (HSR) is a multidisciplinary field of scientific investigation that studies how social factors, financing systems, organizational structures and processes, health technologies, and personal behaviors affect access to healthcare, the quality and cost of care, and ultimately, our health and well-being. The goal of HSR is to inform policy and practice, improve system performance, and enhance the health and well-being of individuals and communities. It involves the use of various research methods, including epidemiology, biostatistics, economics, sociology, management science, political science, and psychology, to answer questions about the healthcare system and how it can be improved.

Examples of HSR topics include:

* Evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions and technologies
* Studying patient-centered care and patient experiences with the healthcare system
* Examining healthcare workforce issues, such as shortages of primary care providers or the impact of nurse-to-patient ratios on patient outcomes
* Investigating the impact of health insurance design and financing systems on access to care and health disparities
* Analyzing the organization and delivery of healthcare services in different settings, such as hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities
* Identifying best practices for improving healthcare quality and safety, reducing medical errors, and eliminating wasteful or unnecessary care.

Cost control in a medical context refers to the strategies and practices employed by healthcare organizations to manage and reduce the costs associated with providing patient care while maintaining quality and safety. The goal is to optimize resource allocation, increase efficiency, and contain expenses without compromising the standard of care. This may involve measures such as:

1. Utilization management: Reviewing and monitoring the use of medical services, tests, and treatments to ensure they are necessary, appropriate, and evidence-based.
2. Case management: Coordinating patient care across various healthcare providers and settings to improve outcomes, reduce unnecessary duplication of services, and control costs.
3. Negotiating contracts with suppliers and vendors to secure favorable pricing for medical equipment, supplies, and pharmaceuticals.
4. Implementing evidence-based clinical guidelines and pathways to standardize care processes and reduce unwarranted variations in practice that can drive up costs.
5. Using technology such as electronic health records (EHRs) and telemedicine to streamline operations, improve communication, and reduce errors.
6. Investing in preventive care and wellness programs to keep patients healthy and reduce the need for costly interventions and hospitalizations.
7. Continuously monitoring and analyzing cost data to identify trends, opportunities for improvement, and areas of potential waste or inefficiency.

"Insurance Selection Bias" is not a widely recognized medical term. However, in the context of health services research and health economics, "selection bias" generally refers to the distortion of study results due to the non-random selection of individuals into different groups, such as treatment and control groups. In the context of health insurance, selection bias may occur when individuals who choose to enroll in a particular insurance plan have different characteristics (such as age, health status, or income) than those who do not enroll, leading to biased estimates of the plan's effectiveness or cost.

For example, if healthier individuals are more likely to choose a particular insurance plan because it has lower premiums, while sicker individuals are more likely to choose a different plan with more comprehensive coverage, then any comparison of health outcomes or costs between the two plans may be biased due to the differences in the health status of the enrollees.

Therefore, researchers must take steps to control for selection bias in their analyses, such as adjusting for confounding variables or using statistical methods like propensity score matching to create more comparable groups.

Medical fees are the charges for services provided by medical professionals and healthcare facilities. These fees can vary widely depending on the type of service, the provider, and the geographic location. They may include charges for office visits, procedures, surgeries, hospital stays, diagnostic tests, and prescribed medications. In some cases, medical fees may be covered in part or in full by health insurance, but in other cases patients may be responsible for paying these fees out of pocket. It is important for patients to understand the fees associated with their medical care and to ask questions about any charges that they do not understand.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oregon" is not a medical term or concept. It is a geographical location, being the name of a state in the United States, located in the Pacific Northwest region. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

A "health facility merger" is not explicitly defined in medical terminology. However, it generally refers to the process where two or more healthcare facilities combine their operations and resources to form a single, integrated entity. This can include hospitals, clinics, long-term care facilities, and other types of healthcare providers.

The goal of a health facility merger is often to improve operational efficiency, expand access to care, enhance the quality of care, and reduce costs for patients and payers. Mergers may also allow healthcare facilities to invest in new technologies, services, and infrastructure that might be difficult or impossible to do as standalone entities.

It's important to note that health facility mergers are subject to regulatory oversight and must meet certain requirements to ensure that they serve the public interest and do not result in anticompetitive practices. The specific regulations governing health facility mergers vary by jurisdiction, but typically include reviews by state and federal authorities to assess their potential impact on healthcare markets, quality of care, and patient access.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Northwestern United States" is not a term that has a medical definition. It generally refers to a geographical region in the US, consisting of states like Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and sometimes Montana and Wyoming. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

A Health Benefit Plan for Employees refers to a type of insurance policy that an employer provides to their employees as part of their benefits package. These plans are designed to help cover the costs of medical care and services for the employees and sometimes also for their dependents. The specific coverage and details of the plan can vary depending on the terms of the policy, but they typically include a range of benefits such as doctor visits, hospital stays, prescription medications, and preventative care. Employers may pay all or part of the premiums for these plans, and employees may also have the option to contribute to the cost of coverage. The goal of health benefit plans for employees is to help protect the financial well-being of workers by helping them manage the costs of medical care.

Employer health costs refer to the financial expenses incurred by employers for providing healthcare benefits to their employees. These costs can include premiums for group health insurance plans, payments towards self-insured health plans, and other out-of-pocket expenses related to employee healthcare. Employer health costs also encompass expenses related to workplace wellness programs, occupational health services, and any other initiatives aimed at improving the health and well-being of employees. These costs are a significant component of overall employee compensation packages and can have substantial impacts on both employer profitability and employee access to quality healthcare services.

Quality of health care is a term that refers to the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge. It encompasses various aspects such as:

1. Clinical effectiveness: The use of best available evidence to make decisions about prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care. This includes considering the benefits and harms of different options and making sure that the most effective interventions are used.
2. Safety: Preventing harm to patients and minimizing risks associated with healthcare. This involves identifying potential hazards, implementing measures to reduce errors, and learning from adverse events to improve systems and processes.
3. Patient-centeredness: Providing care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values. This includes ensuring that patients are fully informed about their condition and treatment options, involving them in decision-making, and providing emotional support throughout the care process.
4. Timeliness: Ensuring that healthcare services are delivered promptly and efficiently, without unnecessary delays. This includes coordinating care across different providers and settings to ensure continuity and avoid gaps in service.
5. Efficiency: Using resources wisely and avoiding waste, while still providing high-quality care. This involves considering the costs and benefits of different interventions, as well as ensuring that healthcare services are equitably distributed.
6. Equitability: Ensuring that all individuals have access to quality healthcare services, regardless of their socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, gender, age, or other factors. This includes addressing disparities in health outcomes and promoting fairness and justice in healthcare.

Overall, the quality of health care is a multidimensional concept that requires ongoing evaluation and improvement to ensure that patients receive the best possible care.

Medicare is a social insurance program in the United States, administered by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), that provides health insurance coverage to people who are aged 65 and over; or who have certain disabilities; or who have End-Stage Renal Disease (permanent kidney failure requiring dialysis or a transplant).

The program consists of four parts:

1. Hospital Insurance (Part A), which helps pay for inpatient care in hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, hospices, and home health care.
2. Medical Insurance (Part B), which helps pay for doctors' services, outpatient care, medical supplies, and preventive services.
3. Medicare Advantage Plans (Part C), which are private insurance plans that provide all of your Part A and Part B benefits, and may include additional benefits like dental, vision, and hearing coverage.
4. Prescription Drug Coverage (Part D), which helps pay for medications doctors prescribe for treatment.

Medicare is funded by payroll taxes, premiums paid by beneficiaries, and general revenue. Beneficiaries typically pay a monthly premium for Part B and Part D coverage, while Part A is generally free for those who have worked and paid Medicare taxes for at least 40 quarters.

Health Insurance is a type of insurance that covers the whole or a part of the risk of a person incurring medical expenses, spreading the risk over a large number of persons. By purchasing health insurance, insured individuals pay a premium to an insurance company, which then pools those funds with other policyholders' premiums to pay for the medical care costs of individuals who become ill or injured. The coverage can include hospitalization, medical procedures, prescription drugs, and preventive care, among other services. The goal of health insurance is to provide financial protection against unexpected medical expenses and to make healthcare services more affordable.

Health status is a term used to describe the overall condition of an individual's health, including physical, mental, and social well-being. It is often assessed through various measures such as medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and self-reported health assessments. Health status can be used to identify health disparities, track changes in population health over time, and evaluate the effectiveness of healthcare interventions.

Primary health care is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as:

"Essential health care that is based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford. It forms an integral part both of the country's health system, of which it is the central function and main focus, and of the overall social and economic development of the community. It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work, and constitutes the first element of a continuing health care process."

Primary health care includes a range of services such as preventive care, health promotion, curative care, rehabilitation, and palliative care. It is typically provided by a team of health professionals including doctors, nurses, midwives, pharmacists, and other community health workers. The goal of primary health care is to provide comprehensive, continuous, and coordinated care to individuals and families in a way that is accessible, affordable, and culturally sensitive.

Cost sharing in a medical or healthcare context refers to the portion of health care costs that are paid by the patient or health plan member, rather than by their insurance company. Cost sharing can take various forms, including deductibles, coinsurance, and copayments.

A deductible is the amount that a patient must pay out of pocket for medical services before their insurance coverage kicks in. For example, if a health plan has a $1,000 deductible, the patient must pay the first $1,000 of their medical expenses before their insurance starts covering costs.

Coinsurance is the percentage of medical costs that a patient is responsible for paying after they have met their deductible. For example, if a health plan has 20% coinsurance, the patient would pay 20% of the cost of medical services, and their insurance would cover the remaining 80%.

Copayments are fixed amounts that patients must pay for specific medical services, such as doctor visits or prescription medications. Copayments are typically paid at the time of service and do not count towards a patient's deductible.

Cost sharing is intended to encourage patients to be more cost-conscious in their use of healthcare services, as they have a financial incentive to seek out lower-cost options. However, high levels of cost sharing can also create barriers to accessing necessary medical care, particularly for low-income individuals and families.

A Group Practice, Prepaid is a type of healthcare delivery model where a group of healthcare professionals come together to form a legal entity and provide medical services on a prepaid basis. In this system, patients or enrollees pay a fixed periodic fee in advance, which covers their access to a range of medical services offered by the group practice.

The healthcare professionals in the group practice may include physicians, specialists, nurses, physician assistants, and other allied health professionals who collaborate to provide comprehensive care to their patients. This model allows for better coordination of care, improved patient outcomes, and cost savings through more efficient use of resources.

Prepaid group practices can take various forms, such as Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs), Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs), or Exclusive Provider Organizations (EPOs). These plans may have different levels of flexibility in terms of patient choice and provider reimbursement rates.

Overall, the goal of a Group Practice, Prepaid is to provide high-quality medical care while controlling costs through coordinated care, preventive services, and efficient resource utilization.

The "delivery of health care" refers to the process of providing medical services, treatments, and interventions to individuals in order to maintain, restore, or improve their health. This encompasses a wide range of activities, including:

1. Preventive care: Routine check-ups, screenings, immunizations, and counseling aimed at preventing illnesses or identifying them at an early stage.
2. Diagnostic services: Tests and procedures used to identify and understand medical conditions, such as laboratory tests, imaging studies, and biopsies.
3. Treatment interventions: Medical, surgical, or therapeutic treatments provided to manage acute or chronic health issues, including medications, surgeries, physical therapy, and psychotherapy.
4. Acute care services: Short-term medical interventions focused on addressing immediate health concerns, such as hospitalizations for infections, injuries, or complications from medical conditions.
5. Chronic care management: Long-term care and support provided to individuals with ongoing medical needs, such as those living with chronic diseases like diabetes, heart disease, or cancer.
6. Rehabilitation services: Programs designed to help patients recover from illnesses, injuries, or surgeries, focusing on restoring physical, cognitive, and emotional function.
7. End-of-life care: Palliative and hospice care provided to individuals facing terminal illnesses, with an emphasis on comfort, dignity, and quality of life.
8. Public health initiatives: Population-level interventions aimed at improving community health, such as disease prevention programs, health education campaigns, and environmental modifications.

The delivery of health care involves a complex network of healthcare professionals, institutions, and systems working together to ensure that patients receive the best possible care. This includes primary care physicians, specialists, nurses, allied health professionals, hospitals, clinics, long-term care facilities, and public health organizations. Effective communication, coordination, and collaboration among these stakeholders are essential for high-quality, patient-centered care.

Health care surveys are research tools used to systematically collect information from a population or sample regarding their experiences, perceptions, and knowledge of health services, health outcomes, and various other health-related topics. These surveys typically consist of standardized questionnaires that cover specific aspects of healthcare, such as access to care, quality of care, patient satisfaction, health disparities, and healthcare costs. The data gathered from health care surveys are used to inform policy decisions, improve healthcare delivery, identify best practices, allocate resources, and monitor the health status of populations. Health care surveys can be conducted through various modes, including in-person interviews, telephone interviews, mail-in questionnaires, or online platforms.

"Marketing of Health Services" refers to the application of marketing principles and strategies to promote, sell, and deliver health care services to individuals, families, or communities. This can include activities such as advertising, public relations, promotions, and sales to increase awareness and demand for health services, as well as researching and analyzing consumer needs and preferences to tailor health services to better meet those needs. The ultimate goal of marketing in health services is to improve access to and utilization of high-quality health care while maintaining ethical standards and ensuring patient satisfaction.

"Competitive medical plans" is not a standard term in the medical field. However, in the context of health insurance and healthcare policy, it generally refers to multiple health plan options that are available for individuals or employers to choose from, typically within a regulated marketplace or exchange. These plans compete with each other to offer the best coverage, benefits, and costs to attract customers. The goal of having competitive medical plans is to increase access to quality healthcare, promote competition among insurers, and drive down healthcare costs through choice and negotiation.

Medicare Part C, also known as Medicare Advantage, refers to a type of Medicare health plan offered by private insurance companies that are approved by Medicare. These plans combine the benefits of Original Medicare (Part A and Part B) and often include additional benefits such as vision, hearing, dental, and prescription drug coverage. They may also offer extra benefits like fitness programs or transportation to healthcare appointments.

Medicare Advantage plans must cover all of the services that Original Medicare covers, except for hospice care, which is still covered under Part A. These plans can have different out-of-pocket costs and rules for how you receive services than Original Medicare. For example, you may need to go to doctors, hospitals, or other healthcare providers that belong to the plan's network, except in emergency or urgent situations.

It is important to compare the costs, benefits, and restrictions of different Medicare Advantage plans before enrolling to ensure that you choose the one that best meets your healthcare needs and budget.

Physician services insurance refers to a type of health insurance coverage that helps pay for medically necessary services provided by licensed physicians. This can include office visits, hospital care, diagnostic tests, and treatments for injuries and illnesses. The specific services covered and the amount reimbursed will depend on the terms of the individual's insurance policy. Some policies may also have restrictions on which providers are considered in-network and covered under the plan. It is important to understand the details of one's coverage to know what is included and what out-of-pocket costs may be required.

Utilization review (UR) is a comprehensive process used by healthcare insurance companies to evaluate the medical necessity, appropriateness, and efficiency of the healthcare services and treatments that have been rendered, are currently being provided, or are being recommended for members. The primary goal of utilization review is to ensure that patients receive clinically necessary and cost-effective care while avoiding unnecessary or excessive treatments.

The utilization review process may involve various steps, including:

1. Preauthorization (also known as precertification): A prospective review to approve or deny coverage for specific services, procedures, or treatments before they are provided. This step helps ensure that the planned care aligns with evidence-based guidelines and medical necessity criteria.
2. Concurrent review: An ongoing evaluation of a patient's treatment during their hospital stay or course of therapy to determine if the services remain medically necessary and consistent with established clinical pathways.
3. Retrospective review: A retrospective analysis of healthcare services already provided to assess their medical necessity, appropriateness, and quality. This step may lead to adjustments in reimbursement or require the provider to justify the rendered services.

Utilization review is typically conducted by a team of healthcare professionals, including physicians, nurses, and case managers, who apply their clinical expertise and adhere to established criteria and guidelines. The process aims to promote high-quality care, reduce wasteful spending, and safeguard patients from potential harm caused by inappropriate or unnecessary treatments.

Medicaid is a joint federal-state program that provides health coverage for low-income individuals, including children, pregnant women, elderly adults, and people with disabilities. Eligibility, benefits, and administration vary by state, but the program is designed to ensure that low-income individuals have access to necessary medical services. Medicaid is funded jointly by the federal government and the states, and is administered by the states under broad federal guidelines.

Medicaid programs must cover certain mandatory benefits, such as inpatient and outpatient hospital services, laboratory and X-ray services, and physician services. States also have the option to provide additional benefits, such as dental care, vision services, and prescription drugs. In addition, many states have expanded their Medicaid programs to cover more low-income adults under the Affordable Care Act (ACA).

Medicaid is an important source of health coverage for millions of Americans, providing access to necessary medical care and helping to reduce financial burden for low-income individuals.

Health expenditures refer to the total amount of money spent on health services, goods, and resources in a given period. This can include expenses for preventive care, medical treatments, medications, long-term care, and administrative costs. Health expenditures can be made by individuals, corporations, insurance companies, or governments, and they can be measured at the national, regional, or household level.

Health expenditures are often used as an indicator of a country's investment in its healthcare system and can reflect the overall health status of a population. High levels of health expenditures may indicate a strong commitment to healthcare, but they can also place a significant burden on individuals, businesses, and governments. Understanding patterns and trends in health expenditures is important for policymakers, healthcare providers, and researchers who are working to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and accessibility of healthcare services.

"Financial Risk Sharing" in a medical context generally refers to the allocation of financial risk between parties involved in the provision, financing, or coverage of healthcare services. This can include arrangements such as capitation payments, where healthcare providers receive a set amount of money per patient enrolled in their care, regardless of the number of services provided; or reinsurance, where insurance companies share the risk of large claims with other insurers. The goal of financial risk sharing is to create incentives for efficient and cost-effective care while also protecting against unexpectedly high costs.

Health services accessibility refers to the degree to which individuals and populations are able to obtain needed health services in a timely manner. It includes factors such as physical access (e.g., distance, transportation), affordability (e.g., cost of services, insurance coverage), availability (e.g., supply of providers, hours of operation), and acceptability (e.g., cultural competence, language concordance).

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), accessibility is one of the key components of health system performance, along with responsiveness and fair financing. Improving accessibility to health services is essential for achieving universal health coverage and ensuring that everyone has access to quality healthcare without facing financial hardship. Factors that affect health services accessibility can vary widely between and within countries, and addressing these disparities requires a multifaceted approach that includes policy interventions, infrastructure development, and community engagement.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Israel" is not a medical term. It is a country located in the Middle East. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I would be happy to help!

"Gatekeeping" is a term used in the context of healthcare to describe the process by which healthcare professionals control access to certain services, treatments, or medications for their patients. This can involve evaluating whether a patient's condition meets specific criteria before approving referrals to specialists, prescribing certain medications, or ordering diagnostic tests.

The goal of gatekeeping is to ensure that patients receive appropriate and necessary care while avoiding unnecessary or redundant treatments that may not be medically indicated or could expose the patient to potential harm. However, it can also be perceived as a barrier to care if it results in delays or denials of needed services, particularly if the criteria for approval are overly restrictive or not well-communicated to patients.

Gatekeeping is often used in managed care organizations and health maintenance organizations (HMOs) to control costs and ensure that healthcare resources are used efficiently. However, it can also be a component of primary care practice more broadly, as primary care providers serve as the initial point of contact for many patients seeking medical care and can help coordinate their overall care plan.

Physician Incentive Plans (PIPs) are programs that provide financial rewards or incentives to physicians for achieving specific goals or targets related to the quality, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of the healthcare services they deliver. These plans are designed to align the financial interests of physicians with the objectives of improving patient care, reducing unnecessary healthcare costs, and promoting evidence-based medicine.

PIPs can be tied to a variety of performance metrics, such as:

1. Clinical outcomes: Physicians may receive incentives for achieving better patient outcomes, such as reduced readmissions, improved disease management, and higher patient satisfaction scores.
2. Process measures: Incentives can be linked to the adherence to evidence-based guidelines, best practices, and standardized care protocols.
3. Efficiency and cost reduction: Physicians may receive financial rewards for reducing unnecessary tests, procedures, and hospitalizations while maintaining high-quality care.
4. Practice transformation: PIPs can encourage physicians to adopt new technologies, participate in quality improvement initiatives, and engage in continuous learning and professional development activities.

It is important to note that PIPs should be designed carefully to avoid unintended consequences, such as overemphasis on financial incentives at the expense of patient care or cherry-picking healthier patients to improve performance metrics. Transparent communication, shared decision-making, and regular evaluation of the plans are crucial for ensuring their success and sustainability.

A group practice is a medical organization where multiple healthcare professionals, such as physicians, nurses, and allied health professionals, collaborate to provide comprehensive medical care for patients. These practitioners share resources, expenses, and responsibilities while maintaining their own individual practices within the group. The goal of a group practice is to enhance patient care through improved communication, coordination, and access to a wide range of medical services.

Data collection in the medical context refers to the systematic gathering of information relevant to a specific research question or clinical situation. This process involves identifying and recording data elements, such as demographic characteristics, medical history, physical examination findings, laboratory results, and imaging studies, from various sources including patient interviews, medical records, and diagnostic tests. The data collected is used to support clinical decision-making, inform research hypotheses, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. It is essential that data collection is performed in a standardized and unbiased manner to ensure the validity and reliability of the results.

Medical economics is a branch of economics that deals with the application of economic principles and concepts to issues related to health and healthcare. It involves the study of how medical care is produced, distributed, consumed, and financed, as well as the factors that influence these processes. The field encompasses various topics, including the behavior of healthcare providers and consumers, the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems, the impact of health policies on outcomes, and the allocation of resources within the healthcare sector. Medical economists may work in academia, government agencies, healthcare organizations, or consulting firms, contributing to research, policy analysis, and program evaluation.

Ambulatory care is a type of health care service in which patients are treated on an outpatient basis, meaning they do not stay overnight at the medical facility. This can include a wide range of services such as diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care for various medical conditions. The goal of ambulatory care is to provide high-quality medical care that is convenient, accessible, and cost-effective for patients.

Examples of ambulatory care settings include physician offices, community health centers, urgent care centers, outpatient surgery centers, and diagnostic imaging facilities. Patients who receive ambulatory care may have a variety of medical needs, such as routine checkups, chronic disease management, minor procedures, or same-day surgeries.

Overall, ambulatory care is an essential component of modern healthcare systems, providing patients with timely and convenient access to medical services without the need for hospitalization.

An insurance claim review is the process conducted by an insurance company to evaluate a claim made by a policyholder for coverage of a loss or expense. This evaluation typically involves examining the details of the claim, assessing the damages or injuries incurred, verifying the coverage provided by the policy, and determining the appropriate amount of benefits to be paid. The insurance claim review may also include investigating the circumstances surrounding the claim to ensure its validity and confirming that it complies with the terms and conditions of the insurance policy.

Nonprofit organizations in the medical context are private entities that operate on a nonprofit basis and are typically dedicated to furthering a particular social, healthcare-related, or advocacy mission. They are usually tax-exempt and rely on donations, grants, and sometimes membership fees to support their work. Examples of nonprofit organizations in the medical field include hospitals, clinics, research institutions, patient advocacy groups, and health-related foundations. Their primary goal is to provide services or conduct activities that benefit the community or a specific group, rather than generating profits for shareholders or owners.

Insurance benefits refer to the coverage, payments or services that a health insurance company provides to its policyholders based on the terms of their insurance plan. These benefits can include things like:

* Payment for all or a portion of medical services, such as doctor visits, hospital stays, and prescription medications
* Coverage for specific treatments or procedures, such as cancer treatment or surgery
* Reimbursement for out-of-pocket expenses, such as deductibles, coinsurance, and copayments
* Case management and care coordination services to help policyholders navigate the healthcare system and receive appropriate care.

The specific benefits provided will vary depending on the type of insurance plan and the level of coverage purchased by the policyholder. It is important for individuals to understand their insurance benefits and how they can access them in order to make informed decisions about their healthcare.

Health care costs refer to the expenses incurred for medical services, treatments, procedures, and products that are used to maintain or restore an individual's health. These costs can be categorized into several types:

1. Direct costs: These include payments made for doctor visits, hospital stays, medications, diagnostic tests, surgeries, and other medical treatments and services. Direct costs can be further divided into two subcategories:
* Out-of-pocket costs: Expenses paid directly by patients, such as co-payments, deductibles, coinsurance, and any uncovered medical services or products.
* Third-party payer costs: Expenses covered by insurance companies, government programs (like Medicare, Medicaid), or other entities that pay for health care services on behalf of patients.
2. Indirect costs: These are the expenses incurred as a result of illness or injury that indirectly impact an individual's ability to work and earn a living. Examples include lost productivity, absenteeism, reduced earning capacity, and disability benefits.
3. Non-medical costs: These are expenses related to caregiving, transportation, home modifications, assistive devices, and other non-medical services required for managing health conditions or disabilities.

Health care costs can vary significantly depending on factors such as the type of medical service, geographic location, insurance coverage, and individual health status. Understanding these costs is essential for patients, healthcare providers, policymakers, and researchers to make informed decisions about treatment options, resource allocation, and health system design.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Massachusetts" is not a medical term. It is the name of a state located in the northeastern region of the United States. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

Public health is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting human health through organized efforts of society." It focuses on improving the health and well-being of entire communities, populations, and societies, rather than individual patients. This is achieved through various strategies, including education, prevention, surveillance of diseases, and promotion of healthy behaviors and environments. Public health also addresses broader determinants of health, such as access to healthcare, housing, food, and income, which have a significant impact on the overall health of populations.

Insurance coverage, in the context of healthcare and medicine, refers to the financial protection provided by an insurance policy that covers all or a portion of the cost of medical services, treatments, and prescription drugs. The coverage is typically offered by health insurance companies, employers, or government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid.

The specific services and treatments covered by insurance, as well as the out-of-pocket costs borne by the insured individual, are determined by the terms of the insurance policy. These terms may include deductibles, copayments, coinsurance, and coverage limits or exclusions. The goal of insurance coverage is to help individuals manage the financial risks associated with healthcare expenses and ensure access to necessary medical services.

Preventive health services refer to measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries rather than curing them or treating their symptoms. These services include screenings, vaccinations, and counseling aimed at preventing or identifying illnesses in their earliest stages. Examples of preventive health services include:

1. Screenings for various types of cancer (e.g., breast, cervical, colorectal)
2. Vaccinations against infectious diseases (e.g., influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia, human papillomavirus)
3. Counseling on lifestyle modifications to reduce the risk of chronic diseases (e.g., smoking cessation, diet and exercise counseling, alcohol misuse screening and intervention)
4. Screenings for cardiovascular disease risk factors (e.g., cholesterol levels, blood pressure, body mass index)
5. Screenings for mental health conditions (e.g., depression)
6. Preventive medications (e.g., aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in certain individuals)

Preventive health services are an essential component of overall healthcare and play a critical role in improving health outcomes, reducing healthcare costs, and enhancing quality of life.

"State Health Plans" is a general term that refers to the healthcare coverage programs offered or managed by individual states in the United States. These plans can be divided into two main categories: Medicaid and state-based marketplaces.

1. **Medicaid**: This is a joint federal-state program that provides healthcare coverage to low-income individuals, families, and qualifying groups, such as pregnant women, children, elderly people, and people with disabilities. Each state administers its own Medicaid program within broad federal guidelines, and therefore, the benefits, eligibility criteria, and enrollment processes can vary from state to state.

2. **State-based Marketplaces (SBMs)**: These are online platforms where individuals and small businesses can compare and purchase health insurance plans that meet the standards set by the Affordable Care Act (ACA). SBMs operate in accordance with federal regulations, but individual states have the flexibility to design their own marketplace structure, manage their own enrollment process, and determine which insurers can participate.

It is important to note that state health plans are subject to change based on federal and state laws, regulations, and funding allocations. Therefore, it is always recommended to check the most recent and specific information from the relevant state agency or department.

A deductible is a specific amount of money that a patient must pay out of pocket before their health insurance starts covering the costs of medical services. For example, if a patient has a $1000 deductible, they must pay the first $1000 of their medical bills themselves before the insurance begins to cover the remaining costs. Deductibles are annual, meaning they reset every year.

Coinsurance is the percentage of costs for a covered medical service that a patient is responsible for paying after they have met their deductible. For example, if a patient has a 20% coinsurance rate, they will be responsible for paying 20% of the cost of each medical service, while their insurance covers the remaining 80%. Coinsurance rates vary depending on the health insurance plan and the specific medical service being provided.

"Drug costs" refer to the amount of money that must be paid to acquire and use a particular medication. These costs can include the following:

1. The actual purchase price of the drug, which may vary depending on factors such as the dosage form, strength, and quantity of the medication, as well as whether it is obtained through a retail pharmacy, mail-order service, or other distribution channel.
2. Any additional fees or charges associated with obtaining the drug, such as shipping and handling costs, insurance copayments or coinsurance amounts, and deductibles.
3. The cost of any necessary medical services or supplies that are required to administer the drug, such as syringes, needles, or alcohol swabs for injectable medications, or nebulizers for inhaled drugs.
4. The cost of monitoring and managing any potential side effects or complications associated with the use of the drug, which may include additional medical appointments, laboratory tests, or other diagnostic procedures.

It is important to note that drug costs can vary widely depending on a variety of factors, including the patient's insurance coverage, the pharmacy where the drug is obtained, and any discounts or rebates that may be available. Patients are encouraged to shop around for the best prices and to explore all available options for reducing their out-of-pocket costs, such as using generic medications or participating in manufacturer savings programs.

Proprietary hospitals, also known as private for-profit hospitals, are healthcare institutions that are owned and operated by a private company or individual with the primary goal of generating a profit. These hospitals are funded through patient fees, investments, and other sources of revenue. They are required to meet state and federal regulations regarding patient care and safety but may have more flexibility in making business decisions compared to non-profit or government-owned hospitals.

Health Insurance Reimbursement refers to the process of receiving payment from a health insurance company for medical expenses that you have already paid out of pocket. Here is a brief medical definition of each term:

1. Insurance: A contract, represented by a policy, in which an individual or entity receives financial protection or reimbursement against losses from an insurance company. The company pools clients' risks to make payments more affordable for the insured.
2. Health: Refers to the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
3. Reimbursement: The act of refunding or compensating a person for expenses incurred, especially those that have been previously paid by the individual and are now being paid back by an insurance company.

In the context of health insurance, reimbursement typically occurs when you receive medical care, pay the provider, and then submit a claim to your insurance company for reimbursement. The insurance company will review the claim, determine whether the services are covered under your policy, and calculate the amount they will reimburse you based on your plan's benefits and any applicable co-pays, deductibles, or coinsurance amounts. Once this process is complete, the insurance company will issue a payment to you to cover a portion or all of the costs you incurred for the medical services.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Salaries and Fringe Benefits" is not a medical term or concept.

Salaries and fringe benefits are terms used in the context of employment and compensation. A salary is the amount of money or other forms of compensation paid to an employee by an employer in return for work performed. It is usually expressed as a monthly or annual sum.

Fringe benefits, on the other hand, are additional benefits that employers may provide to their employees, such as health insurance, retirement plans, vacation and sick leave, and other perks. These benefits are offered in addition to the employee's regular salary or wages.

In a medical setting, healthcare professionals may receive salaries and fringe benefits as part of their employment compensation package, but the terms themselves do not have specific medical meanings.

Fees and charges in a medical context refer to the costs that patients are required to pay for healthcare services, treatments, or procedures. These may include:

1. Professional fees: The amount charged by healthcare professionals such as doctors, nurses, or therapists for their time, expertise, and services provided during consultations, examinations, or treatments.

2. Hospital charges: The costs associated with a patient's hospital stay, including room and board, nursing care, medications, and diagnostic tests.

3. Facility fees: Additional charges levied by hospitals, clinics, or ambulatory surgery centers to cover the overhead expenses of maintaining the facility and its equipment.

4. Procedure or treatment-specific fees: Costs directly related to specific medical procedures, surgeries, or treatments, such as anesthesia, radiology services, laboratory tests, or surgical supplies.

5. Ancillary fees: Additional costs for items like crutches, slings, or durable medical equipment that patients may need during their recovery process.

6. Insurance copayments, coinsurance, and deductibles: The portion of healthcare expenses that patients are responsible for paying based on their insurance policy terms.

It is essential for patients to understand the fees and charges associated with their medical care to make informed decisions about their treatment options and manage their healthcare costs effectively.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Michigan" is not a medical term or concept. It is a geographical location, referring to the state of Michigan in the United States. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

I believe you are looking for a medical condition or term related to the state of Colorado, but there is no specific medical definition for "Colorado." However, Colorado is known for its high altitude and lower oxygen levels, which can sometimes affect visitors who are not acclimated to the elevation. This can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and headaches, a condition sometimes referred to as "altitude sickness" or "mountain sickness." But again, this is not a medical definition for Colorado itself.

Health services refer to the delivery of healthcare services, including preventive, curative, and rehabilitative services. These services are typically provided by health professionals such as doctors, nurses, and allied health personnel in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, community health centers, and long-term care facilities. Health services may also include public health activities such as health education, surveillance, and health promotion programs aimed at improving the health of populations. The goal of health services is to promote and restore health, prevent disease and injury, and improve the quality of life for individuals and communities.

The "attitude of health personnel" refers to the overall disposition, behavior, and approach that healthcare professionals exhibit towards their patients or clients. This encompasses various aspects such as:

1. Interpersonal skills: The ability to communicate effectively, listen actively, and build rapport with patients.
2. Professionalism: Adherence to ethical principles, confidentiality, and maintaining a non-judgmental attitude.
3. Compassion and empathy: Showing genuine concern for the patient's well-being and understanding their feelings and experiences.
4. Cultural sensitivity: Respecting and acknowledging the cultural backgrounds, beliefs, and values of patients.
5. Competence: Demonstrating knowledge, skills, and expertise in providing healthcare services.
6. Collaboration: Working together with other healthcare professionals to ensure comprehensive care for the patient.
7. Patient-centeredness: Focusing on the individual needs, preferences, and goals of the patient in the decision-making process.
8. Commitment to continuous learning and improvement: Staying updated with the latest developments in the field and seeking opportunities to enhance one's skills and knowledge.

A positive attitude of health personnel contributes significantly to patient satisfaction, adherence to treatment plans, and overall healthcare outcomes.

Hospital administration is a field of study and profession that deals with the management and leadership of hospitals and other healthcare facilities. It involves overseeing various aspects such as finance, human resources, operations, strategic planning, policy development, patient care services, and quality improvement. The main goal of hospital administration is to ensure that the organization runs smoothly, efficiently, and effectively while meeting its mission, vision, and values. Hospital administrators work closely with medical staff, board members, patients, and other stakeholders to make informed decisions that promote high-quality care, patient safety, and organizational growth. They may hold various titles such as CEO, COO, CFO, Director of Nursing, or Department Manager, depending on the size and structure of the healthcare facility.

Costs refer to the total amount of resources, such as money, time, and labor, that are expended in the provision of a medical service or treatment. Costs can be categorized into direct costs, which include expenses directly related to patient care, such as medication, supplies, and personnel; and indirect costs, which include overhead expenses, such as rent, utilities, and administrative salaries.

Cost analysis is the process of estimating and evaluating the total cost of a medical service or treatment. This involves identifying and quantifying all direct and indirect costs associated with the provision of care, and analyzing how these costs may vary based on factors such as patient volume, resource utilization, and reimbursement rates.

Cost analysis is an important tool for healthcare organizations to understand the financial implications of their operations and make informed decisions about resource allocation, pricing strategies, and quality improvement initiatives. It can also help policymakers and payers evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different treatment options and develop evidence-based guidelines for clinical practice.

Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and to improve their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior change to include social and environmental interventions that can positively influence the health of individuals, communities, and populations. Health promotion involves engaging in a wide range of activities, such as advocacy, policy development, community organization, and education that aim to create supportive environments and personal skills that foster good health. It is based on principles of empowerment, participation, and social justice.

A Drug Utilization Review (DUR) is a systematic retrospective examination of a patient's current and past use of medications to identify medication-related problems, such as adverse drug reactions, interactions, inappropriate dosages, duplicate therapy, and noncompliance with the treatment plan. The goal of DUR is to optimize medication therapy, improve patient outcomes, reduce healthcare costs, and promote safe and effective use of medications.

DUR is typically conducted by pharmacists, physicians, or other healthcare professionals who review medication records, laboratory results, and clinical data to identify potential issues and make recommendations for changes in medication therapy. DUR may be performed manually or using automated software tools that can analyze large datasets of medication claims and electronic health records.

DUR is an important component of medication management programs in various settings, including hospitals, long-term care facilities, managed care organizations, and ambulatory care clinics. It helps ensure that patients receive the right medications at the right doses for the right indications, and reduces the risk of medication errors and adverse drug events.

Health services needs refer to the population's requirement for healthcare services based on their health status, disease prevalence, and clinical guidelines. These needs can be categorized into normative needs (based on expert opinions or clinical guidelines) and expressed needs (based on individuals' perceptions of their own healthcare needs).

On the other hand, health services demand refers to the quantity of healthcare services that consumers are willing and able to pay for, given their preferences, values, and financial resources. Demand is influenced by various factors such as price, income, education level, and cultural beliefs.

It's important to note that while needs represent a population's requirement for healthcare services, demand reflects the actual utilization of these services. Understanding both health services needs and demand is crucial in planning and delivering effective healthcare services that meet the population's requirements while ensuring efficient resource allocation.

Cost savings in a medical context generally refers to the reduction in expenses or resources expended in the delivery of healthcare services, treatments, or procedures. This can be achieved through various means such as implementing more efficient processes, utilizing less expensive treatment options when appropriate, preventing complications or readmissions, and negotiating better prices for drugs or supplies.

Cost savings can also result from comparative effectiveness research, which compares the relative benefits and harms of different medical interventions to help doctors and patients make informed decisions about which treatment is most appropriate and cost-effective for a given condition.

Ultimately, cost savings in healthcare aim to improve the overall value of care delivered by reducing unnecessary expenses while maintaining or improving quality outcomes for patients.

Case management is a collaborative process that involves the assessment, planning, facilitation, care coordination, evaluation, and advocacy for options and services to meet an individual's health needs through communication and available resources to promote patient safety, quality of care, and cost-effective outcomes. It is commonly used in healthcare settings such as hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities to ensure that patients receive appropriate and timely care while avoiding unnecessary duplication of services and managing costs.

The goal of case management is to help patients navigate the complex healthcare system, improve their health outcomes, and enhance their quality of life by coordinating all aspects of their care, including medical treatment, rehabilitation, social support, and community resources. Effective case management requires a team-based approach that involves the active participation of the patient, family members, healthcare providers, and other stakeholders in the decision-making process.

The specific duties and responsibilities of a case manager may vary depending on the setting and population served, but typically include:

1. Assessment: Conducting comprehensive assessments to identify the patient's medical, psychosocial, functional, and environmental needs.
2. Planning: Developing an individualized care plan that outlines the goals, interventions, and expected outcomes of the patient's care.
3. Facilitation: Coordinating and facilitating the delivery of services and resources to meet the patient's needs, including arranging for appointments, tests, procedures, and referrals to specialists or community agencies.
4. Care coordination: Ensuring that all members of the healthcare team are aware of the patient's care plan and providing ongoing communication and support to ensure continuity of care.
5. Evaluation: Monitoring the patient's progress towards their goals, adjusting the care plan as needed, and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions.
6. Advocacy: Advocating for the patient's rights and needs, including access to healthcare services, insurance coverage, and community resources.

Overall, case management is a critical component of high-quality healthcare that helps patients achieve their health goals while managing costs and improving their overall well-being.

Health policy refers to a set of decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific healthcare goals within a population. It is formulated by governmental and non-governmental organizations with the objective of providing guidance and direction for the management and delivery of healthcare services. Health policies address various aspects of healthcare, including access, financing, quality, and equity. They can be designed to promote health, prevent disease, and provide treatment and rehabilitation services to individuals who are sick or injured. Effective health policies require careful consideration of scientific evidence, ethical principles, and societal values to ensure that they meet the needs of the population while being fiscally responsible.

Physician's practice patterns refer to the individual habits and preferences of healthcare providers when it comes to making clinical decisions and managing patient care. These patterns can encompass various aspects, such as:

1. Diagnostic testing: The types and frequency of diagnostic tests ordered for patients with similar conditions.
2. Treatment modalities: The choice of treatment options, including medications, procedures, or referrals to specialists.
3. Patient communication: The way physicians communicate with their patients, including the amount and type of information shared, as well as the level of patient involvement in decision-making.
4. Follow-up care: The frequency and duration of follow-up appointments, as well as the monitoring of treatment effectiveness and potential side effects.
5. Resource utilization: The use of healthcare resources, such as hospitalizations, imaging studies, or specialist consultations, and the associated costs.

Physician practice patterns can be influenced by various factors, including medical training, clinical experience, personal beliefs, guidelines, and local availability of resources. Understanding these patterns is essential for evaluating the quality of care, identifying potential variations in care, and implementing strategies to improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Health services misuse is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, it generally refers to the inappropriate or unnecessary use of health services, resources, or treatments. This can include overutilization, underutilization, or incorrect utilization of healthcare services. Examples may include ordering unnecessary tests or procedures, using emergency department services for non-urgent conditions, or failing to seek timely and appropriate medical care when needed. Health services misuse can result in harm to patients, increased healthcare costs, and decreased efficiency in the delivery of healthcare services.

Child health services refer to a range of medical and supportive services designed to promote the physical, mental, and social well-being of children from birth up to adolescence. These services aim to prevent or identify health problems early, provide treatment and management for existing conditions, and support healthy growth and development.

Examples of child health services include:

1. Well-child visits: Regular checkups with a pediatrician or other healthcare provider to monitor growth, development, and overall health.
2. Immunizations: Vaccinations to protect against infectious diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, polio, and hepatitis B.
3. Screening tests: Blood tests, hearing and vision screenings, and other diagnostic tests to identify potential health issues early.
4. Developmental assessments: Evaluations of a child's cognitive, emotional, social, and physical development to ensure they are meeting age-appropriate milestones.
5. Dental care: Preventive dental services such as cleanings, fluoride treatments, and sealants, as well as restorative care for cavities or other dental problems.
6. Mental health services: Counseling, therapy, and medication management for children experiencing emotional or behavioral challenges.
7. Nutrition counseling: Education and support to help families make healthy food choices and promote good nutrition.
8. Chronic disease management: Coordinated care for children with ongoing medical conditions such as asthma, diabetes, or cerebral palsy.
9. Injury prevention: Programs that teach parents and children about safety measures to reduce the risk of accidents and injuries.
10. Public health initiatives: Community-based programs that promote healthy lifestyles, provide access to healthcare services, and address social determinants of health such as poverty, housing, and education.

In the context of medicine, specialization refers to the process or state of a physician, surgeon, or other healthcare professional acquiring and demonstrating expertise in a particular field or area of practice beyond their initial general training. This is usually achieved through additional years of education, training, and clinical experience in a specific medical discipline or subspecialty.

For instance, a doctor who has completed medical school and a general residency program may choose to specialize in cardiology, dermatology, neurology, orthopedics, psychiatry, or any other branch of medicine. After completing a specialized fellowship program and passing the relevant certification exams, they become certified as a specialist in that field, recognized by professional medical organizations such as the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) or the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC).

Specialization allows healthcare professionals to provide more focused, expert care for patients with specific conditions or needs. It also contributes to the development and advancement of medical knowledge and practice, as specialists often conduct research and contribute to the evidence base in their respective fields.

Medicine is a branch of healthcare that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury, and illness. It encompasses a variety of health profession practices, including but not limited to, the services provided by physicians, nurses, pharmacists, dentists, and allied health professionals.

Medicine can also refer to the substances or compounds used in the treatment and prevention of disease, often referred to as medications or drugs. These substances can be administered in various forms, such as oral (pills, liquids), topical (creams, ointments), injectable (shots, IVs), or inhaled (aerosols, nebulizers).

Overall, medicine is a multidisciplinary field that combines scientific research, clinical expertise, and patient values to promote health, prevent disease, and provide treatment for individuals and communities.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Wisconsin" is a U.S. state located in the Midwest and is not a medical term or condition. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help with those!

A physician is a healthcare professional who practices medicine, providing medical care and treatment to patients. Physicians may specialize in various fields of medicine, such as internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry, or radiology, among others. They are responsible for diagnosing and treating illnesses, injuries, and disorders; prescribing medications; ordering and interpreting diagnostic tests; providing counseling and education to patients; and collaborating with other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care. Physicians may work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, private practices, and academic medical centers. To become a physician, one must complete a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degree program and pass licensing exams to practice medicine in their state.

Logistic models, specifically logistic regression models, are a type of statistical analysis used in medical and epidemiological research to identify the relationship between the risk of a certain health outcome or disease (dependent variable) and one or more independent variables, such as demographic factors, exposure variables, or other clinical measurements.

In contrast to linear regression models, logistic regression models are used when the dependent variable is binary or dichotomous in nature, meaning it can only take on two values, such as "disease present" or "disease absent." The model uses a logistic function to estimate the probability of the outcome based on the independent variables.

Logistic regression models are useful for identifying risk factors and estimating the strength of associations between exposures and health outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders, and predicting the probability of an outcome given certain values of the independent variables. They can also be used to develop clinical prediction rules or scores that can aid in decision-making and patient care.

Reimbursement mechanisms in a medical context refer to the various systems and methods used by health insurance companies, government agencies, or other payers to refund or recompense healthcare providers, institutions, or patients for the costs associated with medical services, treatments, or products. These mechanisms ensure that covered individuals receive necessary medical care while protecting payers from unnecessary expenses.

There are several types of reimbursement mechanisms, including:

1. Fee-for-service (FFS): In this model, healthcare providers are paid for each service or procedure they perform, with the payment typically based on a predetermined fee schedule. This can lead to overutilization and increased costs if providers perform unnecessary services to increase their reimbursement.
2. Capitation: Under capitation, healthcare providers receive a set amount of money per patient enrolled in their care for a specified period, regardless of the number or type of services provided. This encourages providers to manage resources efficiently and focus on preventive care to maintain patients' health and reduce overall costs.
3. Bundled payments: Also known as episode-based payment, this model involves paying a single price for all the services related to a specific medical event, treatment, or condition over a defined period. This encourages coordination among healthcare providers and can help eliminate unnecessary procedures and costs.
4. Resource-Based Relative Value Scale (RBRVS): RBRVS is a payment system that assigns relative value units (RVUs) to various medical services based on factors such as time, skill, and intensity required for the procedure. The RVUs are then converted into a monetary amount using a conversion factor. This system aims to create more equitable and consistent payments across different medical specialties and procedures.
5. Prospective payment systems (PPS): In PPS, healthcare providers receive predetermined fixed payments for specific services or conditions based on established diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) or other criteria. This system encourages efficiency in care delivery and can help control costs by setting limits on reimbursement amounts.
6. Pay-for-performance (P4P): P4P models tie a portion of healthcare providers' reimbursements to their performance on specific quality measures, such as patient satisfaction scores or adherence to evidence-based guidelines. This system aims to incentivize high-quality care and improve overall healthcare outcomes.
7. Shared savings/risk arrangements: In these models, healthcare providers form accountable care organizations (ACOs) or other collaborative entities that assume responsibility for managing the total cost of care for a defined population. If they can deliver care at lower costs while maintaining quality standards, they share in the savings with payers. However, if costs exceed targets, they may be required to absorb some of the financial risk.

These various reimbursement models aim to balance the need for high-quality care with cost control and efficiency in healthcare delivery. By aligning incentives and promoting coordination among providers, these systems can help improve patient outcomes while reducing unnecessary costs and waste in the healthcare system.

A formulary is a list of prescription drugs, both generic and brand-name, that are approved for use in a specific health plan or healthcare system. The formulary includes information on the preferred drugs within each therapeutic class, along with any restrictions or limitations on their use. Formularies are developed and maintained by a committee of healthcare professionals, including pharmacists and physicians, who evaluate the safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of different medications.

The purpose of a formulary is to promote the appropriate use of medications, improve patient outcomes, and manage healthcare costs. By establishing a preferred list of drugs, health plans and healthcare systems can negotiate better prices with pharmaceutical manufacturers and ensure that patients receive high-quality, evidence-based care.

Formularies may include various types of medications, such as oral solid dosage forms, injectables, inhalants, topicals, and others. They are typically organized by therapeutic class, and each drug is assigned a tier based on its cost and clinical value. Tier 1 drugs are usually preferred generics or lower-cost brand-name medications, while Tier 2 drugs may be higher-cost brand-name medications that have no generic equivalent. Tier 3 drugs are typically specialty medications that are used to treat complex or rare conditions and are often associated with high costs.

Healthcare providers are encouraged to prescribe drugs that are listed on the formulary, as these medications have been thoroughly reviewed and deemed safe and effective for use in their patient population. However, there may be situations where a non-formulary medication is necessary to treat a particular patient's condition. In such cases, healthcare providers can request an exception or prior authorization to prescribe the non-formulary drug.

Formularies are regularly updated to reflect new drugs that come on the market, changes in clinical guidelines, and shifts in the therapeutic landscape. Health plans and healthcare systems may also modify their formularies in response to feedback from patients and providers or to address concerns about safety, efficacy, or cost.

In summary, a formulary is a comprehensive list of prescription drugs that are approved for use in a specific health plan or healthcare system. Formularies promote the appropriate use of medications, improve patient outcomes, and manage costs by encouraging the prescribing of safe and effective drugs that have been thoroughly reviewed and deemed appropriate for their patient population.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

Patient acceptance of health care refers to the willingness and ability of a patient to follow and engage in a recommended treatment plan or healthcare regimen. This involves understanding the proposed medical interventions, considering their potential benefits and risks, and making an informed decision to proceed with the recommended course of action.

The factors that influence patient acceptance can include:

1. Patient's understanding of their condition and treatment options
2. Trust in their healthcare provider
3. Personal beliefs and values related to health and illness
4. Cultural, linguistic, or socioeconomic barriers
5. Emotional responses to the diagnosis or proposed treatment
6. Practical considerations, such as cost, time commitment, or potential side effects

Healthcare providers play a crucial role in facilitating patient acceptance by clearly communicating information, addressing concerns and questions, and providing support throughout the decision-making process. Encouraging shared decision-making and tailoring care plans to individual patient needs and preferences can also enhance patient acceptance of health care.

A drug prescription is a written or electronic order provided by a licensed healthcare professional, such as a physician, dentist, or advanced practice nurse, to a pharmacist that authorizes the preparation and dispensing of a specific medication for a patient. The prescription typically includes important information such as the patient's name and date of birth, the name and strength of the medication, the dosage regimen, the duration of treatment, and any special instructions or precautions.

Prescriptions serve several purposes, including ensuring that patients receive the appropriate medication for their medical condition, preventing medication errors, and promoting safe and effective use of medications. They also provide a legal record of the medical provider's authorization for the pharmacist to dispense the medication to the patient.

There are two main types of prescriptions: written prescriptions and electronic prescriptions. Written prescriptions are handwritten or printed on paper, while electronic prescriptions are transmitted electronically from the medical provider to the pharmacy. Electronic prescriptions are becoming increasingly common due to their convenience, accuracy, and security.

It is important for patients to follow the instructions provided on their prescription carefully and to ask their healthcare provider or pharmacist any questions they may have about their medication. Failure to follow a drug prescription can result in improper use of the medication, which can lead to adverse effects, treatment failure, or even life-threatening situations.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Minnesota" is not a medical term or concept. It is a state located in the Midwestern United States, known for its cold winters, beautiful lakes, and friendly people. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help!

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

Patient satisfaction is a concept in healthcare quality measurement that reflects the patient's perspective and evaluates their experience with the healthcare services they have received. It is a multidimensional construct that includes various aspects such as interpersonal mannerisms of healthcare providers, technical competence, accessibility, timeliness, comfort, and communication.

Patient satisfaction is typically measured through standardized surveys or questionnaires that ask patients to rate their experiences on various aspects of care. The results are often used to assess the quality of care provided by healthcare organizations, identify areas for improvement, and inform policy decisions. However, it's important to note that patient satisfaction is just one aspect of healthcare quality and should be considered alongside other measures such as clinical outcomes and patient safety.

Healthcare Quality Indicators (QIs) are measurable elements that can be used to assess the quality of healthcare services and outcomes. They are often based on evidence-based practices and guidelines, and are designed to help healthcare providers monitor and improve the quality of care they deliver to their patients. QIs may focus on various aspects of healthcare, such as patient safety, clinical effectiveness, patient-centeredness, timeliness, and efficiency. Examples of QIs include measures such as rates of hospital-acquired infections, adherence to recommended treatments for specific conditions, and patient satisfaction scores. By tracking these indicators over time, healthcare organizations can identify areas where they need to improve, make changes to their processes and practices, and ultimately provide better care to their patients.

Socioeconomic factors are a range of interconnected conditions and influences that affect the opportunities and resources a person or group has to maintain and improve their health and well-being. These factors include:

1. Economic stability: This includes employment status, job security, income level, and poverty status. Lower income and lack of employment are associated with poorer health outcomes.
2. Education: Higher levels of education are generally associated with better health outcomes. Education can affect a person's ability to access and understand health information, as well as their ability to navigate the healthcare system.
3. Social and community context: This includes factors such as social support networks, discrimination, and community safety. Strong social supports and positive community connections are associated with better health outcomes, while discrimination and lack of safety can negatively impact health.
4. Healthcare access and quality: Access to affordable, high-quality healthcare is an important socioeconomic factor that can significantly impact a person's health. Factors such as insurance status, availability of providers, and cultural competency of healthcare systems can all affect healthcare access and quality.
5. Neighborhood and built environment: The physical conditions in which people live, work, and play can also impact their health. Factors such as housing quality, transportation options, availability of healthy foods, and exposure to environmental hazards can all influence health outcomes.

Socioeconomic factors are often interrelated and can have a cumulative effect on health outcomes. For example, someone who lives in a low-income neighborhood with limited access to healthy foods and safe parks may also face challenges related to employment, education, and healthcare access that further impact their health. Addressing socioeconomic factors is an important part of promoting health equity and reducing health disparities.

Regression analysis is a statistical technique used in medicine, as well as in other fields, to examine the relationship between one or more independent variables (predictors) and a dependent variable (outcome). It allows for the estimation of the average change in the outcome variable associated with a one-unit change in an independent variable, while controlling for the effects of other independent variables. This technique is often used to identify risk factors for diseases or to evaluate the effectiveness of medical interventions. In medical research, regression analysis can be used to adjust for potential confounding variables and to quantify the relationship between exposures and health outcomes. It can also be used in predictive modeling to estimate the probability of a particular outcome based on multiple predictors.

Health care reform refers to the legislative efforts, initiatives, and debates aimed at improving the quality, affordability, and accessibility of health care services. These reforms may include changes to health insurance coverage, delivery systems, payment methods, and healthcare regulations. The goals of health care reform are often to increase the number of people with health insurance, reduce healthcare costs, and improve the overall health outcomes of a population. Examples of notable health care reform measures in the United States include the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and Medicare for All proposals.

Consumer satisfaction in a medical context refers to the degree to which a patient or their family is content with the healthcare services, products, or experiences they have received. It is a measure of how well the healthcare delivery aligns with the patient's expectations, needs, and preferences. Factors that contribute to consumer satisfaction may include the quality of care, communication and interpersonal skills of healthcare providers, accessibility and convenience, affordability, and outcomes. High consumer satisfaction is associated with better adherence to treatment plans, improved health outcomes, and higher patient loyalty.

Consumer participation in the context of healthcare refers to the active involvement and engagement of patients, families, caregivers, and communities in their own healthcare decision-making processes and in the development, implementation, and evaluation of health policies, programs, and services. It emphasizes the importance of patient-centered care, where the unique needs, preferences, values, and experiences of individuals are respected and integrated into their healthcare.

Consumer participation can take many forms, including:

1. Patient-provider communication: Consumers engage in open and honest communication with their healthcare providers to make informed decisions about their health.
2. Shared decision-making: Consumers work together with their healthcare providers to weigh the benefits and risks of different treatment options and make evidence-based decisions that align with their values, preferences, and goals.
3. Patient education: Consumers receive accurate, timely, and understandable information about their health conditions, treatments, and self-management strategies.
4. Patient advocacy: Consumers advocate for their own health needs and rights, as well as those of other patients and communities.
5. Community engagement: Consumers participate in the development, implementation, and evaluation of health policies, programs, and services that affect their communities.
6. Research partnerships: Consumers collaborate with researchers to design, conduct, and disseminate research that is relevant and meaningful to their lives.

Consumer participation aims to improve healthcare quality, safety, and outcomes by empowering individuals to take an active role in their own health and well-being, and by ensuring that healthcare systems are responsive to the needs and preferences of diverse populations.

Health surveys are research studies that collect data from a sample population to describe the current health status, health behaviors, and healthcare utilization of a particular group or community. These surveys may include questions about various aspects of health such as physical health, mental health, chronic conditions, lifestyle habits, access to healthcare services, and demographic information. The data collected from health surveys can be used to monitor trends in health over time, identify disparities in health outcomes, develop and evaluate public health programs and policies, and inform resource allocation decisions. Examples of national health surveys include the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. It involves the emotional, psychological, and social aspects of an individual's health. Mental health is not just the absence of mental illness, it also includes positive characteristics such as resilience, happiness, and having a sense of purpose in life.

It is important to note that mental health can change over time, and it is possible for an individual to experience periods of good mental health as well as periods of poor mental health. Factors such as genetics, trauma, stress, and physical illness can all contribute to the development of mental health problems. Additionally, cultural and societal factors, such as discrimination and poverty, can also impact an individual's mental health.

Mental Health professionals like psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers and other mental health counselors use different tools and techniques to evaluate, diagnose and treat mental health conditions. These include therapy or counseling, medication, and self-help strategies.

Medical mass screening, also known as population screening, is a public health service that aims to identify and detect asymptomatic individuals in a given population who have or are at risk of a specific disease. The goal is to provide early treatment, reduce morbidity and mortality, and prevent the spread of diseases within the community.

A mass screening program typically involves offering a simple, quick, and non-invasive test to a large number of people in a defined population, regardless of their risk factors or symptoms. Those who test positive are then referred for further diagnostic tests and appropriate medical interventions. Examples of mass screening programs include mammography for breast cancer detection, PSA (prostate-specific antigen) testing for prostate cancer, and fecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer.

It is important to note that mass screening programs should be evidence-based, cost-effective, and ethically sound, with clear benefits outweighing potential harms. They should also consider factors such as the prevalence of the disease in the population, the accuracy and reliability of the screening test, and the availability and effectiveness of treatment options.

An "attitude to health" is a set of beliefs, values, and behaviors that an individual holds regarding their own health and well-being. It encompasses their overall approach to maintaining good health, preventing illness, seeking medical care, and managing any existing health conditions.

A positive attitude to health typically includes:

1. A belief in the importance of self-care and taking responsibility for one's own health.
2. Engaging in regular exercise, eating a balanced diet, getting enough sleep, and avoiding harmful behaviors such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
3. Regular check-ups and screenings to detect potential health issues early on.
4. Seeking medical care when necessary and following recommended treatment plans.
5. A willingness to learn about and implement new healthy habits and lifestyle changes.
6. Developing a strong support network of family, friends, and healthcare professionals.

On the other hand, a negative attitude to health may involve:

1. Neglecting self-care and failing to take responsibility for one's own health.
2. Engaging in unhealthy behaviors such as sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, lack of sleep, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
3. Avoidance of regular check-ups and screenings, leading to delayed detection and treatment of potential health issues.
4. Resistance to seeking medical care or following recommended treatment plans.
5. Closed-mindedness towards new healthy habits and lifestyle changes.
6. Lack of a support network or reluctance to seek help from others.

Overall, an individual's attitude to health can significantly impact their physical and mental well-being, as well as their ability to manage and overcome any health challenges that may arise.

Quality Assurance in the context of healthcare refers to a systematic approach and set of activities designed to ensure that health care services and products consistently meet predetermined standards of quality and safety. It includes all the policies, procedures, and processes that are put in place to monitor, assess, and improve the quality of healthcare delivery.

The goal of quality assurance is to minimize variability in clinical practice, reduce medical errors, and ensure that patients receive evidence-based care that is safe, effective, timely, patient-centered, and equitable. Quality assurance activities may include:

1. Establishing standards of care based on best practices and clinical guidelines.
2. Developing and implementing policies and procedures to ensure compliance with these standards.
3. Providing education and training to healthcare professionals to improve their knowledge and skills.
4. Conducting audits, reviews, and evaluations of healthcare services and processes to identify areas for improvement.
5. Implementing corrective actions to address identified issues and prevent their recurrence.
6. Monitoring and measuring outcomes to evaluate the effectiveness of quality improvement initiatives.

Quality assurance is an ongoing process that requires continuous evaluation and improvement to ensure that healthcare delivery remains safe, effective, and patient-centered.

Medical records are organized, detailed collections of information about a patient's health history, including their symptoms, diagnoses, treatments, medications, test results, and any other relevant data. These records are created and maintained by healthcare professionals during the course of providing medical care and serve as an essential tool for continuity, communication, and decision-making in healthcare. They may exist in paper form, electronic health records (EHRs), or a combination of both. Medical records also play a critical role in research, quality improvement, public health, reimbursement, and legal proceedings.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "New York" is not a medical term or concept. New York refers to a state in the United States, as well as its largest city. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." This definition emphasizes that health is more than just the absence of illness, but a positive state of well-being in which an individual is able to realize their own potential, cope with normal stresses of life, work productively, and contribute to their community. It recognizes that physical, mental, and social factors are interconnected and can all impact a person's overall health. This definition also highlights the importance of addressing the social determinants of health, such as poverty, education, housing, and access to healthcare, in order to promote health and prevent disease.

Health behavior can be defined as a series of actions and decisions that individuals take to protect, maintain or promote their health and well-being. These behaviors can include activities such as engaging in regular exercise, eating a healthy diet, getting sufficient sleep, practicing safe sex, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, and managing stress.

Health behaviors are influenced by various factors, including knowledge and attitudes towards health, beliefs and values, cultural norms, social support networks, environmental factors, and individual genetic predispositions. Understanding health behaviors is essential for developing effective public health interventions and promoting healthy lifestyles to prevent chronic diseases and improve overall quality of life.

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) due to absolute or relative deficiency in insulin secretion and/or insulin action. There are two main types: Type 1 diabetes, which results from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency, and Type 2 diabetes, which is associated with insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.

Type 1 diabetes typically presents in childhood or young adulthood, while Type 2 diabetes tends to occur later in life, often in association with obesity and physical inactivity. Both types of diabetes can lead to long-term complications such as damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and cardiovascular system if left untreated or not well controlled.

The diagnosis of diabetes is usually made based on fasting plasma glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance tests, or hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Treatment typically involves lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise, along with medications to lower blood glucose levels and manage associated conditions.

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

Hospitalization is the process of admitting a patient to a hospital for the purpose of receiving medical treatment, surgery, or other health care services. It involves staying in the hospital as an inpatient, typically under the care of doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals. The length of stay can vary depending on the individual's medical condition and the type of treatment required. Hospitalization may be necessary for a variety of reasons, such as to receive intensive care, to undergo diagnostic tests or procedures, to recover from surgery, or to manage chronic illnesses or injuries.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is not a medical condition or term, but rather a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Here's a brief description:

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as the global authority on public health issues. Established in 1948, WHO's primary role is to coordinate and collaborate with its member states to promote health, prevent diseases, and ensure universal access to healthcare services. WHO is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and has regional offices around the world. It plays a crucial role in setting global health standards, monitoring disease outbreaks, and providing guidance on various public health concerns, including infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, mental health, environmental health, and maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health.

Demography is the statistical study of populations, particularly in terms of size, distribution, and characteristics such as age, race, gender, and occupation. In medical contexts, demography is often used to analyze health-related data and trends within specific populations. This can include studying the prevalence of certain diseases or conditions, identifying disparities in healthcare access and outcomes, and evaluating the effectiveness of public health interventions. Demographic data can also be used to inform policy decisions and allocate resources to address population health needs.

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a systematic process used to compare the costs and benefits of different options to determine which one provides the greatest net benefit. In a medical context, CBA can be used to evaluate the value of medical interventions, treatments, or policies by estimating and monetizing all the relevant costs and benefits associated with each option.

The costs included in a CBA may include direct costs such as the cost of the intervention or treatment itself, as well as indirect costs such as lost productivity or time away from work. Benefits may include improved health outcomes, reduced morbidity or mortality, and increased quality of life.

Once all the relevant costs and benefits have been identified and quantified, they are typically expressed in monetary terms to allow for a direct comparison. The option with the highest net benefit (i.e., the difference between total benefits and total costs) is considered the most cost-effective.

It's important to note that CBA has some limitations and can be subject to various biases and assumptions, so it should be used in conjunction with other evaluation methods to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the value of medical interventions or policies.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "job satisfaction" is not a medical term or concept. It falls under the domain of occupational or organizational psychology and refers to the degree to which employees like their jobs and are content with their role in the organization. High job satisfaction is generally associated with positive outcomes such as increased productivity, lower turnover rates, and better mental health. However, low job satisfaction can contribute to stress, burnout, and other negative health outcomes.

Pharmaceutical services insurance refers to a type of coverage that helps individuals and families pay for their prescription medications. This type of insurance is often offered as part of a larger health insurance plan, but can also be purchased as a standalone policy.

The specifics of pharmaceutical services insurance coverage can vary widely depending on the policy. Some plans may cover only generic medications, while others may cover both brand-name and generic drugs. Additionally, some policies may require individuals to pay a portion of the cost of their prescriptions in the form of copays or coinsurance, while others may cover the full cost of medications.

Pharmaceutical services insurance can be especially important for individuals who have chronic medical conditions that require ongoing treatment with expensive prescription medications. By helping to offset the cost of these medications, pharmaceutical services insurance can make it easier for people to afford the care they need to manage their health and improve their quality of life.

Health planning is a systematic process of creating strategies, policies, and goals to improve the health of a population and ensure the provision of adequate and accessible healthcare services. It involves assessing the health needs of the community, establishing priorities, developing interventions, and implementing and evaluating programs to address those needs. The ultimate goal of health planning is to optimize the health status of the population, reduce health disparities, and make efficient use of resources in the healthcare system. This process typically involves collaboration among various stakeholders, including healthcare professionals, policymakers, community members, and advocacy groups.

"Family Physicians" are medical doctors who provide comprehensive primary care to individuals and families of all ages. They are trained to diagnose and treat a wide range of medical conditions, from minor illnesses to complex diseases. In addition to providing acute care, family physicians also focus on preventive medicine, helping their patients maintain their overall health and well-being through regular checkups, screenings, and immunizations. They often serve as the patient's main point of contact within the healthcare system, coordinating care with specialists and other healthcare professionals as needed. Family physicians may work in private practices, community health centers, hospitals, or other healthcare settings.

Multivariate analysis is a statistical method used to examine the relationship between multiple independent variables and a dependent variable. It allows for the simultaneous examination of the effects of two or more independent variables on an outcome, while controlling for the effects of other variables in the model. This technique can be used to identify patterns, associations, and interactions among multiple variables, and is commonly used in medical research to understand complex health outcomes and disease processes. Examples of multivariate analysis methods include multiple regression, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis.

The odds ratio (OR) is a statistical measure used in epidemiology and research to estimate the association between an exposure and an outcome. It represents the odds that an event will occur in one group versus the odds that it will occur in another group, assuming that all other factors are held constant.

In medical research, the odds ratio is often used to quantify the strength of the relationship between a risk factor (exposure) and a disease outcome. An OR of 1 indicates no association between the exposure and the outcome, while an OR greater than 1 suggests that there is a positive association between the two. Conversely, an OR less than 1 implies a negative association.

It's important to note that the odds ratio is not the same as the relative risk (RR), which compares the incidence rates of an outcome in two groups. While the OR can approximate the RR when the outcome is rare, they are not interchangeable and can lead to different conclusions about the association between an exposure and an outcome.

Risk adjustment is a statistical method used in healthcare financing and delivery to account for differences in the health status and expected healthcare costs among groups of enrollees. It is a process that modifies payment rates or capitation amounts based on the relative risk of each enrollee, as measured by demographic factors such as age, sex, and chronic medical conditions. The goal of risk adjustment is to create a more level playing field for healthcare providers and insurers by reducing the financial impact of serving patients who are sicker or have greater healthcare needs. This allows for a more fair comparison of performance and payment across different populations and helps to ensure that resources are distributed equitably.

"Sampling studies" is not a specific medical term, but rather a general term that refers to research studies in which a sample of individuals or data is collected and analyzed to make inferences about a larger population. In medical research, sampling studies can be used to estimate the prevalence of diseases or risk factors within a certain population, to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions, or to study the relationships between various health-related variables.

The sample for a sampling study may be selected using various methods, such as random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, or convenience sampling. The choice of sampling method depends on the research question, the characteristics of the population of interest, and practical considerations related to cost, time, and feasibility.

It is important to note that sampling studies have limitations and potential sources of bias, just like any other research design. Therefore, it is essential to carefully consider the study methods and limitations when interpreting the results of sampling studies in medical research.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

"World Health" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, it is often used in the context of global health, which can be defined as:

"The area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. It emphasizes trans-national health issues, determinants, and solutions; involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences and engages stakeholders from across sectors and societies." (World Health Organization)

Therefore, "world health" could refer to the overall health status and health challenges faced by populations around the world. It encompasses a broad range of factors that affect the health of individuals and communities, including social, economic, environmental, and political determinants. The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a key role in monitoring and promoting global health, setting international standards and guidelines, and coordinating responses to global health emergencies.

"Sex factors" is a term used in medicine and epidemiology to refer to the differences in disease incidence, prevalence, or response to treatment that are observed between males and females. These differences can be attributed to biological differences such as genetics, hormones, and anatomy, as well as social and cultural factors related to gender.

For example, some conditions such as autoimmune diseases, depression, and osteoporosis are more common in women, while others such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are more prevalent in men. Additionally, sex differences have been observed in the effectiveness and side effects of various medications and treatments.

It is important to consider sex factors in medical research and clinical practice to ensure that patients receive appropriate and effective care.

Program Evaluation is a systematic and objective assessment of a healthcare program's design, implementation, and outcomes. It is a medical term used to describe the process of determining the relevance, effectiveness, and efficiency of a program in achieving its goals and objectives. Program evaluation involves collecting and analyzing data related to various aspects of the program, such as its reach, impact, cost-effectiveness, and quality. The results of program evaluation can be used to improve the design and implementation of existing programs or to inform the development of new ones. It is a critical tool for ensuring that healthcare programs are meeting the needs of their intended audiences and delivering high-quality care in an efficient and effective manner.

Patient education, as defined by the US National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), is "the teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. It includes the patient's understanding of his or her condition and the necessary procedures for self, assisted, or professional care." This encompasses a wide range of activities and interventions aimed at helping patients and their families understand their medical conditions, treatment options, self-care skills, and overall health management. Effective patient education can lead to improved health outcomes, increased patient satisfaction, and better use of healthcare resources.

Patient compliance, also known as medication adherence or patient adherence, refers to the degree to which a patient's behavior matches the agreed-upon recommendations from their healthcare provider. This includes taking medications as prescribed (including the correct dosage, frequency, and duration), following dietary restrictions, making lifestyle changes, and attending follow-up appointments. Poor patient compliance can negatively impact treatment outcomes and lead to worsening of symptoms, increased healthcare costs, and development of drug-resistant strains in the case of antibiotics. It is a significant challenge in healthcare and efforts are being made to improve patient education, communication, and support to enhance compliance.

"Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices" (HKAP) is a term used in public health to refer to the knowledge, beliefs, assumptions, and behaviors that individuals possess or engage in that are related to health. Here's a brief definition of each component:

1. Health Knowledge: Refers to the factual information and understanding that individuals have about various health-related topics, such as anatomy, physiology, disease processes, and healthy behaviors.
2. Attitudes: Represent the positive or negative evaluations, feelings, or dispositions that people hold towards certain health issues, practices, or services. These attitudes can influence their willingness to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors.
3. Practices: Encompass the specific actions or habits that individuals engage in related to their health, such as dietary choices, exercise routines, hygiene practices, and use of healthcare services.

HKAP is a multidimensional concept that helps public health professionals understand and address various factors influencing individual and community health outcomes. By assessing and addressing knowledge gaps, negative attitudes, or unhealthy practices, interventions can be designed to promote positive behavior change and improve overall health status.

I'm happy to help, but it seems there might be some confusion in your question. "Interviews" is a broad topic that isn't typically a medical term or subject. However, interviews can certainly be a part of medical settings and procedures, such as job interviews for healthcare positions, patient interviews during medical consultations, or research interviews in clinical studies.

In the context of medical education, an interview might refer to the process by which medical schools evaluate applicants for admission, known as the medical school interview. This is a critical component of the application process and typically involves one-on-one conversations between the applicant and an admissions committee member or a series of multiple mini-interviews (MMIs) with various evaluators.

If you could provide more context or clarify what you mean by "Interviews as Topic" in a medical setting, I'd be happy to help further!

Mammography is defined as a specialized medical imaging technique used to create detailed X-ray images of the breast tissue. It's primarily used as a screening tool to detect early signs of breast cancer in women who have no symptoms or complaints, as well as a diagnostic tool for further evaluation of abnormalities detected by other imaging techniques or during a clinical breast exam.

There are two primary types of mammography: film-screen mammography and digital mammography. Film-screen mammography uses traditional X-ray films to capture the images, while digital mammography utilizes digital detectors to convert X-rays into electronic signals, which are then displayed on a computer screen. Digital mammography offers several advantages over film-screen mammography, including lower radiation doses, improved image quality, and the ability to manipulate and enhance the images for better interpretation.

Mammography plays a crucial role in reducing breast cancer mortality by enabling early detection and treatment of this disease. Regular mammography screenings are recommended for women over a certain age (typically starting at age 40 or 50, depending on individual risk factors) to increase the chances of detecting breast cancer at an early stage when it is most treatable.

"Health personnel" is a broad term that refers to individuals who are involved in maintaining, promoting, and restoring the health of populations or individuals. This can include a wide range of professionals such as:

1. Healthcare providers: These are medical doctors, nurses, midwives, dentists, pharmacists, allied health professionals (like physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, dietitians, etc.), and other healthcare workers who provide direct patient care.

2. Public health professionals: These are individuals who work in public health agencies, non-governmental organizations, or academia to promote health, prevent diseases, and protect populations from health hazards. They include epidemiologists, biostatisticians, health educators, environmental health specialists, and health services researchers.

3. Health managers and administrators: These are professionals who oversee the operations, finances, and strategic planning of healthcare organizations, such as hospitals, clinics, or public health departments. They may include hospital CEOs, medical directors, practice managers, and healthcare consultants.

4. Health support staff: This group includes various personnel who provide essential services to healthcare organizations, such as medical records technicians, billing specialists, receptionists, and maintenance workers.

5. Health researchers and academics: These are professionals involved in conducting research, teaching, and disseminating knowledge related to health sciences, medicine, public health, or healthcare management in universities, research institutions, or think tanks.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines "health worker" as "a person who contributes to the promotion, protection, or improvement of health through prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, palliation, health promotion, and health education." This definition encompasses a wide range of professionals working in various capacities to improve health outcomes.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

An emergency service in a hospital is a department that provides immediate medical or surgical care for individuals who are experiencing an acute illness, injury, or severe symptoms that require immediate attention. The goal of an emergency service is to quickly assess, stabilize, and treat patients who require urgent medical intervention, with the aim of preventing further harm or death.

Emergency services in hospitals typically operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and are staffed by teams of healthcare professionals including physicians, nurses, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and other allied health professionals. These teams are trained to provide rapid evaluation and treatment for a wide range of medical conditions, from minor injuries to life-threatening emergencies such as heart attacks, strokes, and severe infections.

In addition to providing emergency care, hospital emergency services also serve as a key point of entry for patients who require further hospitalization or specialized care. They work closely with other departments within the hospital, such as radiology, laboratory, and critical care units, to ensure that patients receive timely and appropriate treatment. Overall, the emergency service in a hospital plays a crucial role in ensuring that patients receive prompt and effective medical care during times of crisis.

Drug utilization refers to the use of medications by patients or healthcare professionals in a real-world setting. It involves analyzing and evaluating patterns of medication use, including prescribing practices, adherence to treatment guidelines, potential duplications or interactions, and outcomes associated with drug therapy. The goal of drug utilization is to optimize medication use, improve patient safety, and minimize costs while achieving the best possible health outcomes. It can be studied through various methods such as prescription claims data analysis, surveys, and clinical audits.

Health education is the process of providing information and strategies to individuals and communities about how to improve their health and prevent disease. It involves teaching and learning activities that aim to empower people to make informed decisions and take responsible actions regarding their health. Health education covers a wide range of topics, including nutrition, physical activity, sexual and reproductive health, mental health, substance abuse prevention, and environmental health. The ultimate goal of health education is to promote healthy behaviors and lifestyles that can lead to improved health outcomes and quality of life.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Self care is a health practice that involves individuals taking responsibility for their own health and well-being by actively seeking out and participating in activities and behaviors that promote healthy living, prevent illness and disease, and manage existing medical conditions. Self care includes a wide range of activities such as:

* Following a healthy diet and exercise routine
* Getting adequate sleep and rest
* Managing stress through relaxation techniques or mindfulness practices
* Practicing good hygiene and grooming habits
* Seeking preventive care through regular check-ups and screenings
* Taking prescribed medications as directed by a healthcare provider
* Monitoring symptoms and seeking medical attention when necessary

Self care is an important part of overall health and wellness, and can help individuals maintain their physical, emotional, and mental health. It is also an essential component of chronic disease management, helping people with ongoing medical conditions to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

Guideline adherence, in the context of medicine, refers to the extent to which healthcare professionals follow established clinical practice guidelines or recommendations in their daily practice. These guidelines are systematically developed statements designed to assist practitioners and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. Adherence to evidence-based guidelines can help improve the quality of care, reduce unnecessary variations in practice, and promote optimal patient outcomes. Factors that may influence guideline adherence include clinician awareness, familiarity, agreement, self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, and the complexity of the recommendation.

Practice guidelines, also known as clinical practice guidelines, are systematically developed statements that aim to assist healthcare professionals and patients in making informed decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. They are based on a thorough evaluation of the available scientific evidence, consensus of expert opinion, and consideration of patient preferences. Practice guidelines can cover a wide range of topics, including diagnosis, management, prevention, and treatment options for various medical conditions. They are intended to improve the quality and consistency of care, reduce unnecessary variations in practice, and promote evidence-based medicine. However, they should not replace clinical judgment or individualized patient care.

A confidence interval (CI) is a range of values that is likely to contain the true value of a population parameter with a certain level of confidence. It is commonly used in statistical analysis to express the uncertainty associated with estimates derived from sample data.

For example, if we calculate a 95% confidence interval for the mean height of a population based on a sample of individuals, we can say that we are 95% confident that the true population mean height falls within the calculated range. The width of the confidence interval gives us an idea of how precise our estimate is - narrower intervals indicate more precise estimates, while wider intervals suggest greater uncertainty.

Confidence intervals are typically calculated using statistical formulas that take into account the sample size, standard deviation, and level of confidence desired. They can be used to compare different groups or to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions in medical research.

Oral health is the scientific term used to describe the overall health status of the oral and related tissues, including the teeth, gums, palate, tongue, and mucosal lining. It involves the absence of chronic mouth and facial pain, oral and pharyngeal (throat) cancers, oral soft tissue lesions, birth defects such as cleft lip and palate, and other diseases and disorders that affect the oral cavity.

Good oral health also means being free of decay, gum disease, and other oral infections that can damage the teeth, gums, and bones of the mouth. It is essential to maintain good oral hygiene through regular brushing, flossing, and dental check-ups to prevent dental caries (cavities) and periodontal disease (gum disease).

Additionally, oral health is closely linked to overall health and well-being. Poor oral health has been associated with various systemic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory infections, and stroke. Therefore, maintaining good oral health can contribute to improved general health and quality of life.

An ethnic group is a category of people who identify with each other based on shared ancestry, language, culture, history, and/or physical characteristics. The concept of an ethnic group is often used in the social sciences to describe a population that shares a common identity and a sense of belonging to a larger community.

Ethnic groups can be distinguished from racial groups, which are categories of people who are defined by their physical characteristics, such as skin color, hair texture, and facial features. While race is a social construct based on physical differences, ethnicity is a cultural construct based on shared traditions, beliefs, and practices.

It's important to note that the concept of ethnic groups can be complex and fluid, as individuals may identify with multiple ethnic groups or switch their identification over time. Additionally, the boundaries between different ethnic groups can be blurred and contested, and the ways in which people define and categorize themselves and others can vary across cultures and historical periods.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

"Evaluation studies" is a broad term that refers to the systematic assessment or examination of a program, project, policy, intervention, or product. The goal of an evaluation study is to determine its merits, worth, and value by measuring its effects, efficiency, and impact. There are different types of evaluation studies, including formative evaluations (conducted during the development or implementation of a program to provide feedback for improvement), summative evaluations (conducted at the end of a program to determine its overall effectiveness), process evaluations (focusing on how a program is implemented and delivered), outcome evaluations (assessing the short-term and intermediate effects of a program), and impact evaluations (measuring the long-term and broad consequences of a program).

In medical contexts, evaluation studies are often used to assess the safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of new treatments, interventions, or technologies. These studies can help healthcare providers make informed decisions about patient care, guide policymakers in developing evidence-based policies, and promote accountability and transparency in healthcare systems. Examples of evaluation studies in medicine include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compare the outcomes of a new treatment to those of a standard or placebo treatment, observational studies that examine the real-world effectiveness and safety of interventions, and economic evaluations that assess the costs and benefits of different healthcare options.

Group purchasing in a healthcare context refers to the practice where multiple healthcare organizations, such as hospitals or clinics, join together to negotiate and purchase medical supplies, pharmaceuticals, and other goods or services from vendors at a reduced price. By pooling their resources and purchasing power, these organizations can secure better pricing, terms, and contractual agreements than they might be able to obtain individually. This collaborative approach can help healthcare organizations reduce costs, improve operational efficiency, and ensure access to high-quality products and services.

Public Health Administration refers to the leadership, management, and coordination of public health services and initiatives at the local, state, or national level. It involves overseeing and managing the development, implementation, and evaluation of policies, programs, and services aimed at improving the health and well-being of populations. This may include addressing issues such as infectious disease control, chronic disease prevention, environmental health, emergency preparedness and response, and health promotion and education.

Public Health Administration requires a strong understanding of public health principles, leadership and management skills, and the ability to work collaboratively with a variety of stakeholders, including community members, healthcare providers, policymakers, and other organizations. The ultimate goal of Public Health Administration is to ensure that public health resources are used effectively and efficiently to improve the health outcomes of populations and reduce health disparities.

A Computerized Medical Record System (CMRS) is a digital version of a patient's paper chart. It contains all of the patient's medical history from multiple providers and can be shared securely between healthcare professionals. A CMRS includes a range of data such as demographics, progress notes, problems, medications, vital signs, past medical history, immunizations, laboratory data, and radiology reports. The system facilitates the storage, retrieval, and exchange of this information in an efficient manner, and can also provide decision support, alerts, reminders, and tools for performing data analysis and creating reports. It is designed to improve the quality, safety, and efficiency of healthcare delivery by providing accurate, up-to-date, and comprehensive information about patients at the point of care.

Longitudinal studies are a type of research design where data is collected from the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, often years or even decades. These studies are used to establish patterns of changes and events over time, and can help researchers identify causal relationships between variables. They are particularly useful in fields such as epidemiology, psychology, and sociology, where the focus is on understanding developmental trends and the long-term effects of various factors on health and behavior.

In medical research, longitudinal studies can be used to track the progression of diseases over time, identify risk factors for certain conditions, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. For example, a longitudinal study might follow a group of individuals over several decades to assess their exposure to certain environmental factors and their subsequent development of chronic diseases such as cancer or heart disease. By comparing data collected at multiple time points, researchers can identify trends and correlations that may not be apparent in shorter-term studies.

Longitudinal studies have several advantages over other research designs, including their ability to establish temporal relationships between variables, track changes over time, and reduce the impact of confounding factors. However, they also have some limitations, such as the potential for attrition (loss of participants over time), which can introduce bias and affect the validity of the results. Additionally, longitudinal studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, requiring significant resources and a long-term commitment from both researchers and study participants.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "income" is not a medical term. Income is an economic term that refers to the inflow of monetary resources or earnings that an individual or household receives from various sources, such as employment, investments, or government benefits. It is typically used in financial and economic contexts rather than medical ones. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

A factual database in the medical context is a collection of organized and structured data that contains verified and accurate information related to medicine, healthcare, or health sciences. These databases serve as reliable resources for various stakeholders, including healthcare professionals, researchers, students, and patients, to access evidence-based information for making informed decisions and enhancing knowledge.

Examples of factual medical databases include:

1. PubMed: A comprehensive database of biomedical literature maintained by the US National Library of Medicine (NLM). It contains citations and abstracts from life sciences journals, books, and conference proceedings.
2. MEDLINE: A subset of PubMed, MEDLINE focuses on high-quality, peer-reviewed articles related to biomedicine and health. It is the primary component of the NLM's database and serves as a critical resource for healthcare professionals and researchers worldwide.
3. Cochrane Library: A collection of systematic reviews and meta-analyses focused on evidence-based medicine. The library aims to provide unbiased, high-quality information to support clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes.
4. OVID: A platform that offers access to various medical and healthcare databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO. It facilitates the search and retrieval of relevant literature for researchers, clinicians, and students.
5. ClinicalTrials.gov: A registry and results database of publicly and privately supported clinical studies conducted around the world. The platform aims to increase transparency and accessibility of clinical trial data for healthcare professionals, researchers, and patients.
6. UpToDate: An evidence-based, physician-authored clinical decision support resource that provides information on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of medical conditions. It serves as a point-of-care tool for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions and improve patient care.
7. TRIP Database: A search engine designed to facilitate evidence-based medicine by providing quick access to high-quality resources, including systematic reviews, clinical guidelines, and practice recommendations.
8. National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC): A database of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and related documents developed through a rigorous review process. The NGC aims to provide clinicians, healthcare providers, and policymakers with reliable guidance for patient care.
9. DrugBank: A comprehensive, freely accessible online database containing detailed information about drugs, their mechanisms, interactions, and targets. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers, healthcare professionals, and students in the field of pharmacology and drug discovery.
10. Genetic Testing Registry (GTR): A database that provides centralized information about genetic tests, test developers, laboratories offering tests, and clinical validity and utility of genetic tests. It serves as a resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and patients to make informed decisions regarding genetic testing.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

In the context of medicine, risk is the probability or likelihood of an adverse health effect or the occurrence of a negative event related to treatment or exposure to certain hazards. It is usually expressed as a ratio or percentage and can be influenced by various factors such as age, gender, lifestyle, genetics, and environmental conditions. Risk assessment involves identifying, quantifying, and prioritizing risks to make informed decisions about prevention, mitigation, or treatment strategies.

Occupational health is a branch of medicine that focuses on the physical, mental, and social well-being of workers in all types of jobs. The goal of occupational health is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and disabilities, while also promoting the overall health and safety of employees. This may involve identifying and assessing potential hazards in the workplace, implementing controls to reduce or eliminate those hazards, providing education and training to workers on safe practices, and conducting medical surveillance and screenings to detect early signs of work-related health problems.

Occupational health also involves working closely with employers, employees, and other stakeholders to develop policies and programs that support the health and well-being of workers. This may include promoting healthy lifestyles, providing access to mental health resources, and supporting return-to-work programs for injured or ill workers. Ultimately, the goal of occupational health is to create a safe and healthy work environment that enables employees to perform their jobs effectively and efficiently, while also protecting their long-term health and well-being.

Environmental health is a branch of public health that focuses on the study of how environmental factors, including physical, chemical, and biological factors, impact human health and disease. It involves the assessment, control, and prevention of environmental hazards in order to protect and promote human health and well-being.

Environmental health encompasses a wide range of issues, such as air and water quality, food safety, waste management, housing conditions, occupational health and safety, radiation protection, and climate change. It also involves the promotion of healthy behaviors and the development of policies and regulations to protect public health from environmental hazards.

The goal of environmental health is to create safe and healthy environments that support human health and well-being, prevent disease and injury, and promote sustainable communities. This requires a multidisciplinary approach that involves collaboration between various stakeholders, including policymakers, researchers, healthcare providers, community organizations, and the public.

Health status disparities refer to differences in the health outcomes that are observed between different populations. These populations can be defined by various sociodemographic factors such as race, ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, age, disability, income, education level, and geographic location. Health status disparities can manifest as differences in rates of illness, disease prevalence or incidence, morbidity, mortality, access to healthcare services, and quality of care received. These disparities are often the result of systemic inequities and social determinants of health that negatively impact certain populations, leading to worse health outcomes compared to other groups. It is important to note that health status disparities are preventable and can be addressed through targeted public health interventions and policies aimed at reducing health inequities.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Family practice, also known as family medicine, is a medical specialty that provides comprehensive and continuous care to patients of all ages, genders, and stages of life. Family physicians are trained to provide a wide range of services, including preventive care, diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic illnesses, management of complex medical conditions, and providing health education and counseling.

Family practice emphasizes the importance of building long-term relationships with patients and their families, and takes into account the physical, emotional, social, and psychological factors that influence a person's health. Family physicians often serve as the primary point of contact for patients within the healthcare system, coordinating care with other specialists and healthcare providers as needed.

Family practice is a broad and diverse field, encompassing various areas such as pediatrics, internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, geriatrics, and behavioral health. The goal of family practice is to provide high-quality, patient-centered care that meets the unique needs and preferences of each individual patient and their family.

Smoking is not a medical condition, but it's a significant health risk behavior. Here is the definition from a public health perspective:

Smoking is the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning tobacco that is commonly consumed through cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. The smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and numerous toxic and carcinogenic substances. These toxins contribute to a wide range of diseases and health conditions, such as lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and various other cancers, as well as adverse reproductive outcomes and negative impacts on the developing fetus during pregnancy. Smoking is highly addictive due to the nicotine content, which makes quitting smoking a significant challenge for many individuals.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

National health programs are systematic, large-scale initiatives that are put in place by national governments to address specific health issues or improve the overall health of a population. These programs often involve coordinated efforts across various sectors, including healthcare, education, and social services. They may aim to increase access to care, improve the quality of care, prevent the spread of diseases, promote healthy behaviors, or reduce health disparities. Examples of national health programs include immunization campaigns, tobacco control initiatives, and efforts to address chronic diseases such as diabetes or heart disease. These programs are typically developed based on scientific research, evidence-based practices, and public health data, and they may be funded through a variety of sources, including government budgets, grants, and private donations.

The term "Integrated Delivery of Healthcare" refers to a coordinated and seamless approach to providing healthcare services, where different providers and specialists work together to provide comprehensive care for patients. This model aims to improve patient outcomes by ensuring that all aspects of a person's health are addressed in a holistic and coordinated manner.

Integrated delivery of healthcare may involve various components such as:

1. Primary Care: A primary care provider serves as the first point of contact for patients and coordinates their care with other specialists and providers.
2. Specialty Care: Specialists provide care for specific medical conditions or diseases, working closely with primary care providers to ensure coordinated care.
3. Mental Health Services: Mental health providers work alongside medical professionals to address the mental and emotional needs of patients, recognizing that mental health is an essential component of overall health.
4. Preventive Care: Preventive services such as screenings, vaccinations, and health education are provided to help prevent illnesses and promote overall health and well-being.
5. Chronic Disease Management: Providers work together to manage chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer, using evidence-based practices and coordinated care plans.
6. Health Information Technology: Electronic health records (EHRs) and other health information technologies are used to facilitate communication and coordination among providers, ensuring that all members of the care team have access to up-to-date patient information.
7. Patient Engagement: Patients are actively engaged in their care, with education and support provided to help them make informed decisions about their health and treatment options.

The goal of integrated delivery of healthcare is to provide high-quality, cost-effective care that meets the unique needs of each patient, while also improving overall population health.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Health care rationing refers to the deliberate limitation or restriction of medical services, treatments, or resources provided to patients based on specific criteria or guidelines. These limitations can be influenced by various factors such as cost-effectiveness, scarcity of resources, evidence-based medicine, and clinical appropriateness. The primary goal of health care rationing is to ensure fair distribution and allocation of finite medical resources among a population while maximizing overall health benefits and minimizing harm.

Rationing can occur at different levels within the healthcare system, including individual patient care decisions, insurance coverage policies, and governmental resource allocation. Examples of rationing include prioritizing certain treatments based on their proven effectiveness, restricting access to high-cost procedures with limited clinical benefits, or setting age limits for specific interventions.

It is important to note that health care rationing remains a controversial topic due to ethical concerns about potential disparities in care and the balance between individual patient needs and societal resource constraints.

Health Priorities are key areas of focus in healthcare that receive the greatest attention, resources, and efforts due to their significant impact on overall population health. These priorities are typically determined by evaluating various health issues and factors such as prevalence, severity, mortality rates, and social determinants of health. By addressing health priorities, healthcare systems and public health organizations aim to improve community health, reduce health disparities, and enhance the quality of life for individuals. Examples of health priorities may include chronic diseases (such as diabetes or heart disease), mental health, infectious diseases, maternal and child health, injury prevention, and health promotion through healthy lifestyles.

Public health practice is a multidisciplinary approach that aims to prevent disease, promote health, and protect communities from harmful environmental and social conditions through evidence-based strategies, programs, policies, and interventions. It involves the application of epidemiological, biostatistical, social, environmental, and behavioral sciences to improve the health of populations, reduce health disparities, and ensure equity in health outcomes. Public health practice includes a wide range of activities such as disease surveillance, outbreak investigation, health promotion, community engagement, program planning and evaluation, policy analysis and development, and research translation. It is a collaborative and systems-based approach that involves partnerships with various stakeholders, including communities, healthcare providers, policymakers, and other organizations to achieve population-level health goals.

Mental health services refer to the various professional health services designed to treat and support individuals with mental health conditions. These services are typically provided by trained and licensed mental health professionals, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, mental health counselors, and marriage and family therapists. The services may include:

1. Assessment and diagnosis of mental health disorders
2. Psychotherapy or "talk therapy" to help individuals understand and manage their symptoms
3. Medication management for mental health conditions
4. Case management and care coordination to connect individuals with community resources and support
5. Psychoeducation to help individuals and families better understand mental health conditions and how to manage them
6. Crisis intervention and stabilization services
7. Inpatient and residential treatment for severe or chronic mental illness
8. Prevention and early intervention services to identify and address mental health concerns before they become more serious
9. Rehabilitation and recovery services to help individuals with mental illness achieve their full potential and live fulfilling lives in the community.

The Chi-square distribution is a continuous probability distribution that is often used in statistical hypothesis testing. It is the distribution of a sum of squares of k independent standard normal random variables. The resulting quantity follows a chi-square distribution with k degrees of freedom, denoted as χ²(k).

The probability density function (pdf) of the Chi-square distribution with k degrees of freedom is given by:

f(x; k) = (1/ (2^(k/2) * Γ(k/2))) \* x^((k/2)-1) \* e^(-x/2), for x > 0 and 0, otherwise.

Where Γ(k/2) is the gamma function evaluated at k/2. The mean and variance of a Chi-square distribution with k degrees of freedom are k and 2k, respectively.

The Chi-square distribution has various applications in statistical inference, including testing goodness-of-fit, homogeneity of variances, and independence in contingency tables.

Community health services refer to a type of healthcare delivery that is organized around the needs of a specific population or community, rather than individual patients. These services are typically focused on preventive care, health promotion, and improving access to care for underserved populations. They can include a wide range of services, such as:

* Primary care, including routine check-ups, immunizations, and screenings
* Dental care
* Mental health and substance abuse treatment
* Public health initiatives, such as disease prevention and health education programs
* Home health care and other supportive services for people with chronic illnesses or disabilities
* Health services for special populations, such as children, the elderly, or those living in rural areas

The goal of community health services is to improve the overall health of a population by addressing the social, economic, and environmental factors that can impact health. This approach recognizes that healthcare is just one factor in determining a person's health outcomes, and that other factors such as housing, education, and income also play important roles. By working to address these underlying determinants of health, community health services aim to improve the health and well-being of entire communities.

Breast neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the breast tissue that can be benign or malignant. Benign breast neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors or growths, while malignant breast neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

Breast neoplasms can arise from different types of cells in the breast, including milk ducts, milk sacs (lobules), or connective tissue. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which starts in the milk ducts and can spread to other parts of the breast and nearby structures.

Breast neoplasms are usually detected through screening methods such as mammography, ultrasound, or MRI, or through self-examination or clinical examination. Treatment options for breast neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type and stage of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and personal preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. The airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible, either spontaneously or with treatment.

The underlying cause of asthma involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors that result in hypersensitivity of the airways to certain triggers, such as allergens, irritants, viruses, exercise, and emotional stress. When these triggers are encountered, the airways constrict due to smooth muscle spasm, swell due to inflammation, and produce excess mucus, leading to the characteristic symptoms of asthma.

Asthma is typically managed with a combination of medications that include bronchodilators to relax the airway muscles, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and leukotriene modifiers or mast cell stabilizers to prevent allergic reactions. Avoiding triggers and monitoring symptoms are also important components of asthma management.

There are several types of asthma, including allergic asthma, non-allergic asthma, exercise-induced asthma, occupational asthma, and nocturnal asthma, each with its own set of triggers and treatment approaches. Proper diagnosis and management of asthma can help prevent exacerbations, improve quality of life, and reduce the risk of long-term complications.

In the United States, a health maintenance organization (HMO) is a medical insurance group that provides health services for a ... Department of Health and Human Services that led to the enactment of the Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973. This act ... a Michael Moore documentary criticizing HMOs Single-payer health care "BBC News - G-I - Health Maintenance Organization / HMO ... The Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 required employers with 25 or more employees to offer federally certified HMO ...
Health Maintenance Organization Amendments of 1976, P.L. 94-460, 90 Stat. 1945 November 1, 1978: Health Maintenance ... 357 October 24, 1988: Health Maintenance Organization Amendments of 1988, P.L. 100-517, 102 Stat. 2578 August 21, 1996: Health ... ISBN 978-0-7355-7299-7. (1973 in American law, Health maintenance organizations, United States federal health legislation). ... Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) is a term first conceived of by Dr. Paul M. Ellwood, Jr. The concept for the HMO Act ...
Health Maintenance Organizations: Dimensions of Performance. p. 345. Bunkley, Nick. "Bob Beaumont, Who Popularized Electric ... Columbia's open classrooms, interfaith centers, and the then-novel idea of a health maintenance organization (HMO) with a group ... The Columbia Medical Plan was founded in 1967 as a health maintenance organization (HMO) available to citizens of Columbia.: 99 ... The organization formed the Interfaith Housing Corporation (now the Columbia Housing Corporation) to purchase 300 units of low ...
Example markets include credit cards (composed of cardholders and merchants); health maintenance organizations (patients and ... The organization that creates value primarily by enabling direct interactions between two (or more) distinct types of ... Neither cross-side network effects nor same-side network effects are sufficient for an organization to be a multi-sided ... Examples of well known companies employing two-sided markets include such organizations as American Express (credit cards), ...
Hoffman, Will (November 8, 1972). "Health Maintenance Organizations Enroll Sandia Laboratory Employes". Albuquerque Journal. ... Health care companies established in 1922, Medical and health organizations based in New Mexico, 1922 establishments in New ... Clinic partnered with the neighboring Bataan Memorial Hospital to launch one of the first two health maintenance organizations ... "Lovelace Women's Hospital". Lovelace Health System. Retrieved May 24, 2021. "Lovelace Westside Hospital". Lovelace Health ...
Medical group practice and health maintenance organizations. Information Resources Press. p. 79. United States Congress Senate ... and community health education. The hospital has a professional staff of more than 950 physicians and allied health ... In 2014, the Health Care and Surgery Center Building was renamed to the Dr. Sanford A. Berman and Dr. Kay Ota-Berman Pavilion ... "Maryland Health Care Commission". "Licensed Acute Care Hospital Beds Fiscal Year 2018" (PDF). mhcc.maryland.gov. Retrieved Jan ...
"Methadone maintenance treatment". World Health Organization. Retrieved 3 November 2018. Ilene Anderson, Thomas E Kearney ( ... A medical evaluation is also given in the form of a urinalysis test, a review of past and current health history, and a test ... In September 1969 the first methadone maintenance treatment program was created in Washington, D.C by Robert DuPont, M.D, that ... All methadone clinics must register as an accredited opioid treatment program with the Substance Abuse and Mental Health ...
... health maintenance organizations (HMOs), PPOs, etc.) Worker's compensation Disability insurance Liability insurance (i.e. car, ... Some of these health benefits include improved circulation, urinary health, bowel function and bone density. Standing ... Numerous studies have shown evidence that standing wheelchairs may provide specific health benefits. ... vocational rehabilitation organizations, and medical case managers are increasingly funding standing wheelchairs because of the ...
World Health Organization (2009). "Methadone maintenance treatment". Clinical guidelines for withdrawal management and ... doi:10.1001/jama.294.8.887 World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd ... It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Methadone is used for the treatment of opioid use ... Sadovsky R (15 July 2000). "Tips from Other Journals - Public Health Issue: Methadone Maintenance Therapy". American Family ...
"Wai'anae District Comprehensive Health and Hospital Board - Health Maintenance Organizations". BBB. Retrieved 1 May 2012. " ... Medical and health organizations based in Hawaii, Clinics in the United States, Health centers). ... The Health Center is the first community health center in the state of Hawai'i to implement an electronic medical record system ... The Health Center was visited by top federal officials from the Department of Health and Human Services, including Dr. Sam ...
The story takes aim at managed care and health maintenance organizations. David and Angela quickly find out that their idyllic ...
Bundled payment Preferred provider organization Health maintenance organization Ryan, Andrew M.; Werner, Rachel M. (October 9, ... In the health insurance and the health care industries, FFS occurs if doctors and other health care providers receive a fee for ... In 2009, Massachusetts, with the highest health care costs in the country, had a group of ten health care experts who worked ... The foundation that health reform lays for improved payment, care coordination, and prevention". Health Affairs. 29 (6): 1183- ...
Pan American Health Organization. "DISASTER MANAGEMENT: MAINTENANCE OF ESSENTIAL SERVICES". Retrieved March 27, 2020. (1) " ... "Essential services" may also refer to those services that are vital to the health and welfare of a population and so are ... Examples of industries in which at least some workers were classified as "essential" during the pandemic included: Health care ... Industries defined as essential services differ based on the organization or government but generally include services such as ...
"Costs of care for irritable bowel syndrome patients in a health maintenance organization". The American Journal of ... Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Ruepert L, Quartero AO, de Wit NJ, van der Heijden GJ, Rubin G, Muris JW (August 2011 ... Exercise is Medicine recently provided simple practical indications based on world health organization guidelines, which should ... More studies are needed to assess the true impact of this diet on health. In addition, the use of a low-FODMAP diet without ...
She helped establish an Early Health Maintenance Organization for the underserved in Lexington. Particularly important to her ... and the National Institutes of Health, as well as a research consultant to the National Institute of Mental Health Clinical ... She helped found the Hunter Foundation for Health Care, named after Dr. John Edward Hunter and his son Dr. Bush Alexander ... This foundation was a non-profit health care delivery model designed to serve low income people in the poorest areas of ...
... and support for health maintenance organizations. Hearings on national health insurance were held in 1971, but no bill had the ... Kennedy sponsored and helped pass the limited Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973. He also played a leading role, with ... The same year, Kennedy's Mental Health Parity Act forced insurance companies to treat mental health payments the same as others ... As a candidate, Carter had proposed health care reform that included key features of Kennedy's national health insurance bill, ...
In the 1930s, the AMA attempted to prohibit its members from working for the health maintenance organizations established ... The order restrained the AMA from obstructing agreements between physicians and health maintenance organizations. In May 1983, ... In the 1990s, the organization was part of the coalition that defeated the health care reform advanced by Hillary and Bill ... E. Pamuk (1999). Health United States 1998: With Socioeconomic Status and Health Chart Book. Mary Jo Bowie (January 1, 2018). ...
Medicare added the option of payments to health maintenance organizations (HMOs) in the 1970s. The government added hospice ... Contributions Act Health care in the United States Health care politics Health care reform in the United States Health ... Other organizations can also accredit hospitals for Medicare.[citation needed] These include the Community Health Accreditation ... Chronic Politics Health Care Security from FDR to George W. Bush By Philip J. Funigiello, 2005, P.133 Crisis in Health Care, an ...
It resembles the definition of Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO) that emerged in the 1970s. Like an HMO, an ACO is "an ... Merlis, Mark (2010-08-13). "Health policy brief: Accountable Care Organizations (Updated)". Health Affairs. Health Affairs and ... ACOs are different from health maintenance organizations (HMOs) in that they allow providers much freedom in developing the ACO ... Fleming, Chris (27 July 2010). "Health Policy Brief: Accountable Care Organizations". Health Affairs Forefront. doi:10.1377/ ...
"MetLife Announces the New MET Series for its Dental Health Maintenance Organization DHMO Plans". Health & Medicine Week: 1192. ... The foundation has partnered with and donated to a variety of organizations, including Habitat for Humanity since 2010 and the ... Augustums, Ieva M. (May 1, 2010). "AIG Sells Alico Health Insurance Unit to MetLife for $15.5B". The Huffington Post: Business ... MetLife also administers dental continuing education program for dentists and allied health care professionals, which are ...
After graduate school, Namie worked at a health maintenance organization in California, where she specialized in chemical ... While working at the health maintenance organization, Namie experienced workplace bullying from her supervisor. This experience ... In recent years, she has decreased her responsibilities at the Institute due to her health. Her WBI Workplace Bullying ... Namie, Gary; Namie, Ruth (2013). The bully-free workplace : stop jerks, weasels, and snakes from killing your organization. ...
It is owned and operated by Clalit Health Services, Israel's largest health maintenance organization. In January 1996, ... Health care in Israel Medical tourism in Israel Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel "Table 10: Listed Hospitalization ... Israel Ministry of Health. January 2020. p. 24. Retrieved November 9, 2020. Ayala Hurwicz (2007-05-07). "Sheba - Largest ... the two hospitals were officially merged in 1996 in a budget saving consolidation and the umbrella organization renamed the ...
Medical and health organizations based in Hawaii, Health maintenance organizations, Organizations established in 1938, 1938 ... In 1972, HMSA introduced the Community Health Program, its first Health maintenance organization (HMO). The Hawaii Prepaid ... HMSA offers a variety of health plans, including Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) plans and Health Maintenance ... "Health plans". HSMA web site. Retrieved November 26, 2010. "Health & Wellness". HSMA web site. Retrieved November 26, 2010. " ...
The panel reviews medical malpractice and healthcare facility or health maintenance organization privilege cases. Krentzman, an ... Beginning in April 2007, the Krentzmans have made the car available at no cost to breast cancer organizations nationwide to ... From February 2009 until March 2010, Krentzman served on the Business-Higher Education Forum, an organization of several ... to expand the Jay Monahan Center for Gastrointestinal Health into additional areas of the United States. Along with his son ...
It specializes in allied health professions, medicine, health maintenance organizations, health administration, nursing, and ... Group Health's research leg was the Group Health Research Institute (GHRI), formerly known as Group Health Center for Health ... Group Health Cooperative, formerly known as Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, later more commonly known as Group Health ... Group Health is now Kaiser Permanente. January 13, 2017. "Introducing Group Health Community Foundation". Group Health ...
Health insurance in the United States, Health maintenance organizations, Hospital networks in the United States, Healthcare in ... In 1977, all six of Kaiser Permanente's regions had become federally qualified health maintenance organizations. In 1980, ... In 1951, the organization acquired its current name when Henry Kaiser unilaterally directed the trustees of the health plans, ... Kaiser Permanente closed health plans in Charlotte and Raleigh-Durham in North Carolina four years later. The organization also ...
Dental plan Health maintenance organization Independent practice association Point of service plan Silent PPO Single-payer ... A PPO is similar to a health maintenance organization (HMO) in structure, administration, and operation. Unlike PPOs, however, ... Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs). InterStudy. OL 14736792M. "Health Harbor - Health Insurance Plan Choices". Archived ... In U.S. health insurance, a preferred provider organization (PPO), sometimes referred to as a participating provider ...
Medical services are provided in the city through all four Health maintenance organizations (kupot holim). There is also a ... The Israeli human rights organisation B'Tselem criticizes: "The expropriation procedure used in Ma'ale Adummim is unprecedented ...
It combines characteristics of the health maintenance organization (HMO) and the preferred provider organization (PPO). The POS ... Definitions of Health Insurance Terms, U.S. Interdepartmental Committee on Employment-based Health Insurance Surveys (URL ... but with lesser compensation offered by the patient's health insurance company. For medical visits within the health care ... Medicare and the American Health Care System: A Report to the Congress: 99. OCLC 24097034. Glossary, Federal Employees Health ...
Case Hospital owns and Operates Case MedCare Insurance Limited, a wholly owned Health Maintenance Organization. In 1995, a ...
In 1948, the newly formed World Health Organization took over the maintenance of the ILCD. They greatly expanded it, included ... is produced by the World Health Organization (WHO). The ICD has a broader scope than the DSM, covering overall health as well ... and Other-Diagnosis in User-Led Mental Health Online Communities". Qualitative Health Research. 21 (3): 419-428. doi:10.1177/ ... Health-care researchers use the DSM to categorize patients for research purposes. The DSM evolved from systems for collecting ...
An HMO is a health maintenance organization, an organization that provides or arranges managed care. HMO or hmo may also refer ...
In the United States, a health maintenance organization (HMO) is a medical insurance group that provides health services for a ... Department of Health and Human Services that led to the enactment of the Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973. This act ... a Michael Moore documentary criticizing HMOs Single-payer health care "BBC News - G-I - Health Maintenance Organization / HMO ... The Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 required employers with 25 or more employees to offer federally certified HMO ...
Learn everything there is to know about an HMO and discover if a Health Maintenance Organization is the best choice for your ... Health Maintenance Organization). An HMO is a form of managed care. Managed-care plans aim to offer comprehensive health care ... HMO - Health Maintenance Organization Basics. When you are shopping for a medical insurance plan, you have different options to ... Health Maintenance Organizations are generally more affordable than other managed care insurance systems. The monthly fees and ...
g) If the health maintenance organization has preauthorized health care services, the health maintenance organization may not ... GROUP MODEL HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS. (a) In this section, "group model health maintenance organization" means a health ... f) A health maintenance organization is subject to Chapter 823 as if the health maintenance organization were an insurer under ... a) A health maintenance organization or a representative of a health maintenance organization may not:. (1) use or distribute ...
Represent several health maintenance organizations in the most active insolvencies in the Western United States. ...
Diabetes prevalence among 2.4 million health maintenance organisation (HMO) members < 20 years of age, 2005-2009: the SUPREME- ... Electronic health records (EHR) provide an opportunity to identify persons with DM in large diverse populations. We estimated ... Materials and methods: For each year, the denominator was composed of health plan members < 20 years of age on the last day of ...
Health Insurance - Clinically Integrated Organizations. Delegate Hayes 2. 2. In the House - Hearing 3/24 at 1:00 p.m. Health ... Health and Government Operations. 3/10/2016 - 1:00 PM. HB1150 (SB0887/CH0445) Health Insurance - Consumer Health Claim Filing ... Health and Government Operations. 3/31/2016 - 1:00 PM. SB0887 /CH0445 (HB1150) Health Insurance - Consumer Health Claim Filing ... Health Insurance - Clinically Integrated Organizations. Senator Pugh 2. 2. In the Senate - Hearing 3/24 at 1:00 p.m. Finance. 3 ...
PAYMENT FOR HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION. SERVICES. § 1229.51. General payment policy.. (a) Payment for Health Maintenance ... Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) A legal entity determined by the Assistant Secretary for Health, Department of Health and ... HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION. SERVICES. GENERAL PROVISIONS. Sec.. 1229.1. Policy. 1229.2. Definitions. SCOPE OF BENEFITS. ... PAYMENT FOR HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION. SERVICES. 1229.51. General payment policy. UTILIZATION CONTROL. 1229.71. Scope of ...
Cost-Based Health Maintenance Organization A type of managed care organization that will pay for all of the enrollees/members ... Like a health care prepayment plan (HCPP), except for out-of-area emergency services, if a Medicare member/enrollee chooses to ...
... maps for Health Maintenance Organizations, Health Care Plans ???? in telephone directory ... Health Maintenance Organizations in Scarborough 👉 Phone numbers, addresses, branches, services, products, offers, photos, ... Similar results from health maintenance organizations in Scarborough, Ontario. Dental Insurance. Group Insurance. Health ... health maintenance organizations near you, discover here the different companies, delivery to your home in Scarborough, say all ...
A type of health insurance plan that usually limits coverage to care from doctors who work for or contract with the HMO. It ... Health maintenance organizations (HMOs). A type of health insurance plan that usually limits coverage to care from doctors who ... There are many organizations willing to help you start and grow your business, often for low or no cost. ... This site is managed by Small Business Majority-a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. ...
Health Maintenance Organizations- NRS Chapter 695C - Health Maintenance Organizations Pages Only ...
... 86(7). Myers, B. A. "Health maintenance organizations: objectives and ... Health Maintenance Organizations Insurance, Health Legislation, Medical Research Article ... Myers, B. A. "Health maintenance organizations: objectives and issues." vol. 86, no. 7, 1971. Export RIS Citation Information. ... Title : Health maintenance organizations: objectives and issues. Personal Author(s) : Myers, B. A. Published Date : Jul 1971 ...
World Health Organization Says Treated Water Safe from Coronavirus Maintenance. Posted on: March 24, 2020. ... The World Health Organization released a paper addressing the virus responsible for COVID-19 as it pertains to water. ... World Health Organization Says Treated Water Safe from Coronavirus. Standard levels of disinfection should kill the virus ...
Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs). HMOs can limit your network of health care providers to a particular list of doctors ... Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Plan.(n.d.) The U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Retrieved August30, 2013, ... Exclusive Provider Organizations (EPOs). Like HMOs, EPOs can limit your network of health care providers to a list of preferred ... High Deductible Health Plan (HDHP). An HDHP has a lower premium and higher deductible than most other health insurance plans. ...
Insurance Maintenance Taxes; Chapter 258, Health Maintenance Organizations. Refreshed: 2023-07-23 ...
A collection of RAND research on the topic of Managed Health Care ... in a closed panel gatekeeper health maintenance organization ( ... Health Maintenance Organizations and the Changing Physician Workforce. Found that the growth of managed care in the United ... particularly the growth of health maintenance organizations (HMOs), has had a profound effect on the practice location choices ... Toward Full Mental Health Parity and Beyond: Managed Behavioral Health Care Has Made Full Parity Affordable--And Therefore ...
HealthPartners , Health Maintenance Organizations
The Minnesota Historical Society holds the worlds largest collection of Minnesota newspapers, with dates ranging from 1849 to the present day.. Past issues of most newspaper titles are available on microfilm in the MNHS library, but there is also digital access to select newspapers. Use the links to the left to search for newspapers available at MNHS and to search within digitized newspaper collections. ...
Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Plans HMOs bundle Medicare Part A and Part B insurance into 1 Medicare Advantage plan. ... Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) Plans. PPO plans offer similar coverage to HMO plans. They combine your Medicare Part A ... Medicare is a health insurance program offered to qualified individuals. There are a few different types of Medicare plans, so ... Deductibles: Most health insurance plans require you to meet a deductible before you can begin contributing to your medical ...
... work by providing health care services to their affiliates through health care providers that they enter ... Health Maintenance Work (HMO)? Health maintenance organizations go into agreements with hospitals, medics, doctors, and clinics ... Health maintenance organization (HMO) work by providing health care services to their affiliates through health care providers ... Read Also: Nigeria health Insurance for Europe Visa. What Contributors of a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) pays. First, ...
HMO: Health Maintenance Organization. *. How they work: An HMO delivers services exclusively through a network of doctors, ... This website may not support enrollment in all Qualified Health Plans (QHPs) being offered in your state through the Health ... Attention: This website is operated by Stride Health and is not the Health Insurance Marketplace® website. In offering this ... Stride Health offers the opportunity to enroll in either QHPs or off-Marketplace coverage. Please visit HealthCare.gov for ...
... work with non governmental organization, with the help of our easy to understand tutorial and Courses. ... A Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) accredited by the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) to operate as a national HMO ... Post-NYSC experience is required while experience in Health Maintenance Organization is desirable. ... Assist in the marketing of health plans to private and public organizations. ...
See other Health Maintenance Organizations, Health Plans-Information & Referral Service, Health Insurance in Seattle, WA ... directions and more for Hdl Maintenance at 7232 39th Ave SW, Seattle, WA 98136. ... StoreFound, States, Washington, Seattle, Health Maintenance Organizations near Seattle, WA Hdl Maintenance ...
Copyright 2023 ColoradoMedicareInsurance-plans.com. All Rights Reserved.. This site is not connected with or endorsed by the United States government or the federal Medicare program.. ...
3.Health maintenance organization.. "Health maintenance organization" means a corporation licensed and operated as provided in ... 4.Health maintenance plans.. A health maintenance organization which provides the services required by chapter 62D shall be ... c) The association shall offer health maintenance organization contracts in those areas of the state where a health maintenance ... Every insurer and health maintenance organization before issuing a conversion policy or contract of health insurance shall:. (1 ...
In case you have been being employed in the health care business for a time, you may find that your particular business alter ... Coping With Your State Of Health Maintenance Organization. by adminPosted on. ... There are several men and women that were working in the health maintenance sector for many years and possess not obtained any ... In case you have been being employed in the health care business for a time, you may find that your particular business alter ...
  • Like PPOs, a POS allows you to see both in-network and out-of-network health care providers. (healthline.com)
  • Health Insurance Network Types: What are HMOs and PPOs? (healthcare.com)
  • Point of Service health insurance combines elements from both HMOs and PPOs. (immihelp.com)
  • HMOs, PPOs, deductibles and copays-wading through the details of health insurance plans might have you reaching for the aspirin. (experian.com)
  • A Cohort Study from a Large Health Maintenance Organization: 2004 to 2019. (bvsalud.org)
  • This chapter may be cited as the Texas Health Maintenance Organization Act. (texas.gov)
  • 9-b) "Freestanding emergency medical care facility" means a facility licensed under Chapter 254 , Health and Safety Code. (texas.gov)
  • Health maintenance organization" means a corporation licensed and operated as provided in chapter 62D. (mn.gov)
  • Insurer" means those companies operating pursuant to chapter 62A or 62C and offering, selling, issuing, or renewing policies or contracts of accident and health insurance. (mn.gov)
  • One popular plan is an HMO (Health Maintenance Organization). (bills.com)
  • 8) "Enrollee" means an individual who is enrolled in a health care plan and includes covered dependents. (texas.gov)
  • E) services provided under a limited health care service plan or a single health care service plan. (texas.gov)
  • 14) "Health maintenance organization" means a person who arranges for or provides to enrollees on a prepaid basis a health care plan, a limited health care service plan, or a single health care service plan. (texas.gov)
  • 6 months of health plan membership. (healthpartners.com)
  • vi) Home health services for individuals entitled to those services under the Medicaid State Plan. (pacodeandbulletin.gov)
  • Like a health care prepayment plan (HCPP), except for out-of-area emergency services, if a Medicare member/enrollee chooses to obtain services that have not been arranged for by the HMO, he/she is liable for any applicable deductible and co-insurance amounts, with the balance to be paid by the regional Medicare intermediary and/or carrier. (hippa.com)
  • This type of health insurance plan has a very high deductible and carries only the essential health benefits. (healthline.com)
  • The Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) plan covers the participant, their significant other and their children in case of illness. (entorm.com)
  • Before picking a health plan, endeavor that you get to know what the plan covers and whether it is appropriate for you or not. (entorm.com)
  • Medicare is a government-controlled health plan. (benzinga.com)
  • Before you select your plan, ensure that the health care provider and hospital you visit most often are included within the plan's network. (benzinga.com)
  • Qualified plan" means those health benefit plans which have been certified by the commissioner as providing the minimum benefits required by section 62E.06 or the actuarial equivalent of those benefits. (mn.gov)
  • Qualified Medicare supplement plan" means those health benefit plans which have been certified by the commissioner as providing the minimum benefits required by section 62E.07 . (mn.gov)
  • 9. Plan of health coverage. (mn.gov)
  • Plan of health coverage" means any plan or combination of plans of coverage, including combinations of self insurance, individual accident and health insurance policies, group accident and health insurance policies, coverage under a nonprofit health service plan, or coverage under a health maintenance organization subscriber contract. (mn.gov)
  • Accident and health insurance policy" or "policy" means insurance or nonprofit health service plan contracts providing benefits for hospital, surgical and medical care. (mn.gov)
  • Three little letters, which indicate what type of health insurance plan you have, make all the difference in your coverage. (healthcare.com)
  • This is also another affordable individual health insurance plan that gives people access to all health care providers within the network. (prnewswire.com)
  • This is the monthly cost that you have to pay to maintain your individual health insurance plan. (prnewswire.com)
  • This is the amount of money that you are responsible for before co-insurance kicks in on your individual health insurance plan. (prnewswire.com)
  • You will find the right health insurance plan this way. (immihelp.com)
  • Health insurance is a plan that people buy in return for coverage on all kinds of medical care. (kidshealth.org)
  • In the United States, kids can stay on their parents' health insurance plan until age 26. (kidshealth.org)
  • It's designed to protect people from losing their health insurance by allowing them to continue buying their current health plan for a limited time. (kidshealth.org)
  • When buying a health plan, your primary consideration should be how well it fits your needs. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • You must choose a primary care physician from the provider network of your HMO health insurance plan. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • VitalOne Health can help you compare health insurance rates, allowing you to select the best health maintenance organization plan for you. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • PPO plans consist of a comprehensive health care network of medical providers, which are covered by the PPO plan less a minor deductible or co-insurance percentage. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • A point of service plan is effectively the midpoint between a HMO and a PPO health insurance plan. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • With POS plans, going outside of the network will result in higher out-of-pocket costs, as well as the hassle of having to do the paperwork in order for your partial claims to be reimbursed by your health plan. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • For many people, POS plans are the best of both worlds when it comes to a health plan. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • If you are considering a POS plan, VitalOne Health can provide you with a health insurance quote today. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • However, this type of health insurance plan also comes with more responsibility. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • Ask VitalOne Health to help you select the best health savings account and high-deductible health plan combination that best suits your needs. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • Guaranteed issue health insurance plans may be your health plan solution if you have a pre-existing condition. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • Before purchasing a health insurance plan, it's important to keep a few things in mind, including: the different types of health insurance plans and networks, the out-of-pocket costs for which you'll be responsible, and open enrollment periods for coverage. (experian.com)
  • Employees who've been with the company for longer than that will have to wait for the company's health care enrollment period before they can enroll in health insurance coverage or make changes to an existing plan. (experian.com)
  • Generally, you must have a "qualifying event" to enroll in a health insurance plan through your employer or the marketplace. (experian.com)
  • But putting in a bit of time to learn what these health insurance terms mean can empower you to better understand what signing on to a plan might mean for your budget and your health. (npr.org)
  • For more tips on finding a health insurance plan, listen to the audio at the top of the page. (npr.org)
  • The following Cognos reports provide a listing of ZIP codes for HMO and PPO plans that are available in each county by health plan. (ca.gov)
  • Health plan codes for reporting and enrollment purposes are also included. (ca.gov)
  • Will CalPERS help us find a health plan for our less than half-time employees? (ca.gov)
  • The offer 71 of optional membership in a health maintenance organization plan 72 permitted by this paragraph may be limited or conditioned by 73 rule as may be necessary to meet the requirements of state and 74 federal laws. (flsenate.gov)
  • With so many available options and complicated contracts to look at, self-employed individuals may struggle to find the best health insurance plan to fit their needs. (money.com)
  • Read on for reviews of the best self-employed health insurance plans, plus a guide to finding a plan that aligns with your health-related requirements and financial situation. (money.com)
  • This plan includes a high-deductible health insurance plan and a savings account in which Medicare deposits money for you to use for health care costs. (ameripriseadvisors.com)
  • Effective 12/31/15 Windsor Health Plan Inc. NAIC Co# 95792 merged with and into Harmony Health Plan of Illinois. (mo.gov)
  • Harmony Health Plan of Illinois changed its name to Harmony Health Plan, Inc. (mo.gov)
  • It's more important than ever to make sure you and your family have an adequate health insurance plan . (trustedchoice.com)
  • This includes not only a good diet and exercise but also a health insurance plan . (trustedchoice.com)
  • It is important to decide which plan type is best for your Idaho family before purchasing a health insurance policy. (trustedchoice.com)
  • Which Health Insurance Plan Is Right for You? (trustedchoice.com)
  • o It is essential that you have a copy of 'Plan and Operation of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-94' DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 94-1308, and 'Sample design: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey' DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 92- 1387, before conducting analyses of the data on this data file. (cdc.gov)
  • Stride Health offers the opportunity to enroll in either QHPs or off-Marketplace coverage. (stridehealth.com)
  • Some employers offer health insurance coverage on your first day of work. (kidshealth.org)
  • We can help you compare medical coverage and health insurance quotes in order to find the best healthcare for you. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • That is because HMO health insurance gives you less flexibility than other forms of health coverage. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • These plans come with lower health insurance rates, but with annual deductibles that reach into the thousands of dollars before your coverage begins. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • This health insurance coverage is helpful to those who have or have had high blood pressure, cancer, or diabetes, among other diseases. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • If you are unemployed or your employer doesn't provide health insurance, you can buy coverage on your state's marketplace, accessible through Healthcare.gov , or directly from an insurance company or agent. (experian.com)
  • CHIP stands for Children's Health Insurance Program and provides affordable coverage for kids in low-income families. (npr.org)
  • Health coverage for employees continues into retirement. (ca.gov)
  • Do CalPERS health plans meet the minimum essential coverage requirement and provide minimum value? (ca.gov)
  • All health plans offered by CalPERS meet the minimum essential coverage requirement. (ca.gov)
  • Neither ACA nor PEMHCA requires health coverage for less than half-time employees. (ca.gov)
  • CalPERS cannot assist you with finding health coverage for this group. (ca.gov)
  • Medicare is a federal health insurance program that provides coverage for people age 65 and older, and for some disabled people under age 65. (ameripriseadvisors.com)
  • Medicare is only one of the sources of health care coverage available to retirees. (ameripriseadvisors.com)
  • Do you have any of the following kinds of health insurance or health care coverage? (cdc.gov)
  • The first priority under the cooperation strategy is to contribute to strengthening and building resilience of the Palestinian health system and enhancing Ministry of Health leadership to progress towards universal health coverage. (who.int)
  • The Secretariat mobilized experts from WHO to support review of existing policies for progressing towards universal health coverage, including health financing, service delivery planning, primary health care, health-care quality and patient safety. (who.int)
  • Recommendations of these reviews will constitute the basis for developing a universal health coverage implementation road map, which will integrate work towards primary health-care reform, financing and governance. (who.int)
  • With support from the Government of Norway and the World Bank, the Institute is working to advance universal health coverage through supporting the family practice approach, monitoring and strategic planning of human resources for health. (who.int)
  • mean age at follow-up 57.7 years) from a nonprofit Israeli healthcare maintenance organization that provides national health care coverage to 14% of the population of Israel. (medscape.com)
  • Lastly, Health maintenance organization (HMO) has deductibles. (entorm.com)
  • Check your state's Department of Health and Human Development (HHD) program to find out if you are eligible for Medicaid. (kidshealth.org)
  • Ambulatory care prescription records from 2 state Medicaid programs and a salaried group-model health maintenance organization (HMO) were used to perform a population-based analysis of three 1-year cross-sectional data sets (for the years 1991, 1993, and 1995). (nih.gov)
  • Medicaid is a health insurance program for people with low incomes, and others with certain disabilities . (npr.org)
  • If you're under 19, uninsured, and your family's income is below a certain level, you might be able to get state help through a program called SCHIP (State Children's Health Insurance Program). (kidshealth.org)
  • It is an organization that provides or arranges managed care for health insurance, self-funded health care benefit plans, individuals, and other entities, acting as a liaison with health care providers (hospitals, doctors, etc.) on a prepaid basis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Managed-care plans aim to offer comprehensive health care to its members through a network of health care providers. (bills.com)
  • Your application will be processed, and you will receive a list of health insurance plans you are eligible to purchase. (healthline.com)
  • Private health insurance companies provide these health insurance plans. (healthline.com)
  • An HDHP has a lower premium and higher deductible than most other health insurance plans. (healthline.com)
  • The origin of Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) goes back to the early 1900s when establishments started providing their staffs with plans of prepaid medical services. (entorm.com)
  • There are a few different types of Medicare plans, so it's important to be aware of this as you choose your health insurance. (benzinga.com)
  • This website may not support enrollment in all Qualified Health Plans (QHPs) being offered in your state through the Health Insurance Marketplace® website. (stridehealth.com)
  • Assist in the marketing of health plans to private and public organizations. (ngonurses.com)
  • For example, you can find HMO or PPO versions in Affordable Care Act plans , employer insurance plans, and short-term health plans . (healthcare.com)
  • There are many types of California health insurance plans out there. (prnewswire.com)
  • The company offers health insurance plans from all the major insurance carriers in California and has been saving money for consumers and small businesses for many years. (prnewswire.com)
  • There are several types of health insurance plans in the U.S. Typically, they can be categorized as employer-sponsored health insurance, federal insurance, and private health insurance. (immihelp.com)
  • The best option for new residents in the U.S. is to opt for their employers' health insurance plans. (immihelp.com)
  • There are many types of health plans available for individuals, groups, families, and students. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • You can even buy health plans for a short term period of time. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • If you have a pre-existing condition, guaranteed issue health insurance plans are also an option. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • VitalOne Health offers a variety of affordable health insurance plans available from major providers. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • HMOs are the cheapest health insurance plans available. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • The trade-off for this increased choice is that co-payments are higher than those of other health insurance plans. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • At VitalOne Health, we can provide you with affordable health insurance quotes for PPO insurance plans from multiple providers. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • Point of service health insurance plans are usually cheaper than PPO plans, since they force you to give up some control. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • In recent years, health savings accounts have become increasingly popular health plans. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • In most cases, HSAs are combined with high deductible health insurance plans. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • Unlike other types of health plans, this type of health insurance must cover all applicants, regardless of their health status. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • Guaranteed issue health plans are also available for those who are currently pregnant. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • Health insurance open enrollment for employer-sponsored plans can vary depending on the employer, but it generally takes place in the fall. (experian.com)
  • Open enrollment for plans sold on the health insurance exchange at Healthcare.gov generally runs from mid-November to mid-December. (experian.com)
  • Introduction to managed care : health maintenance organizations, preferred provider organizations, and competitive medical plans / Robert G. Shouldice. (who.int)
  • These are private group health insurance plans, and your employer usually pays most of your monthly premium. (npr.org)
  • We also offer Medicare health benefits plans for those members eligible for Medicare. (ca.gov)
  • Health Benefits (Active Members) - Access member health information including eligibility and enrollment, plans and rates, Medicare, and long-term care. (ca.gov)
  • As your health benefits purchaser, CalPERS ensures our health plans comply with all relevant provisions of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and provides information to our contracting agencies and schools. (ca.gov)
  • Your costs will vary based on your income, age, health, location, your Medicare or supplemental plans and life expectancy. (ameripriseadvisors.com)
  • These plans are intended for people with certain chronic diseases or special health care needs. (ameripriseadvisors.com)
  • What Types of Health Insurance Plans Are Available in Idaho? (trustedchoice.com)
  • There are many health insurance plans available for Idaho residents. (trustedchoice.com)
  • 1. Linked to socioeconomic status and social health maintenance organizations, which inequality. (who.int)
  • Medicare is a health insurance program offered to qualified individuals. (benzinga.com)
  • Medicare is a federal health insurance program and some parts of Medicare are offered by private insurance companies. (benzinga.com)
  • This part of Medicare covers inpatient hospital stays, care in a skilled nursing home, hospice care and in some cases, home health care. (benzinga.com)
  • Medicare is a valuable program for many retirees, but it wasn't designed to cover health care expenses in full. (ameripriseadvisors.com)
  • Cohort analysis of electronic health records from 2004 to 2019 was conducted in a urban district of a major health maintenance organization ( HMO ) in Israel . (bvsalud.org)
  • In 2019, the Seventy-second World Health Assembly adopted decision WHA72(8), which requested the Director-General inter alia to report on progress in the implementation of the recommendations contained in the report by the Director-General,1 based on field monitoring, to the Seventy-third World Health Assembly. (who.int)
  • In that case, the amount you save on your health insurance premiums may outweigh the increase in out-of-pocket expenses. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • This administrative fee is calculated on both total active and retired health premiums each month. (ca.gov)
  • 1) "Adverse determination" means a determination by a health maintenance organization or a utilization review agent that health care services provided or proposed to be provided to an enrollee are not medically necessary or are not appropriate. (texas.gov)
  • Debt Utilization Ratios indicate the solvency and long-term financial health of a company. (123helpme.com)
  • The Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 required employers with 25 or more employees to offer federally certified HMO options if the employer offers traditional healthcare options. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute condition" means that the individual is medically unstable and requires frequent monitoring by medical professionals, such as physicians and registered nurses, in order to maintain the individual's health status. (mn.gov)
  • 3) "Blended contract" means a single document that provides a combination of indemnity and health maintenance organization benefits. (texas.gov)
  • The Marketplace should be your first stop when you begin looking to purchase health insurance. (healthline.com)
  • Attention: This website is operated by Stride Health and is not the Health Insurance Marketplace® website. (stridehealth.com)
  • For enrollment support in all available QHP options in your state, go to the Health Insurance Marketplace® website at HealthCare.gov . (stridehealth.com)
  • It is likely that some of the rules and regulations affecting the health insurance marketplace will continue to change over time. (kidshealth.org)
  • The Health Insurance Marketplace. (kidshealth.org)
  • If you hear "health insurance marketplace" or "insurance exchange" or "Obamacare insurance" - they're all the same thing. (npr.org)
  • To stay up to date on Obamacare and other health insurance issues, visit healthcare.gov and the website of the health commissioner's office in your state. (kidshealth.org)
  • The real potential of team care to improve health outcomes and reduce healthcare costs is the ability to increase the number and quality of services available. (bmj.com)
  • With the new law regarding affordable healthcare, along with government website failures and lengthy delays, many residents are feeling frustrated with their attempts at getting health insurance. (trustedchoice.com)
  • The Affordable Healthcare Act mandates health insurance for everyone, so if you don't carry heath insurance through your employer or privately, you could be facing hefty fines. (trustedchoice.com)
  • To offset this larger deductible price, you can elect to participate in a health care savings account or a health reimbursement arrangement. (healthline.com)
  • If you have a pre-existing condition and are not eligible for a group health policy, you could find yourself without insurance. (bills.com)
  • The Medical Assistance Program provides payment for specific medically necessary services rendered to eligible recipients by Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) enrolled as providers under the program. (pacodeandbulletin.gov)
  • Categorically needy recipients enrolled in a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) are eligible for the full range of HMO services covered by the contract of the Department with the HMO. (pacodeandbulletin.gov)
  • Contracting agencies are required to provide an employer health contribution toward the cost of the monthly premium for all eligible employees and annuitants. (ca.gov)
  • HMOs can limit your network of health care providers to a particular list of doctors and hospitals. (healthline.com)
  • Health maintenance organizations go into agreements with hospitals, medics, doctors, and clinics in order to offer health care services within a particular region. (entorm.com)
  • WHO experts supported the validation and analysis of local health accounts, measurement of financial risk protection and projections of health expenditures, as well as the implementation of an e-Health strategy and support to the east Jerusalem hospitals network through the hiring of a coordinator to follow up on technical priorities of the network. (who.int)
  • The BNT162b2 vaccine received emergency with the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) (G. Rahib, Israel approval for use by the US Food and Drug Admin- Ministry of Health Laboratories, pers. (cdc.gov)
  • Jerusalem, and the capacities of the Ministry of Health, its partners and communities in health emergency and disaster risk management, and to support humanitarian health response capacities. (who.int)
  • Nutrition Department, Israel Ministry of Health 2. (who.int)
  • Japanese Ministry of Health [2 5 ]. (who.int)
  • To address the problems related to mental health, WHO has supported the Ministry of Health to develop a mental health strategy. (who.int)
  • WHO is supporting the Ministry of Health to develop an environmental health policy for South Sudan. (who.int)
  • Article IV of the Public Welfare Code (62 P. S. § § 401 489), and, when applicable, the Voluntary Nonprofit Health Service Act of 1972 (40 P. S. § § 1551 1557). (pacodeandbulletin.gov)
  • In a private, nonprofit health maintenance organization, we mailed recruitment brochures to two populations: depressed adults (n = 6994) who received traditional medical services for depression, and an age/gender matched sample of nondepressed adults (n = 6996). (jmir.org)
  • Health providers have the other benefit of having patients sent to them. (entorm.com)
  • Nortriptyline and interpersonal psychotherapy as maintenance therapies for recurrent major depression: a randomized controlled trial in patients older than 59 years. (athealth.com)
  • However, just 51% of physician respondents used health maintenance flow sheets, and only 13% used electronic medical records to identify patients due for CRC screening. (cdc.gov)
  • o The Public Health Service Act (Section 308(d)) provides that the data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, may be used ONLY for the purpose of health statistical reporting and analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • In New Mexico, the Clinical Prevention Initiative, a statewide partnership of health care organizations supported by the New Mexico Department of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (7), works to increase the delivery of high-impact preventive services (8) by targeting primary care providers. (cdc.gov)
  • Background/objective: As a result of an increasing desire among physicians and parents for clinical centers that can evaluate children with known or suspected exposures to environmental toxicants, a network of federally funded "pediatric environmental health specialty units" has recently been created. (cdc.gov)
  • Electronic health records (EHR) provide an opportunity to identify persons with DM in large diverse populations. (healthpartners.com)
  • The Public Employees' Medical & Hospital Care Act (PEMHCA) governs the CalPERS Health Program, which enables you to provide a quality health benefits program to your employees while reducing financial risk. (ca.gov)
  • The Institute works inter alia to develop evidence through public health research, to strengthen surveillance systems, and provide capacity-building and advocacy to promote improved health outcomes. (who.int)
  • Third-party payors and health maintenance organizations are willing to provide full reimbursement for these services. (cdc.gov)
  • The South Sudan country health profiles provide an overview of the situation and trends of priority health problems and the health systems profile, including a description of institutional frameworks, trends in the national response, key issues and challenges. (who.int)
  • The first piece of advice is this: Don't do an online search for "I need health insurance" and expect the internet to help you out. (npr.org)
  • 4) "Capitation" means a method of compensating a physician or provider for arranging for or providing a defined set of covered health care services to certain enrollees for a specified period that is based on a predetermined payment per enrollee for the specified period, without regard to the quantity of services actually provided. (texas.gov)
  • A type of managed care organization that will pay for all of the enrollees/members' medical care costs in return for a monthly premium, plus any applicable deductible or co-payment. (hippa.com)
  • After registering with a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO), the contributor is needed to choose a primary care physician from a list of doctors within the network. (entorm.com)
  • Nationwide averages show that large employers shoulder around 70% of health insurance costs. (immihelp.com)
  • If you're starting a new job, you may be offered health insurance immediately, but some employers make new employees wait as long as 90 days before they can enroll. (experian.com)
  • Pick your primary care physician wisely as all health care that you require will be attained through them. (entorm.com)
  • Unlike a HMO, a preferred provider organization does not require you to select a primary care physician or receive a referral to visit a specialist. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • RANDS was a two-round web survey designed as a vehicle for methodology research that primarily uses National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) questions in an effort to 1) explore how web panels may be used to eventually supplement NCHS' address-based sample surveys, and 2) refine the use of targeted embedded probes to expand the findings from cognitive interviewing projects to a wider sample. (cdc.gov)
  • In the United States, a health maintenance organization (HMO) is a medical insurance group that provides health services for a fixed annual fee. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is this inclusion of services intended to maintain a member's health that gave the HMO its name. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some services, such as outpatient mental health care, are limited, and more costly forms of care, diagnosis, or treatment may not be covered. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2) "Basic health care services" means health care services that the commissioner determines an enrolled population might reasonably need to be maintained in good health. (texas.gov)
  • B) that consists in part of providing or arranging for health care services on a prepaid basis through insurance or otherwise, as distinguished from indemnifying for the cost of health care services. (texas.gov)
  • 13) "Health care services" means services provided to an individual to prevent, alleviate, cure, or heal human illness or injury. (texas.gov)
  • If you choose to see a doctor outside your network, you will not be responsible for the entire cost of the services you received, but you will be responsible for more of the cost than you would be if you used a health care provider that was in your PPO network. (healthline.com)
  • Health maintenance organization (HMO) work by providing health care services to their affiliates through health care providers that they enter into contracts. (entorm.com)
  • Benefits vary from state to state so you'll need to check with your state's Department of Health and Human Services. (kidshealth.org)
  • You can even utilize health care services outside of the PPO network, although doing so will be reimbursed at a lower rate. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • Rockville: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1993. (athealth.com)
  • If your agency is interested in participating in the CalPERS Health Benefits Program, email Health Program Consultation Services or call (916) 795-1233. (ca.gov)
  • The department shall contract with health maintenance 76 organizations seeking to participate in the state group 77 insurance program through a request for proposal or other 78 procurement process, as developed by the Department of 79 Management Services and determined to be appropriate. (flsenate.gov)
  • They do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Health and Human Services, the contractor or any other funding organization. (hhs.gov)
  • Health care costs in retirement can be substantial, and even everyday medical expenses such as prescription drug costs and routine medical services can add up over time. (ameripriseadvisors.com)
  • Adult day care" means a program for six or more individuals of social and health-related services provided during the day in a community group setting for the purpose of supporting frail, impaired elderly, or other disabled adults who can benefit from care in a group setting outside the home. (mn.gov)
  • You pay for services rendered and then submit the cost to the health insurance company, which will reimburse you up to 80 percent. (trustedchoice.com)
  • This will be used to improve mental health services in the country. (who.int)
  • This is the money you pay out from your pockets before the health insurance pays anything towards your medical expenses. (entorm.com)
  • With Health maintenance organization (HMO), you will receive cheap medical costs. (entorm.com)
  • According to a recent estimate, the average couple with a high prescription drug expense will need $383,000 in savings reserved for medical expenses to have a 90% chance of covering their health care costs in retirement. (ameripriseadvisors.com)
  • Most people get their health insurance through an employer, but you can't just sign up anytime. (experian.com)
  • If your agency already has a CalPERS health resolution on file and you'd like to make changes to monthly employer health contributions, email the Health Resolutions and Compliance Unit . (ca.gov)
  • What if you need health insurance but you missed open enrollment? (experian.com)
  • Buying health insurance on your own might be a more expensive option than sharing risk with a larger group of people (such as other students, employees, etc. (kidshealth.org)
  • At your agency's discretion, active employees can submit most health enrollment changes along with supporting documentation, online through their myCalPERS account. (ca.gov)
  • Psychiatric illness following traumatic brain injury in an adult health maintenance organization population. (bvsalud.org)
  • programs offered at an independent public policy research organization-the RAND Corporation. (rand.org)
  • 11. Accident and health insurance policy or policy. (mn.gov)
  • Finding a health insurance policy for you and your family by yourself can be a daunting task. (immihelp.com)
  • 2 , 3 , 4 However, health care, legal and social policy and practice have yet to catch up with this reality. (hhs.gov)
  • Find the right health insurance policy for you. (trustedchoice.com)
  • Although numerous barriers and facilitators to CRC screening have been identified in the literature (9-14), including patient, provider, health system, and policy factors, few surveys have been able to compare contemporaneous responses from providers and a general population (15). (cdc.gov)
  • In that case, you can see health care specialists without referrals from your primary care doctor. (healthline.com)
  • Found that the growth of managed care in the United States, particularly the growth of health maintenance organizations (HMOs), has had a profound effect on the practice location choices of both generalists and specialists. (rand.org)
  • You will have the least flexibility when choosing your health care providers since you can only see providers in your network and you cannot see specialists without a referral. (stridehealth.com)
  • Dancing has many positive health benefits. (nexdu.com)
  • Essential health benefits. (mn.gov)
  • Essential health benefits" has the meaning given under section 62Q.81, subdivision 4 . (mn.gov)
  • There are many different ways to buy health insurance, and the costs and benefits vary widely for each one. (kidshealth.org)
  • View Health Program Contracting Agencies (PDF) for a list of agencies that've contracted for health benefits. (ca.gov)
  • To contract for health and retirement benefits, visit Contracts . (ca.gov)
  • Uses qualitative data on PARTNERS, Los Angeles County's capitated managed care mental health treatment program, to explore the context for public-sector managed care reforms and to understand the obstacles to implementing such programs. (rand.org)
  • It's a federally run program - the government pays for much, but not all, of your health care . (npr.org)
  • Register for CalPERS Health Program Workshops to learn more. (ca.gov)
  • The program consists of four parts, each of which covers different health-related expenses. (ameripriseadvisors.com)
  • Malnutrition is a significant public health to action - a national nutrition program in problem which includes both ends of the Israel nutrition spectrum, with obesity and overweight at one end and under nutrition at the other. (who.int)
  • Understanding the structures that have been put in place to handle mental health needs is critical to drawing conclusions from their experiences. (rand.org)
  • Evidence is emerging that positive mental health is associated with good physical health, meaningful long-term relationships, a sense of belonging, good education and being employed in a healthy working environment. (who.int)
  • This area of work also includes nutrition, reproductive health, gender-based violence and mental health advocacy. (who.int)
  • Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2004. (athealth.com)
  • With a POS, you will need a referral from your primary health care doctor to see a health care provider who is out of your primary network. (healthline.com)
  • For an individual or group to belong to a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) they should be employed or living in the HMOs service area or within its network. (entorm.com)
  • Observatory and produced a report to map the Palestinian health workforce. (who.int)
  • This report was prepared under contract #HHS-100-03-0023 between the U.S. Department of Health and the RAND Corporation. (hhs.gov)
  • This report describes the needs for health information among California consumers as a group and focus on a few special populations-people over age 55, Spanish- and English-speaking people who describe themselves as Hispanics, people with less than a high school education, and people who rate their health as fair or poor. (rand.org)
  • The agreement entered with the health providers allow payments to be lower. (entorm.com)
  • Cheap health insurance is harder to find, since private health insurance providers do not want to cover someone who is already sick. (vitalonehealth.com)
  • Fast, Free and Secure Online Health Insurance Quotes for Individuals, Families and Small Businesses. (prnewswire.com)
  • The delivery of health care by a coordinated team of individuals has always been assumed to be a good thing. (bmj.com)
  • Studies indicate that the end of life is associated with a substantial burden of suffering among dying individuals, 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 and that negative health and financial consequences extend to family members and society. (hhs.gov)
  • These various types of health insurance are available through different markets. (healthcare.com)
  • It's another type of government-funded health insurance that's available only to certain people, like low-income adults and people with disabilities. (kidshealth.org)
  • This type of individual health insurance can save you money when compared to paying for these things with your taxable income, especially if you are relatively young and in good health. (vitalonehealth.com)