Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural.
The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures.
Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care.
Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.
A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.
The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population.
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
Public attitudes toward health, disease, and the medical care system.
The state wherein the person is well adjusted.
Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).
Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.
Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system.
Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis.
Innovation and improvement of the health care system by reappraisal, amendment of services, and removal of faults and abuses in providing and distributing health services to patients. It includes a re-alignment of health services and health insurance to maximum demographic elements (the unemployed, indigent, uninsured, elderly, inner cities, rural areas) with reference to coverage, hospitalization, pricing and cost containment, insurers' and employers' costs, pre-existing medical conditions, prescribed drugs, equipment, and services.
The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
Variation in rates of disease occurrence and disabilities between population groups defined by socioeconomic characteristics such as age, ethnicity, economic resources, or gender and populations identified geographically or similar measures.
The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease.
The state of the organism when it functions optimally without evidence of disease.
Care which provides integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community. (JAMA 1995;273(3):192)
Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health.
Statistical measures of utilization and other aspects of the provision of health care services including hospitalization and ambulatory care.
Any observable response or action of an adolescent.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
Typical way of life or manner of living characteristic of an individual or group. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)
Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species.
Undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. It may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her.
Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.
Sexual activities of humans.
Planning for needed health and/or welfare services and facilities.
Insurance providing coverage of medical, surgical, or hospital care in general or for which there is no specific heading.
The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.
Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.
Men and women working in the provision of health services, whether as individual practitioners or employees of health institutions and programs, whether or not professionally trained, and whether or not subject to public regulation. (From A Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, 1976)
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
Health services required by a population or community as well as the health services that the population or community is able and willing to pay for.
The observable response of a man or animal to a situation.
The concept pertaining to the health status of inhabitants of the world.
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking.
The levels of excellence which characterize the health service or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality.
The integration of epidemiologic, sociological, economic, and other analytic sciences in the study of health services. Health services research is usually concerned with relationships between need, demand, supply, use, and outcome of health services. The aim of the research is evaluation, particularly in terms of structure, process, output, and outcome. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment.
Services designed for HEALTH PROMOTION and prevention of disease.
Any observable response or action of a child from 24 months through 12 years of age. For neonates or children younger than 24 months, INFANT BEHAVIOR is available.
A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income.
The concept covering the physical and mental conditions of women.
The status of health in rural populations.
Degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.
The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (HEALTH CARE COSTS) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers.
The status of health in urban populations.
Management of public health organizations or agencies.
Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.
Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.
The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.
Diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive health services provided for individuals in the community.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Attitudes of personnel toward their patients, other professionals, toward the medical care system, etc.
Reduction of high-risk choices and adoption of low-risk quantity and frequency alternatives.
Planning for the equitable allocation, apportionment, or distribution of available health resources.
Research aimed at assessing the quality and effectiveness of health care as measured by the attainment of a specified end result or outcome. Measures include parameters such as improved health, lowered morbidity or mortality, and improvement of abnormal states (such as elevated blood pressure).
Sexual activities of animals.
The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community.
Organized services to provide mental health care.
The activities and endeavors of the public health services in a community on any level.
Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc.
Preferentially rated health-related activities or functions to be used in establishing health planning goals. This may refer specifically to PL93-641.
Components of a national health care system which administer specific services, e.g., national health insurance.
The transfer of information from experts in the medical and public health fields to patients and the public. The study and use of communication strategies to inform and influence individual and community decisions that enhance health.
Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.
The behavior patterns associated with or characteristic of a mother.
The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health.
A health care system which combines physicians, hospitals, and other medical services with a health plan to provide the complete spectrum of medical care for its customers. In a fully integrated system, the three key elements - physicians, hospital, and health plan membership - are in balance in terms of matching medical resources with the needs of purchasers and patients. (Coddington et al., Integrated Health Care: Reorganizing the Physician, Hospital and Health Plan Relationship, 1994, p7)
Cognitive mechanism based on expectations or beliefs about one's ability to perform actions necessary to produce a given effect. It is also a theoretical component of behavior change in various therapeutic treatments. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Persons living in the United States having origins in any of the black groups of Africa.
Individuals enrolled in a school or formal educational program.
Economic sector concerned with the provision, distribution, and consumption of health care services and related products.
Planning that has the goals of improving health, improving accessibility to health services, and promoting efficiency in the provision of services and resources on a comprehensive basis for a whole community. (From Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988, p299)
Principles applied to the analysis and explanation of psychological or behavioral phenomena.
Elements of residence that characterize a population. They are applicable in determining need for and utilization of health services.
A situation in which the level of living of an individual, family, or group is below the standard of the community. It is often related to a specific income level.
Telephone surveys are conducted to monitor prevalence of the major behavioral risks among adults associated with premature MORBIDITY and MORTALITY. The data collected is in regard to actual behaviors, rather than on attitudes or knowledge. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) established the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) in 1984.
Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends.
Organized services to provide health care for children.
A specialized agency of the United Nations designed as a coordinating authority on international health work; its aim is to promote the attainment of the highest possible level of health by all peoples.
Facilities which administer the delivery of health care services to people living in a community or neighborhood.
The tendency to explore or investigate a novel environment. It is considered a motivation not clearly distinguishable from curiosity.
Those factors which cause an organism to behave or act in either a goal-seeking or satisfying manner. They may be influenced by physiological drives or by external stimuli.
Acquired or learned food preferences.
Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.
The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).
The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.
Health services, public or private, in rural areas. The services include the promotion of health and the delivery of health care.
Institutions which provide medical or health-related services.
Education which increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of dental health on a personal or community basis.
Usual level of physical activity that is less than 30 minutes of moderate-intensity activity on most days of the week.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Any type of research that employs nonnumeric information to explore individual or group characteristics, producing findings not arrived at by statistical procedures or other quantitative means. (Qualitative Inquiry: A Dictionary of Terms Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1997)
A food group comprised of EDIBLE PLANTS or their parts.
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
The concept covering the physical and mental conditions of men.
Disorders related to substance abuse.
Community or individual involvement in the decision-making process.
Theoretical representations that simulate psychological processes and/or social processes. These include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Method for obtaining information through verbal responses, written or oral, from subjects.
Health services for employees, usually provided by the employer at the place of work.
The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs.
The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.
The fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a plant, enclosing the seed or seeds.
The availability of HEALTH PERSONNEL. It includes the demand and recruitment of both professional and allied health personnel, their present and future supply and distribution, and their assignment and utilization.
Planning for health resources at a regional or multi-state level.
Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
Counseling during which a professional plays an active role in a client's or patient's decision making by offering advice, guidance, and/or recommendations.
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with major depression present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.
Persons who have experienced a prolonged survival after serious disease or who continue to live with a usually life-threatening condition as well as family members, significant others, or individuals surviving traumatic life events.
The giving of advice and assistance to individuals with educational or personal problems.
What a person has in mind to do or bring about.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
Available manpower, facilities, revenue, equipment, and supplies to produce requisite health care and services.
Activities and programs intended to assure or improve the quality of care in either a defined medical setting or a program. The concept includes the assessment or evaluation of the quality of care; identification of problems or shortcomings in the delivery of care; designing activities to overcome these deficiencies; and follow-up monitoring to ensure effectiveness of corrective steps.
The state of being engaged in an activity or service for wages or salary.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Educational institutions providing facilities for teaching and research and authorized to grant academic degrees.
Preventive health services provided for students. It excludes college or university students.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Relatively invariant mode of behavior elicited or determined by a particular situation; may be verbal, postural, or expressive.
Organized services to provide health care to women. It excludes maternal care services for which MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES is available.
The interdisciplinary field concerned with the development and integration of behavioral and biomedical science, knowledge, and techniques relevant to health and illness and the application of this knowledge and these techniques to prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Recommendations for directing health planning functions and policies. These may be mandated by PL93-641 and issued by the Department of Health and Human Services for use by state and local planning agencies.
Evaluation procedures that focus on both the outcome or status (OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT) of the patient at the end of an episode of care - presence of symptoms, level of activity, and mortality; and the process (ASSESSMENT, PROCESS) - what is done for the patient diagnostically and therapeutically.
Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure.
Health care services related to human REPRODUCTION and diseases of the reproductive system. Services are provided to both sexes and usually by physicians in the medical or the surgical specialties such as REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE; ANDROLOGY; GYNECOLOGY; OBSTETRICS; and PERINATOLOGY.
An instrument for reproducing sounds especially articulate speech at a distance. (Webster, 3rd ed)
The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation.
A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly.
Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.
The process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development).
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.
Organized services to provide health care to adolescents, ages ranging from 13 through 18 years.
Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
A nursing specialty concerned with promoting and protecting the health of populations, using knowledge from nursing, social, and public health sciences to develop local, regional, state, and national health policy and research. It is population-focused and community-oriented, aimed at health promotion and disease prevention through educational, diagnostic, and preventive programs.
Professions or other business activities directed to the cure and prevention of disease. For occupations of medical personnel who are not physicians but who are working in the fields of medical technology, physical therapy, etc., ALLIED HEALTH OCCUPATIONS is available.
The health status of the family as a unit including the impact of the health of one member of the family on the family as a unit and on individual family members; also, the impact of family organization or disorganization on the health status of its members.
A collective expression for all behavior patterns acquired and socially transmitted through symbols. Culture includes customs, traditions, and language.
Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Europe.
Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.
Organized services to provide health care to expectant and nursing mothers.
Persons functioning as natural, adoptive, or substitute parents. The heading includes the concept of parenthood as well as preparation for becoming a parent.
Media that facilitate transportability of pertinent information concerning patient's illness across varied providers and geographic locations. Some versions include direct linkages to online consumer health information that is relevant to the health conditions and treatments related to a specific patient.
The interactions between parent and child.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
The physical condition of human reproductive systems.
The concept covering the physical and mental conditions of members of minority groups.
Health insurance plans for employees, and generally including their dependents, usually on a cost-sharing basis with the employer paying a percentage of the premium.
The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.
Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.
Health care provided to individuals.
Process of cultural change in which one group or members of a group assimilate various cultural patterns from another.
The smallest continent and an independent country, comprising six states and two territories. Its capital is Canberra.
A state of harmony between internal needs and external demands and the processes used in achieving this condition. (From APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)
Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke.
Persons living in the United States of Mexican (MEXICAN AMERICANS), Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin. The concept does not include Brazilian Americans or Portuguese Americans.
The exchange or transmission of ideas, attitudes, or beliefs between individuals or groups.
The branch of psychology concerned with the effects of group membership upon the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of an individual.
Differences in access to or availability of medical facilities and services.
A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships.
Any behavior associated with conflict between two individuals.
Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized cause-effect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population.
Feeling or emotion of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.
Significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real gross domestic product, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales. (National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, www.nber.org/cycles.html, accessed 4/23/2009)
Research that involves the application of the behavioral and social sciences to the study of the actions or reactions of persons or animals in response to external or internal stimuli. (from American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed)
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
The interaction of two or more persons or organizations directed toward a common goal which is mutually beneficial. An act or instance of working or acting together for a common purpose or benefit, i.e., joint action. (From Random House Dictionary Unabridged, 2d ed)
The measurement of the health status for a given population using a variety of indices, including morbidity, mortality, and available health resources.
Appraisal of one's own personal qualities or traits.
Comparison of various psychological, sociological, or cultural factors in order to assess the similarities or diversities occurring in two or more different cultures or societies.
A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc.
The act of cleaning teeth with a brush to remove plaque and prevent tooth decay. (From Webster, 3d ed)
A social group consisting of parents or parent substitutes and children.
The process of leaving one's country to establish residence in a foreign country.
Personality construct referring to an individual's perception of the locus of events as determined internally by his or her own behavior versus fate, luck, or external forces. (ERIC Thesaurus, 1996).
Group composed of associates of same species, approximately the same age, and usually of similar rank or social status.

Physician advice and individual behaviors about cardiovascular disease risk reduction--seven states and Puerto Rico, 1997. (1/6426)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) (e.g., heart disease and stroke) is the leading cause of death in the United States and accounted for 959,227 deaths in 1996. Strategies to reduce the risk for heart disease and stroke include lifestyle changes (e.g., eating fewer high-fat and high-cholesterol foods) and increasing physical activity. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and the American Heart Association (AHA) recommend that, as part of a preventive health examination, all primary-care providers counsel their patients about a healthy diet and regular physical activity. AHA also recommends low-dose aspirin use as a secondary preventive measure among persons with existing CVD. To determine the prevalence of physician counseling about cardiovascular health and changes in individual behaviors, CDC analyzed data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for seven states and Puerto Rico. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicate a lower prevalence of counseling and behavior change among persons without than with a history of heart disease or stroke.  (+info)

Hygiene behaviour in rural Nicaragua in relation to diarrhoea. (2/6426)

BACKGROUND: Childhood diarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Nicaragua. Amongst the risk factors for its transmission are 'poor' hygiene practices. We investigated the effect of a large number of hygiene practices on diarrhoeal disease in children aged <2 years and validated the technique of direct observation of hygiene behaviour. METHODS: A prospective follow-up study was carried out in a rural zone of Nicaragua. From the database of a previously conducted case-control study on water and sanitation 172 families were recruited, half of which had experienced a higher than expected rate of diarrhoea in their children and the other half a lower rate. Hygiene behaviour was observed over two mornings and diarrhoea incidence was recorded with a calendar, filled out by the mother, and collected every week for 5 months. RESULTS: Of 46 'good' practices studied, 39 were associated with a lower risk of diarrhoea, five were unrelated and only for two a higher risk was observed. Washing of hands, domestic cleanliness (kitchen, living room, yard) and the use of a diaper/underclothes by the child had the strongest protective effect. Schooling (>3 years of primary school) and better economic position (possession of a radio) had a positive influence on general hygiene behaviour, education having a slightly stronger effect when a radio was present. Individual hygiene behaviour appeared to be highly variable in contrast with the consistent behaviour of the community as a whole. Feasible and appropriate indicators of hygiene behaviour were found to be domestic cleanliness and the use of a diaper or underclothes by the child. CONCLUSION: A consistent relationship between almost all hygiene practices and diarrhoea was detected, more schooling producing better hygiene behaviour. The high variability of hygiene behaviour at the individual level requires repeated observations (at least two) before and after the hygiene education in the event one wants to measure the impact of the campaign on the individual.  (+info)

Reliability of information on physical activity and other chronic disease risk factors among US women aged 40 years or older. (3/6426)

Data on chronic disease risk behaviors and related variables, including barriers to and attitudes toward physical activity, are lacking for women of some racial/ethnic groups. A test-retest study was conducted from July 1996 through June 1997 among US women (n = 199) aged 40 years or more who were white, black, American Indian/Alaska Native, or Hispanic. The sample was selected and interviews were conducted using a modified version of the methods of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. For behavioral risk factors such as physical inactivity, smoking, and low fruit and vegetable consumption, group prevalences were generally similar between interviews 1 and 2. However, kappa values for selected physical activity variables ranged from 0.26 to 0.51 and tended to be lower for black women. Discordance was low for variables on cigarette smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (kappa = 0.64-0.92). Discordance was high (kappa = 0.33) for low consumption of fruits and vegetables. Additional variables for barriers to and access to exercise ranged widely across racial/ethnic groups and in terms of measures of agreement. These methods illustrate an efficient way to sample and assess the reliability of data collected from women of racial/ethnic minority groups.  (+info)

Women's interest in vaginal microbicides. (4/6426)

CONTEXT: Each year, an estimated 15 million new cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including HIV, occur in the United States. Women are not only at a disadvantage because of their biological and social susceptibility, but also because of the methods that are available for prevention. METHODS: A nationally representative sample of 1,000 women aged 18-44 in the continental United States who had had sex with a man in the last 12 months were interviewed by telephone. Analyses identified levels and predictors of women's worry about STDs and interest in vaginal microbicides, as well as their preferences regarding method characteristics. Numbers of potential U.S. microbicide users were estimated. RESULTS: An estimated 21.3 million U.S. women have some potential current interest in using a microbicidal product. Depending upon product specifications and cost, as many as 6.0 million women who are worried about getting an STD would be very interested in current use of a microbicide. These women are most likely to be unmarried and not cohabiting, of low income and less education, and black or Hispanic. They also are more likely to have visited a doctor for STD symptoms or to have reduced their sexual activity because of STDs, to have a partner who had had other partners in the past year, to have no steady partner or to have ever used condoms for STD prevention. CONCLUSIONS: A significant minority of women in the United States are worried about STDs and think they would use vaginal microbicides. The development, testing and marketing of such products should be expedited.  (+info)

Condom use and HIV risk behaviors among U.S. adults: data from a national survey. (5/6426)

CONTEXT: How much condom use among U.S. adults varies by type of partner or by risk behavior is unclear. Knowledge of such differentials would aid in evaluating the progress being made toward goals for levels of condom use as part of the Healthy People 2000 initiative. METHODS: Data were analyzed from the 1996 National Household Survey of Drug Abuse, an annual household-based probability sample of the noninstitutionalized population aged 12 and older that measures the use of illicit drugs, alcohol and tobacco. The personal behaviors module included 25 questions covering sexual activity in the past year, frequency of condom use in the past year, circumstances of the last sexual encounter and HIV testing. RESULTS: Sixty-two percent of adults reported using a condom at last intercourse outside of an ongoing relationship, while only 19% reported using condoms when the most recent intercourse occurred within a steady relationship. Within ongoing relationships, condom use was highest among respondents who were younger, black, of lower income and from large metropolitan areas. Forty percent of unmarried adults used a condom at last sex, compared with the health objective of 50% for the year 2000. Forty percent of injecting drug users used condoms at last intercourse, compared with the 60% condom use objective for high-risk individuals. Significantly, persons at increased risk for HIV because of their sexual behavior or drug use were not more likely to use condoms than were persons not at increased risk; only 22% used condoms during last intercourse within an ongoing relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial progress has been made toward national goals for increasing condom use. The rates of condom use by individuals at high risk of HIV need to be increased, however, particularly condom use with a steady partner.  (+info)

Follow-up care in general practice of patients with myocardial infarction or angina pectoris: initial results of the SHIP trial. Southampton Heart Integrated Care Project. (6/6426)

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the effectiveness of a nurse-led programme to ensure that follow-up care is provided in general practice after hospital diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) or angina pectoris. METHODS: We conducted a randomized controlled trial with stratified random allocation of practices to intervention and control groups within all 67 practices in Southampton and South-West Hampshire, England. The subjects were 422 adult patients with a MI and 175 patients with a new diagnosis of angina recruited during hospital admission or chest pain clinic attendance between April 1995 and September 1996. Intervention involved a programme of secondary preventive care led by specialist liaison nurses in which we sought to improve communication between hospital and general practice and to encourage general practice nurses to provide structured follow-up. The main outcome measures were: extent of general practice follow-up; attendance for cardiac rehabilitation; medication prescribed at hospital discharge; self-reported smoking, diet and exercise; and symptoms of chest pain and shortness of breath. Follow-ups of 90.1 % of subjects at 1 month and 80.6% at 4 months were carried out. RESULTS: Median attendance for nurse follow-up in the 4 months following diagnosis was 3 (IQR 2-5) in intervention practices and 0 (IQR 0-1) in control practices; the median number of visits to a doctor was the same in both groups. At hospital discharge, levels of prescribing of preventive medication were low in both intervention and control groups: aspirin 77 versus 74% (P = 0.32), cholesterol lowering agents 9 versus 10% (P = 0.8). Conversely, 1 month after diagnosis, the vast majority of patients in both groups reported healthy lifestyles: 90 versus 84% reported eating healthy food (P = 0.53); 73 versus 67% taking regular exercise (P = 0.13); 89 versus 92% not smoking (P = 0.77). Take up of cardiac rehabilitation was 37% in the intervention group and 22% in the control group (P = 0.001); the median number of sessions attended was also higher (5 versus 3 out of 6). CONCLUSIONS: The intervention of a liaison nurse is effective in ensuring that general practice nurses follow-up patients after hospital discharge. It does not alter the number of follow-up visits made by the patient to the doctor. Levels of prescribing and reported changes in behaviour at hospital discharge indicate that the main tasks facing practice nurses during follow-up are to help patients to sustain changes in behaviour, to encourage doctors to prescribe appropriate medication and to encourage patients to adhere to medication while returning to an active life. These are very different tasks to those traditionally undertaken by practice nurses in relation to primary prevention, where the emphasis has been on identifying risk and motivating change. Assessment of the effectiveness of practice nurses in undertaking these new tasks requires a longer follow-up.  (+info)

Socioeconomic and behavioral factors leading to acquired bacterial resistance to antibiotics in developing countries. (7/6426)

In developing countries, acquired bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents is common in isolates from healthy persons and from persons with community-acquired infections. Complex socioeconomic and behavioral factors associated with antibiotic resistance, particularly regarding diarrheal and respiratory pathogens, in developing tropical countries, include misuse of antibiotics by health professionals, unskilled practitioners, and laypersons; poor drug quality; unhygienic conditions accounting for spread of resistant bacteria; and inadequate surveillance.  (+info)

Exercise clinical trials in cancer prevention research: a call to action. (8/6426)

The experimental study design can yield valuable information in measuring the association between physical activity and occurrence of cancers. Randomized clinical exercise trials can provide insight into the avenues through which physical activity might affect cancer development and can provide experience with diffusing an exercise intervention into certain populations. This report describes the potential utility of the randomized clinical trial design in providing answers about bias, mechanisms, behavior change, and dose-response in defining the causal pathway between physical activity and cancer. The challenges and limitations of exercise clinical trial are discussed. The research experience in cardiovascular disease and exercise is used as a model for developing a research agenda to explore the potential role of physical activity as a cancer-prevention modality. We recommend that a series of small clinical trials of exercise interventions be conducted to measure exercise change effects on biomarkers for cancer risk, to learn about exercise behavior change in individuals at risk for cancer, and to serve as feasibility studies for larger randomized controlled trials of cancer and precursor end points and for community intervention studies.  (+info)

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

In this article, we will explore the definition and impact of chronic diseases, as well as strategies for managing and living with them. We will also discuss the importance of early detection and prevention, as well as the role of healthcare providers in addressing the needs of individuals with chronic diseases.

What is a Chronic Disease?

A chronic disease is a condition that lasts for an extended period of time, often affecting daily life and activities. Unlike acute diseases, which have a specific beginning and end, chronic diseases are long-term and persistent. Examples of chronic diseases include:

1. Diabetes
2. Heart disease
3. Arthritis
4. Asthma
5. Cancer
6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
7. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
8. Hypertension
9. Osteoporosis
10. Stroke

Impact of Chronic Diseases

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the WHO. In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

Chronic diseases can also have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, limiting their ability to participate in activities they enjoy and affecting their relationships with family and friends. Moreover, the financial burden of chronic diseases can lead to poverty and reduce economic productivity, thus having a broader societal impact.

Addressing Chronic Diseases

Given the significant burden of chronic diseases, it is essential that we address them effectively. This requires a multi-faceted approach that includes:

1. Lifestyle modifications: Encouraging healthy behaviors such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and smoking cessation can help prevent and manage chronic diseases.
2. Early detection and diagnosis: Identifying risk factors and detecting diseases early can help prevent or delay their progression.
3. Medication management: Effective medication management is crucial for controlling symptoms and slowing disease progression.
4. Multi-disciplinary care: Collaboration between healthcare providers, patients, and families is essential for managing chronic diseases.
5. Health promotion and disease prevention: Educating individuals about the risks of chronic diseases and promoting healthy behaviors can help prevent their onset.
6. Addressing social determinants of health: Social determinants such as poverty, education, and employment can have a significant impact on health outcomes. Addressing these factors is essential for reducing health disparities and improving overall health.
7. Investing in healthcare infrastructure: Investing in healthcare infrastructure, technology, and research is necessary to improve disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
8. Encouraging policy change: Policy changes can help create supportive environments for healthy behaviors and reduce the burden of chronic diseases.
9. Increasing public awareness: Raising public awareness about the risks and consequences of chronic diseases can help individuals make informed decisions about their health.
10. Providing support for caregivers: Chronic diseases can have a significant impact on family members and caregivers, so providing them with support is essential for improving overall health outcomes.

Conclusion

Chronic diseases are a major public health burden that affect millions of people worldwide. Addressing these diseases requires a multi-faceted approach that includes lifestyle changes, addressing social determinants of health, investing in healthcare infrastructure, encouraging policy change, increasing public awareness, and providing support for caregivers. By taking a comprehensive approach to chronic disease prevention and management, we can improve the health and well-being of individuals and communities worldwide.

1. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
2. Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): A disorder marked by a pattern of negative, hostile, and defiant behavior toward authority figures.
3. Conduct Disorder (CD): A disorder characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the child violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms and rules.
4. Anxiety Disorders: A group of disorders that cause excessive fear, worry, or anxiety that interferes with daily life.
5. Mood Disorders: A group of disorders that affect a child's mood, causing them to feel sad, hopeless, or angry for extended periods of time.
6. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors.
7. Tourette Syndrome: A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic, often involving involuntary sounds or words.
8. Selective Mutism: A disorder characterized by a persistent and excessive fear of speaking in certain situations, such as school or social events.
9. Separation Anxiety Disorder: A disorder characterized by excessive and persistent anxiety related to separation from home or loved ones.
10. Disruptive Behavior Disorders: A group of disorders that include ODD, CD, and conduct disorder, which are characterized by a pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms and rules.

These disorders can be challenging to diagnose and treat, but early identification and intervention can make a significant difference in a child's outcome. It is important for parents and caregivers to seek professional help if they notice any signs of these disorders in their child.

There are several different types of obesity, including:

1. Central obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat around the waistline, which can increase the risk of health problems such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
2. Peripheral obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat in the hips, thighs, and arms.
3. Visceral obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat around the internal organs in the abdominal cavity.
4. Mixed obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by both central and peripheral obesity.

Obesity can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lack of physical activity, poor diet, sleep deprivation, and certain medications. Treatment for obesity typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes, such as increased physical activity and a healthy diet, and in some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to achieve weight loss.

Preventing obesity is important for overall health and well-being, and can be achieved through a variety of strategies, including:

1. Eating a healthy, balanced diet that is low in added sugars, saturated fats, and refined carbohydrates.
2. Engaging in regular physical activity, such as walking, jogging, or swimming.
3. Getting enough sleep each night.
4. Managing stress levels through relaxation techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing.
5. Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and quitting smoking.
6. Monitoring weight and body mass index (BMI) on a regular basis to identify any changes or potential health risks.
7. Seeking professional help from a healthcare provider or registered dietitian for personalized guidance on weight management and healthy lifestyle choices.

Types of Substance-Related Disorders:

1. Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD): A chronic disease characterized by the excessive consumption of alcohol, leading to impaired control over drinking, social or personal problems, and increased risk of health issues.
2. Opioid Use Disorder (OUD): A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of opioids, such as prescription painkillers or heroin, leading to withdrawal symptoms when the substance is not available.
3. Stimulant Use Disorder: A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of stimulants, such as cocaine or amphetamines, leading to impaired control over use and increased risk of adverse effects.
4. Cannabis Use Disorder: A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of cannabis, leading to impaired control over use and increased risk of adverse effects.
5. Hallucinogen Use Disorder: A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of hallucinogens, such as LSD or psilocybin mushrooms, leading to impaired control over use and increased risk of adverse effects.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetics: Individuals with a family history of substance-related disorders are more likely to develop these conditions.
2. Mental health: Individuals with mental health conditions, such as depression or anxiety, may be more likely to use substances as a form of self-medication.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to substances at an early age, peer pressure, and social environment can increase the risk of developing a substance-related disorder.
4. Brain chemistry: Substance use can alter brain chemistry, leading to dependence and addiction.

Symptoms:

1. Increased tolerance: The need to use more of the substance to achieve the desired effect.
2. Withdrawal: Experiencing symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, or nausea when the substance is not present.
3. Loss of control: Using more substance than intended or for longer than intended.
4. Neglecting responsibilities: Neglecting responsibilities at home, work, or school due to substance use.
5. Continued use despite negative consequences: Continuing to use the substance despite physical, emotional, or financial consequences.

Diagnosis:

1. Physical examination: A doctor may perform a physical examination to look for signs of substance use, such as track marks or changes in heart rate and blood pressure.
2. Laboratory tests: Blood or urine tests can confirm the presence of substances in the body.
3. Psychological evaluation: A mental health professional may conduct a psychological evaluation to assess symptoms of substance-related disorders and determine the presence of co-occurring conditions.

Treatment:

1. Detoxification: A medically-supervised detox program can help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.
2. Medications: Medications such as methadone or buprenorphine may be prescribed to manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.
3. Behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and contingency management are effective behavioral therapies for treating substance use disorders.
4. Support groups: Joining a support group such as Narcotics Anonymous can provide a sense of community and support for individuals in recovery.
5. Lifestyle changes: Making healthy lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and getting enough sleep can help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.

It's important to note that diagnosis and treatment of substance-related disorders is a complex process and should be individualized based on the specific needs and circumstances of each patient.

Some common types of mental disorders include:

1. Anxiety disorders: These conditions cause excessive worry, fear, or anxiety that interferes with daily life. Examples include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder.
2. Mood disorders: These conditions affect a person's mood, causing feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or anger that persist for weeks or months. Examples include depression, bipolar disorder, and seasonal affective disorder.
3. Personality disorders: These conditions involve patterns of thought and behavior that deviate from the norm of the average person. Examples include borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.
4. Psychotic disorders: These conditions cause a person to lose touch with reality, resulting in delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized thinking. Examples include schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and brief psychotic disorder.
5. Trauma and stressor-related disorders: These conditions develop after a person experiences a traumatic event, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
6. Dissociative disorders: These conditions involve a disconnection or separation from one's body, thoughts, or emotions. Examples include dissociative identity disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) and depersonalization disorder.
7. Neurodevelopmental disorders: These conditions affect the development of the brain and nervous system, leading to symptoms such as difficulty with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Examples include autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Rett syndrome.

Mental disorders can be diagnosed by a mental health professional using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which provides criteria for each condition. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication and therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or psychodynamic therapy, depending on the specific disorder and individual needs.

Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.

Types of Neoplasms

There are many different types of neoplasms, including:

1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.

Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms

The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:

1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.

Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms

The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:

1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms

The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.

Prevention of Neoplasms

While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:

1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.

It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is a condition in which the body is infected with HIV, a type of retrovirus that attacks the body's immune system. HIV infection can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), a condition in which the immune system is severely damaged and the body is unable to fight off infections and diseases.

There are several ways that HIV can be transmitted, including:

1. Sexual contact with an infected person
2. Sharing of needles or other drug paraphernalia with an infected person
3. Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Blood transfusions ( although this is rare in developed countries due to screening processes)
5. Organ transplantation (again, rare)

The symptoms of HIV infection can be mild at first and may not appear until several years after infection. These symptoms can include:

1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Swollen glands in the neck, armpits, and groin
4. Rash
5. Muscle aches and joint pain
6. Night sweats
7. Diarrhea
8. Weight loss

If left untreated, HIV infection can progress to AIDS, which is a life-threatening condition that can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:

1. Opportunistic infections (such as pneumocystis pneumonia)
2. Cancer (such as Kaposi's sarcoma)
3. Wasting syndrome
4. Neurological problems (such as dementia and seizures)

HIV infection is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests and physical examination. Treatment typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is a combination of medications that work together to suppress the virus and slow the progression of the disease.

Prevention methods for HIV infection include:

1. Safe sex practices, such as using condoms and dental dams
2. Avoiding sharing needles or other drug-injecting equipment
3. Avoiding mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which is a short-term treatment that can prevent infection after potential exposure to the virus
5. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), which is a daily medication that can prevent infection in people who are at high risk of being exposed to the virus.

It's important to note that HIV infection is manageable with proper treatment and care, and that people living with HIV can lead long and healthy lives. However, it's important to be aware of the risks and take steps to prevent transmission.

There are several types of diabetes mellitus, including:

1. Type 1 DM: This is an autoimmune condition in which the body's immune system attacks and destroys the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, resulting in a complete deficiency of insulin production. It typically develops in childhood or adolescence, and patients with this condition require lifelong insulin therapy.
2. Type 2 DM: This is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for around 90% of all cases. It is caused by a combination of insulin resistance (where the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin) and impaired insulin secretion. It is often associated with obesity, physical inactivity, and a diet high in sugar and unhealthy fats.
3. Gestational DM: This type of diabetes develops during pregnancy, usually in the second or third trimester. Hormonal changes and insulin resistance can cause blood sugar levels to rise, putting both the mother and baby at risk.
4. LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults): This is a form of type 1 DM that develops in adults, typically after the age of 30. It shares features with both type 1 and type 2 DM.
5. MODY (Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young): This is a rare form of diabetes caused by genetic mutations that affect insulin production. It typically develops in young adulthood and can be managed with lifestyle changes and/or medication.

The symptoms of diabetes mellitus can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Increased thirst and urination
2. Fatigue
3. Blurred vision
4. Cuts or bruises that are slow to heal
5. Tingling or numbness in hands and feet
6. Recurring skin, gum, or bladder infections
7. Flu-like symptoms such as weakness, dizziness, and stomach pain
8. Dark, velvety skin patches (acanthosis nigricans)
9. Yellowish color of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
10. Delayed healing of cuts and wounds

If left untreated, diabetes mellitus can lead to a range of complications, including:

1. Heart disease and stroke
2. Kidney damage and failure
3. Nerve damage (neuropathy)
4. Eye damage (retinopathy)
5. Foot damage (neuropathic ulcers)
6. Cognitive impairment and dementia
7. Increased risk of infections and other diseases, such as pneumonia, gum disease, and urinary tract infections.

It is important to note that not all individuals with diabetes will experience these complications, and that proper management of the condition can greatly reduce the risk of developing these complications.

Being overweight can increase the risk of various health problems, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain types of cancer. It can also affect a person's mental health and overall quality of life.

There are several ways to assess whether someone is overweight or not. One common method is using the BMI, which is calculated based on height and weight. Another method is measuring body fat percentage, which can be done with specialized tools such as skinfold calipers or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA).

Losing weight and maintaining a healthy weight can be achieved through a combination of diet, exercise, and lifestyle changes. Some examples of healthy weight loss strategies include:

* Eating a balanced diet that is high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein sources
* Engaging in regular physical activity, such as walking, running, swimming, or weight training
* Avoiding fad diets and quick fixes
* Getting enough sleep and managing stress levels
* Setting realistic weight loss goals and tracking progress over time.

1. Coronary artery disease: The narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart.
2. Heart failure: A condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
3. Arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms that can be too fast, too slow, or irregular.
4. Heart valve disease: Problems with the heart valves that control blood flow through the heart.
5. Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy): Disease of the heart muscle that can lead to heart failure.
6. Congenital heart disease: Defects in the heart's structure and function that are present at birth.
7. Peripheral artery disease: The narrowing or blockage of blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the arms, legs, and other organs.
8. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): A blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg.
9. Pulmonary embolism: A blockage in one of the arteries in the lungs, which can be caused by a blood clot or other debris.
10. Stroke: A condition in which there is a lack of oxygen to the brain due to a blockage or rupture of blood vessels.

STDs can cause a range of symptoms, including genital itching, burning during urination, unusual discharge, and painful sex. Some STDs can also lead to long-term health problems, such as infertility, chronic pain, and an increased risk of certain types of cancer.

STDs are usually diagnosed through a physical exam, blood tests, or other diagnostic tests. Treatment for STDs varies depending on the specific infection and can include antibiotics, antiviral medication, or other therapies. It's important to practice safe sex, such as using condoms, to reduce the risk of getting an STD.

Some of the most common STDs include:

* Chlamydia: A bacterial infection that can cause genital itching, burning during urination, and unusual discharge.
* Gonorrhea: A bacterial infection that can cause similar symptoms to chlamydia.
* Syphilis: A bacterial infection that can cause a painless sore on the genitals, followed by a rash and other symptoms.
* Herpes: A viral infection that can cause genital itching, burning during urination, and painful sex.
* HPV: A viral infection that can cause genital warts and increase the risk of cervical cancer.
* HIV/AIDS: A viral infection that can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, fatigue, and weight loss, and can lead to AIDS if left untreated.

It's important to note that some STDs can be spread through non-sexual contact, such as sharing needles or mother-to-child transmission during childbirth. It's also important to know that many STDs can be asymptomatic, meaning you may not have any symptoms even if you are infected.

If you think you may have been exposed to an STD, it's important to get tested as soon as possible. Many STDs can be easily treated with antibiotics or other medications, but if left untreated, they can lead to serious complications and long-term health problems.

It's also important to practice safe sex to reduce the risk of getting an STD. This includes using condoms, as well as getting vaccinated against HPV and Hepatitis B, which are both common causes of STDs.

In addition to getting tested and practicing safe sex, it's important to be aware of your sexual health and the risks associated with sex. This includes being aware of any symptoms you may experience, as well as being aware of your partner's sexual history and any STDs they may have. By being informed and proactive about your sexual health, you can help reduce the risk of getting an STD and maintain good sexual health.

Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.

There are several ways to measure body weight, including:

1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.

It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.

Symptoms may include sensitivity, discomfort, visible holes or stains on teeth, bad breath, and difficulty chewing or biting. If left untreated, dental caries can progress and lead to more serious complications such as abscesses, infections, and even tooth loss.

To prevent dental caries, it is essential to maintain good oral hygiene habits, including brushing your teeth at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, flossing daily, and using mouthwash regularly. Limiting sugary foods and drinks and visiting a dentist for regular check-ups can also help prevent the disease.

Dental caries is treatable through various methods such as fillings, crowns, root canals, extractions, and preventive measures like fissure sealants and fluoride applications. Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial to prevent further damage and restore oral health.

Type 2 diabetes can be managed through a combination of diet, exercise, and medication. In some cases, lifestyle changes may be enough to control blood sugar levels, while in other cases, medication or insulin therapy may be necessary. Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels and follow-up with a healthcare provider are important for managing the condition and preventing complications.

Common symptoms of type 2 diabetes include:

* Increased thirst and urination
* Fatigue
* Blurred vision
* Cuts or bruises that are slow to heal
* Tingling or numbness in the hands and feet
* Recurring skin, gum, or bladder infections

If left untreated, type 2 diabetes can lead to a range of complications, including:

* Heart disease and stroke
* Kidney damage and failure
* Nerve damage and pain
* Eye damage and blindness
* Foot damage and amputation

The exact cause of type 2 diabetes is not known, but it is believed to be linked to a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as:

* Obesity and excess body weight
* Lack of physical activity
* Poor diet and nutrition
* Age and family history
* Certain ethnicities (e.g., African American, Hispanic/Latino, Native American)
* History of gestational diabetes or delivering a baby over 9 lbs.

There is no cure for type 2 diabetes, but it can be managed and controlled through a combination of lifestyle changes and medication. With proper treatment and self-care, people with type 2 diabetes can lead long, healthy lives.

1. Asbestosis: a lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers.
2. Carpal tunnel syndrome: a nerve disorder caused by repetitive motion and pressure on the wrist.
3. Mesothelioma: a type of cancer caused by exposure to asbestos.
4. Pneumoconiosis: a lung disease caused by inhaling dust from mining or other heavy industries.
5. Repetitive strain injuries: injuries caused by repetitive motions, such as typing or using vibrating tools.
6. Skin conditions: such as skin irritation and dermatitis caused by exposure to chemicals or other substances in the workplace.
7. Hearing loss: caused by loud noises in the workplace.
8. Back injuries: caused by lifting, bending, or twisting.
9. Respiratory problems: such as asthma and other breathing difficulties caused by exposure to chemicals or dust in the workplace.
10. Cancer: caused by exposure to carcinogens such as radiation, certain chemicals, or heavy metals in the workplace.

Occupational diseases can be difficult to diagnose and treat, as they often develop gradually over time and may not be immediately attributed to the work environment. In some cases, these diseases may not appear until years after exposure has ended. It is important for workers to be aware of the potential health risks associated with their job and take steps to protect themselves, such as wearing protective gear, following safety protocols, and seeking regular medical check-ups. Employers also have a responsibility to provide a safe work environment and follow strict regulations to prevent the spread of occupational diseases.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) defines alcohol use disorder as a maladaptive pattern of alcohol use that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress in at least three of the following areas:

1. Drinking more or for longer than intended.
2. Desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control drinking.
3. Spending a lot of time drinking or recovering from its effects.
4. Craving or strong desire to drink.
5. Drinking interferes with work, school, or home responsibilities.
6. Continuing to drink despite social or personal problems caused by alcohol use.
7. Giving up important activities in order to drink.
8. Drinking in hazardous situations (e.g., while driving).
9. Continued drinking despite physical or psychological problems caused or worsened by alcohol use.
10. Developing tolerance (i.e., needing to drink more to achieve the desired effect).
11. Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when alcohol use is stopped or reduced.

The severity of alcoholism is categorized into three subtypes based on the number of criteria met: mild, moderate, and severe. Treatment for alcoholism typically involves a combination of behavioral interventions (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing) and medications (e.g., disulfiram, naltrexone, acamprosate) to manage withdrawal symptoms and cravings.

In conclusion, alcoholism is a chronic and often progressive disease characterized by excessive and compulsive consumption of alcohol despite negative consequences to physical and mental health, relationships, and social functioning. The diagnostic criteria for alcoholism include a combination of physiological, behavioral, and subjective symptoms, and treatment typically involves a combination of behavioral interventions and medications to manage withdrawal symptoms and cravings.

Acute wounds and injuries are those that occur suddenly and heal within a relatively short period of time, usually within a few days or weeks. Examples of acute wounds include cuts, scrapes, and burns. Chronic wounds and injuries, on the other hand, are those that persist over a longer period of time and may not heal properly, leading to long-term complications. Examples of chronic wounds include diabetic foot ulcers, pressure ulcers, and chronic back pain.

Wounds and injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including accidents, sports injuries, violence, and medical conditions such as diabetes or circulatory problems. Treatment for wounds and injuries depends on the severity of the injury and may include cleaning and dressing the wound, applying antibiotics, immobilizing broken bones, and providing pain management. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissues or restore function.

Preventive measures for wounds and injuries include wearing appropriate protective gear during activities such as sports or work, following safety protocols to avoid accidents, maintaining proper hygiene and nutrition to prevent infection, and seeking medical attention promptly if an injury occurs.

Overall, wounds and injuries can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time. Proper treatment and management of wounds and injuries can help to promote healing, reduce the risk of complications, and improve long-term outcomes.

The causes of alcoholic intoxication are due to the consumption of alcoholic beverages, which contain ethanol, a psychoactive substance that affects the central nervous system. When alcohol is ingested, it is absorbed into the bloodstream and rapidly distributed throughout the body. As the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) rises, it can impair the functioning of various organs and systems, including the brain, liver, and cardiovascular system.

The symptoms of alcoholic intoxication can vary depending on the individual's BAC, but common signs include:

* Slurred speech and poor coordination
* Dizziness and drowsiness
* Decreased inhibitions and impaired judgment
* Memory loss or blackouts
* Nausea and vomiting
* Headaches and hangovers

In severe cases of alcoholic intoxication, individuals may experience more serious symptoms such as:

* Confusion and disorientation
* Agitation and belligerence
* Seizures and loss of consciousness
* Coma and death

Treatment for alcoholic intoxication typically involves supportive care, such as rest, hydration, and monitoring of vital signs. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications such as seizures or respiratory depression.

Prevention of alcoholic intoxication includes responsible drinking practices, such as limiting the amount of alcohol consumed, pacing oneself, and avoiding binge drinking. It is also important to eat before and while drinking, as food can help slow down the absorption of alcohol into the bloodstream.

Overall, alcoholic intoxication is a common condition that can have serious consequences if not managed properly. It is important to be aware of the risks associated with excessive alcohol consumption and to take steps to prevent or manage intoxication.

Tobacco use disorder refers to a condition where an individual engages in the excessive and compulsive consumption of tobacco products, despite the negative consequences it may have on their health and well-being. Tobacco use disorder is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide, and it is characterized by a pattern of continued tobacco use despite harmful effects, as well as an increased tolerance to tobacco and withdrawal symptoms when trying to stop.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) defines tobacco use disorder as a chronic condition that can manifest in different forms, including nicotine dependence and tobacco abuse. The criteria for diagnosing tobacco use disorder include:

1. Tolerance: A need to use more tobacco to achieve the desired effect.
2. Withdrawal: Experiencing symptoms such as irritability, anxiety, or depression when trying to stop using tobacco.
3. Loss of control: Consuming more tobacco than intended or for longer periods than intended.
4. Negative consequences: Continuing to use tobacco despite social, physical, or psychological problems caused by its use.
5. Increased time and effort spent on using tobacco.
6. Craving or a strong desire to use tobacco.
7. Failure to control or reduce tobacco use.

Tobacco use disorder can have severe consequences, including lung cancer, heart disease, respiratory problems, and other health issues. It can also lead to social and economic problems, such as lost productivity and strained relationships with family and friends. Treatment for tobacco use disorder includes behavioral therapies, medications, and support groups, and it is important for individuals struggling with this condition to seek professional help to quit using tobacco and improve their overall health and well-being.

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. It is characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The most common symptoms of ADHD include difficulty paying attention, forgetfulness, fidgeting, interrupting others, and acting impulsively.

ODD is a disorder that is characterized by a pattern of negative, hostile, and defiant behavior towards authority figures. Symptoms of ODD may include arguing with adults, refusing to comply with rules, deliberately annoying others, and blaming others for one's own mistakes.

CD is a disorder that is characterized by a pattern of aggressive and destructive behavior towards others. Symptoms of CD may include physical fights, property damage, and cruelty to animals.

The causes of AD/DBD are not yet fully understood, but research suggests that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development. These disorders often run in families, and individuals with AD/DBD are more likely to have a family history of these conditions. Additionally, certain environmental stressors, such as trauma or exposure to toxins, may increase the risk of developing AD/DBD.

There is no cure for AD/DBD, but they can be effectively managed with a combination of medication and behavioral therapy. Medications such as stimulants and non-stimulants are commonly used to treat ADHD, while behavioral therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) can help individuals with AD/DBD learn skills to manage their symptoms and behaviors.

In conclusion, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) are neurodevelopmental disorders that affect both children and adults. While they share some similarities, they also have distinct differences in terms of their symptoms and underlying causes. Effective management of these conditions requires a comprehensive approach that includes medication, behavioral therapy, and lifestyle changes. With appropriate treatment, individuals with ADHD and DBD can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals.

The exact cause of depressive disorder is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Some common risk factors for developing depressive disorder include:

* Family history of depression
* Traumatic events, such as abuse or loss
* Chronic stress
* Substance abuse
* Chronic illness or chronic pain

There are several different types of depressive disorders, including:

* Major depressive disorder (MDD): This is the most common type of depression, characterized by one or more major depressive episodes in a person's lifetime.
* Persistent depressive disorder (PDD): This type of depression is characterized by persistent, low-grade symptoms that last for two years or more.
* Bipolar disorder: This is a mood disorder that involves periods of both depression and mania or hypomania.
* Postpartum depression (PPD): This is a type of depression that occurs in women after childbirth.
* Severe depression: This is a severe and debilitating form of depression that can interfere with daily life and relationships.

Treatment for depressive disorder typically involves a combination of medication and therapy, such as antidepressant medications and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Other forms of therapy, such as psychodynamic therapy or interpersonal therapy, may also be effective. Lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and getting enough sleep, can also help manage symptoms.

It's important to seek professional help if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of depressive disorder. With proper treatment, many people are able to recover from depression and lead fulfilling lives.

There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:

1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.

2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.

3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.

4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.

5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.

Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.

Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.

It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.

There are two types of hypertension:

1. Primary Hypertension: This type of hypertension has no identifiable cause and is also known as essential hypertension. It accounts for about 90% of all cases of hypertension.
2. Secondary Hypertension: This type of hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition or medication. It accounts for about 10% of all cases of hypertension.

Some common causes of secondary hypertension include:

* Kidney disease
* Adrenal gland disorders
* Hormonal imbalances
* Certain medications
* Sleep apnea
* Cocaine use

There are also several risk factors for hypertension, including:

* Age (the risk increases with age)
* Family history of hypertension
* Obesity
* Lack of exercise
* High sodium intake
* Low potassium intake
* Stress

Hypertension is often asymptomatic, and it can cause damage to the blood vessels and organs over time. Some potential complications of hypertension include:

* Heart disease (e.g., heart attacks, heart failure)
* Stroke
* Kidney disease (e.g., chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease)
* Vision loss (e.g., retinopathy)
* Peripheral artery disease

Hypertension is typically diagnosed through blood pressure readings taken over a period of time. Treatment for hypertension may include lifestyle changes (e.g., diet, exercise, stress management), medications, or a combination of both. The goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life.

There are several different types of weight gain, including:

1. Clinical obesity: This is defined as a BMI of 30 or higher, and is typically associated with a range of serious health problems, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer.
2. Central obesity: This refers to excess fat around the waistline, which can increase the risk of health problems such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
3. Muscle gain: This occurs when an individual gains weight due to an increase in muscle mass, rather than fat. This type of weight gain is generally considered healthy and can improve overall fitness and athletic performance.
4. Fat gain: This occurs when an individual gains weight due to an increase in body fat, rather than muscle or bone density. Fat gain can increase the risk of health problems such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes.

Weight gain can be measured using a variety of methods, including:

1. Body mass index (BMI): This is a widely used measure of weight gain that compares an individual's weight to their height. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered normal, while a BMI of 25-29.9 is considered overweight, and a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese.
2. Waist circumference: This measures the distance around an individual's waistline and can be used to assess central obesity.
3. Skinfold measurements: These involve measuring the thickness of fat at specific points on the body, such as the abdomen or thighs.
4. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a non-invasive test that uses X-rays to measure bone density and body composition.
5. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive test that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage and other physiological parameters.

Causes of weight gain:

1. Poor diet: Consuming high amounts of processed foods, sugar, and saturated fats can lead to weight gain.
2. Lack of physical activity: Engaging in regular exercise can help burn calories and maintain a healthy weight.
3. Genetics: An individual's genetic makeup can affect their metabolism and body composition, making them more prone to weight gain.
4. Hormonal imbalances: Imbalances in hormones such as insulin, thyroid, and cortisol can contribute to weight gain.
5. Medications: Certain medications, such as steroids and antidepressants, can cause weight gain as a side effect.
6. Sleep deprivation: Lack of sleep can disrupt hormones that regulate appetite and metabolism, leading to weight gain.
7. Stress: Chronic stress can lead to emotional eating and weight gain.
8. Age: Metabolism slows down with age, making it more difficult to maintain a healthy weight.
9. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions such as hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can also contribute to weight gain.

Treatment options for obesity:

1. Lifestyle modifications: A combination of diet, exercise, and stress management techniques can help individuals achieve and maintain a healthy weight.
2. Medications: Prescription medications such as orlistat, phentermine-topiramate, and liraglutide can aid in weight loss.
3. Bariatric surgery: Surgical procedures such as gastric bypass surgery and sleeve gastrectomy can be effective for severe obesity.
4. Behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of counseling can help individuals develop healthy eating habits and improve their physical activity levels.
5. Meal replacement plans: Meal replacement plans such as Medifast can provide individuals with a structured diet that is high in protein, fiber, and vitamins, and low in calories and sugar.
6. Weight loss supplements: Supplements such as green tea extract, garcinia cambogia, and forskolin can help boost weight loss efforts.
7. Portion control: Using smaller plates and measuring cups can help individuals regulate their portion sizes and maintain a healthy weight.
8. Mindful eating: Paying attention to hunger and fullness cues, eating slowly, and savoring food can help individuals develop healthy eating habits.
9. Physical activity: Engaging in regular physical activity such as walking, running, swimming, or cycling can help individuals burn calories and maintain a healthy weight.

It's important to note that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to treating obesity, and the most effective treatment plan will depend on the individual's specific needs and circumstances. Consulting with a healthcare professional such as a registered dietitian or a physician can help individuals develop a personalized treatment plan that is safe and effective.

1. Preeclampsia: A condition characterized by high blood pressure during pregnancy, which can lead to complications such as stroke or premature birth.
2. Gestational diabetes: A type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, which can cause complications for both the mother and the baby if left untreated.
3. Placenta previa: A condition in which the placenta is located low in the uterus, covering the cervix, which can cause bleeding and other complications.
4. Premature labor: Labor that occurs before 37 weeks of gestation, which can increase the risk of health problems for the baby.
5. Fetal distress: A condition in which the fetus is not getting enough oxygen, which can lead to serious health problems or even death.
6. Postpartum hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding after delivery, which can be life-threatening if left untreated.
7. Cesarean section (C-section) complications: Complications that may arise during a C-section, such as infection or bleeding.
8. Maternal infections: Infections that the mother may contract during pregnancy or childbirth, such as group B strep or urinary tract infections.
9. Preterm birth: Birth that occurs before 37 weeks of gestation, which can increase the risk of health problems for the baby.
10. Chromosomal abnormalities: Genetic disorders that may affect the baby's growth and development, such as Down syndrome or Turner syndrome.

It is important for pregnant women to receive regular prenatal care to monitor for any potential complications and ensure a healthy pregnancy outcome. In some cases, pregnancy complications may require medical interventions, such as hospitalization or surgery, to ensure the safety of both the mother and the baby.

There are many different approaches to weight loss, and what works best for one person may not work for another. Some common strategies for weight loss include:

* Caloric restriction: Reducing daily caloric intake to create a calorie deficit that promotes weight loss.
* Portion control: Eating smaller amounts of food and avoiding overeating.
* Increased physical activity: Engaging in regular exercise, such as walking, running, swimming, or weightlifting, to burn more calories and build muscle mass.
* Behavioral modifications: Changing habits and behaviors related to eating and exercise, such as keeping a food diary or enlisting the support of a weight loss buddy.

Weight loss can have numerous health benefits, including:

* Improved blood sugar control
* Reduced risk of heart disease and stroke
* Lowered blood pressure
* Improved joint health and reduced risk of osteoarthritis
* Improved sleep quality
* Boosted mood and reduced stress levels
* Increased energy levels

However, weight loss can also be challenging, and it is important to approach it in a healthy and sustainable way. Crash diets and other extreme weight loss methods are not effective in the long term and can lead to nutrient deficiencies and other negative health consequences. Instead, it is important to focus on making sustainable lifestyle changes that can be maintained over time.

Some common misconceptions about weight loss include:

* All weight loss methods are effective for everyone.
* Weight loss should always be the primary goal of a fitness or health program.
* Crash diets and other extreme weight loss methods are a good way to lose weight quickly.
* Weight loss supplements and fad diets are a reliable way to achieve significant weight loss.

The most effective ways to lose weight and maintain weight loss include:

* Eating a healthy, balanced diet that is high in nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
* Engaging in regular physical activity, such as walking, running, swimming, or weight training.
* Getting enough sleep and managing stress levels.
* Aiming for a gradual weight loss of 1-2 pounds per week.
* Focusing on overall health and wellness rather than just the number on the scale.

It is important to remember that weight loss is not always linear and can vary from week to week. It is also important to be patient and consistent with your weight loss efforts, as it can take time to see significant results.

Overall, weight loss can be a challenging but rewarding process, and it is important to approach it in a healthy and sustainable way. By focusing on overall health and wellness rather than just the number on the scale, you can achieve a healthy weight and improve your overall quality of life.

People with Antisocial Personality Disorder may exhibit a range of symptoms, including:

* A lack of empathy or remorse for harming others
* Impulsivity and a tendency to act on whim without considering the consequences
* Aggressive or violent behavior
* A disregard for the law and a willingness to engage in criminal activity
* Difficulty forming and maintaining relationships
* Inability to feel guilt or remorse
* Inability to take responsibility for one's actions
* A tendency to manipulate others for personal gain

It is important to note that Antisocial Personality Disorder is not the same as Asperger's Syndrome or Autism Spectrum Disorder, which are separate neurodevelopmental disorders. However, people with Antisocial Personality Disorder may also have co-occurring conditions such as substance use disorders or other mental health conditions.

Treatment for Antisocial Personality Disorder typically involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic therapy may be effective in helping individuals with this condition to understand and change their behavior. Medications such as antidepressants and antipsychotics may also be used to help manage symptoms.

It is important to note that Antisocial Personality Disorder is a complex and challenging condition to treat, and it is not uncommon for individuals with this disorder to have difficulty adhering to treatment plans or engaging in therapy. However, with the right treatment and support, it is possible for individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder to learn new coping skills and make positive changes in their lives.

1. Insomnia: difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
2. Sleep apnea: pauses in breathing during sleep
3. Narcolepsy: excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden attacks of sleep
4. Restless leg syndrome: uncomfortable sensations in the legs during sleep
5. Periodic limb movement disorder: involuntary movements of the legs or arms during sleep
6. Sleepwalking: walking or performing other activities during sleep
7. Sleep terrors: intense fear or anxiety during sleep
8. Sleep paralysis: temporary inability to move or speak during sleep
9. REM sleep behavior disorder: acting out dreams during sleep
10. Circadian rhythm disorders: disruptions to the body's internal clock, leading to irregular sleep patterns.

Sleep disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, such as stress, anxiety, certain medications, sleep deprivation, and underlying medical conditions like chronic pain or sleep apnea. Treatment for sleep disorders may include lifestyle changes (such as establishing a regular sleep schedule, avoiding caffeine and alcohol before bedtime, and creating a relaxing sleep environment), medications, and behavioral therapies (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia). In some cases, surgery or other medical interventions may be necessary.

It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect that you or someone you know may have a sleep disorder, as untreated sleep disorders can lead to serious health problems, such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, and depression. A healthcare professional can help diagnose the specific sleep disorder and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

HIV seropositivity is typically diagnosed through a blood test called an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This test detects the presence of antibodies against HIV in the blood by using specific proteins on the surface of the virus. If the test is positive, it means that the individual has been infected with HIV.

HIV seropositivity is an important diagnostic criterion for AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), which is a condition that develops when the immune system is severely damaged by HIV infection. AIDS is diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms and laboratory tests, including HIV seropositivity.

HIV seropositivity can be either primary (acute) or chronic. Primary HIV seropositivity occurs when an individual is first infected with HIV and their immune system produces antibodies against the virus. Chronic HIV seropositivity occurs when an individual has been living with HIV for a long time and their immune system has produced antibodies that remain in their bloodstream.

HIV seropositivity can have significant implications for an individual's health and quality of life, as well as their social and economic well-being. It is important for individuals who are HIV seropositive to receive appropriate medical care and support to manage their condition and prevent the transmission of HIV to others.

The DSM-5 defines marijuana abuse as:

1. Taking marijuana in larger amounts or for a longer period than intended.
2. Desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use.
3. Spending a lot of time obtaining, using, or recovering from the effects of use.
4. Craving or strong desire to use marijuana.
5. Interference with work, school, or home responsibilities due to use.
6. Continuing to use despite social or personal problems caused by use.
7. Giving up important activities in order to use.
8. Using marijuana in hazardous situations, such as while driving or operating machinery.
9. Continued use despite physical or psychological problems caused or worsened by use.
10. Developing tolerance (needing to use more to achieve the desired effect).
11. Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when stopping or reducing use.

Marijuana abuse can lead to a range of negative consequences, including:

* Addiction: Marijuana can be addictive, and long-term use can lead to dependence and withdrawal symptoms when trying to stop.
* Mental Health Problems: Marijuana use has been linked to an increased risk of depression, anxiety, psychosis, and other mental health issues.
* Respiratory Problems: Smoking marijuana can irritate the lungs and increase the risk of respiratory problems, such as bronchitis and lung infections.
* Cognitive Impairment: Marijuana use can impair memory, attention, and decision-making skills.
* Impaired Coordination and Judgment: Marijuana use can impair coordination and judgment, which can increase the risk of accidents and injuries.

If you or someone you know is struggling with marijuana abuse, it is important to seek professional help as soon as possible. Treatment options may include counseling, medication, and support groups. With the right treatment and support, it is possible to overcome marijuana abuse and achieve a healthier, happier life.

Examples of communicable diseases include:

1. Influenza (the flu)
2. Measles
3. Tuberculosis (TB)
4. HIV/AIDS
5. Malaria
6. Hepatitis B and C
7. Chickenpox
8. Whooping cough (pertussis)
9. Meningitis
10. Pneumonia

Communicable diseases can be spread through various means, including:

1. Direct contact with an infected person: This includes touching, hugging, shaking hands, or sharing food and drinks with someone who is infected.
2. Indirect contact with contaminated surfaces or objects: Pathogens can survive on surfaces for a period of time and can be transmitted to people who come into contact with those surfaces.
3. Airborne transmission: Some diseases, such as the flu and TB, can be spread through the air when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes.
4. Infected insect or animal bites: Diseases such as malaria and Lyme disease can be spread through the bites of infected mosquitoes or ticks.

Prevention and control of communicable diseases are essential to protect public health. This includes:

1. Vaccination: Vaccines can prevent many communicable diseases, such as measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), and influenza.
2. Personal hygiene: Frequent handwashing, covering the mouth when coughing or sneezing, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick can help prevent the spread of diseases.
3. Improved sanitation and clean water: Proper disposal of human waste and adequate water treatment can reduce the risk of disease transmission.
4. Screening and testing: Identifying and isolating infected individuals can help prevent the spread of disease.
5. Antibiotics and antiviral medications: These drugs can treat and prevent some communicable diseases, such as bacterial infections and viral infections like HIV.
6. Public education: Educating the public about the risks and prevention of communicable diseases can help reduce the spread of disease.
7. Contact tracing: Identifying and monitoring individuals who have been in close contact with someone who has a communicable disease can help prevent further transmission.
8. Quarantine and isolation: Quarantine and isolation measures can be used to control outbreaks by separating infected individuals from those who are not infected.
9. Improved healthcare infrastructure: Adequate healthcare facilities, such as hospitals and clinics, can help diagnose and treat communicable diseases early on, reducing the risk of transmission.
10. International collaboration: Collaboration between countries and global organizations is crucial for preventing and controlling the spread of communicable diseases that are a threat to public health worldwide, such as pandemic flu and SARS.

Precancerous changes in the uterine cervix are called dysplasias, and they can be detected by a Pap smear, which is a routine screening test for women. If dysplasia is found, it can be treated with cryotherapy (freezing), laser therapy, or cone biopsy, which removes the affected cells.

Cervical cancer is rare in developed countries where Pap screening is widely available, but it remains a common cancer in developing countries where access to healthcare and screening is limited. The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been shown to be effective in preventing cervical precancerous changes and cancer.

Cervical cancer can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, depending on the stage and location of the cancer. The prognosis for early-stage cervical cancer is good, but advanced-stage cancer can be difficult to treat and may have a poor prognosis.

The following are some types of uterine cervical neoplasms:

1. Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS): This is a precancerous condition that occurs when glandular cells on the surface of the cervix become abnormal and grow out of control.
2. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): This is a precancerous condition that occurs when abnormal cells are found on the surface of the cervix. There are several types of CIN, ranging from mild to severe.
3. Squamous cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of cervical cancer and arises from the squamous cells that line the cervix.
4. Adnexal carcinoma: This is a rare type of cervical cancer that arises from the glands or ducts near the cervix.
5. Small cell carcinoma: This is a rare and aggressive type of cervical cancer that grows rapidly and can spread quickly to other parts of the body.
6. Micropapillary uterine carcinoma: This is a rare type of cervical cancer that grows in a finger-like shape and can be difficult to diagnose.
7. Clear cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of cervical cancer that arises from clear cells and can be more aggressive than other types of cervical cancer.
8. Adenocarcinoma: This is a type of cervical cancer that arises from glandular cells and can be less aggressive than squamous cell carcinoma.
9. Sarcoma: This is a rare type of cervical cancer that arises from the connective tissue of the cervix.

The treatment options for uterine cervical neoplasms depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. The following are some common treatments for uterine cervical neoplasms:

1. Hysterectomy: This is a surgical procedure to remove the uterus and may be recommended for early-stage cancers or precancerous changes.
2. Cryotherapy: This is a minimally invasive procedure that uses liquid nitrogen to freeze and destroy abnormal cells in the cervix.
3. Laser therapy: This is a minimally invasive procedure that uses a laser to remove or destroy abnormal cells in the cervix.
4. Cone biopsy: This is a surgical procedure to remove a small cone-shaped sample of tissue from the cervix to diagnose and treat early-stage cancers or precancerous changes.
5. Radiation therapy: This is a non-surgical treatment that uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells and may be recommended for more advanced cancers or when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
6. Chemotherapy: This is a non-surgical treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells and may be recommended for more advanced cancers or when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
7. Immunotherapy: This is a non-surgical treatment that uses drugs to stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells and may be recommended for more advanced cancers or when other treatments have failed.
8. Targeted therapy: This is a non-surgical treatment that uses drugs to target specific genes or proteins that contribute to cancer growth and development and may be recommended for more advanced cancers or when other treatments have failed.

It is important to note that the choice of treatment will depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Patients should discuss their treatment options with their doctor and develop a personalized plan that is right for them.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) defines Autistic Disorder as a pervasive developmental disorder that meets the following criteria:

A. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, including:

1. Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity (e.g., abnormal or absent eye contact, impaired understanding of facial expressions, delayed or lack of response to social overtures).
2. Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships (e.g., difficulty initiating or sustaining conversations, impairment in understanding social norms, rules, and expectations).
3. Deficits in using nonverbal behaviors to regulate social interaction (e.g., difficulty with eye contact, facial expressions, body language, gestures).

B. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least one of the following:

1. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech (e.g., hand flapping, head banging, repeating words or phrases).
2. Insistence on sameness, inflexibility, and adherence to routines or rituals.
3. Preoccupation with specific interests or activities that are repeated in a rigid and restricted manner (e.g., preoccupation with a particular topic, excessive focus on a specific activity).

C. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period and significantly impact social, occupational, or other areas of functioning.

D. The symptoms do not occur exclusively during a medical or neurological condition (e.g., intellectual disability, hearing loss).

It is important to note that Autistic Disorder is a spectrum disorder and individuals with this diagnosis may have varying degrees of severity in their symptoms. Additionally, there are several other Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs) that have similar diagnostic criteria but may differ in severity and presentation. These include:

A. Asperger's Disorder: Characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, but without the presence of significant delay or retardation in language development.

B. Rett Syndrome: A rare genetic disorder that is characterized by difficulties with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.

C. Childhood Disintegrative Disorder: Characterized by a loss of language and social skills that occurs after a period of normal development.

It is important to consult with a qualified professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist, for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Types of Cognition Disorders: There are several types of cognitive disorders that affect different aspects of cognitive functioning. Some common types include:

1. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
2. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Caused by a blow or jolt to the head that disrupts brain function, resulting in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes.
3. Alzheimer's Disease: A progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with communication.
4. Stroke: A condition where blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to cognitive impairment and other symptoms.
5. Parkinson's Disease: A neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, balance, and cognition.
6. Huntington's Disease: An inherited disorder that causes progressive damage to the brain, leading to cognitive decline and other symptoms.
7. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD): A group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by changes in personality, behavior, and language.
8. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A condition that develops after a traumatic event, characterized by symptoms such as anxiety, avoidance, and hypervigilance.
9. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): A condition characterized by memory loss and other cognitive symptoms that are more severe than normal age-related changes but not severe enough to interfere with daily life.

Causes and Risk Factors: The causes of cognition disorders can vary depending on the specific disorder, but some common risk factors include:

1. Genetics: Many cognitive disorders have a genetic component, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
2. Age: As people age, their risk of developing cognitive disorders increases, such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia.
3. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as physical inactivity, smoking, and poor diet can increase the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
4. Traumatic brain injury: A severe blow to the head or a traumatic brain injury can increase the risk of developing cognitive disorders, such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
5. Infections: Certain infections, such as meningitis and encephalitis, can cause cognitive disorders if they damage the brain tissue.
6. Stroke or other cardiovascular conditions: A stroke or other cardiovascular conditions can cause cognitive disorders by damaging the blood vessels in the brain.
7. Chronic substance abuse: Long-term use of drugs or alcohol can damage the brain and increase the risk of cognitive disorders, such as dementia.
8. Sleep disorders: Sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, can increase the risk of cognitive disorders, such as dementia.
9. Depression and anxiety: Mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, can increase the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
10. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as pesticides and heavy metals, has been linked to an increased risk of cognitive disorders.

It's important to note that not everyone with these risk factors will develop a cognitive disorder, and some people without any known risk factors can still develop a cognitive disorder. If you have concerns about your cognitive health, it's important to speak with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and diagnosis.

The most common types of eating disorders include:

1. Anorexia Nervosa: This is characterized by a severe restriction of food intake, leading to a significantly low body weight. Individuals with anorexia nervosa may have a distorted body image and may view themselves as being overweight, even if they are underweight.
2. Bulimia Nervosa: This is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by purging, such as vomiting or using laxatives, to rid the body of the consumed food. This can lead to a cycle of guilt and shame, and can have serious physical consequences such as electrolyte imbalances and gastrointestinal problems.
3. Binge Eating Disorder: This is characterized by episodes of uncontrolled eating, often accompanied by feelings of guilt and shame. Unlike bulimia nervosa, there is no purging or compensatory behaviors to rid the body of the consumed food.
4. Other specified feeding or eating disorders (OSFED): This category includes a range of eating disorders that do not meet the criteria for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder. Examples include orthorexia nervosa (an obsession with healthy eating), avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (a lack of interest in eating or a fear of eating), and pica (eating non-food items).

Eating disorders can have serious physical and emotional consequences, including:

1. Malnutrition: Eating disorders can lead to malnutrition, which can cause a range of health problems, including fatigue, hair loss, and poor wound healing.
2. Electrolyte imbalances: Eating disorders can also lead to electrolyte imbalances, which can cause heart problems, muscle weakness, and other complications.
3. Tooth decay and gum disease: Frequent vomiting can erode tooth enamel and lead to tooth decay and gum disease.
4. Digestive problems: Eating disorders can cause digestive problems such as constipation, diarrhea, and acid reflux.
5. Hormonal imbalances: Eating disorders can disrupt hormone levels, leading to menstrual irregularities, infertility, and other hormone-related problems.
6. Anxiety and depression: Eating disorders can also contribute to anxiety and depression, which can make it more difficult to recover from the eating disorder.
7. Social isolation: Eating disorders can lead to social isolation, as individuals may avoid social situations where food is involved or feel ashamed of their eating habits.
8. Body image distortion: Eating disorders can also cause body image distortion, leading to a negative and unrealistic view of one's body.
9. Osteoporosis: Eating disorders can increase the risk of osteoporosis, particularly in individuals who have been suffering from the disorder for a long time or who have experienced significant weight loss.
10. Increased risk of suicide: Eating disorders can also increase the risk of suicide, as individuals may feel overwhelmed by their symptoms and struggling to cope with the emotional and physical consequences of the disorder.

It's important to note that these complications can be life-threatening and require prompt medical attention. If you or someone you know is struggling with an eating disorder, it's essential to seek professional help from a mental health professional, a registered dietitian, or a primary care physician. With proper treatment and support, individuals can recover from eating disorders and lead a healthy and fulfilling life.

Some common examples of respiratory tract diseases include:

1. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
2. Bronchitis: Inflammation of the airways (bronchi) that can cause coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.
3. Asthma: A chronic condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
4. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A progressive condition that makes it difficult to breathe due to damage to the lungs over time.
5. Tuberculosis: An infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs.
6. Laryngitis: Inflammation of the voice box (larynx) that can cause hoarseness and difficulty speaking.
7. Tracheitis: Inflammation of the trachea, or windpipe, that can cause coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing.
8. Croup: An infection of the throat and lungs that can cause a barky cough and difficulty breathing.
9. Pleurisy: Inflammation of the lining around the lungs (pleura) that can cause chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.
10. Pertussis (whooping cough): An infectious disease caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis that can cause coughing fits and difficulty breathing.

These are just a few examples of the many different types of respiratory tract diseases that exist. Each one has its own unique symptoms, causes, and treatment options.

Low birth weight is defined as less than 2500 grams (5 pounds 8 ounces) and is associated with a higher risk of health problems, including respiratory distress, infection, and developmental delays. Premature birth is also a risk factor for low birth weight, as premature infants may not have had enough time to grow to a healthy weight before delivery.

On the other hand, high birth weight is associated with an increased risk of macrosomia, a condition in which the baby is significantly larger than average and may require a cesarean section (C-section) or assisted delivery. Macrosomia can also increase the risk of injury to the mother during delivery.

Birth weight can be influenced by various factors during pregnancy, including maternal nutrition, prenatal care, and fetal growth patterns. However, it is important to note that birth weight alone is not a definitive indicator of a baby's health or future development. Other factors, such as the baby's overall physical condition, Apgar score (a measure of the baby's well-being at birth), and postnatal care, are also important indicators of long-term health outcomes.

Some common types of tooth diseases include:

1. Caries (cavities): A bacterial infection that causes the decay of tooth enamel, leading to holes or cavities in the teeth.
2. Periodontal disease (gum disease): An infection of the tissues surrounding the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and jawbone.
3. Tooth sensitivity: Pain or discomfort when eating or drinking hot or cold foods and beverages due to exposed dentin or gum recession.
4. Dental abscesses: Infections that can cause pain, swelling, and pus in the teeth and gums.
5. Tooth erosion: Wear away of the tooth enamel caused by acidic foods and drinks or certain medical conditions.
6. Tooth grinding (bruxism): The habit of grinding or clenching the teeth, which can cause wear on the teeth, jaw pain, and headaches.
7. Dental malocclusion: Misalignment of the teeth, which can cause difficulty chewing, speaking, and other oral health problems.
8. Tooth loss: Loss of one or more teeth due to decay, gum disease, injury, or other causes.

Prevention and treatment of tooth diseases usually involve good oral hygiene practices such as brushing, flossing, and regular dental check-ups. In some cases, more advanced treatments such as fillings, crowns, root canals, or extractions may be necessary.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

There are many different types of heart diseases, including:

1. Coronary artery disease: The buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle, leading to chest pain or a heart attack.
2. Heart failure: When the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, leading to fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling in the legs.
3. Arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia, which can cause palpitations, dizziness, and shortness of breath.
4. Heart valve disease: Problems with the heart valves, which can lead to blood leaking back into the chambers or not being pumped effectively.
5. Cardiomyopathy: Disease of the heart muscle, which can lead to weakened heart function and heart failure.
6. Heart murmurs: Abnormal sounds heard during a heartbeat, which can be caused by defects in the heart valves or abnormal blood flow.
7. Congenital heart disease: Heart defects present at birth, such as holes in the heart or abnormal blood vessels.
8. Myocardial infarction (heart attack): Damage to the heart muscle due to a lack of oxygen, often caused by a blockage in a coronary artery.
9. Cardiac tamponade: Fluid accumulation around the heart, which can cause compression of the heart and lead to cardiac arrest.
10. Endocarditis: Infection of the inner lining of the heart, which can cause fever, fatigue, and heart valve damage.

Heart diseases can be diagnosed through various tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, stress test, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the specific condition and may include lifestyle changes, medication, surgery, or a combination of these.

Coronary disease is often caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, smoking, obesity, and a lack of physical activity. It can also be triggered by other medical conditions, such as diabetes and kidney disease.

The symptoms of coronary disease can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

* Chest pain or discomfort (angina)
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Swelling of the legs and feet
* Pain in the arms and back

Coronary disease is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and cardiac imaging. Treatment for coronary disease may include lifestyle changes, medications to control symptoms, and surgical procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to improve blood flow to the heart.

Preventative measures for coronary disease include:

* Maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine
* Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption
* Managing high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and other underlying medical conditions
* Reducing stress through relaxation techniques or therapy.

There are several different types of malaria, including:

1. Plasmodium falciparum: This is the most severe form of malaria, and it can be fatal if left untreated. It is found in many parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
2. Plasmodium vivax: This type of malaria is less severe than P. falciparum, but it can still cause serious complications if left untreated. It is found in many parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
3. Plasmodium ovale: This type of malaria is similar to P. vivax, but it can cause more severe symptoms in some people. It is found primarily in West Africa.
4. Plasmodium malariae: This type of malaria is less common than the other three types, and it tends to cause milder symptoms. It is found primarily in parts of Africa and Asia.

The symptoms of malaria can vary depending on the type of parasite that is causing the infection, but they typically include:

1. Fever
2. Chills
3. Headache
4. Muscle and joint pain
5. Fatigue
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Diarrhea
8. Anemia (low red blood cell count)

If malaria is not treated promptly, it can lead to more severe complications, such as:

1. Seizures
2. Coma
3. Respiratory failure
4. Kidney failure
5. Liver failure
6. Anemia (low red blood cell count)

Malaria is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as blood smears or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. Treatment for malaria typically involves the use of antimalarial drugs, such as chloroquine or artemisinin-based combination therapies. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications and provide supportive care.

Prevention is an important aspect of managing malaria, and this can include:

1. Using insecticide-treated bed nets
2. Wearing protective clothing and applying insect repellent when outdoors
3. Eliminating standing water around homes and communities to reduce the number of mosquito breeding sites
4. Using indoor residual spraying (IRS) or insecticide-treated wall lining to kill mosquitoes
5. Implementing malaria control measures in areas where malaria is common, such as distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS)
6. Improving access to healthcare services, particularly in rural and remote areas
7. Providing education and awareness about malaria prevention and control
8. Encouraging the use of preventive medications, such as intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) for pregnant women and children under the age of five.

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are critical in preventing the progression of malaria and reducing the risk of complications and death. In areas where malaria is common, it is essential to have access to reliable diagnostic tools and effective antimalarial drugs.

1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of stroke, accounting for about 87% of all strokes. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked, reducing blood flow to the brain.
2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding in the brain. High blood pressure, aneurysms, and blood vessel malformations can all cause hemorrhagic strokes.
3. Transient ischemic attack (TIA): Also known as a "mini-stroke," a TIA is a temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain that lasts for a short period of time, usually less than 24 hours. TIAs are often a warning sign for a future stroke and should be taken seriously.

Stroke can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the location and severity of the damage to the brain. Some common symptoms include:

* Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
* Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
* Sudden vision loss or double vision
* Dizziness, loss of balance, or sudden falls
* Severe headache
* Confusion, disorientation, or difficulty with memory

Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and can have a significant impact on the quality of life for survivors. However, with prompt medical treatment and rehabilitation, many people are able to recover some or all of their lost functions and lead active lives.

The medical community has made significant progress in understanding stroke and developing effective treatments. Some of the most important advances include:

* Development of clot-busting drugs and mechanical thrombectomy devices to treat ischemic strokes
* Improved imaging techniques, such as CT and MRI scans, to diagnose stroke and determine its cause
* Advances in surgical techniques for hemorrhagic stroke
* Development of new medications to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke

Despite these advances, stroke remains a significant public health problem. According to the American Heart Association, stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and the leading cause of long-term disability. In 2017, there were over 795,000 strokes in the United States alone.

There are several risk factors for stroke that can be controlled or modified. These include:

* High blood pressure
* Diabetes mellitus
* High cholesterol levels
* Smoking
* Obesity
* Lack of physical activity
* Poor diet

In addition to these modifiable risk factors, there are also several non-modifiable risk factors for stroke, such as age (stroke risk increases with age), family history of stroke, and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).

The medical community has made significant progress in understanding the causes and risk factors for stroke, as well as developing effective treatments and prevention strategies. However, more research is needed to improve outcomes for stroke survivors and reduce the overall burden of this disease.

IV drug use can cause a range of short-term and long-term health problems, including infections, abscesses, blood-borne illnesses such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis, and overdose. In addition to physical health issues, IV substance abuse can also lead to mental health problems, financial and legal problems, and social isolation.

Treatment for IV substance abuse typically involves a combination of behavioral therapy and medication. Behavioral therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and contingency management can help individuals modify their drug-seeking behaviors and develop coping skills to maintain sobriety. Medications such as methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone can also be used to manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings for drugs.

Prevention strategies for IV substance abuse include education and awareness campaigns, community-based outreach programs, and harm reduction services such as needle exchange programs. These strategies aim to reduce the initiation of IV drug use, particularly among young people and other vulnerable populations.

... is a bimonthly peer-reviewed healthcare journal covering applied behavioral and social science in ... Zimmerman, M. A. (2016-07-01). "Message From the Editor". Health Education & Behavior. 25 (1): 5-7. doi:10.1177/ ... It is an official journal of the Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE). The journal was established in 1957 as Health ... Health Education Monographs was printed by various small publishing companies or cooperatively by SOPHE and the World Health ...
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... ". Scopus Preview. Elsevier. Retrieved 2021-07-11. "American Journal of Health Behavior". ... It covers the study of individual and social efforts on health behaviors. The editor-in-chief is Elbert D. Glover (University ... The American Journal of Health Behavior is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by PNG Publications and Scientific ... "Editorial Board". American Journal of Health Behavior. Retrieved 2021-07-11. "Web of Science Master Journal List". Intellectual ...
The Journal of Health and Social Behavior is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by SAGE Publications on ... It covers the application of sociological concepts and methods to the understanding of health and illness and the organization ... "Journals Ranked by Impact: Public, Environmental & Occupational Health". 2018 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ... Occupational Health". "Journals Ranked by Impact: Psychology, Social". 2018 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Social ...
Center for Sexual Health Promotion National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior Website (includes free download of the special ... The National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior is a decade-long nationally representative study of human sexual behavior. ... "Publications". National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior. Retrieved 2019-09-28. "Sex in the U.S.: Survey Finds 'Enormous ... "OVPR OFCRAL: News: News & Events: Center for Sexual Health Promotion: Indiana University Bloomington". Center for Sexual Health ...
Health and Human Behavior". Siue.edu. Retrieved 2016-07-11. "About the SIUE School of Education, Health and Human Behavior - ... The SIUE School of Education, Health and Human Behavior consists of the Departments of Applied Health, Educational Leadership, ... The name of the school was changed to the School of Education, Health and Human Behavior on July 1, 2014 to reflect its wider ... In the Fall of 2018, the SIUE School of Education, Health and Human Behavior had 74 tenure-line faculty members, 15 non-tenure- ...
Health behavior refers to a person's beliefs and actions regarding their health and well-being. Health behaviors are direct ... Positive behaviors help promote health and prevent disease, while the opposite is true for risk behaviors. Health behaviors are ... Behavior informatics also called behavior computing, explores behavior intelligence and behavior insights from the informatics ... In addition, the health belief model suggests the need to focus on the benefits of health behaviors and the fact that barriers ...
U.S. Surgeon General (1999). Mental Health. Chapter 3 Archived May 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine U.S. Supreme Court to ... Internationally, most behavior therapists find a core intellectual home in the International Association for Behavior Analysis ... Increasingly, behavior modification models based on the principles of applied behavior analysis, cognitive behavioral therapy, ... In the late 1960s, behavior modification or practice referred to as applied behavior analysis began to move rapidly into ...
Bonnie V. G. Beaver (2009). Canine Behavior: Insights and Answers. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-4160-5419-1. Edward C. ... It is believed that this behavior, which is most common in puppies, is training for important behaviors later in life. Play ... Serpell J, Duffy D. Dog Breeds and Their Behavior. In: Domestic Dog Cognition and Behavior. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014 ... Pet Behavior articles from the ASPCA Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dog behavior. (Pages with reference errors, Pages ...
World Health Organization. Mental Health: Evidence and Research Team (2005). Alcohol Use and Sexual Risk Behaviour: A Cross- ... It can mean two similar things: the behavior itself, the description of the partner's behavior. The behavior could be ... Drug use is associated with risky sexual behaviors. Risky sexual behavior can be: Barebacking, i.e. sex without a condom. Mouth ... Trauma from penile-anal sex has been identified as a risky sexual behavior. Risky sexual behaviors can lead to serious ...
"Rabies". World Health Organization. 2019-09-27. Retrieved 2020-03-18. Nyasembe, V.O.; et al. (2014). "Plasmodium falciparum ... Behavior-altering parasites are parasites with two or more hosts, capable of causing changes in the behavior of one of their ... changing their behavior and physiology to benefit the parasite. Parasites may alter hosts' behaviors in ways that increase ... in this case its host's behavior). Many behaviors induced by obligate parasites to complete their lifecycles are examples of ...
If a smooth pebble is introduced into the hutch, she will masturbate upon it, thus preserving her normal health for one season ... Affectionate behaviors do not include insertion or genital rubbing, but are still seen as a manner of sexual behavior. An ... McDonnell, S. M. "Specific Normal Behaviors of Domestic Horses That Are Misunderstood as Abnormal". Equine Behavior Laboratory ... Behavior. 83 (2): 361-371. doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(04)00362-2. PMID 15488551. Erwin J.; Maple T (1976). "Ambisexual behavior ...
It is concerned with basic bodily functions as well as measures taken to maintain health. Economic behavior accounts for ... Ethical behavior is human behavior that takes into consideration how actions will affect others and whether behaviors will be ... There are also unique behaviors that humans undergo to maintain physical health. Humans have developed medicine to prevent and ... Leisure can also facilitate health risks and negative emotions caused by boredom, substance abuse, or high-risk behavior. ...
Treatment and Prevention Behavioral Health and Medicine Applied Animal Behaviour Science Behavior Therapy Behavior and ... When measuring behavior, there are both dimensions of behavior and quantifiable measures of behavior. In applied behavior ... For problem behavior, chains can also be analyzed and the chain can be disrupted to prevent the problem behavior. Some behavior ... Task analysis has been used in organizational behavior management, a behavior analytic approach to changing the behaviors of ...
The changers in typical eating patterns can be an early signal for possible physical or psychological health problem. A cat's ... These behaviors are thought to be a way of marking territory. Facial marking behavior is used to mark their territory as "safe ... ISBN 978-0-671-22451-6. "Bunting Behavior - Answers, Why, When & How of Cat Behavior Issues by Pam Johnson-Bennett". www. ... This behavior may be in response to a surge of adrenaline or may be caused by the anticipation of a pending hunt. Cats rely ...
... are a cornerstone of reproductive health-related research, particularly when related to ... "Assessment of factors affecting the validity of self-reported health-risk behavior among adolescents: Evidence from the ... and Self-Administered Questionnaires for the Assessment of Sexual Behavior". AIDS and Behavior. 10 (5): 541-552. doi:10.1007/ ... It is important to consider the way in which measures of self-reported sexual risk behaviors will be collected during the ...
... and behaviors about anything related to sex. These thoughts have to be pervasive and cause problems in health, occupation, ... These feelings, thoughts, and behaviors can include normal sexual behaviors or behaviors that are considered illegal and/or ... Compulsive behavior is defined as performing an action persistently and repetitively. Compulsive behaviors could be an attempt ... He will not view these behaviors as problematic. Binge eating may be considered as compulsive behaviors. In this, a person may ...
Individual level Health belief model Theory of reasoned action and planned behavior Transtheoretical model/Stages of change ... "Behavior Change Communication (BCC) for HIV/AIDS: a strategic framework" (PDF). Family Health International (FHI). September ... SBCC is the strategic use of communication to promote positive health outcomes, based on proven theories and models of behavior ... instilling a sense of ownership of the new behavior, which in turn instills a sense of ownership of the changed behavior. When ...
Health. 15: 100651. doi:10.1016/j.jth.2019.100651. hdl:10044/1/80109. S2CID 204387948. Nobis, C.; B. Lenz. (2004). Gender ... queueing behavior, etc. (See for example Passenger behavior in Shanghai) These questions can be answered descriptively using a ... Travel behavior is the study of what people do over geography, and how people use transport. The questions studied in travel ... Today, the best source of information about travel behavior is a Household Travel Survey. In this type of data collection the ...
Positive Psychology aims to shift the focus in psychology from dysfunctional mental illness to mental health, calling for an ... Luthans, F. (2002b). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23: 695- ... Positive Organizational Behavior (POB) is defined as "the study and application of positively oriented human resource strengths ... Emerging positive organizational behavior. Journal of Management, 33:321-349. Seligman, MD., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). ...
Computers in Human Behavior, Personality and Individual Differences, Occupational Health Psychology, Human Resource Management ... Counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), which consists of behaviors that help ... Workplace deviance is behavior at work that violates norms for appropriate behavior. Retaliation consists of harmful behaviors ... "Counterproductive work behavior and organisational citizenship behavior: Are they opposite forms of active behavior?". Applied ...
"Trichotillomania (TTM) & Related Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors (BFRBs)". The Center for Emotional Health of Greater ... Body-focused repetitive behavior (BFRB) is an umbrella name for impulse control behaviors involving compulsively damaging one's ... "Scientific Advances in Trichotillomania and Related Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors". National Institute of Mental Health. ... Body-focused repetitive behavior disorders (BFRBDs) in ICD-11 is in development. BFRB disorders are currently estimated to be ...
ISBN 978-1-111-30611-3. Siebert, Carol (December 2006). "Functional Assessment: Process and Product". Home Health Care ... Behavior is lawful. Whether it is desirable or undesirable, behavior is controlled by environmental variables. Behavior is a ... Functional behavior assessment (FBA) is a method developed by applied behavior analysis (ABA) to identify the variables that ... Behavior modification, Behavioural sciences, Educational assessment and evaluation, Behavior therapy, Disability). ...
Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 858. ISBN 978-1-4160-3370-7. Bryan, Christiansen (2014). Handbook of Research on ... Behavior management, similar to behavior modification, is a less-intensive form of behavior therapy. Unlike behavior ... Your behavior is crucial to the progress of their behavior. There may be situations when yourself can't handle the behavior and ... behavior management focuses on maintaining positive habits and behaviors and reducing negative ones. Behavior management skills ...
... mental health and other studies of human behavior. Current research in behavior analysis focuses on expanding the tradition by ... The Behavior Analysis Certification Board (BACB) defines behavior analysis as: The field of behavior analysis grew out of the ... "Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis". Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1938-3703. "Behavior Analysis in ... Applied behavior analysis (ABA) include the use of behavior management, behavioral engineering and behavior therapy. Currently ...
Oregon Health and Science University), states that homosexuality in male sheep is associated with a region in the rams' brains ... Homosexual behavior among male gorillas has been studied. This behavior occurs more often in all-male bachelor packs in the ... The sexual behavior of non-human animals takes many different forms, even within the same species, though homosexual behavior ... Homosexual behavior forms part of the natural repertoire of sexual or sociosexual behavior of orangutans. Male homosexual ...
... behavior) Norms (social) Bartlett, Steven James (2011). Normality Does Not Equal Mental Health: The Need to Look Elsewhere for ... This is shown in studies done on behavior in both psychology and sociology where behavior in mating rituals or religious ... Normal is also used to describe individual behavior that conforms to the most common behavior in society (known as conformity ... Durkheim's model of normality further explains that the most frequent or general behaviors, and thus the most normal behaviors ...
"Health Behavior Theory and cumulative knowledge regarding health behaviors: are we moving in the right direction?". Health ... The theory of planned behavior model has thus been helpful in understanding health-related behaviors and developing ... Who can you think of that would do behavior X? What things make it hard for you to do behavior X? If you want to do behavior X ... The theory of planned behavior has been applied to a number research areas including health-related behaviors, environmental ...
Journal of Health Organization and Management. 24 (6): 597-610. doi:10.1108/14777261011088683. PMID 21155435. McGivern, Gerry; ... behavior), Humanities, Politics by issue, Free software, Public economics). ... Ferlie found that transparency in the context of a clinical risk management can act perversely to undermine ethical behavior, ...
Mental Health Symptoms and Substance Use Disorder". Journal of Child and Family Studies. 26 (6): 1646-1654. doi:10.1007/s10826- ... The Anorectic Behavior Observation Scale (ABOS) is a thirty-item diagnostic questionnaire devised to be answered by the parents ... Vandereycken, W. (1992). "Validity and reliability of the Anorectic Behavior Observation Scale for parents". Acta Psychiatrica ... Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 18 (2): 122-130. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2010.01637.x. ISSN 1365-2850. PMID ...
... artistic movements and behaviors. It is typically added to nouns. The concept of an -ism may resemble that of a grand narrative ... Annual Review of Public Health. 41: 37-62. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094017. PMID 31765272. "The Word of the Year ... and Gender Binarism for Health Equity Research: From Structural Injustice to Embodied Harm - An Ecosocial Analysis". ...
Shortly after his arrival in prison, his health began to deteriorate, because of which Ellis was transferred to a prison ... Since early childhood, Ellis began to show signs of antisocial behavior, acting impulsively and aggressively towards his peers ...
The American Public Health Association helped support the development of the FCTC, while the wave of successful tobacco ... Moreover, advertising has a limited effect on influencing smoking behavior. Therefore, tobacco advertisements do not play a ... "United States v. Philip Morris (D.O.J. Lawsuit)". Public Health Law Center. Retrieved 2018-03-01. Goldberg, M. E; Davis, R. M; ... Depriving of health hazards information Lawsuits against tobacco companies have asserted that tobacco companies mislead the ...
... in collaboration with the Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior. It was given to more than 18,000 schools across the ... Health software, Windows software, Macintosh software). ...
Life sciences included experiments on human health, cell separation and biology, developmental biology, animal and human ... physiology and behavior, space radiation, and biological rhythms. Test subjects included the crew, Japanese koi fish (carp), ...
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1980). Self-determination theory: When the mind mediates behavior. The Journal of Mind and Behavior ... We are handicapped in the absence of high speed internet." Health experts and the locals warned that the internet blackout was ... The draft regulation introduces i.a. a catalog of prohibited AI practices that distort the behavior of the individual in a ... The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) includes federal standards for protecting the privacy and ...
Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015 ISBN 978-0323313483, pp. 267-269 "Embryo Images Online". Med.unc.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-19. ... Carlson, Neil R. (2013). Physiology of behavior (11th ed.). Boston: Pearson. p. 329. ISBN 978-0205239399. 1918 Gray's Anatomy " ...
A review of the literature in health and public health. Health Education & Behavior, 37(3), 424-451. Wallerstein, N., & ... Bernstein, E. (1988). Empowerment Education: Freire's Ideas Adapted to Health Education. Health Education & Behavior, 15(4), ... Health Education & Behavior, 21(2), 171-186. doi:10.1177/109019819402100204 Lorenz, LS (2010) "Brain Injury Survivors: ... Wang, C. C., Yi, W. K., Tao, Z. W., & Carovano, K. (1998). Photovoice as a participatory health promotion strategy. Health ...
Sonny is absent from the spinoff series So Random! due to Demi Lovato leaving the cast for health reasons; Sonny's absence is ... Despite this selfish and childish behavior, he has moments where he shows he is kind and deep, especially when he's around ...
Armenian Health Network, Health.am. Archived from the original on 7 February 2007. "Cervical Cancer: Statistics , Cancer.Net". ... Gastric-type mucinous adenocarcinoma of the cervix is a rare type of cancer with aggressive behavior. This type of malignancy ... In November 2020, the World Health Organization, under backing from the World Health Assembly, set out a strategy to eliminate ... women's health by eliminating cervical cancer and enabling treatment for women with cervical cancer and related health issues, ...
People who live in poor areas are more suspicious of the health care system, and as a result, they may reject medical treatment ... women's behavior. Guttmacher viewed the IUD as an effective method of contraception for individuals in "underdeveloped areas ... Murphy, Michelle (2012). Seizing the Means of Reproduction: Entanglements of Feminism, Health, and Technoscience. Experimental ...
In poor health during the signing of the US Constitution in 1787, he was rarely seen in public from then until his death.[ ... This essay in praise of chess and prescribing a code of behavior for the game has been widely reprinted and translated. He and ... His reasons for vegetarianism were based on health, ethics, and economy: When about 16 years of age, I happen'd to meet with a ... Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or ...
This approach appears to reduce problem behaviors and to improve mental health and well-being. At the very least, this suggests ... Sedgeman, J.: Health Realization/Innate Health: Can a quiet mind and a positive feeling state be accessible over the lifespan ... In the Health Realization ("HR") model, all psychological phenomena, from severe disorder to glowing health, are presented as ... Thus, HR also teaches that people have health and well-being already within them (in HR this is known as "innate health"), ...
"Health Alert: U.S. Consulate General Guangzhou, People's Republic of China". U.S. Embassy & Consulates in China. 2020-04-13. ... was harsh on his countrymen for engaging in what he described as rampant drug trafficking and ill-mannered public behavior (" ... Specific plans and proper arrangements are made to protect their life and health to the best of our ability, thanks to which we ... the Chinese government has been attaching great importance to the life and health of foreign nationals in China. All foreigners ...
He received treatment at Baylor University Medical Center and was given a clean bill of health in September 2010.[citation ... "ungodly and disqualifying behavior". Acts 29 Network is a partnership of church plants that has grown to over 400 churches in ...
Aggressive Behavior, 34(5), 521-538. Anderson, Craig & Dill, Karen. Video Games and Aggressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior ... Journal of Adolescent Health. 41 (1): 77-83. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.01.001. PMID 17577537. Kutner, Lawrence, PhD and ... Anderson, C. A.; Bushman, B. J. (2001). "Effects of violent games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive ... led a study on violence in youth and determined that while the impact of video games on violent behavior has yet to be ...
The increasing national revenue will often also result in higher government spending on health, welfare, military, and public ... Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 151: 123-142. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2018.02.011. ISSN 0167-2681. S2CID 158700671. ... health care, or infrastructure... quantitative tests reveal that oil-rich nations who experience demonstrations or riots ... and populations tend to have cooperative or mutualistic behaviors. If populations have a competitive behaviour in hostile ...
Any supposed faith that does not in fact lead to such behaviors is not genuine, saving faith." For Methodists, "true faith... ... ISBN 978-1-4267-2945-4. Wesley understood both the health and social issues related to the intemperate use of alcoholic ... Alcohol was not only a threat to good health, it was a menace to morality. Drunkenness affected the family and community, ...
The Department of Health and Human Services also conducted a survey addressing the same topic which generated similar findings ... Violation of codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in scientific research Scientists and Engineers for America - ... During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the Trump administration replaced career public affairs staff at the Department of Health ... Tobacco companies funded think tanks and lobbying groups, started health reassurance campaigns, ran advertisements in medical ...
2776 Health and Safety. Kew, Richmond, Surrey: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO). Retrieved 6 November 2016. "Diving ... to avoid disruption of fish behavior. Designing an adequate diffuser for a rebreather is much easier than for open-circuit ... In some jurisdictions the professional nature, with particular reference to responsibility for health and safety of the clients ... Regulations 2009". Occupational Health and Safety Act 85 of 1993 - Regulations and Notices - Government Notice R41. Pretoria: ...
Zucker, Robert S. (1972). "Crayfish Escape Behavior and Central Synapses. I. Neural Circuit Exciting Lateral Giant Fiber" (PDF ... appointed by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, Joseph Califano, in April 1977. In the next two-plus years ... fixed-action pattern of locomotory behavior. Arriving at Stanford University as an assistant professor in 1960, Kennedy was ...
... health and welfare, federalism, strategic management, public health, administrative law, social welfare, tax policy, government ... The D.P.A. degree may have a specialization such as management science, organizational behavior, implementation, non-profit ...
... it is much more likely to engage in a higher degree of sustainable behavior. It has also been shown that often in large ... environmental sustainability manager Chief of environmental health and safety Certified sustainability administrator Chief ...
Poor latency can influence the understanding of verbal and nonverbal behaviors, as small differences in the timing of behaviors ... is the idea of how discrimination within a workplace/job interview can affect a person's health and wellbeing. A person that is ... However, despite any shared information between content and nonverbal behavior, it is clear that nonverbal behaviors do predict ... Rasmussen, Keith G. (1984). "Nonverbal behavior, verbal behavior, resum? credentials, and selection interview outcomes". ...
She specializes in robotics, sensory acquisition behaviors, sensorimotor integration, and neuroethology. Her lab focuses on ... and a National Institutes of Health SMI study section member. Hartmann currently focuses on animal whiskers and how information ...
... and Mental Health". Journal of Organizational Behavior Management. 26 (1-2): 113-130. doi:10.1300/J075v26n01_05. Bond, F.W.; P. ... The AAQ-II scores were found to predict many outcomes, including mental health and work absence rates. The AAQ-II also was ... Lastly, committed action teaches people to make changes in behavior in order for them to reach chosen qualities. Committed ... Psychological flexibility has been found to improve mental health and absence rates. A mediating variable is job control, which ...
Wikisource text Levin, J. (2001), God, Faith and Health: Exploring the Spirituality-Health Connection, New York: Wiley, ISBN ... Prayer in this manner may prepare an individual to carry out positive pro-social behavior after praying, due to factors such as ... Overall, slight health benefits have been found fairly consistently across studies. Three main pathways to explain this trend ... Ladd and McIntosh suggest that prayer-related behaviors, such as bowing the head and clasping the hands together in an almost ...
With this advancement in high-precision imaging, we were able to discover the behavior in neodymium, because we could resolve ... Anal Bioanal Chem 377, 85-88 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-003-2084-x "Neodymium (Nd) - Chemical properties, Health ... In 2020, physics researchers at Radboud University and Uppsala University announced they had observed a behavior known as "self ...
They used DPMM to effectively analyze Internet water army user behavior and use the sequential pattern mining algorithms to ... the cosmetics firm Doctor Bai and health-food company BiosTime both sued the consumer protection website 315ts.net for posting ...
"The Mental Health Impact of Mass Shootings" (PDF). Brady: United Against Gun Violence. Brady defines a mass shooting as a ... Silver, James; Simons, Andre; Craun, Sarah (2018). A Study of Pre-Attack Behaviors of Active Shooters in the United States ... In comparison to the general population, mass shooters were more likely to have a history of mental health issues, to have ... The American Psychiatric Association (APA) states that gun violence is a public health crisis and has repeatedly noted that the ...
National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National ... Mental Health, Child see Child Mental Health * Mental Health, Older Adults see Older Adult Mental Health ...
Some sexual behaviors put teens at risk for HIV, STDs, and unintended pregnancy. Learn how schools can help prevent teen sex ... School health programs can help young people adopt lifelong attitudes and behaviors that support their health and well-being- ... Many young people engage in health risk behaviors and experiences that can result in unintended health outcomes. CDC data show ... Provide health information that is basic, accurate, and directly contributes to health-promoting decisions and behaviors. ...
... and health-related behaviors during pregnancy. A cross-sectional study Tatiane Irene de Oliveira 1 , Lais Dos Santos 2 , ... Dietary patterns and socioeconomic, demographic, and health-related behaviors during pregnancy. A cross-sectional study Tatiane ... 2 Nutricionist, Masters Student, Postgraduate Program in Collective Health, Departament of Public Health, Universidade Federal ... 2 Nutricionist, Masters Student, Postgraduate Program in Collective Health, Departament of Public Health, Universidade Federal ...
... their health behavior, social factors and a variety of other measures related to their health and behavior. Family members ages ... NIMH Family Study of Health and Behavior. Join a Research Study: Enrolling locally from the Washington, D.C. metro region ... COVID-19 Public Health Information From CDC. COVID-19 Research Information From NIH (español). National Institutes of Health. U ... The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a component of the U.S. ...
Changing long-term opioid prescribing behavior At a Glance. *Notifying clinicians that one of their patients died of an ... In a follow-up study, the team continued to track prescribing behavior from the same clinicians for a year after receiving the ... These results suggest that the impact of the notification letters on prescribing behavior persisted for up to a year. The ... Funding: NIHs National Institute on Aging (NIA) and National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); California Health Care Foundation ...
The mission of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences is to discover how the environment affects people in ... Health & Education. * *Health & Education. * Brochures & Fact Sheets If you are giving a presentation about an environmental ... Pollution, health, and avoidance behavior: evidence from the Ports of Los Angeles. Journal of Human Resources. ... The authors estimated the short-term effects of ozone on health accounting for avoidance behavior, confounding factors, and ...
Decision Making in Health: Behavior Maintenance PA-05-016. NCI ... The 2001 Institute of Medicine report, Health and Behavior: The ... Health Psychology, 19 (Suppl.), 64-68. Rothman, A.J., Baldwin, A., & Hertel, A. (2004). Self-regulation and behavior change: ... National Institutes of Health (NIH). 9000 Rockville Pike. Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Department of Health. and Human Services ( ... 2001). Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences. Washington, D.C.: National ...
A snapshot of the health of young people in Europe : a report prepared for the European Union Conference on Youth Health, ... Excessive usage of the Internet can negatively affect health and health practices especially among youth. To examine the issue ... Kaya, N.; Asti, T.; Kaya, I.; Yaylaci, S.; Kaya, H.; Turan, N.; Aydin, G. Ozdemir (‎World Health Organization, Regional Office ... survey is a WHO collaborative cross-national study that monitors the health behaviours, health outcomes and social environments ...
Videos Highlight Behavior and Health. Send us your comments. Behavior and social factors play key roles in illness and health. ... "Understanding our behavior and making better decisions puts us in charge of our own health," says Dr. Robert Kaplan, director ... For more consumer health news and information, visit health.nih.gov.. For wellness toolkits, visit www.nih.gov/wellnesstoolkits ... A monthly newsletter from the National Institutes of Health, part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ...
Brain, behavior, & immunity - health.. Other Title(s):. Brain, behavior, and immunity health. BBI health. Related Title: Brain ... Brain, Behavior, and Immunity - Health (BBI - Health) is an open access journal and a companion title to Brain, Behavior, and ... Brain, behavior, & immunity - health. Author(s):. Psychoneuroimmunology Research Society, issuing body. NLM Title Abbreviation: ... Companion to: Brain, behavior, and immunity.. Complemented by (work): Brain, behavior, and immunity 0889-1591 (OCoLC)35247136 ( ...
A Blog of the National Center for Health Statistics - health behaviors - Featured Topics from the National Center for Health ... Categories health behaviors, Health Characteristics, health insurance, Health Topics, mental health, National Health Interview ... Categories health behaviors, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey ... Regular preventive health care visits during this period are recommended to promote health and quality of life. An NCHS report ...
Decision Making in Health: Behavior Maintenance (R01) PA-07-204. NCI ... Title: Decision Making in Health: Behavior Maintenance (R01). Announcement Type. This is a reissue of PA-05-016, which was ... National Institutes of Health (NIH). 9000 Rockville Pike. Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Department of Health. and Human Services ( ... behavior during a structured behavior change program and decision-making processes related to sustaining the behavior change ...
Social Pressure, Not Health Warnings Influence Sexual Behavior. News By Jeanna Bryner ... One idea for further research into sexual behavior is to look closely at the deviants, those people who dont follow these ... Marston and Eleanor King of the Medical Research Council in the U.K. reviewed 268 studies of sexual behavior in young people ... Since the advent of HIV and AIDS, sexual behavior studies have risen, most of which have focused on identifying and changing ...
Advancing Science for Global Health. Home , Global Health Matters Jan/Feb 2022 , Projects examine sex, behavior differences ... Projects examine sex, behavior differences that impact mens health. * Researchers study refugee families mental health needs ... Focus: Importance of including men in global health research. * Mens health often neglected in global health research ... Projects examine sex, behavior differences that impact mens health January/ February 2022 , Volume 21 Number 1 * January/ ...
We examine parental behavior in both the prenatal period and childhood. We present evidence on the correlation of this behavior ... In this paper we document the ways in which parental behavior and socioeconomic status affect childrens health. ... Parental behavior and child health Anne Case et al. Health Aff (Millwood). 2002 Mar-Apr. ... Protecting childrens health also calls for a broader set of policies that target parents health-related behavior. ...
The IHS is the principal federal health care provider and health advocate for Indian people, and provides a comprehensive ... an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services, is responsible for providing federal health services to American ... The provision of health services to members of federally-recognized Tribes grew out of the special government-to-government ... The IHS Mission is to raise the physical, mental, social, and spiritual health of American Indians and Alaska Natives to the ...
This article presents a theoretical rationale for using the Internet to conduct persuasive public health interventions. Through ... Health communication on the Internet: an effective channel for health behavior change? J Health Commun. 1998 Jan-Mar;3(1):71-9. ... 1 Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7400, USA. ... public health professionals to explore the design and evaluation of Internet-based interventions directed at health behavior ...
Annual US-wide distracted driving-related awareness/prevention campaigns may be postponed due to another public health crisis, ... Tag: Behavior. With increased focus on enforcement of handheld ban as drivers return to the road, distracted driving-related ... Format LinkCategories PolicyTags Behavior, Distracted Driving, Enforcement, Handheld Ban, Hands-Free, Idaho, Indiana, Local Law ... Format LinkCategories PolicyTags Behavior, Crashes, Distracted Driver, Distracted Driving, Enforcement, Handheld Ban, Indiana, ...
Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior. If you would like to apply to the Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior Master ... Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior MPH. Special Note: Contact the program graduate director in the Department of Health ... Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior Certificate of Graduate Study in Global Health Questions: Contact the program ... Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior Health Communication Certificate. Questions: Contact the program graduate director in ...
... health insurance stopped covering the care a suicidal teen needed before she was stable. ... Despite laws that say mental health care should be paid for on a par with other medical care, ... Teen with suicidal behavior needed mental health parity laws enforced : Shots - Health News Despite laws that say mental health ... Health insurance policies used to have "limited mental health benefits," explains Dr. Joseph Parks, a psychiatrist and medical ...
This study aimed to investigate health and supplementation behavior, with special emphasis on the supplementation of vitamin ... and health/supplementation behaviors were examined by cross-tabulation. The questionnaire was completed by 1565 vegans ( ... Health and supplementation behavior. General health status was self-rated as "very good" or "good" by 90.0% of the respondents ... Self-rated health status and health behavior were markedly better in vegans than among the general Austrian adult population. ...
... and behaviors. Together, the therapist, the person with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and/or the parents come up with ... the person with autism learns to identify and change thoughts that lead to problem feelings or behaviors in particular ... Cognitive behavior therapy focuses on the connection between thoughts, feelings, ... US Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health Directory Follow follow us on Facebook follow us on ...
The impact of changing attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy on health-related intentions and behavior: A meta-analysis. Health ... The proposed focus on mechanistic explanations for oral health behaviors is aligned with the trans-NIH Science of Behavior ... access to oral health care, oral hygiene behaviors, knowledge and attitudes about oral health, and many others1,2. However, ... which is consistent with patterns observed in health behavior change beyond the domain of oral health3. The data suggest it is ...
This study examines the mental health, substance use and other risky behaviors, among children directly exposed to the 9/11 ... The Impact of 9/11 on Youth: Mental Health, Substance Use & Other Risk Behaviors. ... Worldwide Public Health concern about disaster and its long-term consequences on mental health remains an important but ... The World Trade Center (WTC) Health Program is required, by law (the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of ...
The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, part of the National Institutes of Health, is the primary U.S. agency ... Chronic alcohol exposure leads to brain adaptations that shift behavior control away from an area of the brain involved in ... Such changes could contribute to the emergence of habitual and compulsive patterns of behavior in alcohol abuse, and suggest ... NIH…Turning Discovery Into Health®. Reference. Chronic alcohol produces neuroadaptations to prime dorsal striatal learning. ...
Rethinking Sex Addiction: A Sexual Health Model for Treating Out of Control Sexual Behavior 3307 3rd Ave W, Eaton Hall/ Science ... Rethinking Sex Addiction: A Sexual Health Model for Treating Out of Control Sexual Behavior. ...
Social Technologies for Predicting and Changing Health Behavior ... Social Technologies for Predicting and Changing Health Behavior ... are being used to impact public health and how researchers and health departments/agencies might apply them in public health ... are being used to impact public health and how researchers and health departments/agencies might apply them in public health ... He will also present his teams research on how these tools can be employed to predict and change health behaviors, and on ...
... models of health communication and behavior change, and res... ... Health Insurance and Health Care. Federal Health Insurance: ... Health and Behavior: A Multidisciplinary Approach, while providing up-to-date evidence-based information on topics such as ... Chapter 5. Health Communication and Behavior Change. Brief Overview of Health Communication and Behavior Change. Health Beliefs ... Chapter 5. Health Communication and Behavior Change. Brief Overview of Health Communication and Behavior Change. Health Beliefs ...
Learn how to understand your pets behavior from the ASPCA Pet Health Insurance program. ... What are the most common behavior issues in dogs and cats? ... behavior issues. The most common behavior issues Tabitha sees ... The ASPCA Pet Health Insurance program can help support pet parents financially and emotionally with their pets behavior ... Note: You should always contact your veterinarian with any concerns related to your pets health, including behavior-related ...
Overall, physical inactivity was the most prevalent unhealthy behavior.. SOURCE: Schoenborn CA, Adams PF. Health behaviors of ... QuickStats: Prevalence of Selected Unhealthy Behavior Characteristics Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years, by Race* --- National Health ... Alternate Text: The figure above shows the prevalence of selected unhealthy behavior characteristics from 2005-2007, among ... The percentage of adults with selected unhealthy behavior characteristics varied by race during 2005-2007. Asian adults had the ...
  • Many young people engage in health risk behaviors and experiences that can result in unintended health outcomes. (cdc.gov)
  • Implementation of CDC's What Works In Schools , a three-strategy school-based program, can lead to reductions in these risk behaviors and experiences and improve student health. (cdc.gov)
  • Temporal relationships between device-derived sedentary behavior, physical activity, and sleep in early childhood. (umassmed.edu)
  • Engaging in risky sexual behaviors can lead to HIV infection, sexually transmitted diseases, and unintended pregnancy among youth. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC data show protective sexual behaviors (i.e., condom use, sexually transmitted disease (STD) testing, and HIV testing), experiences of violence, mental health, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors worsened from 2011 to 2021. (cdc.gov)
  • From these seven themes, policy makers could craft a local profile of factors influencing sexual behaviors. (livescience.com)
  • Dietary patterns and socioeconomic, demographic, and health-related behaviors during pregnancy. (nih.gov)
  • To investigate the association between dietary patterns, sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics, and health-related behaviors in pregnant women. (nih.gov)
  • DBT is a structured form of treatment which includes individual, group and family therapy (for kids) and teaches people to accept their circumstances, while giving them key skills to help them change their thought patterns and behaviors. (npr.org)
  • Those studies with rigorous tests of causal mechanisms have predominantly focused on a small subset of constructs - especially oral health knowledge, self-efficacy, and motivation - and have generally produced modest effects, which is consistent with patterns observed in health behavior change beyond the domain of oral health 3 . (nih.gov)
  • Such changes could contribute to the emergence of habitual and compulsive patterns of behavior in alcohol abuse, and suggest that treatments designed to normalize striatal function may be an important approach for alcohol treatment. (nih.gov)
  • Improved performance on learning tasks that we know depend on the dorsolateral striatum is particularly interesting because it suggests that alcohol could prime the brain to favor other dorsal striatal behaviors - including things like habit formation, which may foster addictive patterns of behavior," said Dr. Holmes. (nih.gov)
  • The first half of Workshop 2 will focus on how behavior maintenance is defined across various exemplar behaviors, including how changes in patterns of behavior are conceptualized and the criteria used to identify whether someone has reached maintenance and whether someone has or has not successfully sustained maintenance. (nih.gov)
  • This article presents a theoretical rationale for using the Internet to conduct persuasive public health interventions. (nih.gov)
  • It is concluded that if the Internet can be used for persuasive health communication and its reach continues to expand, it is time for public health professionals to explore the design and evaluation of Internet-based interventions directed at health behavior change. (nih.gov)
  • Even within the level of the individual, other psychological process with potential significance to oral health interventions remain understudied, such as habit formation, attention training, and emotion regulation, among a wide variety of other non-conscious or affective processes. (nih.gov)
  • 3. Give examples of potential implementation and policy issues related to use of technologies and technology data in public health surveillance and interventions. (nih.gov)
  • On April 29-30, 2021, the National Institute on Aging (NIA) Behavioral and Social Research (BSR) Division convened an expert panel to discuss strategies for Breaking Data Barriers and Scaling Behavior Change Interventions to Benefit Older Adult Health through Public-Private Partnerships. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, the panelists discussed leveraging big data assets to support the implementation of evidence-based behavioral interventions and to address health disparities in older adults, including individuals living with dementia. (nih.gov)
  • Experiences Using Family or Peer Support for Smoking Cessation and Considerations for Support Interventions: A Qualitative Study in Persons With Mental Health Conditions. (umassmed.edu)
  • The new system provides estimates as three-year averages based on 2019-2021 final data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). (cdc.gov)
  • The prevalence of some health behaviors remains high and puts youth at higher risk for negative health outcomes and poor academic performance . (cdc.gov)
  • The panelists emphasized that richer, more complete datasets are needed to understand health disparities, particularly for older adults, including the impact of social determinants of health (SDOH) on individual health outcomes and of community-level determinants on health care policy. (nih.gov)
  • Results: Results suggest a statistically significant relation between hope and outcomes of good health. (scirp.org)
  • The outcomes movement and health status measures. (scirp.org)
  • ACHP is the voice of a unique approach in health care today, one that puts the patient at the center with plans and clinical teams collaborating to improve health outcomes and reduce costs. (achp.org)
  • Cross-cutting research themes applicable to one or more neighborhoods can include epidemiology, data science, health outcomes, health disparities, or dissemination and implementation sciences, among others. (nih.gov)
  • The goal of this workshop series is to develop a more complete understanding of health behavior maintenance to promote and sustain health outcomes. (nih.gov)
  • Suicidal behavior includes completed suicide, attempted suicide, and suicidal ideation (thoughts and ideas). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Suicidal Behavior in Children and Adolescents Suicidal behavior is an action intended to harm oneself and includes suicidal gestures, suicide attempts, and completed suicide. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The terminology used to describe suicide has evolved over time to reflect advances in the scientific study of suicidal behavior, growing advocacy for the victims and survivors of suicide, and reduction of the stigma associated with suicide. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Suicidal behavior is an all-too-common health problem. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Health Behavior" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
  • Social technologies and their associated data are increasingly being used as tools in public health research and practice. (nih.gov)
  • He is a member of the Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice within the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine. (nih.gov)
  • The majority of these practices do not have a deleterious effect and did not influence health-seeking behavior or outcome of pregnancy based on the reasons adduced for the practice. (who.int)
  • Combination of HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE which underlie actions taken by individuals regarding their health. (umassmed.edu)
  • OBSSR and the Adherence Research Network at NIH are hosting a series of workshops titled An Action Agenda: Promoting the Science and Practice of Health Behavior Maintenance. (nih.gov)
  • School health programs can help young people adopt lifelong attitudes and behaviors that support their health and well-being-including behaviors that can reduce their risk for HIV and other STDs. (cdc.gov)
  • Prior research has established that oral health and disease are associated with a variety of behavioral and social factors, including economic stability, access to oral health care, oral hygiene behaviors, knowledge and attitudes about oral health, and many others 1,2 . (nih.gov)
  • In this paper we document the ways in which parental behavior and socioeconomic status affect children's health. (nih.gov)
  • We present evidence on the correlation of this behavior with income and parents' socioeconomic status, and on the ways in which parents' actions affect children's health. (nih.gov)
  • This study examines the mental health, substance use and other risky behaviors, among children directly exposed to the 9/11 attack�current ages 12-24. (cdc.gov)
  • Treatment of anxiety in autism spectrum disorders using cognitive behavior therapy: A systematic review. (nih.gov)
  • The studies to be discussed involve populations affected by HIV, mental health and substance use disorders, car crashes, or COVID-19. (nih.gov)
  • NIH funders of his research include NCCIH and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (through the NIH HEAL [Helping to End Addiction Long-termSM] Initiative), as well as the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of Mental Health. (nih.gov)
  • While providing current information in common areas addressed in health psychology such as stress, chronic pain, cigarette smoking and sleep disorders, the book examines cross-cultural dimensions in wellness and health care as well as health communication ranging from clinician and patient to the social marketing models used in public health. (rowman.com)
  • If you are giving a presentation about an environmental health topic or just looking for general information about environmental health research or the institute, this page will help. (nih.gov)
  • NIEHS is committed to conducting the most rigorous research in environmental health sciences, and to communicating the results of this research to the public. (nih.gov)
  • NIEHS offers a broad range of job opportunities, career enhancement programs, and research training grants and programs in environmental health sciences and administration. (nih.gov)
  • The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) is expanding and accelerating its contributions to scientific knowledge of human health and the environment, and to the health and well-being of people everywhere. (nih.gov)
  • Archives of Environmental Health, 12, 246-266. (scirp.org)
  • Associations between respondent characteristics (gender, education, nutritional advice by a dietitian or nutritionist) and health/supplementation behaviors were examined by cross-tabulation. (nature.com)
  • Denominators for each percentage exclude persons with unknown health behavior characteristics. (cdc.gov)
  • The percentage of adults with selected unhealthy behavior characteristics varied by race during 2005--2007. (cdc.gov)
  • The figure above shows the prevalence of selected unhealthy behavior characteristics from 2005-2007, among adults aged ≥18 years, by race. (cdc.gov)
  • Better understanding of the precise mechanisms that govern oral health behavior and the contextual parameters that amplify or attenuate them should facilitate more efficient and rapid implementation of scientific developments. (nih.gov)
  • The workshops build on prior work undertaken by OBSSR and the NIH Health Maintenance Consortium to identify the processes, components, and contextual factors influencing health behavior maintenance. (nih.gov)
  • A reactive dog's behavior could be barking excessively, lunging, pulling, and not being able to focus. (aspcapetinsurance.com)
  • I became more interested in proactive rather than reactive medicine and looking at ways to improve the health of soldiers before they need to seek healthcare," Bujak says. (sc.edu)
  • Find out about the exciting discoveries being made by NIEHS and NIEHS-supported researchers that are helping to improve health and save lives. (nih.gov)
  • Since nearly half of new HIV infections worldwide occur among people aged 15 to 24 years, changing sexual behavior in this group is crucial to tackling the disease's spread, the researchers said. (livescience.com)
  • Qualitative research helps describe, and find the reasons for, behavior and its social context," the researchers stated in the journal article. (livescience.com)
  • Dr. Young will discuss how social technologies and data (e.g., artificial intelligence and data science modeling) are being used to impact public health and how researchers and health departments/agencies might apply them in public health surveillance/intervention efforts. (nih.gov)
  • Using computer programs to comb through the studies, they found seven common themes, five relating to sexual behavior in general and two to condom use in particular. (livescience.com)
  • Research on long-favored constructs such as oral health knowledge, self-efficacy, and motivation has necessarily prioritized individual-level mental processes that are conscious, deliberate, or intentional, generally assuming that if people know how they should behave and believe they are capable, they will reliably act in accordance with that knowledge. (nih.gov)
  • Generally, these behaviors are not ideal. (aspcapetinsurance.com)
  • Generally speaking, I think it's safe to say that a person is toxic to your health if his or her behavior makes you feel bad on a regular basis. (drbenkim.com)
  • What Explains Differences in Smoking, Drinking and Other Health-Related Behaviors? (harvard.edu)
  • Such is the case with tuberculosis (TB), a public health concern in West Africa where incidence among men averages two to three times higher than among women. (nih.gov)
  • This could serve asa template for briefing public health practitioners and identifying which safe-sex campaigns are most likely to score. (livescience.com)
  • BMC Public Health. (nih.gov)
  • The Indian Health Service is working closely with our tribal partners to coordinate a comprehensive public health response to both COVID-19 and mpox . (ihs.gov)
  • If you would like to apply to the Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior Master of Public Health (MPH) degree, Master of Public Health Professional Online degree, or Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree, you will need to submit your application through The Centralized Application Service for Public Health (SOPHAS). (sc.edu)
  • Master of Social Work/Master of Public Health (MSW/MPH), Aging Certificate, Global Health Certificate, and Health Communication Certificate applicants will need to apply though the UofSC Graduate School. (sc.edu)
  • The MPH, MPH Professional Online Program, and Ph.D. applicants must apply through The Centralized Application Service for Public Health (SOPHAS). (sc.edu)
  • Worldwide Public Health concern about disaster and its long-term consequences on mental health remains an important but inadequately addressed issue. (cdc.gov)
  • and (2) designing and testing technologies to address public health and medical issues among at-risk populations such as African Americans, Latinxs, or men who have sex with men (MSM). (nih.gov)
  • 1. Learn how artificial intelligence modeling on social data might be integrated into public health surveillance efforts. (nih.gov)
  • He received his PhD in Clinical Psychology from Saint Louis University and later received a Master's in Public Health from the Saint Louis University School of Public Health. (rowman.com)
  • American Journal of Public Health, 96, 17-19. (scirp.org)
  • Critical Public Health, 10, 55-70. (scirp.org)
  • In 2008, the agency released a Public Health Advisory on EDTA , the chelator used to remove lead. (anh-usa.org)
  • The military's current focus is to improve readiness by doing more preventive care and education so the field of public health was a natural choice. (sc.edu)
  • Earlier this year, she was inducted in to the Delta Omega Honorary Society for Public Health. (sc.edu)
  • The ongoing COVID-19 public health crisis is causing an unprecedented shift in the way Americans view and access health care. (achp.org)
  • They fill a questionnaire that includes demographic information, disease behavior, health satisfaction, quality of life, and the Hope Scale. (scirp.org)
  • this behavioral change could influence the health-seeking behavior as wel as the outcome of pregnancy. (who.int)
  • Upon merging several datasets on daily air pollution and health effects and applying a conceptual framework of equations, investigators estimated that ozone causes at least $44 million in annual costs in Los Angeles from respiratory-related hospitalizations along and that the cost of avoidance behavior is at least $11 million per year. (nih.gov)
  • Being aware of your pet's normal behavior in different contexts will help you detect changes in body language as well as any associated changes in the way your pet may be feeling. (aspcapetinsurance.com)
  • Workshop 2 will describe the state of the science regarding the criteria and tools that are used to conceptualize and assess behavioral maintenance behaviors across disease contexts and populations. (nih.gov)
  • The second half of the workshop will highlight innovative tools and methodologies that have been developed and tested to measure and monitor behavior maintenance in daily life and across contexts. (nih.gov)
  • He earned his doctorate in psychology and his master's degrees in psychology and in health services research from Stanford University. (nih.gov)
  • The book departs from traditional health psychology and health behavior textbook with its attention to public policy and international dimensions of health care. (rowman.com)
  • The Idaho State University Psychology Clinic, located in Garrison Hall on the fifth floor, is a university training clinic providing behavior health services at low cost. (isu.edu)
  • European Journal of Health Psychology, 1, 11-12. (scirp.org)
  • Participants are interviewed about medical and mental symptoms and problems, their health behavior, social factors and a variety of other measures related to their health and behavior. (nih.gov)
  • Behavior and social factors play key roles in illness and health. (nih.gov)
  • However, there have been relatively few studies that test behavioral or social factors as potential causal mechanisms , examining how precise aspects of behavior and the social context shape oral health and disease. (nih.gov)
  • In addition to more comprehensively characterizing the variety of factors that impinge on oral health behaviors, taking a wider view of these processes also introduces opportunities to systematically evaluate the boundary conditions within which specific mechanisms operate 7 . (nih.gov)
  • Topics include an international comparison of health care systems, a history of health care funding in the United States including the Affordable Care Act, the role of Federal Social Security Disability policy in chronic pain management, international medical tourism, and health care disparities in the United States. (rowman.com)
  • The main objective of this concept is to stimulate research that characterizes and evaluates novel behavioral and social mechanisms of action relevant to dental and oral health, as well as the whole health and well-being of people with dental, oral, or craniofacial conditions. (nih.gov)
  • Health-related behavioral science has conventionally focused on a narrow subset of mechanisms that have not yielded results sufficient to justify their continued predominance in future studies. (nih.gov)
  • Drawing on impactful research in other areas of behavioral science and focusing on understanding causal mechanisms offer the potential to make substantial advances in behavioral approaches to improve oral health. (nih.gov)
  • Brain, Behavior, and Immunity - Health (BBI - Health) is an open access journal and a companion title to Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. (nih.gov)
  • Companion to: Brain, behavior, and immunity. (nih.gov)
  • Complemented by (work): Brain, behavior, and immunity 0889-1591 (OCoLC)35247136 (DNLM)1310650. (nih.gov)
  • Chronic alcohol exposure leads to brain adaptations that shift behavior control away from an area of the brain involved in complex decision-making and toward a region associated with habit formation, according to a new study conducted in mice by scientists at the National Institutes of Health. (nih.gov)
  • The findings imply that chronic drinking may set up a concerted set of adaptions in this key brain region that produce a bias for striatal control over behavior. (nih.gov)
  • As part of this national initiative, NURTURE: Northwestern University Recruitment to Transform Under-Representation and achieve Equity, seeks to recruit 15 new faculty into three Scientific Neighborhoods (clusters) - cancer, cardiovascular and metabolic health, and brain, mind, and behavior - unified by a cross cutting theme of "Cells to Community. (nih.gov)
  • The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (nih.gov)
  • The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, part of the National Institutes of Health, is the primary U.S. agency for conducting and supporting research on the causes, consequences, prevention, and treatment of alcohol abuse, alcoholism, and alcohol problems. (nih.gov)
  • Reference in this Web site to any specific commercial products, process, service, manufacturer, or company does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government or National Institutes of Health (NIH). (nih.gov)
  • NCHS has released a new interactive data query system that allows users to search for data on adults about selected health topics by detailed race and ethnicity groups and subgroups in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2005-2008) has found that adults ages 20 and over with depression were more likely to be cigarette smokers than those without depression. (cdc.gov)
  • however, estimates reflect percentage of all adults who engaged in this behavior. (cdc.gov)
  • Health behaviors of adults---United States, 2005--2007. (cdc.gov)
  • Sun protective behaviors and exposure habits in diverse Hispanic nationalities: Data from the National Health Interview Survey 2005 to 2015. (umassmed.edu)
  • Using health education to prevent STIs, schools, other professionals, and families can help adolescents make informed, positive, and safe choices about healthy relationships, responsible sexual activity, and their reproductive health. (cdc.gov)
  • 1 Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7400, USA. (nih.gov)
  • If the SOPHAS application fee presents a financial difficulty, please contact the program graduate director in the Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior to apply for financial assistance at 803-777-7096 or [email protected] . (sc.edu)
  • Contact the program graduate director in the Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior at 803-777-7096 or email Ken Watkins . (sc.edu)
  • Contact the program graduate director in the Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior at 803-777-7096 or [email protected] . (sc.edu)
  • 2. Describe the Harnessing Online Peer Education (HOPE) online community intervention and its acceptability and effectiveness as a method for changing health behaviors among racial, ethnic, and sexual minorities. (nih.gov)
  • We partnered with Tabitha to empower pet parents to strengthen the bond between animals and humans through education and behavior modification. (aspcapetinsurance.com)
  • The Impact of Local Education and Resource Distribution on Maternal Health Behaviors. (umassmed.edu)
  • In 2015, she was one of two Army physical therapists selected to participate in the Army's Long Term Health Education Training (LTHET) Program. (sc.edu)
  • The Arnold School's Ph.D. in Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior fit the criteria perfectly and was touted by previous LTHET students. (sc.edu)
  • Her interest in returning to school stemmed from her experience treating soldiers with acute or chronic overuse injuries, some of which could have been prevented through health promotion and injury prevention education and practices. (sc.edu)
  • NIEHS research uses state-of-the-art science and technology to investigate the interplay between environmental exposures, human biology, genetics, and common diseases to help prevent disease and improve human health. (nih.gov)
  • The purpose of this initiative is to invite applications for research projects that will expand our knowledge of basic decision-making processes underlying initiation and long-term maintenance of healthy lifestyle behaviors that may reduce one's risk of cancer and other chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and addiction. (nih.gov)
  • Understanding our behavior and making better decisions puts us in charge of our own health," says Dr. Robert Kaplan, director of NIH's Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research. (nih.gov)
  • Marston and Eleanor King of the Medical Research Council in the U.K. reviewed 268 studies of sexual behavior in young people aged 10 to 25 years old and published between 1990 and 2004. (livescience.com)
  • This initiative builds on recently completed studies supported by NIDCR that collectively support a shift in focus of the current Behavioral and Social Science Research portfolio to new mechanistic explanations for oral health behaviors. (nih.gov)
  • This talk is part of the Integrative Medicine Research Lecture Series presented by the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (nih.gov)
  • He will also present his team's research on how these tools can be employed to predict and change health behaviors, and on implementation-related issues such as policy and ethical questions. (nih.gov)
  • NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (nih.gov)
  • Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175- 191. (scirp.org)
  • The Academy operates on the belief that the future growth and evolution of health behavior research rests on a strong commitment to conducting and dissemination high quality research. (aahb.org)
  • Through our mission-driven activities, the Academy serves as the "research home" for health behavior schoalrs committed to excellence and diversity in research. (aahb.org)
  • Northwestern is a premier research university, with a vibrant and growing community of scientists that is passionately committed to improving human health. (nih.gov)
  • She learned that Rogers Behavioral Health offered a residential DBT program for adolescent girls. (npr.org)
  • The denial of health insurance coverage for mental health treatment continues to be extremely common, despite federal and state parity laws that are supposed to ensure fairness. (npr.org)
  • Health communication on the Internet: an effective channel for health behavior change? (nih.gov)
  • Throughout the sessions, the person with autism learns to identify and change thoughts that lead to problem feelings or behaviors in particular situations. (nih.gov)
  • The "stages of change" model in health promotion: Science or ideology. (scirp.org)
  • Through the fully-funded program, Bujak had three years to complete a Ph.D. in a program related to health promotion and behavior change. (sc.edu)
  • Although these estimates cover a wide range, they are at least as large as the medical and wage expenditures based on a cost of illness analysis, suggesting considerable costs from this nonmarket behavior. (nih.gov)
  • Health behavior, illness behavior and sick role behavior. (scirp.org)
  • Self-regulation assessment and intervention in physical health and illness: a review. (scirp.org)
  • We examine parental behavior in both the prenatal period and childhood. (nih.gov)
  • For example, if a close friend or family member shares a concern about your behavior with a spirit of wanting to improve your relationship, you may feel bad and your sense of emotional well-being may take a temporary hit, but it doesn't make sense to label such friends or family members as being toxic. (drbenkim.com)
  • Poorer adolescents are less healthy than more affluent ones, according to a recent Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (‎HBSC)‎ study survey. (who.int)
  • While this information can be helpful, the scientists explained it isn't as useful for understanding the reasons for the sexual behavior. (livescience.com)
  • Further, innovative approaches to understanding oral health behaviors that look beyond intrapersonal processes may inform new mechanistic hypotheses relevant to oral health. (nih.gov)
  • The good news is, understanding what your pet is trying to communicate through their body language and behavior can help address the root cause and improve the situation. (aspcapetinsurance.com)
  • Understanding your dog's or cat's body language will help you know when they're comfortable, fearful, excited, or scared, and it's important for recognizing, preventing, managing and treating behavior problems. (aspcapetinsurance.com)
  • The notion that the Internet features many of the persuasive qualities of interpersonal communication makes it a prime candidate for the application of key behavioral science theories and principles to promote healthier behaviors. (nih.gov)
  • Adolescence is a critical period for health promotion, disease prevention, and the development of healthy habits. (cdc.gov)
  • The growing centrality of self-regulation in health promotion and disease prevention. (scirp.org)
  • Host Kelley Dole covers physical fitness, disease prevention, outdoor recreation safety, and tips to to achieve personal health goals. (kbut.org)
  • Questions for Lead Author Tainya C. Clarke, Ph.D., M.P.H., Health Statistician, of "Early Release of Selected Estimates Based on Data From January-June 2018 National Health Interview Survey. (cdc.gov)
  • We aim to stimulate the integration of more contemporary and sophisticated approaches to expand and advance the behavioral and social science of dental and oral health. (nih.gov)
  • Such an effort will undoubtedly be enriched by forging new collaborations between experts in dental and oral health and specialists in other areas of behavioral and social science. (nih.gov)
  • More than half the world (4.5 billion people) uses social media sites to create, share, and discuss content-often in the form of personal thoughts, behaviors, and clinical diagnoses. (nih.gov)
  • Joumal of Health and Social Behavior, 46, 51- 67. (scirp.org)
  • Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38, 21-37. (scirp.org)
  • We know that our emotional health status has constant influence over the health of every organ system in our bodies, particularly our nervous and endocrine systems. (drbenkim.com)
  • California Health Care Foundation. (nih.gov)
  • Regular preventive health care visits during this period are recommended to promote health and quality of life. (cdc.gov)
  • primary care medicine, and cross-cultural issues in health care. (rowman.com)
  • At BAYADA Home Health Care, our clients come first and our employees are our greatest asset. (greenhouse.io)
  • As an accredited, regulated, certified, and licensed home health care provider, BAYADA complies with all state/local mandates. (greenhouse.io)
  • BAYADA Home Health Care, Inc., and its associated entities and joint venture partners, are Equal Opportunity Employers. (greenhouse.io)
  • A recent survey released by the Alliance of Community Health Plans and AMCP explores changes in consumers' health care behavior as a result of COVID-19. (achp.org)
  • The truth of the information in the materials reproduced in this publication has not been independently verified by the One Health Initiative team or the contents managers/editors and therefore the aforementioned individuals and Crozet BioPharma do not accept legal responsibility for the truth or accuracy of the information and accept no liability for the contents, or any consequences that may result from the use of any information contained herein. (onehealthinitiative.com)
  • Measurement of physical health in a general population survey. (scirp.org)
  • Measurement of health status. (scirp.org)
  • Health measurement in the third era of health. (scirp.org)
  • Across the globe in Vietnam, gender is a huge determining factor for tobacco consumption, behavior that poses health risks. (nih.gov)
  • A resource for kids, parents, and teachers to find fun and educational materials related to health, science, and the environment we live in today. (nih.gov)
  • This cost analysis study estimated the short-term health effects of ozone between the years 1993 and 2000 using daily data on boat traffic at ports in the Los Angeles area as an instrumental variable of ozone exposure. (nih.gov)