A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.
Alkaloid isolated from seeds of Peganum harmala L., Zygophyllaceae. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic Parkinson disease in the 1920's.
Compounds that contain the biogenic monoamine tryptamine and are substituted with one methoxy group and two methyl groups. Members of this group include several potent serotonergic hallucinogens found in several unrelated plants, skins of certain toads, and in mammalian brains. They are possibly involved in the etiology of schizophrenia.
A plant genus of the family MALPIGHIACEAE which includes an Amazonian psychoactive plant that contains the beta-carboline harmine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine.
A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic.
A chemically heterogeneous group of drugs that have in common the ability to block oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. (From Gilman, et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p414)
Organic nitrogenous bases. Many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.

Electrophysiological properties of inferior olive neurons: A compartmental model. (1/71)

As a step in exploring the functions of the inferior olive, we constructed a biophysical model of the olivary neurons to examine their unique electrophysiological properties. The model consists of two compartments to represent the known distribution of ionic currents across the cell membrane, as well as the dendritic location of the gap junctions and synaptic inputs. The somatic compartment includes a low-threshold calcium current (I(Ca_l)), an anomalous inward rectifier current (I(h)), a sodium current (I(Na)), and a delayed rectifier potassium current (I(K_dr)). The dendritic compartment contains a high-threshold calcium current (I(Ca_h)), a calcium-dependent potassium current (I(K_Ca)), and a current flowing into other cells through electrical coupling (I(c)). First, kinetic parameters for these currents were set according to previously reported experimental data. Next, the remaining free parameters were determined to account for both static and spiking properties of single olivary neurons in vitro. We then performed a series of simulated pharmacological experiments using bifurcation analysis and extensive two-parameter searches. Consistent with previous studies, we quantitatively demonstrated the major role of I(Ca_l) in spiking excitability. In addition, I(h) had an important modulatory role in the spike generation and period of oscillations, as previously suggested by Bal and McCormick. Finally, we investigated the role of electrical coupling in two coupled spiking cells. Depending on the coupling strength, the hyperpolarization level, and the I(Ca_l) and I(h) modulation, the coupled cells had four different synchronization modes: the cells could be in-phase, phase-shifted, or anti-phase or could exhibit a complex desynchronized spiking mode. Hence these simulation results support the counterintuitive hypothesis that electrical coupling can desynchronize coupled inferior olive cells.  (+info)

Kinetic and pharmacological properties of human brain Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform 5 stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. (2/71)

The recently cloned Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform 5 (NHE5) is expressed predominantly in brain, yet little is known about its functional properties. To facilitate its characterization, a full-length cDNA encoding human NHE5 was stably transfected into NHE-deficient Chinese hamster ovary AP-1 cells. Pharmacological analyses revealed that H(+)(i)-activated (22)Na(+) influx mediated by NHE5 was inhibited by several classes of drugs (amiloride compounds, 3-methylsulfonyl-4-piperidinobenzoyl guanidine methanesulfonate, cimetidine, and harmaline) at half-maximal concentrations that were intermediate to those determined for the high affinity NHE1 and the low affinity NHE3 isoforms, but closer to the latter. Kinetic analyses showed that the extracellular Na(+) dependence of NHE5 activity followed a simple hyperbolic relationship with an apparent affinity constant (K(Na)) of 18.6 +/- 1.6 mM. By contrast to other NHE isoforms, NHE5 also exhibited a first-order dependence on the intracellular H(+) concentration, achieving half-maximal activation at pH 6.43 +/- 0.08. Extracellular monovalent cations, such as H(+) and Li(+), but not K(+), acted as effective competitive inhibitors of (22)Na(+) influx by NHE5. In addition, the transport activity of NHE5 was highly dependent on cellular ATP levels. Overall, these functional features distinguish NHE5 from other family members and closely resemble those of an amiloride-resistant NHE isoform identified in hippocampal neurons.  (+info)

Comparative study on the vasorelaxant effects of three harmala alkaloids in vitro. (3/71)

Three psychological active principles from the seeds of Peganum harmala L., harmine, harmaline and harmalol, showed vasorelaxant activities in isolated rat thoracic aorta preparations precontracted by phenylephrine or KCl with rank order of relaxation potency of harmine > harmaline > harmalol. The vasorelaxant effects of harmine and harmaline (but not harmalol) were attenuated by endothelium removal or pretreatment with a nitric oxide (NO) synthase Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. In cultured rat aortic endothelial cells, harmine and harmaline (but not harmalol) increased NO release, which was dependent on the presence of external Ca2+. In endothelium-denuded preparations, pretreatment of harmine, harmaline or harmalol (3-30 microM) inhibited phenylephrine-induced contractions in a non-competitive manner. Receptor binding assays indicated that all 3 compounds interacted with cardiac alpha1-adrenoceptors with comparable affinities (Ki value around 31 - 36 microM), but only harmine weakly interacted with the cardiac 1,4-dihydropyridine binding site of L-type Ca2+ channels (Ki value of 408 microM). Therefore, the present results suggested that the vasorelaxant effects of harmine and harmaline are attributed to their actions on the endothelial cells to release NO and on the vascular smooth muscles to inhibit the contractions induced by the activation of receptor-linked and voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. The vasorelaxant effect of harmalol was not endothelium-dependent.  (+info)

Rhythmicity without synchrony in the electrically uncoupled inferior olive. (4/71)

Neurons of the inferior olivary nucleus (IO) form the climbing fibers that excite Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. IO neurons are electrically coupled through gap junctions, and they generate synchronous, subthreshold oscillations of membrane potential at approximately 5-10 Hz. Experimental and theoretical studies have suggested that both the rhythmicity and synchrony of IO neurons require electrical coupling. We recorded from pairs of IO neurons in slices of mouse brainstem in vitro. Most pairs of neurons from wild-type (WT) mice were electrically coupled, but coupling was rare and weak between neurons of knock-out (KO) mice for connexin36, a neuronal gap junction protein. IO cells in both WT and KO mice generated rhythmic membrane fluctuations of similar frequency and amplitude. Oscillations in neighboring pairs of WT neurons were strongly synchronized, whereas the oscillations of KO pairs were uncorrelated. Spontaneous oscillations in KO neurons were not blocked by tetrodotoxin. Spontaneously oscillating neurons of both WT and KO mice generated occasional action potentials in phase with their membrane rhythms, but only the action potentials of WT neuron pairs were synchronous. Harmaline, a beta-carboline derivative thought to induce tremor by facilitating rhythmogenesis in the IO, was injected systemically into WT and KO mice. Harmaline-induced tremors were robust and indistinguishable in the two genotypes, suggesting that gap junction-mediated synchrony does not play a role in harmaline-induced tremor. We conclude that electrical coupling is not necessary for the generation of spontaneous subthreshold oscillations in single IO neurons, but that coupling can serve to synchronize rhythmic activity among IO neurons.  (+info)

Attenuation of activity-induced increases in cerebellar blood flow in mice lacking neuronal nitric oxide synthase. (5/71)

We used mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase (nNOS) to specifically investigate the role of neuronal NO in the increase of cerebellar blood flow (BFcrb) produced by neural activation. Crus II, a region of the cerebellar cortex that receives trigeminal sensory afferents, was activated by low-intensity stimulation of the upper lip (5-25 V, 4-16 Hz) in anesthetized mice. BFcrb was recorded in Crus II by using a laser-Doppler flow probe. In wild-type mice, upper lip stimulation increased BFcrb in the Crus II by 28 +/- 3% (25 V, 10 Hz, n = 6). The rise in BFcrb was attenuated by 73 +/- 3% in nNOS-/- mice (P < 0.05, n = 6). The increases in BFcrb produced by superfusion of Crus II with glutamate or by systemic administration of harmaline were also attenuated in nNOS-/- mice (P < 0.05). In contrast, the increases in BFcrb produced by topical superfusion of Crus II with acetylcholine or adenosine and the increase in BFcrb produced by hypercapnia were not affected (P > 0.05). The field potentials evoked in the Crus II by upper lip stimulation did not differ between wild-type and nNOS-null mice. These data provide the first nonpharmacological evidence that nNOS-derived NO is a critical link between glutamatergic synaptic activity and blood flow in the activated cerebellum.  (+info)

Contribution of individual cytochrome P450 isozymes to the O-demethylation of the psychotropic beta-carboline alkaloids harmaline and harmine. (6/71)

The psychotropic beta-carboline alkaloids, showing high affinity for 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, benzodiazepine, and imidazoline receptors and the stimulation of locus coeruleus neurons, are formed endogenously from tryptophan-derived indolealkylamines through the Pictet-Spengler condensation with aldehydes in both plants and mammals. Cytochromes P450 1A1 (18.5), 1A2 (20), and 2D6 (100) catalyzed the O-demethylation of harmaline, and CYP1A1 (98.5), CYP1A2 (35), CYP2C9 (16), CYP2C19 (30), and CYP2D6 (115) catalyzed that of harmine (relative activities). The dehydrogenation/aromatization of harmaline to harmine was not carried out by aromatase (CYP19), CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, pooled recombinant cytochromes P450, or human liver microsomes (HLMs). Kinetic parameters were calculated for the O-demethylations mediated by each isozyme and by pooled HLMs. K(cat) (min(-1)) and K(m) Awake M) values for harmaline were: CYP1A1, 10.8 and 11.8; CYP1A2, 12.3 and 13.3; CYP2C9, 5.3 and 175; CYP2C19, 10.3 and 160; and CYP2D6, 39.9 and 1.4. Values for harmine were: CYP1A1, 45.2 and 52.2; CYP1A2, 9.2 and 14.7; CYP2C9, 11.9 and 117; CYP2C19, 21.4 and 121; and CYP2D6, 29.7 and 7.4. Inhibition studies using monoclonal antibodies confirmed that CYP1A2 and CYP2D6 were the major isozymes contributing to both harmaline (20% and 50%, respectively) and harmine (20% and 30%) O-demethylations in pooled HLMs. The turnover numbers for CYP2D6 are among the highest ever reported for a CYP2D6 substrate. Finally, CYP2D6-transgenic mice were found to have increased harmaline and harmine O-demethylase activities as compared with wild-type mice. These findings suggest a role for polymorphic CYP2D6 in the pharmacology and toxicology of harmine and harmaline.  (+info)

Attenuation of activity-induced increases in cerebellar blood flow by lesion of the inferior olive. (7/71)

We sought to define the contribution of the climbing fibers (CF), one of the major inputs to Purkinje neurons, to the increase in cerebellar blood flow (BFcrb) produced by activation of the cerebellar cortex. The neurotoxin 3-acetylpyridine was used to lesion the inferior olive, the site from which the CF originate. Crus II, an area of the cerebellar cortex that receives sensory afferents from the perioral region, was activated by low-intensity stimulation of the upper lip (5-25 V and 4-16 Hz) in sham-lesioned and lesioned mice. BFcrb was recorded in crus II using a laser-Doppler flow probe. The increase in BFcrb produced by harmaline, an alkaloid that activates the CF, was abolished in lesioned mice (P > 0.05 vs. BFcrb before harmaline, n = 6), attesting to the effectiveness of the lesion. In sham-lesioned animals, upper lip stimulation increased BFcrb in crus II by 25 +/- 2% (25 V and 10 Hz, n = 6). The rise in BFcrb was attenuated by 63 +/- 7% (25 V and 10 Hz) in lesioned mice (P < 0.05, n = 6). In contrast, the increase in BFcrb produced by hypercapnia was not affected (P > 0.05). These data suggest that CF are responsible for a substantial portion of the increase in BFcrb produced by crus II activation. Thus the hemodynamic response evoked by functional activation of the cerebellar cortex reflects, in large part, CF activity.  (+info)

Microbial metabolites of harman alkaloids. (8/71)

Several microorganisms showed the ability to transform the harman alkaloids, harmaline (1), harmalol (2) and harman (5). Harmaline (1) and harmalol (2) were converted by Rhodotorula rubra ATCC 20129 into the tryptamines, 2-acetyl-3-(2-acetamidoethyl)-7-methoxyindole (3) and 2-acetyl-3-(2-acetamidoethyl)-7-hydroxyindole (4), respectively. Harman (5) was biotransformed by Cunninghamella echinulata NRRL 3655 into 6-hydroxyharman (6) and harman-2-oxide (7).  (+info)

Harmane, also known as harmaline, is a naturally occurring psychoactive compound found in several plants, including the seeds of the Syrian rue (Peganum harmala) and the bark of the African pinwheel cactus (Adenium obesum). It is an alkaloid with beta-carboline structure.

In a medical context, harmaline has been studied for its potential effects on the central nervous system. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), which means it can increase the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain by preventing their breakdown. This property has led to some research into its use as a treatment for depression and other neurological disorders, although it is not currently approved for medical use in this capacity due to potential side effects and toxicity concerns.

It's important to note that harmaline can have dangerous interactions with certain medications and foods, particularly those containing tyramine, which can lead to a hypertensive crisis. Therefore, its use should only be under the supervision of a qualified medical professional.

Harmine is defined medically as an alpha-carboline derivative that is present in various plants including the seeds of Peganum harmala and the bark of Banisteriopsis caapi. It functions as an monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) and has been used in traditional medicine for its psychoactive properties. It has also been studied for potential anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects.

Methoxydimethyltryptamines are a group of synthetic psychedelic tryptamine compounds that contain methoxy groups. These substances are not well-researched and their pharmacological properties, including their safety and potential therapeutic uses, are not well understood. They are considered to be controlled substances in many countries and their use is not authorized for medical or recreational purposes. It's important to note that the use of these substances can carry significant risks, including psychological distress, dangerous behavior, and legal consequences.

Banisteriopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Malpighiaceae, native to tropical America. The most well-known species is Banisteriopsis caapi, which is used to prepare a psychoactive beverage called ayahuasca, also known as yage. Ayahuasca is traditionally used for spiritual and religious purposes by indigenous peoples of the Amazon basin.

The active components in Banisteriopsis caapi are harmala alkaloids, including harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine, which act as reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAOIs). When combined with DMT-containing plants, such as Psychotria viridis, the MAOIs allow the DMT to be orally active, resulting in a powerful psychedelic experience.

It is important to note that the use of ayahuasca and other substances containing DMT and MAOIs can have serious health consequences and should only be undertaken under the guidance of experienced practitioners in a safe and controlled setting.

Bufotenin is a naturally occurring psychoactive compound that can be found in certain plants and animals, including some species of toads. Its chemical name is 5-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine (5-HO-DMT) and it is a type of tryptamine alkaloid.

Bufotenin has been used in various traditional medicinal and shamanic practices for its psychoactive effects, which can include altered states of consciousness, changes in perception, and feelings of euphoria or relaxation. However, it can also have adverse effects such as nausea, agitation, and increased heart rate.

In the medical field, bufotenin is sometimes studied for its potential therapeutic uses, such as in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and potential benefits and risks.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of drugs that work by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase, an enzyme found in the brain and other organs of the body. This enzyme is responsible for breaking down certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, which are chemicals that transmit signals in the brain.

By inhibiting the action of monoamine oxidase, MAOIs increase the levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain, which can help to alleviate symptoms of depression and other mood disorders. However, MAOIs also affect other chemicals in the body, including tyramine, a substance found in some foods and beverages, as well as certain medications. As a result, MAOIs can have serious side effects and interactions with other substances, making them a less commonly prescribed class of antidepressants than other types of drugs.

MAOIs are typically used as a last resort when other treatments for depression have failed, due to their potential for dangerous interactions and side effects. They require careful monitoring and dosage adjustment by a healthcare provider, and patients must follow strict dietary restrictions while taking them.

Alkaloids are a type of naturally occurring organic compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. They are often found in plants, and are known for their complex ring structures and diverse pharmacological activities. Many alkaloids have been used in medicine for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic properties. Examples of alkaloids include morphine, quinine, nicotine, and caffeine.

Pargyline is an antihypertensive drug and a irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of type B. It works by blocking the breakdown of certain chemicals in the brain, such as neurotransmitters, which can help improve mood and behavior in people with depression.

Pargyline is not commonly used as a first-line treatment for depression due to its potential for serious side effects, including interactions with certain foods and medications that can lead to dangerously high blood pressure. It is also associated with a risk of serotonin syndrome when taken with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or other drugs that increase serotonin levels in the brain.

Pargyline is available only through a prescription and should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

... also stimulates striatal dopamine release in rats at very high dose levels. Since harmaline is a reversible inhibitor ... Harmaline is known to act as a histamine N-methyltransferase inhibitor. This explains how harmaline elicits its wakefulness- ... Harmaline is a central nervous system stimulant and a "reversible inhibitor of MAO-A (RIMA)". This means that the risk of a ... Harmaline is a fluorescent indole alkaloid from the group of harmala alkaloids and beta-carbolines. It is the partly ...
13 Harmaline", Erowid Online Texts: TiHKAL #13 HARMALINE, retrieved November 26, 2006. Louis ED, Zheng W, Jurewicz EC, Watner D ... Alexander Shulgin has suggested that harmine may be a breakdown product of harmaline. Harmine and harmaline are reversible ... Harmaline: C13H14N2O 4,9-Dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole Harmaline is also a RIMA. Harmalol: C12H12N2O 1- ... HARMALINE". Tryptamines i Have Known And Loved: The Chemistry Continues. {{cite book}}: ,work= ignored (help) Herraiz T, ...
... harmaline (12.8) > harmine (13.7) > ibogaine (34.8) > noribogaine (176.0) A subsequent study confirmed these findings. ...
Manske RH, Perkin, WH, Robinson R (1927). "Harmine and harmaline. Part IX. A synthesis of harmaline". Journal of the Chemical ... The related harmaline was already isolated and named by Fr. Göbel in 1837 from the same plant. The pharmacology of harmine was ... In the last step V, the oxidation of harmaline is accompanied by the loss of water and effectively generates harmine. The ... These plants also contain notable amounts of harmaline, which is also a RIMA. The psychoactive ayahuasca brew is made from B. ...
Harmine, Harmaline, Tetrahydroharmine). Second-order modulators: (−)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate. Non-competitive channel ...
Harmane Harmaline Hirao, Nenokichi (1936). "Synthesis of 4-Hydroxy-3-Ethoxy-1-Allyl-Benzene from 4-Hydroxy-3 -Methoxy-1 - ...
In Canada, harmaline is illegal. In Australia, harmala alkaloids are illegal.[citation needed] In some regions it is a common ... Table 1: Some names for Geganum harmala L. Haoma and Harmaline: The Botanical Identity of the Indo-Iranian Sacred Hallucinogen ... The alkaloids contained in the plant, including the seeds, are monoamine oxidase inhibitors (Harmine, Harmaline). African rue ... Flattery, David Stophlet; Schwartz, Martin (1989). Haoma and Harmaline: The Botanical Identity of the Indo-Iranian Sacred ...
... harmaline, tetrahydroharmine, harman, norharman, etc.) • Methylene blue • Metralindole • Minaprine • Moclobemide • Pirlindole ...
"The effect of memantine in harmaline-induced tremor and neurodegeneration". Neuropharmacology. 61 (4): 715-723. doi:10.1016/j. ...
Olivocerebellar neurons exhibit rhythmic excitatory action when harmaline is applied locally.Harmane or harmaline has been ... In 2022, Matthew Caws of Nada Surf and his son made a PSA called "Living with a Mild Essential Tremor". Harmaline is a widely ... Harmaline is thought to act primarily on neurons in the inferior olive. ...
Yohimbine, harmine, harmaline and ajmalicine occurs in descending order, yohimbine being highest. The tobacco plant readily ...
In Australia, the harmala alkaloids are scheduled substances, including harmine and harmaline; however, the living vine, or ... More specifically, in vitro studies showed that harmine, tetrahydroharmine and harmaline, stimulated neural stem cell ... Harmaline, 0.03-0.83% Tetrahydroharmine, 0.05-2.94% These alkaloids of the beta-carboline class act as monoamine oxidase ...
Coronaridine Ibogaine Ibogaline Tabernanthine Voacangine Harmaline Bartlett MF, Dickel DF, Taylor WI (1958). "The Alkaloids of ... harmaline (10-40 mg/kg) and desethylcoronaridine (10-40 mg/kg) were "obviously tremorgenic". Ibogamine can be prepared from one ... "Mechanisms of action of ibogaine and harmaline congeners based on radioligand binding studies". Brain Research. 571 (2): 242- ...
"Mechanisms of action of ibogaine and harmaline congeners based on radioligand binding studies". Brain Research. 571 (2): 242- ...
... equivalent to 1.5mg/kg of Harmaline and 1.2mg/kg of αMT. At 70μM/kg αMT was a much less effective MAOI than harmaline. "Erowid ... In rats the potency of αMT as an MAO-A inhibitor in the brain was approximately equal to that of harmaline at equimolar doses. ...
The capsules with harmaline/harmine are swallowed first and the capsules containing DMT are taken 15 to 20 minutes later. A ... N,N-DMT and harmaline or harmine are typically used as components of pharmahuasca.[citation needed] As a rule, the fewer the β- ... synthetic MAOI can be used in place of harmaline and harmine, although caution must be taken when choosing an MAOI. The use of ...
Harmaline was first isolated in 1838 by Göbel and harmine in 1848 by Fritzche. Pyrolo-indole alkaloids form a relatively small ... In the formation of simple β-carboline alkaloids, such as harmine and harmaline, pyruvic acid acts as the keto acid. In the ... So, harmine and harmaline are reversible selective inhibitors of monoamine oxidase-A. Reserpine reduces concentration of ... Simple (non-isoprenoid) β-carboline derivatives include harmine, harmaline, harmane and a slightly more complex structure of ...
El Gendy MA, Soshilov AA, Denison MS, El-Kadi AO (2012). "Harmaline and harmalol inhibit the carcinogen-activating enzyme ...
Du W, Aloyo VJ, Harvey JA (October 1997). "Harmaline competitively inhibits [3H]MK-801 binding to the NMDA receptor in rabbit ... For example, the β-carbolines harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine are components of the liana Banisteriopsis caapi and ...
In the 1960s, Naranjo introduced ibogaine and harmaline into psychotherapy as a "fantasy enhancing drug." Richard Evans ... These meetings resulted in Naranjo's contribution of the use of harmaline, MDA, and ibogaine. ...
Harmine and harmaline are selective and reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), while tetrahydroharmine is a weak ... The three most studied harmala alkaloids in the B. caapi vine are harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroharmine. ... harmaline and tetrahydroharmine (THH), which can act as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOi), halting liver and ... synthetic harmaline, MAOi medications (such as moclobemide) and other isolated/purified compounds or extracts Evidence of ...
Narconon states that other synthetic drugs used in clubs, or which are sold as "Ecstasy", include harmaline; piperazines (e.g ... include harmaline; piperazines (e.g., BZP and TFMPP); PMA/PMMA; mephedrone (generally used outside the US) and MDPV. Though far ...
... is related to other alkaloids, harmine and harmaline, found in 1837 in the plant Peganum harmala. The name derives from ...
The most common of these alkaloids is harman, but harmaline, harmalol, harmine, and harmol are also present. The species known ...
"Degeneration of Purkinje cells in parasagittal zones of the cerebellar vermis after treatment with ibogaine or harmaline". ...
Martin Schwartz, "Avestan Terms for the Sauma Plant", Haoma and Harmaline (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 123 ...
"Reactions of harmaline (4,9-dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) and its derivatives. Part II. Reinvestigation of ... he is credited with correcting the earlier work of the Nobel Laureate Sir Robert Robinson on the chemistry of harmaline. Later ...
Harmaline found in Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi, and Passiflora incarnata is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine ... Naturally occurring RIMAs in plants Harmaline Harmine Rosiridin (in vitro) Research compounds Amiflamine (FLA-336) Befloxatone ...
Growing oca tuber root caps are covered in a fluorescent slush rich in harmaline and harmine which apparently suppresses pests ...
The Chilean therapist Claudio Naranjo developed a branch of psychedelic therapy that utilized drugs like MDA, MDMA, harmaline ...
Harmaline also stimulates striatal dopamine release in rats at very high dose levels. Since harmaline is a reversible inhibitor ... Harmaline is known to act as a histamine N-methyltransferase inhibitor. This explains how harmaline elicits its wakefulness- ... Harmaline is a central nervous system stimulant and a "reversible inhibitor of MAO-A (RIMA)". This means that the risk of a ... Harmaline is a fluorescent indole alkaloid from the group of harmala alkaloids and beta-carbolines. It is the partly ...
N-dimethyltryptamine-induced hyperthermia by harmaline and the involvement of activation of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors ... Harmaline (5 and 15 mg/kg, i.p.) alone was shown to induce hypothermia that was significantly affected by CYP2D6 status. In ... Co-administration of harmaline (2, 5 or 15 mg/kg) remarkably potentiated the hyperthermia elicited by 5-MeO-DMT (2 or 10 mg/kg ... This study was to define the effects of harmaline and 5-MeO-DMT on thermoregulation in wild-type and CYP2D6-humanized (Tg- ...
Harmaline and Amphetamine on the body Temperature of Para-Chlorophenylalanine pretreated Rabbits Arch. Intern. Pharmacodyn. ... "The Effect of LSD, Psilocybin, Harmaline and Amphetamine on the body Temperature of Para-Chlorophenylalanine pretreated Rabbits ... The hyperthermic effect of amphetamine and harmaline was significantly reduced in the pretreated animals. Conclusions Using ... 10 mg/kg or harmaline (Sigma-Ghem) 30 mg/kg i.p. Rectal temperature was recorded, by probes inserted 3 cm into rectum, before ...
Pharmacological characterization of harmaline-induced tremor activity in mice.. Paterson, N. E.; Malekiani, S. A.; Foreman, M. ...
Development of harmaline-induced tremor in a swine model. Jihyun Lee, Inyong Kim, Jeyeon Lee, Emily Knight, Lei Cheng, Shinil ... Dive into the research topics of Development of harmaline-induced tremor in a swine model. Together they form a unique ...
Welcome to the DMT-Nexus » THE DMT-NEXUS SITE » DMT Discussion » Conversion of Harmine-,Harmaline-,THH by simple boiling (and ... Welcome to the DMT-Nexus » THE DMT-NEXUS SITE » DMT Discussion » Conversion of Harmine-,Harmaline-,THH by simple boiling (and ... Is there a particular way to go about converting the harmine/harmaline into thh?. Just a bit of vinegar and a really long boil? ... id safely say that this tek does not give THH - you just further cleaned your harmaline.. Need to calculate between salts and ...
Phenolphthalein- and harmaline-induced disturbances in the transport functions of isolated brush border and basolateral ... Dive into the research topics of Phenolphthalein- and harmaline-induced disturbances in the transport functions of isolated ...
Bannisteria caapi (Harmaline, Banisterine, Telepathine). -- Bannisteria caapi is a fast growing vine. The active principle is ...
Harmaline hydrochloride. 363-11-1. Classification. Labelling. Specific Concentration limits, M-Factors. Notes. Classification ...
2010). A recent study demonstrated that harmine, tetrahydroharmine, and harmaline, the three main alkaloids present in the ... harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine (Palhano-Fontes et al. 2015; Riba et al. 2001). The β-carboline alkaloids inhibit the action ... and 69.8 mg of harmaline; and a 200 ml portion of Colombia 2 contained 500.5 mg of DMT, 827.4 mg of harmine, and 57.4 mg of ... and 892 mg of harmaline; a 200-ml portion of Netherlands 2 contained 915.4 mg of DMT, 971.8 mg of harmine, and 38.1 mg; a 200 ...
Fuller, R. W., Wong, C. J., and Hemrick-Luecke, S. K. MD 240928 and harmaline: opposite selectivity in antagonism of the ... Fuller, R. W., Wong, C. J., and Hemrick-Luecke, S. K. MD 240928 and harmaline: opposite selectivity in antagonism of the ... Gerardy, J. Effect of moclobemide on rat brain monoamine oxidase A and B: comparison with harmaline and clorgyline. Prog ... Gerardy, J. Effect of moclobemide on rat brain monoamine oxidase A and B: comparison with harmaline and clorgyline. Prog ...
Active substances include the hallucinogen N-N-dimethyltryptamine and beta-carboline alkaloids such as harmine and harmaline. ...
Harmaline 3 spectra C13H14N2O Generated by the Chemistry Development Kit (http://github.com/cdk). \n. 214.11061 ...
Apomorphine, am-phetamine, haloperidol, propranolol, clonidine, harmaline, atropine, scopolamine, arecoline and physostigmine ... harmaline (3 mg/kg i. p. ), methysergide (5 ma/ kg i.p.), cyproheptadine (10 mg/kg i.p.), atropine (5 mg/kg i.p.), scopolamine ...
Harmaline inhibition of Na-dependent transport in renal microvillus membrane vesicles.Aronson PS, Bounds SE. Harmaline ...
an alkaloid drug derived from HARMALA seeds or by oxidation of HARMALINE. ...
... harmaline, harmine, and harmalol, which are alkaloids obtained from ,em,Peganum harmala L,/em,., a member of the ,em, ... incubation with harmaline at concentration of 10 µmol/L significantly reduced contractile responses to NE by 69.0 ± 3.0 % (p & ...
Its seeds showed that alkaloids belonging to the β-carboline family such as harmine, harmaline, Harman, harnol and harmalol are ...
Harmaline. Not Annotated. Selisistat. Selective inhibitor of SIRT1 that does not inhibit histone deacetylase (HDAC) or other ...
Harmaline is an MAO-inhibiting enzyme that is found in a number of plants. It’s found in the famous South American vine known ... Harmaline is widely known as the chemical that allows the DMT in other plants, like Psychotria viridis, to become orally active ... Harmaline has interesting psychoactive properties of its own that are somewhat psychedelic, and it slows down the speed of the ... In future studies harmaline could be used in conjunction with DMT, to more accurately simulate the ayahuasca experience that ...
DJB: Did you do it with harmaline, as ayahuasca, or on it’s own? ... harmaline, Kraftwerk, laudanum, LSD, machine elves, MAPS Bulletin, peyote, Pink Floyd, Psychedelic, psytrance, Raja Ram, ...
... harmaline and harmalol, highly active reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A and MAO-B. These compounds have been ...
In 2020 she self-released two entirely self-produced and engineered EPs, Extinction (Fleisch Records, 2020) and Harmaline ( ...
... and comparative studies employing harmaline. Masters thesis, Concordia University. ...
... harmaline and tetrahydroharmine) that render it orally active. Ayahuasca ingestion is a central feature in several Brazilian ...
Glennon RA, Hong SS, Bondarev M, Law H, Dukat M, Rakhi S, Power P, Fan E, Kinneau D, Kamboj R, Teitler M, Herrick-Davis K, Smith C (January 1996). "Binding of O-alkyl derivatives of serotonin at human 5-HT1D beta receptors". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 39 (1): 314-22. doi:10.1021/jm950498t. PMID 8568822 ...
... harmaline), ibogaine, yohimbine, Telepathine and Viatmin K, as well as the more standard psychedelicatessan of the late 70s. ...
The Pioneer Enterprises and associated group of companies have modern manufacturing plants that produce a novel range of Phytochemicals and Alkaloids
  • This appears to occur to a significant degree for the changes seen in THH, harmine and harmaline levels between samples undergoing further heating to attain higher concentrations of the components (See Table 3). (dmt-nexus.me)
  • It is presently unclear whether harmine and harmaline are being chemically reduced to THH during the acidic process of decoction, or if THH is simply more stable than the other two harmala alkaloids, which may be lost through decomposition, or a combination of both processes. (dmt-nexus.me)
  • Active substances include the hallucinogen N-N-dimethyltryptamine and beta-carboline alkaloids such as harmine and harmaline. (cdc.gov)
  • Its main active substances are harmine and harmaline . (provithor.com)
  • Harmala alkaloids, harmine and harmaline, are not MAOIs. (thedrugclassroom.com)
  • Harmine and harmaline were the components identified in total alkaloids roots extract by using high performance liquid chromatography method. (ijndd.in)
  • Ayahuasca is prepared from the Psychotria viridis bush that contains the serotonergic 2A receptor agonist N , N -dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and the Banisteriopsis caapi liana that contains β-carboline alkaloids such as harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine (Palhano-Fontes et al. (springer.com)
  • Pharmacological characterization of harmaline-induced tremor activity in mice. (psychogenics.com)
  • Since harmaline is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A, it could, in theory, induce both serotonin syndrome and hypertensive crises in combination with tyramine, serotonergics, catecholaminergics drugs or prodrugs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our recent studies have revealed that co-administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitor harmaline leads to greater and prolonged exposure to 5-HT agonist 5-MeO-DMT that might be influenced by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) status. (erowid.org)
  • B. Caapi contains alkaloids as harmine, harmaline and harmalol, highly active reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A and MAO-B. These compounds have been described as protecting neuronal mitochondria against oxidative damage, besides having anticonvulsivant and anxiolytic actions. (usp.br)
  • Ayahuasca is an Amazonian psychoactive plant beverage containing the serotonergic 5-HT 2A agonist N,N- dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and monoamine oxidase-inhibiting alkaloids (harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroharmine) that render it orally active. (iceers.org)
  • Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Monoamine Oxidase A Inhibitor Harmaline. (5meodmt.org)
  • Harmaline works as MAO inhibitor (MAOi, or Monoamine Oxidase inhibitor). (k2sheetsshop.com)
  • Various plants contain harmaline including Peganum harmala (Syrian rue) as well as the hallucinogenic beverage ayahuasca, which is traditionally brewed using Banisteriopsis caapi. (wikipedia.org)
  • The seeds of Syrian Rue (Peganum harmala) contain the alkaloid harmaline. (k2sheetsshop.com)
  • Harmaline and Harmalol are considered Schedule III controlled substances by the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. (wikipedia.org)
  • Its seeds showed that alkaloids belonging to the β-carboline family such as harmine, harmaline, Harman, harnol and harmalol are responsible for a wide range of pharmacological effects. (novapublishers.com)
  • Harmaline-containing plants and tryptamine-containing plants are used in ayahuasca brews. (wikipedia.org)
  • This means that the risk of a hypertensive crisis, a dangerous high blood pressure crisis from eating tyramine-rich foods such as cheese, is likely lower with harmaline than with irreversible MAOIs such as phenelzine. (wikipedia.org)
  • The developed catalytic system, in combination with an oxidation step, also enabled the synthesis of the pharmaceutically relevant molecules harman, harmaline, and harmine in a concise manner. (chemistryviews.org)
  • Harmaline concentrations of 1-20 mM inhibited hormone secretion an average of 46 ± 5% in low calcium medium. (wustl.edu)
  • 1) Ouabain and harmaline affect PTH secretion by their action on Na + -K + -ATPase, since inhibition of the Na + pump by K + removal yielded similar results. (wustl.edu)
  • Harmaline forces the anabolic metabolism of serotonin into N-acetylserotonin (normelatonin), and then to melatonin, the body's principal sleep-regulating hormone and a powerful antioxidant. (wikipedia.org)
  • 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and harmaline are serotonin (5-HT) analogs often abused together, which alters thermoregulation that may indicate the severity of serotonin toxicity. (erowid.org)
  • Harmaline is shown to act as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Harmaline is known to act as a histamine N-methyltransferase inhibitor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Harmaline is a fluorescent indole alkaloid from the group of harmala alkaloids and beta-carbolines. (wikipedia.org)
  • A study has reported the antiviral activity of Harmaline against Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) by inhibiting immediate early transcription of the virus at noncytotoxic concentration. (wikipedia.org)
  • Harmaline also stimulates striatal dopamine release in rats at very high dose levels. (wikipedia.org)
  • Co-administration of harmaline (2, 5 or 15 mg/kg) remarkably potentiated the hyperthermia elicited by 5-MeO-DMT (2 or 10 mg/kg), which might be influenced by CYP2D6 status at certain dose combination. (erowid.org)
  • Methods Female Danish White Landrace rabbits (2-3 kg) were pre-treated with pCPA (Aldrich) 200 mg/kg s.c. 48 and 24 hr before LSD (Sandoz) 250 )lg/kg, amphetamine chloride 10 mg/kg, psilocybin (Sandoz) 10 mg/kg or harmaline (Sigma-Ghem) 30 mg/kg i.p. (erowid.org)
  • This explains how harmaline elicits its wakefulness-promoting effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study was to define the effects of harmaline and 5-MeO-DMT on thermoregulation in wild-type and CYP2D6-humanized (Tg-CYP2D6) mice, as well as the involvement of 5-HT receptors. (erowid.org)
  • The active ingredients in the Caapi Rapé are Harmaline and Harmine. (24high.com)
  • United States Patent Number 5591738 describes a method for treating various chemical dependencies via the administration of harmaline and or other beta-carbolines. (wikipedia.org)
  • inhibited the degradation of hyaluronic acid by $Fe^{2+}$ , $H_2O$_2$ and ascorbate, and it was greater than that of harmaline, whereas hyaluronic acid degradation was not prevented by rutin and glutathione. (koreascience.kr)
  • 3.?Statistical analyses To study the association between each aPL and VTE, categorical variables were compared using mid-test and Harmaline quantitative variables were compared using MannCWhitney test. (oaxacalibre.net)
  • Harmaline For all patients in our tuberculosis cohort, blood samples were collected at the time of diagnosis. (oaxacalibre.net)
  • The protective actions of ambroxol, rutin, glutathione and harmaline on oxidative damages of various tissue components were compared. (koreascience.kr)
  • The hyperthermic effect of amphetamine and harmaline was significantly reduced in the pretreated animals. (erowid.org)
  • This phenomenon, an apparent acid-driven chemical reduction of harmine-to-harmaline-to-THH, has also been reported by Callaway et al. (dmt-nexus.me)