Compounds that contain two halogenated benzene rings linked via an OXYGEN atom. Many polybrominated diphenyl ethers are used as FLAME RETARDANTS.
Biphenyl compounds which are extensively brominated. Many of these compounds are toxic environmental pollutants.
Ethers that are linked to a benzene ring structure.
Materials applied to fabrics, bedding, furniture, plastics, etc. to retard their burning; many may leach out and cause allergies or other harm.
Brominated hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing carbon (C), hydrogen (H) atoms, and bromine (Br) atoms, where bromine atoms replace some or all of the hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon structure.
'Ethers' in a medical context are a class of organic compounds used as medication, particularly as an inhalational agent to induce and maintain general anesthesia, characterized by their ability to produce a state of unconsciousness while providing muscle relaxation and analgesia.
Substances or energies, for example heat or light, which when introduced into the air, water, or land threaten life or health of individuals or ECOSYSTEMS.
A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.
Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants.
An order of diurnal BIRDS of prey, including EAGLES; HAWKS; buzzards; vultures; and falcons.
"Ethyl ethers, also known as diethyl ether, is a colorless, highly volatile, and flammable liquid that belongs to the class of organic compounds called ethers, used as an anesthetic in medicine."
Inorganic compounds that contain bromine as an integral part of the molecule.
Removal of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS or contaminants for the general protection of the environment. This is accomplished by various chemical, biological, and bulk movement methods, in conjunction with ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING.
The geographic area of the Great Lakes in general and when the specific state or states are not indicated. It usually includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.
A genus of SPONGES in the family Dysideidae, in which all skeletal fibers are filled with detritus.
The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.
The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal.
A membrane-bound flavoenzyme that catalyzes the oxygen-dependent aromatization of protoporphyrinogen IX (Protogen) to protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX). It is the last enzyme of the common branch of the HEME and CHLOROPHYLL pathways in plants, and is the molecular target of diphenyl ether-type herbicides. VARIEGATE PORPHYRIA is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with deficiency of protoporphyrinogen oxidase.
'Benzene derivatives' are organic compounds that contain a benzene ring as the core structure, with various functional groups attached to it, and can have diverse chemical properties and uses, including as solvents, intermediates in chemical synthesis, and pharmaceuticals.
The extraction and recovery of usable or valuable material from scrap or other discarded materials. (from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed.)
Covalent attachment of HALOGENS to other compounds.
Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure.
Compounds that interfere with FATTY ACID SYNTHASE resulting in a reduction of FATTY ACIDS. This is a target mechanism in humans of some ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS and ANTI-OBESITY AGENTS and of some ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS which interfere with CELL WALL and CELL MEMBRANE formation.
Derivatives of benzene in which one or more hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring are replaced by bromine atoms.
Hydrocarbon compounds with one or more of the hydrogens replaced by CHLORINE.
'Human Milk' is the secretion from human mammary glands, primarily composed of water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and various bioactive components, which serves as the complete source of nutrition for newborn infants, supporting their growth, development, and immune system.
Exogenous agents, synthetic and naturally occurring, which are capable of disrupting the functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM including the maintenance of HOMEOSTASIS and the regulation of developmental processes. Endocrine disruptors are compounds that can mimic HORMONES, or enhance or block the binding of hormones to their receptors, or otherwise lead to activating or inhibiting the endocrine signaling pathways and hormone metabolism.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.
A diphenyl ether derivative used in cosmetics and toilet soaps as an antiseptic. It has some bacteriostatic and fungistatic action.
Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water.
A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.
The contribution to barometric PRESSURE of gaseous substance in equilibrium with its solid or liquid phase.
A major cytochrome P-450 enzyme which is inducible by PHENOBARBITAL in both the LIVER and SMALL INTESTINE. It is active in the metabolism of compounds like pentoxyresorufin, TESTOSTERONE, and ANDROSTENEDIONE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP2B1 gene, also mediates the activation of CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE and IFOSFAMIDE to MUTAGENS.
A family of nonmetallic, generally electronegative, elements that form group 17 (formerly group VIIa) of the periodic table.
An NAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] to trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. It has a preference for acyl groups with a carbon chain length between 4 to 16.
Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.
Macrocyclic polyethers with the repeating unit of (-CH2-CH2-O)n where n is greater than 2 and some oxygens may be replaced by nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus. These compounds are useful for coordinating CATIONS. The nomenclature uses a prefix to indicate the size of the ring and a suffix for the number of heteroatoms.
The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.
Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL); INSECTICIDES; RODENTICIDES; etc.
Derivatives of adipic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,6-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.
Benzene derivatives that include one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure.
The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.
Halogenated hydrocarbons refer to organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen atoms, where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogens such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
Phospholipids which have an alcohol moiety in ethereal linkage with a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol. They are usually derivatives of phosphoglycerols or phosphatidates. The other two alcohol groups of the glycerol backbone are usually in ester linkage. These compounds are widely distributed in animal tissues.
The consequences of exposing the FETUS in utero to certain factors, such as NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; DRUGS; RADIATION; and other physical or chemical factors. These consequences are observed later in the offspring after BIRTH.
Organic compounds which contain selenium as an integral part of the molecule.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "California" is a place, specifically a state on the western coast of the United States, and not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses (POACEAE), and woody plants. Some plants develop HERBICIDE RESISTANCE.
Earth or other matter in fine, dry particles. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.
Placing of a hydroxyl group on a compound in a position where one did not exist before. (Stedman, 26th ed)
Compounds in which one or more of the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol are in ethereal linkage with a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol; one or two of the hydroxyl groups of glycerol may be esterified. These compounds have been found in various animal tissue.

Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition attenuates early left ventricular enlargement after experimental myocardial infarction in mice. (1/253)

BACKGROUND: Extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation contribute to the morphological changes that occur after myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS AND RESULTS: We tested the hypothesis that inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) attenuates left ventricular remodeling in experimental MI. Seventy-one male FVB mice that survived ligation of the left anterior coronary artery were randomized to a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor (CP-471,474) or placebo by gavage. Echocardiographic studies were performed before randomization (within 24 hours of surgery) and 4 days later and included short-axis imaging at the midpapillary and apical levels. Infarction as defined by wall motion abnormality was achieved in 79% of the procedures (n=56), and mortality rate during the 4-day protocol was 23% (9 of 36 on treatment vs 7 of 35 on placebo; P=NS). Baseline end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions and areas were similar (P=NS) between treated and placebo groups. At follow-up, infarcted mice allocated to MMP inhibitor had significantly smaller increases in end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions and areas at both midpapillary and apical levels compared with infarcted mice allocated to placebo (all P<0.05). In addition, infarcted animals that received MMP inhibitor had no change in fractional shortening (-3+/-13%), whereas animals that received placebo had a decrease in fractional shortening (-12+/-12%) (P<0.05). In an analysis stratified by baseline end-diastolic area, the effects of MMP inhibition on the changes in end-systolic area and end-diastolic area were most prominent in animals that had more initial left ventricular dilatation (both P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: -Administration of an MMP inhibitor attenuates early left ventricular dilation after experimental MI in mice. Further studies in genetically altered mice and other models will improve understanding of the role of MMPs in left ventricular remodeling.  (+info)

Flame retardant exposure: polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from Swedish workers. (2/253)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as additives in polymers and textiles to prohibit the development of fires. Because of the production and use of PBDEs, their lipophilic characteristics, and persistence, these compounds have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. The aim of the present study was to determine potential exposures of PBDEs to clerks working full-time at computer screens and personnel at an electronics-dismantling plant, with hospital cleaners as a control group. Five PBDE congeners--2,2',4,4'-tetraBDE; 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE; 2,2',4,4',5, 6'-hexaBDE; 2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptaBDE; and decaBDE--were quantified in blood serum from all three categories of workers. Subjects working at the dismantling plant showed significantly higher levels of all PBDE congeners in their serum as compared to the control group. Decabromodiphenyl ether is present in concentrations of 5 pmol/g lipid weight (lw) in the personnel dismantling electronics; these concentrations are comparable to the concentrations of 2,2',4, 4'-tetraBDE. The latter compound was the dominating PBDE congener in the clerks and cleaners. The major compound in personnel at the dismantling plant was 2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptaBDE. Concentrations of this PBDE congener are almost twice as high as for 2,2',4, 4'-tetraBDE in these workers and seventy times the level of this heptaBDE in cleaners. The total median PBDE concentrations in the serum from workers at the electronics-dismantling plant, clerks, and cleaners were 37, 7.3, and 5.4 pmol/g lw, respectively. The results show that decabromodiphenyl ether is bioavailable and that occupational exposure to PBDEs occurs at the electronics-dismantling plant.  (+info)

Bastadin 10 stabilizes the open conformation of the ryanodine-sensitive Ca(2+) channel in an FKBP12-dependent manner. (3/253)

The marine sponge Ianthella basta synthesizes at least 25 tetrameric bromotyrosine structures that possess a stringent structural requirement for modifying the gating behavior of ryanodine-sensitive Ca(2+) channels (ryanodine receptors) (RyR)). Bastadin 5 (B5) was shown to stabilize open and closed channel states with little influence on the sensitivity of the channel to activation by Ca(2+) (Mack, M. M., Molinski, T. F., Buck, E. D., and Pessah, I. N. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 23236-23249). In the present paper, we utilize single channel analysis and measurements of Ca(2+) flux across the sarcoplasmic reticulum to identify bastadin 10 (B10) as the structural congener responsible for dramatically stabilizing the open conformation of the RyR channel, possibly by reducing the free energy associated with closed to open channel transitions (DeltaG*c --> o). The stability of the channel open state induced by B10 sensitized the channel to activation by Ca(2+) to such an extent that it essentially obviated regulation by physiological concentrations of Ca(2+) and relieved inhibition by physiological Mg(2+). These actions of B10 were produced only on the cytoplasmic face of the channel, were selectively eliminated by pretreatment of channels with FK506 or rapamycin, and were reconstituted by human recombinant FKBP12. The actions of B10 were found to be reversible. A structure-activity model is proposed by which substitutions on the Eastern and Western hemispheres of the bastarane macrocycle may confer specificity toward the RyR1-FKBP12 complex to stabilize either the closed or open channel conformation. These results indicate that RyR1-FKBP12 complexes possesses a novel binding domain for phenoxycatechols and raise the possibility of molecular recognition of an endogenous ligand.  (+info)

Effects of short-term in vivo exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers on thyroid hormones and hepatic enzyme activities in weanling rats. (4/253)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. PBDEs act as endocrine disruptors via alterations in thyroid hormone homeostasis. We examined thyroid hormone concentrations and hepatic enzyme activity in weanling rats exposed to three commercial PBDE mixtures: DE-71, DE-79, and DE-83R. Female Long-Evans rats, 28 days old, were orally administered various doses of DE-71, DE-79, or DE-83R for 4 days. Serum and liver samples were collected 24 h after the last dose and analyzed for serum total thyroxine (T(4)), triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), hepatic microsomal ethoxy- and pentoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD and PROD), and uridinediphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) activities. The PBDE-treated groups did not exhibit significant changes in body weight; however, increased liver weights, as well as 10- to 20-fold induction in EROD and 30- to 40-fold induction in PROD were found in the DE-71-- and DE-79--treated animals. DE-71 and DE-79 caused dose-dependent depletion of T(4), accompanied by up to 3- to 4-fold induction in UDPGT activities. Serum total T(4) was decreased a maximum of 80% for DE-71 and 70% for DE-79 in the highest dose, with benchmark doses (BMDs) of approximately 12.74 mg/kg/day for DE-71 and 9.25 mg/kg/day for DE-79. Dose-related effects in serum T(3) levels were less apparent, with maximal reductions of 25-30% at the highest dose for both DE-71 and DE-79. The two mixtures showed no effect on serum TSH levels. Benchmark dose analysis revealed that the two mixtures were comparable in altering thyroid hormone levels and hepatic enzyme activity. DE-83R was not effective in altering any of the measured parameters. The present study suggests that short-term exposure to some commercial PBDE mixtures interferes with the thyroid hormone system via upregulation of UDPGTS:  (+info)

In vitro estrogenicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated PDBEs, and polybrominated bisphenol A compounds. (5/253)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used in large quantities as additive flame retardants in plastics and textile materials. PBDEs are persistent compounds and have been detected in wildlife and in human adipose tissue and plasma samples. In this study, we investigated the (anti)estrogenic potencies of several PBDE congeners, three hydroxylated PBDEs (HO-PBDEs), and differently brominated bisphenol A compounds in three different cell line assays based on estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent luciferase reporter gene expression. In human T47D breast cancer cells stably transfected with an estrogen-responsive luciferase reporter gene construct (pEREtata-Luc), 11 PBDEs showed estrogenic potencies, with concentrations leading to 50% induction (EC(50)) varying from 2.5 to 7.3 microM. The luciferase induction of the most potent HO-PBDE [2-bromo-4-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)phenol] exceeded that of estradiol (E(2)), though at concentrations 50,000 times higher. As expected, brominated bisphenol A compounds with the lowest degree of bromination showed highest estrogenic potencies (EC(50) values of 0.5 microM for 3-monobromobisphenol A). In an ER alpha-specific, stably transfected human embryonic kidney cell line (293-ER alpha-Luc), the HO-PBDE 4-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)phenol was a highly potent estrogen with an EC(50) < 0.1 microM and a maximum 35- to 40-fold induction, which was similar to E(2). In an analogous ER beta-specific 293-ER betas-Luc cell line, the agonistic potency of the 4-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)phenol was much lower (maximum 50% induction compared to E(2)), but EC(50) values were comparable. These results indicate that several pure PBDE congeners, but especially HO-PBDEs and brominated bisphenol A-analogs, are agonists of both ER alpha and ER beta receptors, thus stimulating ER-mediated luciferase induction in vitro. These data also suggest that in vivo metabolism of PBDEs may produce more potent pseudoestrogens.  (+info)

Brominated flame retardants: a novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our environment? (6/253)

Brominated flame retardants are a novel group of global environmental contaminants. Within this group the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) constitute one class of many that are found in electrical appliances, building materials, and textiles. PBDEs are persistent compounds that appear to have an environmental dispersion similar to that of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Levels of PBDEs are increasing in mother's milk while other organohalogens have decreased in concentration. We studied for developmental neurotoxic effects two polybrominated diphenyl ethers, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 47) and 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 99)--congeners that dominate in environmental and human samples--together with another frequently used brominated flame retardant, tetrabromo-bis-phenol-A (TBBPA). The compounds were given to 10-day-old NMRI male mice, as follows: PBDE 47, 0.7 mg (1.4 micromol), 10.5 mg (21.1 micromol)/kg body weight (bw); PBDE 99, 0.8 mg (1.4 micromol), 12.0 mg (21.1 micromol)/kg bw; TBBPA, 0.75 mg (1.4 micromol), 11.5 mg (21.1 micromol)/kg bw. Mice serving as controls received 10 mL/kg bw of the 20% fat emulsion vehicle in the same manner. The present study has shown that neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 and PBDE 47 can cause permanent aberrations in spontaneous behavior, evident in 2- and 4-month-old animals. This effect together with the habituation capability was more pronounced with increasing age, and the changes were dose-response related. Furthermore, neonatal exposure to PBDE 99 also affected learning and memory functions in adult animals. These are developmental defects that have been detected previously in connection with PCBs.  (+info)

Selective matrix metalloproteinase inhibition reduces left ventricular remodeling but does not inhibit angiogenesis after myocardial infarction. (7/253)

BACKGROUND: Broad inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) attenuates left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). However, it is not clear if selective MMP inhibition strategies will be effective or if MMP inhibition will impair angiogenesis after MI. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used a selective MMP inhibitor (MMPi) that does not inhibit MMP-1 in rabbits, which, like humans but unlike rodents, express MMP-1 as a major collagenase. On day 1 after MI, rabbits were randomized to receive either inhibitor (n=10) or vehicle (n=8). At 4 weeks after MI, there were no differences in infarct size or collagen fractional area. However, MMPi reduced ventricular dilation. The increase in end-diastolic dimension from day 1 to week 4 was 3.1+/-0.5 mm for vehicle versus 1.3+/-0.3 mm for MMPi (P<0.01). The increase in end-systolic dimension was 2.8+/-0.5 mm for vehicle and 1.3+/-0.4 mm for MMPi (P<0.05). Furthermore, MMPi reduced infarct wall thinning; the minimal infarct thickness was 0.8+/-0.1 mm for vehicle and 1.6+/-0.3 mm for MMPi (P<0.05). Interestingly, the MMPi group had increased numbers of vessels in the subendocardial layer of the infarct; the number of capillaries was increased in the subendocardial layer (46+/-4 vessels/field versus 17+/-3 vessels/field for vehicle; P<0.001), and the number of arterioles was also increased (4.0+/-0.8 vessels/field versus 2.0+/-0.4 vessels/field for vehicle; P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MMP inhibition attenuates left ventricular remodeling even when the dominant collagenase MMP-1 is not inhibited; furthermore, this selective MMP inhibition appears to increase rather than decrease neovascularization in the subendocardium.  (+info)

Developmental exposure to brominated diphenyl ethers results in thyroid hormone disruption. (8/253)

The objective of the current study was to characterize the effects of DE-71 (a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture containing mostly tetra- and penta-bromodiphenyl ethers) on thyroid hormones and hepatic enzyme activity in offspring, following perinatal maternal exposure. Primiparous Long-Evans rats were orally administered DE-71 (0, 1, 10, and 30 mg/kg/day) in corn oil from gestation day (GD) 6 to postnatal day (PND) 21. Serum and liver samples obtained from dams (GD 20 and PND 22), fetuses (GD 20), and offspring (PNDs 4, 14, 36, and 90) were analyzed for circulating total serum thyroxine (T(4)) and triiodothyronine (T(3)), or hepatic microsomal ethoxy- and pentoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD and PROD), and uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase (UDPGT) activity. There were no significant effects of treatment on maternal body weight gain, litter size, or sex ratio, nor were there any effects on any measures of offspring viability or growth. Serum T(4) was reduced in a dose-dependent manner in fetuses on GD 20 (at least 15%) and offspring on PND 4 and PND 14 (50 and 64% maximal in the 10 and 30 mg/kg/day groups, respectively), but recovered to control levels by PND 36. Reduction in serum T(4) was also noted in GD 20 dams (48% at highest dose), as well as PND 22 dams (44% at highest dose). There was no significant effect of DE 71 on T(3) concentrations at any time in the dams or the offspring. Increased liver to body weight ratios in offspring were consistent with induction of EROD (maximal 95-fold), PROD (maximal 26-fold) or UDPGT (maximal 4.7-fold). Induction of PROD was similar in both dams and offspring; however, EROD and UDPGT induction were much greater in offspring compared to dams (EROD = 3.8-fold; UDPGT = 0.5-fold). These data support the conclusion that DE-71 is an endocrine disrupter in rats during development.  (+info)

Halogenated diphenyl ethers are a group of chemical compounds that consist of two phenyl rings (aromatic hydrocarbon rings) linked by an ether group, with one or more halogens attached to the rings. The halogens can include chlorine, bromine, fluorine, or iodine atoms.

One of the most well-known halogenated diphenyl ethers is polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), which was widely used in electrical equipment and industrial applications until it was banned due to its toxicity and environmental persistence. PCBs are known to have various adverse health effects, including cancer, reproductive disorders, and endocrine disruption.

Other halogenated diphenyl ethers, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have also been used as flame retardants in consumer products, but their use has been restricted or phased out due to health and environmental concerns. Exposure to these compounds can occur through contaminated food, air, dust, and water, and may lead to similar health effects as PCB exposure.

Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) are a group of chemically related compounds that were widely used as flame retardants in various consumer products, such as electronics, appliances, and textiles. Structurally, they consist of two benzene rings with bromine atoms attached to them in different positions. PBBs have been banned or restricted in many countries due to their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential adverse health effects.

Here is a medical definition for Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs):

A class of brominated aromatic compounds that were historically used as flame retardants in various industrial and consumer applications. Due to their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity concerns, their production and use have been significantly restricted or banned in many countries. Exposure to PBBs can occur through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal contact and may lead to a variety of health issues, including endocrine disruption, reproductive and developmental effects, neurodevelopmental toxicity, and immune system alterations. Long-term exposure to high levels of PBBs can result in skin irritation, liver damage, and thyroid hormone disruption.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Phenyl Ethers" is not a recognized medical term. Phenyl ethers are a class of organic compounds consisting of an ether with a phenyl group as one of the components. They are widely used in industry and research, including as solvents, intermediates in chemical synthesis, and pharmaceuticals.

However, if you have any concerns about exposure to certain chemicals or their effects on health, it would be best to consult with a medical professional who can provide advice based on your specific situation and symptoms.

Flame retardants are chemical compounds that are added to materials, such as textiles, plastics, and foam furnishings, to reduce their flammability and prevent or slow down the spread of fire. They work by releasing non-flammable gases when exposed to heat, which helps to suppress the flames and prevent ignition. Flame retardants can be applied during the manufacturing process or added as a coating or treatment to existing materials. While flame retardants have been shown to save lives and property by preventing fires or reducing their severity, some types of flame retardants have been linked to health concerns, including endocrine disruption, neurodevelopmental toxicity, and cancer. Therefore, it is important to use flame retardants that are safe for human health and the environment.

Brominated hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and bromine (Br) atoms. These chemicals are formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule with bromine atoms. Depending on the number and arrangement of bromine atoms, these compounds can have different properties and uses.

Some brominated hydrocarbons occur naturally, while others are synthesized for various applications. They can be found in consumer products like flame retardants, fumigants, refrigerants, and solvents. However, some brominated hydrocarbons have been linked to health and environmental concerns, leading to regulations on their production and use.

Examples of brominated hydrocarbons include:

1. Methyl bromide (CH3Br): A colorless gas used as a pesticide and fumigant. It is also a naturally occurring compound in the atmosphere, contributing to ozone depletion.
2. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): A group of chemicals used as flame retardants in various consumer products, such as electronics, furniture, and textiles. They have been linked to neurodevelopmental issues, endocrine disruption, and cancer.
3. Bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2): These compounds are used in chemical synthesis, as solvents, and in water treatment. They can also be found in some natural sources like seaweed or marine organisms.
4. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD): A flame retardant used in expanded polystyrene foam for building insulation and in high-impact polystyrene products. HBCD has been linked to reproductive and developmental toxicity, as well as endocrine disruption.

It is essential to handle brominated hydrocarbons with care due to their potential health and environmental risks. Proper storage, use, and disposal of these chemicals are crucial to minimize exposure and reduce negative impacts.

In medical or clinical terms, "ethers" do not have a specific relevance as a single medical condition or diagnosis. However, in a broader chemical context, ethers are a class of organic compounds characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups. Ethers are not typically used as therapeutic agents but can be found in certain medications as solvents or as part of the drug's chemical structure.

An example of a medication with an ether group is the antihistamine diphenhydramine (Benadryl), which has a phenyl ether moiety in its chemical structure. Another example is the anesthetic sevoflurane, which is a fluorinated methyl isopropyl ether used for inducing and maintaining general anesthesia during surgeries.

It's important to note that 'ethers' as a term primarily belongs to the field of chemistry rather than medicine.

Environmental pollutants are defined as any substances or energy (such as noise, heat, or light) that are present in the environment and can cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damage the natural ecosystems. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, including industrial processes, transportation, agriculture, and household activities. They can be in the form of gases, liquids, solids, or radioactive materials, and can contaminate air, water, and soil. Examples include heavy metals, pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, and greenhouse gases.

It is important to note that the impact of environmental pollutants on human health and the environment can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) and it depends on the type, concentration, duration and frequency of exposure. Some common effects of environmental pollutants include respiratory problems, cancer, neurological disorders, reproductive issues, and developmental delays in children.

It is important to monitor, control and reduce the emissions of these pollutants through regulations, technology advancements, and sustainable practices to protect human health and the environment.

In medical terms, "ether" is an outdated term that was used to refer to a group of compounds known as diethyl ethers. The most common member of this group, and the one most frequently referred to as "ether," is diethyl ether, also known as sulfuric ether or simply ether.

Diethyl ether is a highly volatile, flammable liquid that was once widely used as an anesthetic agent in surgical procedures. It has a characteristic odor and produces a state of unconsciousness when inhaled, allowing patients to undergo surgery without experiencing pain. However, due to its numerous side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and respiratory depression, as well as the risk of explosion or fire during use, it has largely been replaced by safer and more effective anesthetic agents.

It's worth noting that "ether" also has other meanings in different contexts, including a term used to describe a substance that produces a feeling of detachment from reality or a sense of unreality, as well as a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of an ether group (-O-, a functional group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups).

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of man-made organic chemicals consisting of 209 individual compounds, known as congeners. The congeners are formed by the combination of two benzene rings with varying numbers and positions of chlorine atoms.

PCBs were widely used in electrical equipment, such as transformers and capacitors, due to their non-flammability, chemical stability, and insulating properties. They were also used in other applications, including coolants and lubricants, plasticizers, pigments, and copy oils. Although PCBs were banned in many countries in the 1970s and 1980s due to their toxicity and environmental persistence, they still pose significant health and environmental concerns because of their continued presence in the environment and in products manufactured before the ban.

PCBs are known to have various adverse health effects on humans and animals, including cancer, immune system suppression, reproductive and developmental toxicity, and endocrine disruption. They can also cause neurological damage and learning and memory impairment in both human and animal populations. PCBs are highly persistent in the environment and can accumulate in the food chain, leading to higher concentrations in animals at the top of the food chain, including humans.

Falconiformes is an order of diurnal birds of prey that includes falcons, hawks, eagles, vultures, and condors. These birds are characterized by their strong, hooked beaks, sharp talons, and excellent vision, which make them efficient hunters. They are widely distributed around the world and play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems by controlling populations of small mammals, reptiles, and other birds.

Ethyl ether, also known as diethyl ether or simply ether, is a type of organic compound that is classified as a simple ether. It is a colorless and highly volatile liquid with a characteristic odor that is often described as sweet or fruity. In medical contexts, ethyl ether has been historically used as an anesthetic agent due to its ability to produce unconsciousness and insensitivity to pain when inhaled. However, its use as an anesthetic has largely been replaced by safer and more effective alternatives due to its flammability, explosiveness, and potential for causing serious adverse effects such as heart problems and liver damage.

Ethyl ether is a simple ether consisting of two ethyl groups (-C2H5) linked to an oxygen atom (O), with the molecular formula C4H10O. It is produced by the reaction of ethanol with sulfuric acid, followed by distillation to separate the resulting ethyl ether from other products.

In addition to its historical use as an anesthetic, ethyl ether has been used in various industrial and laboratory applications, such as a solvent for fats, oils, resins, and waxes, and as a starting material for the synthesis of other chemicals. However, due to its flammability and potential for causing harm, it is important to handle ethyl ether with care and follow appropriate safety precautions when using it.

Bromine compounds refer to chemical substances that contain bromine, a halogen element with the atomic number 35 and symbol Br. Bromine is a volatile, reddish-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates easily into a red-brown gas with a strong, chlorine-like odor.

Bromine compounds can be formed when bromine combines with other elements or compounds. These compounds have various properties and uses depending on the other elements or groups involved. Some common examples of bromine compounds include:

1. Bromides: These are salts of hydrobromic acid, which contains bromide ions (Br-). They are commonly used as sedatives, anticonvulsants, and in photography.
2. Organobromines: These are organic compounds that contain bromine atoms. They have various uses, including as flame retardants, fumigants, and intermediates in the production of other chemicals.
3. Bromates: These are oxides of bromine that contain the bromate ion (BrO3-). They are used as oxidizing agents in water treatment and bleaching.
4. Bromine pentafluoride (BrF5): This is a highly reactive and corrosive compound that is used as a fluorinating agent in chemical reactions.
5. Bromine trifluoride (BrF3): This is another reactive and corrosive compound that is used as a fluorinating agent, particularly in the production of uranium hexafluoride for nuclear reactors.

It's important to note that some bromine compounds can be toxic, corrosive, or environmentally harmful, so they must be handled with care and disposed of properly.

Environmental remediation is the process of treating, removing, or containing contamination from environmental media such as soil, groundwater, sediment, or surface water for the purpose of reducing the impact on human health and the environment. The goal of environmental remediation is to return the contaminated area to its original state, or to a state that is safe for use and poses no significant risk to human health or the environment. This process often involves various techniques such as excavation, soil washing, bioremediation, chemical treatment, and thermal treatment. The specific method used depends on the type and extent of contamination, as well as site-specific conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Great Lakes Region" is not a medical term. It generally refers to a geographical region in North America, comprising eight U.S. states and the Canadian province of Ontario around the Great Lakes. These are Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. If you have any medical terms you'd like defined, I'd be happy to help!

Dysidea is a genus of sponge in the family Dysideidae. It is a common and widely distributed marine sponge, found in tropical and subtropical waters around the world. Dysidea species are known for their soft, flexible bodies and their ability to filter water for food particles. They often have a pale or cream color and may be covered with small, hard spicules. Some species of Dysidea contain chemicals that have potential medicinal uses.

Environmental monitoring is the systematic and ongoing surveillance, measurement, and assessment of environmental parameters, pollutants, or other stressors in order to evaluate potential impacts on human health, ecological systems, or compliance with regulatory standards. This process typically involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources, such as air, water, soil, and biota, and using this information to inform decisions related to public health, environmental protection, and resource management.

In medical terms, environmental monitoring may refer specifically to the assessment of environmental factors that can impact human health, such as air quality, water contamination, or exposure to hazardous substances. This type of monitoring is often conducted in occupational settings, where workers may be exposed to potential health hazards, as well as in community-based settings, where environmental factors may contribute to public health issues. The goal of environmental monitoring in a medical context is to identify and mitigate potential health risks associated with environmental exposures, and to promote healthy and safe environments for individuals and communities.

"Body burden" is a term used in the field of environmental health to describe the total amount of a chemical or toxic substance that an individual has accumulated in their body tissues and fluids. It refers to the overall load or concentration of a particular chemical or contaminant that an organism is carrying, which can come from various sources such as air, water, food, and consumer products.

The term "body burden" highlights the idea that people can be exposed to harmful substances unknowingly and unintentionally, leading to potential health risks over time. Some factors that may influence body burden include the frequency and duration of exposure, the toxicity of the substance, and individual differences in metabolism, elimination, and susceptibility.

It is important to note that not all chemicals or substances found in the body are necessarily harmful, as some are essential for normal bodily functions. However, high levels of certain environmental contaminants can have adverse health effects, making it crucial to monitor and regulate exposure to these substances.

Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (PPO) is a mitochondrial enzyme that plays a crucial role in the heme biosynthesis pathway. It catalyzes the oxidation of protoporphyrinogen IX to protporphyrin IX, which is the penultimate step in the production of heme. This enzyme is the target of certain herbicides, such as those containing the active ingredient diphenyl ether, and genetic deficiencies in PPO can lead to a rare genetic disorder called Protoporphyria.

Benzene derivatives are chemical compounds that are derived from benzene, which is a simple aromatic hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C6H6. Benzene has a planar, hexagonal ring structure, and its derivatives are formed by replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms in the benzene molecule with other functional groups.

Benzene derivatives have a wide range of applications in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics, and explosives. Some common examples of benzene derivatives include toluene, xylene, phenol, aniline, and nitrobenzene. These compounds can have different physical and chemical properties depending on the nature and position of the substituents attached to the benzene ring.

It is important to note that some benzene derivatives are known to be toxic or carcinogenic, and their production, use, and disposal must be carefully regulated to ensure safety and protect public health.

"Recycling" is not a term used in medicine. It generally refers to the process of converting waste materials into reusable products, but it does not have a specific medical definition. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to help with those!

Halogenation is a general term used in chemistry and biochemistry, including medical contexts, to refer to the process of introducing a halogen atom into a molecule. Halogens are a group of non-metallic elements that include fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At).

In medical terms, halogenation is often discussed in the context of pharmaceuticals or biological molecules. For example, the halogenation of aromatic compounds can increase their lipophilicity, which can affect their ability to cross cell membranes and interact with biological targets. This can be useful in drug design and development, as modifying a lead compound's halogenation pattern may enhance its therapeutic potential or alter its pharmacokinetic properties.

However, it is essential to note that halogenation can also impact the safety and toxicity profiles of compounds. Therefore, understanding the effects of halogenation on a molecule's structure and function is crucial in drug design and development processes.

"Maternal exposure" is a medical term that refers to the contact or interaction of a pregnant woman with various environmental factors, such as chemicals, radiation, infectious agents, or physical environments, which could potentially have an impact on the developing fetus. This exposure can occur through different routes, including inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact, or even transplacentally. The effects of maternal exposure on the fetus can vary widely depending on the type, duration, and intensity of the exposure, as well as the stage of pregnancy at which it occurs. It is important to monitor and minimize maternal exposure to potentially harmful substances or environments during pregnancy to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and developing fetus.

Fatty acid synthesis inhibitors are a class of drugs that block the production of fatty acids in the body. Fatty acids are necessary for the normal functioning of the body, but an overproduction of certain types of fatty acids can contribute to the development of various medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Fatty acid synthesis inhibitors work by targeting enzymes involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, particularly fatty acid synthase (FAS). FAS is an enzyme that plays a key role in the production of palmitate, a saturated fatty acid that is a building block for other fatty acids. By inhibiting FAS, these drugs can reduce the amount of palmitate and other fatty acids produced in the body.

There are several types of fatty acid synthesis inhibitors, including:

1. Orlistat (Xenical, Alli): This drug works by blocking the action of lipases, enzymes that break down dietary fats in the gut. By preventing the absorption of dietary fats, orlistat can help reduce calorie intake and promote weight loss.
2. Tebufelone: This is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has been shown to inhibit FAS and reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It has been studied as a potential treatment for various inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis.
3. Cerulenin: This is a natural product that inhibits FAS and has been used in research to study the role of fatty acid synthesis in various biological processes.
4. C75: This is a synthetic compound that inhibits FAS and has been studied as a potential anti-cancer agent, as cancer cells often have increased rates of fatty acid synthesis.

It's important to note that while fatty acid synthesis inhibitors can be effective in reducing the production of certain types of fatty acids, they may also have side effects and potential risks. Therefore, it is essential to use these drugs under the supervision of a healthcare provider and to follow their instructions carefully.

Bromobenzenes are a group of chemical compounds that consist of a benzene ring (a cyclic structure with six carbon atoms and alternating double bonds) substituted with one or more bromine atoms. The simplest and most common member of this group is bromobenzene itself, which contains a single bromine atom attached to a benzene ring.

Other members of the bromobenzenes family include dibromobenzene (with two bromine atoms), tribromobenzene (with three bromine atoms), and tetrabromobenzene (with four bromine atoms). These compounds are used in various industrial applications, such as in the production of flame retardants, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals.

It is important to note that bromobenzenes can be harmful or toxic to humans and other organisms, and should be handled with care. Exposure to high levels of these compounds can cause a range of health effects, including irritation of the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract, headaches, dizziness, nausea, and damage to the liver and kidneys.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a group of organic compounds that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and chlorine (Cl) atoms. These chemicals are formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule with chlorine atoms. The properties of chlorinated hydrocarbons can vary widely, depending on the number and arrangement of chlorine and hydrogen atoms in the molecule.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons have been widely used in various industrial applications, including as solvents, refrigerants, pesticides, and chemical intermediates. Some well-known examples of chlorinated hydrocarbons are:

1. Methylene chloride (dichloromethane) - a colorless liquid with a mild sweet odor, used as a solvent in various industrial applications, including the production of pharmaceuticals and photographic films.
2. Chloroform - a heavy, volatile, and sweet-smelling liquid, used as an anesthetic in the past but now mainly used in chemical synthesis.
3. Carbon tetrachloride - a colorless, heavy, and nonflammable liquid with a mildly sweet odor, once widely used as a solvent and fire extinguishing agent but now largely phased out due to its ozone-depleting properties.
4. Vinyl chloride - a flammable, colorless gas, used primarily in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic and other synthetic materials.
5. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) - a group of highly stable and persistent organic compounds that were widely used as coolants and insulating fluids in electrical equipment but are now banned due to their toxicity and environmental persistence.

Exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, depending on the specific compound and its physical state. Some chlorinated hydrocarbons have been linked to various health effects, including liver and kidney damage, neurological disorders, reproductive issues, and cancer. Therefore, proper handling, use, and disposal of these chemicals are essential to minimize potential health risks.

Human milk, also known as breast milk, is the nutrient-rich fluid produced by the human female mammary glands to feed and nourish their infants. It is the natural and species-specific first food for human babies, providing all the necessary nutrients in a form that is easily digestible and absorbed. Human milk contains a balance of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive components that support the growth, development, and immunity of newborns and young infants. Its composition changes over time, adapting to meet the changing needs of the growing infant.

Endocrine disruptors are defined as exogenous (external) substances or mixtures that interfere with the way hormones work in the body, leading to negative health effects. They can mimic, block, or alter the normal synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of natural hormones in the body responsible for maintaining homeostasis, reproduction, development, and/or behavior.

Endocrine disruptors can be found in various sources, including industrial chemicals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. They have been linked to a range of health problems, such as cancer, reproductive issues, developmental disorders, neurological impairments, and immune system dysfunction.

Examples of endocrine disruptors include bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and certain pesticides like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and vinclozolin.

It is important to note that endocrine disruptors can have effects at very low doses, and their impact may depend on the timing of exposure, particularly during critical windows of development such as fetal growth and early childhood.

Environmental exposure refers to the contact of an individual with any chemical, physical, or biological agent in the environment that can cause a harmful effect on health. These exposures can occur through various pathways such as inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Examples of environmental exposures include air pollution, water contamination, occupational chemicals, and allergens. The duration and level of exposure, as well as the susceptibility of the individual, can all contribute to the risk of developing an adverse health effect.

Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent that has been used in various consumer products, such as soaps, toothpastes, and cosmetics, to reduce or prevent bacterial contamination. It works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms. The chemical formula for triclosan is 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol.

It's worth noting that in recent years, there has been some controversy surrounding the use of triclosan due to concerns about its potential health effects and environmental impact. Some studies have suggested that triclosan may interfere with hormone regulation and contribute to antibiotic resistance. As a result, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned the use of triclosan in over-the-counter consumer antiseptic washes in 2016, citing concerns about its safety and effectiveness. However, it is still allowed in other products such as toothpaste.

Chemical water pollutants refer to harmful chemicals or substances that contaminate bodies of water, making them unsafe for human use and harmful to aquatic life. These pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and improper disposal of hazardous materials.

Examples of chemical water pollutants include heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and cadmium), pesticides and herbicides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and petroleum products. These chemicals can have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, disrupt ecosystems, and pose risks to human health through exposure or consumption.

Regulations and standards are in place to monitor and limit the levels of chemical pollutants in water sources, with the aim of protecting public health and the environment.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is a powerful analytical technique that combines the separating power of gas chromatography with the identification capabilities of mass spectrometry. This method is used to separate, identify, and quantify different components in complex mixtures.

In GC-MS, the mixture is first vaporized and carried through a long, narrow column by an inert gas (carrier gas). The various components in the mixture interact differently with the stationary phase inside the column, leading to their separation based on their partition coefficients between the mobile and stationary phases. As each component elutes from the column, it is then introduced into the mass spectrometer for analysis.

The mass spectrometer ionizes the sample, breaks it down into smaller fragments, and measures the mass-to-charge ratio of these fragments. This information is used to generate a mass spectrum, which serves as a unique "fingerprint" for each compound. By comparing the generated mass spectra with reference libraries or known standards, analysts can identify and quantify the components present in the original mixture.

GC-MS has wide applications in various fields such as forensics, environmental analysis, drug testing, and research laboratories due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and ability to analyze volatile and semi-volatile compounds.

Vapor pressure, in the context of physical chemistry and thermodynamics, refers to the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its condensed phase (liquid or solid) at a given temperature. It is a measure of the escaping tendency of molecules from the liquid or solid state to the gas state. At higher temperatures, the vapor pressure generally increases because a greater number of molecules possess sufficient energy to overcome intermolecular forces and enter the vapor phase.

In medical terminology, vapor pressure is not frequently used explicitly. However, understanding this concept can be helpful in pharmaceutical sciences, particularly when dealing with the formulation and delivery of drugs in various dosage forms such as aerosols, nebulizers, or inhalers. These applications rely on the transformation between liquid and vapor states under specific conditions to achieve desired therapeutic effects.

Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1 is a specific isoform of the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system, which is involved in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics in the liver. This particular isoenzyme is primarily found in rats and is responsible for the metabolism of a variety of substrates, including certain drugs, steroids, and environmental toxins.

The cytochrome P-450 system is a group of enzymes located in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells, particularly in the liver. These enzymes play a crucial role in the metabolism of various substances, including drugs, hormones, and toxins. They work by catalyzing oxidation-reduction reactions that convert lipophilic compounds into more hydrophilic ones, which can then be excreted from the body.

CYP2B1 is one of many isoforms of cytochrome P-450, and it has a preference for certain types of substrates. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and methadone, as well as steroids like progesterone and environmental toxins like pentachlorophenol.

It's important to note that while CYP2B1 is an essential enzyme in rats, its human counterpart, CYP2B6, plays a similar role in drug metabolism in humans. Understanding the function and regulation of these enzymes can help in predicting drug interactions, designing new drugs, and tailoring therapies to individual patients based on their genetic makeup.

Halogens are a group of nonmetallic elements found in the seventh group of the periodic table. They include fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). Tennessine (Ts) is sometimes also classified as a halogen, although it has not been extensively studied.

In medical terms, halogens have various uses in medicine and healthcare. For example:

* Chlorine is used for disinfection and sterilization of surgical instruments, drinking water, and swimming pools. It is also used as a medication to treat certain types of anemia.
* Fluoride is added to drinking water and toothpaste to prevent dental caries (cavities) by strengthening tooth enamel.
* Iodine is used as a disinfectant, in medical imaging, and in the treatment of thyroid disorders.
* Bromine has been used in the past as a sedative and anticonvulsant, but its use in medicine has declined due to safety concerns.

Halogens are highly reactive and can be toxic or corrosive in high concentrations, so they must be handled with care in medical settings.

Thyroid hormones are hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, a small endocrine gland located in the neck that helps regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the human body. The two main thyroid hormones are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which contain iodine atoms. These hormones play a crucial role in various bodily functions, including heart rate, body temperature, digestion, and brain development. They help regulate the rate at which your body uses energy, affects how sensitive your body is to other hormones, and plays a vital role in the development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. Thyroid hormone levels are regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through a feedback mechanism that helps maintain proper balance.

Crown ethers are a type of organic compound that contain a ring of atoms, typically oxygen and carbon, with alternating single and double bonds. The name "crown ether" comes from the crown-like shape of these molecules, which have a central cavity that can bind to metal ions or other positively charged species through a process called coordination.

The size of the cavity in a crown ether determines which ions it can bind to. For example, smaller crown ethers with cavities that are just a few angstroms across may be able to bind to small metal ions like lithium or sodium, while larger crown ethers with cavities up to about 10 angstroms across may be able to bind to larger ions like potassium or ammonium.

Crown ethers have a variety of uses in chemistry and biology. For example, they can be used as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions, or as tools for studying the properties of metal ions and other charged species. They also have potential applications in medicine, as drugs that can selectively bind to and inhibit the activity of certain proteins or enzymes.

Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.

Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or repelling pests. Pests can be insects, rodents, fungi, weeds, or other organisms that can cause damage to crops, animals, or humans and their living conditions. The term "pesticide" includes all of the following: insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, bactericides, and various other substances used to control pests.

It is important to note that while pesticides are designed to be toxic to the target pests, they can also pose risks to non-target organisms, including humans, if not used properly. Therefore, it is essential to follow all label instructions and safety precautions when handling and applying pesticides.

Adipates are a group of chemical compounds that are esters of adipic acid. Adipic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the formula (CH₂)₄(COOH)₂. Adipates are commonly used as plasticizers in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, such as pipes, cables, and flooring. They can also be found in cosmetics, personal care products, and some food additives.

Adipates are generally considered to be safe for use in consumer products, but like all chemicals, they should be used with caution and in accordance with recommended guidelines. Some adipates have been shown to have potential health effects, such as endocrine disruption and reproductive toxicity, at high levels of exposure. Therefore, it is important to follow proper handling and disposal procedures to minimize exposure.

Phenols, also known as phenolic acids or phenol derivatives, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon ring. In the context of medicine and biology, phenols are often referred to as a type of antioxidant that can be found in various foods and plants.

Phenols have the ability to neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause damage to cells and contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Some common examples of phenolic compounds include gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and ellagic acid, among many others.

Phenols can also have various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic effects. However, some phenolic compounds can also be toxic or irritating to the body in high concentrations, so their use as therapeutic agents must be carefully monitored and controlled.

Food contamination is the presence of harmful microorganisms, chemicals, or foreign substances in food or water that can cause illness or injury to individuals who consume it. This can occur at any stage during production, processing, storage, or preparation of food, and can result from various sources such as:

1. Biological contamination: This includes the presence of harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can cause foodborne illnesses. Examples include Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, and norovirus.

2. Chemical contamination: This involves the introduction of hazardous chemicals into food, which may occur due to poor handling practices, improper storage, or exposure to environmental pollutants. Common sources of chemical contamination include pesticides, cleaning solvents, heavy metals, and natural toxins produced by certain plants or fungi.

3. Physical contamination: This refers to the presence of foreign objects in food, such as glass, plastic, hair, or insects, which can pose a choking hazard or introduce harmful substances into the body.

Preventing food contamination is crucial for ensuring food safety and protecting public health. Proper hygiene practices, temperature control, separation of raw and cooked foods, and regular inspections are essential measures to minimize the risk of food contamination.

Halogenated hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and one or more halogens, such as fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), or iodine (I). These compounds are formed when halogens replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule.

Halogenated hydrocarbons can be further categorized into two groups:

1. Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons: These include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes with halogen atoms replacing hydrogen atoms. Examples include chloroform (trichloromethane, CHCl3), methylene chloride (dichloromethane, CH2Cl2), and trichloroethylene (C2HCl3).
2. Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons: These consist of aromatic rings, such as benzene, with halogen atoms attached. Examples include chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl), bromobenzene (C6H5Br), and polyhalogenated biphenyls like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs).

Halogenated hydrocarbons have various industrial applications, including use as solvents, refrigerants, fire extinguishing agents, and intermediates in chemical synthesis. However, some of these compounds can be toxic, environmentally persistent, and bioaccumulative, posing potential health and environmental risks.

Phospholipid ethers are a type of phospholipid in which the traditional fatty acid chains are replaced by alkyl or alkenyl groups linked to the glycerol backbone via an ether bond. They are a significant component of lipoproteins and cell membranes, particularly in archaea, where they contribute to the stability and rigidity of the membrane at extreme temperatures and pressures.

The two main types of phospholipid ethers are plasmalogens and diether lipids. Plasmalogens contain a vinyl ether bond at the sn-1 position, while diether lipids have an ether bond at both the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. These unique structures give phospholipid ethers distinct chemical and biological properties compared to conventional phospholipids with ester-linked fatty acids.

"Prenatal exposure delayed effects" refer to the adverse health outcomes or symptoms that become apparent in an individual during their development or later in life, which are caused by exposure to certain environmental factors or substances while they were still in the womb. These effects may not be immediately observable at birth and can take weeks, months, years, or even decades to manifest. They can result from maternal exposure to various agents such as infectious diseases, medications, illicit drugs, tobacco smoke, alcohol, or environmental pollutants during pregnancy. The delayed effects can impact multiple organ systems and may include physical, cognitive, behavioral, and developmental abnormalities. It is important to note that the risk and severity of these effects can depend on several factors, including the timing, duration, and intensity of the exposure, as well as the individual's genetic susceptibility.

Organoselenium compounds are organic chemicals that contain selenium, a naturally occurring non-metal element, in their structure. Selenium is chemically related to sulfur and can replace it in many organic molecules. Organoselenium compounds have been studied for their potential therapeutic benefits, including antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. They are also used as catalysts in chemical reactions. These compounds contain at least one carbon atom bonded to selenium, which can take the form of a variety of functional groups such as selenoethers, selenols, and selenoesters.

"California" is a geographical location and does not have a medical definition. It is a state located on the west coast of the United States, known for its diverse landscape including mountains, beaches, and forests. However, in some contexts, "California" may refer to certain medical conditions or situations that are associated with the state, such as:

* California encephalitis: a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes that is common in California and other western states.
* California king snake: a non-venomous snake species found in California and other parts of the southwestern United States, which can bite and cause allergic reactions in some people.
* California roll: a type of sushi roll that originated in California and is made with avocado, cucumber, and crab meat, which may pose an allergy risk for some individuals.

It's important to note that these uses of "California" are not medical definitions per se, but rather descriptive terms that refer to specific conditions or situations associated with the state.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Herbicides are a type of pesticide used to control or kill unwanted plants, also known as weeds. They work by interfering with the growth processes of the plant, such as inhibiting photosynthesis, disrupting cell division, or preventing the plant from producing certain essential proteins.

Herbicides can be classified based on their mode of action, chemical composition, and the timing of their application. Some herbicides are selective, meaning they target specific types of weeds while leaving crops unharmed, while others are non-selective and will kill any plant they come into contact with.

It's important to use herbicides responsibly and according to the manufacturer's instructions, as they can have negative impacts on the environment and human health if not used properly.

In medical terms, "dust" is not defined as a specific medical condition or disease. However, generally speaking, dust refers to small particles of solid matter that can be found in the air and can come from various sources, such as soil, pollen, hair, textiles, paper, or plastic.

Exposure to certain types of dust, such as those containing allergens, chemicals, or harmful pathogens, can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory issues like asthma, allergies, and lung diseases. Prolonged exposure to certain types of dust, such as silica or asbestos, can even lead to serious conditions like silicosis or mesothelioma.

Therefore, it is important for individuals who work in environments with high levels of dust to take appropriate precautions, such as wearing masks and respirators, to minimize their exposure and reduce the risk of health problems.

"Long-Evans" is a strain of laboratory rats commonly used in scientific research. They are named after their developers, the scientists Long and Evans. This strain is albino, with a brownish-black hood over their eyes and ears, and they have an agouti (salt-and-pepper) color on their backs. They are often used as a model organism due to their size, ease of handling, and genetic similarity to humans. However, I couldn't find any specific medical definition related to "Long-Evans rats" as they are not a medical condition or disease.

Hydroxylation is a biochemical process that involves the addition of a hydroxyl group (-OH) to a molecule, typically a steroid or xenobiotic compound. This process is primarily catalyzed by enzymes called hydroxylases, which are found in various tissues throughout the body.

In the context of medicine and biochemistry, hydroxylation can have several important functions:

1. Drug metabolism: Hydroxylation is a common way that the liver metabolizes drugs and other xenobiotic compounds. By adding a hydroxyl group to a drug molecule, it becomes more polar and water-soluble, which facilitates its excretion from the body.
2. Steroid hormone biosynthesis: Hydroxylation is an essential step in the biosynthesis of many steroid hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone. These hormones are synthesized from cholesterol through a series of enzymatic reactions that involve hydroxylation at various steps.
3. Vitamin D activation: Hydroxylation is also necessary for the activation of vitamin D in the body. In order to become biologically active, vitamin D must undergo two successive hydroxylations, first in the liver and then in the kidneys.
4. Toxin degradation: Some toxic compounds can be rendered less harmful through hydroxylation. For example, phenol, a toxic compound found in cigarette smoke and some industrial chemicals, can be converted to a less toxic form through hydroxylation by enzymes in the liver.

Overall, hydroxylation is an important biochemical process that plays a critical role in various physiological functions, including drug metabolism, hormone biosynthesis, and toxin degradation.

Glyceryl ethers, also known as glycerol ethers or alkyl glycosides, are a class of compounds formed by the reaction between glycerol and alcohols. In the context of medical definitions, glyceryl ethers may refer to a group of naturally occurring compounds found in some organisms, including humans.

These compounds are characterized by an ether linkage between the glycerol molecule and one or more alkyl chains, which can vary in length. Glyceryl ethers have been identified as components of various biological tissues, such as lipid fractions of human blood and lung surfactant.

In some cases, glyceryl ethers may also be used as pharmaceutical excipients or drug delivery systems due to their unique physicochemical properties. For example, they can enhance the solubility and bioavailability of certain drugs, making them useful in formulation development. However, it is important to note that specific medical applications and uses of glyceryl ethers may vary depending on the particular compound and its properties.

Emma L. Teuten; Li Xu; Christopher M. Reddy (2005). "Two Abundant Bioaccumulated Halogenated Compounds Are Natural Products". ... Polybrominated diphenyl ethers or PBDEs, are a class of organobromine compounds that are used as flame retardants. Like other ... October 2003). "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from Uppsala County, Sweden". Environ. Res. 93 (2): 186-94. ... 1987). "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine fish, shellfish and river sediments in Japan". Chemosphere. 16 (10-12): 2389- ...
"40 Years of Research on Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)-A Historical Overview and Newest Data of a Promising Anticancer ... A good example of an ether is the solvent diethyl ether. What differentiates a halogenated ether from other types of ethers is ... A halogenated ether is a subcategory of a larger group of chemicals known as ethers. An ether is an organic chemical that ... Halogenated ethers differ from other ethers because they contain at least one halogen atom in each molecule. Examples of ...
... and mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, PXDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), ... lead and polybrominated diphenyl ethers) used in the production of electronic and electric equipment (RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC ... and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) (0.1 %). If technologically feasible and substitution is available, the usage of ... The maximum concentrations of the target halogenated organic compounds HOCs were 0.1-1.5 km away from the main source and ...
"Neonatal exposure to higher brominated diphenyl ethers, hepta-, octa-, or nonabromodiphenyl ether, impairs spontaneous behavior ... Research has correlated halogenated hydrocarbons, such as PCBs, with neurotoxicity. PBDEs are similar in chemical structure to ... Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of compounds found in flame retardants used in plastic cases of televisions ... Anderson HA, Imm P, Knobeloch L, Turyk M, Mathew J, Buelow C, Persky V (September 2008). "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE ...
Shaw, Susan D.; Kurunthachalam Kannan (July-September 2009). "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine ecosystems of the ... That same year, Shaw was lead author on a review paper entitled Halogenated Flame Retardants: Do the Fire Safety Benefits ... "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in farmed and wild salmon marketed in the Northeastern United States". Chemosphere. 71 ( ... "Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in harbor seals from the northwest Atlantic". Chemosphere. 73 (11): 1773-1780 ...
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers with higher numbers of bromine atoms, such as decaBDE, are less toxic than PBDEs with lower ... Because many halogenated flame retardants are fat-soluble, they accumulate in fatty areas such as breast tissue and are ... 2009). An Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Sediments and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone. Free full ... In 2004 and 2008 the EU banned several types of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Negotiations between the EPA and the ...
Lorber, Matthew (January 2008). "Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers". Journal of Exposure Science & ... It was then replaced by chlorinated tris, chloroalkyl phosphates, halogenated aryl esters, and tetrabromophthalate diol diester ... "Dietary intake and risk evaluation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in The Netherlands". Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. ... During 1980s, the most commonly used fire retardant material was penta-bromodiphenyl ether. It was banned by the Government due ...
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (19 December 2008). Tracking Progress on U.S. EPA's Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers ( ... Additionally, halogenated compounds with aromatic rings (such as TBHF) can degrade into dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, ... with a class of BFRs called polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) which has faced a great deal of attention and numerous ... "Photodegradation Pathways of Nonabrominated Diphenyl Ethers, 2-Ethylhexyltetrabromobenzoate and Di(2-ethylhexyl) ...
It is attacked by halogens and strong Brønsted and Lewis acids, as well as some halogenated compounds and aliphatic ... The reaction is conducted around 300 °C in polar aprotic solvents - such as diphenyl sulfone. PEEK is a semicrystalline ... Yin, Jun; Zhang, Aiqing; Liew, Kong Yong; Wu, Lihua (2008). "Synthesis of poly(ether ether ketone) assisted by microwave ... ether ether ketone) (PEEK) from a review of decomposition studies" (PDF). Polymer Degradation and Stability. 95 (5): 709-718. ...
The simplest member of the phenyl ether family is diphenyl ether (DPE), also called diphenyl oxide, the structure of which is ... are obtained by repeated application of the Ullmann Ether Synthesis: reaction of an alkali-metal phenate with a halogenated ... The proper name for a phenyl ether polymer is poly(phenyl ether) or polyphenyl polyether, but the name polyphenyl ether is ... Phenyl ether polymers are a class of polymers that contain a phenoxy or a thiophenoxy group as the repeating group in ether ...
PCBs were replaced by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which bring similar toxicity and bioaccumulation concerns. Some ... Claudia Wagner, Mustafa El Omari, Gabriele M. König (2009). "Biohalogenation: Nature's Way to Synthesize Halogenated ... Reaction with alkoxides or aryloxides give ethers in the Williamson ether synthesis; reaction with thiols give thioethers. ...
doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_405 "Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) Action Plan Summary , Existing Chemicals , OPPT , US EPA ... "Eosinophils Preferentially Use Bromide to Generate Halogenating Agents". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (10): 5660-5668. ... and even some alcohols and a few ethers) to give bromide ions. The classic case is sodium bromide, which fully dissociates in ...
"Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in the northwest Atlantic marine food web". ... Shaw, Susan (January 2010). "Halogenated Flame Retardants: Do the Fire Safety Benefits Justify the Risks?". Reviews on ...
2-Trifluoroethyl vinyl ether, an inhaled drug introduced clinically under the tradename Fluoromar, features a vinyl ether of ... Diphenyl Disulfide and Methyl Phenyl Sulfoxide". Organic Syntheses. 80: 184. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.080.0184. Taber RL (1998). " ... Halogenated solvents, Primary alcohols, GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, Glycine receptor agonists, Sedatives, ...
One prominent application of synthetic organobromine compounds is the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers as fire-retardants ... Like other halogenated pesticides, bromoxynil is subject to reductive dehalogenation under anaerobic conditions, and can be ... Other fire retardants, such as hexabromocyclododecane and the bromodiphenyl ethers, are additives and are not chemically ... Organobromine compounds such as 4-bromomethcathinone have appeared on the designer drug market alongside other halogenated ...
Schecter A, Päpke O, Tung KC, Joseph J, Harris TR, Dahlgren J (March 2005). "Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in ... Atashgahi, S; Shetty, SA; Smidt, H; de Vos, WM (2018). "Flux, Impact, and Fate of Halogenated Xenobiotic Compounds in the Gut ...
"Dissolved Organophosphate Esters and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Remote Marine Environments: Arctic Surface Water ... Non-halogenated OPEs are effective mainly in the solid phase of burning materials. Upon exposure to heat the phosphorus ... Laboratory experiments had shown that the non-halogenated OPEs are prone to photolysis, but the chlorinated OPEs such as TCEP ... The chlorinated OPEs (TCEP, TCIPP, TDCIPP) in urban sampling sites and non-halogenated like TBOEP in rural areas respectively ...
The first two halogenated ethers were methoxyflurane and enflurane. These in turn were replaced by the current standards of ... Scott C. C., Chen K. K. (1946). "The action of 1,1-diphenyl-1 (Dimethylaminoisopropyl) butanone-2, a potent analgesic agent". ... In the sixties the halogenated ethers superseded Halothane due to the rare, but significant side effects of cardiac arrhythmias ... Long later removed a second tumor from Venable, again under ether anesthesia. He went on to employ ether as a general ...
The exo product is characterized with dipolarophile substituents being cis to the ether bridge of the oxacycle. The endo ... trans-isomers are more reactive (trans-stilbene will add diphenyl(nitrile imide) 27 times faster than cis-stilbene) because ... Martin, Charles W.; Lund, Paul R.; Rapp, Erich; Landgrebe, John A. (1978). "Halogenated carbonyl ylides in the reactions of ... The reaction with methyl propargyl ether affords one regioisomer resulting from the HOMOdipolarophile-LUMOdipole interaction, ...
... like polybrominated diphenyl ethers are banned from the market and replaced by alternative FRs, like organophosphorus FRs, that ... Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / analysis * Humans * In Vitro Techniques * Organophosphates * Phosphates / analysis * Tritolyl ... Due to their neurodevelopmental toxicity, flame retardants (FRs) like polybrominated diphenyl ethers are banned from the market ... tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate, 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate, tris(1-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, and tris(2-chloroethyl ...
Emma L. Teuten; Li Xu; Christopher M. Reddy (2005). "Two Abundant Bioaccumulated Halogenated Compounds Are Natural Products". ... Polybrominated diphenyl ethers or PBDEs, are a class of organobromine compounds that are used as flame retardants. Like other ... October 2003). "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from Uppsala County, Sweden". Environ. Res. 93 (2): 186-94. ... 1987). "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine fish, shellfish and river sediments in Japan". Chemosphere. 16 (10-12): 2389- ...
LR: 20131121; CI: Copyright (c) 2011; JID: 0370534; 0 (Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 ( ... Simplified and rapid determination of polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and polycyclic aromatic ... 7 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and 32 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish and shrimps by gas ...
Tariff No.: 2909.30.20 - Odoriferous or flavoring compounds of aromatic ethers and their halogenated, sulfonated, nitrated or ... which provides for aromatic ethers and their halogenated, sulfonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives: other: odoriferous or ... RE: The tariff classification of Diphenyl Oxide (CAS # 101-84-8) from India. Dear Mr. Laddha:. In your letter dated November 20 ... The applicable subheading for Diphenyl Oxide also known as 1,1-Oxybisbenzene will be 2909.30.2000, Harmonized Tariff Schedule ...
We previously measured polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in plasma from E-waste workers and found them similar to non-E- ... Halogenated phenolic; Thyroid ...
Bethune, C., Julshamn, K., and Lundebye, A-K. A preliminary comparison of Polybrominated diphenyl ethers to lipid content and ... Oral presentation and 4 page short paper at the 25th International Symposium on Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants ... Bethune, C., Neilsen, J., Lundebye, A-K., and Julshamn, K. Current levels of primary polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in ... Current levels of primary polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Norwegian seafood. Four page short papers, with a poster ...
6.2 Formation of halogenated dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins PBDFs and PBDDs can be formed from polybrominated diphenyl ethers ... halogenated compounds such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (found in over 50% of treated furniture) and chlorinated paraffins ... Decabromodiphenyl ether Hexabromocyclododecane Pentabromodiphenyl ether Octabromodiphenyl ether 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ... Octabromodiphenyl ether 32536-52-0. ABS H EHC 162 Pentabromodiphenyl ether 32534-81-9. Textiles, polyurethanes H EHC 162 Table ...
... including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), halogenated phenols and bisphenols, and their metabolites. Ligand binding ... Mono(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate, halogenated bisphenols and phenols, and hydroxylated PBDEs were found to be potent PPAR ...
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are included in a larger group of chemicals known as brominated flame retardants and ... Bergman, Influence of the consumption of fatty Baltic Sea fish on plasma levels of halogenated environmental contaminants in ... Measures of serum polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) were measured in a one third subsample of persons 12 years and over. ... LBXBR1 - 2,2,4-tribromodiphenyl ether. Variable Name: LBXBR1. SAS Label: 2,2,4-tribromodiphenyl ether. English Text: 2,2,4- ...
... polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) and novel halogenated flame-retardant ...
Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers 13% * Pteris 13% * Polychlorinated Biphenyls 13% * Genome 12% * Food 12% ...
... diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and Firemaster 550 (FM550), and other SVOCs such as phthalates, organotins, halogenated phenols and ... halogenated bisphenol/phenols, triphenyl phosphate and hydroxylated PBDEs were found to be potent or moderate PPARγ ...
Phenyl Ethers are phenolic compounds with ethers linked to a benzene ring structure ... Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers *Hydroxybenzoate Ethers *Hexobendine *Metoclopramide *Trimebutine *Vanillic Acid *Mexiletine * ... Phenyl Ethers "Phenyl Ethers (Diphenyl Ethers)" Phenyl Ethers. In organic chemistry, Phenyl Ethers are aromatic organic ... Phenyl Ethers are phenolic compounds with ethers linked to a benzene ring structure.. Examples of some phenyl ethers include: * ...
Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers Halogenated Hydrocarbons use Hydrocarbons, Halogenated Halogenated Pollutants Halogenation Halogens ...
Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers Halogenated Hydrocarbons use Hydrocarbons, Halogenated Halogenated Pollutants Halogenation Halogens ...
Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers Halogenated Hydrocarbons use Hydrocarbons, Halogenated Halogenated Pollutants Halogenation Halogens ...
Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers Halogenated Hydrocarbons use Hydrocarbons, Halogenated Halogenated Pollutants Halogenation Halogens ...
Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers Halogenated Hydrocarbons use Hydrocarbons, Halogenated Halogenated Pollutants Halogenation Halogens ...
Lifestyle and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk in the United States: A pilot study. ... Dive into the research topics of Lifestyle and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk in the United States: A pilot ...
MeSH headings : Animals; Female; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / pharmacokinetics; Humans; Male; Membrane Transport Proteins / ...
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs). *Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). *Brominated Biphenyls (PBBs). *Brominated ...
Halogenated, Brominated). No PBDEs (Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers). No Plasticizers, Heavy Metals, Stabilizers, Phthalates or ...
Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers Medicine & Life Sciences 100% * Diphenyl Ether Chemical Compounds 80% ... We measured four PBDE congeners [2,2,4,4-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (tetraBDE): #47; 2,2,4,4,5-pentaBDE: #99; 2,2,4,4 ... We measured four PBDE congeners [2,2,4,4-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (tetraBDE): #47; 2,2,4,4,5-pentaBDE: #99; 2,2,4,4 ... T1 - Secular trends and geographical variations in the dietary intake of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) using archived ...
Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers. *Phenetidine. *Triclosan. Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more specific than "Guaiacol ...
Examples of halogenated fire retardants include polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chlorinated organophosphates. ... There are two main types of fire retardants: halogenated and non-halogenated. Halogenated fire retardants contain halogen ... and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). These chemicals can leach out of products over time and accumulate in the ... Non-halogenated fire retardants: These fire retardants do not contain halogen elements and work by different mechanisms than ...
... tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and that human 2B6 is a highly polymorphic CYP, with known functional variants, we evaluated ... Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Humans, Lipids, Male, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Sweden ... Genetic variation in the CYP2B6 gene is related to circulating 2,2,4,4-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) concentrations: an ... Genetic variation in the CYP2B6 gene is related to circulating 2,2,4,4-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) concentrations: an ...
... polybrominated diphenyl ethers, the deca- polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), or decabromodiphenyl ether ... Halogenated, organophosphorous, organonitrogen, or nanoscale flame retardant chemical. *The penta- or octa- ... and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether.. In the new RoHS directive (RoHS 3), the requirements expand the scope of monitoring to 10 ...
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers[dezie , dezie ebe o si]. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) bụ klas nke ogige a na-ahụ nime ... Nnyocha ejikọtala hydrocarbons halogenated, dị ka PCBs, na neurotoxicity. PBDE yiri usoro kemịkalụ na PCBs, a tụkwara aro na ... polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), na ụdị phthalates dị iche iche. Nezie, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa rọba niile ...
  • Polybrominated diphenyl ethers or PBDEs, are a class of organobromine compounds that are used as flame retardants. (wikipedia.org)
  • We previously measured polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in plasma from E-waste workers and found them similar to non-E-waste workers. (cdc.gov)
  • Many of these contaminants act via the activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) nuclear receptor.Our goal was to determine the PPARγ ligand binding potency of several major flame retardants, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), halogenated phenols and bisphenols, and their metabolites. (duke.edu)
  • Mono(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate, halogenated bisphenols and phenols, and hydroxylated PBDEs were found to be potent PPARγ ligands. (duke.edu)
  • Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are included in a larger group of chemicals known as brominated flame retardants and they are added to products such as foam padding, textiles, or plastics to retard combustion. (cdc.gov)
  • Researchers analyzed wristbands in this study for 45 chemicals from among five groups: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) and novel halogenated flame-retardant chemicals (NHFRs). (buffalo.edu)
  • ligand binding potency and activation of several groups of major semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) that are ubiquitously detected in indoor environments, including flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and Firemaster 550 (FM550), and other SVOCs such as phthalates, organotins, halogenated phenols and bisphenols. (duke.edu)
  • A retrospective exposure assessment among the general population for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was conducted using dietary surveys. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The persistent organic pollutant 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a prevalent congener among polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), exhibits potent bioaccumulation and toxicity. (bvsalud.org)
  • The trophic magnification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and selected nonlegacy halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) was determined in the food web of Lake Ontario (ON, Canada). (btu.edu.tr)
  • Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a worldwide contamination problem. (chromatographyonline.com)
  • Due to their neurodevelopmental toxicity, flame retardants (FRs) like polybrominated diphenyl ethers are banned from the market and replaced by alternative FRs, like organophosphorus FRs, that have mostly unknown toxicological profiles. (nih.gov)
  • Organophosphate ester flame retardants: are they a regrettable substitution for polybrominated diphenyl ethers? (crossref.org)
  • Spatial and temporal trends of alternative flame retardants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in ringed seals (Phoca hispida) across the Canadian Arctic. (crossref.org)
  • Halogenated flame retardants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers, are known to pose a health risk to children. (healthcarehygienemagazine.com)
  • This included finding higher levels of long-banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers on new cell phones than on the surfaces of older desktop computers. (healthcarehygienemagazine.com)
  • PBDE - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers do not chemically bind with the products to which they are added (furniture, electronics, etc.) so they easily release from these products and enter air and dust. (specmatters.com)
  • In organic chemistry, Phenyl Ethers are aromatic organic compounds , in the phenols class in the benzenoids superclass , containing an ether group substituted with a benzene ring. (wellnessadvantage.com)
  • 15 m length, 0.1 μm film thickness, 0.25 mm ID) enabling the determination of high molecular weight compounds such as decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) having a molecular weight close to 1000 amu. (cdc.gov)
  • Decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDPO) (also called: decabromodiphenyl ether) is a safe, pollution-free, environmentally friendly and functional flame resistant additive. (zspharmac.com)
  • Amongst many sorts of brominated fire resistants, decabromodiphenyl ether It is a traditional type with one of the most complete handling modern technology and outstanding expense benefits. (zspharmac.com)
  • Because decabromodiphenyl ether has superb properties such as high bromine material, solid fire resistant efficiency, excellent high temperature resistance, hydrolytic security, and universal versatility, its production, processing and application have a background of greater than thirty years. (zspharmac.com)
  • The flame retardant effect of decabromodiphenyl ether DBDPO and antimony trioxide Sb2O3 is better when made use of with each other. (zspharmac.com)
  • The object of the present development is to overcome the defects of the previous art and give a technique for establishing the decabromodiphenyl ether web content in plastics by fluid chromatography. (zspharmac.com)
  • The innovation can promptly examine the decabromodiphenyl ether flame resistant material in plastics of various digital and electric products. (zspharmac.com)
  • usage high-performance fluid chromatography Establish the decabromodiphenyl ether web content in the solution to be evaluated by chromatography. (zspharmac.com)
  • They are structurally akin to polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other polyhalogenated compounds, consisting of two halogenated aromatic rings. (wikipedia.org)
  • The applicable subheading for Diphenyl Oxide also known as 1,1'-Oxybisbenzene will be 2909.30.2000 , Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS), which provides for aromatic ethers and their halogenated, sulfonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives: other: odoriferous or flavoring compounds: other. (faqs.org)
  • In lipid science, Phenyl Ethers are phenolic compounds with ethers linked to a benzene ring structure. (wellnessadvantage.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Since human CYP2B6 has been identified as the major CYP enzyme involved in the metabolism of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and that human 2B6 is a highly polymorphic CYP, with known functional variants, we evaluated if circulating concentrations of a major brominated flame retardant, BDE-47, were related to genetic variation in the CYP2B6 gene in a population sample. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The authors were surprised to find higher levels of almost all halogenated flame retardants, all organophosphate flame retardants, and phthalate plasticizers on the surfaces of cell phones and other hand-held electronic devices like tablets, compared to non-hand-held devices like desktop computers. (healthcarehygienemagazine.com)
  • Coupling supercritical fluid chromatography to positive ion atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry: Ionization optimization of halogenated environmental contaminants. (well-labs.com)
  • This patent provides data on the pyrolysis of urea to CYA in diphenyl and diphenyl oxide solvents at 220-258ºC for 2-3 hours. (europa.eu)
  • Cyanuric acid is stable in diphenyl and diphenyl oxide at temperatures up to 260ºC. (europa.eu)
  • Exposure to 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) has been found to have an impact on reproductive output and endocrine function in female zebrafish (Danio rerio). (bvsalud.org)
  • His work on Programmed cell death and Trypan blue as part of general Apoptosis research is frequently linked to Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, thereby connecting diverse disciplines of science. (research.com)
  • In general, flame retardants are grouped into 2 classes: halogenated and non-halogenated. (specmatters.com)
  • The researchers found that halogenated flame retardants added to plastic TV cases can move from the TV to indoor air and dust, to hands, and then to cell phones and other hand-held electronic devices. (healthcarehygienemagazine.com)
  • Genetic variation in the CYP2B6 gene is related to circulating 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) concentrations: an observational population-based study. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Most foam insulation today is made with halogenated flame retardants. (specmatters.com)
  • Rigid fiberglass, rigid mineral-wool, and all cavity-fill insulation (fiberglass, mineral wool, and cellulose) are made without halogenated flame retardants. (specmatters.com)
  • Ask manufacturers to provide assurance that halogenated flame retardants are not used. (specmatters.com)
  • A substantial body of evidence has correlated the human body burdens of some polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants with cognitive and other behavioral deficits. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Retention of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hydroxylated metabolites in paired human serum and milk in relation to CYP2B6 genotype. (buffalo.edu)
  • The objective of this study was to study associations of a wide range of halogenated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and diphenylethers with body mass index (BMI) and evaluate changes in their concentration following bariatric surgery. (medscape.com)
  • We measured concentrations of an extensive panel of chlorinated and brominated biphenyls, dioxins, and furans, and brominated diphenylethers in the samples. (medscape.com)
  • Halogenated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and diphenylethers are chemicals that can interfere with endocrine systems and are implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity, cancer, birth defects and other developmental disorders. (medscape.com)
  • The accumulation of human-made chemicals such as PCBs and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in whales and other top consumers has been known for decades," said Mark Hahn, a marine toxicologist in the WHOI Biology Department. (whoi.edu)
  • Not all chemicals used as flame retardants are a cause for concern, but there are a few that are: halogenated flame retardants (a.k.a. organohalogen flame retardants), which contain chlorine or bromine bonded to carbon, and organophosphorous flame retardants, which contain phosphorus bonded to carbon. (saatva.com)
  • Commonly used flame retardants, particularly halogenated ones, have been found to be persistent and bioaccumulative in the environment, and have been linked to a variety of health problems , including endocrine disruption, cancer, neurotoxicity, and adverse developmental issues among others. (illinois.edu)