Saker falcon

Gyrfalcon

Influenza A virus subtype H7N9

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

H5N1 genetic structure

Avian influenza in cats

Fujian flu

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

Spanish flu research

Panzootic

Intensive animal farming

Avian influenza

Pandemic H1N1/09 virus

Global spread of H5N1

Swine influenza

Animal husbandry

Siti Fadilah

Influenza

Virus

Virus

Influenza

Gripa

Oseltamivir

Antigenic shift

Influenza bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

Xenotransplantation

Flu season

Infection74

• Inoculated birds shed virus at high titers from the oropharynx and cloaca, and infection was fatal. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Interestingly, the only confirmed presence of asymptomatic infection with HPAI H5N1 in wild birds was in tree sparrows in Henan Province, China. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Among sparrows, starlings, and pigeons inoculated with HPAI H5N1 virus isolates, only sparrows experienced lethal infection, and transmission to contact birds was extremely rare ( 2 ). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Therefore, an experiment was done with hybrid gyr-saker falcons, which found that 5 falcons vaccinated with a commercial H5N2 influenza vaccine survived infection with a highly pathogenic H5N1 strain, whereas 5 unvaccinated falcons died. (wikipedia.org)
• The available evidence shows that H5N1 infection is widespread among domestic ducks in southern China ( 2 ) and may therefore be endemic in domestic ducks throughout southeast Asia. (pnas.org)
• The diagnosis of H5N1 avian flu on one of Europe's largest turkey farms is deeply disturbing for the commercial poultry industry, after a year in which European birds had largely escaped infection by the virus. (ft.com)
• But anyway, flu virus dies at temperatures above 70 deg C so cooking removes any remote risk of H5NI infection from eating birds or eggs. (ft.com)
• As David Catlow, president of the British Veterinary Association, says, many experts thought that the greatest risk of infection was in small-scale back-yard poultry operations, where birds are more exposed to flu virus from wild birds - not in a modern, enclosed factory farm. (ft.com)
• This change in PB2 amino acid sequence influenced the outcome of the virus infection in mice ( 13 ). (asm.org)
• Invariant NKT cells reduce accumulation of inflammatory monocytes in the lungs and decrease immune-pathology during severe influenza A virus infection. (innovations-report.com)
• CDC recommends maintaining the enhanced surveillance efforts practiced currently by state and local health departments, hospitals, and clinicians to identify patients at increased risk for novel influenza A virus infection. (cdc.gov)
• Clinicians should notify their state health department immediately when they decide to test a patient for novel influenza A virus infection so that appropriate testing and follow up of contacts is initiated. (cdc.gov)
• Human infection with a novel influenza A virus is a nationally notifiable condition . (cdc.gov)
• See Interim Guidance for Infection Control Within Healthcare Settings When Caring for Confirmed Cases, Probable Cases, and Cases Under Investigation for Infection with Novel Influenza A Viruses Associated with Severe Disease for more information and consult CDC for specific case-by-case infection control recommendations if needed. (cdc.gov)
• Our results suggest that the intensive monitoring of dogs is necessary to prevent human infection by H5N1 influenza virus, since infected dogs may not show clear clinical signs, in contrast to infected cats. (deepdyve.com)
• Ducks vaccinated with the Re-1 vaccines were protected after infection with the two H5N1 HPAI viruses isolated in 2008 showing no mortality and limited virus shedding. (usda.gov)
• The interaction of the hemagglutinin (HA) of the influenza A viruses (IAV) with the cell surface is a key factor for entry of the virus and productive infection of the cell. (frontiersin.org)
• Historically, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) rarely resulted in infection or clinical disease in wild birds. (biomedcentral.com)
• However, since 2002, disease and mortality from natural HPAIV H5N1 infection have been observed in wild birds including gulls. (biomedcentral.com)
• A mouse model of infection was used to determine the infectivity and tissue tropism of the parental wt viruses compared to the ca master donor viruses as well as the H5N1 reassortants. (asm.org)
• To date, human-to-human transmission of H5N1 HPAI viruses has been very limited, and most cases of infection in humans have occurred through close contact with infected live or dead poultry ( 1 , 2 ). (asm.org)
• At a dose of 10 mg/kg, zanamivir completely protected mice from infection with H9N2 viruses and increased the mean survival day and the number of survivors infected with H6N1 and H5N1 viruses. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• The increased prevalence of A/Quail/HK/G1/97 in poultry in China, together with serological evidence of infection in up to 60% of quail and up to 16% of quail shedding this virus in cages in Hong Kong poultry markets in 1999 to 2000 ( 10 ), increases the likelihood of transmission to mammals, including humans. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• We compared the infection rate of different subtype influenza viruses in human lung endothelial cells, and assessed the host response to infection," he says. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
• Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells support productive replication of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses: possible involvement in the pathogenesis of human H5N1 virus infection. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
• The experimental or natural infection of type A influenza virus infection of the dogs from human [ 5 , 6 ] and horse [ 3 , 7 ] were reported. (biomedcentral.com)
• However, fever is the most significant clinical feature in influenza virus infection. (biomedcentral.com)
• Why would influenza virus infection cause gastrointestinal symptoms? (virology.ws)
• The Ministry of Public Health in Thailand has today confirmed an additional case of H5N1 infection. (who.int)
• To date, Thailand has reported nine cases of human H5N1 infection. (who.int)
• The virus multiplies in the intestines of these birds, which can carry the virus without developing signs of infection, and very large quantities of virus are shed in faeces. (who.int)
• Many affected countries are reporting highly pathogenic H5N1 infection in birds for the first time in their histories. (who.int)
• The H5N1 strain is capable of infecting a broad range of hosts, which may help explain recent media reports of infections and deaths in mammalian and avian species not normally considered susceptible to infection and severe disease. (who.int)
• In humans, the disease caused by H5N1 infection differs from that usually caused by influenza viruses, where respiratory symptoms are dominant. (who.int)
• As of January 2007, more than 250 confirmed cases of human infection with A(H5N1) in 10 countries have been reported to WHO. (who.int)
• The results of the tests could shed light on numerous aspects of the strain's infection mechanism as well as pave the way for a human vaccine. (bio-medicine.org)
• This study explains why some age groups have been more prone to severe or fatal complications from an infection with new flu viruses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
• however, the data to date on H5N1 influenza virus infection in dogs are conflicting. (blogspot.com)
• Virus replication was detected in all animals that were euthanized on day 3 or day 5 post-infection and in the animal that died on day 4 post-infection. (blogspot.com)
• We report a fatal H5N1 infection in a dog following ingestion of an H5N1-infected duck during an outbreak in Thailand in 2004. (blogspot.com)
• Our results demonstrate that dogs are susceptible to infection with avian influenza (H5N1) virus and can shed virus from the nose without showing apparent signs of disease. (blogspot.com)
• Infection in Red Foxes Fed Infected Bird Carcasses," the authors discuss that eating infected wild birds may put wild carnivores at risk for infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
• So to determine whether foxes were susceptible to infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, the investigators infected three foxes intratracheally. (cdc.gov)
• Experimental infection studies show that raccoons infected with avian and human influenza A viruses could shed and transmit the virus to virus-free animals and then they would seroconvert. (cdc.gov)
• The new study, using weakened viruses in the lab, supports the conclusions of controversial research published in 2012 which demonstrated that just a few genetic mutations could enable bird flu to spread between ferrets, which are used to model flu infection in humans. (evesdrift.com)
• We propose active surveillance to support prevention of spread of the virus, and in areas where infection is documented, culling of wild birds and infected poultry, especially domestic ducks. (blogspot.com)
• The PA-interacting host protein nucleolin acts as an antiviral factor during highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus infection. (amedeo.com)
• Moreover, if HIV and H5N1 co-infection amplifies the spread of H5N1, it could cause a significant increase in the numbers of people infected with the avian flu virus. (survivalmonkey.com)
• According to the world health organization (WHO) update, 2011, since 2003, 520 confirmed cases of human infection with H5N1 have been reported, of which 307 died due to disease complications. (hindawi.com)
• Current vaccines against AI viruses can reduce mortality, clinical signs, shedding, and transmission of the virus in poultry, but they are not capable of preventing infection and virus replication [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
• [email protected]#To study the antiviral properties of the five Asian medicinal plants against in vitro infection by the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1). (bvsalud.org)
• Thereafter, they were investigated in vitro for antiviral activity and cytokine response upon H5N1 virus infection. (bvsalud.org)
• Thus, they were selected for further studies on their cytokine response upon virus infection. (bvsalud.org)
• The results of this study shed light on alternative therapeutic sources for treatment of H5N1 influenza virus infection in the future. (bvsalud.org)
• The identification and characterization of susceptibility loci for H5N1 infection in humans could have profound implications. (semanticscholar.org)
• The development of a safe and effective vaccine against H5N1 infection is important. (semanticscholar.org)
• However, neither virus appeared to be well adapted to chickens or turkeys and required a dose of 6log10 50% egg infectious doses (EID50) per bird to achieve 50% infection and did not transmit to contact exposure birds. (usda.gov)
• Adaptation, in the H2 hemagglutinin derived from an avian virus, includes the ability to bind to the mammalian receptor, a significant prerequisite for infection of mammals, in particular humans, which poses a big concern for public health. (plos.org)
• Both viruses replicated in the entire respiratory tract, but only swine H2N3 could be isolated from lung tissue on day 6 post infection. (plos.org)
• Pigs have been suggested to play an important role in transmission between birds and humans by acting as a "mixing vessel" for influenza viruses allowing for major genetic changes through reassortment of gene segments during co-infection , . (plos.org)
• Belser J, Szretter K, Katz J, Tumpey T. Simvastatin and oseltamivir combination therapy does not improve the effectiveness of oseltamivir alone following highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus infection in mice. (labome.org)
• Modest reductions in lung cytokine production in H5N1 but not H1N1 virus-infected simvastatin-treated mice indicate a potential benefit for statin use in mitigating disease following severe virus infection. (labome.org)
• This study provides evidence that intake of ginseng extract will have beneficial effects on preventing lethal infection with newly emerging influenza viruses. (labome.org)
• Belser J, Katz J, Tumpey T. The ferret as a model organism to study influenza A virus infection. (labome.org)
• Therefore swine can be infected with both avian and human influenza A viruses and serve as a source for infection for a number of species as the incidents of direct infection from birds to humans have been rare. (medsci.org)
• The influenza virus is of animal origin and its infection of humans may date back as early as 2000 B.C.E. when humans began to domesticate animals. (medsci.org)
• Since 1997 there have been more than 100 confirmed cases of human infection by avian bird flu virus. (targetwoman.com)
• Avian bird flu is an infection that is caused by bird flu viruses. (targetwoman.com)
• Symptoms of avian flu depend on the strain of virus that caused the infection. (targetwoman.com)
• Since mid 2003, Asian flu H5N1 has caused probably the largest outbreak of poultry infection. (targetwoman.com)
• Indonesia has also seen fatal cases of human infection of avian flu H5N1. (targetwoman.com)
• Avian influenza virus infection can be diagnosed using specimens of blood, sputum or from swabs of the nose and throat. (targetwoman.com)
• The continuous infection events (spill-over) from birds to humans increase the chance that reassortment with human endemic viruses will occur, or that human adaptation mutations will become fixed. (biomedcentral.com)
• To assess the susceptibility of pigeons (Columba livia) to infection with H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus ( HPAIV ), four groups of 1-yr-old and 4-wk-old racing pigeons (10 birds in each group) were inoculated oculonasally with 106 50% egg infectious dose ( EID50 ) of A/crested eagle/Belgium/0½004 (clade 1) or A/swan/Poland/305- 135V08 /2006 (clade 2.2). (sciensano.be)

HPAI H5N19

• We then challenged 5 vaccinated and 5 nonvaccinated falcons with HPAI (H5N1). (vetscite.org)
• Under experimental conditions, passerine species have shown varied susceptibility to HPAI H5N1 viruses. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• The emergence of new reassortant variants between human viruses such as A (H1N1)pdm09 and H5N1 HPAI virus, potentially generating reassortants with the transmissibility of the 2009 H1N1 virus and the virulence of the HPAI H5N1 viruses, would pose a threat to public health ( 7 ). (asm.org)
• HPAI H5N1), this is not accurate. (lsu.edu)
• In other words, there are both HPAI H5N1 and LPH5N1 avian influenza viruses. (lsu.edu)
• The HPAI H5N1 strain of avian influenza was first identified in Hong Kong in 1997, and behaves as an HPAI strain. (lsu.edu)
• No specific cause for the February 2007 outbreak of HPAI H5N1 in England has yet been identified, but it has been suggested the outbreak may be linked to frozen uncooked turkey meat imported from Hungary where there had been an outbreak of HPAI H5N1 a month earlier. (lsu.edu)
• In addition, the persistence of two highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses from Asia was examined to provide some insight into the potential for these viruses to be transmitted and maintained in the environments of wild bird populations. (huehner-info.de)
• Results from the two HPAI H5N1 viruses from Asia indicate that these viruses did not persist as long as the wild-type AIVs. (huehner-info.de)

Asian H5N14

• These results suggest that the duck has become the "Trojan horse" of Asian H5N1 influenza viruses. (pnas.org)
• A low pathogenic strain commonly referred to as LPAI H5N1, and a high pathogenic strain referred to as HPAI H5N1or Asian H5N1. (alpharubicon.com)
• The Asian H5N1 was first diagnosed in the Americas in Canada in January 2014. (medicalnewstoday.com)
• The high-path virus is sometimes called Asian H5N1. (storey.com)

Outbreak9

• The vaccine for H5N1 is not widely available, and drug resistance and a slow distribution system for antiviral drugs mean a small outbreak could not be contained, they contend. (yahoo.com)
• CHINA - Considering the widespread nature of the current H5N1 outbreak in Asia and the capability of influenza viruses to jump the species barriers, it is inevitable that H5N1 virus will be detected in some pigs. (thepigsite.com)
• On 24 August 2014, the Minister of Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) confirmed an outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in the area of Djera, outside Boende, Equateur province, northern DRC. (typepad.com)
• Available epidemiological data, as well as preliminary laboratory findings, indicate a low likelihood that the DRC outbreak is related to the much larger ongoing outbreak in west Africa, but only the final laboratory analysis can shed more definite light on this. (typepad.com)
• However, a Qinghai-like H5N1 virus caused an outbreak in migratory waterfowl during 2005 before spreading from Asia to Europe and Africa ( 3 , 4 ). (blogspot.com)
• Early in 2014, an outbreak of HPAI caused by a novel reassortant H5N8 virus occurred in Korea. (blogspot.com)
• It has been suggested that viruses belonging to the major genotypes Buan2 and Donglim3 might be reassortants containing the polymerase basic protein 2, hemagglutinin (HA), nucleoprotein, and neuraminidase (NA) genes from viruses in the outbreak in China during 2010 (A/duck/Jiangsu/k1203/2013 (H5N8) ( 17 ). (blogspot.com)
• About 2,500 turkeys died in the initial outbreak of the virus, which appears to have been confined to one of 22 sheds at the farm. (enn.com)
• When there is the desire for routine vaccination, constant reformulation of AI vaccines is required according to the circulating field virus, which can be cumbersome in the case of an immediate outbreak. (hindawi.com)

HPAIV13

• Replication of H5N1 HPAIV in RM and AGM. (asm.org)
• A through D) The NS (A and C) and TL (B and D) samples were assayed by limiting dilution (A and B) to measure infectious virus and by QRT-PCR (C and D) to measure HPAIV RNA. (asm.org)
• E) Titers of infectious H5N1 HPAIV in various tissues taken at necropsy were determined by plaque titration of tissue homogenates. (asm.org)
• We inoculated sixteen black-headed gulls with 1 × 10 4 median tissue culture infectious dose HPAIV H5N1 (A/turkey/Turkey/1/2005) intratracheally and intraesophageally. (biomedcentral.com)
• Also, black-headed gulls are listed by the European Food Safety Authority [ 9 ] as having higher probability to be exposed to Asian linage HPAIV H5N1 during migration outside the European Union, because of their gregarious behaviour and their tendency to use both wild areas and built-up areas. (biomedcentral.com)
• We focussed this study based on our previous work that demonstrated that single reassortment of the NS-segment from an H5 HPAIV into an H7 HPAIV changes the ability of the virus to replicate in mammalian hosts. (biomedcentral.com)
• Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a highly contagious disease which is a zoonotic pathogen of significant economic and public health concern. (biomedcentral.com)
• The mean death time in all species was late (3-9 days post exposure) when compared to H5N1 HPAIV (2-3 days). (usda.gov)
• These results suggest the intercontinental H5N8 and H5N2 HPAIVs have reduced virulence and transmissibility for gallinaceous host compared to historical H5N1 HPAIV while maintaining low virulence and high infectivity for wild waterfowl. (usda.gov)
• H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a major animal pathogen and public health threat. (ox.ac.uk)
• However, little is known about how H5N1 HPAIV emerged and established in Indonesia. (ox.ac.uk)
• To address these questions, we analysed Indonesian H5N1 HPAIV gene sequences isolated during 2003-2007. (ox.ac.uk)
• Our results support the observations that pigeons are resistant to H5N1 HPAIV (no deaths or clinical signs), but there may be clade-dependent differences in the pathogenic potentials of H5N1 HPAIV of Asian origin. (sciensano.be)

Respiratory17

• We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness. (typepad.com)
• Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets. (typepad.com)
• Currently, studies with these viruses, which were engineered to spread via respiratory droplets between ferrets , are being done at BSL-3 or higher facilities. (yahoo.com)
• Shedding of the NDV vaccine constructs from the respiratory tracts of AGM following immunization. (asm.org)
• Virus was detected mainly in the respiratory tract on the first days after inoculation, and then concentrated more in pancreas and central nervous system from 4 dpi onwards. (biomedcentral.com)
• Hemagglutinin helps the virus attach to cells in the respiratory system, while neuraminidase is involved in the release of new virus particles from host cells. (bioedonline.org)
• Instead of just infecting the respiratory tract, though, H5N1 may spread throughout the body and infect the brain, for example, leaving victims in a coma. (huffingtonpost.com)
• Both of these viruses have caused severe respiratory problems, such as pneumonia and respiratory failure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
• Researchers determined that dogs have susceptible receptor cells in their upper and lower respiratory tracts, and can shed the virus while not manifesting clinical symptoms of the disease. (blogspot.com)
• Moreover, receptors for avian (H5N1) virus are present not only in the lower part of the respiratory tract of dogs but also in their trachea and nose, which are potential portals of entry for the virus. (blogspot.com)
• Analysis of genetic variability of respiratory syncytial virus groups A and B in Kuwait. (amedeo.com)
• Unlike the wild type H5N1, this mutant virus was transmitted by direct contact in the ferret model although not by airborne respiratory droplets. (cdc.gov)
• However, a reassortant virus with the mutant hemagglutinin, a human N2 neuraminidase and internal genes from an H5N1 virus was partially transmitted via respiratory droplets. (cdc.gov)
• To think that the 1918 flu started out as a harmless intestinal bird virus that jumped directly from its wild host into human beings and immediately turned into an explosive respiratory killer is to believe that hippos fly. (latimes.com)
• Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
• These viruses typically replicate in the gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract of both these natural hosts and chickens, and typically present as subclinical to mild disease ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
• FluMist contains live attenuated influenza viruses that replicate in the nasopharynx of the recipient and are shed in respiratory secretions. (prnewswire.com)

Ducks26

• Because of ducks' ability to "silently" spread H5N1 HPAI virus and their unresolved role as a reservoir, they are the focus of much research ( 5 , 6 , 11 ). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Wild waterfowl, including ducks, are natural hosts of influenza A viruses. (pnas.org)
• Here we show that these H5N1 viruses are reverting to nonpathogenicity in ducks. (pnas.org)
• Ducks experimentally infected with viruses isolated between 2003 and 2004 shed virus for an extended time (up to 17 days), during which variant viruses with low pathogenicity were selected. (pnas.org)
• In all other reports, ducks infected with highly pathogenic H5 or H7 avian influenza viruses, including those isolated in Hong Kong in 1997-2002, consistently showed no disease signs or had very mild disease ( 7 - 12 ). (pnas.org)
• We hypothesized that the biological characteristics of H5N1 viruses circulating in ducks are evolving rapidly by mechanisms that have not previously been detected. (pnas.org)
• Here we show that in domestic ducks inoculated with the H5N1 viruses isolated in 2004, diminishing pathogenicity allows the shedding of detectable virus for long periods (facilitating virus transmission), and variant viruses are selected within a single passage. (pnas.org)
• Even asymptomatic domestic ducks can shed the virus continuously from the oral cavity and cloaca (3 5). (flutrackers.com)
• Therefore, early detection of infected ducks that are shedding the virus would reduce the risk of spreading AI virus (H5N1) in a region where the virus has been endemic in domestic ducks. (flutrackers.com)
• We previously reported that AI virus (H5N1) can replicate in feather epidermal cells in asymptomatic domestic ducks (6). (flutrackers.com)
• We now report the usefulness of feathers for virus detection in domestic ducks. (flutrackers.com)
• We obtained the following results: feathers tested positive for influenza A virus from days 3 through 6 pi in 1 duck (a), and on days 3 and 4 pi in 2 ducks (b and c), whereas all oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were negative (Appendix Figure, panel B). (flutrackers.com)
• Domestic ducks have been recognized as one of the primary factors in the spread of highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 avian influenza (AI) viruses. (usda.gov)
• In this study, we examined the efficacy of two vaccines used in Vietnam to H5N1 HPAI in ducks. (usda.gov)
• Ducks were then challenged with H5N1 HPAI viruses isolated in Vietnam in 2008, 2010 and 2011. (usda.gov)
• however, the vaccinated ducks shed viruses for more than 7 days after challenge. (usda.gov)
• These studies demonstrate the poor protection conferred by the Re-1 and Re-5 commercial vaccines against H5N1 HPAI viruses isolated from 2010-2011 in Vietnam, underlining the importance of routine examination of vaccine efficacy in the control of H5N1 HPAI in ducks. (usda.gov)
• Three experiments were conducted using the commercial inactivated Re-1 and Re-5 vaccines to vaccinate ducks twice before one month of age followed by challenge with H5N1 HPAI viruses isolated in Vietnam in 2008, 2010 and 2011. (usda.gov)
• Migratory waterfowl, most notably ducks, are the primary natural reservoirs for all variations of influenza A viruses. (bioedonline.org)
• About 1,000 farm ducks found dead last week in South Jeolla province of South Korea were confirmed on Feb 26 to have highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza, according to a story yesterday from the country's Yonhap News Agency. (umn.edu)
• Waterfowl such as ducks act as a reservoir, or storage system, for the virus. (missouri.edu)
• Ducks or geese may contract the disease and either recover or survive for long periods of time while shedding virus as they move about. (missouri.edu)
• The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenesis in and mode of transmission of this virus among domestic and wild ducks. (blogspot.com)
• The combined effects of water temperature, salinity, and pH on persistence of avian influenza virus (AIV) were evaluated in a model distilled-water system using three isolates from ducks sampled in Cameron Parish, Louisiana. (huehner-info.de)
• All mallard ducks became infected with both viruses at all challenge doses (bird infective dose (usda.gov)
• High amounts of virus were detected in oropharyngeal swabs, with some ducks still shedding virus 14 days after inoculation. (usda.gov)

Hong Kong2

• Similarly, in sparrows and starlings inoculated with the H5N1 HPAI A/chicken/Hong Kong/220/97 virus, clinical signs were observed only in sparrows, and no deaths occurred ( 9 ). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• In 1997, an avian H5N1 influenza virus, A/Hong Kong/156/97 (A/HK/156/97), caused six deaths in Hong Kong, and in 1999, an avian H9N2 influenza virus infected two children in Hong Kong. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Isolates2

• The influenza virus isolates used in this study were received by the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Influenza Repository from multiple collaborators, including the World Health Organization Influenza Laboratory Network. (pnas.org)
• Influenza virus isolates from some patients in Vietnam in the winter of 2004 were found to be resistant to the older, more affordable anti-influenza drugs: amantidine and rimantadine. (globalsecurity.org)

Feces2

• I would likely also investigate H5N1 contaminated feces left by rodents, infiltrated viruses left by unprotected foot traffic, or in the food supply itself. (blogspot.com)
• Through feces, flu particles are deposited in water, where another duck or goose picks them up, gets infected and sheds the virus in turn. (latimes.com)

Genes6

• Further, we proved that the NS1 genes of the two viruses differ in their stabilities in the host cells and in their abilities to interact with the chicken cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor. (asm.org)
• These viruses and a third avian virus [A/Teal/HK/W312/97 (H6N1)] have six highly related genes encoding internal proteins. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Additionally, A/Chicken/HK/G9/97 (H9N2) virus has PB1 and PB2 genes that are highly related to those of A/HK/156/97 (H5N1), A/Teal/HK/W312/97 (H6N1), and A/Quail/HK/G1/97 (H9N2) viruses. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• In the first paragraph, the author writes '…five mutations in just two genes have allowed the virus to spread between mammals in the lab. (virology.ws)
• Instead, the bird genes evolved into a human virus that killed as many as 50 million people. (latimes.com)
• The sublime malignance of the 1918 virus doesn't lie in one part but rather in how the genes function together. (latimes.com)

Threat6

• Yeah, 'debunking' the threat of H5N1 has become popular for some reason. (xent.com)
• Influenza viruses are an important threat to human health and global economy, causing an annual average of 36,000 deaths and over 200,000 hospitalizations during the 1990s ( CDC, 2010 ). (frontiersin.org)
• The CDC says H5N1 poses no threat in the U.S. - at least at this point. (cbsnews.com)
• The biggest threat is the possibility of efficient human-to-human transmission either by continued gradual evolution of the virus, as has been seen in Turkey, or by a sudden reassortment event. (survivalmonkey.com)
• AI viruses have contributed significantly to this, and in recent years, highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) viruses have emerged as a major zoonotic threat. (frontiersin.org)
• These methods will provide improved risk assessment of emerging influenza viruses that pose a threat to public health. (labome.org)

Migratory2

• More probably, the virus originated in some of the migratory waterfowl that frequent the East Anglian coast in winter - and was carried in by a contaminated worker, feed or equipment. (ft.com)
• At this point, it seems increasingly likely that the virus will continue be transmitted from one migratory species to another, eventually finding its way to the Americas. (survivalmonkey.com)

Reassortant1

• Mice inoculated twice 4 weeks apart with the H5N1 reassortant LAIV candidate viruses developed serum hemagglutination inhibition HI and IgA antibody titers to the homologous and heterologous viruses consistent with protective immunity. (asm.org)

Infectious3

• The most fundamental of these was whether it was necessary or wise to recreate by molecular means a naturally extinct virus that represented one of the deadliest infectious agents in human history. (asm.org)
• To elucidate the susceptibility of dogs to this pathogen, we infected two groups of 6 beagles with 10(6) 50% egg-infectious dose of H5N1 AIV A/bar-headed goose/Qinghai/3/05 (BHG/QH/3/05) intranasally (i.n.) and intratracheally (i.t.), respectively. (blogspot.com)
• But in next month's issue of Emerging Infectious Diseases , Thai researchers describe a cat that died of H5N1 after eating a pigeon carcass. (blogspot.com)

Africa4

• The strain of A(H5N1) found recently in Africa appears to have come from Northern China and Siberia. (medpagetoday.com)
• The A (H5N1) highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus reemerged in 2003 in Asia and subsequently spread to Africa, Europe, and the Middle East, becoming endemic in some countries. (asm.org)
• Despite efforts to eradicate H5N1 in southeast Asia it has spread to central Asia, Europe, and Africa. (pnas.org)
• In those 25 months, the virus has spread throughout Asia and into Siberia, the Middle East, North and West Africa, the Mediterranean, Central Europe, India and now Northern and Western Europe (Map). (survivalmonkey.com)

Proteins3

• The influenza A virus genome consists of eight segments of negative-stranded RNA, which code for 11 proteins. (sciencemag.org)
• For many viruses, one or two proteins allow cell attachment and entry, which occurs through the plasma membrane or following endocytosis at low pH. (prolekare.cz)
• We've engineered a different mutation with the same effect into one of the virus proteins and achieved a similar outcome. (evesdrift.com)

Highly pathogenic H5N1 strain1

• The discovery of the highly pathogenic H5N1 strain of avian flu on a farm run by Europe's largest turkey producer surprised experts and raised questions about how the virus had been introduced into a sealed shed. (enn.com)

Genetic8

• For this study, we performed extensive genetic and biological analyses of two H5N1 viruses that were isolated from pigs in the Fujian province of southern China. (asm.org)
• Viruses are basically microscopic (and sub-microscopic) protein-covered packets of genetic material whose core function is to copy themselves. (uexpress.com)
• The co-circulation of avian, human, and pig viruses in pigs is of significant concern because of the potential for a genetic exchange, or "reassortment," of material between these viruses. (thepigsite.com)
• Some viruses, such as influenza A, are unable to "proofread" and correct errors that occur while their genetic information is being copied. (bioedonline.org)
• Viruses generally swap genetic material easily. (bioedonline.org)
• Pigs are susceptible to both bird and mammalian viruses, and thus serve as excellent "mixing vessels" for recombining genetic material from related viruses. (bioedonline.org)
• the Vietnamese viruses were in two genetic and antigenic subgroups, clades 2.3.2 and 2.3.4. (uga.edu)
• The virus is often resistant to developed treatments because of its genetic drift or shift property. (flutrackers.com)

Susceptibility1

• Maas R, Tacken M, Ruuls L, Koch G, van Rooij E, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N. Avian influenza (H5N1) susceptibility and receptors in dogs. (blogspot.com)

Species8

• LPAI viruses have been isolated from at least 105 wild bird species of 26 different families ( Table 1 ) ( 5 ). (sciencemag.org)
• Dogs are not normally considered vulnerable to influenza viruses , although in recent years an equine H3N8 influenza has jumped species to canines and has spread across the country (see the CDC 's Key Facts about Canine Influenza (Dog Flu) ). (blogspot.com)
• That is why most viruses are selective as to what organ systems they attack, or even what species are susceptible. (blogspot.com)
• Here, we review the immune/virus interactions in both avian and mammalian species, and provide an overview or our understanding of how immune dysregulation is driven. (frontiersin.org)
• The results are discussed with respect to mechanisms for HA-mediated receptor binding, as well as regarding the species of molecules that may act as receptors for influenza virus on host cell surfaces. (labome.org)
• We highlight the recent and emerging uses of this species in influenza virus research that are advancing our understanding of virus-host interactions. (labome.org)
• The primal source for all influenza "A" virus in mammals and domestic avian species is aquatic bird reservoirs. (medsci.org)
• Influenza viruses provide unique opportunities to study these processes in nature because of their rapid evolution, extensive surveillance, large data sets and propensity to jump species boundaries. (ox.ac.uk)

Trachea and cloaca1

• The level of protection was evaluated using quantitative real time PCR at 4, 6, and 8 days post-challenge with H5N2 LPAI by measuring virus shedding from trachea and cloaca. (hindawi.com)

Mutations4

• When influenza viruses are transmitted to a novel host, mutations occur in the genome to enable the virus to adapt. (asm.org)
• What's more, the virus is just as lethal despite the mutations. (virology.ws)
• Fouchier's published paper does not prove that five mutations are sufficient for aerosol transmission among ferrets, and the virus does not kill ferrets when it is transmitted through the air. (virology.ws)
• The Imperial team studied mutations in the gene for haemagglutinin, a protein on the surface of the virus that enables it to get into host cells. (evesdrift.com)

Disease10

• Stock viruses were grown in 10-day-old embryonated chicken eggs for 36-48 h at 35°C. All experimental work with the H5N1 viruses, including animal studies, was performed in an animal biosafety level 3+ laboratory approved for use by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (pnas.org)
• The global HPAI situation significantly improved in the first half of 2008, but the FAO reports that imperfect disease surveillance systems mean that occurrence of the virus remains underestimated and underreported. (wikipedia.org)
• HPAI A(H5N1) is considered an avian disease, although there is some evidence of limited human-to-human transmission of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
• however, eradication of the disease has not been possible due to the emergence and spread of new viruses. (usda.gov)
• Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae, and include the types, A, B, and C, from which influenza A viruses (IAV) are the responsible for most of the disease burden ( Mubareka and Palese, 2011 ). (frontiersin.org)
• Rather, it is an affinity for a particular topology, or shape, of alpha 2-6 glycan receptor that characterizes human flu viruses, says the report, written by a team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (umn.edu)
• Unfortunately we don't know enough about the biology of these viruses to make accurate predictions, but influenza is definitely the disease to keep an eye on. (huffingtonpost.com)
• The U.S. government began to regulate research with the 1918 virus through the National Select Agents Registry Program at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (asm.org)
• Good bio-security practices should help reduce the risk of spreading the disease if the virus reaches the United States. (missouri.edu)
• avian influenza virus (H5N1) can excrete virus while remaining free of severe disease, thereby potentially playing a role in virus dispersal. (cdc.gov)

Antiviral4

• Treatment for H5N1 consists of administration of current antiviral agents. (alpharubicon.com)
• The reason this new Japanese antiviral works so quickly is that it interferes with the ability of the influenza virus to copy itself. (uexpress.com)
• [email protected]#The results revealed that both water and ethanol extracts of all the five studied plants showed significant antiviral activity against H5N1 virus. (bvsalud.org)
• [email protected]#To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is among the earliest reports to illustrate the antiviral property of these Asian medicinal plants against the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus. (bvsalud.org)

Strain of avian influenza1

• Last week, a researcher at China's Harbin Veterinary Research Institute announced that pigs from farms in parts of China had been infected with the H5N1 strain of avian influenza (see previous report). (thepigsite.com)