Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms are a group of vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed by a ripened ovary (fruit), in contrast to ANGIOSPERMS whose seeds are surrounded by an ovary wall. The seeds of many gymnosperms (literally, "naked seed") are borne in cones and are not visible. Taxonomists now recognize four distinct divisions of extant gymnospermous plants (CONIFEROPHYTA; CYCADOPHYTA; GINKGOPHYTA; and GNETOPHYTA).
Angiosperms
Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.
Picea
Cycas
Pinus
Taxus
Pinaceae
Ginkgo biloba
Cycadophyta
Ephedra
Ferns
Seedless nonflowering plants of the class Filicinae. They reproduce by spores that appear as dots on the underside of feathery fronds. In earlier classifications the Pteridophyta included the club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and various fossil groups. In more recent classifications, pteridophytes and spermatophytes (seed-bearing plants) are classified in the Subkingdom Tracheobionta (also known as Tracheophyta).
Trees
Selaginellaceae
Ocotea
Cambium
Pseudotsuga
Lignin
The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Cupressaceae
Evolution, Molecular
Plants
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Gnetum
Plant Proteins
Bryophyta
Pinus sylvestris
Phloem
Plant tissue that carries nutrients, especially sucrose, by turgor pressure. Movement is bidirectional, in contrast to XYLEM where it is only upward. Phloem originates and grows outwards from meristematic cells (MERISTEM) in the vascular cambium. P-proteins, a type of LECTINS, are characteristically found in phloem.
Seeds
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
DNA Shuffling
Viridiplantae
Fossils
Wood
Seed Dispersal
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
RNA, Plant
Biological Evolution
Expressed Sequence Tags
Plant Leaves
Process and current status of the epidemiologic studies on cedar pollinosis in Japan. (1/132)
This paper reviews the present situation and future aspects of epidemiologic studies on Japanese cedar pollinosis. Increase of allergic rhinitis patients is observed in both the Patient Survey and the Reports on the Surveys of Social Medical Care Insurance Services, however, these surveys are conducted when cedar pollens do not pollute the air. Many have reported on the prevalence of pollinosis in limited areas but only a few nationwide epidemiologic surveys have been conducted. Most of the studies were conducted at special medical facilities such as university hospitals. There is a high possibility that patients who visit the specific facilities do not exactly represent the actual number of patients and epidemiologic pictures of pollinosis in Japan. The rapid advances in laboratory test methods may change the diagnostic criteria and increase the number of reported patients. Therefore, the prevalence of Japanese cedar pollinosis in Japan has not been determined yet. Determination of the prevalence of cedar pollinosis and description of the epidemiologic pictures constitute the essential steps toward the control of this clinical entity. Thus it is necessary to conduct an epidemiologic survey on Japanese representative samples with a standardized survey form with clear and concise diagnostic criteria. (+info)Genes expressed in Pinus radiata male cones include homologs to anther-specific and pathogenesis response genes. (2/132)
We describe the isolation and characterization of 13 cDNA clones that are differentially expressed in male cones of Pinus radiata (D. Don). The transcripts of the 13 genes are expressed at different times between meiosis and microspore mitosis, timing that corresponds to a burst in tapetal activity in the developing anthers. In situ hybridization showed that four of the genes are expressed in the tapetum, while a fifth is expressed in tetrads during a brief developmental window. Six of the seven cDNAs identified in database searches have striking similarity to genes expressed in angiosperm anthers. Seven cDNAs are homologs of defense and pathogen response genes. The cDNAs identified are predicted to encode a chalcone-synthase-like protein, a thaumatin-like protein, a serine hydrolase thought to be a putative regulator of programmed cell death, two lipid-transfer proteins, and two homologs of the anther-specific A9 genes from Brassica napus and Arabidopsis. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that many of the reproductive processes in the angiosperms and gymnosperms were inherited from a common ancestor. (+info)Rapid expansion of microsatellite sequences in pines. (3/132)
Microsatellite persistence time and evolutionary change was studied among five species of pines, which included a pair of closely related species (Pinus sylvestris and Pinus resinosa) in the subgenus Pinus, their relative Pinus radiata, and another closely related species pair (Pinus strobus and Pinus lambertiana) in the subgenus Strobus. The effective population sizes of these species are known to have ranged from the very small bottlenecks of P. resinosa to vast populations of P. sylvestris. This background allowed us to place the microsatellite evolution in a well-defined phylogenetic setting. Of 30 loci originating from P. strobus and P. radiata, we were able to consistently amplify 4 in most of the these pine species. These priming sites had been conserved for over 100 Myr. The four microsatellites were sequenced in the five species. Flanking sequences were compared to establish that the loci were orthologous. All microsatellites had persisted in these species, despite very different population sizes. We found a recent microsatellite duplication: a closely related pair of loci in P. strobus, where the other four species had just one locus. On two independent occasions, the repeat area of this same microsatellite (locus RPS 105a/b) had grown from a very low repeat number to 15 or 17 in the last 10-25 Myr. Other parts of the same compound microsatellite had remained virtually unchanged. Locus PR 4.6 is known to be polymorphic in both P. radiata and P. sylvestris, but the polymorphism in the two species is due to different motifs. The very large pine genomes are highly repetitive, and microsatellite loci also occur as gene families. (+info)Seed plant phylogeny: Demise of the anthophyte hypothesis? (4/132)
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies indicate, surprisingly, that Gnetales are related to conifers, or even derived from them, and that no other extant seed plants are closely related to angiosperms. Are these results believable? Is this a clash between molecules and morphology? (+info)Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers. (5/132)
Phylogenetic relationships among the five groups of extant seed plants are presently quite unclear. For example, morphological studies consistently identify the Gnetales as the extant sister group to angiosperms (the so-called "anthophyte" hypothesis), whereas a number of molecular studies recover gymnosperm monophyly, and few agree with the morphology-based placement of Gnetales. To better resolve these and other unsettled issues, we have generated a new molecular data set of mitochondrial small subunit rRNA sequences, and have analyzed these data together with comparable data sets for the nuclear small subunit rRNA gene and the chloroplast rbcL gene. All nuclear analyses strongly ally Gnetales with a monophyletic conifers, whereas all mitochondrial analyses and those chloroplast analyses that take into account saturation of third-codon position transitions actually place Gnetales within conifers, as the sister group to the Pinaceae. Combined analyses of all three genes strongly support this latter relationship, which to our knowledge has never been suggested before. The combined analyses also strongly support monophyly of extant gymnosperms, with cycads identified as the basal-most group of gymnosperms, Ginkgo as the next basal, and all conifers except for Pinaceae as sister to the Gnetales + Pinaceae clade. According to these findings, the Gnetales may be viewed as extremely divergent conifers, and the many morphological similarities between angiosperms and Gnetales (e.g., double fertilization and flower-like reproductive structures) arose independently. (+info)Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers. (6/132)
Efforts to resolve Darwin's "abominable mystery"-the origin of angiosperms-have led to the conclusion that Gnetales and various fossil groups are sister to angiosperms, forming the "anthophytes." Morphological homologies, however, are difficult to interpret, and molecular data have not provided clear resolution of relationships among major groups of seed plants. We introduce two sequence data sets from slowly evolving mitochondrial genes, cox1 and atpA, which unambiguously reject the anthophyte hypothesis, favoring instead a close relationship between Gnetales and conifers. Parsimony- and likelihood-based analyses of plastid rbcL and nuclear 18S rDNA alone and with cox1 and atpA also strongly support a gnetophyte-conifer grouping. Surprisingly, three of four genes (all but nuclear rDNA) and combined three-genome analyses also suggest or strongly support Gnetales as derived conifers, sister to Pinaceae. Analyses with outgroups screened to avoid long branches consistently identify all gymnosperms as a monophyletic sister group to angiosperms. Combined three- and four-gene rooted analyses resolve the branching order for the remaining major groups-cycads separate from other gymnosperms first, followed by Ginkgo and then (Gnetales + Pinaceae) sister to a monophyletic group with all other conifer families. The molecular phylogeny strongly conflicts with current interpretations of seed plant morphology, and implies that many similarities between gnetophytes and angiosperms, such as "flower-like" reproductive structures and double fertilization, were independently derived, whereas other characters could emerge as synapomorphies for an expanded conifer group including Gnetales. An initial angiosperm-gymnosperm split implies a long stem lineage preceding the explosive Mesozoic radiation of flowering plants and suggests that angiosperm origins and homologies should be sought among extinct seed plant groups. (+info)Detection of intracellular bacteria in the buds of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) by in situ hybridization. (7/132)
Bacterial isolates were obtained from pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) tissue cultures and identified as Methylobacterium extorquens and Pseudomonas synxantha. The existence of bacteria in pine buds was investigated by 16S rRNA in situ hybridization. Bacteria inhabited the buds of every tree examined, primarily colonizing the cells of scale primordia and resin ducts. (+info)Hot spots, indicator taxa, complementarity and optimal networks of taiga. (8/132)
If hot spots for different taxa coincide, priority-setting surveys in a region could be carried out more cheaply by focusing on indicator taxa. Several previous studies show that hot spots of different taxa rarely coincide. However, in tropical areas indicator taxa may be used in selecting complementary networks to represent biodiversity as a whole. We studied beetles (Coleoptera), Heteroptera, polypores or bracket fungi (Polyporaceae) and vascular plants of old growth boreal taiga forests. Optimal networks for Heteroptera maximized the high overall species richness of beetles and vascular plants, but these networks were least favourable options for polypores. Polypores are an important group indicating the conservation value of old growth taiga forests. Random selection provided a better option. Thus, certain groups may function as good indicators for maximizing the overall species richness of some taxonomic groups, but all taxa should be examined separately. (+info)
Gymnosperms Lecture Notes
Phylogeny and Divergence Times of Gymnosperms Inferred from Single-Copy Nuclear Genes - Semantic Scholar
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Transcriptome-wide analysis supports environmental adaptations of two Pinus pinaster populations from contrasting habitats |...
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Ch. 5 Seed Plants
Microspore
Gymnosperms[edit]. In seed plants the microspores develop into pollen grains each containing a reduced, multicellular male ... The microsporangia of gymnosperms develop in pairs toward the bases of the scales, which are therefore called microsporophylls ... Bhatnagar, S.P. (1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International. p. 8. ISBN 978-8122407921. .. ... all gymnosperms and all angiosperms. Plants with heterosporous life cycles using microspores and megaspores arose independently ...
Fertilisation
Gymnosperms[edit]. The gymnosperms are a group of seed producing plants that includes conifers, Cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales. ... Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, often modified to form cones, or at the end of short stalks ... The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek composite word γυμνόσπερμος (γυμνός gymnos, "naked" and σπέρμα sperma, "seed"), ...
Plant stem
Gymnosperm stems[edit]. All gymnosperms are woody plants. Their stems are similar in structure to woody dicots except that most ... Gymnosperm wood also often contains resin ducts. Woody dicots are called hardwoods, e.g. oak, maple and walnut. In contrast, ... gymnosperms produce only tracheids in their xylem, not the vessels found in dicots. ...
Plant stem
All gymnosperms are woody plants. Their stems are similar in structure to woody dicots except that most gymnosperms produce ... In contrast, softwoods are gymnosperms, such as pine, spruce and fir. Fern stems[edit]. Most ferns have rhizomes with no ... Gymnosperm wood also often contains resin ducts. Woody dicots are called hardwoods, e.g. oak, maple and walnut. ...
Pollination - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gymnosperms[change , change source]. There is evidence that some gymnosperms were insect-pollinated in the Triassic period, but ... Some gymnosperms and their insect pollinators are co-evolved for pollination. The best-known examples are members of the order ...
Seed
GymnospermsEdit. In gymnosperms, which do not form ovaries, the ovules and hence the seeds are exposed. This is the basis for ... In gymnosperms, such as conifers, the food storage tissue (also called endosperm) is part of the female gametophyte, a haploid ... In gymnosperms, no special structure develops to enclose the seeds, which begin their development "naked" on the bracts of ... The formation of the seed is part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm ...
Welwitschiaceae
The ancestors of the extant gymnosperm orders-Gnetales, Coniferales, Cycadales and Ginkgoales-arose during the Late Paleozoic, ... Bhatnagar, S. P.; Moitra, Alok (1996). Gymnosperms. p. 373. ISBN 9788122407921. Dilcher, David L.; Bernardes-De-Oliveira, Mary ... Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the ... Most recent systems place the Welwitschiaceae in the gymnosperm order Gnetales. This order is most closely related to the order ...
Tree
"Gymnosperms". unlv.edu. Bhatnagar, S. P.; Moitra, Alok (1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International. p. 371. ISBN 978-81-224-0792 ... The gymnosperms include conifers, cycads, gnetales and ginkgos and these may have appeared as a result of a whole genome ... The seeds of conifers, the largest group of gymnosperms, are enclosed in a cone and most species have seeds that are light and ... In the case of angiosperms and gymnosperms, the outermost layer of the trunk is the bark, mostly composed of dead cells of ...
Calamopityaceae
Gymnosperms, including those that are extinct, can be classified by their wood: monoxylic vs pycnoxylic. Monoxylic wood is soft ... This family is composed of gymnosperms, and because of their stem structure discovered through fossil rocks, they are ... K., Sinha, A.; Kumar., Anil (2006-01-01). Botany for degree students : Gymnosperms. S Chand. ISBN 9788121926188. OCLC 857708675 ... Singh, V. P. (2006-01-01). Gymnosperm (naked seeds plant) : structure and development. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 9788176256711. Hotton ...
Conifer
The gymnosperm male gametophytes (pollen grains) are carried by wind to a female cone and are drawn into a tiny opening on the ... Embryology of gymnosperms. Berlin, Gebruder Borntraeger. Fraser, D.A.; Belanger, L.; McGuire, D.; Zdrazil, Z. 1964. Total ... Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they make up the division Pinophyta ... Conifers are the largest and economically most important component group of the gymnosperms, but nevertheless they comprise ...
Library of Congress Classification:Class Q -- Science
Phanerogams 494-494.5........Gymnosperms 495..............Angiosperms 504-638...........Cryptogams 640-707...........Plant ...
Pinales
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. In the gymnosperms (or Gymnospermae) Lindley included two orders, the Cycadeae and the Coniferae. ... While the extant gymnosperms form a monophyletic group, a formal name has not been assigned to this clade. In 2018, the ... Gymnosperms form a group of four subclasses among the spermatophytes (seed bearing plants). In turn, the seed plants together ... De-Zhi, Fu; Yong, Yang; Guang-Hua, Zhu (2004). "A New Scheme of Classification of Living Gymnosperms at Family Level". Kew ...
Allium canadense
11: 1-8. Voss, E. G. (1972). "Gymnosperms and Monocots". Michigan Flora. Bloomfield Hills, Michigan: Cranbrook Institute of ...
Araucaria
Erich Götz (1980). Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Springer. p. 295. ISBN 978-3-540-51794-8. Cookson, Isabel C.; Duigan, Suzanne ... The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 13 November 2011. "Practical seedling growing: Growing Araucaria from seeds". Arboretum de ... "In vitro digestibility of fern and gymnosperm foliage: implications for sauropod feeding ecology and diet selection". ...
James W. Byng
Byng, James W. (2015). The Gymnosperms Handbook. Hertford: Plant Gateway. IPNI. Byng. v t e. ... and author of the comprehensive practical plant books The Flowering Plants Handbook and The Gymnosperms Handbook The standard ...
Pine
... s are gymnosperms. The genus is divided into two subgenera based on the number of fibrovascular bundles in the needle. The ... 2018). "Pinus". The Gymnosperm Database. 40 Pine Trees From Around the World by The Spruce Key to Pinus from the Jepson Manual ...
Aspidotis
4 Nov 1993). Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Flora of North America: North of Mexico. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 170-171. ... Jan 1990). Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 1. Springer. p. 242. ISBN 978-3-540-51794 ...
List of coniferous plants of Montana
Pinophytes are gymnosperms. They are cone-bearing seed plants with vascular tissue; all extant conifers are woody plants, the ... There are at least 20 species of Gymnosperms or Coniferous plants in Montana. The conifers, division Pinophyta, also known as ...
Cycas
Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 370. ISBN 978-3-540-51794-8.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link ...
Peter Shaw Green
ISBN 0-915809-20-6. Green, P. S.; Gotz, E.; Kramer, K. U. (April 1991). Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Families and Genera of ...
Sagittaria latifolia
Gymnosperms and Monocots. i-xv, 1-488. In Michigan Flora. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. "World ...
Callistophytaceae
Rothwell, G. W. (1981). "The Callistophytales (Pteridospermopsida). Reproductively sophisticated gymnosperms." Review of ... of these ovules has been worked out in some detail and seems to be essentially similar to that seen in modern-day gymnosperms, ...
Iris prismatica
Atlas of Tennessee Vascular Plants Volume 1. Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms & Moncots. 118 pp. Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. ...
Lophosoria quadripinnata
Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. en: K. V. Kramer. P. S. Green (Eds.) The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol 1. Springer ...
Allium rotundum
Gymnosperms and Monocots. i-xv, 1-488. In Michigan Flora. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Linnaeus ...
List of ferns and fern allies of Soldiers Delight
Volume 2. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press. New York and Oxford, 475 pages. Gleason, Henry A., and Arthur ...
Aletris farinosa
Gymnosperms and Monocots. i-xv, 1-488. In Michigan Flora. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.. ...
Pinophyta
Embryology of gymnosperms. Berlin, Gebruder Borntraeger. *^ a b c Fraser, D.A.; Belanger, L.; McGuire, D.; Zdrazil, Z. 1964. ... They are gymnosperms, cone-bearing seed plants. All extant conifers are perennial woody plants with secondary growth. The great ... The gymnosperm male gametophytes (pollen grains) are carried by wind to a female cone and are drawn into a tiny opening on the ... Pinophytes, Cycadophytes, and Ginkgophytes all developed at this time.[3] An important adaptation of these gymnosperms was ...
Cashew
Gymnosperms. *Cycad *Burrawang nut. *Ginkgo nut. *Araucaria spp. *Bunya nut. *Monkey-puzzle nut ...
gymnosperms
"GYMNOSPERMS" "Gymnosperms" include all seed plants other than the angiosperms, or flowering plants. The absence of an enclosing ... The nutritive tissue of "gymnosperm" seeds is derived from the female gametophyte. "Gymnosperms" are a diverse and paraphyletic ... "gymnosperms" are borne exposed in open structures, such as cones or leaves. The derivation of the word "gymnosperm" means naked ... "gymnosperms", a feature that facilitates air transport. Most "gymnosperms" are wind-pollinated except for cycads, which are ...
plant reproductive system - Gymnosperms | Britannica.com
... gymnosperms, the microsporangia (potential pollen) and megasporangia (potential ovules) occurring on different individual ... Gymnosperms: The cycads are slow-growing dioecious (species with individuals that are either male or female) ... Among the numerous other gymnosperm species are many different reproductive processes. Some gymnosperms, for example, are ... The cycads are slow-growing dioecious (species with individuals that are either male or female) gymnosperms, the microsporangia ...
Gymnosperm | Encyclopedia.com
Gymnosperms Gymnosperms are a group of plants that share one common characteristic: they bear seeds, but their seeds do not ... Gymnosperms Biology COPYRIGHT 2002 The Gale Group Inc.. Gymnosperms. Gymnosperms are a group of plants that share one common ... Gymnosperms Plant Sciences COPYRIGHT 2001 The Gale Group Inc.. Gymnosperms. Gymnosperms are seed plants that do not produce ... Gymnosperm. Gymnosperms are one of the two major groups of plants that produce seeds ; the other is the angiosperms. Gymnosperm ...
Gymnosperm - Major divisions | Britannica
Gymnosperm - Major divisions: Scottish botanist Robert Brown first distinguished gymnosperms from angiosperms in 1825. While ... Classification of gymnosperms now recognizes four extant divisions. Known as conifers, members of the division Pinophyta are ... among the most diverse of the gymnosperms, with some 630 living species across six families. Some of the oldest living things ... Classification of gymnosperms now recognizes four extant divisions.. Pinophyta. Known as conifers, members of the division ...
Gymnosperm - Wikipedia
Gymnosperm Database Gymnosperms on the Tree of Life Albert Seward (1911). "Gymnosperms" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).. ... The gymnosperms and angiosperms together compose the spermatophytes or seed plants. The gymnosperms are divided into six phyla ... Some other common uses for gymnosperms are soap, varnish, nail polish, food, gum, and perfumes. Gymnosperms, like all vascular ... The wider "Gymnospermae" group includes extinct gymnosperms and is thought to be paraphyletic. The fossil record of gymnosperms ...
Gymnosperm Key Glossary
Compare with gymnosperm.). Anther The pollen-producing portion of the stamen, typically borne at the tip of a stalk or filament ... The Gymnosperms of the Southeastern U.S.. edited by Stephen M. Seiberling. November 30, 2005 ... Gymnosperm A seed plant that produces seeds which are not enclosed inside an ovary, as the conifers. (Compare with angiosperm ... Ovule The structure in flowering plants and gymnosperms which when fertilized develops into a seed. [modified from H&K, p. 29] ...
Angiosperms & Gymnosperms | Carolina.com
Gymnosperms: Pine Cone Experiment | Science Project | Education.com
Gymnosperms are coniferous trees that reproduces using pine cones to spread seeds. Check out this simple pine cone experiment ... Conifers are called gymnosperms. Gymnosperms havenaked seeds! Their seeds are not inside a protective house like those of an ... The seeds of a gymnosperm are more exposed.. Like many plants, coniferous trees use sexual reproduction to create seeds that ...
The Gymnosperms - Chhaya Biswas; B. M. Johri; | Foyles Bookstore
Also included are experimental studies and a discussion of the economic importance of the economic importance of gymnosperms. ... This book presents comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge of gymnosperms, their morphology, anatomy, reproductive biology, ... The study of gymnosperms is essential in order to understand the evolutionary significance and diversity of the plant kingdom. ... The study of gymnosperms is essential in order to understand the evolutionary significance and diversity of the plant kingdom. ...
Gymnosperm - Plants
- JRank Articles
Exploring Diversification and Genome Size Evolution in Extant Gymnosperms through Phylogenetic Synthesis
A likelihood-based analysis of the evolution of genome size in 165 gymnosperms finds evidence for heterogeneous rates of genome ... Yet compared to angiosperms, little is known about the patterns of diversification and genome evolution in gymnosperms. We ... Gymnosperms, comprising cycads, ,i,Ginkgo,/i,, Gnetales, and conifers, represent one of the major groups of extant seed plants ... assembled a phylogenetic supermatrix containing over 4.5 million nucleotides from 739 gymnosperm taxa. Although 93.6% of the ...
Exploring Diversification and Genome Size Evolution in Extant Gymnosperms through Phylogenetic Synthesis
Ancient beetle discovery gives clue to gymnosperm pollination | EurekAlert! Science News
Gymnosperm-insect interactions, on the other hand, are far less well understood, particularly in terms of pollination modes. ... Unlike modern wind-pollinated conifers and Ginkgo, cycads are unusual in that they are an ancient group of gymnosperms ... Insect-mediated pollination in gymnosperms and potentially prior to the rise of flowering plants is critical for understanding ... Ancient beetle discovery gives clue to gymnosperm pollination. Chinese Academy of Sciences Headquarters ...
Plantae - Plants, Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, Flowers, Fruits, Seeds, Leaves -- Discover Life
Gymnosperm - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The gymnosperms are a group of seed plants which includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo and Gnetales.[1] ... Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scale- or leaf-like appendages of cones, or at the end of short stalks ( ... The gymnosperms and angiosperms together make up the spermatophytes or seed plants. By far the largest group of living ... Fossil gymnosperms include many that do not belong to the four modern groups, including the so-called "seed ferns" ( ...
gymnosperm | USA National Phenology Network
What are gymnosperm adaptations to life on land? | Reference.com
Gymnosperms were among the first plants to colonize the land, and adaptations to the Earths... ... Gymnosperms use roots, vascularized tissues and upright growth forms to survive in terrestrial habitats. ... While many gymnosperms remain reasonably small, perhaps only growing to a height of 12 inches, some gymnosperms are the tallest ... Gymnosperms are less common in the modern world than angiosperms, but before the appearance of flowering plants, gymnosperms ...
Gymnosperm fossil - Stock Image C016/5954 - Science Photo Library
Leaves of the extinct jurassic cycad-like bennettitalean gymnosperm from Yorkshire, UK. Specimen held at the Natural History ... Caption: Gymnosperm (Zamites gigas) fossil. Leaves of the extinct jurassic cycad-like bennettitalean gymnosperm from Yorkshire ... gymnosperm, jurassic, leaf, mesozoic, nature, one, palaeontological, palaeontology, paleontological, paleontology, phanerozoic ...
Difference Between Angiosperms and Gymnosperms | Difference Between
Angiosperms vs Gymnosperms The angiosperms and the gymnosperms are part of the kingdom of plants. The former is generally ... Angiosperms vs Gymnosperms. The angiosperms and the gymnosperms are part of the kingdom of plants. The former is generally ... The gymnosperms have to work with natural agents for their pollination. Thus, in most of the gymnosperm plants, the endosperm ... 3. The leaves of the angiosperms are flat while those of the gymnosperms are cone bearing or needle like.. 4. The gymnosperms ...
Other Living Gymnosperm Phyla
The surviving gymnosperm are a diverse group that persist today in restricted habitats or in regions too extreme-too hot, too ... The surviving gymnosperm are a diverse group that persist today in restricted habitats or in regions too extreme-too hot, too ... Several features unite Ginkgo with the rest of the gymnosperms, but to which precise lineage-the conifer line or the cycad-is ... Another un‐pine‐like gymnosperm is Ginkgo biloba, the maidenhair tree, the sole remaining representative of a group of ...
Gymnosperms (Conifers, cycads and allies) - All genera - The Plant List
Cell-Wall-Associated Oxidases from the Lignifying Xylem of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms: Monolignol Oxidation : Holzforschung
Cell-Wall-Associated Oxidases from the Lignifying Xylem of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms: Monolignol Oxidation ... Cell-Wall-Associated Oxidases from the Lignifying Xylem of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms: Monolignol Oxidation ... Cell-Wall-Associated Oxidases from the Lignifying Xylem of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms: Monolignol Oxidation. ...
Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from...
Although extant gymnosperms and angiosperms should now be regarded as sister groups, gymnosperms have a much older fossil ... extant gymnosperms are also monophyletic; (iv) cycads are the basal group of gymnosperms; (v) conifers and Gnetales together ... 2C). Gymnosperms are also monophyletic in the ML rates and recoded rbcL analyses (82% and 89% BS; Figs. 2 B and C). All ... Monophyly of extant gymnosperms is strongly supported in the three-gene/three-genome analyses of Fig. 4. Bowe et al. (32) also ...
Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest...
... rooted phylogenetic trees separate angiosperms from all gymnosperms, implying that extant gymnosperms are monophyletic; and ( ... An initial angiosperm-gymnosperm split implies a long stem lineage preceding the explosive Mesozoic radiation of flowering ... Gnetales and conifers form a highly supported clade, and cycads are at the base of the gymnosperms, with Ginkgo branching next ... However, our results in no way exclude the possibility that an extinct gymnosperm or seed fern group such as Bennettitales or ...
ITIS Other Source search results for Gymnosperms of North America Update
Hosted by the USGS Core Science Analytics and Synthesis. Page designed through the cooperative efforts of interagency ITIS Teams. Point of Contact: [email protected]
Difference Between Angiosperms and Gymnosperms » E-Mail | Difference Between
Forest Connections: Gymnosperms of the United States & Canada | ArtPlantae
The word gymnosperm literally means naked seed (gymno=naked, sperm=seed). Gymnosperms have their seeds exposed unlike ... Pine trees are the most often cited example of a gymnosperm. But what… ... What is a gymnosperm?. The word gymnosperm literally means "naked seed" (gymno=naked, sperm=seed). Gymnosperms have their seeds ... Nixon and Bruce describe 115 species of gymnosperms growing in coniferous gymnosperm forests, gymnosperm foothill (pinyon- ...
Metabolic fingerprinting: Using proteomics to identify proteins in gymnosperm pollina... ( Proteins are vital parts of living...
... gymnosperm,pollination,drops,biological,biology news articles,biology news today,latest biology news,current biology news, ... "The biggest limitation in what we are doing is that there is no published gymnosperm genome," says Prior. "Most of the work on ... "Its fascinating to know if any of those proteins are consistent among groups of gymnosperms and what we can learn from that." ... Metabolic fingerprinting: Using proteomics to identify proteins in gymnosperm pollination drops. ...Proteins are vital parts of ...
Wuschel-related Homeobox 8/9 Is Important for Proper Embryo Patterning in the Gymnosperm Norway Spruce
Functional characterization of nine Norway Spruce TPS genes and evolution of gymnosperm terpene synthases of the TPS-d...
ConifersCycadsDifference Between Angiosperms and GymnospermsConesPollinationBiologyGinkgoHeterosporousOvaryGnetalesSeed fernsPlantHaploidMeaning seedGnetumBotanyGnetophytaCycasGinkgophytaFossilEvolutionaryEndospermGnetophytesCharacteristicsPinusVascular plantsMonophyleticPhylaPrimitiveMicrosporesGametophytesFertilizationConeFemale gametophyteDifferent types of sporesLife cycleGymnosGametophyteSpecies of gymnospermsPineXylemGenomeOvulesPollen grainClassification of GymnospermsFruitsStemDiversityExtinctTaxaUnisexualWoodyMesozoicGroupGeneraMicrosporophyllsAlternation of generatiBelongPhylogeneticMegasporophyllsAbundantEvergreenTaproot systemClade
Conifers22
- Although the "gymnosperms" were at one time treated as one closely allied group, many modern workers recognize several major groups, which include the commonly known conifers, cycads, and ginkgos, and the lesser known gnetopsids group, extinct progymnosperms, and extinct seed ferns. (washington.edu)
- The conifers are the most common and abundant group of "gymnosperms" alive today. (washington.edu)
- Studies of their deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has shown that the gymnosperms consist of four major, related groups: conifers, cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes. (encyclopedia.com)
- Known as conifers , members of the division Pinophyta are among the most diverse of the gymnosperms, with some 630 living species across six families. (britannica.com)
- Conifers are called gymnosperms . (education.com)
- Note that throughout this paper "gymnosperms" specifies only the approximately 1000 extant species within cycads, Ginkgo , Gnetales, and conifers. (hindawi.com)
- Unlike modern wind-pollinated conifers and Ginkgo, cycads are unusual in that they are an ancient group of gymnosperms pollinated by insects, such as beetles and rarely thrips. (eurekalert.org)
- The gymnosperms are a group of seed plants which includes conifers , cycads , Ginkgo and Gnetales . (wikipedia.org)
- By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers ( pines , cypresses , and relatives), followed by cycads, Gnetales ( Gnetum , Ephedra and Welwitschia ), and Ginkgo (a single living species). (wikipedia.org)
- The combined analyses also strongly support monophyly of extant gymnosperms, with cycads identified as the basal-most group of gymnosperms, Ginkgo as the next basal, and all conifers except for Pinaceae as sister to the Gnetales + Pinaceae clade. (pnas.org)
- Extant seed plants (angiosperms and four groups of gymnosperms: cycads, conifers, Ginkgo , and Gnetales) differ from all other living land plants by several characters, the most notable, of course, being reproduction via seeds. (pnas.org)
- These last studies either place Gnetales as sister to conifers within a monophyletic gymnosperms ( 16 - 19 ) or are unable to resolve overall issues of gymnosperm phylogeny because cycads and Ginkgo were not sampled ( 20 , 21 ). (pnas.org)
- Conifers are by far the most abundant extant group of gymnosperms with six to eight families, with a total of 65-70 genera and 600-630 species (696 accepted names). (wikipedia.org)
- The tortoise and the hare: ecology of angiosperm dominance and gymnosperm persistence BOND, W. J. 1989-03-01 00:00:00 Gymnosperms, and conifers in particular, are sometimes very productive trees yet angiosperms dominate most temperate and tropical vegetation. (deepdyve.com)
- Gymnosperms, and conifers in particular, are sometimes very productive trees yet angiosperms dominate most temperate and tropical vegetation. (deepdyve.com)
- Currently the database provides basic information for all species and higher-ranked taxa of the gymnosperms, i.e., conifers, cycads, and their allies. (equisetites.de)
- The existence of gymnosperm-insect associations during the preangiospermous Mesozoic is evidenced by mouthparts capable of reaching and imbibing pollination drops or similar fluids, availability of pollen types consistent with entomophily, and opportunities for related consumption of pollen, seeds, and reproductively associated tissues in major seed-plant groups, namely seed ferns, conifers, cycads, bennettitaleans, and gnetaleans. (si.edu)
- Among them, the largest group of living gymnosperms is Conifers while ginkgo is a single living plant species which is found in China. (biologyeducare.com)
- The family of gymnosperms consist of conifers, the cycads, the gnetophytes, and the species of Gynkgophyta division and Ginkgo biloba. (byjus.com)
- Conifers are key representatives of gymnosperms and the sheer size of their genomes represents a significant challenge for characterization, sequencing and assembling. (biomedcentral.com)
- Taken together, these results indicate that much genomic evolution has occurred in the seed plant lineage before the split between gymnosperms and angiosperms, and that the pace of evolution of the genome macro-structure has been much slower in the gymnosperm lineage leading to extent conifers than that seen for the same period of time in flowering plants. (biomedcentral.com)
- Chaw S-M., C.L. Parkinson, Y. Cheng, T.M. Vincent and J. D. Palmer (2000) Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97:4086-4091 Wang, Z-Q (2004). (wikipedia.org)
Cycads4
- Most "gymnosperms" are wind-pollinated except for cycads, which are beetle-pollinated. (washington.edu)
- The cycads are slow-growing dioecious (species with individuals that are either male or female) gymnosperms, the microsporangia (potential pollen) and megasporangia (potential ovules) occurring on different individual sporophytes. (britannica.com)
- Combined three- and four-gene rooted analyses resolve the branching order for the remaining major groups-cycads separate from other gymnosperms first, followed by Ginkgo and then (Gnetales + Pinaceae) sister to a monophyletic group with all other conifer families. (pnas.org)
- Cycads are the next most abundant group of gymnosperms, with two or three families, 11 genera, and approximately 338 species. (wikipedia.org)
Difference Between Angiosperms and Gymnosperms1
- The key difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms is how their seeds are developed. (thaipoliceplus.com)
Cones21
- The seeds of "gymnosperms" are borne exposed in open structures, such as cones or leaves. (washington.edu)
- Gymnosperms" are a diverse and paraphyletic group of seed plants, and can be characterized by the following features: exposed seeds formed in cones, pollination occurring by pollen landing directly on the ovules, generally one fertilization event in the ovules, and tracheids as the water-conducting cells (xylem) in the vascular system. (washington.edu)
- Gymnosperms are characterized by having naked seeds usually formed on open scales produced in cones. (jrank.org)
- Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scale- or leaf-like appendages of cones , or at the end of short stalks ( Ginkgo ). (wikipedia.org)
- Do all gymnosperms have cones? (artplantaetoday.com)
- Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, which are often modified to form cones, or solitary as in yew, Torreya, Ginkgo. (wikipedia.org)
- Gymnosperms are seed plants that have evolved cones to carry their reproductive structures. (lumenlearning.com)
- Megaspores made in cones develop into the female gametophytes inside the ovules of gymnosperms, while pollen grains develop from cones that produce microspores. (lumenlearning.com)
- This term comes from the fact that the ovules and seeds of gymnosperms develop on the scales of cones rather than in enclosed chambers called ovaries. (lumenlearning.com)
- Like all seed plants, gymnosperms are heterosporous: both sexes of gametophytes develop from different types of spores produced by separate cones. (lumenlearning.com)
- The cones of gymnosperms and flowers of angiosperms have closed evolutionary Link. (tajassus.com)
- The reproductive structure of angiosperm is flower those of gymnosperms are cones. (tajassus.com)
- The seeds of gymnosperms are naked and cone-bearing in nature which develops either on the cones or scale (leaf-like appendages). (biologyeducare.com)
- Gymnosperms are flowerless plants which create seeds and cones. (biologyeducare.com)
- Seeds of all gymnosperms are enclosed in cones for protecting their seeds. (biologyeducare.com)
- Gymnosperm seeds are found in unisexual cones. (diff.wiki)
- In gymnosperms, microsporophylls are connected together to form male cones (strobile), and megasporophylls are connected together to form female cones. (pediaa.com)
- Gymnosperm seeds are often configured as cones. (thaipoliceplus.com)
- In gymnosperms cones can be male or female, when they develop fully the male cone release pollen that finds its way to a female cone and fertilizes the ovule. (thaipoliceplus.com)
- The seeds in gymnosperms are mostly observed in the form of cones. (microbenotes.com)
- In most gymnosperms, the male pollen cones also called microstrobili, have reduced leaves, called microsporophylls. (microbenotes.com)
Pollination11
- Gymnosperm-insect interactions, on the other hand, are far less well understood, particularly in terms of pollination modes. (eurekalert.org)
- Insect-mediated pollination in gymnosperms and potentially prior to the rise of flowering plants is critical for understanding not only the complex biology of these plants today but also the ecology of pre-angiospermous ecosystems and the history of pollination specializations on gymnosperms. (eurekalert.org)
- Gymnosperms are almost universally wind-pollinated plants, while many angiosperms utilize insects, mammals or birds to achieve cross-pollination. (reference.com)
- The gymnosperms have to work with natural agents for their pollination. (differencebetween.net)
- In a new study published in the April issue of Applications in Plant Sciences (available for free viewing at http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.3732/apps.1300008 ), graduate student Natalie Prior and her colleagues demonstrate the suitability of proteomics in determining the composition of gymnosperm pollination drops. (bio-medicine.org)
- It has been suggested that during the mid-Mesozoic era, pollination of some extinct groups of gymnosperms was by extinct species of scorpionflies that had specialized proboscis for feeding on pollination drops. (wikipedia.org)
- The scorpionflies likely engaged in pollination mutualisms with gymnosperms, long before the similar and independent coevolution of nectar-feeding insects on angiosperms. (wikipedia.org)
- Gymnosperm characteristics include naked seeds, separate female and male gametes, pollination by wind, and tracheids, which transport water and solutes in the vascular system. (openstax.org)
- There is evidence that some gymnosperms were insect-pollinated in the Triassic period, but pollination by animals is not the main method in this group. (wikipedia.org)
- Some gymnosperms and their insect pollinators are co-evolved for pollination. (wikipedia.org)
- How does pollination occur in gymnosperms? (bartleby.com)
Biology5
- This book presents comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge of gymnosperms, their morphology, anatomy, reproductive biology, cytology and phylogeny. (foyles.co.uk)
- Gymnosperms were among the first plants to colonize the land, and adaptations to the Earth's terrestrial biome pervade their biology. (reference.com)
- D.M. Bruns Stockrahm , Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University Moorhead: Organismal Biology, Gymnosperms . (equisetites.de)
- Use this Biology and Botany quiz entitled The Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Quiz to test your knowledge of their classes and characteristics and the fascinating world of plants. (zaneeducation.com)
- Use these Biology and Botany videos entitled Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes, Ferns, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms to study to explore their classes and characteristics and dicover the fascinating world of plants in this thorough study of algae, fungi, bryophytes ad ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. (zaneeducation.com)
Ginkgo4
- Another un‐pine‐like gymnosperm is Ginkgo biloba , the maidenhair tree, the sole remaining representative of a group of important plants of the Mesozoic forests. (cliffsnotes.com)
- Several features unite Ginkgo with the rest of the gymnosperms, but to which precise lineage-the conifer line or the cycad-is still being debated. (cliffsnotes.com)
- Ginkgo and Welwitschia Mitogenomes Reveal Extreme Contrasts in Gymnosperm Mitochondrial Evolution. (scienceexchange.com)
- To examine mitogenomic evolution in gymnosperms, we generated complete genome sequences for the ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba) and a gnetophyte (Welwitschia mirabilis). (scienceexchange.com)
Heterosporous4
- All gymnosperms are heterosporous. (lumenlearning.com)
- Like all gymnosperms, pines are heterosporous and generate two different types of spores: male microspores and female megaspores. (lumenlearning.com)
- Gymnosperm plants are heterosporous. (toppr.com)
- Both angiosperm and gymnosperm plants are heterosporous, produce two types of spores as microspores and megaspores. (pediaa.com)
Ovary12
- Gymnosperms are a group of plants that share one common characteristic: they bear seeds, but their seeds do not develop within an ovary. (encyclopedia.com)
- For this reason, gymnosperms were long thought to be an evolutionary precursor to the angiosperms, which are seed plants that enclose their seeds in an ovary and that are vastly more diverse than gymnosperms. (encyclopedia.com)
- The gymnosperms are those that also have roots and stem but lack the ovary and the stigma found on the angiosperms. (differencebetween.net)
- Gymnosperms have their seeds exposed unlike flowering plants, the angiosperms, which have their seeds enclosed in an ovary (i.e., fruit). (artplantaetoday.com)
- Pine trees are a familiar example of gymnosperms, a series of evolutionary lines of woody vascular seed plants that produce seeds not encased in an ovary. (blogspot.com)
- Gymnosperms bear stem and root system but do not bear ovary and stigma. (biologyeducare.com)
- Gymnosperms are a group of plants that produce seeds not enclosed within the ovary or fruit. (byjus.com)
- Basically, gymnosperms are plants in which the ovules are not enclosed within the ovary wall, unlike the angiosperms. (byjus.com)
- Spermatophytes encompass the angiosperms and the gymnosperms, whose seeds are not enclosed in an ovary. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, gymnosperm seeds arise directly on sporophylls (naked seeds) without covering from an ovary, unlike angiosperms. (pediaa.com)
- Gymnosperm is any plant, as members of the genus Pinus, in which the ovules are not enclosed in the ovary. (blogspot.com)
- Gymnosperms are evergreen plants where the seeds are naked, as in without an ovary. (thaipoliceplus.com)
Gnetales10
- Although the fossil record is virtually nonexistent, studies suggest that the Gnetales are a relatively young group that evolved from the angiosperms and thus are unrelated to the other gymnosperms. (encyclopedia.com)
- For example, morphological studies consistently identify the Gnetales as the extant sister group to angiosperms (the so-called "anthophyte" hypothesis), whereas a number of molecular studies recover gymnosperm monophyly, and few agree with the morphology-based placement of Gnetales. (pnas.org)
- A common theme of most morphological studies of seed plant phylogeny is that extant gymnosperms are not monophyletic, with the Gnetales ( Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia ) being the sister group of angiosperms ( 1 - 7 ). (pnas.org)
- Relationships among the five groups of extant seed plants, including the placement of the Gnetales and the related issue of gymnosperm monophyly, should therefore be regarded as unsettled. (pnas.org)
- Dating dispersal and radiation in the gymnosperm Gnetum (Gnetales)--clock calibration when outgroup relationships are uncertain. (semanticscholar.org)
- more Ephedra, Gnetum , and Welwitschia constitute the gymnosperm order Gnetales of still unclear phylogenetic relationships within seed plants. (klinika-trufanovoy.ru)
- Gnetum (Gnetales) species are suggested to be unique extant gymnosperms that have acquired high photosynthetic and transpiration capacities as well as greater xylem hydraulic capacity and efficiency compared with all other extant. (klinika-trufanovoy.ru)
- A far more rudimentary form of double fertilization occurs in the sexual reproduction of an order of gymnosperms commonly known as Gnetales. (rug.nl)
- citation needed] Most recent systems place the Welwitschiaceae in the gymnosperm order Gnetales. (wikipedia.org)
- The ancestors of the extant gymnosperm orders-Gnetales, Coniferales, Cycadales and Ginkgoales-arose during the Late Paleozoic, and became the dominant component of the Late Permian and Mesozoic flora. (wikipedia.org)
Seed ferns2
- Fossil gymnosperms include many that do not belong to the four modern groups, including the so-called "seed ferns" ( Pteridosperms ) and the "cycadeoids" ( Bennettitales ). (wikipedia.org)
- The fossil record of gymnosperms includes many distinctive taxa that do not belong to the four modern groups, including seed-bearing trees that have a somewhat fern-like vegetative morphology (the so-called "seed ferns" or pteridosperms). (wikipedia.org)
Plant9
- In "gymnosperms", the sexes are separate, so both male and female sporangia are produced either on the same plant (monoecism) or on separate plants (dioecism). (washington.edu)
- The study of gymnosperms is essential in order to understand the evolutionary significance and diversity of the plant kingdom. (foyles.co.uk)
- An initial angiosperm-gymnosperm split implies a long stem lineage preceding the explosive Mesozoic radiation of flowering plants and suggests that angiosperm origins and homologies should be sought among extinct seed plant groups. (pnas.org)
- Here we have sampled two mitochondrial protein genes, cox 1 (cytochrome oxidase I) and atp A (= atp 1, ATPase I), from all extant seed plant lineages, including all widely recognized gymnosperm families. (pnas.org)
- Recent focus on plant-insect associations during the angiosperm radiation from the last 30 million years of the Early Cretaceous has inadvertently de-emphasized a similar but earlier diversification that occurred among gymnosperms. (si.edu)
- Two kinds of higher plants-the gymnosperms and angiosperms-have developed to become the dominant type of land plant. (blogspot.com)
- This discovery led to the recognition of the progymnosperms as a distinct plant group which completely altered biologists' view of gymnosperm evolution. (blogspot.com)
- Several issues need to be addressed regarding the evolution of the seed plant genome, and that of the plant genome predating the gymnosperm-angiosperm (GA) divergence. (biomedcentral.com)
- Hundreds of millions of years ago, gymnosperms were the only kind of plant life on Earth. (thaipoliceplus.com)
Haploid5
- Thus, in most of the gymnosperm plants, the endosperm is produced as a haploid tissue. (differencebetween.net)
- 2. The angiosperms are those plants that have triploid tissues while the gymnosperms have haploid. (differencebetween.net)
- The endosperm in gymnosperm is haploid. (tajassus.com)
- The life cycle of gymnosperms is both haploid and diploid, i.e., they reproduce through the alternation of generations. (byjus.com)
- Nevertheless, the genomes of some gymnosperms, such as in the conifer family Pinaceae, are among the largest of all known organisms [ 21 ], with haploid genome sizes up to 37 Gb for Pinus gerardiana [ 22 , 23 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Meaning seed2
- The derivation of the word "gymnosperm" means naked seeds and is from the Greek words gymno meaning naked or bare and sperm meaning seed. (washington.edu)
- The term 'Gymnosperm' is originated from two Greek words, 'gymnos' meaning naked and 'sperma' meaning seed. (biologyeducare.com)
Gnetum5
- Three living genera-none of whom resemble one another or any other living gymnosperm-constitute the Gnetophyta, Gnetum, Ephedra , and Welwitschia . (cliffsnotes.com)
- Perianth or calyx and corolla are absent in most of the gymnosperms but they are present in Gnetum . (biologyeducare.com)
- Vessels are absent (exception: Gnetum: the most advanced group in Gymnosperm). (plantlet.org)
- Archegonia are produced in the ovules of all Gymnosperms except Gnetum. (plantlet.org)
- These results on Gnetum ecophysiology indicate that the coupling of vessels, broad pinnate-veined leaves and the liana habit do not signal the evolution of a highly opportunistic, light-demanding life history in gymnosperms . (klinika-trufanovoy.ru)
Botany1
- Use this interactive Botany Quiz to test your knowledge of Botany and the fascinating botanical world of plants, algae, fungi, bryophytes and ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. (zaneeducation.com)
Gnetophyta1
- We first downloaded from GenBank all core nucleotide sequence data from gymnosperms (Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, and Gnetophyta). (hindawi.com)
Cycas1
- The primitive gymnosperm, like cycas, is much identical to pteridophytes (ferns). (tajassus.com)
Ginkgophyta1
- Another class of Gymnosperms, Ginkgophyta, has only one living species. (byjus.com)
Fossil7
- Fossil records indicate "gymnosperms" originated in the Paleozoic Era, during the middle Devonian Period about 390 million years ago, and reached their greatest diversity during the Mesozoic Era, between 60 to 225 million years ago. (washington.edu)
- Gymnosperm (Zamites gigas) fossil. (sciencephoto.com)
- A synthesis of gymnosperm families, fossil and extant, providing a new and distinctive perspective on themacroevolutionary biodiversity trends within this group through their 375 million-year history. (koeltz.com)
- The stratigraphic ranges of the 84 gymnosperm families are plotted according to their first and last appearances in the fossil record. (koeltz.com)
- When fossil gymnosperms such as these and the Bennettitales, glossopterids, and Caytonia are considered, it is clear that angiosperms are nested within a larger gymnospermae clade, although which group of gymnosperms is their closest relative remains unclear. (wikipedia.org)
- The regeneration hypothesis for gymnosperm exclusion by angiosperms is consistent with several aspects of the fossil record such as the early disappearance of gymnosperms from early successional environments where competition with angiosperms would have been most severe. (deepdyve.com)
- The earliest fossil of gymnosperms is about 305 million-year-old. (pediaa.com)
Evolutionary4
- The resulting tree provides a starting point for large-scale evolutionary and ecological analyses of gymnosperms and will hopefully be a resource to promote and guide future phylogenetic and comparative studies. (hindawi.com)
- Gymnosperms are older than angiosperms on the evolutionary scale. (lumenlearning.com)
- Gymnosperms have an evolutionary significance and show some unique features. (toppr.com)
- Although there are over 260,000 species of angiosperms today compared to about 1,000 species of gymnosperms, the gymnosperms are just as important in the evolutionary history and diversity of the planet. (biologydictionary.net)
Endosperm1
- The characteristics that differentiate angiosperms from gymnosperms include flowers, fruits, and endosperm in the seeds. (thaipoliceplus.com)
Gnetophytes1
- Just like any other member of gymnosperms, Gnetophytes are also relics from the past. (byjus.com)
Characteristics1
- Let us have an overview of the characteristics, examples, classification and examples of gymnosperms. (byjus.com)
Pinus3
- A likelihood-based analysis of the evolution of genome size in 165 gymnosperms finds evidence for heterogeneous rates of genome size evolution due to an elevated rate in Pinus . (hindawi.com)
- Many gymnosperms have exceptionally large genomes (e.g., [ 5 - 7 ]), and this has hindered whole-genome sequencing projects, especially among economically important Pinus species. (hindawi.com)
- Other studies have quantified patterns of genome size among gymnosperms, especially within Pinus and the other Pinaceae [ 6 , 7 , 11 - 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
Vascular plants3
- Gymnosperms, like all vascular plants, have a sporophyte-dominant life cycle, which means they spend most of their life cycle with diploid cells, while the gametophyte (gamete-bearing phase) is relatively short-lived. (wikipedia.org)
- Angiosperms and gymnosperms are two major types of vascular plants (plants that have conducting tissue). (diff.wiki)
- Gymnosperms are vascular plants that have exposed or naked seeds that are not even visible until maturity. (microbenotes.com)
Monophyletic3
- Analyses with outgroups screened to avoid long branches consistently identify all gymnosperms as a monophyletic sister group to angiosperms. (pnas.org)
- A formal classification of the living gymnosperms is the "Acrogymnospermae", which form a monophyletic group within the spermatophytes. (wikipedia.org)
- As will be discussed in subsequent sections, the various environmental adaptations gymnosperms have represent a step on the path to the most successful (diversity-wise) clade (monophyletic branch). (lumenlearning.com)
Phyla1
- The gymnosperms are divided into six phyla. (wikipedia.org)
Primitive5
- The absence of an enclosing structure is believed to be primitive, thus the first seed plants were "gymnosperms. (washington.edu)
- The development of vascular tissues and roots enabled primitive gymnosperms to develop upright growth forms. (reference.com)
- Gymnosperms are considered as primitive plants while the angiosperms are advanced. (studyread.com)
- In evolution, gymnosperms are more primitive than angiosperms. (thaipoliceplus.com)
- [9] The more primitive process of double fertilization in gymnosperms results in two diploid nuclei enclosed in the same egg cell. (rug.nl)
Microspores1
- In gymnosperms, only the microspores are freed from the sporophyte. (tajassus.com)
Gametophytes3
- The life cycle of "gymnosperms" depicts a dominant sporophyte and reduced gametophytes with the female gametophyte retained on the sporophyte (see illustration of conifer life cycle). (washington.edu)
- The life cycle of a gymnosperm involves alternation of generations, with a dominant sporophyte in which the female gametophyte resides, and reduced gametophytes. (lumenlearning.com)
- Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes, in gymnosperms, the male and the female gametophytes do not have an independent free-living existence. (bankofbiology.com)
Fertilization3
- An internal fluid is required for fertilization in gymnosperms, and no water is necessary for fertilization in anthophytes. (differencebetween.com)
- But only single fertilization occurs in gymnosperms. (tajassus.com)
- Double fertilization doesn't take place in Gymnosperm. (plantlet.org)
Cone5
- The gymnosperms are those plants are generally cone-bearing in nature. (differencebetween.net)
- 3. The leaves of the angiosperms are flat while those of the gymnosperms are cone bearing or needle like. (differencebetween.net)
- It is important to note that the seeds of gymnosperms are not enclosed in their final state upon the cone. (lumenlearning.com)
- In gymnosperms, a male cone is present and instead, anthophytes possess a flower. (differencebetween.com)
- Strobilus or cone is the reproductive structure of gymnosperms. (toppr.com)
Female gametophyte2
- The nutritive tissue of "gymnosperm" seeds is derived from the female gametophyte. (washington.edu)
- An archigonium is present in gymnosperm female gametophyte and no archegonia in anthophyte female gametophyte. (differencebetween.com)
Different types of spores1
- Gymnosperms are heterosporus and bear different types of spores. (plantlet.org)
Life cycle2
- The life cycle of a conifer will serve as our example of reproduction in gymnosperms. (lumenlearning.com)
- The following figure shows the life cycle of a gymnosperm. (toppr.com)
Gymnos1
- The word "Gymnosperm" comes from the Greek words "gymnos"(naked) and "sperma"(seed), hence known as "Naked seeds. (byjus.com)
Gametophyte1
- The male gametophyte of gymnosperms and angiosperms. (sparknotes.com)
Species of gymnosperms3
- Dr. Nixon and Bruce describe 115 species of gymnosperms growing in coniferous gymnosperm forests, gymnosperm foothill (pinyon-juniper) forests, and gymnosperm ( Ephedra ) shrubland. (artplantaetoday.com)
- The total number of species of gymnosperms in the whole world is only 27. (qsstudy.com)
- There are more than 1, species of gymnosperms still found on Earth. (thaipoliceplus.com)
Pine1
- Pine trees are the most often cited example of a gymnosperm. (artplantaetoday.com)
Xylem4
- Special xylem tissue called "compression wood" is formed on the lower side of inclined stems when gymnosperms grow on a slope. (scirp.org)
- Most gymnosperms lack vessels in the xylem but possess tracheids. (thaipoliceplus.com)
- Unlike other gymnosperms , they possess vessel elements in the xylem. (klinika-trufanovoy.ru)
- The xylem rays consist of uniseriate layers of parenchyma cells, typical of gymnosperms.The periodicity of the activity of the vascular cambium along the year generates the growth rings. (uvigo.es)
Genome8
- Yet compared to angiosperms, little is known about the patterns of diversification and genome evolution in gymnosperms. (hindawi.com)
- This large genome size is interesting because one suggested mechanism for rapid increases in genome size, polyploidy, is rare among gymnosperms [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
- These studies have largely focused on finding morphological, biogeographic, or life history correlates of genome size, but the rates and patterns of genome size evolution in gymnosperms are largely unknown. (hindawi.com)
- We use the tree to examine large-scale patterns of diversification of the extant gymnosperm lineages and also to examine rates of genome size evolution. (hindawi.com)
- The biggest limitation in what we are doing is that there is no published gymnosperm genome," says Prior. (bio-medicine.org)
- While much light has been shed on the mechanisms and rate of genome evolution in flowering plants, such knowledge remains conspicuously meagre for the gymnosperms. (biomedcentral.com)
- Phylogenetic analyses of 157 gene families for which at least two duplicates were mapped on the spruce genome indicated that ancient gene duplicates shared by angiosperms and gymnosperms outnumbered conifer-specific duplicates by a ratio of eight to one. (biomedcentral.com)
- Are ancient duplicates, those preceding the GA split, relatively more abundant and more translocated through the gymnosperm genome than most recent duplicates specific to the gymnosperms? (biomedcentral.com)
Ovules3
- In gymnosperm, Pollen-Grain land directly upon the exposed ovules. (tajassus.com)
- In gymnosperms, seeds are not enclosed in a fruit (naked) and, therefore, ovules are directly borne on megasporophylls. (pediaa.com)
- Gymnosperms were the first seed plants and they bear their ovules and seeds exposed. (thaipoliceplus.com)
Pollen grain2
- The mature pollen grain (1 n ) is winged in many "gymnosperms", a feature that facilitates air transport. (washington.edu)
- In gymnosperm, the pollen grain during germination forms prothalial cells. (tajassus.com)
Classification of Gymnosperms2
- Classification of gymnosperms now recognizes four extant divisions. (britannica.com)
- Many systems of classification of gymnosperms have been proposed by different authors. (plantlet.org)
Fruits1
- Gymnosperms are the seed-producing plants, but unlike angiosperms, they produce seeds without fruits. (byjus.com)
Stem3
- The stem of gymnosperms can be branched or unbranched. (byjus.com)
- The basic structure of gymnosperm is similar to angiosperm, consisting of a stem, roots, and leaves. (microbenotes.com)
- T his gymnosperm stem shows a complete secondary growth because the increase in diameter caused by the vascular tissue growing has been followed by the formation of a relatively well-developed periderm. (uvigo.es)
Diversity2
- In contrast, little is known about mitogenomic diversity and evolution within gymnosperms. (scienceexchange.com)
- The diversity of angiosperm is greater than the gymnosperm. (askiitians.com)
Extinct4
- Most of the Gymnosperms became extinct in the Cenozoic era (from 65 million years ago to present day). (wikipedia.org)
- Leaves of the extinct jurassic cycad-like bennettitalean gymnosperm from Yorkshire, UK. (sciencephoto.com)
- The wider "Gymnospermae" group includes extinct gymnosperms and is thought to be paraphyletic. (wikipedia.org)
- Evidence has also been found that mid-Mesozoic gymnosperms were pollinated by Kalligrammatid lacewings, a now-extinct family with members which (in an example of convergent evolution) resembled the modern butterflies that arose far later. (wikipedia.org)
Taxa2
- We assembled a phylogenetic supermatrix containing over 4.5 million nucleotides from 739 gymnosperm taxa. (hindawi.com)
- You may navigate from the Gymnosperm Database Site Map All Taxa on the Gymnosperm Database . (equisetites.de)
Unisexual2
- However, the gymnosperms are those plants who are considered to be unisexual in nature while the angiosperms are bisexual. (differencebetween.net)
- Gymnosperms are unisexual and are woody type trees which bear needle-like leaves to reduce water loss. (biologyeducare.com)
Woody4
- The gymnosperms are those plants who are mostly limited to woody trees. (differencebetween.net)
- Gymnosperms are all woody, perennial and usually have long reproductive cycles. (deepdyve.com)
- The leaves of gymnosperms are scale-like or needle-like while the stems are mostly woody. (microbenotes.com)
- Atomic force microscopy was used to compare the structures of dried, torus-bearing pit membranes from four woody species, three angiosperms and one gymnosperm. (usda.gov)
Mesozoic3
- Gymnosperms were the dominant phylum in Mesozoic era. (lumenlearning.com)
- In the Mesozoic era (251-65.5 million years ago), gymnosperms dominated the landscape. (openstax.org)
- Gymnosperms came into existence in the early Mesozoic era about 359 to 299 million years ago. (biologydictionary.net)
Group8
- With approximately 588 living species, this is the most diverse and by far the most ecologically and economically important gymnosperm group. (encyclopedia.com)
- The surviving gymnosperm are a diverse group that persist today in restricted habitats or in regions too extreme-too hot, too dry, too cold-for angiosperms. (cliffsnotes.com)
- Gymnosperms , meaning "naked seeds," are a diverse group of seed plants and are paraphyletic. (lumenlearning.com)
- However, there was not a molecular phylogeny of gymnosperms represented by extensive sampling at the genus level, and most published phylogenies of this group were constructed based on cytoplasmic DNA markers and/or the multi-copy nuclear ribosomal DNA. (semanticscholar.org)
- The first group of gymnosperms to appear was the progymnosperms. (blogspot.com)
- The group of plants that we call gymnosperms is major evidence for this. (toppr.com)
- The gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants which are also known as Acrogymnospermae. (biologyeducare.com)
- Robert Brown first recognized Gymnosperm as a separate group of plants in 1827. (plantlet.org)
Genera2
- Phloem anatomy in Medullosa is compared with that in other genera of Paleozoic seed fems and extant gymnosperms. (ku.edu)
- The extant gymnosperms include 12 main families and 83 genera which contain more than 1000 known species. (wikipedia.org)
Microsporophylls2
- The microsporangia of gymnosperms develop in pairs toward the bases of the scales, which are therefore called microsporophylls . (wikipedia.org)
- Microsporophylls in gymnosperms are modified to stamens in anthophytes. (differencebetween.com)
Alternation of generati1
- Megaspores are structures that are part of the alternation of generations in many seedless vascular cryptogams , all gymnosperms and all angiosperms . (wikipedia.org)
Belong1
- Gymnosperms are plants that belong to a subphylum of spermatophytes (seed plants). (futura-sciences.us)
Phylogenetic2
- This study first synthesizes the available phylogenetically informative sequences to build a phylogenetic hypothesis of gymnosperms that reflects the recent advances in sequencing and computational phylogenetics. (hindawi.com)
- We constructed a phylogenetic hypothesis of gymnosperms from available, phylogenetically informative sequence data in GenBank that was available on June 30, 2009. (hindawi.com)
Megasporophylls1
- Megasporophylls of gymnosperms are modified to carpels in anthophytes. (differencebetween.com)
Abundant1
- They are the most abundant trees within gymnosperms, both in terms of number of species and in number of samples. (botanical-online.com)
Evergreen1
- The gymnosperms are evergreen trees and shrubs with xerophytic adaptations. (studyread.com)
Taproot system1
- The root system present in the gymnosperms is the taproot system . (toppr.com)
Clade1
- Yet the other major clade of seed plants, the gymnosperms, have received far less attention, with few comprehensive studies of diversification and no sequenced genomes. (hindawi.com)