Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms are a group of vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed by a ripened ovary (fruit), in contrast to ANGIOSPERMS whose seeds are surrounded by an ovary wall. The seeds of many gymnosperms (literally, "naked seed") are borne in cones and are not visible. Taxonomists now recognize four distinct divisions of extant gymnospermous plants (CONIFEROPHYTA; CYCADOPHYTA; GINKGOPHYTA; and GNETOPHYTA).
Angiosperms
Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.
Picea
Cycas
Pinus
Taxus
Pinaceae
Ginkgo biloba
Cycadophyta
Ephedra
Ferns
Seedless nonflowering plants of the class Filicinae. They reproduce by spores that appear as dots on the underside of feathery fronds. In earlier classifications the Pteridophyta included the club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and various fossil groups. In more recent classifications, pteridophytes and spermatophytes (seed-bearing plants) are classified in the Subkingdom Tracheobionta (also known as Tracheophyta).
Trees
Selaginellaceae
Ocotea
Cambium
Pseudotsuga
Lignin
The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Cupressaceae
Evolution, Molecular
Plants
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Gnetum
Plant Proteins
Bryophyta
Pinus sylvestris
Phloem
Plant tissue that carries nutrients, especially sucrose, by turgor pressure. Movement is bidirectional, in contrast to XYLEM where it is only upward. Phloem originates and grows outwards from meristematic cells (MERISTEM) in the vascular cambium. P-proteins, a type of LECTINS, are characteristically found in phloem.
Seeds
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
DNA Shuffling
Viridiplantae
Fossils
Wood
Seed Dispersal
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
RNA, Plant
Biological Evolution
Expressed Sequence Tags
Plant Leaves
Process and current status of the epidemiologic studies on cedar pollinosis in Japan. (1/132)
This paper reviews the present situation and future aspects of epidemiologic studies on Japanese cedar pollinosis. Increase of allergic rhinitis patients is observed in both the Patient Survey and the Reports on the Surveys of Social Medical Care Insurance Services, however, these surveys are conducted when cedar pollens do not pollute the air. Many have reported on the prevalence of pollinosis in limited areas but only a few nationwide epidemiologic surveys have been conducted. Most of the studies were conducted at special medical facilities such as university hospitals. There is a high possibility that patients who visit the specific facilities do not exactly represent the actual number of patients and epidemiologic pictures of pollinosis in Japan. The rapid advances in laboratory test methods may change the diagnostic criteria and increase the number of reported patients. Therefore, the prevalence of Japanese cedar pollinosis in Japan has not been determined yet. Determination of the prevalence of cedar pollinosis and description of the epidemiologic pictures constitute the essential steps toward the control of this clinical entity. Thus it is necessary to conduct an epidemiologic survey on Japanese representative samples with a standardized survey form with clear and concise diagnostic criteria. (+info)Genes expressed in Pinus radiata male cones include homologs to anther-specific and pathogenesis response genes. (2/132)
We describe the isolation and characterization of 13 cDNA clones that are differentially expressed in male cones of Pinus radiata (D. Don). The transcripts of the 13 genes are expressed at different times between meiosis and microspore mitosis, timing that corresponds to a burst in tapetal activity in the developing anthers. In situ hybridization showed that four of the genes are expressed in the tapetum, while a fifth is expressed in tetrads during a brief developmental window. Six of the seven cDNAs identified in database searches have striking similarity to genes expressed in angiosperm anthers. Seven cDNAs are homologs of defense and pathogen response genes. The cDNAs identified are predicted to encode a chalcone-synthase-like protein, a thaumatin-like protein, a serine hydrolase thought to be a putative regulator of programmed cell death, two lipid-transfer proteins, and two homologs of the anther-specific A9 genes from Brassica napus and Arabidopsis. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that many of the reproductive processes in the angiosperms and gymnosperms were inherited from a common ancestor. (+info)Rapid expansion of microsatellite sequences in pines. (3/132)
Microsatellite persistence time and evolutionary change was studied among five species of pines, which included a pair of closely related species (Pinus sylvestris and Pinus resinosa) in the subgenus Pinus, their relative Pinus radiata, and another closely related species pair (Pinus strobus and Pinus lambertiana) in the subgenus Strobus. The effective population sizes of these species are known to have ranged from the very small bottlenecks of P. resinosa to vast populations of P. sylvestris. This background allowed us to place the microsatellite evolution in a well-defined phylogenetic setting. Of 30 loci originating from P. strobus and P. radiata, we were able to consistently amplify 4 in most of the these pine species. These priming sites had been conserved for over 100 Myr. The four microsatellites were sequenced in the five species. Flanking sequences were compared to establish that the loci were orthologous. All microsatellites had persisted in these species, despite very different population sizes. We found a recent microsatellite duplication: a closely related pair of loci in P. strobus, where the other four species had just one locus. On two independent occasions, the repeat area of this same microsatellite (locus RPS 105a/b) had grown from a very low repeat number to 15 or 17 in the last 10-25 Myr. Other parts of the same compound microsatellite had remained virtually unchanged. Locus PR 4.6 is known to be polymorphic in both P. radiata and P. sylvestris, but the polymorphism in the two species is due to different motifs. The very large pine genomes are highly repetitive, and microsatellite loci also occur as gene families. (+info)Seed plant phylogeny: Demise of the anthophyte hypothesis? (4/132)
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies indicate, surprisingly, that Gnetales are related to conifers, or even derived from them, and that no other extant seed plants are closely related to angiosperms. Are these results believable? Is this a clash between molecules and morphology? (+info)Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers. (5/132)
Phylogenetic relationships among the five groups of extant seed plants are presently quite unclear. For example, morphological studies consistently identify the Gnetales as the extant sister group to angiosperms (the so-called "anthophyte" hypothesis), whereas a number of molecular studies recover gymnosperm monophyly, and few agree with the morphology-based placement of Gnetales. To better resolve these and other unsettled issues, we have generated a new molecular data set of mitochondrial small subunit rRNA sequences, and have analyzed these data together with comparable data sets for the nuclear small subunit rRNA gene and the chloroplast rbcL gene. All nuclear analyses strongly ally Gnetales with a monophyletic conifers, whereas all mitochondrial analyses and those chloroplast analyses that take into account saturation of third-codon position transitions actually place Gnetales within conifers, as the sister group to the Pinaceae. Combined analyses of all three genes strongly support this latter relationship, which to our knowledge has never been suggested before. The combined analyses also strongly support monophyly of extant gymnosperms, with cycads identified as the basal-most group of gymnosperms, Ginkgo as the next basal, and all conifers except for Pinaceae as sister to the Gnetales + Pinaceae clade. According to these findings, the Gnetales may be viewed as extremely divergent conifers, and the many morphological similarities between angiosperms and Gnetales (e.g., double fertilization and flower-like reproductive structures) arose independently. (+info)Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers. (6/132)
Efforts to resolve Darwin's "abominable mystery"-the origin of angiosperms-have led to the conclusion that Gnetales and various fossil groups are sister to angiosperms, forming the "anthophytes." Morphological homologies, however, are difficult to interpret, and molecular data have not provided clear resolution of relationships among major groups of seed plants. We introduce two sequence data sets from slowly evolving mitochondrial genes, cox1 and atpA, which unambiguously reject the anthophyte hypothesis, favoring instead a close relationship between Gnetales and conifers. Parsimony- and likelihood-based analyses of plastid rbcL and nuclear 18S rDNA alone and with cox1 and atpA also strongly support a gnetophyte-conifer grouping. Surprisingly, three of four genes (all but nuclear rDNA) and combined three-genome analyses also suggest or strongly support Gnetales as derived conifers, sister to Pinaceae. Analyses with outgroups screened to avoid long branches consistently identify all gymnosperms as a monophyletic sister group to angiosperms. Combined three- and four-gene rooted analyses resolve the branching order for the remaining major groups-cycads separate from other gymnosperms first, followed by Ginkgo and then (Gnetales + Pinaceae) sister to a monophyletic group with all other conifer families. The molecular phylogeny strongly conflicts with current interpretations of seed plant morphology, and implies that many similarities between gnetophytes and angiosperms, such as "flower-like" reproductive structures and double fertilization, were independently derived, whereas other characters could emerge as synapomorphies for an expanded conifer group including Gnetales. An initial angiosperm-gymnosperm split implies a long stem lineage preceding the explosive Mesozoic radiation of flowering plants and suggests that angiosperm origins and homologies should be sought among extinct seed plant groups. (+info)Detection of intracellular bacteria in the buds of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) by in situ hybridization. (7/132)
Bacterial isolates were obtained from pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) tissue cultures and identified as Methylobacterium extorquens and Pseudomonas synxantha. The existence of bacteria in pine buds was investigated by 16S rRNA in situ hybridization. Bacteria inhabited the buds of every tree examined, primarily colonizing the cells of scale primordia and resin ducts. (+info)Hot spots, indicator taxa, complementarity and optimal networks of taiga. (8/132)
If hot spots for different taxa coincide, priority-setting surveys in a region could be carried out more cheaply by focusing on indicator taxa. Several previous studies show that hot spots of different taxa rarely coincide. However, in tropical areas indicator taxa may be used in selecting complementary networks to represent biodiversity as a whole. We studied beetles (Coleoptera), Heteroptera, polypores or bracket fungi (Polyporaceae) and vascular plants of old growth boreal taiga forests. Optimal networks for Heteroptera maximized the high overall species richness of beetles and vascular plants, but these networks were least favourable options for polypores. Polypores are an important group indicating the conservation value of old growth taiga forests. Random selection provided a better option. Thus, certain groups may function as good indicators for maximizing the overall species richness of some taxonomic groups, but all taxa should be examined separately. (+info)
Gymnosperms Lecture Notes
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Gymnosperm
Look up gymnosperm in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Gymnosperm Database Gymnosperms on the Tree of Life Albert Seward (1911 ... Today gymnosperms are the most threatened of all plant groups. Gymnosperms have major economic uses. Pine, fir, spruce, and ... The gymnosperms and angiosperms together comprise the spermatophytes or seed plants. The gymnosperms are subdivided into five ... The first published sequenced genome for any gymnosperm was the genome of Picea abies in 2013. "Gymnosperms on The Plant List ...
Welwitschiaceae
The ancestors of the extant gymnosperm orders-Gnetales, Coniferales, Cycadales and Ginkgoales-arose during the Late Paleozoic, ... Bhatnagar, S. P.; Moitra, Alok (1996). Gymnosperms. p. 373. ISBN 9788122407921. Dilcher, David L.; Bernardes-De-Oliveira, Mary ... Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the ... Most recent systems place the Welwitschiaceae in the gymnosperm order Gnetales. This order is most closely related to the order ...
Tree
The gymnosperms include conifers, cycads, gnetales and ginkgos and these may have appeared as a result of a whole genome ... The seeds of conifers, the largest group of gymnosperms, are enclosed in a cone and most species have seeds that are light and ... "Gymnosperms". unlv.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-10-09. Retrieved 2012-09-27. Bhatnagar, S. P.; Moitra, Alok (1996). ... In the case of angiosperms and gymnosperms, the outermost layer of the trunk is the bark, mostly composed of dead cells of ...
Microspore
Types of Gymnosperms: Conifers Pines Ginkgos Cycads Gnetophytes As the anther of a flowering plant develops, four patches of ... The microsporangia of gymnosperms develop in pairs toward the bases of the scales, which are therefore called microsporophylls ... Bhatnagar, S.P. (1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International. p. 8. ISBN 978-8122407921. Seguí-Simarro, José M.; Nuez, Fernando ( ... all gymnosperms and all angiosperms. Plants with heterosporous life cycles using microspores and megaspores arose independently ...
Calamopityaceae
Gymnosperms, including those that are extinct, can be classified by their wood: monoxylic vs pycnoxylic. Monoxylic wood is soft ... This family is composed of gymnosperms, and because of their stem structure discovered through fossil rocks, they are ... K., Sinha, A.; Kumar., Anil (2006-01-01). Botany for degree students : Gymnosperms. S Chand. ISBN 9788121926188. OCLC 857708675 ... Singh, V. P. (2006-01-01). Gymnosperm (naked seeds plant) : structure and development. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 9788176256711. Hotton ...
Smallest organisms
Zamia pygmaea is a cycad found in Cuba, and the smallest known gymnosperm. It grows to a height of 25 cm (10 in). Duckweeds of ... Gymnosperms. New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-0792-1. Retrieved 16 April 2022. P.S.Dhami; G.Chopra; H.N.Srivastava (2015 ...
Conifer
"Gymnosperms". Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2014. Singh, H. 1978. Embryology of gymnosperms. ... The gymnosperm male gametophytes (pollen grains) are carried by wind to a female cone and are drawn into a tiny opening on the ... "Gymnosperms". Retrieved 14 January 2016. (CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2022, Webarchive template wayback links, Articles ... Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they make up the division Pinophyta ...
Library of Congress Classification:Class Q -- Science
Phanerogams 494-494.5........Gymnosperms 495..............Angiosperms 504-638...........Cryptogams 640-707...........Plant ...
Pinales
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. In the gymnosperms (or Gymnospermae) Lindley included two orders, the Cycadeae and the Coniferae. ... Gymnosperms form a group of four subclasses among the spermatophytes (seed bearing plants). In turn, the seed plants together ... De-Zhi, Fu; Yong, Yang; Guang-Hua, Zhu (2004). "A New Scheme of Classification of Living Gymnosperms at Family Level". Kew ... Among the seed plants, the gymnosperms are a sister group to the subclass Magnoliidae (angiosperms or flowering plants). There ...
Allium canadense
11: 1-8. Voss, E. G. (1972). "Gymnosperms and Monocots". Michigan Flora. Bloomfield Hills, Michigan: Cranbrook Institute of ...
Blue spruce
Volume 2. Pteridiophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, New York, 475 pp RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. ...
Araucaria
Erich Götz (1980). Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Springer. p. 295. ISBN 978-3-540-51794-8. Cookson, Isabel C.; Duigan, Suzanne ... Media related to Araucaria at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Araucaria at Wikispecies "Araucaria". Gymnosperm Database. " ... The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 13 November 2011. "Practical seedling growing: Growing Araucaria from seeds". Arboretum de ... "In vitro digestibility of fern and gymnosperm foliage: implications for sauropod feeding ecology and diet selection". ...
James W. Byng
The Gymnosperms Handbook. Hertford: Plant Gateway. International Plant Names Index. Byng. v t e (Articles with short ... and author of the comprehensive practical plant books The Flowering Plants Handbook and The Gymnosperms Handbook The standard ...
Pine
... s are gymnosperms. The genus is divided into two subgenera based on the number of fibrovascular bundles in the needle. The ... 2018). "Pinus". The Gymnosperm Database. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pinus. 40 Species of Pine Trees You Can Grow by ... "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8 ... "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8 ...
Aspidotis
4 Nov 1993). Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Flora of North America: North of Mexico. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 170- ... Jan 1990). Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. 1. Springer. p. 242. ISBN 978-3-540- ...
List of coniferous plants of Montana
Pinophytes are gymnosperms. They are cone-bearing seed plants with vascular tissue; all extant conifers are woody plants, the ... There are at least 20 species of Gymnosperms or Coniferous plants in Montana. The conifers, division Pinophyta, also known as ...
Peter Shaw Green
ISBN 0-915809-20-6. Green, P. S.; Gotz, E.; Kramer, K. U. (April 1991). Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Families and Genera of ...
Sagittaria latifolia
Gymnosperms and Monocots. i-xv, 1-488. In Michigan Flora. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. "World ...
Callistophytaceae
Rothwell, G. W. (1981). "The Callistophytales (Pteridospermopsida). Reproductively sophisticated gymnosperms." Review of ... of these ovules has been worked out in some detail and seems to be essentially similar to that seen in modern-day gymnosperms, ...
Iris prismatica
Atlas of Tennessee Vascular Plants Volume 1. Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms & Moncots. 118 pp. Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. ...
Lophosoria quadripinnata
Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. en: K. V. Kramer. P. S. Green (Eds.) The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol 1. Springer ...
Alfred Barton Rendle
i. Gymnosperms and Monocotyledons". The Oxford Magazine. The Proprietors. 23: 99. 23 November 1904. International Plant Names ... This made him focus on systematic botany for his career, focusing on gymnosperms, monocotyledons, and the Apetalae. In 1894 he ...
Allium rotundum
Gymnosperms and Monocots. i-xv, 1-488. In Michigan Flora. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Linnaeus ...
List of ferns and fern allies of Soldiers Delight
Volume 2. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press. New York and Oxford, 475 pages. Gleason, Henry A., and Arthur ...
Aletris farinosa
Gymnosperms and Monocots. i-xv, 1-488. In Michigan Flora. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. (CS1 ...
Medullosales
Poort R.J.; Visscher H.; Dilcher D.L. (1996). "Zoidogamy in fossil gymnosperms: the centenary of a concept, with special ... Anderson J. M.; Anderson H. M.; Cleal C. J. (2007), Brief history of the gymnosperms: classification, biodiversity, ... Sporne, K. R. (1974). The morphology of gymnosperms. (Second edition). Hutchinson University Library, London. Stidd B. M. (2007 ...
Klaus Kubitzki
1990). Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Vol. 1. ISBN 3-540-51794-4. 2. Kubitzki, Klaus; Rohwer, Jens G.; Bittrich, Volker, eds. ( ...
Wood
Compression wood in gymnosperms. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 2150 p. Elliott, G.K. 1970. Wood density in conifers. Commonwealth ...
Populus alba
Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. 4. Christchurch, New Zealand, Botany Division, D.S.I.R. Flora Europaea: ...
Privet as an invasive plant
Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. 4. Christchurch, New Zealand, Botany Division, D.S.I.R.. RHS A-Z ...
https://www.britannica.com/summary/gymnosperm
gymnosperm, Any of the more than 1,000 species of woody vascular plants that reproduce by means of an exposed seed, or ovule, ... Home Science Plants Conifers & Other Gymnosperms gymnosperm gymnosperm summary. Actions Cite verifiedCite ... For the full article, see gymnosperm. gymnosperm, Any of the more than 1,000 species of woody vascular plants that reproduce by ... some gymnosperms are grown as timber and pulp trees or as ornamentals. Gymnosperms also are a minor source of food; of ...
Angiosperms versus gymnosperms: How flowering plants came to rule | New Scientist
Flowerless gymnosperms, such as conifer and ginkgo, ruled the Jurassic world before their flowering rivals, the angiosperms, ... How flowering plants beat bloom-free gymnosperms to world dominance. Flowerless gymnosperms, such as conifer and ginkgo, ruled ... But gymnosperms also comprise gnetales (like W. mirabilis), the palm-like cycads and ginkgo, also known as the maidenhair tree ... But just as the dinosaur era ended with the Cretaceous, so too did the heyday of the gymnosperms. Today, there are only around ...
Increasing the quality and germination gymnosperms by photonics methods | (2017) | Iakovlev | Publications | Spie
Is a Rose a Gymnosperm or an Angiosperm? | Home Guides | SF Gate
Gymnosperms. Gymnosperms, in contrast to angiosperms, produce seeds that are not enclosed inside a fruit. These are called " ... Instead of a fruit, gymnosperms typically produce cones. A cone carries a seed between its scales, and as it matures, the ... Gymnosperms are not as diverse as angiosperms, and trees account for the majority of the group. ...
NYBG Doctoral Defense: Evolution and Development of the Seed Coat in Gymnosperms » New York Botanical Garden
Although the seed is a feature shared across gymnosperms and angiosperms, there is a large amount of variation in this ... NYBG Doctoral Defense: Evolution and Development of the Seed Coat in Gymnosperms Friday, April 16, 2021 ... namely as regards five gymnosperm species. Cecilia is interested in understanding the evolution and development of different ... by NYBG and CUNY doctoral student Cecilia Zumajo-Cardona will focus on seed coat structures in five species of gymnosperms, ...
Flora of Australia Glossary - Ferns, Gymnosperms and Allied Groups - DCCEEW
The Latest Portfolio of Theory and Practice in Gymnosperm > Bhargava, Mukta | Saujanya...
What is an example of a gymnosperm
What Is The Difference Between Angiosperms And Gymnosperms - The angiosperms, or flowering plants This arrangement is easily ... Gymnosperm. Gymnosperms Gymnosperms are a group of plants that share one common characteristic: For example, all gymnosperms ... gymnosperm synonyms, gymnosperm pronunciation, gymnosperm translation, English dictionary definition of gymnosperm. n. A ... Gymnosperm What’s the Difference. 6/07/2012 · i have 2 write some ex of gymnosperm hw should i write A gymnosperm is a seed ...
Clock genes and diurnal transcriptome dynamics in summer and winter in the gymnosperm Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica(L.f....
However, little is known about the circadian clock and its regulation in gymnosperms, including conifers. Here we present the ... Clock genes and diurnal transcriptome dynamics in summer and winter in the gymnosperm Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica(L.f ... Clock genes and diurnal transcriptome dynamics in summer and winter in the gymnosperm Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica(L.f ... Moreover, studying Japanese cedar is interesting from the view of evolution of the clock, since Cryptomeria is a gymnosperm and ...
Almond - Wikipedia
Type Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms-Pinus Study
Pollination. Each ovule secretes a mucilaginous drop at the micropylar end. A gap is produced between the ends of the ovuliferous scales. It forms a passage for the entry of pollen grains. Wind carried pollen grains. The mucilage drop entangles the pollen grain. Pollen grain is carried through the micropyle to the surface of the nucellus.. Male Prothallus. The pollen grain has two prothalial cells and an antheridial cell. These cells soon disintegrate. Further development of the pollen grain takes place at the surface of the nucellus. The antheridial cell cut off second prothalial cell. It also cut off generative cell adjacent to the prothalial cells. The remaining large cell is known as the tube cell. Its nucleus is called tube nucleus. Tube nuclers controls the growth of the pollen tube. Exine of the pollen grain ruptures. Intine grows out to form the pollen tube. It grows through the nucellus. But its activity stops till spring. Female cone enlarges very much in size after pollination. Outer ...
Gymnosperms: Classification, Types & Examples | StudySmarter
Gymnosperms: ✓ Definition ✓ Types ✓ Reproduction ✓ Seed ✓ Characteristics ✓ Classification ✓ StudySmarter Original ... "Gymnosperms - Biology." Gymnosperms - Biology, pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/biology/chapter/gymnosperms. Accessed 29 Sept. ... What are gymnosperms? How do they differ from angiosperms?. Gymnosperms are a diverse group of vascular plants whose seeds are ... Gymnosperms - Key takeaways. *Gymnosperms are a diverse group of vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed in an ovary. They ...
Describe the important characteristics of gymnosperms.
The seeds of gymnosperm plants are not enclosed in fruits.. ● The plant body ranges from medium size to tall trees and also ... The gymnosperms root system consists of taproots. The coralloid roots present in Cycas are related to nitrogen-fixing ... Gymnosperms are heterosporous and bear two kinds of spores namely microspores and megaspores. ...
Gymnosperm phylogeny | BOTANIQUE.ORG
Category Archives: Gymnosperm phylogeny Gymnosperm phylogeny Extant Gymnosperm Phylogeny. November 2, 2004. Rilece T. ... Gymnosperms are probably monophyletic and include: - Cycadales (Cycas, Zamia) that are the more primitive Gymnosperms (Basal ... Gymnosperms are plants with seeds ( Spermaphytes) but with a naked ovule: the ovule is not included in a carpel that is an ... Gymnosperms), - Ginkgoales, a sister-clade of the clade including Conifers and Gnetales, - Gnetales (Ephedra, Gnetum, ...
Gymnosperms (incl. Conifers) | Page 6 | UBC Botanical Garden Forums
Gymnosperm paleopolyploidy paper published - Sessa Lab
This paper demonstrates that there have been three ancient whole genome duplication events in the gymnosperms, and it ... A paper on ancient polyploidy in the gymnosperms, led by the Barker Lab at the University of Arizona (Emilys postdoc lab), was ... A paper on ancient polyploidy in the gymnosperms, led by the Barker Lab at the University of Arizona (Emilys postdoc lab), was ... As in the flowering plants, the evolution of the large genome sizes of gymnosperms involved both polyploidy and repetitive ...
Chamaecyparis pisifera - Wikipedia
It is a slow-growing coniferous tree growing to 35-50 m tall with a trunk up to 2 m in diameter. The bark is red-brown, vertically fissured and with a stringy texture. The foliage is arranged in flat sprays; adult leaves are scale-like, 1.5-2 mm long, with pointed tips (unlike the blunt tips of the leaves of the related Chamaecyparis obtusa (hinoki cypress), green above, green below with a white stomatal band at the base of each scale-leaf; they are arranged in opposite decussate pairs on the shoots. The juvenile leaves, found on young seedlings, are needle-like, 4-8 mm long, soft and glaucous bluish-green. The cones are globose, 4-8 mm diameter, with 6-10 scales arranged in opposite pairs, maturing in autumn about 7-8 months after pollination.[2] ...
G. Rothwell | Semantic Scholar
SOLVED] which of these can be found in both gymnosperms and angiosperms? - TheBasicAnswers.com
Which of these can be found in both gymnosperms and angiosperms? Vascular tissue and ... flowers and vascular tissue enclosed ... The best answer which of these can be found in both gymnosperms and angiosperms is. B) vascular tissue and seeds.. Explanation: ... Both gymnosperms and angiosperms have seeds. The only difference is that angiosperms have seeds hidden in the fruit, while ... Both gymnosperms and angiosperms have vascular tissue that is specialized for transport of minerals, water, and organic ...
Evolution Of Plants | Encyclopedia.com
Gymnosperms.. Gymnosperms arose from a now-extinct group called the progymnosperms. Progymnosperms are represented by fossils ... Gymnosperms. The gymnosperms probably evolved from an extinct phylum of seedless vascular plants, the progymnosperms, that ... and fostered the rise of the seed plants known as gymnosperms . The gymnosperms continued to dominate through the Mesozoic era ... and pterophytes at the end of the Carboniferous and their replacement by gymnosperms in the early Permian. Gymnosperms ...
Biology MCQ on Gymnosperm for NEET and Medical Exam 2021 - Learning Mantras
MCQ on Gymnosperm: Biology is one of the most important and vital sections in NEET. It includes theories, descriptions, ... MCQ on Gymnosperm. Q1. Inverted omega shaped organization of the vascular bundles is seen in _______.. a) cycas root. b) Cycas ... Tallest known gymnosperm is _______.. a) Pinus. b) Ginkgo. c) Sequoia. d) Ephedra. View Answer ... In gymnosperms, the ovules typically are _______.. a) bitegmic and anatropous. b) bitegmic and orthotropous. c) unitegmic and ...
Mushrooms | LibraryThing
Reproductive Development and Structure | Biology II | | Course Hero
Sexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms. As with angiosperms, the lifecycle of a gymnosperm is also characterized by alternation of ... Angiosperms versus Gymnosperms. Figure 10. (a) Angiosperms are flowering plants, and include grasses, herbs, shrubs and most ... Lastly, wind plays an important role in pollination in gymnosperms because pollen is blown by the wind to land on the female ... Gymnosperm reproduction differs from that of angiosperms in several ways (Figure 10). In angiosperms, the female gametophyte ...
Contrasting rates of molecular evolution and patterns of selection among gymnosperms and flowering plants<...
Angiosperms and gymnosperms differ in a number of features, of which contrasting reproductive biology, life spans, and ... Angiosperms and gymnosperms differ in a number of features, of which contrasting reproductive biology, life spans, and ... Angiosperms and gymnosperms differ in a number of features, of which contrasting reproductive biology, life spans, and ... Angiosperms and gymnosperms differ in a number of features, of which contrasting reproductive biology, life spans, and ...
Heterochrony and repurposing in the evolution of gymnosperm seed dispersal units | EvoDevo | Full Text
Cellulosic fibers, an infrequent cell type in gymnosperms, were found in Ephedra, where they presumably function as a source of ... To generate a structural framework for the development and evolution of gymnosperm fleshy diaspores, we studied the anatomy and ... genetics of fleshy angiosperm fruits is advanced in contrast to the knowledge gap for analogous fleshy structures in gymnosperm ... While gymnosperms do not have true fruits in the botanical sense, structures other than the angiosperm ovary can perform ...
Plants Under Pressure | Natural History Museum
FernsPteridophytesGinkgoSpeciesConifers and other gymnospermsAngiosperms and gymnospermsPlantsCycadalesConeConesGnetalesOvaryAngiospermGnetophytesPodocarpusSeed dispersalBiologyCharacteristics of gymnospermsAlgaeFruitsBryophytaClassificationProduce seeds that are notGenomeTreesEvolutionaryDescribeInclDifferEvolution
Ferns3
- The earliest group of gymnosperms are seed ferns called P teridospermophyta , which are now extinct and are only known from fossil evidence (note that nonextinct ferns reproduce by spores , not seeds). (studysmarter.us)
- The alien flora of Turkey comprises 340 taxa, among which there are 321 angiosperms, 17 gymnosperms and two ferns. (bionomia.net)
- From the main page there are links to other pages on several plant related topics including: photosynthesis, basic structure, xylem and phloem, reproduction, special structures, mosses and liverworts, ferns and horsetails, gymnosperms and angiosperms, as well as man and plants. (tutor.com)
Pteridophytes2
- This pie chart is based on IUCN Red List assessments of 3990 species of Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Monocots and Legumes. (nhm.ac.uk)
- The Museum manages the fifth largest herbarium in the Western Hemisphere, estimated to include almost 3 million specimens of angiosperms, gymnosperms, pteridophytes, bryophytes, fungi (including lichenized ascomycetes), and algae. (fieldmuseum.org)
Ginkgo8
- Flowerless gymnosperms, such as conifer and ginkgo, ruled the Jurassic world before their flowering rivals, the angiosperms, became dominant. (newscientist.com)
- But gymnosperms also comprise gnetales (like W. mirabilis ), the palm-like cycads and ginkgo, also known as the maidenhair tree. (newscientist.com)
- 5. Gymnosperm Sample 10: Angiosperm Common Feature Nutrition How does the, Gymnosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants, such as cycads, ginkgo, yews and conifers, in which the ovules or seeds are not enclosed in an ovary. (aflockinthecity.com)
- Description of the Gymnosperms: Cycads, Ginkgo, Conifers and Gnetophytes. (aflockinthecity.com)
- 1990) Examples of gymnosperms are fir trees, spruce trees, pine trees, cycads and ginkgo trees. (aflockinthecity.com)
- Gymnosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants, such as cycads, ginkgo, yews and conifers, in which the ovules or seeds are not enclosed in an ovary. (aflockinthecity.com)
- Gymnosperm Ecology Introduction The gymnosperms are a group of plants that includes the conifers, cycads, gnetophytes, and ginkgo. (oxfordbibliographies.com)
- The SQUA, DEF/GLO, AG and SEP subfamilies existed in all the tested flowering plants, while SQUA was absent in the gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba , and no genes of the four subfamilies were found in a charophyte, liverwort, mosses, or lycophyte. (biomedcentral.com)
Species12
- gymnosperm , Any of the more than 1,000 species of woody vascular plants that reproduce by means of an exposed seed , or ovule, as opposed to an angiosperm, or flowering plant, whose seeds are enclosed by mature ovaries, or fruits . (britannica.com)
- The research presented by NYBG and CUNY doctoral student Cecilia Zumajo-Cardona will focus on seed coat structures in five species of gymnosperms, with the aim of better understanding the origin and development of this morphological novelty. (nybg.org)
- Since 2016, Cecilia has continued her Master's and Doctoral studies, focusing on a subject of fundamental importance in the evolution of plants: the evolution and development of the seed coat in non-model species, namely as regards five gymnosperm species. (nybg.org)
- On the other hand, gymnosperms have only around 1,000 extant species. (studysmarter.us)
- However, extreme climatic changes led to the extinction of many gymnosperm species. (studysmarter.us)
- This accounts for the relatively low diversity among extant gymnosperm species. (studysmarter.us)
- The highly conserved morphology of gymnosperms evidenced by similarity of extant species to fossil records and the high levels of macrosynteny at the genomic level have led scientists to believe that gymnosperms are slow-evolving plants, although some studies have offered contradictory results. (nau.edu)
- Our results suggest that angiosperms and gymnosperms differ considerably in their rates of molecular evolution per unit time, with gymnosperm rates being, on average, seven times lower than angiosperm species. (nau.edu)
- Finally, our study suggests stronger and more efficient purifying and diversifying selection in gymnosperm than in angiosperm species, probably in relation to larger effective population sizes. (nau.edu)
- We also apply the results of other assessment programmes, for example assigning Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) scores to the most endangered gymnosperm species in the world. (nhm.ac.uk)
- Although almost two thirds of plant species are Least Concern (LC), more than one in five are threatened with extinction, either Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN) or Critically Endangered (CR). (nhm.ac.uk)
- Gymnosperm tree species. (cdc.gov)
Conifers and other gymnosperms2
- Contrary to previous genomic research that reported an absence of polyploidy in the ancestry of contemporary gymnosperms, our analyses indicate that polyploidy has contributed to the evolution of conifers and other gymnosperms. (sessalab.org)
- Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms. (ebi.ac.uk)
Angiosperms and gymnosperms4
- Higher vascular plants can be further divided into angiosperms and gymnosperms. (studysmarter.us)
- Angiosperms and gymnosperms primarily differ in how their seeds are developed: in angiosperms , the seed is contained in an ovary , whereas in gymnosperms , the seed lies exposed on cones or modified leaves (Fig. 1). (studysmarter.us)
- serves as a connecting link between the angiosperms and gymnosperms. (learningmantras.com)
- Angiosperms and gymnosperms differ in a number of features, of which contrasting reproductive biology, life spans, and population sizes are the most prominent. (nau.edu)
Plants16
- This evolutionary orphan is a gymnosperm - plants that produce seeds, but not true flowers or fruit. (newscientist.com)
- Gymnosperms are seed-bearing plants known for their "naked seeds": seeds not encased within an ovary. (aflockinthecity.com)
- In this lesson, we will explore gymnosperms, which are a unique group of plants that do not have bright flowers or seeds that are protected in. (aflockinthecity.com)
- What is true about the relationship of adenine Gymnosperms are a group of plants which produce seeds that are not contained within an ovary or fruit. (aflockinthecity.com)
- Plants dependent on spore reproduction had been taken out of the ecosystems, Gymnosperms mainly rely on the wind. (aflockinthecity.com)
- Pines, spruces, and many other evergreen trees are gymnosperms, or nonflowering seed plants . (studysmarter.us)
- In the following, we will discuss what gymnosperms are, how they differ from angiosperms (flowering plants), and what characteristics define them. (studysmarter.us)
- Gymnosperms are a diverse group of vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed in an ovary. (studysmarter.us)
- For around 200 million years prior to the emergence of flowering plants, gymnosperms dominated the world. (studysmarter.us)
- The seeds of gymnosperm plants are not enclosed in fruits. (elitedigitalstudy.com)
- Gymnosperms are plants with seeds ( Spermaphytes) but with a naked ovule: the ovule is not included in a carpel that is an apomorphic feature of Angiosperms. (botanique.org)
- As in the flowering plants, the evolution of the large genome sizes of gymnosperms involved both polyploidy and repetitive element activity. (sessalab.org)
- Although some attention has been given to flowering plants, reports of molecular evolutionary rates for their sister plant clade (gymnosperms) are scarce, and to our knowledge differences in molecular evolution among seed plant clades have never been tested in a phylogenetic framework. (nau.edu)
- Extant seed plants consist of two major clades: gymnosperms, with naked ovules, and angiosperms, with ovules contained in ovaries that develop into fruits after pollination and fertilization. (biomedcentral.com)
- Seed-bearing organ on gymnosperm plants. (eol.org)
- A class of vascular seed plants also known as gymnosperms in the subdivision spermatophytina. (bvsalud.org)
Cycadales1
- Cycadales ( Cycas , Zamia ) that are the more primitive Gymnosperms (Basal Gymnosperms), - Ginkgoales , a sister-clade of the clade including Conifers and Gnetales , - Gnetales ( Ephedra , Gnetum , Welwitschia ) are monophyletic and nested within Conifers, - Gnetales are the sister-clade of Pinaceae . (botanique.org)
Cone5
- Beyond pine Cones: An Introduction to Gymnosperms Pine cones are perhaps the most familiar gymnosperm cone type. (aflockinthecity.com)
- The bracts of a gymnosperm cone are called sporophylls . (studysmarter.us)
- To generate a structural framework for the development and evolution of gymnosperm fleshy diaspores, we studied the anatomy and histochemistry of Ephedra (Gnetales) seed cone bracts, the modified leaves surrounding the reproductive organs. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cellulosic fibers, an infrequent cell type in gymnosperms, were found in Ephedra , where they presumably function as a source of supplementary apoplastic water in fleshy seed cone bracts. (biomedcentral.com)
- This model for the evolution of cone bract morphology in South American Ephedra hence involves a novel differentiation program repurposed from leaves combined with changes in the timing of leaf differentiation, or heterochrony, that can further be tested in other gymnosperms with fleshy diaspores. (biomedcentral.com)
Cones3
- Instead of a fruit, gymnosperms typically produce cones. (sfgate.com)
- Instead of fruits, gymnosperms produce cones that hold their seeds. (studysmarter.us)
- Then, later in evolutionary history, the exposed ovules and cones characteristic of gymnosperms emerged. (studysmarter.us)
Gnetales1
- With the exception of gnetales (which will be described later), gymnosperms lack vessel elements and only have tracheids. (studysmarter.us)
Ovary1
- While gymnosperms do not have true fruits in the botanical sense, structures other than the angiosperm ovary can perform comparable functions in seed dispersal, similarly becoming fleshy or dry and winged [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Angiosperm5
- Is a Rose a Gymnosperm or an Angiosperm? (sfgate.com)
- Angiosperm: Angiosperm, any of Examples of this variability include the succulent cacti arose from among this diverse array of complex gymnosperms. (aflockinthecity.com)
- Angiosperm vs. Gymnosperm. (aflockinthecity.com)
- In contrast to their slow rates of molecular evolution, gymnosperms possess higher substitution rate ratios than angiosperm taxa. (nau.edu)
- Anatomy and developmental genetics of fleshy angiosperm fruits is advanced in contrast to the knowledge gap for analogous fleshy structures in gymnosperm diaspores. (biomedcentral.com)
Gnetophytes1
- Comparative analyses identify genomic features distinguishing gnetophytes from other gymnosperms. (nature.com)
Podocarpus1
- Low genetic diversity and high differentiation among relict populations of the neotropical gymnosperm Podocarpus sellowii (Klotz. (bvsalud.org)
Seed dispersal1
- Fleshy structures that aid in animal seed dispersal have evolved repeatedly and independently from different organs in gymnosperms, either within the ovule or from subtending structures [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Biology1
- Classes of Fossil Gymnosperms Botany Biology Discussion. (aflockinthecity.com)
Characteristics of gymnosperms2
- What are the characteristics of gymnosperms? (studysmarter.us)
- Describe the important characteristics of gymnosperms. (elitedigitalstudy.com)
Algae1
- Numerous MADS-box proteins have been identified from green algae, moss, gymnosperms and angiosperms [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Fruits1
- The seeds of gymnosperms are naked whereas the seeds of angiosperms are covered by fruits. (sarthaks.com)
Bryophyta1
- Gymnosperms are undoubtedly the group from which the angiosperms developed, Examples and Uses: Bryophyta. (aflockinthecity.com)
Classification1
- In the following sections, we will delve deeper into the evolution, characteristics, and classification of gymnosperms. (studysmarter.us)
Produce seeds that are not1
- Gymnosperms, in contrast to angiosperms, produce seeds that are not enclosed inside a fruit. (sfgate.com)
Genome4
- This paper demonstrates that there have been three ancient whole genome duplication events in the gymnosperms, and it introduces a new algorithm, MAPS, for placing paleopolyploidy events in a phylogenetic context. (sessalab.org)
- In contrast, there is little evidence to date that whole genome duplication (WGD) has played a significant role in the evolution of their putative extant sister lineage, the gymnosperms. (sessalab.org)
- We present evidence for three ancient genome duplications during the evolution of gymnosperms, based on phylogenomic analyses of transcriptomes from 24 gymnosperms and 3 outgroups. (sessalab.org)
- Longer generation times and larger genome sizes are some of the factors explaining the slow rates of molecular evolution found in gymnosperms. (nau.edu)
Trees3
- some gymnosperms are grown as timber and pulp trees or as ornamentals. (britannica.com)
- Gymnosperms are not as diverse as angiosperms, and trees account for the majority of the group. (sfgate.com)
- Examples of gymnosperms are pine trees and junipers. (dictionary.com)
Evolutionary1
- What is the evolutionary history of gymnosperms? (studysmarter.us)
Describe1
- Describe the similarities and differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms. (myessaydesk.com)
Incl1
- Gymnosperms (incl. (ubc.ca)
Differ1
- Angiosperms also differ from gymnosperms in other ways. (studysmarter.us)
Evolution1
- Although the seed is a feature shared across gymnosperms and angiosperms, there is a large amount of variation in this structure, and its origin, evolution, and development are still debated. (nybg.org)