A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.
A family of iminourea derivatives. The parent compound has been isolated from mushrooms, corn germ, rice hulls, mussels, earthworms, and turnip juice. Derivatives may have antiviral and antifungal properties.
Disruption of the non-covalent bonds and/or disulfide bonds responsible for maintaining the three-dimensional shape and activity of the native protein.
A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.
A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.
Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.
A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.
Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.
A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)
A class of organic compounds which contain an anilino (phenylamino) group linked to a salt or ester of naphthalenesulfonic acid. They are frequently used as fluorescent dyes and sulfhydryl reagents.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.
The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.
A species of ENTEROVIRUS which is the causal agent of POLIOMYELITIS in humans. Three serotypes (strains) exist. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route, pharyngeal secretions, or mechanical vector (flies). Vaccines with both inactivated and live attenuated virus have proven effective in immunizing against the infection.
Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.
Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
The reconstitution of a protein's activity following denaturation.
A class of cell surface receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Sigma receptors were originally considered to be opioid receptors because they bind certain synthetic opioids. However they also interact with a variety of other psychoactive drugs, and their endogenous ligand is not known (although they can react to certain endogenous steroids). Sigma receptors are found in the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems, and in some peripheral tissues.
Compounds which restore enzymatic activity by removing an inhibitory group bound to the reactive site of the enzyme.
Centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.
Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
An enzyme that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of pancreatic ribonucleic acids to 3'-phosphomono- and oligonucleotides ending in cytidylic or uridylic acids with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates. EC 3.1.27.5.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.
An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.
Predeciduous teeth present at birth. They may be well formed and normal or may represent hornified epithelial structures without roots. They are found on the gingivae over the crest of the ridge and arise from accessory buds of the dental lamina ahead of the deciduous buds or from buds of the accessory dental lamina. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Organic derivatives of thiocyanic acid which contain the general formula R-SCN.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of the guanidine nitrogen of arginine in the presence of ATP and a divalent cation with formation of phosphorylarginine and ADP. EC 2.7.3.3.
Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content.
A species of ENTEROVIRUS associated with outbreaks of aseptic meningitis (MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC).
The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
The chemical and physical integrity of a pharmaceutical product.
A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.
A genus of extremely thermophilic, sulfate-reducing archaea, in the family Archaeoglobaceae.
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
Conformational transitions of the shape of a protein to various unfolded states.
Esters formed between the aldehydic carbon of sugars and the terminal phosphate of adenosine diphosphate.
An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
A compound that, along with its isomer, Cleland's reagent (DITHIOTHREITOL), is used for the protection of sulfhydryl groups against oxidation to disulfides and for the reduction of disulfides to sulfhydryl groups.
Drugs that bind to and activate histamine receptors. Although they have been suggested for a variety of clinical applications histamine agonists have so far been more widely used in research than therapeutically.
A nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs.
Compounds containing the -SH radical.
Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.
A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.
Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.
The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.
The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290)
**Mercaptoethanol, also known as β-mercaptoethanol or BME, is an organosulfur compound with the formula HOCH2CH2SH, functionally serving as a reducing agent and a sulfhydryl group protector in biochemical and molecular biology applications.**
Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.
The protein components of enzyme complexes (HOLOENZYMES). An apoenzyme is the holoenzyme minus any cofactors (ENZYME COFACTORS) or prosthetic groups required for the enzymatic function.
The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.
A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.
A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.
A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.
A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.
The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.
An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.

Tolerance of Arc repressor to multiple-alanine substitutions. (1/1338)

Arc repressor mutants containing from three to 15 multiple-alanine substitutions have spectral properties expected for native Arc proteins, form heterodimers with wild-type Arc, denature cooperatively with Tms equal to or greater than wild type, and, in some cases, fold as much as 30-fold faster and unfold as much as 50-fold slower than wild type. Two of the mutants, containing a total of 14 different substitutions, also footprint operator DNA in vitro. The stability of some of the proteins with multiple-alanine mutations is significantly greater than that predicted from the sum of the single substitutions, suggesting that a subset of the wild-type residues in Arc may interact in an unfavorable fashion. Overall, these results show that almost half of the residues in Arc can be replaced by alanine en masse without compromising the ability of this small, homodimeric protein to fold into a stable, native-like structure.  (+info)

Characterization of the nucleoside triphosphatase activity of poliovirus protein 2C reveals a mechanism by which guanidine inhibits poliovirus replication. (2/1338)

The highly conserved non-structural protein 2C of picornaviruses is involved in viral genome replication and encapsidation and in the rearrangement of intracellular structures. 2C binds RNA, has nucleoside triphosphatase activity, and shares three motifs with superfamily III helicases. Motifs "A" and "B" are involved in nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) binding and hydrolysis, whereas a function for motif "C" has not yet been demonstrated. Poliovirus RNA replication is inhibited by millimolar concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl). Resistance and dependence to GdnHCl map to 2C. To characterize the nucleoside triphosphatase activity of 2C, we purified poliovirus recombinant 2C fused to glutathione S-transferase (GST-2C) from Escherichia coli. GST-2C hydrolyzed ATP with a Km of 0.7 mM. Other NTPs, including GTP, competed with ATP for binding to 2C but were poor substrates for hydrolysis. Mutation of conserved residues in motif A and B abolished ATPase activity, as did mutation of the conserved asparagine residue in motif C, an observation indicating the involvement of this motif in ATP hydrolysis. GdnHCl at millimolar concentrations inhibited ATP hydrolysis. Mutations in 2C that confer poliovirus resistant to or dependent on GdnHCl increased the tolerance to GdnHCl up to 100-fold.  (+info)

Structural characteristics of supramolecular assemblies formed by guanidinium-cholesterol reagents for gene transfection. (3/1338)

We have recently discovered that cationic cholesterol derivatives characterized by guanidinium polar headgroups are very efficient for gene transfection in vitro and in vivo. In spite of being based on some rationale at the molecular level, the development of these new synthetic vectors was nevertheless empirical. Indeed, the factors and processes underlying cationic lipid-mediated gene transfer are still poorly understood. Thus, to get a better insight into the mechanisms involved, we have examined the supramolecular structure of lipid/DNA aggregates obtained when using reagent bis(guanidinium)-tren-cholesterol (BGTC), either alone or as a liposomal formulation with the neutral phospholipid dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). We here report the results of cryotransmission electron microscopy studies and small-angle x-ray scattering experiments, indicating the presence of multilamellar domains with a regular spacing of 70 A and 68 A in BGTC/DOPE-DNA and BGTC-DNA aggregates, respectively. In addition, DNA lipoplexes with similar lamellar patterns were detected inside transfected HeLa cells by conventional transmission electron microscopy. These results suggest that DNA condensation by multivalent guanidinium-cholesterol cationic lipids involves the formation of highly ordered multilamellar domains, the DNA molecules being intercalated between the lipid bilayers. These results also invite further investigation of the intracellular fate of the internalized lipid/DNA structures during their trafficking toward the cell nucleus. The identification of the basic features of active complexes should indeed help in the design of improved guanidinium-based vectors.  (+info)

The magnitude of changes in guanidine-HCl unfolding m-values in the protein, iso-1-cytochrome c, depends upon the substructure containing the mutation. (4/1338)

Hydrophilic to hydrophobic mutations have been made at 11 solvent exposed sites on the surface of iso-1-cytochrome c. Most of these mutations involve the replacement of lysine with methionine, which is nearly isosteric with lysine. Minimal perturbation to the native structure is expected, and this expectation is confirmed by infrared amide I spectroscopy. Guanidine hydrochloride denaturation studies demonstrate that these variants affect the magnitude of the m-value, the rate of change of free energy with respect to denaturant concentration, to different degrees. Changes in m-values are indicative of changes in the equilibrium folding mechanism of a protein. Decreases in m-values are normally thought to result either from an increased population of intermediates during unfolding or from a more compact denatured state. When cytochrome c is considered in terms of its thermodynamic substructures, the changes in the m-value for a given variant appear to depend upon the substructure in which the mutation is made. These data indicate that the relative stabilities and physical properties of substructures of cytochrome c play an important determining role in the equilibrium folding mechanism of this protein.  (+info)

Opposite behavior of two isozymes when refolding in the presence of non-ionic detergents. (5/1338)

GroEL has a greater affinity for the mitochondrial isozyme (mAAT) of aspartate aminotransferase than for its cytosolic counterpart (cAAT) (Mattingly JR Jr, Iriarte A, Martinez-Carrion M, 1995, J Biol Chem 270:1138-1148), two proteins that share a high degree of sequence similarity and an almost identical spatial structure. The effect of detergents on the refolding of these large, dimeric isozymes parallels this difference in behavior. The presence of non-ionic detergents such as Triton X-100 or lubrol at concentrations above their critical micelle concentration (CMC) interferes with reactivation of mAAT unfolded in guanidinium chloride but increases the yield of cAAT refolding at low temperatures. The inhibitory effect of detergents on the reactivation of mAAT decreases progressively as the addition of detergents is delayed after starting the refolding reaction. The rate of disappearance of the species with affinity for binding detergents coincides with the slowest of the two rate-limiting steps detected in the refolding pathway of mAAT. Limited proteolysis studies indicate that the overall structure of the detergent-bound mAAT resembles that of the protein in a complex with GroEL. The mAAT folding intermediates trapped in the presence of detergents can resume reactivation either upon dilution of the detergent below its CMC or by adding beta-cyclodextrin. Thus, isolation of otherwise transient productive folding intermediates for further characterization is possible through the use of detergents.  (+info)

Turn scanning by site-directed mutagenesis: application to the protein folding problem using the intestinal fatty acid binding protein. (6/1338)

We have systematically mutated residues located in turns between beta-strands of the intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP), and a glycine in a half turn, to valine and have examined the stability, refolding rate constants and ligand dissociation constants for each mutant protein. IFABP is an almost all beta-sheet protein exhibiting a topology comprised of two five-stranded sheets surrounding a large cavity into which the fatty acid ligand binds. A glycine residue is located in seven of the eight turns between the antiparallel beta-strands and another in a half turn of a strand connecting the front and back sheets. Mutations in any of the three turns connecting the last four C-terminal strands slow the folding and decrease stability with the mutation between the last two strands slowing folding dramatically. These data suggest that interactions between the last four C-terminal strands are highly cooperative, perhaps triggered by an initial hydrophobic collapse. We suggest that this trigger is collapse of the highly hydrophobic cluster of amino acids in the D and E strands, a region previously shown to also affect the last stage of the folding process (Kim et al., 1997). Changing the glycine in the strand between the front and back sheets also results in a unstable, slow folding protein perhaps disrupting the D-E strand interactions. For most of the other turn mutations there was no apparent correlation between stability and refolding rate constants. In some turns, the interaction between strands, rather than the turn type, appears to be critical for folding while in others, turn formation itself appears to be a rate limiting step. Although there is no simple correlation between turn formation and folding kinetics, we propose that turn scanning by mutagenesis will be a useful tool for issues related to protein folding.  (+info)

Evidence for the existence of an unfolding intermediate state for aminoacylase during denaturation in guanidine solutions. (7/1338)

The equilibrium unfolding of pig kidney aminoacylase in guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) solutions was studied by following the fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD). At low concentrations of GdmCl, less than 1.0 M, the fluorescence intensity decreased with a slight red shift of the emission maximum (from 335 to 340 nm). An unfolding intermediate was observed in low concentrations of denaturant (between 1.2 and 1.6 M GdmCl). This intermediate was characterized by a decreased fluorescence emission intensity, a red-shifted emission maximum, and increased binding of the fluorescence probe 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate. No significant changes of the secondary structure were indicated by CD measurement. This conformation state is similar to a molten globule state which may exist in the pathway of protein folding. Further changes in the fluorescence properties occurred at higher concentrations of GdmCl, more than 1.6 M, with a decrease in emission intensity and a significant red shift of the emission maximum from 340 to 354 nm. In this stage, the secondary structure was completely broken. A study of apo-enzyme (Zn2+-free enzyme) produced similar results. However, comparison of the changes of the fluorescence emission spectra of native (Holo-) enzyme with Zn2+-free (Apo-) enzyme at low GdmCl concentrations showed that the structure of the Holo-enzyme was more stable than that of the Apo-enzyme.  (+info)

Characterization of a molten globule state of bovine carbonic anhydrase III: loss of asymmetrical environment of the aromatic residues has a profound effect on both the near- and far-UV CD spectrum. (8/1338)

Bovine muscle carbonic anhydrase (isoenzyme III; BCAIII) exhibited a three-state unfolding process at equilibrium upon denaturation in guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). The stable folding intermediate appeared to be of molten globule type. The stability towards GuHCl in terms of mid-point concentrations of denaturation were very similar for BCAIII and human CAII (HCAII). It was further demonstrated that the aromatic amino acid residues contributed significantly to the circular dichroism (CD) spectrum in the far-UV wavelength region during the native-->molten globule state transition. Thus, the ellipiticity change at 218 nm was shown to monitor the loss of tertiary interactions of aromatic side chains at the first unfolding transition as well as the rupture of secondary structure at the second unfolding transition. Similar aromatic contributions to the far-UV CD spectrum, but with varying magnitudes, were also noted for BCAII and HCAII, further emphasizing that interference of aromatic residues should not be neglected at wavelengths that normally are assigned to secondary structural changes.  (+info)

Guanidine is not typically defined in the context of medical terminology, but rather, it is a chemical compound with the formula NH2(C=NH)NH2. However, guanidine and its derivatives do have medical relevance:

1. Guanidine is used as a medication in some neurological disorders, such as stiff-person syndrome, to reduce muscle spasms and rigidity. It acts on the central nervous system to decrease abnormal nerve impulses that cause muscle spasticity.

2. Guanidine derivatives are found in various medications used for treating diabetes, like metformin. These compounds help lower glucose production in the liver and improve insulin sensitivity in muscle cells.

3. In some cases, guanidine is used as a skin penetration enhancer in transdermal drug delivery systems to increase the absorption of certain medications through the skin.

It is essential to note that guanidine itself has limited medical use due to its potential toxicity and narrow therapeutic window. Its derivatives, like metformin, are more commonly used in medical practice.

Guanidines are organic compounds that contain a guanidino group, which is a functional group with the formula -NH-C(=NH)-NH2. Guanidines can be found in various natural sources, including some animals, plants, and microorganisms. They also occur as byproducts of certain metabolic processes in the body.

In a medical context, guanidines are most commonly associated with the treatment of muscle weakness and neuromuscular disorders. The most well-known guanidine compound is probably guanidine hydrochloride, which has been used as a medication to treat conditions such as myasthenia gravis and Eaton-Lambert syndrome.

However, the use of guanidines as medications has declined in recent years due to their potential for toxicity and the development of safer and more effective treatments. Today, guanidines are mainly used in research settings to study various biological processes, including protein folding and aggregation, enzyme inhibition, and cell signaling.

Protein denaturation is a process in which the native structure of a protein is altered, leading to loss of its biological activity. This can be caused by various factors such as changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals or radiation. The three-dimensional shape of a protein is crucial for its function, and denaturation causes the protein to lose this shape, resulting in impaired or complete loss of function. Denaturation is often irreversible and can lead to the aggregation of proteins, which can have negative effects on cellular function and can contribute to diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Methylguanidine is not typically referred to as a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that can be found in various biological samples. It is a product of protein breakdown and is commonly elevated in the context of renal insufficiency or failure. Therefore, methylguanidine may be mentioned in medical reports related to kidney function.

The ICD-10-CM (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification) code for "Elevated blood urea nitrogen and/or creatinine" is E87.6, which could include elevated methylguanidine levels as a consequence of renal dysfunction.

In summary, while methylguanidine itself is not a medical term, it can be relevant in the context of medical diagnostics and reports related to kidney function.

Circular dichroism (CD) is a technique used in physics and chemistry to study the structure of molecules, particularly large biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. It measures the difference in absorption of left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized light by a sample. This difference in absorption can provide information about the three-dimensional structure of the molecule, including its chirality or "handedness."

In more technical terms, CD is a form of spectroscopy that measures the differential absorption of left and right circularly polarized light as a function of wavelength. The CD signal is measured in units of millidegrees (mdeg) and can be positive or negative, depending on the type of chromophore and its orientation within the molecule.

CD spectra can provide valuable information about the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins, as well as the conformation of nucleic acids. For example, alpha-helical proteins typically exhibit a strong positive band near 190 nm and two negative bands at around 208 nm and 222 nm, while beta-sheet proteins show a strong positive band near 195 nm and two negative bands at around 217 nm and 175 nm.

CD spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying the structural changes that occur in biological molecules under different conditions, such as temperature, pH, or the presence of ligands or other molecules. It can also be used to monitor the folding and unfolding of proteins, as well as the binding of drugs or other small molecules to their targets.

Protein folding is the process by which a protein molecule naturally folds into its three-dimensional structure, following the synthesis of its amino acid chain. This complex process is determined by the sequence and properties of the amino acids, as well as various environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and the presence of molecular chaperones. The final folded conformation of a protein is crucial for its proper function, as it enables the formation of specific interactions between different parts of the molecule, which in turn define its biological activity. Protein misfolding can lead to various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

Fluorescence spectrometry is a type of analytical technique used to investigate the fluorescent properties of a sample. It involves the measurement of the intensity of light emitted by a substance when it absorbs light at a specific wavelength and then re-emits it at a longer wavelength. This process, known as fluorescence, occurs because the absorbed energy excites electrons in the molecules of the substance to higher energy states, and when these electrons return to their ground state, they release the excess energy as light.

Fluorescence spectrometry typically measures the emission spectrum of a sample, which is a plot of the intensity of emitted light versus the wavelength of emission. This technique can be used to identify and quantify the presence of specific fluorescent molecules in a sample, as well as to study their photophysical properties.

Fluorescence spectrometry has many applications in fields such as biochemistry, environmental science, and materials science. For example, it can be used to detect and measure the concentration of pollutants in water samples, to analyze the composition of complex biological mixtures, or to study the properties of fluorescent nanomaterials.

Urea is not a medical condition but it is a medically relevant substance. Here's the definition:

Urea is a colorless, odorless solid that is the primary nitrogen-containing compound in the urine of mammals. It is a normal metabolic end product that is excreted by the kidneys and is also used as a fertilizer and in various industrial applications. Chemically, urea is a carbamide, consisting of two amino groups (NH2) joined by a carbon atom and having a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to the carbon atom. Urea is produced in the liver as an end product of protein metabolism and is then eliminated from the body by the kidneys through urination. Abnormal levels of urea in the blood, known as uremia, can indicate impaired kidney function or other medical conditions.

Protein conformation refers to the specific three-dimensional shape that a protein molecule assumes due to the spatial arrangement of its constituent amino acid residues and their associated chemical groups. This complex structure is determined by several factors, including covalent bonds (disulfide bridges), hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and ionic bonds, which help stabilize the protein's unique conformation.

Protein conformations can be broadly classified into two categories: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. The primary structure represents the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure arises from local interactions between adjacent amino acid residues, leading to the formation of recurring motifs such as α-helices and β-sheets. Tertiary structure refers to the overall three-dimensional folding pattern of a single polypeptide chain, while quaternary structure describes the spatial arrangement of multiple folded polypeptide chains (subunits) that interact to form a functional protein complex.

Understanding protein conformation is crucial for elucidating protein function, as the specific three-dimensional shape of a protein directly influences its ability to interact with other molecules, such as ligands, nucleic acids, or other proteins. Any alterations in protein conformation due to genetic mutations, environmental factors, or chemical modifications can lead to loss of function, misfolding, aggregation, and disease states like neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.

Molecular weight, also known as molecular mass, is the mass of a molecule. It is expressed in units of atomic mass units (amu) or daltons (Da). Molecular weight is calculated by adding up the atomic weights of each atom in a molecule. It is a useful property in chemistry and biology, as it can be used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution, or to calculate the amount of a substance that will react with another in a chemical reaction.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Gel chromatography is a type of liquid chromatography that separates molecules based on their size or molecular weight. It uses a stationary phase that consists of a gel matrix made up of cross-linked polymers, such as dextran, agarose, or polyacrylamide. The gel matrix contains pores of various sizes, which allow smaller molecules to penetrate deeper into the matrix while larger molecules are excluded.

In gel chromatography, a mixture of molecules is loaded onto the top of the gel column and eluted with a solvent that moves down the column by gravity or pressure. As the sample components move down the column, they interact with the gel matrix and get separated based on their size. Smaller molecules can enter the pores of the gel and take longer to elute, while larger molecules are excluded from the pores and elute more quickly.

Gel chromatography is commonly used to separate and purify proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules based on their size and molecular weight. It is also used in the analysis of polymers, colloids, and other materials with a wide range of applications in chemistry, biology, and medicine.

Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins. They consist of a central carbon atom, also known as the alpha carbon, which is bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom (H), and a variable side chain (R group). The R group can be composed of various combinations of atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon, which determine the unique properties of each amino acid.

There are 20 standard amino acids that are encoded by the genetic code and incorporated into proteins during translation. These include:

1. Alanine (Ala)
2. Arginine (Arg)
3. Asparagine (Asn)
4. Aspartic acid (Asp)
5. Cysteine (Cys)
6. Glutamine (Gln)
7. Glutamic acid (Glu)
8. Glycine (Gly)
9. Histidine (His)
10. Isoleucine (Ile)
11. Leucine (Leu)
12. Lysine (Lys)
13. Methionine (Met)
14. Phenylalanine (Phe)
15. Proline (Pro)
16. Serine (Ser)
17. Threonine (Thr)
18. Tryptophan (Trp)
19. Tyrosine (Tyr)
20. Valine (Val)

Additionally, there are several non-standard or modified amino acids that can be incorporated into proteins through post-translational modifications, such as hydroxylation, methylation, and phosphorylation. These modifications expand the functional diversity of proteins and play crucial roles in various cellular processes.

Amino acids are essential for numerous biological functions, including protein synthesis, enzyme catalysis, neurotransmitter production, energy metabolism, and immune response regulation. Some amino acids can be synthesized by the human body (non-essential), while others must be obtained through dietary sources (essential).

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "thermodynamics" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. However, the principles of thermodynamics can be applied to biological systems, including those in the human body, such as in the study of metabolism or muscle function. But in a medical context, "thermodynamics" would not be a term used independently as a diagnosis, treatment, or any medical condition.

Anilino Naphthalenesulfonates are a group of compounds that contain both aniline and naphthalene sulfonate components. Aniline is a organic compound with the formula C6H5NH2, and naphthalene sulfonate is the sodium salt of naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid.

Anilino Naphthalenesulfonates are commonly used as fluorescent dyes in various applications such as histology, microscopy, and flow cytometry. These compounds exhibit strong fluorescence under ultraviolet light and can be used to label and visualize specific structures or molecules of interest. Examples of Anilino Naphthalenesulfonates include Propidium Iodide, Acridine Orange, and Hoechst 33258.

It is important to note that while these compounds are widely used in research and diagnostic settings, they may also have potential hazards and should be handled with appropriate safety precautions.

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

Electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel (EPG) is a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze complex mixtures of proteins or nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) based on their size and electrical charge. This technique utilizes a matrix made of cross-linked polyacrylamide, a type of gel, which provides a stable and uniform environment for the separation of molecules.

In this process:

1. The polyacrylamide gel is prepared by mixing acrylamide monomers with a cross-linking agent (bis-acrylamide) and a catalyst (ammonium persulfate) in the presence of a buffer solution.
2. The gel is then poured into a mold and allowed to polymerize, forming a solid matrix with uniform pore sizes that depend on the concentration of acrylamide used. Higher concentrations result in smaller pores, providing better resolution for separating smaller molecules.
3. Once the gel has set, it is placed in an electrophoresis apparatus containing a buffer solution. Samples containing the mixture of proteins or nucleic acids are loaded into wells on the top of the gel.
4. An electric field is applied across the gel, causing the negatively charged molecules to migrate towards the positive electrode (anode) while positively charged molecules move toward the negative electrode (cathode). The rate of migration depends on the size, charge, and shape of the molecules.
5. Smaller molecules move faster through the gel matrix and will migrate farther from the origin compared to larger molecules, resulting in separation based on size. Proteins and nucleic acids can be selectively stained after electrophoresis to visualize the separated bands.

EPG is widely used in various research fields, including molecular biology, genetics, proteomics, and forensic science, for applications such as protein characterization, DNA fragment analysis, cloning, mutation detection, and quality control of nucleic acid or protein samples.

Enzyme stability refers to the ability of an enzyme to maintain its structure and function under various environmental conditions, such as temperature, pH, and the presence of denaturants or inhibitors. A stable enzyme retains its activity and conformation over time and across a range of conditions, making it more suitable for industrial and therapeutic applications.

Enzymes can be stabilized through various methods, including chemical modification, immobilization, and protein engineering. Understanding the factors that affect enzyme stability is crucial for optimizing their use in biotechnology, medicine, and research.

Poliovirus is a human enterovirus, specifically a type of picornavirus, that is the causative agent of poliomyelitis (polio). It is a small, non-enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus. There are three serotypes of Poliovirus (types 1, 2 and 3) which can cause different degrees of severity in the disease. The virus primarily spreads through the fecal-oral route and infects the gastrointestinal tract, from where it can invade the nervous system and cause paralysis.

The Poliovirus has an icosahedral symmetry, with a diameter of about 30 nanometers. It contains a single stranded RNA genome which is encapsidated in a protein shell called capsid. The capsid is made up of 60 units of four different proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4).

Poliovirus has been eradicated from most countries of the world through widespread vaccination with inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) or oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). However, it still remains endemic in a few countries and is considered a major public health concern.

Macromolecular substances, also known as macromolecules, are large, complex molecules made up of repeating subunits called monomers. These substances are formed through polymerization, a process in which many small molecules combine to form a larger one. Macromolecular substances can be naturally occurring, such as proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates, or synthetic, such as plastics and synthetic fibers.

In the context of medicine, macromolecular substances are often used in the development of drugs and medical devices. For example, some drugs are designed to bind to specific macromolecules in the body, such as proteins or DNA, in order to alter their function and produce a therapeutic effect. Additionally, macromolecular substances may be used in the creation of medical implants, such as artificial joints and heart valves, due to their strength and durability.

It is important for healthcare professionals to have an understanding of macromolecular substances and how they function in the body, as this knowledge can inform the development and use of medical treatments.

Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet (UV-Vis) is a type of spectrophotometry that measures how much ultraviolet (UV) and visible light is absorbed or transmitted by a sample. It uses a device called a spectrophotometer to measure the intensity of light at different wavelengths as it passes through a sample. The resulting data can be used to determine the concentration of specific components within the sample, identify unknown substances, or evaluate the physical and chemical properties of materials.

UV-Vis spectroscopy is widely used in various fields such as chemistry, biology, pharmaceuticals, and environmental science. It can detect a wide range of substances including organic compounds, metal ions, proteins, nucleic acids, and dyes. The technique is non-destructive, meaning that the sample remains unchanged after the measurement.

In UV-Vis spectroscopy, the sample is placed in a cuvette or other container, and light from a source is directed through it. The light then passes through a monochromator, which separates it into its component wavelengths. The monochromatic light is then directed through the sample, and the intensity of the transmitted or absorbed light is measured by a detector.

The resulting absorption spectrum can provide information about the concentration and identity of the components in the sample. For example, if a compound has a known absorption maximum at a specific wavelength, its concentration can be determined by measuring the absorbance at that wavelength and comparing it to a standard curve.

Overall, UV-Vis spectrophotometry is a versatile and powerful analytical technique for quantitative and qualitative analysis of various samples in different fields.

Temperature, in a medical context, is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment. It is usually measured using a thermometer and reported in degrees Celsius (°C), degrees Fahrenheit (°F), or kelvin (K). In the human body, normal core temperature ranges from about 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) when measured rectally, and can vary slightly depending on factors such as time of day, physical activity, and menstrual cycle. Elevated body temperature is a common sign of infection or inflammation, while abnormally low body temperature can indicate hypothermia or other medical conditions.

Protein renaturation is the process of restoring the native, functional structure of a protein that has been denatured due to exposure to external stressors such as changes in temperature, pH, or the addition of chemical agents. Denaturation causes proteins to lose their unique three-dimensional structure, which is essential for their proper function. Renaturation involves slowly removing these stressors and allowing the protein to refold into its original configuration, restoring its biological activity. This process can be facilitated by various techniques, including dialysis, dilution, or the addition of specific chemical chaperones.

Sigma receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that were initially thought to be opioid receptors but later found to have a distinct pharmacology. They are a heterogeneous group of proteins that are widely distributed in the brain and other tissues, where they play a role in various physiological functions such as neurotransmission, signal transduction, and modulation of ion channels.

Sigma receptors can be divided into two subtypes: sigma-1 and sigma-2. Sigma-1 receptors are ligand-regulated chaperone proteins that are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria-associated ER membranes, where they modulate calcium signaling, protein folding, and stress responses. Sigma-2 receptors, on the other hand, are still poorly characterized and their endogenous ligands and physiological functions remain elusive.

Sigma receptors can be activated by a variety of drugs, including certain antidepressants, neuroleptics, psychostimulants, and hallucinogens, as well as some natural compounds such as steroids and phenolamines. The activation of sigma receptors has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, addiction, pain, and neurodegeneration, although their exact role and therapeutic potential are still under investigation.

Enzyme reactivators are substances or compounds that restore the activity of an enzyme that has been inhibited or inactivated. This can occur due to various reasons such as exposure to certain chemicals, oxidation, or heavy metal ions. Enzyme reactivators work by binding to the enzyme and reversing the effects of the inhibitor or promoting the repair of any damage caused.

One example of an enzyme reactivator is methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr), which can reduce oxidized methionine residues in proteins, thereby restoring their function. Another example is 2-phenylethynesulfonamide (PESNA), which has been shown to reactivate the enzyme parkinsonism-associated deglycase (DJ-1) that is mutated in some cases of familial Parkinson's disease.

It is important to note that not all enzyme inhibitors can be reversed by reactivators, and the development of specific reactivators for particular enzymes is an active area of research with potential therapeutic applications.

Ultracentrifugation is a medical and laboratory technique used for the separation of particles of different sizes, densities, or shapes from a mixture based on their sedimentation rates. This process involves the use of a specialized piece of equipment called an ultracentrifuge, which can generate very high centrifugal forces, much greater than those produced by a regular centrifuge.

In ultracentrifugation, a sample is placed in a special tube and spun at extremely high speeds, causing the particles within the sample to separate based on their size, shape, and density. The larger or denser particles will sediment faster and accumulate at the bottom of the tube, while smaller or less dense particles will remain suspended in the solution or sediment more slowly.

Ultracentrifugation is a valuable tool in various fields, including biochemistry, molecular biology, and virology. It can be used to purify and concentrate viruses, subcellular organelles, membrane fractions, ribosomes, DNA, and other macromolecules from complex mixtures. The technique can also provide information about the size, shape, and density of these particles, making it a crucial method for characterizing and studying their properties.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is not primarily used in medical contexts, but it is widely used in scientific research and laboratory settings within the field of biochemistry and molecular biology. Therefore, I will provide a definition related to its chemical and laboratory usage:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is an anionic surfactant, which is a type of detergent or cleansing agent. Its chemical formula is C12H25NaO4S. SDS is often used in the denaturation and solubilization of proteins for various analytical techniques such as sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), a method used to separate and analyze protein mixtures based on their molecular weights.

When SDS interacts with proteins, it binds to the hydrophobic regions of the molecule, causing the protein to unfold or denature. This process disrupts the natural structure of the protein, exposing its constituent amino acids and creating a more uniform, negatively charged surface. The negative charge results from the sulfate group in SDS, which allows proteins to migrate through an electric field during electrophoresis based on their size rather than their native charge or conformation.

While not a medical definition per se, understanding the use of SDS and its role in laboratory techniques is essential for researchers working in biochemistry, molecular biology, and related fields.

In a medical context, "hot temperature" is not a standard medical term with a specific definition. However, it is often used in relation to fever, which is a common symptom of illness. A fever is typically defined as a body temperature that is higher than normal, usually above 38°C (100.4°F) for adults and above 37.5-38°C (99.5-101.3°F) for children, depending on the source.

Therefore, when a medical professional talks about "hot temperature," they may be referring to a body temperature that is higher than normal due to fever or other causes. It's important to note that a high environmental temperature can also contribute to an elevated body temperature, so it's essential to consider both the body temperature and the environmental temperature when assessing a patient's condition.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

Ribonuclease, pancreatic (also known as RNase pancreatica or RNase 1) is a type of enzyme that belongs to the ribonuclease family. This enzyme is produced in the pancreas and is released into the small intestine during digestion. Its primary function is to help break down RNA (ribonucleic acid), which is present in ingested food, into smaller components called nucleotides. This process aids in the absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract.

Ribonuclease, pancreatic is a single-chain protein with a molecular weight of approximately 13.7 kDa. It has a specific affinity for single-stranded RNA and exhibits endonucleolytic activity, meaning it can cut the RNA chain at various internal points. This enzyme plays an essential role in the digestion and metabolism of RNA in the human body.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Disulfides are a type of organic compound that contains a sulfur-sulfur bond. In the context of biochemistry and medicine, disulfide bonds are often found in proteins, where they play a crucial role in maintaining their three-dimensional structure and function. These bonds form when two sulfhydryl groups (-SH) on cysteine residues within a protein molecule react with each other, releasing a molecule of water and creating a disulfide bond (-S-S-) between the two cysteines. Disulfide bonds can be reduced back to sulfhydryl groups by various reducing agents, which is an important process in many biological reactions. The formation and reduction of disulfide bonds are critical for the proper folding, stability, and activity of many proteins, including those involved in various physiological processes and diseases.

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, meaning it cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through dietary sources. Its chemical formula is C11H12N2O2. Tryptophan plays a crucial role in various biological processes as it serves as a precursor to several important molecules, including serotonin, melatonin, and niacin (vitamin B3). Serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation, appetite control, and sleep-wake cycles, while melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake patterns. Niacin is essential for energy production and DNA repair.

Foods rich in tryptophan include turkey, chicken, fish, eggs, cheese, milk, nuts, seeds, and whole grains. In some cases, tryptophan supplementation may be recommended to help manage conditions related to serotonin imbalances, such as depression or insomnia, but this should only be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional due to potential side effects and interactions with other medications.

Natal teeth refer to teeth that are present in a newborn baby's mouth at the time of birth. They are considered to be prematurely erupted teeth, as they emerge before 20 weeks of age, which is the normal time range for primary (baby) teeth to appear. Natal teeth can vary in number, size, and development, ranging from small, peg-like teeth to fully formed ones.

These teeth are not common, occurring in only about 1 in every 2,000 to 3,000 births. In some cases, natal teeth may be loose or wobbly due to their premature eruption and lack of a well-developed root system. They can sometimes cause discomfort or irritation to the baby during breastfeeding or bottle feeding.

It is essential to have natal teeth evaluated by a healthcare professional, such as a pediatrician or dentist, to determine if they pose any risks or need removal. In some instances, natal teeth may be removed due to concerns about potential damage to the baby's tongue or risk of aspiration. However, if the teeth are stable and not causing any issues, they can often be left alone and will eventually fall out on their own as the child grows and develops.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Thiocyanates are chemical compounds that contain the thiocyanate ion (SCN-), which consists of a sulfur atom, a carbon atom, and a nitrogen atom. The thiocyanate ion is formed by the removal of a hydrogen ion from thiocyanic acid (HSCN). Thiocyanates are used in various applications, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and industrial chemicals. In medicine, thiocyanates have been studied for their potential effects on the thyroid gland and their use as a treatment for cyanide poisoning. However, excessive exposure to thiocyanates can be harmful and may cause symptoms such as irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, as well as potential impacts on thyroid function.

'Escherichia coli' (E. coli) is a type of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that commonly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. It is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and one of the most well-studied prokaryotic model organisms in molecular biology.

While most E. coli strains are harmless and even beneficial to their hosts, some serotypes can cause various forms of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal illnesses in humans and animals. These pathogenic strains possess virulence factors that enable them to colonize and damage host tissues, leading to diseases such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis.

E. coli is a versatile organism with remarkable genetic diversity, which allows it to adapt to various environmental niches. It can be found in water, soil, food, and various man-made environments, making it an essential indicator of fecal contamination and a common cause of foodborne illnesses. The study of E. coli has contributed significantly to our understanding of fundamental biological processes, including DNA replication, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.

Arginine kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of arginine, a basic amino acid, to form phosphoarginine. This reaction plays a crucial role in energy metabolism in various organisms, including invertebrates and microorganisms. Phosphoarginine serves as an energy storage molecule, similar to how phosphocreatine is used in vertebrate muscle tissue. Arginine kinase is not typically found in mammals, but it is present in other animals such as insects, crustaceans, and mollusks. The enzyme helps facilitate rapid energy transfer during high-intensity activities, supporting the organism's physiological functions.

Proteoglycans are complex, highly negatively charged macromolecules that are composed of a core protein covalently linked to one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. They are a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell signaling, regulation of growth factor activity, and maintenance of tissue structure and function.

The GAG chains, which can vary in length and composition, are long, unbranched polysaccharides that are composed of repeating disaccharide units containing a hexuronic acid (either glucuronic or iduronic acid) and a hexosamine (either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine). These GAG chains can be sulfated to varying degrees, which contributes to the negative charge of proteoglycans.

Proteoglycans are classified into four major groups based on their core protein structure and GAG composition: heparan sulfate/heparin proteoglycans, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, keratan sulfate proteoglycans, and hyaluronan-binding proteoglycans. Each group has distinct functions and is found in specific tissues and cell types.

In summary, proteoglycans are complex macromolecules composed of a core protein and one or more GAG chains that play important roles in the ECM and various biological processes, including cell signaling, growth factor regulation, and tissue structure maintenance.

Echovirus 9 is a type of enterovirus, which is a single-stranded RNA virus that can infect humans. The name "echovirus" stands for "enteric cytopathic human orphan virus," as these viruses were initially discovered in the intestines and were not known to cause any specific diseases. However, it is now known that some echoviruses, including echovirus 9, can cause a range of illnesses, particularly in children.

Echovirus 9 is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, usually through contaminated food or water. Once inside the body, the virus can infect various organs and tissues, including the respiratory system, central nervous system, and skin.

The symptoms of echovirus 9 infection can vary widely depending on the age and overall health of the infected person, as well as the severity of the infection. In some cases, people may not experience any symptoms at all. However, in others, the virus can cause a range of illnesses, including:

* Common cold-like symptoms, such as runny nose, sore throat, and cough
* Fever and fatigue
* Skin rashes or mouth ulcers
* Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain
* Neurological symptoms, such as meningitis, encephalitis, or paralysis

In severe cases, echovirus 9 infection can lead to serious complications, particularly in people with weakened immune systems. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as fluids and medication to manage fever and pain. There is no specific antiviral treatment for echovirus 9 infection. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding contact with sick individuals.

Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.

In the context of medical and biological sciences, a "binding site" refers to a specific location on a protein, molecule, or cell where another molecule can attach or bind. This binding interaction can lead to various functional changes in the original protein or molecule. The other molecule that binds to the binding site is often referred to as a ligand, which can be a small molecule, ion, or even another protein.

The binding between a ligand and its target binding site can be specific and selective, meaning that only certain ligands can bind to particular binding sites with high affinity. This specificity plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as signal transduction, enzyme catalysis, or drug action.

In the case of drug development, understanding the location and properties of binding sites on target proteins is essential for designing drugs that can selectively bind to these sites and modulate protein function. This knowledge can help create more effective and safer therapeutic options for various diseases.

Secondary protein structure refers to the local spatial arrangement of amino acid chains in a protein, typically described as regular repeating patterns held together by hydrogen bonds. The two most common types of secondary structures are the alpha-helix (α-helix) and the beta-pleated sheet (β-sheet). In an α-helix, the polypeptide chain twists around itself in a helical shape, with each backbone atom forming a hydrogen bond with the fourth amino acid residue along the chain. This forms a rigid rod-like structure that is resistant to bending or twisting forces. In β-sheets, adjacent segments of the polypeptide chain run parallel or antiparallel to each other and are connected by hydrogen bonds, forming a pleated sheet-like arrangement. These secondary structures provide the foundation for the formation of tertiary and quaternary protein structures, which determine the overall three-dimensional shape and function of the protein.

Recombinant proteins are artificially created proteins produced through the use of recombinant DNA technology. This process involves combining DNA molecules from different sources to create a new set of genes that encode for a specific protein. The resulting recombinant protein can then be expressed, purified, and used for various applications in research, medicine, and industry.

Recombinant proteins are widely used in biomedical research to study protein function, structure, and interactions. They are also used in the development of diagnostic tests, vaccines, and therapeutic drugs. For example, recombinant insulin is a common treatment for diabetes, while recombinant human growth hormone is used to treat growth disorders.

The production of recombinant proteins typically involves the use of host cells, such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells, which are engineered to express the desired protein. The host cells are transformed with a plasmid vector containing the gene of interest, along with regulatory elements that control its expression. Once the host cells are cultured and the protein is expressed, it can be purified using various chromatography techniques.

Overall, recombinant proteins have revolutionized many areas of biology and medicine, enabling researchers to study and manipulate proteins in ways that were previously impossible.

Drug stability refers to the ability of a pharmaceutical drug product to maintain its physical, chemical, and biological properties during storage and use, under specified conditions. A stable drug product retains its desired quality, purity, strength, and performance throughout its shelf life. Factors that can affect drug stability include temperature, humidity, light exposure, and container compatibility. Maintaining drug stability is crucial to ensure the safety and efficacy of medications for patients.

Dithionitrobenzoic acid is not a medical term, as it is related to chemistry rather than medicine. It is an organic compound with the formula C6H4N2O4S2. This compound is a type of benzenediol that contains two sulfur atoms and two nitro groups. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and alcohol.

Dithionitrobenzoic acid is not used directly in medical applications, but it can be used as a reagent in chemical reactions that are relevant to medical research or analysis. For example, it can be used to determine the concentration of iron in biological samples through a reaction that produces a colored complex. However, if you have any specific questions related to its use or application in a medical context, I would recommend consulting with a medical professional or a researcher in the relevant field.

'Archaeoglobus' is a genus of archaea, which are single-celled microorganisms that lack cell nuclei and are distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes. Archaeoglobus species are extremophiles, meaning they thrive in extreme environments that are hostile to most other forms of life.

Archaeoglobus species are found in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, where they obtain energy by oxidizing sulfur compounds and reducing sulfate to produce hydrogen sulfide. They are also found in hot oil reservoirs, where they can degrade crude oil and contribute to the souring of oil wells.

Archaeoglobus species have a unique metabolism that is distinct from other archaea and bacteria. They possess a variety of enzymes that allow them to thrive in extreme environments, including high temperatures, pressures, and acidity. These adaptations make Archaeoglobus species important models for studying the evolution and ecology of extremophilic microorganisms.

Molecular models are three-dimensional representations of molecular structures that are used in the field of molecular biology and chemistry to visualize and understand the spatial arrangement of atoms and bonds within a molecule. These models can be physical or computer-generated and allow researchers to study the shape, size, and behavior of molecules, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions with other molecules.

Physical molecular models are often made up of balls (representing atoms) connected by rods or sticks (representing bonds). These models can be constructed manually using materials such as plastic or wooden balls and rods, or they can be created using 3D printing technology.

Computer-generated molecular models, on the other hand, are created using specialized software that allows researchers to visualize and manipulate molecular structures in three dimensions. These models can be used to simulate molecular interactions, predict molecular behavior, and design new drugs or chemicals with specific properties. Overall, molecular models play a critical role in advancing our understanding of molecular structures and their functions.

Protein unfolding, also known as protein denaturation, refers to the loss of a protein's native structure, leading to a random or disordered conformation. Proteins are complex molecules that fold into specific three-dimensional shapes, allowing them to perform their biological functions. Various factors, such as heat, changes in pH, chemical denaturants, or mechanical forces, can disrupt the delicate balance of interactions that maintain this folded structure, causing the protein to unfold. Unfolded proteins may lose their functionality and can aggregate, forming insoluble aggregates, which can be harmful to cells and contribute to various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders.

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) sugars, also known as sugar nucleotides, are molecules that play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates, such as glycoproteins and glycolipids. These molecules consist of a sugar molecule, usually glucose or galactose, linked to a molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

The ADP portion of the molecule provides the energy needed for the transfer of the sugar moiety to other molecules during the process of glycosylation. The reaction is catalyzed by enzymes called glycosyltransferases, which transfer the sugar from the ADP-sugar donor to an acceptor molecule, such as a protein or lipid.

ADP-sugars are important in various biological processes, including cell recognition, signal transduction, and protein folding. Abnormalities in the metabolism of ADP-sugars have been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Guanabenz is not a medical condition, it's a medication. Here's the definition:

Guanabenz (brand name Wytensin) is a centrally acting antihypertensive agent, primarily used for the treatment of hypertension. It belongs to the class of drugs known as "central alpha-2 adrenergic agonists." Guanabenz works by mimicking the effects of natural neurotransmitters in your body to reduce nerve impulses that cause blood vessels to constrict, thereby promoting vasodilation and lowering blood pressure.

Please consult a healthcare professional or refer to medical resources for more detailed information about specific medications and their uses, side effects, and interactions.

Protein binding, in the context of medical and biological sciences, refers to the interaction between a protein and another molecule (known as the ligand) that results in a stable complex. This process is often reversible and can be influenced by various factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration of the involved molecules.

In clinical chemistry, protein binding is particularly important when it comes to drugs, as many of them bind to proteins (especially albumin) in the bloodstream. The degree of protein binding can affect a drug's distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which in turn influence its therapeutic effectiveness and potential side effects.

Protein-bound drugs may be less available for interaction with their target tissues, as only the unbound or "free" fraction of the drug is active. Therefore, understanding protein binding can help optimize dosing regimens and minimize adverse reactions.

Dithioerythritol is a chemical compound with the formula (HOCH₂)₂SS(CHOH)₂. It is a colorless, viscous liquid that is used as a reducing agent and antioxidant in various industrial and laboratory applications. In the medical field, it has been studied for its potential use as an anti-inflammatory and antiviral agent, although it is not currently approved for use as a drug. It may also be used as a reagent in diagnostic tests and as a solvent in pharmaceutical preparations.

Histamine agonists are substances that bind to and activate histamine receptors, leading to the initiation or enhancement of various physiological responses. Histamine is a naturally occurring molecule that plays a key role in the body's immune and allergic responses, as well as in the regulation of sleep, wakefulness, and appetite.

There are four main types of histamine receptors (H1, H2, H3, and H4), each with distinct functions and signaling pathways. Histamine agonists can be selective for one or more of these receptor subtypes, depending on their pharmacological properties.

For example, H1 agonists are commonly used as decongestants and antihistamines to treat allergies, while H2 agonists are used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcers. H3 agonists have been investigated for their potential therapeutic use in the treatment of neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia, while H4 agonists are being studied for their role in inflammation and immune regulation.

It is important to note that histamine agonists can also have adverse effects, particularly if they are not selective for a specific receptor subtype or if they are used at high doses. These effects may include increased heart rate, blood pressure, and bronchodilation (opening of the airways), as well as gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pempidine" does not appear to be a recognized term in medical terminology or pharmacology. It is possible that there may be a spelling error or typo in the term you are looking for. Please double-check the spelling and try again. If you meant "Pimobendan," I would be happy to provide information on that instead.

If you indeed meant "Pempidine," please let me know, and I will do my best to find more information about it.

Sulfhydryl compounds, also known as thiol compounds, are organic compounds that contain a functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-SH). This functional group is also called a sulfhydryl group. Sulfhydryl compounds can be found in various biological systems and play important roles in maintaining the structure and function of proteins, enzymes, and other biomolecules. They can also act as antioxidants and help protect cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species. Examples of sulfhydryl compounds include cysteine, glutathione, and coenzyme A.

Immunodiffusion is a laboratory technique used in immunology to detect and measure the presence of specific antibodies or antigens in a sample. It is based on the principle of diffusion, where molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they reach equilibrium. In this technique, a sample containing an unknown quantity of antigen or antibody is placed in a gel or agar medium that contains a known quantity of antibody or antigen, respectively.

The two substances then diffuse towards each other and form a visible precipitate at the point where they meet and reach equivalence, which indicates the presence and quantity of the specific antigen or antibody in the sample. There are several types of immunodiffusion techniques, including radial immunodiffusion (RID) and double immunodiffusion (Ouchterlony technique). These techniques are widely used in diagnostic laboratories to identify and measure various antigens and antibodies, such as those found in infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and allergic reactions.

In the context of medicine, "chemistry" often refers to the field of study concerned with the properties, composition, and structure of elements and compounds, as well as their reactions with one another. It is a fundamental science that underlies much of modern medicine, including pharmacology (the study of drugs), toxicology (the study of poisons), and biochemistry (the study of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms).

In addition to its role as a basic science, chemistry is also used in medical testing and diagnosis. For example, clinical chemistry involves the analysis of bodily fluids such as blood and urine to detect and measure various substances, such as glucose, cholesterol, and electrolytes, that can provide important information about a person's health status.

Overall, chemistry plays a critical role in understanding the mechanisms of diseases, developing new treatments, and improving diagnostic tests and techniques.

In medical terms, "bromides" refer to salts or compounds that contain bromine, a chemical element. Historically, potassium bromide was used as a sedative and anticonvulsant in the 19th and early 20th centuries. However, its use has largely been discontinued due to side effects such as neurotoxicity and kidney damage.

In modern medical language, "bromides" can also refer to something that is unoriginal, dull, or lacking in creativity, often used to describe ideas or expressions that are trite or clichéd. This usage comes from the fact that bromide salts were once commonly used as a sedative and were associated with a lack of excitement or energy.

Ion exchange chromatography is a type of chromatography technique used to separate and analyze charged molecules (ions) based on their ability to exchange bound ions in a solid resin or gel with ions of similar charge in the mobile phase. The stationary phase, often called an ion exchanger, contains fixed ated functional groups that can attract counter-ions of opposite charge from the sample mixture.

In this technique, the sample is loaded onto an ion exchange column containing the charged resin or gel. As the sample moves through the column, ions in the sample compete for binding sites on the stationary phase with ions already present in the column. The ions that bind most strongly to the stationary phase will elute (come off) slower than those that bind more weakly.

Ion exchange chromatography can be performed using either cation exchangers, which exchange positive ions (cations), or anion exchangers, which exchange negative ions (anions). The pH and ionic strength of the mobile phase can be adjusted to control the binding and elution of specific ions.

Ion exchange chromatography is widely used in various applications such as water treatment, protein purification, and chemical analysis.

Chemical phenomena refer to the changes and interactions that occur at the molecular or atomic level when chemicals are involved. These phenomena can include chemical reactions, in which one or more substances (reactants) are converted into different substances (products), as well as physical properties that change as a result of chemical interactions, such as color, state of matter, and solubility. Chemical phenomena can be studied through various scientific disciplines, including chemistry, biochemistry, and physics.

A Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) in the context of medicinal chemistry and pharmacology refers to the relationship between the chemical structure of a drug or molecule and its biological activity or effect on a target protein, cell, or organism. SAR studies aim to identify patterns and correlations between structural features of a compound and its ability to interact with a specific biological target, leading to a desired therapeutic response or undesired side effects.

By analyzing the SAR, researchers can optimize the chemical structure of lead compounds to enhance their potency, selectivity, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties, ultimately guiding the design and development of novel drugs with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Rabbits" is a common name used to refer to the Lagomorpha species, particularly members of the family Leporidae. They are small mammals known for their long ears, strong legs, and quick reproduction.

However, if you're referring to "rabbits" in a medical context, there is a term called "rabbit syndrome," which is a rare movement disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements of the fingers, resembling those of a rabbit chewing. It is also known as "finger-chewing chorea." This condition is usually associated with certain medications, particularly antipsychotics, and typically resolves when the medication is stopped or adjusted.

Solubility is a fundamental concept in pharmaceutical sciences and medicine, which refers to the maximum amount of a substance (solute) that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent (usually water) at a specific temperature and pressure. Solubility is typically expressed as mass of solute per volume or mass of solvent (e.g., grams per liter, milligrams per milliliter). The process of dissolving a solute in a solvent results in a homogeneous solution where the solute particles are dispersed uniformly throughout the solvent.

Understanding the solubility of drugs is crucial for their formulation, administration, and therapeutic effectiveness. Drugs with low solubility may not dissolve sufficiently to produce the desired pharmacological effect, while those with high solubility might lead to rapid absorption and short duration of action. Therefore, optimizing drug solubility through various techniques like particle size reduction, salt formation, or solubilization is an essential aspect of drug development and delivery.

Phenformin is a medication that was previously used to treat type 2 diabetes. It belongs to a class of drugs called biguanides, which work to decrease the amount of glucose produced by the liver and increase the body's sensitivity to insulin. However, phenformin was associated with an increased risk of lactic acidosis, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by an excessive buildup of lactic acid in the bloodstream. As a result, it is no longer available or recommended for use in most countries, including the United States.

Mercaptoethanol, also known as β-mercaptoethanol or BME, is not a medical term itself but is commonly used in laboratories including medical research. It is a reducing agent and a powerful antioxidant with the chemical formula HOCH2CH2SH.

Medical Definition:
Mercaptoethanol (β-mercaptoethanol) is a colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor, used as a reducing agent in biochemical research and laboratory experiments. It functions by breaking disulfide bonds between cysteine residues in proteins, allowing them to unfold and denature. This property makes it useful for various applications such as protein purification, enzyme assays, and cell culture.

However, it is important to note that Mercaptoethanol has a high toxicity level and should be handled with caution in the laboratory setting.

Chromatography is a technique used in analytical chemistry for the separation, identification, and quantification of the components of a mixture. It is based on the differential distribution of the components of a mixture between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The stationary phase can be a solid or liquid, while the mobile phase is a gas, liquid, or supercritical fluid that moves through the stationary phase carrying the sample components.

The interaction between the sample components and the stationary and mobile phases determines how quickly each component will move through the system. Components that interact more strongly with the stationary phase will move more slowly than those that interact more strongly with the mobile phase. This difference in migration rates allows for the separation of the components, which can then be detected and quantified.

There are many different types of chromatography, including paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Each type has its own strengths and weaknesses, and is best suited for specific applications.

In summary, chromatography is a powerful analytical technique used to separate, identify, and quantify the components of a mixture based on their differential distribution between a stationary phase and a mobile phase.

An apoenzyme is the protein component of an enzyme that is responsible for its catalytic activity. It combines with a cofactor, which can be either an organic or inorganic non-protein molecule, to form the active enzyme. The cofactor can be a metal ion or a small organic molecule called a coenzyme.

The term "apoenzyme" is used to describe the protein portion of an enzyme after it has lost its cofactor. When the apoenzyme combines with the cofactor, the active holoenzyme is formed, which is capable of carrying out the specific biochemical reaction for which the enzyme is responsible.

In some cases, the loss of a cofactor can result in the complete loss of enzymatic activity, while in other cases, the apoenzyme may retain some residual activity. The relationship between an apoenzyme and its cofactor is specific, meaning that each cofactor typically only binds to and activates one particular type of apoenzyme.

Carbohydrates are a major nutrient class consisting of organic compounds that primarily contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They are classified as saccharides, which include monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (double sugars), oligosaccharides (short-chain sugars), and polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates).

Monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose, are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of a single sugar molecule that cannot be broken down further by hydrolysis. Disaccharides, like sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (malt sugar), are formed from two monosaccharide units joined together.

Oligosaccharides contain a small number of monosaccharide units, typically less than 20, while polysaccharides consist of long chains of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides can be further classified into starch (found in plants), glycogen (found in animals), and non-starchy polysaccharides like cellulose, chitin, and pectin.

Carbohydrates play a crucial role in providing energy to the body, with glucose being the primary source of energy for most cells. They also serve as structural components in plants (cellulose) and animals (chitin), participate in various metabolic processes, and contribute to the taste, texture, and preservation of foods.

Trypsin is a proteolytic enzyme, specifically a serine protease, that is secreted by the pancreas as an inactive precursor, trypsinogen. Trypsinogen is converted into its active form, trypsin, in the small intestine by enterokinase, which is produced by the intestinal mucosa.

Trypsin plays a crucial role in digestion by cleaving proteins into smaller peptides at specific arginine and lysine residues. This enzyme helps to break down dietary proteins into amino acids, allowing for their absorption and utilization by the body. Additionally, trypsin can activate other zymogenic pancreatic enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidases, thereby contributing to overall protein digestion.

Cimetidine is a histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist, which is a type of medication that reduces the production of stomach acid. It works by blocking the action of histamine on the H2 receptors in the stomach, which are responsible for stimulating the release of stomach acid. By blocking these receptors, cimetidine reduces the amount of stomach acid produced and can help to relieve symptoms such as heartburn, indigestion, and stomach ulcers.

Cimetidine is available by prescription in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid. It is typically taken two or three times a day, depending on the specific condition being treated. Common side effects of cimetidine may include headache, dizziness, diarrhea, and constipation.

In addition to its use in treating stomach acid-related conditions, cimetidine has also been studied for its potential anti-cancer properties. Some research suggests that it may help to enhance the immune system's response to cancer cells and reduce the growth of certain types of tumors. However, more research is needed to confirm these effects and determine the optimal dosage and duration of treatment.

Cyanamide is a chemical compound with the formula NH2CN. It is a colorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and has an ammonia-like odor. Cyanamide is used as a reagent in organic synthesis and as a fertilizer.

In a medical context, cyanamide may be used as a drug to treat certain conditions. For example, it has been used as a muscle relaxant and to reduce muscle spasms in people with multiple sclerosis. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for alcohol dependence, as it may help to reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms.

It is important to note that cyanamide can be toxic in high doses, and it should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Muramidase, also known as lysozyme, is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the glycosidic bond between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine in peptidoglycan, a polymer found in bacterial cell walls. This enzymatic activity plays a crucial role in the innate immune system by contributing to the destruction of invading bacteria. Muramidase is widely distributed in various tissues and bodily fluids, such as tears, saliva, and milk, and is also found in several types of white blood cells, including neutrophils and monocytes.

Spectrophotometry is a technical analytical method used in the field of medicine and science to measure the amount of light absorbed or transmitted by a substance at specific wavelengths. This technique involves the use of a spectrophotometer, an instrument that measures the intensity of light as it passes through a sample.

In medical applications, spectrophotometry is often used in laboratory settings to analyze various biological samples such as blood, urine, and tissues. For example, it can be used to measure the concentration of specific chemicals or compounds in a sample by measuring the amount of light that is absorbed or transmitted at specific wavelengths.

In addition, spectrophotometry can also be used to assess the properties of biological tissues, such as their optical density and thickness. This information can be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions, including skin disorders, eye diseases, and cancer.

Overall, spectrophotometry is a valuable tool for medical professionals and researchers seeking to understand the composition and properties of various biological samples and tissues.

Guanethidine is an antihypertensive medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as ganglionic blockers or autonomic nervous system (ANS) inhibitors. It works by blocking the action of certain chemicals (neurotransmitters) in the body, which results in decreased blood pressure and heart rate.

Guanethidine is not commonly used today due to its side effects and the availability of safer and more effective antihypertensive medications. Its medical definition can be stated as:

A synthetic antihypertensive agent that acts by depleting norepinephrine stores in postganglionic adrenergic neurons, thereby blocking their activity. Guanethidine is used primarily in the treatment of hypertension and occasionally in the management of sympathetic nervous system-mediated conditions such as essential tremor or neurogenic pain.

A guanidine moiety also appears in larger organic molecules, including on the side chain of arginine. Guanidine can be thought ... Guanidine exists protonated, as guanidinium, in solution at physiological pH. Guanidinium chloride (also known as guanidine ... Examples of guanidines are arginine, triazabicyclodecene, saxitoxin, and creatine. Galegine is an isoamylene guanidine. ... Guanidines are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the general structure (R 1R 2N)(R 3R 4N)C=N− ...
Although it is the salt formed by neutralizing guanidine with nitric acid, guanidine nitrate is produced industrially by the ... Guanidine nitrate is the chemical compound with the formula [C(NH2)3]NO3. It is a colorless, water-soluble salt. It is produced ... It has a relatively high monopropellant specific impulse of 177 seconds (1.7 kN·s/kg). Guanidine nitrate's explosive ... Its correct name is guanidinium nitrate, but the colloquial term guanidine nitrate is widely used. ...
... (PHMG) is a guanidine derivative that is used as a biocidal disinfectant, often in the form of its ... Maciej Walczak; Agnieszka Richert; Aleksandra Burkowska-But (2014). "The effect of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride ( ... salt polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-P). Studies have shown that PHMG in solution has fungicidal as well as ...
In the 1920s, guanidine compounds were discovered in Galega extracts. Animal studies showed that these compounds lowered blood ... ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4. Güthner T, Mertschenk B, Schulz B (2006). "Guanidine and Derivatives". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of ...
"Cytotoxic Guanidine Alkaloids fromPterogyne nitens△". Journal of Natural Products. American Chemical Society (ACS). 72 (3): 473 ... Guanidine alkaloids, Plant toxins, All stub articles, Alkaloid stubs). ...
ZTX is a guanidine alkaloid. It's structurally related to saxitoxin, but with some differences. ZTX has a guanidine core ... Zetekitoxin AB (ZTX) is a guanidine alkaloid found in the Panamanian golden frog Atelopus zeteki. It is an extremely potent ... Guanidine alkaloids, Alcohols, Geminal diols, Isoxazolidines, Carbamates, Lactams, Hydroxamic acids, Nitrogen heterocycles, ...
Five guanidine alkaloid natural products were isolated from the leaves of Pterogyne nitens: nitensidine D, nitensidine E, ... "Cytotoxic Guanidine Alkaloids fromPterogyne nitens△". Journal of Natural Products. American Chemical Society (ACS). 72 (3): 473 ...
Minot, A. S. (1939). "A comparison of the actions of prostigman and of guanidine on the activity of choline esterase in blood ... In 1938, she became the first to apply guanidine to treat myasthenia gravis. Other topics of research include protein ... Minot, A. S.; Cutler, J. T. (April 1929). "Increase in Guanidine-like Substance in Acute Liver Injury and Eclampsia". ... Minot, Ann S.; Dodd, Katharine; Riven, Samuel S. (April 15, 1938). "The response of the myasthenic state to guanidine ...
... morphine and guanidine. The second usage is to denote a hydrocarbon of the second degree of unsaturation. Examples include ...
Isoquinoline § Applications of derivatives The guanidine part of the molecule also appears in guanoxan and guanadrel. The 7- ... Debrisoquine is a derivative of guanidine. It is an antihypertensive drug similar to guanethidine. Debrisoquine is frequently ... Guanidines, Tetrahydroisoquinolines, All stub articles, Antihypertensive agent stubs). ...
"Icsc 0894 - Guanidine Hydrochloride". "BioSpectra - Guanidine Hydrochloride". biospectra.us. Retrieved 2017-06-08. Ferreira PC ... Guanidine hydrochloride is indicated for the reduction of the symptoms of muscle weakness and easy fatigability associated with ... Guanidinium chloride or guanidine hydrochloride, usually abbreviated GdmCl and sometimes GdnHCl or GuHCl, is the hydrochloride ... Ness F, Ferreira P, Cox BS, Tuite MF (2002) Guanidine hydrochloride inhibits the generation of prion "seeds" but not prion ...
Therefore, mini-ykkC RNA motif represents a distinct class of guanidine-sensing RNAs called Guanidine-II riboswitch. Its ... The mini-ykkC RNA motif (later renamed Guanidine-II riboswitch) was discovered as a putative RNA structure that is conserved in ... Huang L, Wang J, Lilley DM (June 2017). "The Structure of the Guanidine-II Riboswitch". Cell Chemical Biology. 24 (6): 695-702. ... Despite this, it was shown that each of the mini-ykkC two stem-loop structures directly binds free guanidine. ...
Findlay and Paton isolated a Guanidine compound. "Leonard Findlay". University of Glasgow. University of Glasgow Story. ...
Biochemical validation has been presented to show that this motif is a third class of guanidine riboswitches called Guanidine- ... showed that this riboswitch senses and responds to guanidine and it was renamed Guanidine-I riboswitch. Furthermore, they ... Therefore, mini-ykkC RNA motif represents a distinct class of guanidine-sensing RNAs called Guanidine-II riboswitch. Its ... Battaglia, Robert A.; Price, Ian R.; Ke, Ailong (April 2017). "Structural basis for guanidine sensing by the ykkC family of ...
Condensation with guanidine leads to the pyrimidone. NBS mediated bromination then gives bropirimine. Akaza H, Kotake T, ...
GITC may also be recognized as guanidine thiocyanate. This is because guanidinium is the conjugate acid of guanidine and is ... Guanidine thiocyanate: its formation from ammonium thiocyanate". J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 103: 1378-91. doi:10.1039/CT9130301378. ... Another method is the pyrolysis of ammonium thiocyanate or thiourea at 180°C. Guanidine hydrochloride Mason, P. E.; Neilson, G ...
Miles, Edith Wilson; Yutani, Katsuhide; Ogasahara, Kyoko (May 25, 1982). "Guanidine hydrochloride-induced unfolding of the . ...
Ishikawa, T.; Kumamoto, T. (2006). "Guanidines in Organic Synthesis". Synthesis. 2006 (5): 737-752. doi:10.1055/s-2006-926325. ... Guanidines, Reagents for organic chemistry, Non-nucleophilic bases). ...
... is a nitrile derived from guanidine. It is a dimer of cyanamide, from which it can be prepared. 2- ... A variety of useful compounds are produced from 2-cyanoguanidine, guanidines and melamine. For example, acetoguanamine and ...
Walther G, Daniel H, Bechtel WD, Brandt K (April 1990). "New tetracyclic guanidine derivatives with H1-antihistaminic ... Guanidines, AbbVie brands, Mast cell stabilizers, Peripherally selective drugs, All stub articles, Respiratory system drug ...
Ethyl methane sulfonate alkylates guanidine residues. This alteration causes errors during DNA replication.[page needed] ...
"Single-Crystal Neutron Diffraction Study on Guanidine, CN3H5". Crystal Growth & Design. American Chemical Society (ACS). 13 (4 ...
... is an artificial compound which is part of the family of guanilic acids, guanidines combined with acetic acid, ... Sucrononic acid is a guanidine derivative artificial sweetener. It is one of the most potent sweeteners known, with a sweetness ...
... aromatic guanidines are also used. These compounds need to be combined with activators, typically zinc ions, in order to be ...
ISBN 978-0-08-029247-2. Bycroft, B. W.; King, T. J. (1 January 1972). "Crystal structure of streptolidine, a guanidine- ... Guanidines, Imidazoles, All stub articles, Amine stubs). ...
... is a guanidine that activates presynaptic imidazoline receptors. Through its agonism at imidazoline receptors, ... Guanidines, Chloroarenes, All stub articles, Pharmacology stubs). ...
Aune, Kirk C.; Tanford, Charles (1969). "Thermodynamics of the denaturation of lysozyme by guanidine hydrochloride. I. ...
With guanidine, 3-dimethylaminoacrolein forms almost quantitatively 2-aminopyrimidine. The amidine formed with 2-naphthylamine ...
Egg white ovalbumin: The unfolding of ovalbumin, a 45 kDa protein, as a function of guanidine hydrochloride (0-6M) occurred ... Egg white Ovomucoid: The unfolding of ovomucoid (N), a domain containing 28 kDa protein, by guanidine hydrochloride did not ... F. Ahmad; A. Salahuddin (1976). "Reversible unfolding of the major fraction of ovalbumin by guanidine hydrochloride". ... this effect was diminished by introducing Guanidine hydrochloride to protein solution with concomitant transition to denatured ...
Some species produce a guanidine derived alkaloid called Monanchorin. The genus Crambe and Monanchora have similar chemical ... A study found that Monanchora and Crambe produce pyrroloquinoline and guanidine-derived alkaloids, which potentially contain ... Chang; Whittaker, Noel F.; Bewley, Carole A. (2003-12-01). "Crambescidin 826 and Dehydrocrambine A: New Polycyclic Guanidine ...
A guanidine moiety also appears in larger organic molecules, including on the side chain of arginine. Guanidine can be thought ... Guanidine exists protonated, as guanidinium, in solution at physiological pH. Guanidinium chloride (also known as guanidine ... Examples of guanidines are arginine, triazabicyclodecene, saxitoxin, and creatine. Galegine is an isoamylene guanidine. ... Guanidines are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the general structure (R 1R 2N)(R 3R 4N)C=N− ...
Other names: 2-Benzyl-1,3-dimethylguanidine; Guanidine, N,N-dimethyl-N-(phenylmethyl)-; Bethanidine; 1-Benzyl-2,3- ... Guanidine, 2-benzyl-1,3-dimethyl-. *Formula: C10H15N3 ...
... Proteins. 2000:Suppl 4:44-9. doi: 10.1002/1097- ...
Shop Guanidine Hydrochloride, 99+%, MP Biomedicals at Fishersci.ca ...
... guanidine nitrate manufacturers, guanidine nitrate suppliers, exporters. These shown guanidine nitrate manufacturing companies ... Get here the list of guanidine nitrate (cas no 506-93-4), ... Guanidine Nitrate. Who are the top guanidine nitrate ... Guanidine Nitrate. Alumina Hydrate. Cesium Chloride. Ethyl Carbitol. Refractory Chemicals. Antimony Sulphide. Fusel Oil. Iodic ... How many trusted sellers are available for guanidine nitrate?. +. There are nine trusted sellers of guanidine nitrate, and ...
pyridinyl]guanidin. e hydrochloride (1:. 1) [ACD/IUPAC Name] 1-[5-(Éthylamino)-2. -pyridinyl]guanidin. e, chlorhydrate (1:. 1) ... pyridinyl]guanidin. hydrochlorid (1:1) [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name] Guanidine, N-[5-(et. hylamino)-2-pyridin. yl]-, hydrochloride ... guanidine hydrochloride (1:1) *Molecular FormulaC8H14ClN5 ...
1,3-Di(2-tolyl)guanidine blocks nicotinic response in guinea pig myenteric neurons.. J J Galligan, B G Campbell, M P Kavanaugh ... 1,3-Di(2-tolyl)guanidine blocks nicotinic response in guinea pig myenteric neurons.. J J Galligan, B G Campbell, M P Kavanaugh ... 1,3-Di(2-tolyl)guanidine blocks nicotinic response in guinea pig myenteric neurons.. J J Galligan, B G Campbell, M P Kavanaugh ... 1,3-Di(2-tolyl)guanidine blocks nicotinic response in guinea pig myenteric neurons. ...
... guanidine - C11H11N5O3, synthesis, structure, density, melting point, boiling point ... guanidine , density of N-(4,5-dioxo-2-imidazolidinylidene)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)guanidine , refractive index of N-(4,5-dioxo-2- ... Tags: melting point of N-(4,5-dioxo-2-imidazolidinylidene)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)guanidine , boiling point of N-(4,5-dioxo-2- ... N-(4,5-dioxo-2-imidazolidinylidene)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)guanidine. 1-(4,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-2-ylidene)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)- ...
"Guanidine" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Guanidine" by people in this website by year, and whether " ... In vitro evaluation of guanidine analogs as sigma receptor ligands for potential anti-stroke therapeutics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther ... Methylglyoxal Forms Diverse Mercaptomethylimidazole Crosslinks with Thiol and Guanidine Pairs in Endogenous Metabolites and ...
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We designed a class of small dimeric cyclic guanidine derivatives which display potent antibacterial activity against both ... Novel Bis-cyclic Guanidines as Potent Membrane-active Antibacterial Agents with Therapeutic Potential. ... We designed a class of small dimeric cyclic guanidine derivatives which display potent antibacterial activity against both ... "Novel Bis-cyclic Guanidines as Potent Membrane-active Antibacterial Agents with Therapeutic Potential" (2017). Chemistry ...
"Guanidines" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Guanidines" by people in this website by year, and whether " ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Guanidines" by people in Profiles. ...
... is a good green biocide chemical. It can be used in aquaculture, and oil ... Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG) is an antibacterial polymer containing a guanidine group in its main chain. It ... 1. The guanidine group in Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride performs a high activity, and the polymer itself is ... Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride is low toxic, steady, non-flammable, non-explosive, and non-corrosive to stainless ...
Guanidine 4x Thiocyanate crystallized ≥99%. * CAS Nr.: [593-84-0] * Code: 1058 ...
Guanidine Hydrochloride Buffer manufactured at BioSpectra and any raw materials used in the manufacture of Guanidine ... Guanidine Hydrochloride Buffer is commonly used in the purification of RNA by dissociating the RNA into its nucleic acids and ... Guanidine Hydrochloride Buffer is a strong protein denaturant that functions as a chaotropic agent. As a denaturant, it acts to ... This grade of Guanidine Hydrochloride Buffer is not suitable to be used as an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient, Drug Product or ...
Dicyandiamide, or Guanidine, is a white crystalline powder with a faint amine-like odor. It is slightly soluble in water and ...
... guanidine - Buyers Guide for Chemicals is a directory of chemicals, chemical suppliers and producers. More than 140,000 ... Name: carbonic acid; guanidine Please post your buying leads,so that our qualified suppliers will soon contact you!. * Required ...
Guanidine hydrochloride CAS No.:50-01-1 WholesaleGuanidine hydrochloride CAS No.:50-01-1 Supply ... Guanidine hydrochloride (or guanidine nitrate) reacts with ethyl cyanoacetate to form 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine, which is ... Guanidine hydrochloride Storage:. Stored in a dry and ventilated warehouse; keep away from sunshine; avoid fire; avoid moisture ... Guanidine hydrochloride Usage:. Mainly used as an intermediate for medicines, and an important raw material for the manufacture ...
Recently, in this field, we have introduced an emerging class of molecules containing azo and guanidine functionalities. In ... Recently, in this field, we have introduced an emerging class of molecules containing azo and guanidine functionalities. In ... Synthesis and Characterization of Azo-Guanidine Based Alcoholic Media Naked Eye DNA Sensor. ... Synthesis and characterization of azo-guanidine based alcoholic media naked eye DNA sensor. Royal Society Open Science, 3(11), ...
Revised: Potent Guanidine Activator: The liquid activator must be mixed with the relaxing base. Revised: Relaxing Base: The ... Strong Guanidine Activator Relaxation Smoothing Treatment Kit 3 Itens - Mairibel. Sale price€77,00 ... Revised: Potent Guanidine Activator: The liquid activator must be mixed with the relaxing base. ... Revised: How to Use: Relaxing Base: Refer to the attached flyer; Guanidine Activator: See attached flyer; pH Balancing Shampoo ...
Specializing in PHMG for many years , and products are being used in wet tissues, babay diapers, hostipal dinfection and ect. And are being exported to Austra, Russia ..
... guanidine. Find out PRICE, STOCK, Lead Time & shipping of N-(4-Cyanophenyl)guanidine. Available in packs as per your ... N-(4-Cyanophenyl)guanidine product with CAS: 5637-42-3 is also known as p-Guanidinobenzonitrile; 1-(4-Cyanophenyl)guanidine. ...
United States Guanidine Hydrochloride Market Report 2017, Industry Report ... United States Guanidine Hydrochloride Market Report 2017 United States Guanidine Hydrochloride Market Report 2017. Market: ... 1.2 Classification of Guanidine Hydrochloride by Product Category * 1.2.1 United States Guanidine Hydrochloride Market Size ( ... Figure Product Picture of Guanidine Hydrochloride * Figure United States Guanidine Hydrochloride Market Size (K MT) by Type ( ...
Guanidines. For reactivities of structurally related compounds go to: Nucleophiles » N-Nucleophiles ...
Guanidine Hydrochloride Sanding Our companys products are widely used in pipeline engineering in industries such as power, ...
Terada, M. (2013). Asymmetric C-C Bond Formation Using Chiral Guanidine Catalysts. In Asymmetric Synthesis II: More Methods and ... Terada, M 2013, Asymmetric C-C Bond Formation Using Chiral Guanidine Catalysts. in Asymmetric Synthesis II: More Methods and ... Asymmetric C-C Bond Formation Using Chiral Guanidine Catalysts. / Terada, Masahiro. Asymmetric Synthesis II: More Methods and ... Asymmetric C-C Bond Formation Using Chiral Guanidine Catalysts. Asymmetric Synthesis II: More Methods and Applications. Wiley- ...
Produkt Detailer Guanidin Essigsäure ass e funktionnelle Promoteur vu Glycin a seng Derivate.Et enthält keng verbueden Drogen ... guanidin Essigsäure/guanidinacetic sauerem. Kuerz Beschreiwung:. Guanidin Essigsäure ass e funktionnelle Promoteur vu Glycin a ... Guanidin Essigsäure ass e funktionnelle Promoteur vu Glycin a seng Derivate.Et enthält keng verbueden Drogen an ass net gëfteg. ... 2, förderen de Wuesstum vun Béischten, Gefligel, Fësch a Garnelen: Guanidin Essigsäure ass de Virgänger vu Kreatin, stabil ...
  • Guanidinium chloride (also known as guanidine hydrochloride) has chaotropic properties and is used to denature proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG) is an antibacterial polymer containing a guanidine group in its main chain. (irochemical.com)
  • Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride performs good biocompatibility. (irochemical.com)
  • Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride is odorless and easily dissolved in water to form a tasteless, colorless transparent solution. (irochemical.com)
  • Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride remains active after being heated at 280℃ for 15 min. (irochemical.com)
  • Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride is non-corrosive to copper, stainless steel, carbon steel, and other metals. (irochemical.com)
  • 1. The guanidine group in Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride performs a high activity, and the polymer itself is cationic. (irochemical.com)
  • Since bacteria and viruses are usually anionic, they are easily absorbed by Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride, cannot divide and reproduce, and finally turn inactive. (irochemical.com)
  • 2. Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride collapses the cell membrane structure and forms transmembrane stomata. (irochemical.com)
  • Microorganisms do not produce resistance to Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride. (irochemical.com)
  • Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride can efficiently kill bacterial propagules, fungi, and some viruses. (irochemical.com)
  • At the same time, Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride can also be used in disinfection of fruits and vegetables. (irochemical.com)
  • Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride is usually formulated with other water treatment chemicals. (irochemical.com)
  • Guanidine Hydrochloride Buffer is a strong protein denaturant that functions as a chaotropic agent. (biospectra.us)
  • Guanidine Hydrochloride Buffer is commonly used in the purification of RNA by dissociating the RNA into its nucleic acids and protein forms. (biospectra.us)
  • At higher concentrations, Guanidine Hydrochloride Buffer decreases enzyme activity. (biospectra.us)
  • The manufacturing of Guanidine Hydrochloride Buffer GHCL-3220 is performed at BioSpectra's Stroudsburg, PA facility and is conducted in a dedicated processing area using only dedicated equipment. (biospectra.us)
  • BioSpectra certifies that all Guanidine Hydrochloride Buffer GHCL-3220 manufactured at BioSpectra and its raw materials are not derived from or come in contact with animal parts, products, and/or byproducts. (biospectra.us)
  • Guanidine hydrochloride (or guanidine nitrate) reacts with ethyl cyanoacetate to form 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine, which is used to synthesize folic acid, an anti-anemia drug. (qinmuchem.com)
  • In this report, the United States Guanidine Hydrochloride market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022. (globalmarketanalyst.com)
  • A more powerful denaturing agent than Guanidine Hydrochloride, Guanidine Thiocyanate is suitable for the isolation of intact RNA from cell extracts. (fishersci.com)
  • Guanidine hydrochloride, chemically known as aminoformamidine hydrochloride, is a white or yellowish mass that is almost insoluble in acetone, benzene, and ether. (julyherb.com)
  • Guanidine hydrochloride is based on dicyandiamide and ammonium salt (ammonium chloride) as raw materials, melting reaction at 170-230℃, guanidine hydrochloride crude product, refined product. (julyherb.com)
  • 1.Guanidine hydrochloride can be used as dyes and other intermediates in organic synthesis. (julyherb.com)
  • 2.Guanidine hydrochloride can also be used as a protein denaturant. (julyherb.com)
  • PrimeStore MTM transport media contains guanidine thiocyanate, which produces a dangerous chemical reaction that releases cyanide gas when exposed to bleach(sodium hypochlorite). (cdc.gov)
  • Other MTM may contain guanidine thiocyanate, and ingredients in MTM may not be listed on individual vials. (cdc.gov)
  • If samples are received in unfamiliar transport media, laboratories should make sure the media does not contain guanidine thiocyanate before processing the samples in a system that uses bleach. (cdc.gov)
  • Guanidine exists protonated, as guanidinium, in solution at physiological pH. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dicyandiamide, or Guanidine, is a white crystalline powder with a faint amine-like odor. (solechem.eu)
  • Guanidine carbonate is an extremely versatile organic chemical products, it is mainly used in flame retardants, flocculants, foaming agents, synthetic sulfa drugs, etc. (drhoffmann.cz)
  • Guanidine can be thought of as a nitrogenous analogue of carbonic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • A wide variety of diphenyl guanidine options are available to you, such as syntheses material intermediates, pharmaceutical intermediates, and dyestuff intermediates. (yashodadevelopers.in)
  • Guanidine Nitrate product price in India ranges from 1 to 4,500 INR and minimum order requirements from 1 to 5,000. (tradeindia.com)
  • Whether you're looking for Diacetyl-Guanine N2 N9, (2-Methyl-5-Nitrophenyl) Guanidine Nitrate, 25 kg Guanidine HCL Powder etc, you can explore and find the best products from Tradeindia. (tradeindia.com)
  • We offer a wide range of Guanidine Nitrate selections in various locations including Mumbai and many more. (tradeindia.com)
  • Guanidine carbonate is also used as synthetic detergent builders, high-quality cosmetics raw materials. (drhoffmann.cz)
  • Due to this, most guanidine derivatives are salts containing the conjugate acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • We designed a class of small dimeric cyclic guanidine derivatives which display potent antibacterial activity against both multidrug-resistant Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. (usf.edu)
  • Find here Diphenyl Guanidine (DPG), 0102-06-07 manufacturers, suppliers & exporters in India. (yashodadevelopers.in)
  • Diphenyl Guanidine Wholesale, Guanidine Suppliers offers 260 diphenyl guanidine products. (yashodadevelopers.in)
  • The above is the search results for Chinese Diphenyl Guanidine, click for more recommended manufacturers & suppliers listings such as dpg, dpg (d), rubber accelerator. (yashodadevelopers.in)
  • rubber accelerator dpg diphenyl guanidine, Wholesale Various High Quality rubber accelerator dpg diphenyl guanidine Products from Global Sodium Tripolyphosphate Suppliers and rubber accelerator dpg diphenyl guanidine Factory,Importer,Exporter at Okchem.com. (yashodadevelopers.in)
  • A detailed crystallographic analysis of guanidine was elucidated 148 years after its first synthesis, despite the simplicity of the molecule. (wikipedia.org)
  • Synthesis and Characterization of Azo-Guanidine Based Alcoholic Media " by Ataf A. Altaf, Uzma Hashmat et al. (odu.edu)
  • Get contact details & address of companies manufacturing and supplying Diphenyl Guanidine (DPG), 0102-06-07 across India. (yashodadevelopers.in)
  • We are fastest growing Exporter, Manufacturer & Supplier of a quality stock of Diphenyl Guanidine (DPG) in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. (yashodadevelopers.in)
  • Novel Bis-cyclic Guanidines as Potent Membrane-active Antibacterial Ag" by Peng Teng, Alekhya Nimmagadda et al. (usf.edu)
  • and Cai, Jianfeng, "Novel Bis-cyclic Guanidines as Potent Membrane-active Antibacterial Agents with Therapeutic Potential" (2017). (usf.edu)
  • Methylglyoxal Forms Diverse Mercaptomethylimidazole Crosslinks with Thiol and Guanidine Pairs in Endogenous Metabolites and Proteins. (uchicago.edu)
  • Guanidine" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)
  • Guanidines" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (childrensmercy.org)
  • A. B. Enterprises - offering Crystals Diphenyl Guanidine, Packaging Type: Bag at Rs 45/kilogram in Mumbai, Maharashtra. (yashodadevelopers.in)
  • A guanidine moiety also appears in larger organic molecules, including on the side chain of arginine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recently, in this field, we have introduced an emerging class of molecules containing azo and guanidine functionalities. (odu.edu)
  • Bring all three buffers (Lysis/Binding, Wash and Elution Buffers) to a final concentration of 8M Urea or 6M Guanidine. (neb.com)
  • Category:Guanidines Sakaguchi test Y-aromaticity Amidine International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2014). (wikipedia.org)
  • Guanidine is the compound with the formula HNC(NH2)2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Backed by the sophisticated facilities and skilled personnel, we have been able to meet the growing demands of clients in terms of Diphenyl Guanidine. (yashodadevelopers.in)
  • Guanidines are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the general structure (R 1R 2N)(R 3R 4N)C=N−R 5. (wikipedia.org)
  • ball-and-stick model resonance hybrid canonical forms Guanidine can be selectively detected using sodium 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid (Folin's reagent) and acidified urea. (wikipedia.org)
  • A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. (bvsalud.org)
  • Since the Middle Ages in Europe, guanidine has been used to treat diabetes as the active antihyperglycemic ingredient in French lilac. (wikipedia.org)
  • Guanidine HCl Buffer is a White Crystalline product. (biospectra.us)
  • 3. Stabil Benotzung a Sécherheet vum Produkt: Guanidin Essigsäure gëtt schlussendlech aus dem Kierper vum Déierkierper a Form vu Kreatinin metaboliséiert, an et gëtt kee Rescht am Kierper, wat effektiv déi gëfteg Nebenwirkungen vu villen illegalen Drogen iwwerwannt wéi Clenbuterol an huet gutt Sécherheet. (aminogranray.com)
  • Guanidine is thought to act by increasing free intracellular calcium concentrations through inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. (medscape.com)