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GonadotropinsChorionic GonadotropinChorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, HumanReceptors, GonadotropinGonadotropins, PituitaryGonadotropins, EquineLuteinizing HormoneFollicle Stimulating HormoneGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneReceptors, LHOvaryGlycoprotein Hormones, alpha SubunitOvulationPituitary GlandFollicle Stimulating Hormone, beta SubunitProgesteroneOvarian FollicleTestosteroneEstradiolLuteinizing Hormone, beta SubunitReceptors, FSHChoriocarcinomaGranulosa CellsPregnancyHypogonadismPituitary Hormone-Releasing HormonesOvulation InductionLeydig CellsTestisReceptors, LHRHSexual MaturationGonadotrophsCorpus LuteumInhibinsPituitary Gland, AnteriorEstrusSuperovulationMenotropinsFertility Agents, FemaleProestrusLeuprolideFollicular PhaseTrophoblastic NeoplasmsProlactinFertilization in VitroOvariectomyRadioimmunoassayCastrationTheca CellsPregnancy TestsHorsesSteroidsPuberty, PrecociousKisspeptinsHypothalamusOocytesAndrostenedioneRNA, MessengerHydatidiform Mole20-alpha-DihydroprogesteroneFollicular FluidHormone AntagonistsLuteinizationEstrous CycleInsemination, ArtificialHypophysectomyAnovulationOrchiectomyFollicular AtresiaReproductive Control AgentsPregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-ASpermatogenesisHormonesDiestrusClomiphene3-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesGonadal Steroid HormonesInfertility, FemalePregnancy, EctopicPregnancy Trimester, FirstReproductionSwineLuteal PhaseHormones, EctopicPregnancy RateSheepAromataseUterine NeoplasmsCattleLeydig Cell TumorPlacentaRats, Inbred StrainsAndrogensEstriolDihydrotestosteroneHydroxyprogesteronesAnestrusProgesterone CongenersCyclic AMPFollicle Stimulating Hormone, Humanalpha-FetoproteinsGonadsFluoroimmunoassayHypothalamo-Hypophyseal SystemEmbryo TransferTrophoblastsPerissodactylaGestational Trophoblastic DiseasePlacental LactogenFertilityTesticular NeoplasmsOocyte RetrievalPuberty, DelayedEstrogensOvarian Hyperstimulation SyndromeTriptorelin PamoateCells, CulturedHypothalamic HormonesThecomaEstrus SynchronizationMedian Eminence8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine MonophosphatePituitary HormonesThyrotropinOrgan SizeEstroneTime FactorsLuteal CellsInfertilityDose-Response Relationship, DrugUterusBuserelinPituitary Hormones, AnteriorOogenesisFeedbackOncorhynchus kisutchBiological AssayEndocrine GlandsMenstruationMenstrual CycleActivinsFollistatinSpermatogenesis-Blocking AgentsMolecular Sequence DataCumulus CellsAcinonyxNuchal Translucency MeasurementNeurokinin BDown SyndromeReceptors, Cell SurfaceCholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage EnzymeEmbryo ImplantationGene Expression RegulationPregnancy Tests, ImmunologicGrowth HormonePolycystic Ovary SyndromePubertyDinoprostBucladesineImmunoradiometric AssayReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionAmenorrheaMetestrusSertoli CellsPregnancy, AnimalFollicular CystContraceptive Agents, MaleKineticsSteroid 17-alpha-HydroxylaseProgestinsImmunoassayGonadal HormonesRats, Sprague-DawleyCryptorchidismInhibin-beta SubunitsPeptide FragmentsMesocricetus20-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesPhodopusNorprogesteronesImmunohistochemistryAbortifacient Agents, NonsteroidalAnti-Mullerian HormoneOvarian DiseasesPregnancy OutcomePregnancy Trimester, SecondReceptors, ThyrotropinCricetinaeVitellogenesisGene ExpressionNeurosecretory SystemsPostpartum Period17-alpha-HydroxyprogesteronePeriodicityPrenatal DiagnosisDrug ImplantsPhotoperiodRats, WistarAmino Acid SequenceDehydroepiandrosteroneHypothalamus, Middle
Gonadotropins: Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis (GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN exert some luteotropic activities.Chorionic Gonadotropin: A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human: The beta subunit of human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Its structure is similar to the beta subunit of LUTEINIZING HORMONE, except for the additional 30 amino acids at the carboxy end with the associated carbohydrate residues. HCG-beta is used as a diagnostic marker for early detection of pregnancy, spontaneous abortion (ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS); ECTOPIC PREGNANCY; HYDATIDIFORM MOLE; CHORIOCARCINOMA; or DOWN SYNDROME.Receptors, Gonadotropin: Those protein complexes or molecular sites on the surfaces of gonadal and other sensitive cells that bind gonadotropins and thereby modify the functions of those cells; hCG, LH, and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE are the major specific gonadotropins.Gonadotropins, Pituitary: Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR) that stimulate gonadal functions in both males and females. They include FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE that stimulates germ cell maturation (OOGENESIS; SPERMATOGENESIS), and LUTEINIZING HORMONE that stimulates the production of sex steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE; ANDROGENS).Gonadotropins, Equine: Gonadotropins secreted by the pituitary or the placenta in horses. This term generally refers to the gonadotropins found in the pregnant mare serum, a rich source of equine CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. Unlike that in humans, the equine LUTEINIZING HORMONE, BETA SUBUNIT is identical to the equine choronic gonadotropin, beta. Equine gonadotropins prepared from pregnant mare serum are used in reproductive studies.Luteinizing Hormone: A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.Follicle Stimulating Hormone: A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone: A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.Receptors, LH: Those protein complexes or molecular sites on the surfaces and cytoplasm of gonadal cells that bind luteinizing or chorionic gonadotropic hormones and thereby cause the gonadal cells to synthesize and secrete sex steroids. The hormone-receptor complex is internalized from the plasma membrane and initiates steroid synthesis.Ovary: The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Subunit: The alpha chain of pituitary glycoprotein hormones (THYROTROPIN; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE) and the placental CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Within a species, the alpha subunits of these four hormones are identical; the distinct functional characteristics of these glycoprotein hormones are determined by the unique beta subunits. Both subunits, the non-covalently bound heterodimers, are required for full biologic activity.Ovulation: The discharge of an OVUM from a rupturing follicle in the OVARY.Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit: The beta subunit of follicle stimulating hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide. Full biological activity of FSH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the FSHB gene causes delayed puberty, or infertility.Progesterone: The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.Ovarian Follicle: An OOCYTE-containing structure in the cortex of the OVARY. The oocyte is enclosed by a layer of GRANULOSA CELLS providing a nourishing microenvironment (FOLLICULAR FLUID). The number and size of follicles vary depending on the age and reproductive state of the female. The growing follicles are divided into five stages: primary, secondary, tertiary, Graafian, and atretic. Follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on the presence of GONADOTROPINS.Testosterone: A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.Estradiol: The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.Luteinizing Hormone, beta Subunit: The beta subunit of luteinizing hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide with structure similar to the beta subunit of the placental chorionic gonadatropin (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN) except for the additional 31 amino acids at the C-terminal of CG-beta. Full biological activity of LH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the LHB gene causes HYPOGONADISM and infertility.Receptors, FSH: Cell surface proteins that bind FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.Choriocarcinoma: A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).Granulosa Cells: Supporting cells for the developing female gamete in the OVARY. They are derived from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the OOCYTE in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the OVUM in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors (RECEPTORS, LH).Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Hypogonadism: Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones: Peptides, natural or synthetic, that stimulate the release of PITUITARY HORMONES. They were first isolated from the extracts of the HYPOTHALAMUS; MEDIAN EMINENCE; PITUITARY STALK; and NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. In addition, some hypophysiotropic hormones control pituitary cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and hormone synthesis. Some can act on more than one pituitary hormone.Ovulation Induction: Techniques for the artifical induction of ovulation, the rupture of the follicle and release of the ovum.Leydig Cells: Steroid-producing cells in the interstitial tissue of the TESTIS. They are under the regulation of PITUITARY HORMONES; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; or interstitial cell-stimulating hormone. TESTOSTERONE is the major androgen (ANDROGENS) produced.Testis: The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.Receptors, LHRH: Receptors with a 6-kDa protein on the surfaces of cells that secrete LUTEINIZING HORMONE or FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE, usually in the adenohypophysis. LUTEINIZING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE binds to these receptors, is endocytosed with the receptor and, in the cell, triggers the release of LUTEINIZING HORMONE or FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE by the cell. These receptors are also found in rat gonads. INHIBINS prevent the binding of GnRH to its receptors.Sexual Maturation: Achievement of full sexual capacity in animals and in humans.Gonadotrophs: Anterior pituitary cells that can produce both FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE.Corpus Luteum: The yellow body derived from the ruptured OVARIAN FOLLICLE after OVULATION. The process of corpus luteum formation, LUTEINIZATION, is regulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE.Inhibins: Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the TGF-beta superfamily, as the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. Inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta A or a beta B subunit to form inhibin A or inhibin B, respectivelyPituitary Gland, Anterior: The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis. It secretes the ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES that regulate vital functions such as GROWTH; METABOLISM; and REPRODUCTION.Estrus: The period in the ESTROUS CYCLE associated with maximum sexual receptivity and fertility in non-primate female mammals.Superovulation: Occurrence or induction of release of more ova than are normally released at the same time in a given species. The term applies to both animals and humans.Menotropins: Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.Fertility Agents, Female: Compounds which increase the capacity to conceive in females.Proestrus: A phase of the ESTROUS CYCLE that precedes ESTRUS. During proestrus, the Graafian follicles undergo maturation.Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.Follicular Phase: The period of the MENSTRUAL CYCLE representing follicular growth, increase in ovarian estrogen (ESTROGENS) production, and epithelial proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM. Follicular phase begins with the onset of MENSTRUATION and ends with OVULATION.Trophoblastic Neoplasms: Trophoblastic growth, which may be gestational or nongestational in origin. Trophoblastic neoplasia resulting from pregnancy is often described as gestational trophoblastic disease to distinguish it from germ cell tumors which frequently show trophoblastic elements, and from the trophoblastic differentiation which sometimes occurs in a wide variety of epithelial cancers. Gestational trophoblastic growth has several forms, including HYDATIDIFORM MOLE and CHORIOCARCINOMA. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1691)Prolactin: A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.Fertilization in Vitro: An assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro.Ovariectomy: The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.Castration: Surgical removal or artificial destruction of gonads.Theca Cells: The flattened stroma cells forming a sheath or theca outside the basal lamina lining the mature OVARIAN FOLLICLE. Thecal interstitial or stromal cells are steroidogenic, and produce primarily ANDROGENS which serve as precusors of ESTROGENS in the GRANULOSA CELLS.Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant.Horses: Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.Steroids: A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)Puberty, Precocious: Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.Oocytes: Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Hydatidiform Mole: Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 20-alpha-reduced metabolite of PROGESTERONE. It is converted from progesterone to 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by the 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE in the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA.Follicular Fluid: The fluid surrounding the OVUM and GRANULOSA CELLS in the Graafian follicle (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). The follicular fluid contains sex steroids, glycoprotein hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and enzymes.Hormone Antagonists: Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.Luteinization: Formation of CORPUS LUTEUM. This process includes capillary invasion of the ruptured OVARIAN FOLLICLE, hypertrophy of the GRANULOSA CELLS and the THECA CELLS, and the production of PROGESTERONE. Luteinization is regulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE.Estrous Cycle: The period of cyclic physiological and behavior changes in non-primate female mammals that exhibit ESTRUS. The estrous cycle generally consists of 4 or 5 distinct periods corresponding to the endocrine status (PROESTRUS; ESTRUS; METESTRUS; DIESTRUS; and ANESTRUS).Insemination, Artificial: Artificial introduction of SEMEN or SPERMATOZOA into the VAGINA to facilitate FERTILIZATION.Hypophysectomy: Surgical removal or destruction of the hypophysis, or pituitary gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)Anovulation: Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.Orchiectomy: The surgical removal of one or both testicles.Follicular Atresia: The degeneration and resorption of an OVARIAN FOLLICLE before it reaches maturity and ruptures.Reproductive Control Agents: Substances used either in the prevention or facilitation of pregnancy.Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A: A product of the PLACENTA, and DECIDUA, secreted into the maternal circulation during PREGNANCY. It has been identified as an IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-4 protease that proteolyzes IGFBP-4 and thus increases IGF bioavailability. It is found also in human FIBROBLASTS, ovarian FOLLICULAR FLUID, and GRANULOSA CELLS. The enzyme is a heterotetramer of about 500-kDa.Spermatogenesis: The process of germ cell development in the male from the primordial germ cells, through SPERMATOGONIA; SPERMATOCYTES; SPERMATIDS; to the mature haploid SPERMATOZOA.Hormones: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.Diestrus: A phase of the ESTROUS CYCLES that follows METESTRUS. Diestrus is a period of sexual quiescence separating phases of ESTRUS in polyestrous animals.Clomiphene: A triphenyl ethylene stilbene derivative which is an estrogen agonist or antagonist depending on the target tissue. Note that ENCLOMIPHENE and ZUCLOMIPHENE are the (E) and (Z) isomers of Clomiphene respectively.3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: Catalyze the oxidation of 3-hydroxysteroids to 3-ketosteroids.Gonadal Steroid Hormones: Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.Infertility, Female: Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.Pregnancy, Ectopic: A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (>96%) occur in the FALLOPIAN TUBES, known as TUBAL PREGNANCY. They can be in other locations, such as UTERINE CERVIX; OVARY; and abdominal cavity (PREGNANCY, ABDOMINAL).Pregnancy Trimester, First: The beginning third of a human PREGNANCY, from the first day of the last normal menstrual period (MENSTRUATION) through the completion of 14 weeks (98 days) of gestation.Reproduction: The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Luteal Phase: The period in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE that follows OVULATION, characterized by the development of CORPUS LUTEUM, increase in PROGESTERONE production by the OVARY and secretion by the glandular epithelium of the ENDOMETRIUM. The luteal phase begins with ovulation and ends with the onset of MENSTRUATION.Hormones, Ectopic: Hormones released from neoplasms or from other cells that are not the usual sources of hormones.Pregnancy Rate: The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.Sheep: Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.Aromatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the desaturation (aromatization) of the ring A of C19 androgens and converts them to C18 estrogens. In this process, the 19-methyl is removed. This enzyme is membrane-bound, located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogen-producing cells of ovaries, placenta, testes, adipose, and brain tissues. Aromatase is encoded by the CYP19 gene, and functions in complex with NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE in the cytochrome P-450 system.Uterine Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Leydig Cell Tumor: Gonadal interstitial or stromal cell neoplasm composed of only LEYDIG CELLS. These tumors may produce one or more of the steroid hormones such as ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS; and CORTICOSTEROIDS. Clinical symptoms include testicular swelling, GYNECOMASTIA, sexual precocity in children, or virilization (VIRILISM) in females.Placenta: A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Androgens: Compounds that interact with ANDROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of TESTOSTERONE. Depending on the target tissues, androgenic effects can be on SEX DIFFERENTIATION; male reproductive organs, SPERMATOGENESIS; secondary male SEX CHARACTERISTICS; LIBIDO; development of muscle mass, strength, and power.Estriol: A hydroxylated metabolite of ESTRADIOL or ESTRONE that has a hydroxyl group at C3, 16-alpha, and 17-beta position. Estriol is a major urinary estrogen. During PREGNANCY, a large amount of estriol is produced by the PLACENTA. Isomers with inversion of the hydroxyl group or groups are called epiestriol.Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.Hydroxyprogesterones: Metabolites or derivatives of PROGESTERONE with hydroxyl group substitution at various sites.Anestrus: A state of sexual inactivity in female animals exhibiting no ESTROUS CYCLE. Causes of anestrus include pregnancy, presence of offspring, season, stress, and pathology.Progesterone Congeners: Steroidal compounds related to PROGESTERONE, the major mammalian progestational hormone. Progesterone congeners include important progesterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with progestational activities.Cyclic AMP: An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human: A major gonadotropin secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and the LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. The alpha subunit is common in the three human pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.alpha-Fetoproteins: The first alpha-globulins to appear in mammalian sera during FETAL DEVELOPMENT and the dominant serum proteins in early embryonic life.Gonads: The gamete-producing glands, OVARY or TESTIS.Fluoroimmunoassay: The use of fluorescence spectrometry to obtain quantitative results for the FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE. One advantage over the other methods (e.g., radioimmunoassay) is its extreme sensitivity, with a detection limit on the order of tenths of microgram/liter.Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System: A collection of NEURONS, tracts of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation provides the mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) regulation of pituitary function and the release of various PITUITARY HORMONES into the systemic circulation to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.Embryo Transfer: The transfer of mammalian embryos from an in vivo or in vitro environment to a suitable host to improve pregnancy or gestational outcome in human or animal. In human fertility treatment programs, preimplantation embryos ranging from the 4-cell stage to the blastocyst stage are transferred to the uterine cavity between 3-5 days after FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.Trophoblasts: Cells lining the outside of the BLASTOCYST. After binding to the ENDOMETRIUM, trophoblasts develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblasts, which form the early fetal-maternal interface (PLACENTA).Perissodactyla: An order of ungulates having an odd number of toes, including the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros. (Dorland, 27th ed)Gestational Trophoblastic Disease: A group of diseases arising from pregnancy that are commonly associated with hyperplasia of trophoblasts (TROPHOBLAST) and markedly elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. They include HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, invasive mole (HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, INVASIVE), placental-site trophoblastic tumor (TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR, PLACENTAL SITE), and CHORIOCARCINOMA. These neoplasms have varying propensities for invasion and spread.Placental Lactogen: A polypeptide hormone of approximately 25 kDa that is produced by the SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLASTS of the PLACENTA, also known as chorionic somatomammotropin. It has both GROWTH HORMONE and PROLACTIN activities on growth, lactation, and luteal steroid production. In women, placental lactogen secretion begins soon after implantation and increases to 1 g or more a day in late pregnancy. Placental lactogen is also an insulin antagonist.Fertility: The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.Testicular Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.Oocyte Retrieval: Procedures to obtain viable OOCYTES from the host. Oocytes most often are collected by needle aspiration from OVARIAN FOLLICLES before OVULATION.Puberty, Delayed: The lack of development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations above the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in a population. Delayed puberty can be classified by defects in the hypothalamic LHRH pulse generator, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the GONADS. These patients will undergo spontaneous but delayed puberty whereas patients with SEXUAL INFANTILISM will not.Estrogens: Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome: A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Hypothalamic Hormones: Peptide hormones produced by NEURONS of various regions in the HYPOTHALAMUS. They are released into the pituitary portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit PITUITARY GLAND functions. VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN, though produced in the hypothalamus, are not included here for they are transported down the AXONS to the POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY before being released into the portal circulation.Thecoma: A gonadal stromal neoplasm composed only of THECA CELLS, occurring mostly in the postmenopausal OVARY. It is filled with lipid-containing spindle cells and produces ESTROGENS that can lead to ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA; UTERINE HEMORRHAGE; or other malignancies in postmenopausal women and sexual precocity in girls. When tumors containing theca cells also contain FIBROBLASTS, they are identified as thecoma-fibroma tumors with less active hormone production.Estrus Synchronization: Occurrence or induction of ESTRUS in all of the females in a group at the same time, applies only to non-primate mammals with ESTROUS CYCLE.Median Eminence: Raised area at the infundibular region of the HYPOTHALAMUS at the floor of the BRAIN, ventral to the THIRD VENTRICLE and adjacent to the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS. It contains the terminals of hypothalamic neurons and the capillary network of hypophyseal portal system, thus serving as a neuroendocrine link between the brain and the PITUITARY GLAND.8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.Pituitary Hormones: Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.Thyrotropin: A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.Organ Size: The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.Estrone: An aromatized C18 steroid with a 3-hydroxyl group and a 17-ketone, a major mammalian estrogen. It is converted from ANDROSTENEDIONE directly, or from TESTOSTERONE via ESTRADIOL. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries, PLACENTA, and the ADIPOSE TISSUE of men and postmenopausal women.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Luteal Cells: PROGESTERONE-producing cells in the CORPUS LUTEUM. The large luteal cells derive from the GRANULOSA CELLS. The small luteal cells derive from the THECA CELLS.Infertility: Inability to reproduce after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Reproductive sterility is permanent infertility.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Uterus: The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.Buserelin: A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications.Pituitary Hormones, Anterior: Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Structurally, they include polypeptide, protein, and glycoprotein molecules.Oogenesis: The process of germ cell development in the female from the primordial germ cells through OOGONIA to the mature haploid ova (OVUM).Feedback: A mechanism of communication within a system in that the input signal generates an output response which returns to influence the continued activity or productivity of that system.Oncorhynchus kisutch: An anadromous species of SALMON ranging from the Arctic and Pacific Oceans to Monterey Bay, California and inhabiting ocean and coastal streams. It is familiarly known as the coho or silver salmon. It is relatively small but its light-colored flesh is of good flavor.Biological Assay: A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete HORMONES directly into the BLOOD CIRCULATION. These hormones influence the METABOLISM and other functions of cells in the body.Menstruation: The periodic shedding of the ENDOMETRIUM and associated menstrual bleeding in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE of humans and primates. Menstruation is due to the decline in circulating PROGESTERONE, and occurs at the late LUTEAL PHASE when LUTEOLYSIS of the CORPUS LUTEUM takes place.Menstrual Cycle: The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.Follistatin: A broadly distributed protein that binds directly to ACTIVINS. It functions as an activin antagonist, inhibits FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion, regulates CELL DIFFERENTIATION, and plays an important role in embryogenesis. Follistatin is a single glycosylated polypeptide chain of approximately 37-kDa and is not a member of the inhibin family (INHIBINS). Follistatin also binds and neutralizes many members of the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA family.Spermatogenesis-Blocking Agents: Chemical substances which inhibit the process of spermatozoa formation at either the first stage, in which spermatogonia develop into spermatocytes and then into spermatids, or the second stage, in which spermatids transform into spermatozoa.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Cumulus Cells: The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. At OVULATION they are extruded with OVUM.Acinonyx: A genus of long-legged, swift-moving felines (FELIDAE) from Africa (and formerly Asia) about the size of a small leopard.Nuchal Translucency Measurement: A prenatal ultrasonography measurement of the soft tissue behind the fetal neck. Either the translucent area below the skin in the back of the fetal neck (nuchal translucency) or the distance between occipital bone to the outer skin line (nuchal fold) is measured.Neurokinin B: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS.Down Syndrome: A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)Receptors, Cell Surface: Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the side-chain cleavage of C27 cholesterol to C21 pregnenolone in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11A1 gene, catalyzes the breakage between C20 and C22 which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of various gonadal and adrenal steroid hormones.Embryo Implantation: Endometrial implantation of EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN at the BLASTOCYST stage.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Pregnancy Tests, Immunologic: Methods of detecting pregnancy by examining the levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in plasma or urine.Growth Hormone: A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized.Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.Puberty: A period in the human life in which the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system takes place and reaches full maturity. The onset of synchronized endocrine events in puberty lead to the capacity for reproduction (FERTILITY), development of secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS, and other changes seen in ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT.Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)Immunoradiometric Assay: Form of radioimmunoassay in which excess specific labeled antibody is added directly to the test antigen being measured.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation.Metestrus: The period following ESTRUS during which the phenomena of estrus subside in those animals in which pregnancy or pseudopregnancy does not occur.Sertoli Cells: Supporting cells projecting inward from the basement membrane of SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN and hormones such as ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. The tight junctions of Sertoli cells with the SPERMATOGONIA and SPERMATOCYTES provide a BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER.Pregnancy, Animal: The process of bearing developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero in non-human mammals, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Follicular Cyst: Cyst due to the occlusion of the duct of a follicle or small gland.Contraceptive Agents, Male: Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in males. Use for male contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase: A microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 17-alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone or pregnenolone and subsequent cleavage of the residual two carbons at C17 in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP17 gene, generates precursors for glucocorticoid, androgen, and estrogen synthesis. Defects in CYP17 gene cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL) and abnormal sexual differentiation.Progestins: Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.Immunoassay: A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.Gonadal Hormones: Hormones produced by the GONADS, including both steroid and peptide hormones. The major steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL and PROGESTERONE from the OVARY, and TESTOSTERONE from the TESTIS. The major peptide hormones include ACTIVINS and INHIBINS.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Cryptorchidism: A developmental defect in which a TESTIS or both TESTES failed to descend from high in the ABDOMEN to the bottom of the SCROTUM. Testicular descent is essential to normal SPERMATOGENESIS which requires temperature lower than the BODY TEMPERATURE. Cryptorchidism can be subclassified by the location of the maldescended testis.Inhibin-beta Subunits: They are glycopeptides and subunits in INHIBINS and ACTIVINS. Inhibins and activins belong to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Mesocricetus: A genus of the family Muridae having three species. The present domesticated strains were developed from individuals brought from Syria. They are widely used in biomedical research.20-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: A group of enzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction-oxidation reaction of 20-hydroxysteroids, such as from a 20-ketosteroid to a 20-alpha-hydroxysteroid (EC 1.1.1.149) or to a 20-beta-hydroxysteroid (EC 1.1.1.53).Phodopus: A genus of hamsters characterized by small size, very short tail, and short, broad feet with hairy soles.Norprogesterones: Progesterones which have undergone ring contraction or which are lacking carbon 18 or 19.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal: Non-steroidal chemical compounds with abortifacient activity.Anti-Mullerian Hormone: A glycoprotein that causes regression of MULLERIAN DUCTS. It is produced by SERTOLI CELLS of the TESTES. In the absence of this hormone, the Mullerian ducts develop into structures of the female reproductive tract. In males, defects of this hormone result in persistent Mullerian duct, a form of MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM.Ovarian Diseases: Pathological processes of the OVARY.Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.Pregnancy Trimester, Second: The middle third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 15th through the 28th completed week (99 to 196 days) of gestation.Receptors, Thyrotropin: Cell surface proteins that bind pituitary THYROTROPIN (also named thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH) and trigger intracellular changes of the target cells. TSH receptors are present in the nervous system and on target cells in the thyroid gland. Autoantibodies to TSH receptors are implicated in thyroid diseases such as GRAVES DISEASE and Hashimoto disease (THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE).Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Vitellogenesis: The active production and accumulation of VITELLINS (egg yolk proteins) in the non-mammalian OOCYTES from circulating precursors, VITELLOGENINS. Vitellogenesis usually begins after the first MEIOSIS and is regulated by estrogenic hormones.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Neurosecretory Systems: A system of NEURONS that has the specialized function to produce and secrete HORMONES, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an ENDOCRINE SYSTEM or organ.Postpartum Period: In females, the period that is shortly after giving birth (PARTURITION).17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone: A metabolite of PROGESTERONE with a hydroxyl group at the 17-alpha position. It serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of HYDROCORTISONE and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES.Periodicity: The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).Prenatal Diagnosis: Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation EMBRYO; FETUS; or pregnant female before birth.Drug Implants: Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.Photoperiod: The time period of daily exposure that an organism receives from daylight or artificial light. It is believed that photoperiodic responses may affect the control of energy balance and thermoregulation.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.Hypothalamus, Middle: Middle portion of the hypothalamus containing the arcuate, dorsomedial, ventromedial nuclei, the TUBER CINEREUM and the PITUITARY GLAND.

Prolactin replacement fails to inhibit reactivation of gonadotropin secretion in rams treated with melatonin under long days. (1/872)

This study tested the hypothesis that prolactin (PRL) inhibits gonadotropin secretion in rams maintained under long days and that treatment with melatonin (s.c. continuous-release implant; MEL-IMP) reactivates the reproductive axis by suppressing PRL secretion. Adult Soay rams were maintained under long days (16L:8D) and received 1) no further treatment (control, C); 2) MEL-IMP for 16 wk and injections of saline/vehicle for the first 8 wk (M); 3) MEL-IMP for 16 wk and exogenous PRL (s.c. 5 mg ovine PRL 3x daily) for the first 8 wk (M+P). The treatment with melatonin induced a rapid increase in the blood concentrations of FSH and testosterone, rapid growth of the testes, an increase in the frequency of LH pulses, and a decrease in the LH response to N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid. The concomitant treatment with exogenous PRL had no effect on these reproductive responses but caused a significant delay in the timing of the sexual skin color and growth of the winter pelage. These results do not support the hypothesis and suggest that PRL at physiological long-day concentrations, while being totally ineffective as an inhibitor of gonadotropin secretion, acts in the peripheral tissues and skin to maintain summer characteristics.  (+info)

Why is the retention of gonadotrophin secretion common in children with panhypopituitarism due to septo-optic dysplasia? (2/872)

Septo-optic dysplasia (De Morsier syndrome) is a developmental anomaly of mid-line brain structures and includes optic nerve hypoplasia, absence of the septum pellucidum and hypothalamo-pituitary abnormalities. We describe seven patients (four female, three male) who had at least two out of the three features necessary for the diagnosis of septo-optic dysplasia. Four patients had hypopituitarism and yet normal gonadotrophin secretion: one of these also had anti-diuretic hormone insufficiency; three had isolated GH deficiency and yet had premature puberty, with the onset of puberty at least a year earlier than would have been expected for their bone age. In any progressive and evolving anterior pituitary lesion it is extremely unusual to lose corticotrophin-releasing hormone/ACTH and TRH/TSH secretion and yet to retain gonadotrophin secretion. GnRH neurons develop in the nasal mucosa and migrate to the hypothalamus in early fetal life. We hypothesise that the arrival of GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus after the development of a midline hypothalamic defect may explain these phenomena. Progress in spontaneous/premature puberty in children with De Morsier syndrome may have important implications for management. The combination of GH deficiency and premature puberty may allow an apparently normal growth rate but with an inappropriately advanced bone age resulting in impaired final stature. GnRH analogues may be a therapeutic option. In conclusion, some patients with De Morsier syndrome appear to retain the ability to secrete gonadotrophins in the face of loss of other hypothalamic releasing factors. The migration of GnRH neurons after the development of the midline defect may be an explanation.  (+info)

Hormonal and genetic control of germ cell apoptosis in the testis. (3/872)

Programmed cell death is an evolutionarily conserved cell death process that plays a major role during normal development and homeostasis. In many cases, the ordered execution of this internal death programme leads to typical morphological and biochemical changes that have been termed apoptosis. The crucial role of this mode of cell death in the pathogenesis of diverse human diseases including cancer, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, neurodegeneratives disorders, atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy is now supported by a wealth of data. In adult mammals, including humans, germ cell death is conspicuous during normal spermatogenesis and plays a pivotal role in sperm output. Withdrawal of gonadotrophins and testosterone further enhances the degeneration of germ cells in the testis. The availability of a quantitative method for analysing the testicular DNA fragmentation and in situ methods to localize specific germ cells undergoing apoptosis, either spontaneously or in response to a variety of death triggering signals, opens new avenues in the understanding of the significance of germ cell apoptosis during normal and abnormal states of spermatogenesis. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that both spontaneous (during normal spermatogenesis) and accelerated germ cell death triggered by deprivation of the gonadotrophic support or moderately increased scrotal temperature in adult rats occur almost exclusively via apoptosis. Although there has been spectacular progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis in various systems other than spermatogenesis, elucidation of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms by which germ cell apoptosis is regulated has only just begun. It is likely that germ cell apoptosis is controlled in a cell-type specific fashion, but the basic elements of the death machinery may be universal. In addition, there is increasing evidence that homozygous disruption of a number of genes in mice results in infertility through accelerated germ cell apoptosis. Manipulation of spermatogenesis by survival factor(s) deprivation or increases in extrinsic death signals in loss-of-function or gain-of-function mouse models provides a basis for further attempts to define the intrinsic regulation of various death-related genes by external death signals. Such information is crucial for effective management of male factor infertility as well as more targeted approaches to male contraception.  (+info)

Leptin and reproduction. (4/872)

In the few years since leptin was identified as a satiety factor in rodents, it has been implicated in the regulation of various physiological processes. Leptin has been shown to promote sexual maturation in rodent species and a role in reproduction has been investigated at various sites within the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. This review considers the evidence that leptin (or alteration in amount of body fat) can affect reproduction. There is evidence that leptin plays a permissive role in the onset of puberty, probably through action on the hypothalamus, where leptin receptors are found in cells that express appetite-regulating peptides. There is little evidence that leptin has a positive effect on the pituitary gonadotrophs and the gonads. There is also very little indication that leptin acts in an acute manner to regulate reproduction in the short term. It seems more likely that leptin is a 'barometer' of body condition that sends signals to the brain. Studies in vitro have shown negative effects on ovarian steroid production and there are no reports of effects on testicular function. Leptin concentrations in plasma increase in women during pregnancy, owing to production by the placenta but the functional significance of this is unknown. A number of factors that affect the production and action of leptin have yet to be studied in detail.  (+info)

Hormonal changes in thalassaemia major. (5/872)

Patients with severe thalassaemia major suffer endocrine and other abnormalities before their eventual death from iron overload due to repeated blood transfusions. The endocrine status of 31 thalassaemic patients aged 2-5 to 23 years was investigated. Exact data were available on the rate and duration of blood transfusion in all of them and in many the liver iron concentration was also known. Although the patients were euthyroid, the mean serum thyroxine level was significantly lower, and the mean thyrotrophic hormone level significantly higher, compared with the values found in normal children. Forty oral glucose tolerance tests with simultaneous insulin levels were performed in 19 children, of whom 5 developed symptomatic diabetes and one had impaired tolerance. Previous tests on all 6 patients were available and some showed raised insulin levels possibly due to insulin resistance. 2 patients had clinical hypoparathyroidism and are described. The parathyroid hormone levels determined by radioimmunoassay in 25 patients were below the mean for the age group in all and outside the reference range in 16. Nonfasting plasma calcium levels were not reduced. Puberty was delayed in some patients. Concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) measured in urine from 7 girls and 5 boys showed considerable variation. In the boys there was an overall tendency for FSH and LH excretion to be low with regard to age, but with respect to puberty rating FSH exretions were normal or low and LH normal or raised. The girls showed a tendency for LH but not FSH excretion to be raised in relation to puberty rating. The severity of the endocrine changes was related to the degree of iron loading and is discussed in relation to previous work in which the iron loading has rarely been accurately indicated nor parathyroid status assessed.  (+info)

A proposed sequence of hormones controlling the induction of luteal 20alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase and progesterone withdrawal in the late-pregnant rat. (6/872)

1. The previously reported induction of luteal 20alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase by administration of aminoglutethimide to late-pregnant rats was shown to be unaffected by prior removal of the foetuses. Aminoglutethimide therefore does not act via the foetuses in this context. 2. The ability of injected oestrogen to prevent the above induction was lost by delaying the injection for 12h after aminoglutethimide, although the increase in enzyme activity begins only after 24h. 3. Induction of 20alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase by foetoplacental removal on day 18 of pregnancy was inhibited by human choriogonadotropin, lutropin (luteinizing hormone) and pregnant-mare serum gonadotropin, but not by somatotropin (growth hormone), thyrotropin or follitropin (follicle-stimulating hormone) 4. Indomethacin blocked the normal induction of 20alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase in late pregnancy and that caused by aminoglutethimide. It partially blocked that caused by human choriogonadotropin given on days 19-20 and that caused by 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine on days 5-6, but failed to block that caused by human choriogonadotropin on days 15-16 or by foetoplacental removal on day 18 of pregnancy. 5. These findings, and the control of progesterone synthesis in late pregnancy, are interpreted in terms of a sequence of hormonal or enzymic syntheses, each of which is inhibited by the product of the preceding synthesis.  (+info)

Differential regulation of the gonadotropin storage pattern by gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency in the ewe. (7/872)

The differential control of gonadotropin secretion by GnRH pulse frequency may reflect changes in the storage of LH and FSH. To test this hypothesis, ovariectomized ewes passively immunized against GnRH received pulsatile injections of saline (group 1) or GnRH analogue: 1 pulse/6 h for group 2 or 1 pulse/h for group 3, during 48 h. Immunization against GnRH suppressed pulsatility of LH release and reduced mean FSH plasma levels (3.1 +/- 0.2 vs. 2.2 +/- 0.1 ng/ml before and 3 days after immunization, respectively). Pulsatile GnRH analogue replacement restored LH pulses but not FSH plasma levels. Low and high frequencies of GnRH analogue increased the percentage of LH-containing cells in a similar way (group 1 = 6.9 +/- 0.5% vs. group 2 = 10.5 +/- 0.8%, or vs. group 3 = 9.6 +/- 0.4%). In contrast, the rise of the percentage of FSH-containing cells was greater after administration of the analogue at low frequency than at high frequency (group 1 = 3.7 +/- 0.4% vs. group 2 = 8.4 +/- 0.2%, or vs. group 3 = 5.2 +/- 0.8%). Moreover, while GnRH pulse frequency had no differential effect on FSHbeta mRNA levels, LHbeta mRNA levels were higher under high than low frequency. These data showed that the frequency of GnRH pulses can modulate the gonadotropin storage pattern in the ewe. These changes may be a component of the differential regulation of LH and FSH secretion.  (+info)

Intramuscular injection of testosterone undecanoate for the treatment of male hypogonadism: phase I studies. (8/872)

OBJECTIVE: In the search for long-acting testosterone preparations suited for substitution therapy of hypogonadal men, testosterone undecanoate (TU) dissolved in either tea seed oil or castor oil was investigated. DESIGN: In study I, 1000 mg TU in tea seed oil (125 mg/ml) were injected in equal parts into the gluteal muscles of seven hypogonadal men. In study II, 1000 mg TU in castor oil (250 mg/ml) were injected into one gluteal muscle of 14 patients. RESULTS: In comparison with published data on testosterone enanthate, most widely used for i.m. injections, the kinetic profiles of both TU preparations showed extended half-lives and serum levels not exceeding the upper limit of normal. The castor oil preparation had a longer half-life than TU in tea seed oil (33.9+/-4.9 vs 20.9+/-6.0 days (mean pm S.E.M.)). CONCLUSION: The longer half-life and the smaller injection volume make TU in castor oil a strong candidate for further applications in substitution therapy and in trials for male contraception.  (+info)

EFFECT OF PROGESTERONE ON GONADOTROPIN SECRETION - Augusta University Research ProfilesEFFECT OF PROGESTERONE ON GONADOTROPIN SECRETION - Augusta University Research Profiles
Significant progress has been made during the last 5 years in elucidating the complex mechanisms involved in the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of progesterone on gonadotropin secretion. From these studies, a multifactorial hypothesis explaining regulation of gonadotropin secretion by progesterone has been proposed which includes progesterone regulation of estrogen receptor dynamics, modulation of opioid tone, and modulation of GABA and glutamate neurotransmission of the positive and negative feedback effects of progesterone. This renewal application will further elucidate mechanisms involved with the initiation and termination of the gonadotropin surge and has 4 specific aims. SPECIFIC AIM 1 will determine the mechanism of an increase in estrogen receptors of the pituitary associated with the termination of the preovulatory gonadotropin surge. The study will include measurement of pituitary ER mRNA transcription and translation along with ER binding and degradation. The role of a ...
Influence of gonadotropin treatment interval on follicular maturation, in vitro fertilization, circulating steroid...Influence of gonadotropin treatment interval on follicular maturation, in vitro fertilization, circulating steroid...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Influence of gonadotropin treatment interval on follicular maturation, in vitro fertilization, circulating steroid concentrations, and subsequent luteal function in the domestic cat. AU - Donoghue, A. M.. AU - Johnston, L. A.. AU - Munson, L.. AU - Brown, J. L.. AU - Wildt, D. E.. PY - 1992. Y1 - 1992. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0026588176&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0026588176&partnerID=8YFLogxK. M3 - Article. C2 - 1591354. AN - SCOPUS:0026588176. VL - 46. SP - 972. EP - 980. JO - Biology of Reproduction. JF - Biology of Reproduction. SN - 0006-3363. IS - 5. ER - ...
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Thehistory of the gonadotropins covers an amazingly short period of time considering the important role they play in basic physiology throughout the vertebrate animal kingdom. It is in fact confined...
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Structure and Function of the GonadotropinsStructure and Function of the Gonadotropins
www.MOLUNA.de Structure and Function of the Gonadotropins [4203542] - In September of 1977 scientists from many countries met at the Asticou Inn in Maine to present and discuss papers written especially for this monograph. The presentations were informal and directed to the special interests of the audience in order to generate discussions. The authors, many of whom are pioneers
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Involvement of endogenous gabaergic system in the modulation of gonadotropin secretion in normal cycling women. | IRIS UNIPVInvolvement of endogenous gabaergic system in the modulation of gonadotropin secretion in normal cycling women. | IRIS UNIPV
To investigate whether endogenous GABA participates in the control of gonadotropin secretion during the menstrual cycle, placebo or sodium valproate (DPA), an anticonvulsant drug which enhances endogenous GABA content by blocking GABA degradation, were administered to regularly cycling women both during early follicular and midluteal phase. In a first set of experiments, the effect of DPA administration (400 mg, orally) on basal gonadotropin secretion was evaluated in 13 subjects. During early follicular phase (n = 6), no significant changes in plasma gonadotropin levels were observed after DPA or placebo administration. Conversely, during midluteal phase (n = 7), DPA administration resulted in a significant fall (p less than 0.01) in plasma LH concentrations, with a maximal percent decrease of 41.8 +/- 6.7% after 120 min. No changes in plasma FSH levels were observed. In a second set of experiments, the effect of DPA pretreatment (400 mg, orally) on gonadotropin release stimulated by a pulse of ...
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TY - JOUR. T1 - Gonadotropin modulation of interleukin-1 secretion.. AU - Corwin, E. J.. AU - Cannon, Joseph Gerard. PY - 1999/1/1. Y1 - 1999/1/1. N2 - OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of pituitary gonadotropins, which increase dramatically in concentration at ovulation and in the early years of the postmenopausal transition, on inflammatory cytokine production. DESIGN: Cross-sectional population sampling, in vitro experimentation. PARTICIPANTS: Healthy subjects, including six men, five women between the ages of 18 and 35 years, and four women who were four to 20 years past menopause. METHOD: Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated with physiological concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The concentrations of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secreted into the supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: Under basal conditions, FSH stimulated IL-1 beta secretion by cells ...
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A comparison between chorionic gonadotrophins extracted from human, rhesus monkey and marmoset placentaeA comparison between chorionic gonadotrophins extracted from human, rhesus monkey and marmoset placentae
Evidence is provided to show that chorionic gonadotrophins extracted from the human, rhesus monkey and marmoset placentae have antigenic determinants in common. Similar slopes were obtained for these gonadotrophins in a radioimmunoassay for human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). The biological activity of the monkey gonadotrophins was neutralized by anti-HCG serum. When the gonadotrophic activity of the monkey placental extracts was assayed biologically and immunologically, using HCG as a standard, similar results were obtained. Higher values were obtained by the immunoassay than by the bioassay when extracts of human placenta were assayed using the same HCG standard.. ...
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Also known as gonadotrophins. Released by the anterior pituitary gland in response to GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus. Lutei...
Timing the Preovulatory Surge of Gonadotropin Secretion | SpringerLinkTiming the Preovulatory Surge of Gonadotropin Secretion | SpringerLink
Boling et al. (1941) correlated ovulation time in rats with the interval from the beginning of heat behavior. Inasmuch as the beginning of heat in these rodents is itself related to the time of day...
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Define pituitary gonadotropins. pituitary gonadotropins synonyms, pituitary gonadotropins pronunciation, pituitary gonadotropins translation, English dictionary definition of pituitary gonadotropins. n. pl. pi·tu·i·tar·ies 1. The pituitary gland. 2. Medicine An extract from the anterior or posterior lobes of the pituitary gland, prepared for therapeutic...
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Gonadotropins are fertility drugs that may be prescribed when you are undergoing fertility treatment such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intrauterine insemination (IUI). There are several different types: human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG). follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Fertility doctors typically use a combination of hMG/hCG or FSH/hCG to stimulate ovulation. Human menopausal gonadotropins (HMGs) contain approximately equal amounts of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). hMG is administered by injection and directly stimulates the ovaries to induce the development and ovulation of one or more follicles. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is an injectable drug containing genetically engineered FSH and is used to stimulate ovulation and help the ovaries produce multiple eggs.. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) helps with the final maturation of the eggs and triggers the ovaries to release the mature eggs. Your fertility
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(1990) Anderson et al. Fertility and Sterility. Norethindrone (NET) has been used for cycle programming and may result in attenuated responses to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. The effects of NET on gonadotropin secretion, its bioavailabil...
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Overexpression of human chorionic gonadotropin causes multiple reproductive defects in transgenic mice.: Human CG is a pregnancy marker secreted by the placenta
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Gonadotropins promote human ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion via a cyclooxygenase 2-dependent pathway. - literature...Gonadotropins promote human ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion via a cyclooxygenase 2-dependent pathway. - literature...
It is generally accepted that ovarian cancer is associated with local elevation of gonadotropins (FSH and LH), with repeated ovulation and accompanying expression of inducible cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2)....
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For the first 12 days of the menstrual cycle, estrogen has a negative effect on the production of gonadotropins. Following these 12 days the negative effect changes to a positive effect on the production of gonadotropic hormones. This results in a small increase of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), but a large increase of luteinizing hormone (LH.) Ovulation ...
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Role of Central Monoamines in Regulation of Gonadotropin-II Secretion | SpringerLinkRole of Central Monoamines in Regulation of Gonadotropin-II Secretion | SpringerLink
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Gonadal and nongonadal mechanisms contribute to the prepubertal hiatus in gonadotropin secretion in the female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).: The present stud
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Glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptideGlycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
GonadotropinsChorionic GonadotropinChorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, HumanReceptors, GonadotropinGonadotropins, PituitaryGonadotropins, EquineLuteinizing HormoneFollicle Stimulating HormoneGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneReceptors, LHOvaryGlycoprotein Hormones, alpha SubunitOvulationPituitary GlandFollicle Stimulating Hormone, beta SubunitProgesteroneOvarian FollicleTestosteroneEstradiolLuteinizing Hormone, beta SubunitReceptors, FSHChoriocarcinomaGranulosa CellsPregnancyHypogonadismPituitary Hormone-Releasing HormonesOvulation InductionLeydig CellsTestisReceptors, LHRHSexual MaturationGonadotrophsCorpus LuteumInhibinsPituitary Gland, AnteriorEstrusSuperovulationMenotropinsFertility Agents, FemaleProestrusLeuprolideFollicular PhaseTrophoblastic NeoplasmsProlactinFertilization in VitroOvariectomyRadioimmunoassayCastrationTheca CellsPregnancy TestsHorsesSteroidsPuberty, PrecociousKisspeptinsHypothalamusOocytesAndrostenedioneRNA, MessengerHydatidiform Mole20-alpha-DihydroprogesteroneFollicular FluidHormone AntagonistsLuteinizationEstrous CycleInsemination, ArtificialHypophysectomyAnovulationOrchiectomyFollicular AtresiaReproductive Control AgentsPregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-ASpermatogenesisHormonesDiestrusClomiphene3-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesGonadal Steroid HormonesInfertility, FemalePregnancy, EctopicPregnancy Trimester, FirstReproductionSwineLuteal PhaseHormones, EctopicPregnancy RateSheepAromataseUterine NeoplasmsCattleLeydig Cell TumorPlacentaRats, Inbred StrainsAndrogensEstriolDihydrotestosteroneHydroxyprogesteronesAnestrusProgesterone CongenersCyclic AMPFollicle Stimulating Hormone, Humanalpha-FetoproteinsGonadsFluoroimmunoassayHypothalamo-Hypophyseal SystemEmbryo TransferTrophoblastsPerissodactylaGestational Trophoblastic DiseasePlacental LactogenFertilityTesticular NeoplasmsOocyte RetrievalPuberty, DelayedEstrogensOvarian Hyperstimulation SyndromeTriptorelin PamoateCells, CulturedHypothalamic HormonesThecomaEstrus SynchronizationMedian Eminence8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine MonophosphatePituitary HormonesThyrotropinOrgan SizeEstroneTime FactorsLuteal CellsInfertilityDose-Response Relationship, DrugUterusBuserelinPituitary Hormones, AnteriorOogenesisFeedbackOncorhynchus kisutchBiological AssayEndocrine GlandsMenstruationMenstrual CycleActivinsFollistatinSpermatogenesis-Blocking AgentsMolecular Sequence DataCumulus CellsAcinonyxNuchal Translucency MeasurementNeurokinin BDown SyndromeReceptors, Cell SurfaceCholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage EnzymeEmbryo ImplantationGene Expression RegulationPregnancy Tests, ImmunologicGrowth HormonePolycystic Ovary SyndromePubertyDinoprostBucladesineImmunoradiometric AssayReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionAmenorrheaMetestrusSertoli CellsPregnancy, AnimalFollicular CystContraceptive Agents, MaleKineticsSteroid 17-alpha-HydroxylaseProgestinsImmunoassayGonadal HormonesRats, Sprague-DawleyCryptorchidismInhibin-beta SubunitsPeptide FragmentsMesocricetus20-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesPhodopusNorprogesteronesImmunohistochemistryAbortifacient Agents, NonsteroidalAnti-Mullerian HormoneOvarian DiseasesPregnancy OutcomePregnancy Trimester, SecondReceptors, ThyrotropinCricetinaeVitellogenesisGene ExpressionNeurosecretory SystemsPostpartum Period17-alpha-HydroxyprogesteronePeriodicityPrenatal DiagnosisDrug ImplantsPhotoperiodRats, WistarAmino Acid SequenceDehydroepiandrosteroneHypothalamus, Middle
Gonadotropins | Springer for Research & DevelopmentGonadotropins | Springer for Research & Development
Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist Photos | Images of Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist - Times of IndiaGonadotropin releasing hormone agonist Photos | Images of Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist - Times of India
EFFECT OF PROGESTERONE ON GONADOTROPIN SECRETION - Augusta University Research ProfilesEFFECT OF PROGESTERONE ON GONADOTROPIN SECRETION - Augusta University Research Profiles
Overview of IVF Medications: GonadotropinsOverview of IVF Medications: Gonadotropins
Influence of gonadotropin treatment interval on follicular maturation, in vitro fertilization, circulating steroid...Influence of gonadotropin treatment interval on follicular maturation, in vitro fertilization, circulating steroid...
Structure and Function of the GonadotropinsStructure and Function of the Gonadotropins
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist - WikipediaGonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist - Wikipedia
Gonadotropin - WikipediaGonadotropin - Wikipedia
Gonadotropin preparations - WikipediaGonadotropin preparations - Wikipedia
gonadotropin - Everything2.comgonadotropin - Everything2.com
Pituitary gonadotropins - definition of pituitary gonadotropins by The Free DictionaryPituitary gonadotropins - definition of pituitary gonadotropins by The Free Dictionary
Gonadotropins: From Bench Side to Bedside, Volume 143 - 1st EditionGonadotropins: From Bench Side to Bedside, Volume 143 - 1st Edition
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) | biochemistry | Britannica.comgonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) | biochemistry | Britannica.com
Chorionic Gonadotropin Watson - Drugs.comChorionic Gonadotropin Watson - Drugs.com
human chorionic gonadotropin - Everything2.comhuman chorionic gonadotropin - Everything2.com
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Breast Cancer Prevention | SpringerLinkHuman Chorionic Gonadotropin in Breast Cancer Prevention | SpringerLink
The GonadotropinsThe Gonadotropins
Gonadotropin - WikipediaGonadotropin - Wikipedia
What is Gonadotropin? (with pictures)What is Gonadotropin? (with pictures)
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Urine QualitativeHuman Chorionic Gonadotropin, Urine Qualitative
Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH): discovery, progress and prospect. - PubMed - NCBIGonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH): discovery, progress and prospect. - PubMed - NCBI
Chorionic gonadotropin - definition of chorionic gonadotropin by The Free DictionaryChorionic gonadotropin - definition of chorionic gonadotropin by The Free Dictionary
List of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists - Drugs.comList of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists - Drugs.com
Timing the Preovulatory Surge of Gonadotropin Secretion | SpringerLinkTiming the Preovulatory Surge of Gonadotropin Secretion | SpringerLink
Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone AgonistGonadotropin-releasing Hormone Agonist
CGB3 chorionic gonadotropin subunit beta 3 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBICGB3 chorionic gonadotropin subunit beta 3 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI
Multiple Pregnancy after Gonadotropin-Intrauterine Insemination: An Unavoidable Event?Multiple Pregnancy after Gonadotropin-Intrauterine Insemination: An Unavoidable Event?
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Deficiency in Adults: Background, Pathophysiology, EpidemiologyGonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Deficiency in Adults: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist - WikipediaGonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist - Wikipedia
Chorionic Gonadotropin (Human): Pediatric Medication | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterChorionic Gonadotropin (Human): Pediatric Medication | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG or b-hCG) - Canadian Cancer SocietyHuman chorionic gonadotropin (hCG or b-hCG) - Canadian Cancer Society
Frontiers | Regulation of gonadotropins by corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortin | EndocrinologyFrontiers | Regulation of gonadotropins by corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortin | Endocrinology
Chorionic Gonadotropin - Other Protein/Peptide Hormones | Sigma-AldrichChorionic Gonadotropin - Other Protein/Peptide Hormones | Sigma-Aldrich
HCG Human Chorionic Gonadotropin: uses & side-effects | PatientsLikeMeHCG Human Chorionic Gonadotropin: uses & side-effects | PatientsLikeMe
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) : Laurence A. Cole : 9780123849076Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) : Laurence A. Cole : 9780123849076
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
GonadotropinsChorionic GonadotropinChorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, HumanReceptors, GonadotropinGonadotropins, PituitaryGonadotropins, EquineLuteinizing HormoneFollicle Stimulating HormoneGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneReceptors, LHOvaryGlycoprotein Hormones, alpha SubunitOvulationPituitary GlandFollicle Stimulating Hormone, beta SubunitProgesteroneOvarian FollicleTestosteroneEstradiolLuteinizing Hormone, beta SubunitReceptors, FSHChoriocarcinomaGranulosa CellsPregnancyHypogonadismPituitary Hormone-Releasing HormonesOvulation InductionLeydig CellsTestisReceptors, LHRHSexual MaturationGonadotrophsCorpus LuteumInhibinsPituitary Gland, AnteriorEstrusSuperovulationMenotropinsFertility Agents, FemaleProestrusLeuprolideFollicular PhaseTrophoblastic NeoplasmsProlactinFertilization in VitroOvariectomyRadioimmunoassayCastrationTheca CellsPregnancy TestsHorsesSteroidsPuberty, PrecociousKisspeptinsHypothalamusOocytesAndrostenedioneRNA, MessengerHydatidiform Mole20-alpha-DihydroprogesteroneFollicular FluidHormone AntagonistsLuteinizationEstrous CycleInsemination, ArtificialHypophysectomyAnovulationOrchiectomyFollicular AtresiaReproductive Control AgentsPregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-ASpermatogenesisHormonesDiestrusClomiphene3-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesGonadal Steroid HormonesInfertility, FemalePregnancy, EctopicPregnancy Trimester, FirstReproductionSwineLuteal PhaseHormones, EctopicPregnancy RateSheepAromataseUterine NeoplasmsCattleLeydig Cell TumorPlacentaRats, Inbred StrainsAndrogensEstriolDihydrotestosteroneHydroxyprogesteronesAnestrusProgesterone CongenersCyclic AMPFollicle Stimulating Hormone, Humanalpha-FetoproteinsGonadsFluoroimmunoassayHypothalamo-Hypophyseal SystemEmbryo TransferTrophoblastsPerissodactylaGestational Trophoblastic DiseasePlacental LactogenFertilityTesticular NeoplasmsOocyte RetrievalPuberty, DelayedEstrogensOvarian Hyperstimulation SyndromeTriptorelin PamoateCells, CulturedHypothalamic HormonesThecomaEstrus SynchronizationMedian Eminence8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine MonophosphatePituitary HormonesThyrotropinOrgan SizeEstroneTime FactorsLuteal CellsInfertilityDose-Response Relationship, DrugUterusBuserelinPituitary Hormones, AnteriorOogenesisFeedbackOncorhynchus kisutchBiological AssayEndocrine GlandsMenstruationMenstrual CycleActivinsFollistatinSpermatogenesis-Blocking AgentsMolecular Sequence DataCumulus CellsAcinonyxNuchal Translucency MeasurementNeurokinin BDown SyndromeReceptors, Cell SurfaceCholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage EnzymeEmbryo ImplantationGene Expression RegulationPregnancy Tests, ImmunologicGrowth HormonePolycystic Ovary SyndromePubertyDinoprostBucladesineImmunoradiometric AssayReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionAmenorrheaMetestrusSertoli CellsPregnancy, AnimalFollicular CystContraceptive Agents, MaleKineticsSteroid 17-alpha-HydroxylaseProgestinsImmunoassayGonadal HormonesRats, Sprague-DawleyCryptorchidismInhibin-beta SubunitsPeptide FragmentsMesocricetus20-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesPhodopusNorprogesteronesImmunohistochemistryAbortifacient Agents, NonsteroidalAnti-Mullerian HormoneOvarian DiseasesPregnancy OutcomePregnancy Trimester, SecondReceptors, ThyrotropinCricetinaeVitellogenesisGene ExpressionNeurosecretory SystemsPostpartum Period17-alpha-HydroxyprogesteronePeriodicityPrenatal DiagnosisDrug ImplantsPhotoperiodRats, WistarAmino Acid SequenceDehydroepiandrosteroneHypothalamus, Middle
Chorionic gonadotropinPreovulatory gonadotropin surgeProgesteroneSecretionOvaryTrophoblastOvariesCorrelationImmunologyNaturallyIncludeRoleProvideCycleGnRHFollicle-stimulaMenopausalHormonesSubunitReceptorNeuronsReceptorsPregnancyAgonistEquine chorionic gonadotropinInjectionPlacentaGonadsPeptideTumorsAntagonistsStimulationPregnantFertilityInfertilityMaternalSynthesisAnalogsUrine5,000Human pituitaryUrinaryCorpus luteumPlacentalEndocrinologyEmbryo transferPreparations
Chorionic gonadotropin3
Preovulatory gonadotropin surge1
Progesterone7
Secretion2
Ovary1
Trophoblast1
Ovaries1
  • As long as you're not suffering from primary ovarian failure and can still produce eggs, gonadotropins will stimulate the ovaries to make numerous eggs. (ivfprescriptions.com)
Correlation1
Immunology1
Naturally1
  • Since you're unlikely to produce that number of healthy and mature eggs follicles naturally needed for a cycle, gonadotropins are prescribed. (ivfprescriptions.com)
Include1
Role1
  • The history of the gonadotropins covers an amazingly short period of time considering the important role they play in basic physiology throughout the vertebrate animal kingdom. (springer.com)
Provide1
Cycle1
GnRH44
Follicle-stimula13
Menopausal5
Hormones8
Subunit6
Receptor1
Neurons1
  • The neurons that secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone have connections to an area of the brain known as the limbic system, which is heavily involved in the control of emotions and sexual activity. (britannica.com)
Receptors4
Pregnancy17
Agonist2
Equine chorionic gonadotropin2
Injection4
Placenta3
Gonads2
Peptide2
Tumors1
Antagonists3
Stimulation1
Pregnant3
Fertility3
Infertility2
Maternal1
Synthesis2
Analogs9
Urine3
5,0002
Human pituitary1
Urinary3
Corpus luteum1
Placental1
Endocrinology1
Embryo transfer1
Preparations1
  • These preparations contained FSH and LH activity in comparable amounts and provided a relatively unlimited source of gonadotropins. (glowm.com)
Gonadotropins | Springer for Research & Development
Gonadotropins | Springer for Research & Development (rd.springer.com)
Human chorionic gonadotropin - American Pregnancy Association
Human chorionic gonadotropin - American Pregnancy Association (americanpregnancy.org)
JCDR - Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, hCG assays, Transvaginal ultrasonography
JCDR - Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, hCG assays, Transvaginal ultrasonography (jcdr.net)
Anovulation Medication: Ovulation stimulators, Thyroid products, Oral contraceptives, Bisphosphonate derivatives, Oral...
Anovulation Medication: Ovulation stimulators, Thyroid products, Oral contraceptives, Bisphosphonate derivatives, Oral... (emedicine.medscape.com)
Human chorionic gonadotropin - Wikipedia
Human chorionic gonadotropin - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Hormonal Control of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis | SpringerLink
Hormonal Control of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Human chorionic gonadotropin - ProteomeTech
Human chorionic gonadotropin - ProteomeTech (proteometech.com)
Medications to Help Women Get Pregnant | LIVESTRONG.COM
Medications to Help Women Get Pregnant | LIVESTRONG.COM (livestrong.com)
4 weeks pregnant: Symptoms, hormones, and baby development
4 weeks pregnant: Symptoms, hormones, and baby development (medicalnewstoday.com)
Acute Hypopituitarism: Overview, Diagnostic Considerations, Hormone Deficiency Symptoms
Acute Hypopituitarism: Overview, Diagnostic Considerations, Hormone Deficiency Symptoms (emedicine.medscape.com)
News-Urokinase,Ulinastatin,Human chorionic gonadotropin
News-Urokinase,Ulinastatin,Human chorionic gonadotropin (en.kangyuan.com.cn)
DailyMed - Search Results for Gonadotropins
DailyMed - Search Results for Gonadotropins (dailymed.nlm.nih.gov)
Chorionic Gonadotropin (Human): Pediatric Medication | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Chorionic Gonadotropin (Human): Pediatric Medication | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (mskcc.org)
Endometriosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Hormonal Therapy, Surgical Intervention
Endometriosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Hormonal Therapy, Surgical Intervention (emedicine.medscape.com)
HMG 75 IU Peptide - Buy Human Menopausal Gonadotropin
HMG 75 IU Peptide - Buy Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (valkyrie-online.net)
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Injects for Men's Health
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Injects for Men's Health (phoenixhcgdoctors.com)
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Breast Cancer Prevention | SpringerLink
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Breast Cancer Prevention | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
December 1970 - Volume 36 - Issue 6 : Obstetrics & Gynecology
December 1970 - Volume 36 - Issue 6 : Obstetrics & Gynecology (journals.lww.com)
Hormones in Male Reproductive Systems | Livestrong.com
Hormones in Male Reproductive Systems | Livestrong.com (livestrong.com)
Hormones to Help Get Pregnant | Livestrong.com
Hormones to Help Get Pregnant | Livestrong.com (livestrong.com)
16 Endometriosis Symptoms (Pain), Signs, Diet & Surgery Treatments
16 Endometriosis Symptoms (Pain), Signs, Diet & Surgery Treatments (rxlist.com)
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Deficiency in Adults: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Deficiency in Adults: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology (emedicine.medscape.com)
Goljan Tapes | Student Doctor Network
Goljan Tapes | Student Doctor Network (forums.studentdoctor.net)
Does Low Progesterone Cause No Pregnancy Signs? | Livestrong.com
Does Low Progesterone Cause No Pregnancy Signs? | Livestrong.com (livestrong.com)
Human Growth Hormones | HowStuffWorks
Human Growth Hormones | HowStuffWorks (entertainment.howstuffworks.com)
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) : Laurence A. Cole : 9780123849076
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) : Laurence A. Cole : 9780123849076 (bookdepository.com)
Frontiers | Application of Growth Hormone in in vitro Fertilization | Endocrinology
Frontiers | Application of Growth Hormone in in vitro Fertilization | Endocrinology (frontiersin.org)
Gonadotropin-oslobađajući hormon - Википедија, слободна енциклопедија
Gonadotropin-oslobađajući hormon - Википедија, слободна енциклопедија (sr.wikipedia.org)
HCG - iSteroids.com
HCG - iSteroids.com (isteroids.com)
Humani horionski gonadotropin - Википедија, слободна енциклопедија
Humani horionski gonadotropin - Википедија, слободна енциклопедија (sr.wikipedia.org)
Medicines Used for Treating Infertility. Clomiphene. Bromocriptine. Gonadotropins. GnRH agonists. GnRH antagonists. Myoinositol...
Medicines Used for Treating Infertility. Clomiphene. Bromocriptine. Gonadotropins. GnRH agonists. GnRH antagonists. Myoinositol... (drmalpani.com)
Ovulation home test: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Ovulation home test: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia (medlineplus.gov)
A comparative study of five physiological key parameters between four different human trophoblast-derived cell lines |...
A comparative study of five physiological key parameters between four different human trophoblast-derived cell lines |... (nature.com)