An oleanolic acid from GLYCYRRHIZA that has some antiallergic, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. It is used topically for allergic or infectious skin inflammation and orally for its aldosterone effects in electrolyte regulation.
A widely used anti-inflammatory agent isolated from the licorice root. It is metabolized to GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID, which inhibits 11-BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES and other enzymes involved in the metabolism of CORTICOSTEROIDS. Therefore, glycyrrhizic acid, which is the main and sweet component of licorice, has been investigated for its ability to cause hypermineralocorticoidism with sodium retention and potassium loss, edema, increased blood pressure, as well as depression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
A genus of leguminous herbs or shrubs whose roots yield GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID and its derivative, CARBENOXOLONE.
A plant species of the family FABACEAE.
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases that catalyzes the reversible conversion of CORTISOL to the inactive metabolite CORTISONE. Enzymes in this class can utilize either NAD or NADP as cofactors.
Enzymes of the oxidoreductase class that catalyze the dehydrogenation of hydroxysteroids. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.-.
A naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver to the active metabolite HYDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p726)
An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.
Cyclic hydrocarbons that contain multiple rings and share one or more atoms.
Metabolites or derivatives of PROGESTERONE with hydroxyl group substitution at various sites.
A metabolite of PROGESTERONE with a hydroxyl group at the 17-alpha position. It serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of HYDROCORTISONE and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES.
Tetrahydrocortisone is a weak, endogenous glucocorticoid hormone, specifically a 3α,17,21-trihydroxy-5β-pregnane, that is synthesized in the adrenal gland from tetrahydrocortisol and further metabolized in the liver.
Glucosides are glycosides that contain glucose as the sugar component, often forming part of the plant's defense mechanism and can have various pharmacological effects when extracted and used medically.
Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of CONNEXINS, the family of proteins which form the junctions.

Effect of sodium glycyrrhetinate on chemical peritonitis in rats. (1/249)

AIM: To study the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of sodium glycyrrhetinate (SG). METHODS: Rat chemical peritonitis was used. The protein content and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) content in exudate were measured by Folin-phenol assay and RIA, respectively. SOD activity in neutrophils (Neu) was determined by pyrogallol-NBT colorimetry. cAMP content in Neu was detected by competitive protein binding assay. RESULTS: In peritonitis caused by histamine, SG 10-20 mg.kg-1 i.m. reduced exudate volume and Neu counts, and 5-20 mg.kg-1 i.m. lowered the protein content in exudate. In peritonitis induced by carrageenan, SG 20 mg.kg-1 i.m. reduced exudate volume, Neu counts, protein content and PGE2 content in exudate, increased SOD activity in Neu, but did not affect beta-glucuronidase release from Neu. In peritonitis induced by arachidonic acid, SG 20 mg.kg-1 i.m. reduced Neu counts, protein content, and PGE2 content in exudate, and attenuated the reduction of cAMP level in Neu. CONCLUSION: SG exerts its anti-inflammatory action by lowering permeability of capillaries in inflammatory site, inhibiting Neu emigration and PGE2 biosynthesis, and scavenging oxygen free radicals.  (+info)

Inhibition of gap junction communication in alveolar epithelial cells by 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid. (2/249)

Cultured alveolar epithelial cells exhibit gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) and express regulated levels of connexin (Cx) 43 mRNA and protein. Newly synthesized radiolabeled Cx43 protein equilibrates with phosphorylated Cx43 isoforms; these species assemble to form both connexons and functional gap junction plaques. The saponin 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) rapidly and reversibly blocks GJIC at low concentrations (5 microM). Extended exposure to 18alpha-GA at higher concentrations causes inhibition of GJIC and time- and dose-dependent reductions in both Cx43 protein and mRNA expression. The latter toxic effects are paralleled by disassembly of gap junction plaques and are reversed less readily than acute effects on GJIC. These observations demonstrate 18alpha-GA-sensitive regulation of intercellular communication in epithelial cells from the mammalian lung and suggest a role for Cx43 expression and phosphorylation in acute and chronic regulation of GJIC between alveolar epithelial cells.  (+info)

Mechanisms of coordination of Ca2+ signals in pancreatic islet cells. (3/249)

Within pancreatic islet cells, rhythmic changes in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration have been reported to occur in response to stimulatory glucose concentrations and to be synchronous with pulsatile release of insulin. We explored the possible mechanisms responsible for Ca2+ signal propagation within islet cells, with particular regard to gap junction communication, the pathway widely credited with being responsible for coordination of the secretory activity. Using fura-2 imaging, we found that multiple mechanisms control Ca2+ signaling in pancreatic islet cells. Gap junction blockade by 18 alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid greatly restricted the propagation of Ca2+ waves induced by mechanical stimulation of cells but affected neither Ca2+ signals nor insulin secretion elicited by glucose elevation. The source of Ca2+ elevation was also different under the two experimental conditions, the first being sustained by release from inner stores and the second by nifedipine-sensitive Ca2+ influx. Furthermore, glucose-induced Ca2+ waves were able to propagate across cell-free clefts, indicating that diffusible factors can control Ca2+ signal coordination. Our results provide evidence that multiple mechanisms of Ca2+ signaling operate in beta-cells and that gap junctions are not required for intercellular Ca2+ wave propagation or insulin secretion in response to glucose.  (+info)

Glycyrrhetinic acid-induced apoptosis in thymocytes: impact of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition. (4/249)

It has been proposed that glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) enhances endogenous glucocorticoid (GC) action by suppressing the metabolism of the steroid. We show here that marked involution of the thymus occurred within 24 h of a single intraperitoneal administration of GA in mice. Thymocytes from mice treated with GA exhibited DNA cleavage and mitochondrial transmembrane potential disruption, as demonstrated with agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometric analysis. Immunocytochemical staining revealed that CD4(+)CD8(+) double positive cells markedly decreased after GA treatment. In contrast to GA in vivo, GA in vitro did not induce apoptosis of cultured thymocytes. These findings suggest that the apoptosis-inducing effect of GA on thymocytes is due to its indirect action. Because GA has been known to inhibit 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD), we measured the enzyme activity in major organs and endogenous corticosterone concentration after GA treatment. The results showed a significant decrease of 11beta-HSD activity (P < 0.0001) and an increase in serum corticosterone concentration (P < 0.005). We concluded that the inhibition of hepatic 11beta-HSD activity by GA has a serious effect on GC metabolism, which results in a significant elevation of systemic GC levels. Apoptosis of thymocytes occurred as a consequence of the elevation in the level of endogenous corticosterone.  (+info)

The endothelial component of cannabinoid-induced relaxation in rabbit mesenteric artery depends on gap junctional communication. (5/249)

1. We have shown that the endocannabinoid anandamide and its stable analogue methanandamide relax rings of rabbit superior mesenteric artery through endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms that are unaffected by blockade of NO synthase and cyclooxygenase. 2. The endothelium-dependent component of the responses was attenuated by the gap junction inhibitor 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid (18alpha-GA; 50 microM), and a synthetic connexin-mimetic peptide homologous to the extracellular Gap 27 sequence of connexin 43 (43Gap 27, SRPTEKTIFII; 300 microM). By contrast, the corresponding connexin 40 peptide (40Gap 27, SRPTEKNVFIV) was inactive. 3. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A (10 microM) also attenuated endothelium-dependent relaxations but this inhibition was not observed with the CB1 receptor antagonist LY320135 (10 microM). Furthermore, SR141716A mimicked the effects of 43Gap 27 peptide in blocking Lucifer Yellow dye transfer between coupled COS-7 cells (a monkey fibroblast cell line), whereas LY320135 was without effect, thus suggesting that the action of SR141716A was directly attributable to effects on gap junctions. 4. The endothelium-dependent component of cannabinoid-induced relaxation was also attenuated by AM404 (10 microM), an inhibitor of the high-affinity anandamide transporter, which was without effect on dye transfer. 5. Taken together, the findings suggest that cannabinoids derived from arachidonic acid gain access to the endothelial cytosol via a transporter mechanism and subsequently stimulate relaxation by promoting diffusion of an to adjacent smooth muscle cells via gap junctions. 6. Relaxations of endothelium-denuded preparations to anandamide and methanandamide were unaffected by 43Gap 27 peptide, 18alpha-GA, SR141716A, AM404 and indomethacin and their genesis remains to be established.  (+info)

A cell type-specific and gap junction-independent mechanism for the herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase gene/ganciclovir-mediated bystander effect. (6/249)

Tumor cells expressing the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene are killed by nucleoside analogues such as ganciclovir (GCV). GCV affects not only the cells expressing HSV-tk but also neighboring cells that do not express the gene; this phenomenon commonly is called "bystander effect." GCV metabolites transfer via gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) accounts for the bystander effect in different cell lines, but other mechanisms have also been described. In this study, we analyzed the mechanisms of the bystander effect in two cell lines exhibiting different capacities of communication (DHD/K12 and 9L). The 9L cells exhibited a very good bystander effect, which was completely blocked by a long-term inhibitor of GJIC, 18 alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid. DHD/K12 cells exhibited a moderate bystander effect that was not abolished by 18 alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid or 1-octanol, another strong inhibitor of GJIC. Interestingly, we also observed a bystander effect in cultures where HSV-tk-expressing DHD/K12 cells were physically separated from their untransfected counterparts but grown in the same medium. Moreover, the transfer of filtered conditioned medium from GCV-treated HSV-tk-expressing DHD/K12 cells to DHD/K12 parental cells induced a decrease of survival in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that the bystander effect in this cell line was mediated by a soluble factor.  (+info)

Levcromakalim causes indirect endothelial hyperpolarization via a myo-endothelial pathway. (7/249)

1. Effects of K+ channel opener, levcromakalim, on vascular endothelial cells were examined. Under voltage- and current-clamp conditions, application of acetylcholine to dispersed endothelial cells isolated from rabbit superior mesenteric artery (dispersed RMAECs) produced hyperpolarization and outward currents. On the other hand, dispersed RMAECs did not respond to levcromakalim. 2. When membrane potential was recorded from endothelium in a mesenteric arterial segment, exposure to levcromakalim in a concentration range of 0.1 to 3 microM caused concentration-dependent hyperpolarization. The hyperpolarization was observed in the absence of external Ca2+ and was inhibited by 10 microM glibenclamide. 3. The presence of 1 mM heptanol did not affect the levcromakalin-induced hyperpolarization, whereas treatment of the mesenteric arterial segment with 20 microM 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid significantly reduced the hyperpolarization. The response to acetylcholine of RMAECs in an arterial segment with 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid was, however, similar to that without 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid. 4. These suggest that although RMAECs themselves are functionally insensitive to levcromakalim, those in an arterial segment are hyperpolarized by levcromakalim via myo-endothelial electrical communication.  (+info)

Effect of 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid on electromechanical coupling in the guinea-pig renal pelvis and ureter. (8/249)

We have tested the effect of the gap junction inhibitor, 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (18betaGA) on electromechanical coupling in the guinea-pig renal pelvis and ureter by the sucrose gap technique. In the ureter 18betaGA (3 - 30 microM) produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of the spike component of the action potential (AP) and reduced contraction evoked by electrical stimulation. Neurokinin A (NKA) produced a slow depolarization with superimposed APs and phasic contractions of the ureter. 18betaGA (30 microM) markedly inhibited the depolarization and APs evoked by NKA. However the contractile response was more sustained in the presence than in the absence of 18betaGA. At 100 microM, 18betaGA inhibited the mechanical responses to NKA. KCl (80 mM) produced APs and phasic contractions followed by sustained depolarization and tonic contraction. At 30 microM 18betaGA markedly inhibited the KCl-evoked APs and phasic contractions without affecting the sustained responses. At 100 microM 18betaGA inhibited the tonic contraction to KCl. In the renal pelvis 18betaGA (30 microM) inhibited the amplitude of pacemaker potentials and accompanying contractions and induced the appearance of low-amplitude APs not associated with contraction. We conclude that, up to 30 microM, the action of 18betaGA is consistent with an inhibition of cell-to-cell electrical coupling via gap junctions. The single-unit character of smooth muscles in the guinea-pig upper urinary tract is partly converted to a multi-unit pattern. At high concentrations 18betaGA possesses non specific effects which limit its usefulness as a tool for studying the role of gap junctions in smooth muscles. British Journal of Pharmacology (2000) 129, 163 - 169  (+info)

Glycyrrhetinic acid is defined medically as a pentacyclic triterpenoid derived from glycyrrhizin, which is found in the root of licorice plants. It has been used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory and expectorant properties.

Glycyrrhetinic acid works by inhibiting the enzyme 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which is responsible for converting cortisol to cortisone. This can lead to increased levels of cortisol in the body, which can have various effects, including lowering potassium levels and increasing sodium levels, leading to fluid retention and high blood pressure in some individuals.

In addition to its use in traditional medicine, glycyrrhetinic acid has been studied for its potential benefits in treating a variety of conditions, including cancer, HIV, and hepatitis. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits and to fully understand the risks and side effects associated with its use.

Glycyrrhizic acid is a compound derived from the root of the licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra). It has been defined medically as a triterpene glycoside with anti-inflammatory and expectorant properties. It is known to inhibit the enzyme 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which can lead to increased levels of cortisol in the body, potentially causing side effects such as hypertension and hypokalemia if consumed in large amounts or over an extended period.

In some medical contexts, glycyrrhizic acid may be used for its potential benefits, including its ability to suppress viral replication and inflammation. However, due to the risk of side effects, it is often used in modified forms or at reduced concentrations.

"Glycyrrhiza" is the medical term for the licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra), which belongs to the legume family. The root of this plant contains glycyrrhizin, a sweet-tasting compound that has been used in traditional medicine for various purposes such as treating coughs, stomach ulcers, and liver disorders. However, excessive consumption of glycyrrhizin can lead to serious side effects like high blood pressure, low potassium levels, and even heart problems. Therefore, it is important to use licorice products under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

'Glycyrrhiza uralensis', also known as Chinese licorice, is a plant species native to Asia. In a medical context, it often refers to the root of this plant, which contains various compounds with potential medicinal properties. It has been used in traditional medicine for centuries to treat various health conditions such as respiratory disorders, liver diseases, and skin inflammations.

The active component of Glycyrrhiza uralensis is glycyrrhizin, which has anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and expectorant properties. However, it should be noted that excessive consumption of glycyrrhizin can lead to serious side effects such as hypertension, hypokalemia, and edema. Therefore, it is important to use this herb under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

11-Beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11-β-HSDs) are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in the metabolism of steroid hormones, particularly cortisol and cortisone, which belong to the class of glucocorticoids. These enzymes exist in two isoforms: 11-β-HSD1 and 11-β-HSD2.

1. 11-β-HSD1: This isoform is primarily located within the liver, adipose tissue, and various other peripheral tissues. It functions as a NADPH-dependent reductase, converting inactive cortisone to its active form, cortisol. This enzyme helps regulate glucocorticoid action in peripheral tissues, influencing glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation.
2. 11-β-HSD2: This isoform is predominantly found in mineralocorticoid target tissues such as the kidneys, colon, and salivary glands. It functions as a NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase, converting active cortisol to its inactive form, cortisone. By doing so, it protects the mineralocorticoid receptor from being overstimulated by cortisol, ensuring aldosterone specifically binds and activates this receptor to maintain proper electrolyte and fluid balance.

Dysregulation of 11-β-HSDs has been implicated in several disease states, including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and psychiatric disorders. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of these enzymes is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies to treat related conditions.

Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in steroid hormone metabolism. They catalyze the oxidation and reduction reactions of hydroxyl groups on the steroid molecule, which can lead to the activation or inactivation of steroid hormones. HSDs are involved in the conversion of various steroids, including sex steroids (e.g., androgens, estrogens) and corticosteroids (e.g., cortisol, cortisone). These enzymes can be found in different tissues throughout the body, and their activity is regulated by various factors, such as hormones, growth factors, and cytokines. Dysregulation of HSDs has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Cortisone is a type of corticosteroid hormone that is produced naturally in the body by the adrenal gland. It is released in response to stress and helps to regulate metabolism, reduce inflammation, and suppress the immune system. Cortisone can also be synthetically produced and is often used as a medication to treat a variety of conditions such as arthritis, asthma, and skin disorders. It works by mimicking the effects of the natural hormone in the body and reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune system. Cortisone can be administered through various routes, including oral, injectable, topical, and inhalational.

Carbenoxolone is a synthetic derivative of glycyrrhizin, which is found in the root of the licorice plant. It has been used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers due to its ability to increase the mucosal resistance and promote healing. Carbenoxolone works by inhibiting the enzyme 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which leads to an increase in the levels of cortisol and other steroids in the body. This can have various effects on the body, including anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions.

However, long-term use of carbenoxolone has been associated with serious side effects such as hypertension, hypokalemia (low potassium levels), and edema (fluid retention). Therefore, its use is generally limited to short-term treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers.

Medical Definition: Carbenoxolone

A synthetic derivative of glycyrrhizin, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers due to its ability to increase mucosal resistance and promote healing. It is an inhibitor of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, leading to increased levels of cortisol and other steroids in the body, with potential anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. However, long-term use is associated with serious side effects such as hypertension, hypokalemia, and edema.

Ear diseases are medical conditions that affect the ear and its various components, including the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. These diseases can cause a range of symptoms, such as hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (dizziness), ear pain, and discharge. Some common ear diseases include:

1. Otitis externa (swimmer's ear) - an infection or inflammation of the outer ear and ear canal.
2. Otitis media - an infection or inflammation of the middle ear, often caused by a cold or flu.
3. Cholesteatoma - a skin growth that develops in the middle ear behind the eardrum.
4. Meniere's disease - a disorder of the inner ear that can cause vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
5. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders - problems with the joint that connects the jawbone to the skull, which can cause ear pain and other symptoms.
6. Acoustic neuroma - a noncancerous tumor that grows on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain.
7. Presbycusis - age-related hearing loss.

Treatment for ear diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. It may include medication, surgery, or other therapies. If you are experiencing symptoms of an ear disease, it is important to seek medical attention from a healthcare professional, such as an otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat specialist).

Bridged compounds are a type of organic compound where two parts of the molecule are connected by a chain of atoms, known as a bridge. This bridge can consist of one or more atoms and can be made up of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, or other elements. The bridge can be located between two carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon, for example, creating a bridged bicyclic structure. These types of compounds are important in organic chemistry and can have unique chemical and physical properties compared to non-bridged compounds.

Hydroxyprogesterone is a synthetic form of the natural hormone progesterone, which is produced by the body during pregnancy to support the growth and development of the fetus. Hydroxyprogesterone is used in medical treatments to help prevent preterm birth in certain high-risk pregnancies.

There are several different forms of hydroxyprogesterone that have been developed for use as medications, including:

1. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate (HPC): This is a synthetic form of progesterone that is given as an injection once a week to help prevent preterm birth in women who have previously given birth prematurely. It works by helping to thicken the lining of the uterus and prevent contractions.
2. 17-Hydroxyprogesterone: This is a natural hormone that is produced by the body during pregnancy, but it can also be synthesized in a laboratory for use as a medication. It has been studied for its potential to help prevent preterm birth, although it is not currently approved for this use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
3. 21-Hydroxyprogesterone: This is another natural hormone that is produced by the body during pregnancy, but it can also be synthesized in a laboratory for use as a medication. It has been studied for its potential to help prevent preterm birth and for its ability to reduce the risk of certain complications in women with a history of premature birth.

It's important to note that hydroxyprogesterone should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can have side effects and may not be appropriate for all women. If you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant and have concerns about preterm birth, it's important to discuss your options with your healthcare provider.

17-α-Hydroxyprogesterone is a naturally occurring hormone produced by the adrenal glands and, in smaller amounts, by the ovaries and testes. It is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen.

In a medical context, 17-α-Hydroxyprogesterone may also refer to a synthetic form of this hormone that is used in the treatment of certain medical conditions. For example, a medication called 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHP) is used to reduce the risk of preterm birth in women who have previously given birth prematurely. It works by suppressing uterine contractions and promoting fetal lung maturity.

It's important to note that 17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can have side effects and may interact with other medications.

Tetrahydrocortisone is a physiological inactive end product of cortisol metabolism. It's a type of steroid hormone that is produced by the adrenal gland and plays a role in the response to stress, the regulation of metabolism, and the immune system.

Tetrahydrocortisone is formed when cortisol, also known as hydrocortisone, is metabolized in the liver by the enzyme 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD). This reaction converts cortisol to tetrahydrocortisone, which is then conjugated with glucuronic acid and excreted in the urine.

Tetrahydrocortisone has no known biological activity, and its measurement in the body is primarily used as a marker for cortisol metabolism. Abnormal levels of tetrahydrocortisone may indicate disorders of cortisol metabolism or adrenal gland function.

Glucosides are chemical compounds that consist of a glycosidic bond between a sugar molecule (typically glucose) and another non-sugar molecule, which can be an alcohol, phenol, or steroid. They occur naturally in various plants and some microorganisms.

Glucosides are not medical terms per se, but they do have significance in pharmacology and toxicology because some of them may release the sugar portion upon hydrolysis, yielding aglycone, which can have physiological effects when ingested or absorbed into the body. Some glucosides are used as medications or dietary supplements due to their therapeutic properties, while others can be toxic if consumed in large quantities.

Gap junctions are specialized intercellular connections that allow for the direct exchange of ions, small molecules, and electrical signals between adjacent cells. They are composed of arrays of channels called connexons, which penetrate the cell membranes of two neighboring cells and create a continuous pathway for the passage of materials from one cytoplasm to the other. Each connexon is formed by the assembly of six proteins called connexins, which are encoded by different genes and vary in their biophysical properties. Gap junctions play crucial roles in many physiological processes, including the coordination of electrical activity in excitable tissues, the regulation of cell growth and differentiation, and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Mutations or dysfunctions in gap junction channels have been implicated in various human diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders, neurological disorders, skin disorders, and cancer.

It is an acetyl derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid. It is found in Echinopora lamellosa. Carbenoxolone Enoxolone PubChem. " ... Acetoxolone (also known as acetylglycyrrhetic acid, acetylglycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhetinyl acetate and glycyrrhetic acid ... Carboxylic acids, Ketones, Acetate esters, All stub articles, Gastrointestinal system drug stubs). ...
18-β-glycyrrhetinic acid, a metabolite of glycyrrhetinic acid, inhibits the conversion of 'active' cortisol to 'inactive' ... Enoxolone (INN, BAN; also known as glycyrrhetinic acid or glycyrrhetic acid) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derivative of the ... In glycyrrhetinic acid, the functional group (R) is a hydroxyl group. Research in 2005 demonstrated that with a proper ... Fuji HY, Tian J, Luka C (1986). "Effect of glycyrrhetinic acid on influenza virus and pathogenic bacteria". Bull. Chin. Mater. ...
"Selective inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 by 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid but not 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid ... June 2009). "Efficient synthesis of glycyrrhetinic acid glycoside/glucuronide derivatives using silver zeolite as promoter". ...
"The Influence of Glycyrrhetinic Acid on Plasma Cortisol and Cortisone in Healthy Young Volunteers". The Journal of Clinical ... 75 to 540 mg per day glycyrrhetinic acid) causing increases in blood pressure. Consuming large amounts of liquorice during ... Excessive consumption of liquorice (more than 2 mg/kg [3.2×10−5 oz/lb] per day of pure glycyrrhizinic acid, a liquorice ... Størmer, F.C.; Reistad, R.; Alexander, J. (1993). "Glycyrrhizic acid in liquorice-Evaluation of health hazard". Food and ...
... contains glycyrrhetinic acid, which is a medicinal ingredient obtained from the herb liquorice. In the treatment ... namely alphalinolenic acid and linoleic acid. Alphalinolenic acid is an essential omega-3 fatty acid that exerts anti- ... Compared to saturated acids, unsaturated acids are more suitable for skin applications. Two major substances in horse ointments ... glycyrrhetinic acid has a similar effect to topical hydrocortisone. It was also suggested as an alternative for infants who ...
After absorption from the gut, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid is metabolised to 3β-monoglucuronyl-18β-glycyrrhetinic acid in the liver ... 11α-Hydroxyprogesterone Glycyrrhetinic acid List of unusual deaths van Rossum TG, Vulto AG, Hop WC, Schalm SW (December 1999 ... After oral ingestion, glycyrrhizin is hydrolysed to 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (enoxolone) by intestinal bacteria. ... Glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhizic acid or glycyrrhizinic acid) is the chief sweet-tasting constituent of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice ...
Farese RV Jr, Biglieri EG, Shackleton CHL, Irony I, Gomez-Fontes R. glycyrrhetinic acid-induced hypermineralocorticoidism. N ... The amino acid 5-HTP, or 5-hydroxytryptophan, has been anecdotally reported to be a mild anaphrodisiac, as has the serotonergic ...
"Selective inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 by 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid but not 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid ... Moreover, 18alpha-glycyrrhizic acid from the root of glycyrrhiza glabra was discovered as an inhibitor. Salicylate ... Nucleic Acids Research. 27 (20): 3953-63. doi:10.1093/nar/27.20.3953. PMC 148661. PMID 10497258. Schutte BC, Bjork BC, Coppage ... "Mutational analysis of Escherichia coli DNA ligase identifies amino acids required for nick-ligation in vitro and for in vivo ...
... for glycyrrhizin using anti-glycyrrhizin monoclonal antibody and a new eastern blotting for glucuronides of glycyrrhetinic acid ... Nucleic Acids Research. 12 (3): 1349-1359. doi:10.1093/nar/12.3.1349. PMC 318581. PMID 6701087. Bogdanov; Sun, J; Kaback, HR; ... Post-translational modifications occurring at the N-terminus of the amino acid chain play an important role in translocation ...
11α-OHP is a more potent inhibitor of 11β-HSD than enoxolone (glycyrrhetinic acid) or carbenoxolone in vitro (IC50 = 0.9 nM; ... In intact cells 11α-hydroxyprogesterone is a more potent inhibitor of 11β-HSD1 than glycyrrhetinic acid or 11β- ... was an order of magnitude more potent a competitive inhibitor of the 11 beta HSD-2 than was glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) ( ... "11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 complementary deoxyribonucleic acid stably transfected into Chinese hamster ovary ...
... (CBX) is a glycyrrhetinic acid derivative with a steroid-like structure, similar to substances found in the root ...
Glycyrrhetinic acid in licorice inhibits the 11-β-HSD2 enzyme resulting in inappropriate stimulation of the mineralocorticoid ... Makino, Toshiaki (2014). "3-Monoglucuronyl glycyrrhretinic acid is a possible marker compound related to licorice-induced ...
Inhibition of this enzyme, for example by the compound glycyrrhetinic acid enzymatically converted from glycyrrhizic acid, ...
... this led to death due to chronic high levels of glycyrrhetinic acid, a principal metabolite of glycyrrhizinic acid. The ...
... with a potency comparable to that of the 11β-HSD2 inhibitor glycyrrhetinic acid. This action of fluoxymesterone is unique among ... Stereospecificity of reaction between olefin and hypobromous acid (HOBr) in base, N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), is determined by ...
Liquorice, which contains glycyrrhetinic acid, can inhibit 11β-HSD and lead to a mineralocorticoid excess syndrome. Angiotensin ...
... acid Boswellic acid Glycyrrhetinic acid Moronic acid Oleanolic acid Ursolic acid Corosolic acid Amyrin Lupeol Maslinic acid ... However, Posselt was not able to isolate a pure substance or obtain an exact formula: his hederic acid was hederagenin mixed ... HeadsUp Plant Protectant is made up of approximately equal ratios of the saponin aglycones oleanolic acid, hederagenin, and ... Hederagenin was discovered by L. Posselt in 1849 and named hederic acid. ...
... glycyrrhetinic acid MeSH D02.455.849.919.300.250 - carbenoxolone MeSH D02.455.849.919.305 - glycyrrhizic acid MeSH D02.455. ... quinic acid MeSH D02.241.511.852 - shikimic acid MeSH D02.241.511.902 - sugar acids MeSH D02.241.511.902.107 - ascorbic acid ... edetic acid MeSH D02.241.081.038.455 - egtazic acid MeSH D02.241.081.038.581 - iodoacetic acid MeSH D02.241.081.038.581.400 - ... hexuronic acids MeSH D02.241.081.844.915.400.500 - iduronic acid MeSH D02.241.081.901.177 - aconitic acid MeSH D02.241.081.901. ...
Could eating cookies or bread rolls supplemented with glycyrrhetinic acid cut the risk of hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients ... Table 2. Laboratory values at baseline, during glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and placebo treatment Baseline mean (±s.d.). GA mean (± ... Because glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) inhibits the enzyme 11β-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase II and thereby increases cortisol ... In a 2-week preliminary proof of principle study, we showed that inhibition of 11β-HSD2 by glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), the active ...
Glycyrrhetinic Acid is an organic compound derived from glycyrrhizic acid or shredded licoriceroots. ... OLEAN-12-EN-29-OIC ACID, 3-HYDROXY-11-OXO-, (3.BETA.,20.BETA.)- ... 3B,20B )-3-HYDROXY-11-OXO-OLEAN-12-EN-29-OIC ACID ... 3B,20B)- OLEAN-12-EN-29-OIC ACID, 3-HYDROXY-11-OXO- ... 3-HYDROXY-11-OXO- (3B,20B)- OLEAN-12-EN-29-OIC ACID ... OLEAN-12-EN-29-OIC ACID, 3-HYDROXY-11-OXO-, (3B,20B)- ...
Involvement of BID translocation in glycyrrhetinic acid and 11-deoxy glycyrrhetinic acid-induced attenuation of gastric cancer ... Keywords: glycyrrhetinic acid, autophagy, JNK, IRE1α, protective. Received: May 29, 2015 Accepted: October 23, 2015 Published: ... 7. Xiao Y, Xu J, Mao C, Jin M, Wu Q, Zou J, Gu Q, Zhang Y and Zhang Y. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid ameliorates acute ... 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis through modulation of Akt/FOXO3a/Bim pathway in human breast cancer MCF‐7 cells. J ...
Effect of glycyrrhetinic acid on the expression of inflammatory factors in fibroblast-like synovial cells from collagen induced ... Regulating effect of glycyrrhetinic acid on bronchial asthma smooth muscle proliferation and apoptosis as well as inflammatory ... Regulating effect of glycyrrhetinic acid on bronchial asthma smooth muscle proliferation and apoptosis as well as inflammatory ... Pharmacological Features of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid: A Pentacyclic Triterpenoid of Therapeutic Potential. Shinu P, Gupta GL, ...
Glycyrrhetinic Acid CAS 471-53-4 Operating with integrity, service first, and the best quality, ZSpharmac is here to serve you ... As an experienced Glycyrrhetinic Acid manufacturer and supplier, our company, ZSpharmac will provide Glycyrrhetinic Acid raw ... Glycyrrhetinic acid has a repressive effect on a selection of intense swellings. Glycyrrhetinic acid plays an anti-inflammatory ... Glycyrrhetinic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid have many similarities in medicinal activities. In regards to anti-inflammation, ...
2023 Interstellar Blends , Activate Your Super Powers!. © 2023 Interstellar Blends , Activate Your Super Powers!. All Rights Reserved.. Mandatory FDA Disclaimer ...
Glycyrrhetinic Acid help to relieve symptoms such as red and itchy scalp. Balancing and moisturizing ingredients, are added to ... Glycyrrhetinic Acid Skin Care Tonic takes care of inflamed scalp. ... Glycyrrhetinic Acid Skin Care Tonic takes care of inflamed scalp. Glycyrrhetinic Acid help to relieve symptoms such as red and ... Bundle of 2】Aromase Glycyrrhetinic Acid Skin Care Tonic 80ml x2. RM150.00 MYR RM239.80 MYR ...
Glycyrrhetinic Acid Br Med J 1957; 1 :46 (Published 05 January 1957) ...
... glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), on BB’s oral bioavailability. Acetonitrile was used to extract BB from tissues and showed ... Y.-C. Huang, C.-L. Kuo, K.-W. Lu et al., "18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis of HL-60 human leukemia cells through ... Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), namely, the metabolite of GL, is the mainly detected form in plasma during oral administration of GL ... Z. Gao, X. Kang, and C. Xu, "Research progress of anticancer mechanism of glycyrrhetinic acid," China Journal of Chinese ...
A series of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA, aglycone of glycyrrhizic acid) derivatives containing disulfide bond were synthesized and ... Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activities of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives containing d Synthesis and anti-inflammatory ... activities of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives containing disulfide bond. Zhang, Qiuping; Wang, Yanni; Wang, Zongyuan; Mohammed ...
It is an acetyl derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid. It is found in Echinopora lamellosa. Carbenoxolone Enoxolone PubChem. " ... Acetoxolone (also known as acetylglycyrrhetic acid, acetylglycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhetinyl acetate and glycyrrhetic acid ... Carboxylic acids, Ketones, Acetate esters, All stub articles, Gastrointestinal system drug stubs). ...
... glycyrrhetinic acid • trehalose • polyquaternium-51 • polysorbate 80 • potassium sorbate • lecithin • hydrogenated lecithin • ... acrylic acid/vp crosspolymer • triacontanyl pvp • glycerin • c12-15 alkyl benzoate • linoleic acid • cholesterol • squalane • ... nordihydroguaiaretic acid • sodium chloride • triacetin • ascorbyl tocopheryl maleate • fragrance (parfum) • citric acid • ... TRIMETHYLPENTANEDIOL/ADIPIC ACID/GLYCERIN CROSSPOLYMER (25000 MPA.S) (UNII: 587WKM3S9Q) GLUCOSE 1,6-BISPHOSPHATE (UNII: ...
The Drug Development and Therapeutics (DDT) is an open access peer-reviewed journal committed to publishing high-quality articles in the field of Drug synthesis and development and Therapeutics from industry, Clinicians and Academia.
... to 5-foot woody shrub that contains glycyrrhizic acid (GZA) and grows in subtropical climates in Europe, the Middle East, and ... The antitussive activity of glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1961 Jul. 13:396-404. [QxMD MEDLINE ... Johns C. Glycyrrhizic acid toxicity caused by consumption of licorice candy cigars. CJEM. 2009 Jan. 11(1):94-6. [QxMD MEDLINE ... Zenone T, Blanc Q. [Rhabdomyolysis with major hypokalemia secondary to chronic glycyrrhizic acid ingestion]. Rev Med Interne. ...
Fiore, C., Bordin, L., Plellati, D., Armanini, D., and Clari, G. (2008a). Effect of glycyrrhetinic acid on membrane band 3 in ... Hardy, M. E., Hendricks, J. M., Paulson, J. M., and Faunce, N. R. (2012). 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits rotavirus ... 2020). A novel combination of vitamin C, curcumin and glycyrrhizic acid potentially regulates immune and inflammatory response ...
Glycyrrhetinic Acid*Methylparaben*Mimosa Tenuiflora Extract*Paraffin Oil*Ranucoloide*Titanium Dioxide*Water Deionized. ... Glycyrrhetinic Acid; Methylparaben; Mimosa Tenuiflora Extract; Paraffin Oil; Ranucoloide; Titanium Dioxide; Water Deionized. ...
fragrance (parfum). glycyrrhetinic acid. polyacrylate-13. polyisobutene. polysorbate 20. simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) seed oil ... fragrance (parfum). glycyrrhetinic acid. polyacrylate-13. polyisobutene. polysorbate 20. simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) seed oil ...
Preliminary Results on the Preparation of Spanish Broom, Flax and Hemp Wound Dressings Based on 18-β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid- ... In order to yield healing activity, natural products like propolis, Aloe vera, hyaluronic acid, vitamin E and glycyrrhetinic ... In this study, two easily obtainable model compounds from plant tissues, namely gallic acid (GA) and ellagic acid (EA), were ... In this work, a composite hydrogel containing hyaluronic acid (HA) and poly-lactic-co-glycolic-acid (PLGA) microparticles (MPs ...
Myristic Acid, Caprylic/capric Triglyceride, Glycyrrhetinic Acid, Parfum / Fragrance, Sorbitol, Vaccinium Myrtillus Fruit ... 0.1% GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID. Helps enhance skins natural radiance, countering dull and sallow tone linked to A.G.E. accumulation ... Formulated with a high-concentration combination of ProxylaneTM, wild fruit flavonoids, and glycyrrhetinic acid, this ... glycyrrhetinic acid, this breakthrough corrective cream is clinically proven to smooth visible lines and deep wrinkles in five ...
... fumaric acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, oltipraz). Further, studies are needed on the mechanisms of action of chemoprotective/ ... retinoic acid receptors, and retinoid X receptors). Further, studies on the efficacy and mechanisms of combination ...
... which is hydrolyzed to glycyrrhetinic acid (GRA) in the intestine. Since their cardiac electropharmacologica … ... Licorice contains glycyrrhizic acid of ≥ 2% (w/w), which is hydrolyzed to glycyrrhetinic acid (GRA) in the intestine. Since ... Yang, J. Y., Wu, H. J., & Wu, D. L. (2012). Effects of glycyrrhetinic acid on sodium ion channel currents of rats ventricular ... Keywords: Chronic atrioventricular block dog; Glycyrrhetinic acid; Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte; ...
... which is subsequently converted to glycyrrhetic acid by human intestinal microflora. Glycyrrhetic acid is a potent inhibi … ... Glycyrrhetinic Acid / adverse effects Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH * Add to Search ... Glycyrrhizin is cleaved to glycyrrhizic acid, which is subsequently converted to glycyrrhetic acid by human intestinal ... Glycyrrhetic acid is a potent inhibitor of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) and performs a range of corticosteroid- ...
Glycyrrhetinic Acid D2.455.849.919.300 D2.455.849.919.530.444. Glycyrrhizic Acid D2.455.849.919.305 D2.455.849.919.530.466. ... Clavulanic Acid D4.75.80.875.99.221.374.160. Clavulanic Acids D4.75.80.875.99.221.374. Cleavage Stage, Ovum A16.254.270 A16.166 ... Acid Etching, Dental E6.95.585.111 E6.931.475.111. Acronine D3.132.35 D3.132.32.77. D3.494.46.220 D3.494.46.109.77. Adiponectin ... Thioctic Acid D2.241.803. D10.251.941. Thromboembolism C14.907.355.350.850 C14.907.355.590. Thrombophlebitis C14.907.681.788 ...
FRAGRANCE (PARFUM). GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID. POLYACRYLATE-13. POLYISOBUTENE. POLYSORBATE 20. SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS (JOJOBA) SEED OIL ...
Glycyrrhetinic acid-induced apoptosis in thymocytes: impact of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition. Am J Physiol 277: ... due to mutations or the presence of inhibitors such as glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), strongly correlates with reduced birth weight ... identical amino acid sequence (Baker 2004). 11β-HSD2 is more closely related to 17β-HSD2, with an amino acid sequence about 45 ... 2003), the thiol group of Cys90 has several interactions with amino acids that stabilize Glu115 and Asp91 (Figure 7B). Glu115 ...
Allergic Contact Dermatitis Syndrome Due to Tocopherol Acetate, in Addition to Glycyrrhetinic Acid ...
Structurally modified glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents.. Bian M; Zhen D; Shen QK; Du HH; Ma QQ; Quan ... Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activities of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives containing disulfide bond.. Zhang Q; Wang Y; Wang ... 3. Novel unsaturated glycyrrhetic acids derivatives: Design, synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity.. Li B; Cai S; Yang YA; ... Design, Synthesis, Molecular Modelling, and Biological Evaluation of Oleanolic Acid-Arylidene Derivatives as Potential Anti- ...
5) 18-ß Glycyrrhetinic Acid Our advantages, we supply to you high and premium quality products with value added services in a ...
Glycyrrhetinic Acid inhibits the reaction [Verapamil results in increased activity of ABCB1 protein]; propiconazole promotes ... Mevalonic Acid inhibits the reaction [Verapamil results in decreased expression of CACNA1C mRNA]; Mevalonic Acid inhibits the ... Mevalonic Acid inhibits the reaction [Verapamil results in decreased expression of CACNA1H mRNA]; Mevalonic Acid inhibits the ... benzyloxycarbonyl-valyl-alanyl-aspartic acid inhibits the reaction [[Verapamil co-treated with gambogic acid] results in ...
  • Natural licorice is an extract from the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra , a 4- to 5-foot woody shrub that contains glycyrrhizic acid (GZA) and grows in subtropical climates in Europe, the Middle East, and Western Asia. (medscape.com)
  • In this study, the effects of R. oldhamii leaf extract on inhibiting the free fatty acid (FFA)-induced accumulation of fat in HepG2 cells and on improving fatty liver syndrome in mice with high fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD were investigated. (medsci.org)
  • 6 By 1952, Revers had tried an extract of licorice with glycyrrhizic acid removed in a patient with peptic ulcer. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • Acetoxolone (also known as acetylglycyrrhetic acid, acetylglycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhetinyl acetate and glycyrrhetic acid acetate) is a drug used for peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • This silky eye cream is formulated for the delicate eye area with a potent combination of Proxylane, a concentrated flavonoid blend, glycyrrhetinic acid, and Matrixyl 3000. (bluemercury.com)
  • This next-generation corrective cream now contains 18% concentrated Proxylane (20% more), a wild fruit flavonoid blend, and new glycyrrhetinic acid. (facethefuture.co.uk)
  • The polymer moieties such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), chitosan (CTS), hyaluronic acid, pullulan, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) protect DDS from degradation. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Glycyrrhetinic Acid Skin Care Tonic takes care of inflamed scalp. (iqueen.asia)
  • Glycyrrhetinic Acid help to relieve symptoms such as red and itchy scalp. (iqueen.asia)
  • Combines two gold standard skin rejuvenation ingredients - a retinoid and an AHA (lactic acid) - joined together to create the revolutionary AlphaRet technology that minimizes irritation, enhancing satisfaction and experience. (midwestderm.com)
  • A meta-analysis to assess the effect of chronic ingestion of licorice found the mean daily dose of glycyrrhizic acid across 18 studies was 377.9 mg, which is approximately 189 g of black licorice a day, assuming 2.0 mg g −1 (0.2% w/w) glycyrrhizic acid in black licorice. (medscape.com)
  • Evening primrose oil was rubbed into the skin each evening and a cream containing glycyrrhetinic acid from liquorice was used daily to relieve the itching. (positivehealth.com)
  • Skincare formula from SkinBetter SCIENCE featuring a unique ingredient that is made up of a retinoid combined with an alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) providing visible skin rejuvenation with little-to-no irritation. (midwestderm.com)
  • The decrease in cortisol increase has been noted to be 39-50% after 3-500mg glycyrrhetinic acid (the active ingredient in Adrenal Care)-which is substantial. (naturalbodyinc.com)
  • 1946. Toxicity of nicotinic acid and some of its derivatives. (cdc.gov)
  • Efficient synthesis of glycyrrhetinic acid glycoside/glucuronide derivatives using silver zeolite as promoter. (boku.ac.at)
  • The antitussive activity of glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives. (medscape.com)
  • It is an acetyl derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Currently, my research is being conducted under the guidance of Dr. Michele Hardy, which entails the effect of glycyrrhizin (and its derivative glycyrrhetinic acid) as an antibiotic alternative for treating clinically important bacteria. (montana.edu)
  • For instance, pregnant people often take folate or folic acid supplements to lower the risk of certain fetal development issues . (greatist.com)
  • Okra is also a great source of fiber, antioxidants, folic acid, calcium, and also vitamins B and C. The antioxidants found in okra can fight off free radicals, which increase the chances to get cancer. (vitanetonline.com)
  • In 1950, J. G. Borst and colleagues proposed that the side effects were due to retention of sodium and water along with increased excretion of potassium and suggested the constituent glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhizinic acid) was to blame. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • Quantitative Determination of 18-β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid in HepG2 Cell Line by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method. (unicatt.it)
  • A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed for identification and estimation of 18-β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) in HepG2 cell line. (unicatt.it)
  • Sebum consists of lipids such as, triglycerides, waxes, free fatty acids and squalene, as well as debris of dead fat producing cells. (positivehealth.com)
  • Here we report a low toxicity and high performance nanoparticle system that was self -assembled from a poly(ethylenimine)- glycyrrhetinic acid (PEI-GA) amphiphilic copolymer as a versatile gene / drug dual delivery nanoplatform. (bvsalud.org)
  • After four weeks Tom added zinc to aid essential fatty acid conversion, tissue regeneration and immune system activity, and vitamins A and B5 to reduce sebum production. (positivehealth.com)
  • This product contains an alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that may increase your skin's sensitivity to the sun and particularly the possibility of sunburn. (midwestderm.com)
  • a unique combination of a retinoid and an AHA (lactic acid). (midwestderm.com)
  • Supplements taken were high levels of the essential fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6), a multi-vitamin with high levels of vitamin C each morning, and a multi-mineral with high levels of selenium each evening. (positivehealth.com)
  • 0.2% Glycrrhetinic Acid: Helps counter dull tone, which can be linked to A.G.E. accumulation, and is known for its soothing properties. (bluemercury.com)
  • http://www.extractspowder.com/manufacturer-223042-18-beta-glycyrrhetinic-acid-enoxolone [email protected] good quanlity 18 Beta Glycyrrhetinic Acid cosmetic grade 471-53-4 What is 18 Beta Glycyrrhetinic Acid? (extractspowder.com)
  • http://www.extractspowder.com/manufacturer-223042-18-beta-glycyrrhetinic-acid-enoxolone [email protected] 100% pure natural 18 Beta Glycyrrhetinic Acid powder in large supply,good quanlity 18 Beta Glycyrrheti. (extractspowder.com)
  • An inability to fully absorb B12 from food as we age (which might be due to low stomach acid levels) or increased nutrient needs seen in hypermetabolic states like cancer might also be responsible. (greatist.com)
  • Glycyrrhetinic Acid inhibits both 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes (Type 1 and Type 2, the enzymes that control cortisol levels), with slightly more effect on the Type I (Anti-cortisol) than Type II (Pro-cortisol). (naturalbodyinc.com)
  • Acid-labile linkage, catering for the pH difference between tumor cells and normal tissue, has been utilized to release drugs at tumor tissue. (eurekaselect.com)