Glycopyrrolate
Muscarinic Antagonists
Drugs that bind to but do not activate MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous ACETYLCHOLINE or exogenous agonists. Muscarinic antagonists have widespread effects including actions on the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye, the heart and blood vessels, secretions of the respiratory tract, GI system, and salivary glands, GI motility, urinary bladder tone, and the central nervous system.
Adjuvants, Anesthesia
Neostigmine
Ipratropium
Sweating, Gustatory
An autonomic disorder characterized by excessive sweating of the forehead, upper lip, perioral region, or sternum subsequent to gustatory stimuli. The auriculotemporal syndrome features facial flushing or sweating limited to the distribution of the auriculotemporal nerve and may develop after trauma to the parotid gland, in association with PAROTID NEOPLASMS, or following their surgical removal. (From Ann Neurol 1997 Dec;42(6):973-5)
Performance-Enhancing Substances
Neuromuscular Blockade
The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.
Atropine
Preanesthetic Medication
Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents
Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction without causing depolarization of the motor end plate. They prevent acetylcholine from triggering muscle contraction and are used as muscle relaxants during electroshock treatments, in convulsive states, and as anesthesia adjuvants.
gamma-Cyclodextrins
Parasympatholytics
Bradycardia
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.
Anesthetics, Combined
Respiratory System
Heat Stroke
A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.
Constipation
Diarrhea
Diaper Rash
Surgery, Veterinary
A board-certified specialty of VETERINARY MEDICINE, requiring at least four years of special education, training, and practice of veterinary surgery after graduation from veterinary school. In the written, oral, and practical examinations candidates may choose either large or small animal surgery. (From AVMA Directory, 43d ed, p278)
Benzyl Alcohol
Effects of anticholinergics on postoperative vomiting, recovery, and hospital stay in children undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy. (1/86)
BACKGROUND: Nausea and vomiting are the most frequent problems after minor ambulatory surgical procedures. The agents used to induce and maintain anesthesia may modify the incidence of emesis. When neuromuscular blockade is antagonized with anticholinesterases, atropine or glycopyrrolate is used commonly to prevent bradycardia and excessive oral secretions. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of atropine and glycopyrrolate on postoperative vomiting in children. METHODS: Ninety-three patients undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy were studied. After inhalation induction of anesthesia with nitrous oxide, oxygen, and halothane, anesthesia was maintained with a nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture, halothane, morphine, and atracurium. Patients were randomized to receive, in a double-blinded manner, either 15 microg/kg atropine or 10 microg/kg glycopyrrolate with 60 microg/kg neostigmine to reverse neuromuscular blockade. Patient recovery, the incidence of postoperative emesis, antiemetic therapy, and the duration of postoperative hospital stay were assessed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age, gender, weight, or discharge time from the postanesthesia care unit or the hospital between the groups. Twenty-four hours after operation, the incidence of vomiting in the atropine group (56%) was significantly less than in the glycopyrrolate group (81%; P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the atropine and glycopyrrolate groups in the number of patients who required antiemetics or additional analgesics. CONCLUSIONS: In children undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy, reversal of neuromuscular blockade with atropine and neostigmine is associated with a lesser incidence of postoperative emesis compared with glycopyrrolate and neostigmine. (+info)Neostigmine with glycopyrrolate does not increase the incidence or severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting in outpatients undergoing gynaecological laparoscopy. (2/86)
We studied 100 healthy women undergoing outpatient gynaecological laparoscopy in a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of neostigmine on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). After induction of anaesthesia with propofol, anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane and 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Mivacurium was used for neuromuscular block. At the end of anaesthesia, neostigmine 2.0 mg and glycopyrrolate 0.4 mg, or saline, was given i.v. The incidence of PONV was evaluated in the postanaesthesia care unit, on the ward and at home. The severity of nausea and vomiting, worst pain, antiemetic and analgesic use, times to urinary voiding and home readiness were recorded. During the first 24 h after operation, 44% of patients in the neostigmine group and 43% in the saline group did not have PONV. We conclude that neostigmine with glycopyrrolate did not increase the occurrence of PONV in this patient group. (+info)Dose effect and benefits of glycopyrrolate in the treatment of bradycardia in anesthetized dogs. (3/86)
This study evaluated the effectiveness of glycopyrrolate (0.005 or 0.01 mg/kg body weight (BW)) in anesthetized dogs (n = 40) for reversal of bradycardia (< 65 beats/min). Following random intravenous (i.v.) treatment, heart rate was determined at 5 min and, if it was < or = 70 beats/min, the lower dose was repeated. A 2-way analysis of variance considered dose and animal size (< or = 10 kg, > 10 kg) effects (P < 0.05). Glycopyrrolate produced a significant increase in heart rate and infrequent tachycardia (< or = 150 beats/min), which was not dose-related. The size of the dog produced a significant effect on baseline heart rate (higher in small), rate following the first dose (lower in small), and requirement for retreatment (47% in small, 13% in large). In a separate group of anesthetized dogs (n = 20), the blood pressure effect of glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg/kg BW, i.v.) treatment of bradycardia (65-85 beats/min, weight-adjusted) was studied. A significant increase in systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure was produced. In conclusion, the effective dose of glycopyrrolate treatment is size-related and produces a beneficial effect on blood pressure. (+info)Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. (4/86)
We have tested the hypotheses that glycopyrrolate, administered immediately before induction of subarachnoid anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section, reduces the incidence and severity of nausea, with no adverse effects on neonatal Apgar scores, in a double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Fifty women received either glycopyrrolate 200 micrograms or saline (placebo) i.v. during fluid preload, before induction of spinal anaesthesia with 2.5 ml of 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine. Patients were questioned directly regarding nausea at 3-min intervals throughout operation and asked to report symptoms as they arose. The severity of nausea was assessed using a verbal scoring system and was treated with increments of i.v. ephedrine and fluids. Patients in the group pretreated with glycopyrrolate reported a reduction in the frequency (P = 0.02) and severity (P = 0.03) of nausea. Glycopyrrolate also reduced the severity of hypotension, as evidenced by reduced ephedrine requirements (P = 0.02). There were no differences in neonatal Apgar scores between groups. (+info)Pharmacological characterization of the muscarinic receptor antagonist, glycopyrrolate, in human and guinea-pig airways. (5/86)
1. In this study we have evaluated the pharmacological profile of the muscarinic antagonist glycopyrrolate in guinea-pig and human airways in comparison with the commonly used antagonist ipratropium bromide. 2. Glycopyrrolate and ipratropium bromide inhibited EFS-induced contraction of guinea-pig trachea and human airways in a concentration-dependent manner. Glycopyrrolate was more potent than ipratropium bromide. 3. The onset of action (time to attainment of 50% of maximum response) of glycopyrrolate was similar to that obtained with ipratropium bromide in both preparations. In guinea-pig trachea, the offset of action (time taken for response to return to 50% recovery after wash out of the test antagonist) for glycopyrrolate (t1/2 [offset]=26.4+/-0.5 min) was less than that obtained with ipratropium bromide (81.2+/-3.7 min). In human airways, however, the duration of action of glycopyrrolate (t1/2 [offset]>96 min) was significantly more prolonged compared to ipratropium bromide (t1/2 [offset]= 59.2+/-17.8 min). 4. In competition studies, glycopyrrolate and ipratropium bromide bind human peripheral lung and human airway smooth muscle (HASM) muscarinic receptors with affinities in the nanomolar range (K1 values 0.5-3.6 nM). Similar to ipratropium bromide, glycopyrrolate showed no selectivity in its binding to the M1-M3 receptors. Kinetics studies, however, showed that glycopyrrolate dissociates slowly from HASM muscarinic receptors (60% protection against [3H]-NMS binding at 30 nM) compared to ipratropium bromide. 5. These results suggest that glycopyrrolate bind human and guinea-pig airway muscarinic receptors with high affinity. Furthermore, we suggest that the slow dissociation profile of glycopyrrolate might be the underlying mechanism by which this drug accomplishes its long duration of action. (+info)Orthostatic hypotension in aging humans. (6/86)
We tested the hypothesis that hypotension occurred in older adults at the onset of orthostatic challenge as a result of vagal dysfunction. Responses of heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were compared between 10 healthy older and younger adults during onset and sustained lower body negative pressure (LBNP). A younger group was also assessed after blockade of the parasympathetic nervous system with the use of atropine or glycopyrrolate and after blockade of the beta(1)-adrenoceptor by use of metoprolol. Baseline HR (older vs. younger: 59 +/- 4 vs. 54 +/- 1 beats/min) and MAP (83 +/- 2 vs. 89 +/- 3 mmHg) were not significantly different between the groups. During -40 Torr, significant tachycardia occurred at the first HR response in the younger subjects without hypotension, whereas significant hypotension [change in MAP (DeltaMAP) -7 +/- 2 mmHg] was observed in the elderly without tachycardia. After the parasympathetic blockade, tachycardiac responses of younger subjects were diminished and associated with a significant hypotension at the onset of LBNP. However, MAP was not affected after the cardiac sympathetic blockade. We concluded that the elderly experienced orthostatic hypotension at the onset of orthostatic challenge because of a diminished HR response. However, an augmented vasoconstriction helped with the maintenance of their blood pressure during sustained LBNP. (+info)Effects of 8 h of isocapnic hypoxia with and without muscarinic blockade on ventilation and heart rate in humans. (7/86)
This study examined the role of muscarinic parasympathetic mechanisms in generating the progressive increases in ventilation (V(E)) and heart rate previously reported with 8 h exposures to hypoxia. The sensitivities of V(E) (G(p)) and heart rate (G(HR)) to acute variations in hypoxia, and V(E) and heart rate during acute hyperoxia were assessed in 10 subjects before and after two 8 h exposures to isocapnic hypoxia (end-tidal P(O2) = 50 mmHg). The responses were measured during muscarinic blockade with glycopyrrolate (0.015 mg kg(-1)) and without glycopyrrolate, as a control. There were significant increases in G(p) (P < 0.01) and V(E) during hyperoxia (P < 0.01) following hypoxic exposure, but these were unaffected by glycopyrrolate. G(HR) increased significantly by 0.29 +/- 0.08 beats min(-1) %(-1) (mean +/- S.E.M.) following exposure to hypoxia under control conditions, but only non-significantly by 0.10 +/- 0.08 beats min(-1) %(-1) with glycopyrrolate. This difference was significant. Changes in heart rate during hyperoxia were slight and inconclusive. We conclude that muscarinic mechanisms play little role in the progressive ventilatory changes that occur over 8 h of hypoxia, but that they do mediate much of the progressive increase in heart rate. Experimental Physiology (2001) 86.4, 529-538. (+info)Mucus altering agents as adjuncts for nonviral gene transfer to airway epithelium. (8/86)
Nonviral vectors have been shown to be a safe and valid alternative to recombinant viruses for gene therapy of cystic fibrosis (CF). Nevertheless, gene transfer efficiency needs to be increased before clinical efficacy is likely in man. One barrier to increased efficacy is normal airway mucus. Using an ex vivo model of sheep tracheal epithelium, we show that this barrier can, in part, be overcome by treatment with the mucolytic agents, Nacystelyn or N-acetylcysteine using either a cationic lipid or a cationic polymer as the gene transfer agent. Further, in vivo application of either Nacystelyn or the anticholinergic glycopyrrolate, both clinically used agents, resulted in increased reporter gene expression in the mouse lung, but no significant correction of the bioelectric defect in CF null mice. These results, whilst unlikely to be sufficient in themselves to achieve clinically relevant gene therapy, may be a further useful step in the attainment of this goal. (+info)
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Anticholinergic7
- Glycopyrrolate: pharmacology and clinical use - MIRAKHUR - 1983 - Anaesthesia - … Introduction Oral anti‐cholinergic medications reduce generalized hyperhidrosis, but the effectiveness of topical anticholinergic solutions on axillary hyperhidrosis is unclear. (infographicdefinition.com)
- The research, led by the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (MCRI) , found anticholinergic drugs benzhexol hydrochloride, glycopyrrolate, and scopolamine patches significantly reduced drooling. (edu.au)
- Glycopyrrolate is an anticholinergic which works by decreasing the secretions in the airways. (drugssquare.com)
- Oral anticholinergic agents are established treatment: including propantheline, oxybutynin, benztropine and glycopyrrolate. (radiendermatology.com.au)
- This type of prescription medication controls certain neurotransmitters that are telling your body to sweat, so taking an anticholinergic like glycopyrrolate can counteract the excessive sweating that Cymbalta causes 2 3 . (healthfully.com)
- Sofpironium bromide was designed as a structural analog of a well-known potent anticholinergic, glycopyrrolate, to achieve its therapeutic effect at the application site (skin) similar to glycopyrrolate. (brickellbio.com)
- Glycopyrrolate and Oxybutynin are both anticholinergic medicines used to treat hyperhidrosis, a skin condition that causes excessive sweating.A patient must be actively managing their hyperhidrosis with a doctor in order to obtain these types of medications, as they are only available by prescription. (k-sglobal.com)
Robinul4
- Glycopyrrolate: pharmacology and clinical use - MIRAKHUR - 1983 - Anaesthesia - … What is Robinul? (infographicdefinition.com)
- 2010 robinul-glycopyrrolate-343094 Drugs Drugs glycopyrrolate 2010 qbrexza-glycopyrronium-tosylate-topical-1000272 Drugs I'm on intermittent fasting, so I don't eat breakfast. (infographicdefinition.com)
- Glycopyrrolate (Robinul? (telability.org)
- Summmary: I sweat a lot because of my anxiety and Im wondering if anyone has ever overcome excessive sweating caused my anxiety, There's a medication you can get prescribed to reduce/stop sweating called glycopyrrolate (brand names Avert, Robinul). (gondortamas.hu)
Indacaterol and Glycopyrrolate2
- Loftair Inhaler is a combination of two medicines: Indacaterol and Glycopyrrolate which treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (drugssquare.com)
- The powder that the device dispenses, which is a combination of indacaterol and glycopyrrolate, is aimed at preventing bronchospasms in people with COPD . (copdnewstoday.com)
Long-acting muscarinic ant1
- Glycopyrrolate is a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) bronchodilator, and indacaterol is a long-acting beta2-agonist (LABA) bronchodilator. (copdnewstoday.com)
Topical8
- glycopyrrolate 0.5% cream - Best topical I've ever used! (infographicdefinition.com)
- To evaluate the antiperspirant efficacy and safety of the topical glycopyrrolate on facial hyperhidrosis at specified posttreatment intervals. (infographicdefinition.com)
- Topical glycopyrrolate for patients with facial hyperhidrosis. (infographicdefinition.com)
- I have only used topical glycopyrrolate cream. (infographicdefinition.com)
- Nov 05, 2020·Glycopyrrolate topical (glycopyrronium cloth) is used on underarm skin to treat excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) in adults and children who are at least 9 years old. (pnke.pl)
- Glycopyrrolate topical may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. (pnke.pl)
- Topical glycopyrrolate may be compounded as well. (radiendermatology.com.au)
- Prescription compounded glycopyrrolate cream/lotion can also be an effective topical option. (northsidedermatology.com.au)
Hyperhidrosis1
- In a non‐randomized, consecutive patient, prospective questionnaire, treatment comparison study, 40 patients with axillary hyperhidrosis were allocated to one of four study groups (10 patients to each group): (a) 1% glycopyrrolate spray, (b) 2% glycopyrrolate spray, (c) subcutaneous Botulinum toxin type A injections, (d) no treatment. (infographicdefinition.com)
50mcg1
- If you are looking to buy Indacaterol (110mcg), Glycopyrrolate (50mcg) (1 Kit in 1 packet) online at affordable prices, then Drugssquare.com is your one-stop solution. (drugssquare.com)
Atropine2
- Unlike atropine, glycopyrrolate is completely ionized at physiological pH values. (infographicdefinition.com)
- Vets should have other drugs, atropine, dopamine, glycopyrrolate, naloxone, antisedan- just a few - in case they need to adjust the level of anesthesia. (cesarabeid.com)
COPD3
- MARLBOROUGH, Mass. - Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. has released Seebri Neohaler Inhalation Powder (glycopyrrolate 15.6 mcg), a treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), to U.S. pharmacies. (chaindrugreview.com)
- Voor COPD zijn veel inhalatiemedicijnen beschikbaar, maar bij matige en ernstige COPD is de combinatie LABA (langwerkende bèta-2-agonisten)-LAMA (langwerkende muscarine-antagonisten) iets effectiever dan andere medicatie. (asagro.kz)
- De NHG-Standaard COPD (2015) geeft aan dat het combineren van LABA en LAMA mogelijk is. (asagro.kz)
IONTOPHORESIS2
- Iontophoresis is also well established and may be used with tap water or glycopyrrolate solution. (radiendermatology.com.au)
- I have had success with Iontophoresis and Glycopyrrolate. (justalittlesweat.com)
Bromide1
- However, it differs from glycopyrrolate in that sofpironium bromide was retrometabolically designed. (brickellbio.com)
Scopolamine1
- Medications, such as scopolamine or glycopyrrolate, can help dry these secretions. (campinmygaden.com)
Anticholinergics1
- Traditionally, the first line of treatment has been the use of oral medications like Glycopyrrolate and other anticholinergics. (neuronewsnow.com)
Receptors1
- Glycopyrrolate works by inhibiting receptors responsible for bronchoconstriction. (copdnewstoday.com)
Side3
- Glycopyrrolate has had nothing but a positive impact on my life and I've been on it for more than 6 years now, without major side effects. (infographicdefinition.com)
- Glycopyrrolate produced the greatest improvement in drooling with the fewest side-effects and discontinuations of treatment," she says. (edu.au)
- But by the end of the study, 63 per cent of participants had ceased taking glycopyrrolate and 77 per cent reported at least one side effect. (edu.au)
Treatment1
- MCRI's Dr Sue Reid says the study found the best treatment for drooling was glycopyrrolate. (edu.au)
Study1
- The study found that after one week on glycopyrrolate, 73 per cent of carers rated the young person's drooling as improved. (edu.au)