Polyethylene Glycols: Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights.Ethylene Glycols: An ethylene compound with two hydroxy groups (-OH) located on adjacent carbons. They are viscous and colorless liquids. Some are used as anesthetics or hypnotics. However, the class is best known for their use as a coolant or antifreeze.Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.Propylene Glycols: Derivatives of propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol). They are used as humectants and solvents in pharmaceutical preparations.Hydrogels: Water swollen, rigid, 3-dimensional network of cross-linked, hydrophilic macromolecules, 20-95% water. They are used in paints, printing inks, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Butylene Glycols: 4-carbon straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbons substituted with two hydroxyl groups. The hydroxyl groups cannot be on the same carbon atom.Drug Carriers: Forms to which substances are incorporated to improve the delivery and the effectiveness of drugs. Drug carriers are used in drug-delivery systems such as the controlled-release technology to prolong in vivo drug actions, decrease drug metabolism, and reduce drug toxicity. Carriers are also used in designs to increase the effectiveness of drug delivery to the target sites of pharmacological actions. Liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, DNA complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable drug carriers.Cryoprotective Agents: Substances that provide protection against the harmful effects of freezing temperatures.Cathartics: Agents that are used to stimulate evacuation of the bowels.Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).Glycolates: Derivatives of ACETIC ACID which contain an hydroxy group attached to the methyl carbon.ThymineSolvents: Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Particle Size: Relating to the size of solids.Drug Delivery Systems: Systems for the delivery of drugs to target sites of pharmacological actions. Technologies employed include those concerning drug preparation, route of administration, site targeting, metabolism, and toxicity.Biocompatible Materials: Synthetic or natural materials, other than DRUGS, that are used to replace or repair any body TISSUES or bodily function.Micelles: Particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. The surface of micelles are usually comprised of amphiphatic compounds that are oriented in a way that minimizes the energy of interaction between the micelle and its environment. Liquids that contain large numbers of suspended micelles are referred to as EMULSIONS.Hydrogel: A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications.Surface Properties: Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.Solubility: The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Water: A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Crystallization: The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Pharmaceutical Vehicles: A carrier or inert medium used as a solvent (or diluent) in which the medicinally active agent is formulated and or administered. (Dictionary of Pharmacy, 1986)Deoxyribonuclease (Pyrimidine Dimer): An enzyme which catalyzes an endonucleolytic cleavage near PYRIMIDINE DIMERS to produce a 5'-phosphate product. The enzyme acts on the damaged DNA strand, from the 5' side of the damaged site.Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.Polyesters: Polymers of organic acids and alcohols, with ester linkages--usually polyethylene terephthalate; can be cured into hard plastic, films or tapes, or fibers which can be woven into fabrics, meshes or velours.Chemistry, Pharmaceutical: Chemistry dealing with the composition and preparation of agents having PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS or diagnostic use.Cryopreservation: Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens.Methacrylates: Acrylic acids or acrylates which are substituted in the C-2 position with a methyl group.Surface-Active Agents: Agents that modify interfacial tension of water; usually substances that have one lipophilic and one hydrophilic group in the molecule; includes soaps, detergents, emulsifiers, dispersing and wetting agents, and several groups of antiseptics.Chemical Precipitation: The formation of a solid in a solution as a result of a chemical reaction or the aggregation of soluble substances into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection, inhalation of or exposure to a deleterious agent.Drug Stability: The chemical and physical integrity of a pharmaceutical product.Materials Testing: The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUTURES; TISSUE ADHESIVES; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility.Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)Adsorption: The adhesion of gases, liquids, or dissolved solids onto a surface. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses onto surfaces as well. ABSORPTION into the substance may follow but not necessarily.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Skin Absorption: Uptake of substances through the SKIN.Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.Polyglactin 910: A polyester used for absorbable sutures & surgical mesh, especially in ophthalmic surgery. 2-Hydroxy-propanoic acid polymer with polymerized hydroxyacetic acid, which forms 3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-dione polymer with 1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione copolymer of molecular weight about 80,000 daltons.Antidotes: Agents counteracting or neutralizing the action of POISONS.AcrylatesHydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Nanocapsules: Nanometer-sized, hollow, spherically-shaped objects that can be utilized to encapsulate small amounts of pharmaceuticals, enzymes, or other catalysts (Glossary of Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology, 4th ed).X-Ray Diffraction: The scattering of x-rays by matter, especially crystals, with accompanying variation in intensity due to interference effects. Analysis of the crystal structure of materials is performed by passing x-rays through them and registering the diffraction image of the rays (CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, X-RAY). (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Polymethacrylic Acids: Poly-2-methylpropenoic acids. Used in the manufacture of methacrylate resins and plastics in the form of pellets and granules, as absorbent for biological materials and as filters; also as biological membranes and as hydrogens. Synonyms: methylacrylate polymer; poly(methylacrylate); acrylic acid methyl ester polymer.Phosphatidylethanolamines: Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to an ethanolamine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and ethanolamine and 2 moles of fatty acids.Drug Compounding: The preparation, mixing, and assembling of a drug. (From Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th ed, p1814)Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form. These include binders, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc.EthersPolyethylenes: Synthetic thermoplastics that are tough, flexible, inert, and resistant to chemicals and electrical current. They are often used as biocompatible materials for prostheses and implants.Dextrans: A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes.Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Dendrimers: Tree-like, highly branched, polymeric compounds. They grow three-dimensionally by the addition of shells of branched molecules to a central core. The overall globular shape and presence of cavities gives potential as drug carriers and CONTRAST AGENTS.Nanostructures: Materials which have structured components with at least one dimension in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers. These include NANOCOMPOSITES; NANOPARTICLES; NANOTUBES; and NANOWIRES.Chromatography, Gas: Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Polyethyleneimine: Strongly cationic polymer that binds to certain proteins; used as a marker in immunology, to precipitate and purify enzymes and lipids. Synonyms: aziridine polymer; Epamine; Epomine; ethylenimine polymer; Montrek; PEI; Polymin(e).Coated Materials, Biocompatible: Biocompatible materials usually used in dental and bone implants that enhance biologic fixation, thereby increasing the bond strength between the coated material and bone, and minimize possible biological effects that may result from the implant itself.Polyglycolic Acid: A biocompatible polymer used as a surgical suture material.Teratogens: An agent that causes the production of physical defects in the developing embryo.Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.Succinimides: A subclass of IMIDES with the general structure of pyrrolidinedione. They are prepared by the distillation of ammonium succinate. They are sweet-tasting compounds that are used as chemical intermediates and plant growth stimulants.Serum Albumin, Bovine: Serum albumin from cows, commonly used in in vitro biological studies. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Click Chemistry: Organic chemistry methodology that mimics the modular nature of various biosynthetic processes. It uses highly reliable and selective reactions designed to "click" i.e., rapidly join small modular units together in high yield, without offensive byproducts. In combination with COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES, it is used for the synthesis of new compounds and combinatorial libraries.Rotaxanes: Complex compounds in which a dumbbell shaped molecule is encircled by a macrocycle. They are named after rota (wheel) and axis (axle). Notation with a prefix is used to indicate the number of interlocked components. They have potential use in NANOTECHNOLOGY. Rotaxanes have been made with CYCLODEXTRINS and CYCLIC ETHERS.Polymerization: Chemical reaction in which monomeric components are combined to form POLYMERS (e.g., POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE).Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared: A spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained.Porosity: Condition of having pores or open spaces. This often refers to bones, bone implants, or bone cements, but can refer to the porous state of any solid substance.Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794)Solutions: The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane.Delayed-Action Preparations: Dosage forms of a drug that act over a period of time by controlled-release processes or technology.Nanotechnology: The development and use of techniques to study physical phenomena and construct structures in the nanoscale size range or smaller.Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.Alcohols: Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Emulsions: Colloids formed by the combination of two immiscible liquids such as oil and water. Lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion. Water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. The formation of emulsions may be aided by amphiphatic molecules that surround one component of the system to form MICELLES.Chitosan: Deacetylated CHITIN, a linear polysaccharide of deacetylated beta-1,4-D-glucosamine. It is used in HYDROGEL and to treat WOUNDS.Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Biomimetic Materials: Materials fabricated by BIOMIMETICS techniques, i.e., based on natural processes found in biological systems.Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Cross-Linking Reagents: Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles, of micrometer dimensions, frequently labeled with radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers.Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect.Styrenes: Derivatives and polymers of styrene. They are used in the manufacturing of synthetic rubber, plastics, and resins. Some of the polymers form the skeletal structures for ion exchange resin beads.Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.Mechanical Phenomena: The properties and processes of materials that affect their behavior under force.Poloxamer: A nonionic polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block co-polymer with the general formula HO(C2H4O)a(-C3H6O)b(C2H4O)aH. It is available in different grades which vary from liquids to solids. It is used as an emulsifying agent, solubilizing agent, surfactant, and wetting agent for antibiotics. Poloxamer is also used in ointment and suppository bases and as a tablet binder or coater. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)Freezing: Liquids transforming into solids by the removal of heat.Ethyl EthersNanomedicine: The branch of medicine concerned with the application of NANOTECHNOLOGY to the prevention and treatment of disease. It involves the monitoring, repair, construction, and control of human biological systems at the molecular level, using engineered nanodevices and NANOSTRUCTURES. (From Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine, vol 1, 1999).Metal Nanoparticles: Nanoparticles produced from metals whose uses include biosensors, optics, and catalysts. In biomedical applications the particles frequently involve the noble metals, especially gold and silver.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Polylysine: A peptide which is a homopolymer of lysine.Tissue Engineering: Generating tissue in vitro for clinical applications, such as replacing wounded tissues or impaired organs. The use of TISSUE SCAFFOLDING enables the generation of complex multi-layered tissues and tissue structures.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Chemistry, Physical: The study of CHEMICAL PHENOMENA and processes in terms of the underlying PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and processes.Deuteroporphyrins: Porphyrins with four methyl and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings.Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.Osmotic Pressure: The pressure required to prevent the passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane that separates a pure solvent from a solution of the solvent and solute or that separates different concentrations of a solution. It is proportional to the osmolality of the solution.Therapeutic Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing water or solution for therapy or diagnosis.Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions: The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887)Physicochemical Phenomena: The physical phenomena describing the structure and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include SOLVENTS, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, ANTIOXIDANTS; PRESERVATIVES, PHARMACEUTICAL; COLORING AGENTS; FLAVORING AGENTS; VEHICLES; EXCIPIENTS; OINTMENT BASES.Viscosity: The resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow when it is subjected to shear stress. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Microscopy, Electron, Scanning: Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.Acetates: Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.Testicular Diseases: Pathological processes of the TESTIS.Household Products: Substances or materials used in the course of housekeeping or personal routine.Nanospheres: Spherical particles of nanometer dimensions.Anhydrides: Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water.Osmolar Concentration: The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity.Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.Laxatives: Agents that produce a soft formed stool, and relax and loosen the bowels, typically used over a protracted period, to relieve CONSTIPATION.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Immobilized Proteins: Proteins that are chemically bound to a substrate material which renders their location fixed. The immobilization of proteins allows their use in chemical reactions without being diluted by solvent.PrintingIndicators and Reagents: Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)Permeability: Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.Abnormalities, Drug-Induced: Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquefies; the resulting colloid is called a sol.Cell Membrane Permeability: A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.Polysorbates: Sorbitan mono-9-octadecanoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivatives; complex mixtures of polyoxyethylene ethers used as emulsifiers or dispersing agents in pharmaceuticals.Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet: Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Urolithiasis: Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon.Calorimetry, Differential Scanning: Differential thermal analysis in which the sample compartment of the apparatus is a differential calorimeter, allowing an exact measure of the heat of transition independent of the specific heat, thermal conductivity, and other variables of the sample.Crystallography, X-Ray: The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Tissue Scaffolds: Cell growth support structures composed of BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS. They are specially designed solid support matrices for cell attachment in TISSUE ENGINEERING and GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION uses.Sodium Chloride: A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.Keratolytic Agents: Agents that soften, separate, and cause desquamation of the cornified epithelium or horny layer of skin. They are used to expose mycelia of infecting fungi or to treat corns, warts, and certain other skin diseases.DimethylformamideEgtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound.Kerosene: A refined petroleum fraction used as a fuel as well as a solvent.Vitrification: The transformation of a liquid to a glassy solid i.e., without the formation of crystals during the cooling process.Sucrose: A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.Glyceryl Ethers: Compounds in which one or more of the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol are in ethereal linkage with a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol; one or two of the hydroxyl groups of glycerol may be esterified. These compounds have been found in various animal tissue.Nephelometry and Turbidimetry: Chemical analysis based on the phenomenon whereby light, passing through a medium with dispersed particles of a different refractive index from that of the medium, is attenuated in intensity by scattering. In turbidimetry, the intensity of light transmitted through the medium, the unscattered light, is measured. In nephelometry, the intensity of the scattered light is measured, usually, but not necessarily, at right angles to the incident light beam.Tissue Adhesives: Substances used to cause adherence of tissue to tissue or tissue to non-tissue surfaces, as for prostheses.Models, Chemical: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Electrolytes: Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Technology, Pharmaceutical: The application of scientific knowledge or technology to pharmacy and the pharmaceutical industry. It includes methods, techniques, and instrumentation in the manufacture, preparation, compounding, dispensing, packaging, and storing of drugs and other preparations used in diagnostic and determinative procedures, and in the treatment of patients.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Protoplasts: The protoplasm and plasma membrane of plant, fungal, bacterial or archaeon cells without the CELL WALL.Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Membranes, Artificial: Artificially produced membranes, such as semipermeable membranes used in artificial kidney dialysis (RENAL DIALYSIS), monomolecular and bimolecular membranes used as models to simulate biological CELL MEMBRANES. These membranes are also used in the process of GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION.Methods: A series of steps taken in order to conduct research.Cyanoacrylates: A group of compounds having the general formula CH2=C(CN)-COOR; it polymerizes on contact with moisture; used as tissue adhesive; higher homologs have hemostatic and antibacterial properties.Magnesium Oxide: Magnesium oxide (MgO). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral periclase. In aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide. It is used as an antacid and mild laxative and has many nonmedicinal uses.Countercurrent Distribution: A method of separation of two or more substances by repeated distribution between two immiscible liquid phases that move past each other in opposite directions. It is a form of liquid-liquid chromatography. (Stedman, 25th ed)Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone COLLAGEN. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories.Chromatography, Gel: Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.Endodeoxyribonucleases: A group of enzymes catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA. They include members of EC 3.1.21.-, EC 3.1.22.-, EC 3.1.23.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), EC 3.1.24.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), and EC 3.1.25.-.Drug Contamination: The presence of organisms, or any foreign material that makes a drug preparation impure.Dimethylpolysiloxanes: Silicone polymers which consist of silicon atoms substituted with methyl groups and linked by oxygen atoms. They comprise a series of biocompatible materials used as liquids, gels or solids; as film for artificial membranes, gels for implants, and liquids for drug vehicles; and as antifoaming agents.Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.Povidone: A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander.Optical Rotation: The rotation of linearly polarized light as it passes through various media.Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.Administration, Topical: The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Biodegradation, Environmental: Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.Blood Substitutes: Substances that are used in place of blood, for example, as an alternative to BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS after blood loss to restore BLOOD VOLUME and oxygen-carrying capacity to the blood circulation, or to perfuse isolated organs.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Fecal Impaction: Formation of a firm impassable mass of stool in the RECTUM or distal COLON.Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and VISCOSITY.Thermodynamics: A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)Scattering, Radiation: The diversion of RADIATION (thermal, electromagnetic, or nuclear) from its original path as a result of interactions or collisions with atoms, molecules, or larger particles in the atmosphere or other media. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Alkanes: The generic name for the group of aliphatic hydrocarbons Cn-H2n+2. They are denoted by the suffix -ane. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Cell Fusion: Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization.Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Chemistry: A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.ChymotrypsinogenSaxifragaceae: The saxifrage plant family of the order ROSALES, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. The leaves are alternate and sometimes deeply lobed or form rosettes. The flowers have both male and female parts and 4 or 5 sepals and petals; they are usually in branched clusters. The fruit is a capsule with many seeds.Microscopy, Electron, Transmission: Electron microscopy in which the ELECTRONS or their reaction products that pass down through the specimen are imaged below the plane of the specimen.Plasticizers: Materials incorporated mechanically in plastics (usually PVC) to increase flexibility, workability or distensibility; due to the non-chemical inclusion, plasticizers leach out from the plastic and are found in body fluids and the general environment.Acidosis: A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.Avidin: A specific protein in egg albumin that interacts with BIOTIN to render it unavailable to mammals, thereby producing biotin deficiency.Acrylic ResinsEscherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Mice, Inbred ICRElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Cells, Immobilized: Microbial, plant, or animal cells which are immobilized by attachment to solid structures, usually a column matrix. A common use of immobilized cells is in biotechnology for the bioconversion of a substrate to a particular product. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Spinal reflexes and the concentrations of 5-HIAA, MHPG, and HVA in lumbar cereborspinal fluid after spinal lesions in man. (1/326)
Descending bulbospinal pathways that employ specific neurotransmitter substances are known to be capable of modulating segmental reflex activity in the experimental animal. To determine whether this might also occur in man correlations have been sought between the activity in spinal reflex pathways and the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), 3 methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), and homovanillic acid (HVA) in 12 patients with complete or virtually complete spinal lesions. The concentrations of 5-HIAA and MHPG in lumbar CSF ARE REDUCED AFTER COMPLETE OR VIRTUALLY COMPLETE SPINAL LESIONS IN MAN. This may occur within 18 days of the lesion. MHPG concentrations appear to be inversely related to the level of the lesion. The HVA concentration in lumbar CSF is reduced when there is obstruction of the CSF pathways. No relationship could be demonstrated between the concentrations of 5-HIAA or MHPG in lumbar CSF and the activity in the spinal monosynaptic pathway (estimated from the proportion of the motoneurone pool activated by the Achilles tendon reflex or H reflex) or the activity of a spinal inhibitory mechanism (estimated by the degree of vibratory inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex). Patients with a tonic vibration reflex (TVR) tended to have higher MHPG levels. There appeared to be an association between low CSF HVA and enhanced vibratory inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex in the nine patients whose spinal lesions were complete. (+info)Effects of commonly used cryoprotectants on glycogen phosphorylase activity and structure. (2/326)
The effects of a number of cryoprotectants on the kinetic and structural properties of glycogen phosphorylase b have been investigated. Kinetic studies showed that glycerol, one of the most commonly used cryoprotectants in X-ray crystallographic studies, is a competitive inhibitor with respect to substrate glucose-1-P with an apparent Ki value of 3.8% (v/v). Cryogenic experiments, with the enzyme, have shown that glycerol binds at the catalytic site and competes with glucose analogues that bind at the catalytic site, thus preventing the formation of complexes. This necessitated a change in the conditions for cryoprotection in crystallographic binding experiments with glycogen phosphorylase. It was found that 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol (MPD), polyethylene glycols (PEGs) of various molecular weights, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) activated glycogen phosphorylase b to different extents, by stabilizing its most active conformation, while sucrose acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor and ethylene glycol as an uncompetitive inhibitor with respect to glucose-1-P. A parallel experimental investigation by X-ray crystallography showed that, at 100 K, both MPD and DMSO do not bind at the catalytic site, do not induce any significant conformational change on the enzyme molecule, and hence, are more suitable cryoprotectants than glycerol for binding studies with glycogen phosphorylase. (+info)Rapid conditions for the cleavage of oligodeoxyribonucleotides from cis-diol-bearing universal polymer supports and their deprotection. (3/326)
Two sets of deprotection conditions have been evolved for the deprotection of oligodeoxyribonucleotides and their cleavage from commercially available cis -diol group-bearing universal polymer supports. In the first case, oligodeoxyribonucleotides anchored on the universal support were subjected to one of the standard deprotection conditions followed by treatment with aqueous 0.5 M sodium chloride + 0.2 M sodium hydroxide solution for 30 min at room temperature. In the second case, oligonucleotides bound to the universal support were treated with methanolic sodium hydroxide solution under microwave radiation to obtain fully deprotected oligomers within 4 min. Under both conditions, the cleavage of oligonucleotides from the support and their deprotection occurred quantitatively without any side product formation. The cleaved oligonucleotides were found to be identical in all respects (retention time on HPLC and biological activity in PCR) to the corresponding standard oligo-nucleotides. (+info)Identification of four trans-3,4-dihydrodiol metabolites of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and their in vitro DNA-binding activities upon further metabolism. (4/326)
Trans-3,4-dihydrodiols of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (7,12-Me2BA), 7-methyl-12-hydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene (7-Me-12-OHMeBA), 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (7-OHMe-12-MeBA), and 7,12-di(hydroxymethyl)benz[a]anthracene [7,12-(OHMe)2BA] have been identified as metabolites of the potent carcinogenic and adrenocorticolytic agent 7,12-MeBA. The four trans-3,4-dihydrodiols were identified by their (i) ultraviolet-visible absorption and fluorescence properties, (ii) different retention times on both reversed-phase and normal-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, (iii) mass spectral analysis, and (iv) inability to form vicinal cis-acetonides. Upon further metabolism by liver microsomes, the trans-3,4-dihydrodiols of 7,12-Me2BA, 7-Me-12OHMeBA, and 7-OHMe-12-MeBA were found to give rise to products that bind more strongly to DNA in vitro than do the products of 7,12-Me2BA. The evidence suggests that one or more of the four trans-3,4-dihydrodiols may be the proximate carcinogenic and adrenocorticolytic metabolites. (+info)Crystallographic studies on a family B DNA polymerase from hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus kodakaraensis strain KOD1. (5/326)
A hyperthermostable family B DNA polymerase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus kodakaraensis strain KOD1, has been crystallized by the hanging-drop vapor diffusion method at 293 K with 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol as the precipitant. The diffraction pattern of a crystal extends to 3.0 A resolution, and two full sets of 3.0 A resolution diffraction data for native crystals were successfully collected at 290 K and 100 K upon exposure to synchrotron radiation at KEK-PF, Japan. The crystals belong to the space group, P212121, with unit-cell dimensions of a = 112.8, b = 115.4, and c = 75.4 A at 290 K, and a = 111.9, b = 112.4, and c = 73.9 at 100 K. Structural analysis by means of the multiple isomorphous replacement method is now in progress. (+info)Butadiene diolepoxide- and diepoxybutane-derived DNA adducts at N7-guanine: a high occurrence of diolepoxide-derived adducts in mouse lung after 1,3-butadiene exposure. (6/326)
Butadiene (BD) is a high production volume chemical and is known to be tumorigenic in rodents. BD is metabolized to butadiene monoepoxide (BMO), diepoxybutane (DEB) and butadiene diolepoxide (BDE). These epoxides are genotoxic and alkylate DNA both in vitro and in vivo, mainly at the N7 position of guanine. In this study, a 32P-post-labeling/thin-layer chromatography (TLC)/high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay for BDE and DEB adducts at the N7 of guanine was developed and was used in determining the enantiomeric composition of the adducts and the organ dose of BD exposure in lung. Exposure of 2'-deoxyguanosine (dGuo), 2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-phosphate (5'-dGMP) and 2'-deoxyguanosine-3'-phosphate (3'-dGMP) to racemic BDE followed by neutral thermal hydrolysis gave two products (products 1 and 2) that were identified by MS and UV and NMR spectroscopy as a diastereomeric pair of N7-(2,3,4-trihydroxybutan-1-yl)-guanines. Exposure of dGuo nucleotides to RR/SS DEB (also referred to as dl DEB) followed by thermal depurination resulted in a single product coeluting with the BDE product 1. If the reaction mixture of BDE and 5'-dGMP was analyzed by HPLC before hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond, four major nucleotide alkylation products (A, B, C and D) with identical UV sepectra were detected. The products were isolated and hydrolyzed, after which A and C coeluted with product 1 and B and D coeluted with the product 2. The major adduct of DEB-exposed 5'-dGMP was N7-(2-hydroxy-3,4-epoxy-1-yl)-dGMP (product E). A 32P-post-labeling assay was used to detect BDE- and DEB-derived N7-dGMP adducts in DNA. Levels of adducts increased with a dose of BDE and DEB and exhibited a half life of 30 +/- 3 (r = 0.98) and 31 +/- 4 h (r = 0.95), respectively. Incubation of DEB-modified DNA at 37 degrees C at neutral pH for up to 142 h did not lead to an increase of N7-(2,3,4-trihydroxybutan-1-yl)-dGMP in the DNA. These observations led to the conclusion that the N7-(2,3, 4-trihydroxybutan-1-yl)-dGMP adducts in DNA can be used as a marker of BDE exposure and that N7-(2-hydroxy-3,4-epoxy-1-yl)-dGMP adducts are related to DEB exposure. Dose-related levels of BDE- and DEB-derived adducts were detected in lungs of mice inhaling butadiene. Most of the N7-dGMP adducts (73%; product D) were derived from the 2R-diol-3S-epoxide of 1,3-butadiene. The data presented in this paper indicate that in vivo, 98% of N7-dGMP alkylation after BD exposure is derived from BDE, and approximately 2% of the adducts were derived from DEB and BMO. (+info)2'-Deoxycytidine glycols, a missing link in the free radical-mediated oxidation of DNA. (7/326)
2'-Deoxycytidine glycols (5,6-dihydroxy-5, 6-dihydro-2'-deoxycytidine) are major products of the hydroxyl radical-induced oxidation of 2'-deoxycytidine resulting from either a Fenton reaction or exposure to ionizing radiation. Because of their instability, however, the glycols have not previously been characterized. Instead, the impetus has been placed on the primary decomposition products of 2'-deoxycytidine glycols, which includes 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine, 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxyuridine, and 2'-deoxyuridine glycols. Here, we have identified one of the four possible diastereomers of 2'-deoxycytidine glycols by product analyses of decomposition products, (1)H NMR, and mass spectrometry. This glycol was observed to decompose with a half-life of 50 min at 37 degrees C in buffered neutral solutions and preferentially undergo dehydration to 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine. The rate of decomposition was strongly dependent on pH (2-10) and the concentration of phosphate ion (10-300 mM). Next, we report on the deamination of cytosine glycols to uracil glycols in oxidized DNA using acid hydrolysis and high performance liquid chromatography analysis with electrochemical detection to monitor 5-hydroxycytosine and 5-hydroxyuracil. The results showed that the lifetime of cytosine glycols is greatly enhanced in DNA (34-fold; half-life, 28 h), and that deamination accounts for at least one-third of the total decomposition. The relatively long lifetime of cytosine glycols in DNA suggests that this important class of DNA oxidation products will be significantly involved in repair and mutagenesis processes. (+info)An in vivo approach showing the chemotactic activity of leukotriene B(4) in acute renal ischemic-reperfusion injury. (8/326)
Neutrophil migration protects the body against foreign invasion. Sequestration and activation of neutrophils, however, require stringent regulation because they may also cause tissue damage by the release of lysosomal enzymes and reactive oxygen species. The activity of various chemoattractants [e.g., leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), interleukin-8, and complements] has been documented by in vitro assays, whereas in vivo data have been limited mostly to histology. To examine in an in vivo model the chemotactic activity and subsequent tissue infiltration and the role of a specific chemoattractant, LTB(4), we used a rat renal ischemia-reperfusion injury model. Fluorescence-labeled Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing the LTB(4) receptor (CHO-BLT) were able to accumulate along with neutrophils in the postischemic kidney, in contrast to vector control CHO cells. Furthermore, LTB(4) antagonists that protect against the decrease in renal function and diminish the tissue myeloperoxidase activity also led to the marked decrease in the number of CHO-BLT cells and neutrophils. Thus, LTB(4) alone appears sufficient to cause cells to migrate into postischemic tissues, and its dominant role in reperfusion injury has been demonstrated. The utilization of transfectants to pinpoint the role of LTB(4) in these in vivo experiments suggests their potential use with other ligands and/or in other pathological conditions. (+info)
2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-OCTAFLUORO-1,6-HEXANEDIOL DIACRYLATE (CAS 2264-1-9) Market Research Report 2018
MODIFIED COLORED PIGMENTS - Patent application
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1,2-Pentanediol 5343-92-0, China 1,2-Pentanediol 5343-92-0 Manufacturers, China 1,2-Pentanediol 5343-92-0 Suppliers
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127519-22-6,2769-94-0,99328-51-5,71607-53-9,3027-05-2,85865-70-9,221226-12-6,94200-30-3,84878-41-1,13405-52-2,
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Hexylene glycolToxicityExposed to ethylene glycolETHERDiethyleneIngredientColorlessMethanolPolyethylene Glycol 3350 With ElectGlycerolMethoxy polyLevels of ethylene glycolTreatment of ethylene glycolConfused with ethylene glycolPolyalkylene Glycols MarketToxicMarket has been segmentedIngestion of ethyleneMethylSolventsMetabolitesMono-ethyleSerumMetabolic acidosisCoolantUses ethyleneNeopentyl GlycolMinutes to 12 hoursTetraethylene glycolMonopropylene glycolExposureVaporOdorless1997CompoundMixtureLarge amountsUrinePEGsChemicalAmountsSyntheticMoleculeKidneysProductsPoisonous
Hexylene glycol1
- Brussels, February, 2019 - Solvay raises prices by 285 € per ton for its hexylene glycol (HGL) in Europe, Asia, North America and in certain countries in Latin America effective for orders shipped on or after March 1st, 2019. (solvay.com)
Toxicity16
- Ethylene glycol toxicity should be suspected in anyone who is severely ill after drinking an unknown substance, especially if they at first appear drunk and you can't smell alcohol on their breath. (medlineplus.gov)
- 2.4 First-aid measures and management principles Considerable toxicity is unlikely after an acute exposure, with the exception of rare but dramatic arrhythmias including cardiac arrest after rapid i.v. injection of drugs containing large amounts of propylene glycol solvent. (inchem.org)
- Because the negative oral toxicity data on shorter chain 1,2-glycols and genotoxicity data support the safety of the 1,2-glycols reviewed in this safety assessment, the Panel concluded that these ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment. (mendeley.com)
- Many veterinarians are familiar with ethylene glycol toxicity because of the frequent cases in dogs and cats that have licked up radiator fluid. (medscape.com)
- [ 2 ] Like the other toxic alcohols mentioned above, ethylene glycol is a parent compound that exerts most of its toxicity by conversion to metabolites. (medscape.com)
- Knowing the pathway of ethanol metabolism is necessary to understanding ethylene glycol toxicity properly. (medscape.com)
- Ingestion of ethylene glycol leads to systemic toxicity beginning with CNS effects, followed by cardiopulmonary effects, and finally renal failure. (cdc.gov)
- 1 The panel is building upon the results of the chronic study by conducting additional research into the mechanism of kidney toxicity and focusing on increasing the accuracy and reliability of factors used in regulatory risk assessments for ethylene glycol. (americanchemistry.com)
- These manuscripts focused on the development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for ethylene glycol and its major metabolite, glycolic and oxalic acid, and incorporation of acute and developmental toxicity information into the PBPK model. (americanchemistry.com)
- Ethylene Glycols: 12-Months Dietary Toxicity Study in Wistar Han Rats. (americanchemistry.com)
- Fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole, Antizol) is being increasingly used in the treatment of ethylene glycol toxicity in adults. (aappublications.org)
- Which medications are used in the treatment of ethylene glycol (EG) toxicity? (medscape.com)
- Epidemics of acute renal failure in children (diethylene glycol toxicity). (medscape.com)
- An integrated perspective on the developmental toxicity of ethylene glycol. (medscape.com)
- Unlike conventional ethylene glycol-based products, which are acutely toxic, AMSOIL Propylene Glycol Antifreeze & Coolant is biodegradable and its low toxicity limits the threat to children and animals. (amsoil.com)
- Methanol and ethylene glycol toxicity. (nih.gov)
Exposed to ethylene glycol3
- How might I be exposed to ethylene glycol? (cdc.gov)
- The general public can be exposed to ethylene glycol through skin contact when using antifreeze. (cdc.gov)
- Persons exposed to ethylene glycol do not pose a significant risk of secondary contamination to response personnel outside the Hot Zone. (cdc.gov)
ETHER3
- A fast-evaporating, hydrophobic glycol ether with high solvency and excellent coupling abilities. (dow.com)
- Different forms of PEG are also available, depending on the initiator used for the polymerization process - the most common initiator is a monofunctional methyl ether PEG, or methoxypoly(ethylene glycol), abbreviated mPEG. (wikipedia.org)
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a synthetic polymer produced via polymerization of ethylene oxide molecules to make joining units of ethylene glycol by an ether linkage. (drugbank.ca)
Diethylene12
- Not to be confused with Propylene glycol , Diethylene glycol , or Glycol . (wikipedia.org)
- The major byproducts are the oligomers diethylene glycol , triethylene glycol , and tetraethylene glycol . (wikipedia.org)
- The PEG 106 and 194 are diethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol respectively from Aldrich. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Most brake fluids contain diethylene glycol (DEG). (poison.org)
- Brake fluids often contain the toxic alcohol diethylene glycol (DEG), which has a boiling point of about 470°F. Diethylene glycol (DEG) is sweet-tasting, odorless, and colorless. (poison.org)
- Similarly, in 1985 several Austrian wineries were found to be using diethylene glycol as a sweetener in their wines in an effort to cut costs. (poison.org)
- Fatal poisoning among young children from diethylene glycol-contaminated acetaminophen - Nigeria, 2008-2009. (poison.org)
- Hoyte CO, Leikin JB: Management of diethylene glycol ingestion. (poison.org)
- Delayed neurological sequelae from ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and methanol poisonings. (poison.org)
- Diethylene glycol poisoning. (poison.org)
- Researchmoz added Most up-to-date research on "Global Diethylene Glycol Market Insights, Forecast to 2025" to its huge collection of research reports. (openpr.com)
- This report researches the worldwide Diethylene Glycol market size (value, capacity, production and consumption) in key regions like North America, Europe, Asia Pacific (China, Japan) and other regions. (openpr.com)
Ingredient10
- Polyethylene Glycol 3350 is the primary ingredient in 40 medicines and is used in combination with other active ingredients in another 10 medicines. (healthgrades.com)
- The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel noted that, while these ingredients are dermally absorbed, modeling data predicted decreased skin penetration of longer chain 1,2-glycols. (mendeley.com)
- Ethylene glycol is the major ingredient of almost all radiator fluid products in the United States. (medscape.com)
- Ethylene glycol toxicosis is a type of poisoning that occurs after ingestion of antifreeze or other fluids containing the ingredient ethylene glycol. (petplace.com)
- The U.S. version contains higher levels of propylene glycol, an ingredient that European countries limit more stringently than the U.S. Food and Drug Administration -- which allows 50 grams of the ingredient per kilogram -- does. (ibtimes.com)
- Ethylene glycol is a common ingredient in the antifreeze used in motor vehicles. (reference.com)
- Exported from MasterCook * Glycol Punch Recipe By : Serving Size : 0 Preparation Time :0:00 Categories : New Text Import Amount Measure Ingredient -- Preparation Method -------- ------------ -------------------------------- Text only Glycol Punchhas two primary ingredients: Diet Mountain Dew, which has an decidedly evil odd yellow glow to it. (recipesource.com)
- Along with other glycols and glycerol, propylene glycol is a humectant (hydrating) and delivery ingredient used in cosmetics. (paulaschoice.com)
- There are websites and spam e-mails stating that propylene glycol is really industrial antifreeze and that it's the major ingredient in brake and hydraulic fluids. (paulaschoice.com)
- The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Board and other groups have analyzed all of the toxicology data and exposure studies concerning topical application of propylene glycol as commonly used in cosmetics products. (paulaschoice.com)
Colorless5
- Ethylene glycol (HOCH ₂ CH ₂ OH) is a colorless, syrupy liquid. (cdc.gov)
- Propylene glycol is a clear, colorless, slightly syrupy liquids at room temperature. (cdc.gov)
- Ethylene glycol is a colorless, odorless, sweet-tasting chemical. (medlineplus.gov)
- Propylene Glycol A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. (scitoys.com)
- Propylene glycol (C 3 H 8 O 2 ) occurs as a clear, colorless, viscous, practically odorless liquid with a sweet taste, somewhat resembling glycerin. (uspharmacist.com)
Methanol3
- The oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl oxalate provides a promising approach to the production of C 1 -based ethylene glycol. (wikipedia.org)
- Antidotes for methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning. (nih.gov)
- A perspective on the IPCS methanol and ethylene glycol document. (nih.gov)
Polyethylene Glycol 3350 With Elect1
- Polyethylene Glycol 3350 With Electrolytes - What is difference between go lytely&movieprep? (drugs.com)
Glycerol1
- The compound can include an acid molecule attached to a glycerol or glycol molecule via an ester linkage. (freepatentsonline.com)
Methoxy poly1
- On June 7, 2018, the Food and Drug Administration approved methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (Mircera, Vifor Pharma Inc.) for the treatment of pediatric patients 5 to 17 years of age on hemodialysis who are converting from another ESA after. (medworm.com)
Levels of ethylene glycol2
- Tests will show increased levels of ethylene glycol, blood chemical disturbances, and possible signs of kidney failure and muscle or liver damage. (medlineplus.gov)
- Children exposed to the same levels of ethylene glycol as adults may receive larger doses because they have greater lung surface area:body weight ratios and increased minute volumes:weight ratios. (cdc.gov)
Treatment of ethylene glycol2
- Guideline] Barceloux DG, Krenzelok EP, Olson K, Watson W. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology Practice Guidelines on the Treatment of Ethylene Glycol Poisoning. (medscape.com)
- Fomepizole for the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning. (medscape.com)
Confused with ethylene glycol1
- It should not be confused with ethylene glycol ethers, which are a different group of chemicals. (cdc.gov)
Polyalkylene Glycols Market2
- The latest trending report Global Polyalkylene Glycols Market 2020 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2025 offered by DecisionDatabases.com is an informative study covering the market with detailed analysis. (webnewswire.com)
- The global Polyalkylene Glycols market size is expected to gain market growth in the forecast period of 2020 to 2025, with a CAGR of 6.3% in the forecast period of 2020 to 2025 and will expected to reach USD 2655.7 million by 2025, from USD 2076.1 million in 2019. (webnewswire.com)
Toxic8
- Ethylene glycol is moderately toxic. (wikipedia.org)
- Large amounts of it are needed for this effect, unlike its more toxic cousin , ethylene glycol . (everything2.com)
- This article discusses ethylene glycol, which is extremely toxic. (medscape.com)
- Initially, patients may be asymptomatic, but ethylene glycol is rapidly absorbed (within 1 to 4 hours), and altered mental status and tachypnea then begin to appear as the ethylene glycol is successively metabolized to very toxic compounds. (medscape.com)
- From 24 to 72 hours, acute kidney injury.can result from the direct renal toxic effects of the ethylene glycol metabolite calcium oxylate monohydrate. (medscape.com)
- Toxic inhalation of ethylene glycol is unlikely at room temperature because of the chemical's low volatility, but can occur when the liquid is heated, agitated, or sprayed. (cdc.gov)
- Ethylene glycol itself is not toxic, but it is metabolized in the animal's body to several extremely toxic chemicals that are responsible for its potentially lethal effects. (petplace.com)
- usually Propylene glycol is far less toxic or is not toxic at all. (smore.com)
Market has been segmented3
- The global Polyalkylene glycol market has been segmented on the basis of type, application, and geography. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- The PAGs market has been segmented on the basis of type into polyethylene glycol polypropylene glycol, and others. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- The Polyalkylene glycol market has been segmented on the basis of application into lubricants, surface active agents, pharmaceutical, personal care, and others. (marketsandmarkets.com)
Ingestion of ethylene3
- If untreated, ingestion of ethylene glycol can be fatal. (medscape.com)
- Ingestion of ethylene glycol produces CNS depression which may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. (cdc.gov)
- These signs develop within 30 minutes to 12 hours after ingestion of ethylene glycol depending on the amount ingested. (petplace.com)
Methyl1
- Dipropylene glycol is a mixture of three isomeric chemical compounds, 4-oxa-2,6-heptandiol, 2-(2-hydroxy-propoxy)-propan-1-ol, and 2-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethoxy)-propan-1-ol. (wikipedia.org)
Solvents3
- People who work in industries that use ethylene glycol may be exposed by touching products such as solvents, antifreeze, and feedstocks that contain this substance. (cdc.gov)
- PEGs (polyethylene glycols) is a term used to refer to a broad set of petroleum-based compounds that are frequently used in personaly care products and cosmetics as thickeners, solvents, softeners, and moisture-carriers, often in baby products i . (ecostore.co.nz)
- Propylene glycol is stable and may be mixed with numerous other solvents. (uspharmacist.com)
Metabolites3
- From 12 to 48 hours, ethylene glycol metabolites produce severe anion gap metabolic acidosis with compensatory hyperventilation. (medscape.com)
- Metabolites of ethylene glycol produce severe metabolic acidosis and damage to the brain, heart, and kidneys. (cdc.gov)
- Recently, the panel completed a 12-month dietary study in Wistar rats including studies to examine the effect of ethylene glycol and its major metabolites. (americanchemistry.com)
Mono-ethyle2
- This ring is then hydrolyzed with a base catalyst in a second step to produce mono-ethylene glycol in 98% selectivity. (wikipedia.org)
- IndianOil Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) plant was commissioned at Panipat Naphtha Cracker Complex, Panipat, Haryana in April 2010, as a response to expansion in the downstream polyester sector and also in the light of liquid fuel (Naphtha) Surpluses in the Northern Sector. (iocl.com)
Serum4
- There is a direct relationship between the serum level of propylene glycol and the osmolar gap (mg/dl = 84.6 + 78 osmolar gap in mOsm/kg). (inchem.org)
- Ethylene glycol - serum and urine. (ucsfhealth.org)
- Hodgman M, Marraffa JM, Wojcik S, Grant W. Serum Calcium Concentration in Ethylene Glycol Poisoning. (medscape.com)
- A 2% v/v aqueous solution of propylene glycol will be iso-osmotic with serum. (uspharmacist.com)
Metabolic acidosis1
- Through interaction with aldehyde dehydrogenase, ethylene glycol is then metabolized to glycolic acid (GA), which accumulates and can cause a profound metabolic acidosis. (medscape.com)
Coolant3
- AMSOIL Propylene Glycol Antifreeze & Coolant (ANT) is formulated to provide benefits beyond those provided by today's conventional antifreeze and coolant products. (amsoil.com)
- Ethylene glycol is a chemical commonly used in many commercial and industrial applications including antifreeze and coolant. (americanchemistry.com)
- Ethylene glycol helps keep your car's engine from freezing in the winter and acts as a coolant to reduce overheating in the summer. (americanchemistry.com)
Uses ethylene1
- If you work in an industry that uses ethylene glycol, please read chemical labels and the accompanying Safety Data Sheets for hazard information. (cdc.gov)
Neopentyl Glycol5
- Techno-economic analyses of specific Neopentyl Glycol production processes, presenting capital investment breakdown, raw materials consumed and operating costs. (slideshare.net)
- 1. Know the capital investment required Examine the operating costs & raw materials consumption Neopentyl Glycol is an organic compound used in the synthesis of polyesters (enhances the stability of the product towards heat, light, and water), paints, lubricants, and plasticizers. (slideshare.net)
- The Intratec portfolio (www.intratec.us/our-portfolio) includes reports examining specific Neopentyl Glycol production processes. (slideshare.net)
- For a 10-page description of our methodology, visit www.intratec.us/reports/industrial-processes-economics Reports Focused on Neopentyl Glycol Production Economics ECONOMICS OF NEOPENTYL GLYCOL PRODUCTION PROCESS (NEOPENTYL GLYCOL E11A) This report presents the economics of Neopentyl Glycol production from isobutyraldehyde, formaldehyde and hydrogen, assuming a conventional industrial process. (slideshare.net)
- Different from the report "Neopentyl Glycol E11A", the economic analysis presented in this study is based on a plant constructed in China. (slideshare.net)
Minutes to 12 hours1
- From 30 minutes to 12 hours after exposure, unmetabolized ethylene glycol produces CNS depression, intoxication, and hyperosmolarity similar to that produced by ethanol. (medscape.com)
Tetraethylene glycol1
- We prepare a novel chelating resin S,N-containing heterocycle, macroporous cross-linked polystyrene immobilizing 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiodiazole via a hydrophilic tetraethylene glycol spacer (PS-TEG-BMT). (thefreedictionary.com)
Monopropylene glycol8
- Global Monopropylene Glycol (PG) Market Research Report : Industry. (mynewsdesk.com)
- The report on the global Monopropylene Glycol (PG) market is intended to help stakeholders a better perspective of the prevailing trends and vulnerabilities of the market. (mynewsdesk.com)
- It comprises exhaustive information to provide a 360 degree overview of the global Monopropylene Glycol (PG) market. (mynewsdesk.com)
- Besides the financial records of the prominent companies operating in the market, data is sourced from the Monopropylene Glycol (PG) market's historical statistics, insights from industry veterans, and other trusted industries sources. (mynewsdesk.com)
- The analysis also helped the report calculate the degree of competition prevailing in the global Monopropylene Glycol (PG) market. (mynewsdesk.com)
- Apart from segmentation based on various parameters, the global Monopropylene Glycol (PG) market is also classified regionally. (mynewsdesk.com)
- To ensure that the report provides an executive-level blueprint of the global Monopropylene Glycol (PG) market, the profiles of the leading companies operating therein are included. (mynewsdesk.com)
- The analysis, also enabled the study present details pertaining to the threats and opportunities that the global Monopropylene Glycol (PG) market is projected to witness during the aforementioned forecast period. (mynewsdesk.com)
Exposure10
- Workers may be harmed from exposure to ethylene glycol. (cdc.gov)
- The following resources provide information about occupational exposure to ethylene glycol. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure to large amounts of ethylene glycol can damage the kidneys, nervous system, lungs, and heart. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure to ethylene glycol in air, drinking water, or soil is not expected. (cdc.gov)
- How can families reduce the risks of exposure to ethylene glycol? (cdc.gov)
- Frequent skin exposure to propylene glycol can sometimes irritate the skin. (cdc.gov)
- Propylene glycol is generally considered to be a safe chemical, and is not routinely tested for, unless specific exposure, such as to a medicine or cosmetic, can be linked with symptoms. (cdc.gov)
- Ethylene glycol is rapidly absorbed following ingestion, which is the predominant route of exposure. (cdc.gov)
- Panel advocacy efforts focus on collecting information on consumer product exposure and use information and on the impact of ethylene glycol on the most sensitive animal testing species. (americanchemistry.com)
- The National Toxicology Program (NTP) Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (CERHR) convened an expert panel on February 11-13, 2003, in Alexandria, Virginia, to evaluate whether or not exposure to ethylene glycol is a reproductive and/or developmental hazard. (americanchemistry.com)
Vapor3
- It may exist in air in the vapor form, although propylene glycol must be heated or briskly shaken to produce a vapor. (cdc.gov)
- The vapor pressure of the propylene glycol is such that it keeps the relative humidity inside the humidor near 70%, which is generally recognized to be ideal for cigar storage and aging. (everything2.com)
- Ethylene glycol vapor is lighter than air. (cdc.gov)
Odorless3
- Propylene glycol is practically odorless and tasteless. (cdc.gov)
- Ethylene glycol is a clear, odorless, slightly viscous liquid. (cdc.gov)
- Ethylene glycol is odorless and thus, odor does not provide any warning of hazardous concentrations . (cdc.gov)
19971
- 1997. Toxicological Profile for Propylene Glycol . (cdc.gov)
Compound6
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a biocompatible, synthetic, hydrophilic polyether compound that has many applications, mostly in the medical industry, but also in the chemical and industrial sectors. (news-medical.net)
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a polyether compound with many applications from industrial manufacturing to medicine. (wikipedia.org)
- Ethylene glycol itself may cause some alteration of mental status but it is a relatively nontoxic compound before it is metabolized. (medscape.com)
- Ethylene glycol is a very useful industrial compound because of its low freezing point and high boiling point. (cdc.gov)
- A composition comprising a glyceryl salicylate compound and/or a glycol salicylate compound. (freepatentsonline.com)
- The compound is sometimes called α-propylene glycol to distinguish it from the isomer propane-1,3-diol HO-(CH 2 ) 3 -OH, also called β-propylene glycol . (primidi.com)
Mixture6
- A 1:1 mixture of propylene glycol and water (preferably distilled ) is commonly used as the 'activator solution' in cigar humidors. (everything2.com)
- 1. An additive mixture comprising at least one thiobis phenolic antioxidant and at least one polyalkylene glycol (PAG) of a weight average molecular weight of at least 1,000. (google.ca)
- 4. The mixture of Claim 3 prepared as a dry blend and in which the PAG is polyethylene glycol. (google.ca)
- There is provided a process for producing propylene glycol monoacetate which comprises the steps of (I) hydroformylating vinyl acetate with a gaseous mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in an organic solvent in the presence of a substantially water-insoluble rhodium complex and a tri-substituted. (google.com)
- A mixture of ethylene glycol and water has a lower freezing point than water alone, protecting the engine from damage caused by the expansion of freezing water. (reference.com)
- The test strips are the only way a mixture of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol can be checked for freeze protection. (amsoil.com)
Large amounts5
- Early diagnosis and treatment have been very successful in people drinking large amounts of ethylene glycol. (cdc.gov)
- Skeletal defects and low birth weights have occurred in newborn animals whose mothers ingested large amounts of ethylene glycol during pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
- Propylene glycol is not likely to exist in large amounts in air. (cdc.gov)
- However, large amounts of propylene glycol are needed to cause this effect. (cdc.gov)
- Ethylene glycol is produced commercially in large amounts and widely used as an antifreeze and de-icer. (cdc.gov)
Urine2
- Ethylene glycol poisoning symptoms in the nervous system and severe kidney failure with almost complete cessation of urine output. (petplace.com)
- Urine fluorescence using a Wood's lamp to detect the antifreeze additive sodium fluorescein: a qualitative adjunctive test in suspected ethylene glycol ingestions. (medscape.com)
PEGs1
- PEGs and methoxypolyethylene glycols are manufactured by Dow Chemical under the tradename Carbowax for industrial use, and Carbowax Sentry for food and pharmaceutical use. (wikipedia.org)
Chemical4
- Pure propylene glycol can be obtained from chemical suppliers for much more reasonable prices. (everything2.com)
- PROPYLENE GLYCOL International Programme on Chemical Safety Poisons Information Monograph 443 Chemical 1. (inchem.org)
- The CERHR selected ethylene glycol for evaluation because it is a high production volume chemical and there is the potential for widespread occupational and general population exposures due to its use in heating and cooling systems (e.g., automotive antifreeze). (americanchemistry.com)
- The Dutch process technology firm Avantium has started up a 10-metric-ton-per-year demonstration facility in Chemie Park Delfzijl, the Netherlands, for making the basic chemical ethylene glycol from renewable sugars. (acs.org)
Amounts5
- Your health is not likely to be seriously affected by the very small amounts of ethylene glycol that could be tasted or otherwise accidentally eaten (for example, by putting your fingers in your mouth after getting them wet with antifreeze). (cdc.gov)
- Accidental or intentional ingestion of larger amounts of ethylene glycol can cause serious illness or death. (cdc.gov)
- Rapid intravenous injection of preparations of drugs containing propylene glycol as a solvent (in significant amounts) may cause unconsciousness, arrhythmias and even cardiac arrest. (inchem.org)
- Cats are more susceptible to ethylene glycol poisoning than dogs (i.e. smaller amounts are required to cause poisoning). (petplace.com)
- In cosmetics, propylene glycol is used in small amounts to keep products from melting in high heat or from freezing. (paulaschoice.com)
Synthetic2
- Ethylene glycol is a synthetic liquid substance that absorbs water. (cdc.gov)
- Focalseal is a polyethylene glycol based synthetic hydrogel. (ingentaconnect.com)
Molecule4
- A glycol molecule is made of two hydroxy (OH) groups and carbon atoms of varying sizes and structures. (reference.com)
- Polyethylene glycol, or PEG, is an interesting molecule with uses beyond woodworking. (woodweb.com)
- Ethylene glycol is an interesting molecule. (woodweb.com)
- PEG 200 - PEG 8000 (the number refers to the number of ethylene glycol molecules tied together to make one molecule) are made by Dow and are known as Carbowax (TM). (woodweb.com)
Kidneys2
- When ethylene glycol breaks down in the body it forms chemicals that crystallize, and the crystals can collect in your kidneys and can affect kidney function. (cdc.gov)
- Stiripentol protected the kidneys against calcium oxalate crystal deposits in acute ethylene glycol intoxication and chronic calcium oxalate nephropathy models. (jci.org)
Products11
- Ethylene glycol can also enter the environment through the disposal of products that contain it. (cdc.gov)
- Workers can also be exposed to low levels from ethylene glycol-containing products such as airplane de-icing solutions that have been sprayed into the air. (cdc.gov)
- Minimize skin contact when using antifreeze and other consumer products containing ethylene glycol. (cdc.gov)
- You can be exposed to propylene glycol by eating food products, using cosmetics, or taking medicine that contains it. (cdc.gov)
- If you work in an industry that uses propylene glycol or products containing propylene glycol, you could be exposed by breathing or touching these substances. (cdc.gov)
- The products are produced either by direct esterification of propylene glycol with fatty acids or by transesterification of propylene glycol with oils or fats. (fao.org)
- Propylene glycol has been approved by the FDA as an additive that is "generally recognized as safe " for use in food , used to absorb extra water and maintain moisture in certain medicine s, cosmetics , or food products. (everything2.com)
- Both A. V. Laurence and Charles Adolphe Wurtz independently isolated products that were polyethylene glycols. (wikipedia.org)
- Caprylyl glycol and related 1,2-glycols are used mostly as skin and hair conditioning agents and viscosity agents in cosmetic products, and caprylyl glycol and pentylene glycol also function as cosmetic preservatives. (mendeley.com)
- The nameplate capacity of the MEG plant is 303000 TPA with Di Ethylene Glycol (DEG) and Tri Ethylene Glycol (TEG) as by products. (iocl.com)
- We urge you to explore our web page where you will find useful information on ethylene glycol and its derivatives and obtain a better understanding of why they are essential ingredients in the production of many products that are an important part of our lives. (americanchemistry.com)
Poisonous1
- In severe cases, dialysis (kidney machine) may be used to directly remove the ethylene glycol and other poisonous substances from the blood. (medlineplus.gov)