Polyethylene Glycols
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Polyglactin 910
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Spinal reflexes and the concentrations of 5-HIAA, MHPG, and HVA in lumbar cereborspinal fluid after spinal lesions in man. (1/326)
Descending bulbospinal pathways that employ specific neurotransmitter substances are known to be capable of modulating segmental reflex activity in the experimental animal. To determine whether this might also occur in man correlations have been sought between the activity in spinal reflex pathways and the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), 3 methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), and homovanillic acid (HVA) in 12 patients with complete or virtually complete spinal lesions. The concentrations of 5-HIAA and MHPG in lumbar CSF ARE REDUCED AFTER COMPLETE OR VIRTUALLY COMPLETE SPINAL LESIONS IN MAN. This may occur within 18 days of the lesion. MHPG concentrations appear to be inversely related to the level of the lesion. The HVA concentration in lumbar CSF is reduced when there is obstruction of the CSF pathways. No relationship could be demonstrated between the concentrations of 5-HIAA or MHPG in lumbar CSF and the activity in the spinal monosynaptic pathway (estimated from the proportion of the motoneurone pool activated by the Achilles tendon reflex or H reflex) or the activity of a spinal inhibitory mechanism (estimated by the degree of vibratory inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex). Patients with a tonic vibration reflex (TVR) tended to have higher MHPG levels. There appeared to be an association between low CSF HVA and enhanced vibratory inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex in the nine patients whose spinal lesions were complete. (+info)Effects of commonly used cryoprotectants on glycogen phosphorylase activity and structure. (2/326)
The effects of a number of cryoprotectants on the kinetic and structural properties of glycogen phosphorylase b have been investigated. Kinetic studies showed that glycerol, one of the most commonly used cryoprotectants in X-ray crystallographic studies, is a competitive inhibitor with respect to substrate glucose-1-P with an apparent Ki value of 3.8% (v/v). Cryogenic experiments, with the enzyme, have shown that glycerol binds at the catalytic site and competes with glucose analogues that bind at the catalytic site, thus preventing the formation of complexes. This necessitated a change in the conditions for cryoprotection in crystallographic binding experiments with glycogen phosphorylase. It was found that 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol (MPD), polyethylene glycols (PEGs) of various molecular weights, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) activated glycogen phosphorylase b to different extents, by stabilizing its most active conformation, while sucrose acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor and ethylene glycol as an uncompetitive inhibitor with respect to glucose-1-P. A parallel experimental investigation by X-ray crystallography showed that, at 100 K, both MPD and DMSO do not bind at the catalytic site, do not induce any significant conformational change on the enzyme molecule, and hence, are more suitable cryoprotectants than glycerol for binding studies with glycogen phosphorylase. (+info)Rapid conditions for the cleavage of oligodeoxyribonucleotides from cis-diol-bearing universal polymer supports and their deprotection. (3/326)
Two sets of deprotection conditions have been evolved for the deprotection of oligodeoxyribonucleotides and their cleavage from commercially available cis -diol group-bearing universal polymer supports. In the first case, oligodeoxyribonucleotides anchored on the universal support were subjected to one of the standard deprotection conditions followed by treatment with aqueous 0.5 M sodium chloride + 0.2 M sodium hydroxide solution for 30 min at room temperature. In the second case, oligonucleotides bound to the universal support were treated with methanolic sodium hydroxide solution under microwave radiation to obtain fully deprotected oligomers within 4 min. Under both conditions, the cleavage of oligonucleotides from the support and their deprotection occurred quantitatively without any side product formation. The cleaved oligonucleotides were found to be identical in all respects (retention time on HPLC and biological activity in PCR) to the corresponding standard oligo-nucleotides. (+info)Identification of four trans-3,4-dihydrodiol metabolites of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and their in vitro DNA-binding activities upon further metabolism. (4/326)
Trans-3,4-dihydrodiols of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (7,12-Me2BA), 7-methyl-12-hydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene (7-Me-12-OHMeBA), 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (7-OHMe-12-MeBA), and 7,12-di(hydroxymethyl)benz[a]anthracene [7,12-(OHMe)2BA] have been identified as metabolites of the potent carcinogenic and adrenocorticolytic agent 7,12-MeBA. The four trans-3,4-dihydrodiols were identified by their (i) ultraviolet-visible absorption and fluorescence properties, (ii) different retention times on both reversed-phase and normal-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, (iii) mass spectral analysis, and (iv) inability to form vicinal cis-acetonides. Upon further metabolism by liver microsomes, the trans-3,4-dihydrodiols of 7,12-Me2BA, 7-Me-12OHMeBA, and 7-OHMe-12-MeBA were found to give rise to products that bind more strongly to DNA in vitro than do the products of 7,12-Me2BA. The evidence suggests that one or more of the four trans-3,4-dihydrodiols may be the proximate carcinogenic and adrenocorticolytic metabolites. (+info)Crystallographic studies on a family B DNA polymerase from hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus kodakaraensis strain KOD1. (5/326)
A hyperthermostable family B DNA polymerase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus kodakaraensis strain KOD1, has been crystallized by the hanging-drop vapor diffusion method at 293 K with 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol as the precipitant. The diffraction pattern of a crystal extends to 3.0 A resolution, and two full sets of 3.0 A resolution diffraction data for native crystals were successfully collected at 290 K and 100 K upon exposure to synchrotron radiation at KEK-PF, Japan. The crystals belong to the space group, P212121, with unit-cell dimensions of a = 112.8, b = 115.4, and c = 75.4 A at 290 K, and a = 111.9, b = 112.4, and c = 73.9 at 100 K. Structural analysis by means of the multiple isomorphous replacement method is now in progress. (+info)Butadiene diolepoxide- and diepoxybutane-derived DNA adducts at N7-guanine: a high occurrence of diolepoxide-derived adducts in mouse lung after 1,3-butadiene exposure. (6/326)
Butadiene (BD) is a high production volume chemical and is known to be tumorigenic in rodents. BD is metabolized to butadiene monoepoxide (BMO), diepoxybutane (DEB) and butadiene diolepoxide (BDE). These epoxides are genotoxic and alkylate DNA both in vitro and in vivo, mainly at the N7 position of guanine. In this study, a 32P-post-labeling/thin-layer chromatography (TLC)/high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay for BDE and DEB adducts at the N7 of guanine was developed and was used in determining the enantiomeric composition of the adducts and the organ dose of BD exposure in lung. Exposure of 2'-deoxyguanosine (dGuo), 2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-phosphate (5'-dGMP) and 2'-deoxyguanosine-3'-phosphate (3'-dGMP) to racemic BDE followed by neutral thermal hydrolysis gave two products (products 1 and 2) that were identified by MS and UV and NMR spectroscopy as a diastereomeric pair of N7-(2,3,4-trihydroxybutan-1-yl)-guanines. Exposure of dGuo nucleotides to RR/SS DEB (also referred to as dl DEB) followed by thermal depurination resulted in a single product coeluting with the BDE product 1. If the reaction mixture of BDE and 5'-dGMP was analyzed by HPLC before hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond, four major nucleotide alkylation products (A, B, C and D) with identical UV sepectra were detected. The products were isolated and hydrolyzed, after which A and C coeluted with product 1 and B and D coeluted with the product 2. The major adduct of DEB-exposed 5'-dGMP was N7-(2-hydroxy-3,4-epoxy-1-yl)-dGMP (product E). A 32P-post-labeling assay was used to detect BDE- and DEB-derived N7-dGMP adducts in DNA. Levels of adducts increased with a dose of BDE and DEB and exhibited a half life of 30 +/- 3 (r = 0.98) and 31 +/- 4 h (r = 0.95), respectively. Incubation of DEB-modified DNA at 37 degrees C at neutral pH for up to 142 h did not lead to an increase of N7-(2,3,4-trihydroxybutan-1-yl)-dGMP in the DNA. These observations led to the conclusion that the N7-(2,3, 4-trihydroxybutan-1-yl)-dGMP adducts in DNA can be used as a marker of BDE exposure and that N7-(2-hydroxy-3,4-epoxy-1-yl)-dGMP adducts are related to DEB exposure. Dose-related levels of BDE- and DEB-derived adducts were detected in lungs of mice inhaling butadiene. Most of the N7-dGMP adducts (73%; product D) were derived from the 2R-diol-3S-epoxide of 1,3-butadiene. The data presented in this paper indicate that in vivo, 98% of N7-dGMP alkylation after BD exposure is derived from BDE, and approximately 2% of the adducts were derived from DEB and BMO. (+info)2'-Deoxycytidine glycols, a missing link in the free radical-mediated oxidation of DNA. (7/326)
2'-Deoxycytidine glycols (5,6-dihydroxy-5, 6-dihydro-2'-deoxycytidine) are major products of the hydroxyl radical-induced oxidation of 2'-deoxycytidine resulting from either a Fenton reaction or exposure to ionizing radiation. Because of their instability, however, the glycols have not previously been characterized. Instead, the impetus has been placed on the primary decomposition products of 2'-deoxycytidine glycols, which includes 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine, 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxyuridine, and 2'-deoxyuridine glycols. Here, we have identified one of the four possible diastereomers of 2'-deoxycytidine glycols by product analyses of decomposition products, (1)H NMR, and mass spectrometry. This glycol was observed to decompose with a half-life of 50 min at 37 degrees C in buffered neutral solutions and preferentially undergo dehydration to 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine. The rate of decomposition was strongly dependent on pH (2-10) and the concentration of phosphate ion (10-300 mM). Next, we report on the deamination of cytosine glycols to uracil glycols in oxidized DNA using acid hydrolysis and high performance liquid chromatography analysis with electrochemical detection to monitor 5-hydroxycytosine and 5-hydroxyuracil. The results showed that the lifetime of cytosine glycols is greatly enhanced in DNA (34-fold; half-life, 28 h), and that deamination accounts for at least one-third of the total decomposition. The relatively long lifetime of cytosine glycols in DNA suggests that this important class of DNA oxidation products will be significantly involved in repair and mutagenesis processes. (+info)An in vivo approach showing the chemotactic activity of leukotriene B(4) in acute renal ischemic-reperfusion injury. (8/326)
Neutrophil migration protects the body against foreign invasion. Sequestration and activation of neutrophils, however, require stringent regulation because they may also cause tissue damage by the release of lysosomal enzymes and reactive oxygen species. The activity of various chemoattractants [e.g., leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), interleukin-8, and complements] has been documented by in vitro assays, whereas in vivo data have been limited mostly to histology. To examine in an in vivo model the chemotactic activity and subsequent tissue infiltration and the role of a specific chemoattractant, LTB(4), we used a rat renal ischemia-reperfusion injury model. Fluorescence-labeled Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing the LTB(4) receptor (CHO-BLT) were able to accumulate along with neutrophils in the postischemic kidney, in contrast to vector control CHO cells. Furthermore, LTB(4) antagonists that protect against the decrease in renal function and diminish the tissue myeloperoxidase activity also led to the marked decrease in the number of CHO-BLT cells and neutrophils. Thus, LTB(4) alone appears sufficient to cause cells to migrate into postischemic tissues, and its dominant role in reperfusion injury has been demonstrated. The utilization of transfectants to pinpoint the role of LTB(4) in these in vivo experiments suggests their potential use with other ligands and/or in other pathological conditions. (+info)There are several types of poisoning, including:
1. Acute poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a large amount of a poisonous substance over a short period of time. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and difficulty breathing.
2. Chronic poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a small amount of a poisonous substance over a longer period of time. Symptoms can include fatigue, weight loss, and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Occupational poisoning: This occurs when a worker is exposed to a poisonous substance in the course of their work. Examples include exposure to pesticides, lead, and mercury.
4. Environmental poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a poisonous substance in their environment, such as through contaminated water or soil.
5. Food poisoning: This occurs when a person eats food that has been contaminated with a poisonous substance, such as bacteria or viruses. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps.
Treatment for poisoning depends on the type of poison and the severity of the exposure. Some common treatments include activated charcoal to absorb the poison, medications to counteract the effects of the poison, and supportive care such as fluids and oxygen. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.
Prevention is key in avoiding poisoning. This includes proper storage and disposal of household chemicals, using protective gear when working with hazardous substances, and avoiding exposure to known poisons such as certain plants and animals. Education and awareness are also important in preventing poisoning, such as understanding the symptoms of poisoning and seeking medical attention immediately if suspected.
Hemoglobinuria can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
1. Blood disorders such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, and von Willebrand disease.
2. Inherited genetic disorders such as hemophilia.
3. Autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
4. Infections such as septicemia or meningococcemia.
5. Toxins such as lead, which can damage red blood cells and cause hemoglobinuria.
6. Certain medications such as antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
7. Kidney disease or failure.
8. Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), which can occur after blood transfusions.
9. Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a condition that occurs when red blood cells are damaged and broken down, leading to kidney failure.
The symptoms of hemoglobinuria may include:
1. Red or brown-colored urine
2. Frequent urination
3. Pale or yellowish skin
4. Fatigue
5. Shortness of breath
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Headache
8. Dizziness or lightheadedness
9. Confusion or loss of consciousness in severe cases.
Diagnosis of hemoglobinuria is typically made through urine testing, such as a urinalysis, which can detect the presence of hemoglobin in the urine. Additional tests may be ordered to determine the underlying cause of hemoglobinuria, such as blood tests, imaging studies, or biopsies.
Treatment of hemoglobinuria depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, treatment may involve addressing the underlying condition that is causing the hemoglobinuria, such as managing an infection or stopping certain medications. Other treatments may include:
1. Fluid and electrolyte replacement to prevent dehydration and maintain proper fluid balance.
2. Medications to help remove excess iron from the body.
3. Blood transfusions to increase the number of red blood cells in the body and improve oxygen delivery.
4. Dialysis to filter waste products from the blood when the kidneys are unable to do so.
5. Supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and pain management.
In severe cases of hemoglobinuria, complications can include:
1. Kidney damage or failure
2. Septicemia (blood infection)
3. Respiratory failure
4. Heart problems
5. Increased risk of infections and other complications.
Prevention of hemoglobinuria involves managing any underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes or infections, and avoiding certain medications that can cause the condition. It is also important to seek medical attention if symptoms of hemoglobinuria develop, as early treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.
The definition of constipation varies depending on the source, but it is generally defined as having fewer than three bowel movements per week, or as experiencing difficulty passing stools for more than half of the time during a two-week period. In addition, some people may experience "functional constipation," which means that they have normal bowel habits but still experience symptoms such as bloating and discomfort.
There are several factors that can contribute to constipation, including:
* Poor diet and dehydration: A diet low in fiber and high in processed foods can lead to constipation, as can not drinking enough water.
* Lack of physical activity: Sedentary lifestyles can contribute to constipation by slowing down the digestive process.
* Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), thyroid disorders, and diabetes, can increase the risk of constipation.
* Medications: Some medications, such as painkillers and antidepressants, can cause constipation as a side effect.
* Hormonal changes: Changes in hormone levels during pregnancy, menopause, or other life events can lead to constipation.
Treatment for constipation depends on the underlying cause and may include dietary changes, lifestyle modifications, and medication. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary. It is important to seek medical advice if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated constipation can lead to complications such as bowel obstruction, hemorrhoids, and fecal incontinence.
Some common types of testicular diseases include:
1. Testicular torsion: This is a condition where the spermatic cord becomes twisted, cutting off blood flow to the testicle. It is a medical emergency and can cause permanent damage if not treated promptly.
2. Epididymitis: This is an inflammation of the epididymis, a tube that runs along the back of the testicle and helps to store and transport sperm. It can be caused by bacterial infections or viral infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhea.
3. Orchitis: This is an inflammation of the testicles, usually caused by a virus or bacterial infection.
4. Hydrocele: This is a build-up of fluid around the testicle, which can be caused by infection, injury, or other factors.
5. Varicocele: This is a swelling of the veins in the scrotum, which can be caused by a blockage or weakness in the valves that control blood flow.
6. Testicular cancer: This is a type of cancer that affects the testicles, and it is relatively rare but can be aggressive if left untreated.
7. Undescended testicle(s): This is a condition where one or both testicles fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum during fetal development.
8. Testicular atrophy: This is a shrinkage of the testicles, which can be caused by a range of factors including aging, injury, or certain medical conditions.
9. Painful ejaculation: This is a condition where ejaculation causes pain in the testicles, and it can be caused by a range of factors such as inflammation or infection.
10. Low testosterone: This is a condition where the levels of testosterone in the body are lower than normal, which can cause a range of symptoms including low sex drive, fatigue, and osteoporosis.
It's important to note that some of these conditions can be caused by other factors as well, so it's always best to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.
Some common examples of drug-induced abnormalities include:
1. Allergic reactions: Some drugs can cause an allergic reaction, which can lead to symptoms such as hives, itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing.
2. Side effects: Many drugs can cause side effects, such as nausea, dizziness, and fatigue, which can be mild or severe.
3. Toxic reactions: Some drugs can cause toxic reactions, which can damage the body's organs and tissues.
4. Autoimmune disorders: Certain drugs can trigger autoimmune disorders, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, which can cause a range of symptoms including joint pain, fatigue, and skin rashes.
5. Gastrointestinal problems: Some drugs can cause gastrointestinal problems, such as stomach ulcers, diarrhea, or constipation.
6. Neurological disorders: Certain drugs can cause neurological disorders, such as seizures, tremors, and changes in mood or behavior.
7. Cardiovascular problems: Some drugs can increase the risk of cardiovascular problems, such as heart attack or stroke.
8. Metabolic changes: Certain drugs can cause metabolic changes, such as weight gain or loss, and changes in blood sugar levels.
9. Endocrine disorders: Some drugs can affect the body's endocrine system, leading to hormonal imbalances and a range of symptoms including changes in mood, energy levels, and sexual function.
10. Kidney damage: Certain drugs can cause kidney damage or failure, especially in people with pre-existing kidney problems.
It's important to note that not all drugs will cause side effects, and the severity of side effects can vary depending on the individual and the specific drug being taken. However, it's important to be aware of the potential risks associated with any medication you are taking, and to discuss any concerns or questions you have with your healthcare provider.
The most common types of urolithiasis are:
1. Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis): These are formed in the kidneys and can be made of various substances such as calcium oxalate, uric acid, or cystine.
2. Bladder stones (cystolithiasis): These are formed in the bladder and are typically made of calcium oxalate or magnesium ammonium phosphate.
3. Ureteral stones (ureterolithiasis): These are formed in the ureters, the narrow tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder.
4. Urethral stones (urethrolithiasis): These are formed in the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body.
Urolithiasis can cause a range of symptoms, including:
1. Pain in the abdomen or back
2. Frequent urination
3. Painful urination
4. Blood in the urine
5. Cloudy or strong-smelling urine
6. Fever and chills
7. Nausea and vomiting
Treatment for urolithiasis depends on the type of stone, its size, and the severity of symptoms. Small stones may pass on their own, while larger stones may require medical intervention such as shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) to break them up or surgery to remove them. Preventive measures include drinking plenty of water, maintaining a healthy diet, and avoiding certain foods that can increase the risk of stone formation.
Symptoms of fecal impaction may include:
1. Severe constipation or infrequent bowel movements
2. Abdominal pain or discomfort
3. Straining during bowel movements
4. Lack of relief after passing stool
5. Bleeding from the rectum or blood in the stool
6. Fever and chills
7. Nausea and vomiting
8. Diarrhea or loose stools
If left untreated, fecal impaction can lead to more severe complications such as:
1. Rectal prolapse (where the rectum protrudes out of the anus)
2. Intestinal obstruction or blockage (where the stool blocks the intestine)
3. Infection or abscesses in the rectum or colon
4. Fistula (an abnormal connection between two organs or the skin)
5. Sepsis (a potentially life-threatening infection that can spread throughout the body)
Treatment for fecal impaction usually involves a combination of dietary changes, bowel rest, and medications to soften the stool and promote bowel movements. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the impacted stool or repair any damage to the rectum or colon.
There are several types of acidosis, including:
1. Respiratory acidosis: This occurs when the lung's ability to remove carbon dioxide from the blood is impaired, leading to an increase in blood acidity.
2. Metabolic acidosis: This type of acidosis occurs when there is an excessive production of acid in the body due to factors such as diabetes, starvation, or kidney disease.
3. Mixed acidosis: This type of acidosis is a combination of respiratory and metabolic acidosis.
4. Severe acute respiratory acidosis (SARA): This is a life-threatening condition that occurs suddenly, usually due to a severe lung injury or aspiration of a corrosive substance.
The symptoms of acidosis can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:
1. Fatigue
2. Weakness
3. Confusion
4. Headaches
5. Nausea and vomiting
6. Abdominal pain
7. Difficulty breathing
8. Rapid heart rate
9. Muscle twitching
If left untreated, acidosis can lead to complications such as:
1. Kidney damage
2. Seizures
3. Coma
4. Heart arrhythmias
5. Respiratory failure
Treatment of acidosis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Some common treatments include:
1. Oxygen therapy
2. Medications to help regulate breathing and heart rate
3. Fluid and electrolyte replacement
4. Dietary changes
5. Surgery, in severe cases.
In conclusion, acidosis is a serious medical condition that can have severe consequences if left untreated. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect that you or someone else may have acidosis. With prompt and appropriate treatment, it is possible to effectively manage the condition and prevent complications.
Polyethylene glycol
Dipropylene glycol
Propylene glycol
Glycol cleavage
Glycol stearate
Diethylene glycol
Glycol chiller
Neopentyl glycol
Ethylene glycol
Glycol ethers
Uracil glycol
Glycol distearate
Triethylene glycol
Thymine glycol
Cytosine glycol
Polypropylene glycol
Glycol dehydration
Glycol nucleic acid
Chiral oligoethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate
L-glycol dehydrogenase
Ethylene glycol dinitrate
Ethylene glycol poisoning
Triethylene glycol dinitrate
Propylene glycol dinitrate
Diethylene glycol dinitrate
Propylene glycol alginate
Ethylene glycol (data page)
Propylene glycol methyl ether
Neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether
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Pentaethylene glycol, 2TBDMS derivative
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triethylene glycol dimethacrylate | NIOM
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Diethylene glycol12
- The global diethylene glycol monoethyl ether market size was estimated at USD 374.9 million in 2018 and is expected to witness a CAGR of 5.3% from 2019 to 2025. (grandviewresearch.com)
- The rising adoption of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether as a coalescing agent in the production of water-based coatings is a major factor driving the industry. (grandviewresearch.com)
- Floor polish application dominated the diethylene glycol monoethyl ether market in 2018 and accounted for over 30% of the global volume. (grandviewresearch.com)
- Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether is used in the formulation of various cosmeceutical products as it has skin treatment properties. (grandviewresearch.com)
- The purpose of the proposed study is to better understand the extent of pediatric accumulation of low molecular weight (LMW) species that may be found in PEG 3350 products (e.g., ethylene and diethylene glycol) and of PEG 3350 metabolites. (nih.gov)
- The designation PEG 3550 indicates the average molecular weight of that product and therefore includes a distribution of various molecular weights of PEG potentially including low levels of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and possibly other low molecular weight species. (nih.gov)
- On May 10, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") released a new guidance document Guidance for Industry: Testing of Glycerin, Propylene Glycol, Maltitol Solution, Hydrogenated Starch Hydrolysate, Sorbitol Solution, and other High-Risk Drug Components for Diethylene Glycol and Ethylene Glycol . (kslaw.com)
- 1 U.S. FOOD & DRUG ADMIN, Guidance for Industry: Testing of Glycerin, Propylene Glycol, Maltitol Solution, Hydrogenated Starch Hydrolysate, Sorbitol Solution, and other High-Risk Drug Components for Diethylene Glycol and Ethylene Glycol , (May 2023), https://www.fda.gov/media/167974/download. (kslaw.com)
- An overview of Genetic Toxicology Bacterial Mutagenicity study conclusions related to Diethylene glycol (111-46-6). (nih.gov)
- Genetic Toxicity Evaluation of Diethylene Glycol in Salmonella/E.coli Mutagenicity Test or Ames Test. (nih.gov)
- An overview of Genetic Toxicology Bacterial Mutagenicity study conclusions related to Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (112-34-5). (nih.gov)
- Genetic Toxicity Evaluation of Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether in Salmonella/E.coli Mutagenicity Test or Ames Test. (nih.gov)
Propylene27
- What is propylene glycol? (cdc.gov)
- Propylene glycol is a clear, colorless, slightly syrupy liquids at products, using cosmetics, or taking medicine that contains it. (cdc.gov)
- It may exist in air in the vapor form, although ` If you work in an industry that uses propylene glycol or propylene glycol must be heated or briskly shaken to produce products containing propylene glycol, you could be exposed by a vapor. (cdc.gov)
- Propylene glycol is practically odorless and tasteless. (cdc.gov)
- Propylene glycol increases the amount of acid in the body. (cdc.gov)
- propylene glycol as an additive that is "generally recognized as safe" for use in food. (cdc.gov)
- It is used to absorb extra water and maintain Propylene glycol breaks down at the same rate as ethylene glycol, moisture in certain medicines, cosmetics, or food products. (cdc.gov)
- What happens to propylene glycol when it enters the Frequent skin exposure to propylene glycol can sometimes irritate the skin. (cdc.gov)
- How likely is propylene glycol to cause cancer? (cdc.gov)
- Propylene glycol is not likely to exist in large amounts in air. (cdc.gov)
- About half of the propylene glycol that enters the air will The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), the break down in 24-50 hours. (cdc.gov)
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and the ` It will break down within several days to a week in water and EPA have not classified propylene glycol for carcinogenicity. (cdc.gov)
- Propylene glycol is generally considered to be a safe chemical, and is not routinely tested for, unless specific exposure, such as to a medicine or cosmetic, can be linked with symptoms. (cdc.gov)
- Since propylene glycol breaks down very quickly in the body, it is very difficult to detect, even though symptoms may be present. (cdc.gov)
- The Food and Drug Administration has classified propylene glycol as "generally recognized as safe," which means that it is acceptable for use in flavorings, drugs, and cosmetics, and as a direct food additive. (cdc.gov)
- 1997. Toxicological Profile for Propylene Glycol. (cdc.gov)
- 1.2 This specification is intended to cover the requirements for engine coolants prepared from virgin or recycled ethylene or propylene glycol. (astm.org)
- propylene glycol, when ingested, may be associated with a syndrome similar to the acute phase of ethylene glycol toxicosis. (merckvetmanual.com)
- The oral LD 50 of propylene glycol in dogs is ~9 mL/kg. (merckvetmanual.com)
- In cats, ingestion of a diet containing 6%-12% propylene glycol can result in Heinz body formation and decreased RBC survival. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Treatment of propylene glycol toxicosis is largely supportive-the use of alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitors is not indicated. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Ingestion of propylene glycol may result in false-positive ethylene glycol test kit results. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Hi Trevlyns, There's more than one type of anti-freeze so if you're going to use anti-freeze be sure to use the stuff that is made of Ethylene Glycol - not Propylene Glycol and not any other type of glycol. (boatdesign.net)
- The recent poisonings in Central America, and the clampdown on Chinese imports are the result of greedy merchants substituting cheaper Ethylene Glycol for Glycerin or Propylene Glycol. (boatdesign.net)
- Ethylene glycol (EG) and propylene glycol (PG) are built of three elements: carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. (penray.com)
- Propylene glycol monostearate ;CAS No. (ecvv.com)
- Mono Propylene Glycol CAS NO. 57-55-6 Propylene Glycol . (ecvv.com)
Triethylene glycol3
- The aim of this paper was to evaluate aqueous extracts of freshly cured compomers Freedom (SDI) and F2000 (3M ESPE), and constituents identified in the extracts, GDMA (glycerol dimethacrylate), TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) for their ability to induce necrosis and apoptosis in primary rat alveolar macrophages and the J744A1 macrophage cell line. (niom.no)
- Product Brief: Ethylene Glycols, including Mono-, Di- and Triethylene Glycol, are basic chemicals manufactured in large quantities all over the world. (ecvv.com)
- 1 wt % triethylene glycol mono-2-ethylhexyl ether (Eastman Chem. (nih.gov)
Exposed to ethylene glycol2
ETHER10
- CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recently published Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether and Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Acetate (1). (cdc.gov)
- In this document, NIOSH recommends occupational exposure limits for ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGBE) and its acetate, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (EGBEA). (cdc.gov)
- Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. (cdc.gov)
- Metabolism and disposition of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (2-butoxyethanol) in rats. (nih.gov)
- The product is considered to be a safe and tolerable pharmaceutical-grade glycol ether when used at 99.9% purity. (grandviewresearch.com)
- Product Brief: Application: Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether is mainly used as the solvent for nitrocellulose,synthetic resin,painting,enamel,grease and paint deleting reagent.It is used as medicine extraction in. (ecvv.com)
- Ethylene glycol 2-ethylhexyl ether (EGEHE) was nominated by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences for toxicological characterization based on the limited amount of toxicological data available and on concern for potential human exposure due to its high production and increasing use. (nih.gov)
- An overview of Genetic Toxicology Mammalian Cell Mutagenicity study conclusions related to Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (110-80-5). (nih.gov)
- 116-Day Evaluation of the Toxicity (C54853B) of Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether (EGMEE) (110-80-5) in F344 Rats Exposed via Dosed Water. (nih.gov)
- 2-Week Evaluation of the Toxicity (C54853B) of Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether (EGMEE) (110-80-5) in B6C3F1 Mice Exposed via Dosed Water. (nih.gov)
Toxicity2
- Ethylene glycol toxicity should be suspected in anyone who is severely ill after drinking an unknown substance, especially if they at first appear drunk and you can't smell alcohol on their breath. (medlineplus.gov)
- Diagnosis of ethylene glycol toxicity is usually made through a combination of blood, urine, and other tests. (medlineplus.gov)
Ethers2
- Disposition of three glycol ethers administered in drinking water to male F344/N rats. (nih.gov)
- Given their strong capital investment capacity, these companies are focusing on forwarding integration across the market value chain by developing new production technologies for glycol ethers. (grandviewresearch.com)
Ethylene Glycols1
- Ethylene glycols are transparent and slightly viscous chemical. (ecvv.com)
Coolants7
- VP Racing Stay Frosty Race Ready racing coolant is proven to reduce your engine temps and help maximize your vehicle's horsepower and torque compared to conventional glycol-based coolants. (vpracingfuels.com)
- This specification covers the requirements for fully-formulated glycol base coolants for cooling systems of heavy-duty engines. (astm.org)
- When concentrates are used at 40 to 60 % glycol concentration by volume in water of suitable quality, or when prediluted glycol base engine coolants (50 volume % minimum) are used without further dilution, they will function effectively during both winter and summer to provide protection against corrosion, cavitation, freezing, and boiling. (astm.org)
- 1.1 This specification covers the requirements for fully-formulated glycol base coolants for cooling systems of heavy-duty engines. (astm.org)
- However, several serious cases of very poor performance have been reported and substantiated in heavy duty fleets when recycled glycols from sources such as above have been used to prepare engine coolants. (astm.org)
- Efforts are underway to more clearly define the purity requirements for glycols used to prepare engine coolants meeting this specification, whether from recycled engine coolants or other sources. (astm.org)
- Gas temperatures at the entrance to an EGR may exceed 1,100 degrees F, and can destroy ethylene glycol coolants in a remarkably short period of time. (penray.com)
Antifreeze7
- Ethylene glycol is a clear liquid used in antifreeze and de-icing solutions. (cdc.gov)
- Ethylene glycol is used to make antifreeze and de-icing solutions for cars, airplanes, and boats. (cdc.gov)
- People who work in industries that use ethylene glycol may be exposed by touching products such as solvents, antifreeze, and feedstocks that contain this substance. (cdc.gov)
- Your health is not likely to be seriously affected by the very small amounts of ethylene glycol that could be tasted or otherwise accidentally eaten (for example, by putting your fingers in your mouth after getting them wet with antifreeze). (cdc.gov)
- Minimize skin contact when using antifreeze and other consumer products containing ethylene glycol. (cdc.gov)
- Most ethylene glycol poisonings occur due to the ingestion of antifreeze. (medlineplus.gov)
- Ethylene Glycol (Antifreeze) Poisoning Most ethylene glycol poisonings are associated with ingestion of radiator antifreeze. (merckvetmanual.com)
Ethanol2
- Ethylene glycol may be swallowed accidentally, or it may be taken deliberately in a suicide attempt or as a substitute for drinking alcohol (ethanol). (medlineplus.gov)
- The first symptom of ethylene glycol ingestion is similar to the feeling caused by drinking alcohol (ethanol). (medlineplus.gov)
Colorless2
- Ethylene glycol (HOCH ₂ CH ₂ OH) is a colorless, syrupy liquid. (cdc.gov)
- Ethylene glycol is a colorless, odorless, sweet-tasting chemical. (medlineplus.gov)
Alcohol4
- Similarly, ethylene glycol is the reduced alcohol of glycolaldehyde (CH2OHCHO), which has also been detected toward Sgr B2( N-LMH). (nist.gov)
- alpha interferons, any other medications, benzyl alcohol, or polyethylene glycol (PEG). (nih.gov)
- Ethylene glycol is a type of alcohol found in automotive and household products. (ucsfbenioffchildrens.org)
- People sometimes drink ethylene glycol by mistake or on purpose as a substitute for drinking alcohol. (ucsfbenioffchildrens.org)
Ingestion1
- Accidental or intentional ingestion of larger amounts of ethylene glycol can cause serious illness or death. (cdc.gov)
33503
- Polyethylene glycol 3350 is used to treat occasional constipation. (nih.gov)
- Polyethylene glycol 3350 comes as a powder to be mixed with a liquid and taken by mouth. (nih.gov)
- Efficacy of a safe and clinically utilized polyethylene glycol formulation (PEG-3350) to suppress intestinal tumors was investigated in the Apc(min) mouse-model of experimental carcinogenesis. (nih.gov)
Kidneys2
Carcinogenicity1
- The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and the EPA have not classified ethylene glycol for carcinogenicity. (cdc.gov)
Poisonous1
- In severe cases, dialysis (kidney machine) may be used to directly remove the ethylene glycol and other poisonous substances from the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
Powder2
Degradation1
- Ethylene glycol is a precursor for synthesis and a degradation product of PEG. (nih.gov)
Lungs1
- Ethylene glycol also forms acidic chemicals in the body, which can change the body's acid/base balance and affect your nervous system, lungs, and heart. (cdc.gov)
Exposure4
- Workers may be harmed from exposure to ethylene glycol. (cdc.gov)
- The following resources provide information about occupational exposure to ethylene glycol. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure to ethylene glycol in air, drinking water, or soil is not expected. (cdc.gov)
- How can families reduce the risks of exposure to ethylene glycol? (cdc.gov)
Environmental Protec1
- Ethylene glycol has been found in at least 37 of 1,699 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (cdc.gov)
Accidentally1
- Clinical findings in children who were poisoned by accidentally or intentionally drinking ethylene glycol indicate that it is likely that children would show the same health effects as adults. (cdc.gov)
Large amounts2
Industries1
- Ethylene glycol is used in many industries. (cdc.gov)
Kidney1
- Tests will show increased levels of ethylene glycol, blood chemical disturbances, and possible signs of kidney failure and muscle or liver damage. (medlineplus.gov)
Diagnosis1
- Ethylene glycol poisoning can be effectively treated, but early diagnosis is needed to prevent serious injury. (cdc.gov)
NIOSH1
- NIOSHTIC-2 search results on ethylene glycol -NIOSHTIC-2 is a searchable database of worker safety and health publications, documents, grant reports, and journal articles supported in whole or in part by NIOSH. (cdc.gov)
Enters1
- What happens to ethylene glycol when it enters the environment? (cdc.gov)
Laxative1
- Polyethylene glycol laxative is approved for over-the-counter use for occasional constipation in adults and children = 17 years of age, and is recommended for short term use up to seven days. (nih.gov)
Products3
- Ethylene glycol can also enter the environment through the disposal of products that contain it. (cdc.gov)
- Workers can also be exposed to low levels from ethylene glycol-containing products such as airplane de-icing solutions that have been sprayed into the air. (cdc.gov)
- Thymine glycol (Tg) and 5-hydroxyuracil (5-OHU) are common oxidized products of pyrimidines, which are recognized and cleaved by two DNA glycosylases of the base excision repair pathway, endonuclease III (Nth) and endonuclease VIII (Nei). (rcsb.org)
Found1
- Found 536 glycol Sourcing Services , glycol Manufacturers and Sourcing Agent. (ecvv.com)
Soil1
- Ethylene glycol in water and in soil will breakdown within several days to a few weeks. (cdc.gov)
Adoption1
- Superior buffering technology and better, more air-tight cooling system engineering have combined to drastically reduce glycol oxidation, and have contributed to adoption of extended service interval programs. (penray.com)
Airplanes1
- The primary source of ethylene glycol in the environment is from run-off at airports where is used in de-icing agents for runways and airplanes. (cdc.gov)
Occupational1
- Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Ethylene Glycol -Occupational safety and health guidelines that summarizes pertinent information about ethylene glycol for workers, employers, and health professionals. (cdc.gov)
Results1
- Abnormal results are a sign of possible ethylene glycol poisoning. (ucsfbenioffchildrens.org)
Chemical3
- If you work in an industry that uses ethylene glycol, please read chemical labels and the accompanying Safety Data Sheets for hazard information. (cdc.gov)
- I prefer using pure Ethylene Glycol from a chemical supplier because it will not have any 'water pump lubricant' or any other engine additives in it that might create problems with the epoxy's bond to the wood. (boatdesign.net)
- The enhanced solubility of the C6H6 compound in ethylene glycol was identified here as critical due to the GC technique , which will be without future consequences in chemical technology . (bvsalud.org)
Stomach1
- Those who recently (within 30 to 60 minutes of presentation to the emergency department) swallowed the ethylene glycol may have their stomach pumped (suctioned). (medlineplus.gov)
Affect my health1
- How can ethylene glycol affect my health? (cdc.gov)
Test2
- This test measures the level of ethylene glycol in the blood. (ucsfbenioffchildrens.org)
- This test is ordered when a health care provider thinks someone has been poisoned by ethylene glycol. (ucsfbenioffchildrens.org)
People3
- Studies with people who used ethylene glycol did not show carcinogenic effects. (cdc.gov)
- We do not know whether ethylene glycol causes birth defects in people. (cdc.gov)
- Most people with ethylene glycol poisoning need to be admitted to a hospital, often to the intensive care unit (ICU) for close monitoring. (medlineplus.gov)
Health1
- This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about ethylene glycol. (cdc.gov)
Solution1
- The inside of the part was cooled and heated by an aqueous solution of ethylene glycol. (ecvv.com)