Glycogen synthase kinase 3. Medical search

A glycogen synthase kinase that was originally described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism. It regulates a diverse array of functions such as CELL DIVISION, microtubule function and APOPTOSIS.

A class of protein-serine-threonine kinases that was originally found as one of the three types of kinases that phosphorylate GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE. Glycogen synthase kinases along with CA(2+)-CALMODULIN DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES and CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES regulate glycogen synthase activity.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of D-glucose from UDPglucose into 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl chains. EC 2.4.1.11.

A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A CALMODULIN-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277)

Glycogen stored in the liver. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

An enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of GLYCOGEN in animals by releasing glucose-1-phosphate from the terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond. This enzyme exists in two forms: an active phosphorylated form ( PHOSPHORYLASE A) and an inactive un-phosphorylated form (PHOSPHORYLASE B). Both a and b forms of phosphorylase exist as homodimers. In mammals, the major isozymes of glycogen phosphorylase are found in muscle, liver and brain tissue.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Phenols substituted in any position by an amino group.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

A class of glucosyltransferases that catalyzes the degradation of storage polysaccharides, such as glucose polymers, by phosphorolysis in animals (GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE) and in plants (STARCH PHOSPHORYLASE).

A scaffolding protein that is a critical component of the axin signaling complex which binds to ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI PROTEIN; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3; and CASEIN KINASE I.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Agents that inhibit PROTEIN KINASES.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.

An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Microtubule-associated proteins that are mainly expressed in neurons. Tau proteins constitute several isoforms and play an important role in the assembly of tubulin monomers into microtubules and in maintaining the cytoskeleton and axonal transport. Aggregation of specific sets of tau proteins in filamentous inclusions is the common feature of intraneuronal and glial fibrillar lesions (NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; NEUROPIL THREADS) in numerous neurodegenerative disorders (ALZHEIMER DISEASE; TAUOPATHIES).

Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

An ester of glucose with phosphoric acid, made in the course of glucose metabolism by mammalian and other cells. It is a normal constituent of resting muscle and probably is in constant equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A serine-threonine kinase that plays important roles in CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; and CELL DEATH of NERVE CELLS. It is closely related to other CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES but does not seem to participate in CELL CYCLE regulation.

A group of protein-serine-threonine kinases that was originally identified as being responsible for the PHOSPHORYLATION of CASEINS. They are ubiquitous enzymes that have a preference for acidic proteins. Casein kinases play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by phosphorylating a variety of regulatory cytoplasmic and regulatory nuclear proteins.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.

Derivatives of the steroid androstane having two double bonds at any site in any of the rings.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A eukayrotic protein serine-threonine phosphatase subtype that dephosphorylates a wide variety of cellular proteins. The enzyme is comprised of a catalytic subunit and regulatory subunit. Several isoforms of the protein phosphatase catalytic subunit exist due to the presence of multiple genes and the alternative splicing of their mRNAs. A large number of proteins have been shown to act as regulatory subunits for this enzyme. Many of the regulatory subunits have additional cellular functions.

Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.

A group of enzymes removing the SERINE- or THREONINE-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes which have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

A family of protein serine/threonine kinases which act as intracellular signalling intermediates. Ribosomal protein S6 kinases are activated through phosphorylation in response to a variety of HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Phosphorylation of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 by enzymes in this class results in increased expression of 5' top MRNAs. Although specific for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 members of this class of kinases can act on a number of substrates within the cell. The immunosuppressant SIROLIMUS inhibits the activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinases.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphorylated, inactive glycogen synthase D to active dephosphoglycogen synthase I. EC 3.1.3.42.

A casein kinase that was originally described as a monomeric enzyme with a molecular weight of 30-40 kDa. Several ISOENZYMES of casein kinase I have been found which are encoded by separate genes. Many of the casein kinase I isoenzymes have been shown to play distinctive roles in intracellular SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that regulates a variety of cellular processes including CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; APOPTOSIS; and cellular responses to INFLAMMATION. The P38 MAP kinases are regulated by CYTOKINE RECEPTORS and can be activated in response to bacterial pathogens.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases that activate TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1 via the phosphorylation of C-JUN PROTEINS. They are components of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate CELL PROLIFERATION; APOPTOSIS; and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.

A family of F-box domain proteins that contain sequences that are homologous to the beta subunit of transducin (BETA-TRANSDUCIN). They play an important role in the protein degradation pathway by becoming components of SKP CULLIN F-BOX PROTEIN LIGASES, which selectively act on a subset of proteins including beta-catenin and IkappaBbeta.

A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.

A proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase which mediates signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation leads to its translocation into the nucleus where it acts upon specific transcription factors. p40 MAPK and p41 MAPK are isoforms.

A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.

The phosphoric acid ester of serine.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A 44-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase that may play a role the initiation and regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. It phosphorylates a number of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and PHOSPHORYLASE B to ADP and PHOSPHORYLASE A.

A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.

Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (CITRIC ACID CYCLE). It catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate and coenzyme A. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.7.

A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol into 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.

The active form of GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE that is derived from the phosphorylation of PHOSPHORYLASE B. Phosphorylase a is deactivated via hydrolysis of phosphoserine by PHOSPHORYLASE PHOSPHATASE to form PHOSPHORYLASE B.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A T-cell factor that plays an essential role in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

A family of ribosomal protein S6 kinases that are considered the major physiological kinases for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6. Unlike RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, 90KDa the proteins in this family are sensitive to the inhibitory effects of RAPAMYCIN and contain a single kinase domain. They are referred to as 70kDa proteins, however ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of mRNAs for proteins in this class also results in 85kDa variants being formed.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A serine threonine kinase that controls a wide range of growth-related cellular processes. The protein is referred to as the target of RAPAMYCIN due to the discovery that SIROLIMUS (commonly known as rapamycin) forms an inhibitory complex with TACROLIMUS BINDING PROTEIN 1A that blocks the action of its enzymatic activity.

Inorganic compounds that contain lithium as an integral part of the molecule.

A Wnt protein subtype that plays a role in cell-cell signaling during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and the morphogenesis of the developing NEURAL TUBE. Defects in Wnt3 protein are associated with autosomal recessive tetra-AMELIA in humans.

A family of DNA-binding proteins that are primarily expressed in T-LYMPHOCYTES. They interact with BETA CATENIN and serve as transcriptional activators and repressors in a variety of developmental processes.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

A casein kinase I isoenzyme that plays a role in intracellular signaling pathways including the WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY, the CELL CYCLE, membrane trafficking, and RNA processing. Multiple isoforms of casein kinase I alpha exist and are due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that is widely expressed and plays a role in regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and post mitotic functions in differentiated cells. The extracellular signal regulated MAP kinases are regulated by a broad variety of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS and can be activated by certain CARCINOGENS.

A Wnt protein subtype that plays a role in cell-cell signaling during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and the morphogenesis of the developing NEURAL TUBE.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

A phosphoprotein phosphatase subtype that is comprised of a catalytic subunit and two different regulatory subunits. At least two genes encode isoforms of the protein phosphatase catalytic subunit, while several isoforms of regulatory subunits exist due to the presence of multiple genes and the alternative splicing of their mRNAs. Protein phosphatase 2 acts on a broad variety of cellular proteins and may play a role as a regulator of intracellular signaling processes.

Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A complex signaling pathway whose name is derived from the DROSOPHILA Wg gene, which when mutated results in the wingless phenotype, and the vertebrate INT gene, which is located near integration sites of MOUSE MAMMARY TUMOR VIRUS. The signaling pathway is initiated by the binding of WNT PROTEINS to cells surface WNT RECEPTORS which interact with the AXIN SIGNALING COMPLEX and an array of second messengers that influence the actions of BETA CATENIN.

Inorganic compounds that contain bromine as an integral part of the molecule.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A structurally-related group of signaling proteins that are phosphorylated by the INSULIN RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE. The proteins share in common an N-terminal PHOSPHOLIPID-binding domain, a phosphotyrosine-binding domain that interacts with the phosphorylated INSULIN RECEPTOR, and a C-terminal TYROSINE-rich domain. Upon tyrosine phosphorylation insulin receptor substrate proteins interact with specific SH2 DOMAIN-containing proteins that are involved in insulin receptor signaling.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A negative regulator of beta-catenin signaling which is mutant in ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI and GARDNER SYNDROME.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glucose from a nucleoside diphosphate glucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

An LDL-receptor related protein that combines with cell surface FRIZZLED RECEPTORS to form WNT PROTEIN-binding receptors. The protein plays an important role in the WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and in regulation of vascular cell proliferation.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotic cells. It contains a 700-kDa catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kDa regulatory sub-complexes. The complex digests ubiquitinated proteins and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme.

A family of serine-threonine kinases that bind to and are activated by MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS such as RAC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS and CDC42 GTP-BINDING PROTEIN. They are intracellular signaling kinases that play a role the regulation of cytoskeletal organization.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

The aggregation of soluble ANTIGENS with ANTIBODIES, alone or with antibody binding factors such as ANTI-ANTIBODIES or STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A, into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

1,4-alpha-D-Glucan-1,4-alpha-D-glucan 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase/dextrin 6 alpha-D-glucanohydrolase. An enzyme system having both 4-alpha-glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.25) and amylo-1,6-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.33) activities. As a transferase it transfers a segment of a 1,4-alpha-D-glucan to a new 4-position in an acceptor, which may be glucose or another 1,4-alpha-D-glucan. As a glucosidase it catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,6-alpha-D-glucoside linkages at points of branching in chains of 1,4-linked alpha-D-glucose residues. Amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity is deficient in glycogen storage disease type III.

A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the reaction 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and dUMP to dihydrofolate and dTMP in the synthesis of thymidine triphosphate. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 2.1.1.45.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

A proto-oncogene protein and member of the Wnt family of proteins. It is expressed in the caudal MIDBRAIN and is essential for proper development of the entire mid-/hindbrain region.

Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) are serine-threonine protein kinases that initiate protein kinase signaling cascades. They phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKs) which in turn phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs).

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A CALCIUM-dependent, constitutively-expressed form of nitric oxide synthase found primarily in NERVE TISSUE.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

A guanine nucleotide exchange factor that acts to restore EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2 to its GTP bound form.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.

Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.

Compounds that contain the radical R2C=N.OH derived from condensation of ALDEHYDES or KETONES with HYDROXYLAMINE. Members of this group are CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS.

ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

A highly conserved 76-amino acid peptide universally found in eukaryotic cells that functions as a marker for intracellular PROTEIN TRANSPORT and degradation. Ubiquitin becomes activated through a series of complicated steps and forms an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of specific proteins within the cell. These "ubiquitinated" proteins can be recognized and degraded by proteosomes or be transported to specific compartments within the cell.

A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.

A CELL LINE derived from a PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA of the rat ADRENAL MEDULLA. PC12 cells stop dividing and undergo terminal differentiation when treated with NERVE GROWTH FACTOR, making the line a useful model system for NERVE CELL differentiation.

A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.

An abundant 43-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase subtype with specificity for MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3.

A dsRNA-activated cAMP-independent protein serine/threonine kinase that is induced by interferon. In the presence of dsRNA and ATP, the kinase autophosphorylates on several serine and threonine residues. The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis.

The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.

A group of enzymes that transfers a phosphate group onto an alcohol group acceptor. EC 2.7.1.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A group of phenyl benzopyrans named for having structures like FLAVONES.

Endosomes containing intraluminal vesicles which are formed by the inward budding of the endosome membrane. Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) may fuse with other organelles such as LYSOSOMES or fuse back with the PLASMA MEMBRANE releasing their contents by EXOCYTOSIS. The MVB intraluminal vesicles released into the extracellular environment are known as EXOSOMES.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

High molecular weight proteins found in the MICROTUBULES of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for TUBULIN assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

A glucose transport protein found in mature MUSCLE CELLS and ADIPOCYTES. It promotes transport of glucose from the BLOOD into target TISSUES. The inactive form of the protein is localized in CYTOPLASMIC VESICLES. In response to INSULIN, it is translocated to the PLASMA MEMBRANE where it facilitates glucose uptake.

Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.

Cells in the body that store FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. WHITE ADIPOCYTES are the predominant type and found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. BROWN ADIPOCYTES are thermogenic cells that can be found in newborns of some species and hibernating mammals.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.

A viral oncoprotein originally isolated from a murine T CELL LYMPHOMA infected with the acutely transforming retrovirus AKT8. v-akt protein is the viral homologue of PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-AKT.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

The inactive form of GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE that is converted to the active form PHOSPHORYLASE A via phosphorylation by PHOSPHORYLASE KINASE and ATP.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A cell surface receptor for INSULIN. It comprises a tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits which are derived from cleavage of a single precursor protein. The receptor contains an intrinsic TYROSINE KINASE domain that is located within the beta subunit. Activation of the receptor by INSULIN results in numerous metabolic changes including increased uptake of GLUCOSE into the liver, muscle, and ADIPOSE TISSUE.

Agents that are used to treat bipolar disorders or mania associated with other affective disorders.

Proteins obtained from various species of Xenopus. Included here are proteins from the African clawed frog (XENOPUS LAEVIS). Many of these proteins have been the subject of scientific investigations in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

A cyclin subtype that is specific for CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 4 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 6. Unlike most cyclins, cyclin D expression is not cyclical, but rather it is expressed in response to proliferative signals. Cyclin D may therefore play a role in cellular responses to mitogenic signals.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

In glycogen or amylopectin synthesis, the enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a segment of a 1,4-alpha-glucan chain to a primary hydroxy group in a similar glucan chain. EC 2.4.1.18.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

Alzheimer's disease: clues from flies and worms. (1/3209)

Presenilin mutations give rise to familial Alzheimer's disease and result in elevated production of amyloid beta peptide. Recent evidence that presenilins act in developmental signalling pathways may be the key to understanding how senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and apoptosis are all biochemically linked. (+info)

Axin prevents Wnt-3a-induced accumulation of beta-catenin. (2/3209)

When Axin, a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, was expressed in COS cells, it coeluted with glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta), beta-catenin, and adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC) in a high molecular weight fraction on gel filtration column chromatography. In this fraction, GSK-3beta, beta-catenin, and APC were co-precipitated with Axin. Although beta-catenin was detected in the high molecular weight fraction in L cells on gel filtration column chromatography, addition of conditioned medium expressing Wnt-3a to the cells increased beta-catenin in the low molecular weight fraction. However, Wnt-3a-dependent accumulation of beta-catenin was greatly inhibited in L cells stably expressing Axin. Axin also suppressed Wnt-3a-dependent activation of Tcf-4 which binds to beta-catenin and acts as a transcription factor. These results suggest that Axin forms a complex with GSK-3beta, beta-catenin, and APC, resulting in the stimulation of the degradation of beta-catenin and that Wnt-3a induces the dissociation of beta-catenin from the Axin complex and accumulates beta-catenin. (+info)

Allosteric regulation of even-skipped repression activity by phosphorylation. (3/3209)

The Drosophila homeodomain protein Even-skipped (Eve) is a well characterized transcriptional repressor. Here, we show that Eve's ability to function in vitro is negatively regulated by phosphorylation. DNA-binding activity was unaffected by phosphorylation, but phosphorylated Eve was unable to interact with the TATA-binding protein (TBP), a known target for repression. Unexpectedly, phosphorylation of the Eve N terminus, which is dispensable for repression and TBP binding, was necessary and sufficient to inactivate Eve. LiCl, which specifically inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), reduced Eve phosphorylation in nuclear extract and blocked inhibition of repression. In addition, Eve was phosphorylated and inactivated by purified GSK-3 beta plus casein kinase II. Our results suggest a novel mechanism of transcriptional control involving phosphorylation-induced allosteric interference with a repressive protein-protein interaction. (+info)

Wingless signaling leads to an asymmetric response to decapentaplegic-dependent signaling during sense organ patterning on the notum of Drosophila melanogaster. (4/3209)

Wnt and Decapentaplegic cell signaling pathways act synergistically in their contribution to macrochaete (sense organ) patterning on the notum of Drosophila melanogaster. The Wingless-signaling pathway was ectopically activated by removing Shaggy activity (the homologue of vertebrate glycogen synthase kinase 3) in mosaics. Proneural activity is asymmetric within the Shaggy-deficient clone of cells and shows a fixed "polarity" with respect to body axis, independent of the precise location of the clone. This asymmetric response indicates the existence in the epithelium of a second signal, which we suggest is Decapentaplegic. Ectopic expression of Decapentaplegic induces extra macrochaetes only in cells which also receive the Wingless signal. Activation of Hedgehog signaling generates a long-range signal which can promote macrochaete formation in the Wingless activity domain. This signal depends upon decapentaplegic function. Autonomous activation of the Wingless signal response in cells causes them to attenuate or sequester this signal. Our results suggest a novel patterning mechanism which determines sense organ positioning in Drosophila. (+info)

Xenopus axin interacts with glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and is expressed in the anterior midbrain. (5/3209)

Axin is encoded by the fused locus in mice and is required for normal vertebrate axis formation. It has recently been shown that axin associates with APC, beta-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in a complex that appears to regulate the level of cytoplasmic beta-catenin. We have identified the Xenopus homologue of axin through its interaction with GSK-3b. Xenopus axin (Xaxin) is expressed maternally and throughout early development with a low level of ubiquitous expression. Xaxin also shows remarkably high expression in the anterior mesencephalon adjacent to the forebrain-midbrain boundary. (+info)

Regulation of beta-catenin signaling by the B56 subunit of protein phosphatase 2A. (6/3209)

Dysregulation of Wnt-beta-catenin signaling disrupts axis formation in vertebrate embryos and underlies multiple human malignancies. The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein, axin, and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta form a Wnt-regulated signaling complex that mediates the phosphorylation-dependent degradation of beta-catenin. A protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulatory subunit, B56, interacted with APC in the yeast two-hybrid system. Expression of B56 reduced the abundance of beta-catenin and inhibited transcription of beta-catenin target genes in mammalian cells and Xenopus embryo explants. The B56-dependent decrease in beta-catenin was blocked by oncogenic mutations in beta-catenin or APC, and by proteasome inhibitors. B56 may direct PP2A to dephosphorylate specific components of the APC-dependent signaling complex and thereby inhibit Wnt signaling. (+info)

Differential activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p38 pathways during FTY720-induced apoptosis of T lymphocytes that is suppressed by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. (7/3209)

FTY720 is a novel immunosuppressive drug derived from a metabolite from Isaria sinclairii that is known to induce apoptosis of rat splenic T cells. In this study, we examined the intracellular signaling pathway triggered by FTY720. Treatment of human Jurkat T lymphocytes with FTY720-induced apoptosis characterized by DNA fragmentation. The same treatment induced activation of protein kinases such as c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), p38/CSBP (CSAID-binding protein), and a novel 36-kDa myelin basic protein (MBP) kinase, but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Pretreatment of Jurkat cells with DEVD-CHO blocked FTY720-induced DNA fragmentation as well as the activation of p38/CSBP. However, DEVD-CHO treatment failed to inhibit FTY720-induced activation of JNK and the 36-kDa MBP kinase. We have also demonstrated that activation of the ERK signaling pathway completely suppressed the FTY720-induced apoptotic process including activation of caspase 3 and activation of JNK and the 36-kDa MBP kinase. Furthermore, transient expression of constitutively active mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) protected the cells from FTY720-induced cell death. The effect of MEK was canceled by coexpression of a mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase, CL100. These results indicate that JNK and p38 pathways are differentially regulated during FTY720-induced apoptosis and that activation of ERK pathway alone is sufficient to cancel the FTY720-induced death signal. (+info)

Negative regulation of axis formation and Wnt signaling in Xenopus embryos by the F-box/WD40 protein beta TrCP. (8/3209)

Screening a maternal Xenopus expression library for activities that synergize with low levels of injected beta-catenin, we have isolated a clone encoding the C-terminal end of x-beta TrCP-2, a highly conserved protein belonging to the F-box/WD40 family of ubiquitin-ligase specificity factors. We show that x-beta TrCP-2 expression reduces dorsal axis formation in Xenopus embryos. A dominant negative mutant lacking the F-box triggers the opposite effect, inducing secondary axes and activating the expression of Wnt responsive genes in ectodermal explants. In light of the existence of beta TrCP transcripts associated with the vegetal cortex, we propose that beta TrCP plays a fundamental role in the establishment of the dorsal determinants during cortical rotation in Xenopus. (+info)

"A-kinase anchoring protein AKAP220 binds to glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta ) and mediates protein kinase A-dependent ... May 2002). "Human serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-like kinase (SGKL) phosphorylates glycogen syntheses kinase 3 beta ... Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, (GSK-3 beta), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSK3B gene. In mice, the enzyme is ... "Entrez Gene: GSK3B glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta". Iwahashi K, Nishizawa D, Narita S, Numajiri M, Murayama O, Yoshihara E, et ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_synthase_kinase-3_beta

Cytosolic substrates of p90rsk include protein phosphatase 1; glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3); L1 CAM, a neural cell adhesion ... In molecular biology, ribosomal s6 kinase (rsk) is a family of protein kinases involved in signal transduction. There are two ... also known as S6-H1 Kinase or simply S6 Kinase. There are three variants of p90rsk in humans, rsk 1-3. Rsks are serine/ ... threonine kinases and are activated by the MAPK/ERK pathway. There are two known mammalian homologues of S6 Kinase: S6K1 and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_s6_kinase

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSK3A gene. Glycogen synthase kinase 3-alpha EC ... "Entrez Gene: GSK3A glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha". Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: High throughput ... Glycogen synthase kinase 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000105723 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ... Ali A, Hoeflich KP, Woodgett JR (Aug 2001). "Glycogen synthase kinase-3: properties, functions, and regulation". Chemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSK3A

Ali A, Hoeflich KP, Woodgett JR (August 2001). "Glycogen synthase kinase-3: properties, functions, and regulation". Chemical ... Protein kinase C beta type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCB gene. Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of ... "Protein kinase C-associated kinase (PKK), a novel membrane-associated, ankyrin repeat-containing protein kinase". The Journal ... PRKCB1 has been shown to interact with RIPK4, beta adrenergic receptor kinase, PDLIM5 and GNB2L1. Protein kinase C GRCh38: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRKCB1

Ali A, Hoeflich KP, Woodgett JR (2002). "Glycogen synthase kinase-3: properties, functions, and regulation". Chem. Rev. 101 (8 ... Protein kinase C gamma type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCG gene. Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of ... specifically require this kinase. Knockout studies in mice also suggest that this kinase may be involved in neuropathic pain ... This protein kinase is expressed solely in the brain and spinal cord and its localization is restricted to neurons. It has been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRKCG

Martín CP, Vázquez J, Avila J, Moreno FJ (2002). "P24, a glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK 3) inhibitor". Biochim. Biophys. Acta ... identification of sites targeted by different kinases". J. Biol. Chem. 282 (40): 29531-9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M703466200. hdl:2437/ ... 2006). "Interaction of TPPP/p25 protein with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and their co-localization in Lewy bodies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPPP

Li X, Liu M, Cai Z, Wang G, Li X (2010). "Regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 during bipolar mania treatment". Bipolar ... Post-mortem examinations of bipolar disorder demonstrate increased expression of Protein Kinase C (PKC). While limited, some ... Protein kinase C and Inositol monophosphatase. Meta analysis of neuroimaging studies demonstrate increased thalamic activity, ... Decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after 3 hours of sleep). More talkative than usual, or acts pressured to keep ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania

Gardner, Phyllis (1997-03-28). "Nuclear Export of NF-ATc Enhanced by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3". Science. 275 (5308): 1930- ... Now Stanford professor is star in Theranos saga". 3 June 2019. Ramsey, Lydia (March 18, 2019). "The Stanford professor who ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Gardner_(clinical_pharmacologist)

"Nuclear export of NF-ATc enhanced by glycogen synthase kinase-3". Science. 275 (5308): 1930-4. doi:10.1126/science.275.5308. ... Porter CM, Havens MA, Clipstone NA (Feb 2000). "Identification of amino acid residues and protein kinases involved in the ... Transcriptional activity of NFATc1 is enhanced by the Pim-1 kinase". Journal of Immunology. 168 (4): 1524-7. doi:10.4049/ ... 6 (3): 235-44. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80326-X. PMID 9075924. Zhou P, Sun LJ, Dötsch V, Wagner G, Verdine GL (Mar 1998). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFATC1

Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta (GSK3B) GSK3B is a protein kinase that regulates transcription factors and microtubules. As ... "GSK3B - Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta - Homo sapiens (Human) - GSK3B gene & protein". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2017-04-23. ... Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase PAK 1 (PAK 1), and DNA Replication Factor Cdt1 (CDT1). KIAA1211L is associated with depression ... protein kinases assay, two hybrid, and confocal microscopy experiments. KIAA1211L protein is also predicted to interact with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIAA1211L

... (NP-12, NP031112) is a potent and irreversible small molecule glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) inhibitor. There ... "Evidence for irreversible inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β by tideglusib". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (2 ... "Evidence for irreversible inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β by tideglusib". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (2 ... which included transient increases in serum creatine kinase, ALT-or gGT-diarrhea, nausea, cough, fatigue, and headache (del Ser ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tideglusib

Activation of the Wnt pathway inhibits glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3B). When the Wnt pathway is not active, GSK3B is ... c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling is part of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway essential in ... Second generation inhibitors are able to bind to the ATP-binding motif on the kinase domain of the mTOR core protein itself and ... Saitoh M, Pullen N, Brennan P, Cantrell D, Dennis PB, Thomas G (May 2002). "Regulation of an activated S6 kinase 1 variant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTORC1

"Regulation of human cytidine triphosphate synthetase 1 by glycogen synthase kinase 3". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 ... CTP synthase 1 is an enzyme that is encoded by the CTPS1 gene in humans. CTP synthase 1 is an enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine ... "CTP SYNTHASE 1 IS A NOVEL TARGET IN T CELL CANCERS, WITH SMALL... by Philip Beer". library.ehaweb.org. Retrieved 2022-07-08. ... "Entrez Gene: CTP synthase". Kursula P, Flodin S, Ehn M, Hammarström M, Schüler H, Nordlund P, Stenmark P (July 2006). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTP_synthase_1

This interaction appears to be regulated by glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta. Mutations in emerin cause X-linked recessive Emery ... 267 (3): 709-14. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.2023. PMID 10673356. Zhang Q, Skepper JN, Yang F, Davies JD, Hegyi L, Roberts RG, ... 303 (3): 764-70. doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00415-7. PMID 12670476. Berk JM, Simon DN, Jenkins-Houk CR, Westerbeck JW, Grønning- ... 525 (1-3): 135-40. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03105-8. PMID 12163176. Wheeler MA, Davies JD, Zhang Q, Emerson LJ, Hunt J, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerin

2006). "Novel glycogen synthase kinase 3 and ubiquitination pathways in progressive myoclonus epilepsy". Hum. Mol. Genet. 14 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHLRC1

Kawabe, Yoshinori; Morio, Takahiro; Tanaka, Yoshimasa; Schaap, Pauline (9 May 2018). "Glycogen synthase kinase 3 promotes ... 138 (3): 387-396. doi:10.1242/dev.048934. ISSN 0950-1991. PMC 3014629. PMID 21205784. "Pauline Schaap - AcademiaNet". www. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Schaap

2007). "Glycogen synthase kinase-3 phosphorylates CdGAP at a consensus ERK 1 regulatory site". J. Biol. Chem. 282 (6): 3624-31 ... 2010). "A human MAP kinase interactome". Nat. Methods. 7 (10): 801-5. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1506. PMC 2967489. PMID 20936779. Jenna ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 3, Wikipedia articles ... incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine, Proteins, All stub articles, Human chromosome 3 gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARHGAP31

"Mitochondrial hexokinase II promotes neuronal survival and acts downstream of glycogen synthase kinase-3". The Journal of ... As an isoform of hexokinase and a member of the sugar kinase family, HK2 catalyzes the rate-limiting and first obligatory step ... Activation of Akt kinase maintains HK2-VDAC coupling, which subsequently prevents cytochrome c release and apoptosis, though ... In a similar mechanism, the pro-apoptotic creatine kinase binds and opens VDAC in the absence of HK2. An alternative model ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HK2

Gustafson MP, Welcker M, Hwang HC, Clurman BE (2006). "Zcchc8 is a glycogen synthase kinase-3 substrate that interacts with RNA ... 338 (3): 1359-67. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.090. PMID 16263084. Beausoleil SA, Villén J, Gerber SA, et al. (2006). "A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZCCHC8

Eldar-Finkelman is well known for her pioneering work on the protein kinase function, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), ... Kaidanovich-Beilin, Oksana; Eldar-Finkelman, Hagit (2006). "Long-Term Treatment with Novel Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibitor ... "Selective loss of glycogen synthase kinase-3α in birds reveals distinct roles for GSK-3 isozymes in tau phosphorylation". FEBS ... "Increased glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity in diabetes- and obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice". Diabetes. 48 (8): 1662-1666. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagit_Eldar-Finkelman

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) seems to be over-expressed in most cancer cells. GSK3 is involved in promoter activation ... Viral proteins like viral thymidine kinase can be used for specific targeting of a drug. By introducing a prodrug only ... kinase/Akt, heat shock protein 90, and mammalian target of rapamycin in transformed NK cells". Journal of Immunology. 174 (9): ... 10 (3): 281-7. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80028-X. PMID 10204484. Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase

Cross, D. A.; Alessi, D. R.; Cohen, P; Andjelkovich, M; Hemmings, B. A. (1995). "Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by ... insulin mediated by protein kinase B". Nature. 378 (6559): 785-9. doi:10.1038/378785a0. PMID 8524413. Alessi, D. R.; Corrie, J ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Alessi

Cross DA, Alessi DR, Cohen P, Andjelkovich M, Hemmings BA (December 1995). "Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by insulin ... Discovery of the key signaling kinase PKB (Akt) and demonstration of its central role in cancer cell signaling. First use of ... Saitoh M, Pullen N, Brennan P, Cantrell D, Dennis PB, Thomas G (May 2002). "Regulation of an activated S6 kinase 1 variant ... mediated by protein kinase B.". Nature. 378 (6559): 785-789. doi:10.1038/378785a0. PMID 8524413. S2CID 4285651. Ludin B, Doll T ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Miescher_Institute_for_Biomedical_Research

October 2001). "Presenilin 1 regulates beta-catenin-mediated transcription in a glycogen synthase kinase-3-independent fashion ... 37 (3): 254-277. doi:10.1210/er.2015-1146. PMID 27159876. Slattery ML, Folsom AR, Wolff R, Herrick J, Caan BJ, Potter JD (April ... 180 (3): 568-584.e23. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.12.036. PMC 7250485. PMID 31981491. Torres S, García-Palmero I, Marín-Vicente C, ... 277 (3): 1884-1891. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110248200. PMID 11711551. Graham TA, Ferkey DM, Mao F, Kimelman D, Xu W (December 2001). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCF7L2

... in insulin-induced glycogen synthase kinase 3 inactivation. Characterization of dominant-negative mutant of PKB". J. Biol. Chem ... It was found that an enzyme, named phosphorylase kinase and Mg-ATP were required to phosphorylate glycogen phosphorylase by ... Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine-threonine kinases which regulate progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle. CDKs ... Most phosphorylation is carried out by a single superfamily of protein kinases that share a conserved kinase domain. Protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_phosphorylation

GSK3B (Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta) is a protein predicted to physically interact with TMEM44. TMEM44 is predicted to ... TMEM44 gene is located at the end of the long arm of chromosome 3 in humans (Homo sapiens). TMEM44 is 428 amino acids in length ... v t e (Genes on human chromosome 3, Transmembrane proteins, All stub articles, Human chromosome 3 gene stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmembrane_protein_44

Ali A, Hoeflich KP, Woodgett JR (Aug 2001). "Glycogen synthase kinase-3: properties, functions, and regulation". Chemical ... Protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCA gene. Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of ... Protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-α) is a specific member of the protein kinase family. These enzymes are characterized by their ... PKC-α is unique in its mode of regulation compared to other kinases within this family. In general, the protein kinase family ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKC_alpha

"Entrez Gene: PRKD3 protein kinase D3". Ali A, Hoeflich KP, Woodgett JR (2002). "Glycogen synthase kinase-3: properties, ... 2002). "Human serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-like kinase (SGKL) phosphorylates glycogen syntheses kinase 3 beta (GSK ... 2000). "Phosphorylation and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 by protein kinase A". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 ( ... 2002). "Convergence of Multiple Signaling Cascades at Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3: Edg Receptor-Mediated Phosphorylation and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRKD3

Ali A, Hoeflich KP, Woodgett JR (2002). "Glycogen synthase kinase-3: properties, functions, and regulation". Chem. Rev. 101 (8 ... Protein kinase C delta type (or PKC-δ) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCD gene. Protein kinase C (PKC) is a ... "Entrez Gene: PRKCD protein kinase C, delta". Welman A, Griffiths JR, Whetton AD, Dive C (December 2007). "Protein kinase C ... Protein kinase C delta is also regulated by phosphorylation on various serine/threonine (e.g. T50, T141, S304, T451, T505, S506 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRKCD

"The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 interacts with glycogen synthase kinase 3 and attenuates activity". J. ... 248 (3): 879-88. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9061. PMID 9704021. "Entrez Gene: LRP6 low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRP6

... the enzyme that breaks down glycogen, and glycogen synthase, the enzyme that makes it. These enzymes are regulated in a ... protein kinases that cause the cells to take up glucose and convert it into storage molecules such as fatty acids and glycogen ... with phosphorylation inhibiting glycogen synthase, but activating phosphorylase. Insulin causes glycogen synthesis by ... Fatty acids are made by fatty acid synthases that polymerize and then reduce acetyl-CoA units. The acyl chains in the fatty ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

... negatively regulates beta-catenin transcriptional activity by destabilizing beta-catenin via a glycogen synthase kinase-3beta- ... The brains of the mice were studied and most of the cerebellum, colliculi, and cranial nerves 3 and 4 were missing. There was ... 382 (6589): 360-3. Bibcode:1996Natur.382..360L. doi:10.1038/382360a0. PMID 8684466. S2CID 4326299. Joliot A, Trembleau A, ... doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03208-9. hdl:21.11116/0000-0008-1272-3. PMID 33568816. S2CID 231882012. Logan C, Hanks MC, Noble-Topham ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN1_(gene)

"Regulation of type 1 protein phosphatase/inhibitor-2 complex by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in intact cells". Journal of ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK5R2 gene. The protein encoded by this ... It associates with CDK5 to form an active kinase. This protein and neuron-specific CDK5 activator CDK5R1/p39NCK5A both share ... Patzke H, Tsai LH (March 2002). "Calpain-mediated cleavage of the cyclin-dependent kinase-5 activator p39 to p29". The Journal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDK5R2

... kinase activates glycogen phosphorylase in the same manner mentioned previously. Glycogen phosphorylase ... Evidence that dephosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase in the glycogen and microsomal fractions of rat ... Glycogen phosphorylase breaks up glycogen into glucose subunits (see also figure below): (α-1,4 glycogen chain)n + Pi ⇌ (α-1,4 ... Glycogen phosphorylase can act only on linear chains of glycogen (α1-4 glycosidic linkage). Its work will immediately come to a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_phosphorylase

"A-kinase anchoring protein AKAP220 binds to glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta ) and mediates protein kinase A-dependent ... Helps NR, Luo X, Barker HM, Cohen PT (2001). "NIMA-related kinase 2 (Nek2), a cell-cycle-regulated protein kinase localized to ... Schillace RV, Scott JD (March 1999). "Association of the type 1 protein phosphatase PP1 with the A-kinase anchoring protein ... Schillace RV, Scott JD (1999). "Association of the type 1 protein phosphatase PP1 with the A-kinase anchoring protein AKAP220 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP1CA

... to decreased levels of the enzyme and the downregulation of other enzymes in the glycogenic pathway including glycogen synthase ... Rutter J, Probst BL, McKnight SL (October 2002). "Coordinate regulation of sugar flux and translation by PAS kinase". Cell. 111 ... Alonso MD, Lomako J, Lomako WM, Whelan WJ (September 1995). "A new look at the biogenesis of glycogen". FASEB Journal. 9 (12): ... An exception is the brain, which has high levels of glycogen but low specific activity of UTP-glucose-1-phosphate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTP—glucose-1-phosphate_uridylyltransferase

CT10 regulator of kinase (Crk) is also known as the breast cancer anti-oestrogen resistance protein. It plays a role in both ... This leads to the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK) as part of the JNK signaling pathway. Upon stimulation by growth ... It mediates the interaction between receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and non-RTK receptors serving as the gateway into the cell ... GAB2 has been shown to interact with: Through the PI3K signaling pathway, PI3K activates the serine/threonine protein kinase ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAB2

PKB also phosphorylates and inhibits glycogen synthase kinase, which is an enzyme that inhibits glycogen synthase. Therefore, ... PKB then phosphorylates several target proteins, including glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). GSK-3 is responsible for ... and prevented from deactivating glycogen synthase. In this roundabout manner, insulin increases glycogen synthesis. Once an ... glycogen synthase. When GSK-3 is phosphorylated, it is deactivated, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_receptor

PI3K activation leads to inhibitory phosphorylation of the tau kinase glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3B), which alters the ... This occurs through Dab-1 activation of Src family kinases, which have been shown to play a role in regulating synaptic ... Upon reelin binding, Dab1 is phosphorylated by two tyrosine kinases, Fyn and Src. The phosphorylated Dab1 then causes further ... a tyrosine kinase phosphorylated protein which is encoded by the DAB1 gene. This protein associates with the NPXY motifs on the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein_receptor-related_protein_8

"Temporal correlation of the memory deficit with Alzheimer-like lesions induced by activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3". ... which differentially regulates neuroimmune-related Interleukin-1R associated kinases IRAK1 and IRAK2 expression, in human AD ... 19 (3): 895-907. doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-1284. PMID 20157245. Byun CJ, Seo J, Jo SA, Park YJ, Klug M, Rehli M, Park MH, Jo I ( ... 75 (4): 1152-3. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04444.x. PMC 3612735. PMID 22905989. Del Signore SJ, Amante DJ, Kim J, Stack EC, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_of_neurodegenerative_diseases

... it inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), upregulates neurotrophins and growth factors (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic ... 34 (3): 167-77. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2013.01.001. PMID 23369637. Dodd S, Maes M, Anderson G, Dean OM, Moylan S, Berk M (2013). " ... 27 (3): 200-15. doi:10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.004. PMC 4515371. PMID 25857211. Dodd S, Maes M, Anderson G, Dean OM, Moylan S, Berk ... 113 (3): 752-9. doi:10.1002/jcb.23431. PMID 22065601. S2CID 26185378. Simão F, Matté A, Matté C, Soares FM, Wyse AT, Netto CA, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroprotection

"In vitro phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain of the amyloid precursor protein by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta". Journal ... "Neuron-specific phosphorylation of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid precursor protein by cyclin-dependent kinase 5". Journal of ... 14 (3): 365-377. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.06.018. ISSN 1932-7420. PMID 21907142. He X, Chang WP, Koelsch G, Tang J (Jul 2002). " ... 1501 (2-3): 125-37. doi:10.1016/s0925-4439(00)00014-4. PMID 10838186. Farzan M, Schnitzler CE, Vasilieva N, Leung D, Choe H ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-secretase_2

AGL Glycogen storage disease IV; 232500; GBE1 Glycogen storage disease IXc; 613027; PHKG2 Glycogen storage disease of heart, ... response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor in; 211980; EGFR Nonsmall cell lung cancer, somatic; 211980; IRF1 Nonsmall cell lung ... due to ATP synthase deficiency; 604273; TMEM70 Encephalopathy, familial, with neuroserpin inclusion bodies; 604218; SERPINI1 ... PFKM Glycogen storage disease X; 261670; PGAM2 Glycogen storage disease XI; 612933; LDHA Glycogen storage disease XII; 611881; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OMIM_disorder_codes

... and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). It has also been shown inhibit tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase), PTPases[clarification ... Mehdi, Mohamad Z.; Srivastava, Ashok K. (2005). "Organo-vanadium compounds are potent activators of the protein kinase B ... Vanadyl acetylacetonate exhibits insulin mimetic properties, in that it can stimulate the phosphorylation of protein kinase B ( ... and GSK-3, allowing them to exert their anti-diabetic properties. Oxidations tutorial Rowe, Richard A.; Jones, Mark M. (1957 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadyl_acetylacetonate

It appears that fructose is a better substrate for glycogen synthesis than glucose and that glycogen replenishment takes ... fatty acid synthase, as well as pyruvate dehydrogenase. Although not a consistent finding among metabolic feeding studies, ... results in the insulin-independent induction of several important hepatic lipogenic enzymes including pyruvate kinase, NADP+- ... The synthesis of glycogen in the liver following a fructose-containing meal proceeds from gluconeogenic precursors. Fructose is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructolysis

Protein kinase A can reduce the activity of PP1. The glycogen binding region, GM, becomes phosphorylated, which causes its ... This dissociation activates glycogen synthase and converts phosphorylase a to phosphorylase b. Phosphorylase b does not bind ... In the end, phosphorylase is kept in its active form and glycogen synthase in its inactive form. In Alzheimer's, ... PP1 is important to the reciprocal regulation of glycogen metabolism by ensuring the opposite regulation of glycogen breakdown ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_phosphatase_1

... stretch up-regulates microRNA-26a and induces human airway smooth muscle hypertrophy by suppressing glycogen synthase kinase-3β ... and cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6. p14ARF and p21CIPI CDK inhibitor expression are conversely enhanced, mediated ... GSK-3β mRNA is a direct target of miR-26a, miR-26a-mediated reduction of GSK-3β results in activation of β-catenin and ... The miR-26 family is composed of miR-26a-1, miR-26a-2 and miR-26b located in chromosomes 3, 12 and 2, respectively. Pre-miR-26 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-26_microRNA_precursor_family

"Tautomycetin and tautomycin suppress the growth of medullary thyroid cancer cells via inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase- ... It is synthesized in S. griseochromogenes by two type I polyketide synthases, denoted by modules named TtnA and TtnB. After ... 72 (3): 450-459. doi:10.1021/np8007478. PMC 2967020. PMID 19191560. Oikawa H (November 2002). "Synthesis of specific protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautomycetin

Phosphorylation of N-terminal Serines by a "destruction complex" composed of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and scaffold ... Daniel JM, Reynolds AB (Sep 1995). "The tyrosine kinase substrate p120cas binds directly to E-cadherin but not to the ... Daniel JM, Reynolds AB (Sep 1995). "The tyrosine kinase substrate p120cas binds directly to E-cadherin but not to the ... a tyrosine kinase substrate, with E-cadherin/catenin complexes". The Journal of Cell Biology. 128 (5): 949-57. doi:10.1083/jcb. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakoglobin

One major example of this is phosphorylation of the Ser-571 residue by glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) in response to low ... "Regulation of human cytidine triphosphate synthetase 1 by glycogen synthase kinase 3". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 ... CTP synthase 1 CTPS2 - CTP synthase 2 Active CTP synthase exists as a homotetrameric enzyme. At low enzyme concentrations and ... Additionally, Ser568 has been seen to be phosphorylated by casein kinase 1, inhibiting CTP synthase activity. CTP is also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTP_synthetase

Li Y, Bharti A, Chen D, Gong J, Kufe D (December 1998). "Interaction of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta with the DF3/MUC1 ... Phosphorylation of the motif is performed by Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 alpha and beta (GSK3α and GSK3β). GSK3s are ... Additionally, they found a weakening in the association between glycogen synthase kinase-3β and beta-catenin, which may ... These changes were coordinate with Akt activation and glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibition, suggesting once again that the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenin_beta-1

"Human dynamin-like protein interacts with the glycogen synthase kinase 3beta". Biochemical and Biophysical Research ... Rasmussen RK, Rusak J, Price G, Robinson PJ, Simpson RJ, Dorow DS (October 1998). "Mixed-lineage kinase 2-SH3 domain binds ... There are 3 mouse and 6 human isoforms of Drp1, including a brain-specific variant. Drp1 exists as homooligomers and its ... 314 (3): 766-72. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.172. PMID 14741701. Lee YJ, Jeong SY, Karbowski M, Smith CL, Youle RJ (November ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNM1L

"Synergistic phosphorylation of rabbit muscle glycogen synthase by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and casein kinase I. ... Casein kinase 2 - a distinct protein kinase family Eide EJ, Virshup DM (May 2001). "Casein kinase I: another cog in the ... Hanks SK, Hunter T (May 1995). "Protein kinases 6. The eukaryotic protein kinase superfamily: kinase (catalytic) domain ... "casein kinase 1 alpha" and "casein kinase 1 epsilon". Casein kinase 1 epsilon has been suggested to play a role in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casein_kinase_1

... activation leads to rapid stimulation of translation initiation factor eIF2B and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3". J ... 329 (3): 1010-7. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.075. PMID 15752756. v t e (Genes on human chromosome 12, All stub articles, Human ... 3 (1): 89. doi:10.1038/msb4100134. PMC 1847948. PMID 17353931. Anthony TG, Fabian JR, Kimball SR, Jefferson LS (June 2000). " ... 271 (19): 11410-3. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.19.11410. PMID 8626696. Yang W, Hinnebusch AG (1996). "Identification of a regulatory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIF2B1

Stoothoff WH, Cho JH, McDonald RP, Johnson GV (2005). "FRAT-2 preferentially increases glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta-mediated ... GSK-3-binding protein FRAT2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FRAT2 gene. The protein encoded by this intronless ... Yost C, Farr GH 3rd, Pierce SB, Ferkey DM, Chen MM, Kimelman D (Jul 1998). "GBP, an inhibitor of GSK-3, is implicated in ... 281 (3): 815-20. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.4421. PMID 11237732. "Entrez Gene: FRAT2 frequently rearranged in advanced T-cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRAT2

"Muscle-specific deletion of rictor impairs insulin-stimulated glucose transport and enhances Basal glycogen synthase activity ... January 1998). "Protein kinase B kinases that mediate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent activation of protein ... Akt/PKB and the serum-and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase SGK. mTORC2 phosphorylates the serine/threonine protein kinase ... Cameron AJ, Linch MD, Saurin AT, Escribano C, Parker PJ (October 2011). "mTORC2 targets AGC kinases through Sin1-dependent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTORC2

... fatty acid synthase and branch-chain fatty acid synthase is substrate specificity of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of ... In contrast, the human body stores only about 400 g (0.9 lb) of glycogen, of which 300 g (0.7 lb) is locked inside the skeletal ... DesK is a membrane-associated kinase and DesR is a transcriptional regulator of the des gene. The regulation responds to ... The 100 g (0.2 lb) or so of glycogen stored in the liver is depleted within one day of starvation. Thereafter the glucose that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis

Since the mid-1990s there has been a near exponential rise in the level of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) related research ... Consequently the therapeutic potential of GSK-3 inhibitors has become a major area of pharmaceutical interest. To mark this ... Development of Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitors by GlaxoSmithKline and by Johnson & Johnson (Target of the Month, ... Since the mid-1990s there has been a near exponential rise in the level of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) related research ...

https://www.pharmiweb.com/article/development-of-glycogen-synthase-kinase-3-gsk-3-inhibitors-by-glaxosmithkline-and-by-johnson-joh

Preparation of pyrroledione derivatives as inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3.. M.P. Coghlan (Inventor), A.E. Fenwick ( ... Preparation of pyrroledione derivatives as inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3. / Coghlan, M.P. (Inventor); Fenwick, A.E ... Preparation of pyrroledione derivatives as inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3. WO 2000021927 A2. 2000 Apr. ... title = "Preparation of pyrroledione derivatives as inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3.", ...

https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/preparation-of-pyrroledione-derivatives-as-inhibitors-of-glycogen

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a part in a number of physiological processes ranging ... Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a part in a number of physiological processes ranging ... Glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling in Alzheimers disease : regulation of beta-amyloid precursor protein processing and ... Glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling in Alzheimers disease : regulation of beta-amyloid precursor protein processing and ...

https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0072944

Protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3α/β regulate foam cell formation Academic ... Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (Gsk-3) plays a fundamental role in maintaining DNA methylation at imprinted loci in mouse embryonic ... Genetic Deficiency of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Corrects Diabetes in Mouse Models of Insulin Resistance Academic Article ... Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3α Deficiency Attenuates Atherosclerosis and Hepatic Steatosis in High Fat Diet-Fed Low Density ...

https://experts.mcmaster.ca/display/vocab-mesh-glycogen-synthase-kinase-3

Recently, inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 has been shown to exert anti-tumor effects on pancreatic cancer cells by ... Knockdown of GSK-3 beta reduced nuclear factor kappa B luciferase activity to a greater extent than GSK-3 alpha, and the ... GSK-3 inhibition also resulted in reduction of the NF-kappaB target proteins XIAP, Bcl-XL, and cyclin D1, associated with ... GSK-3 inhibition was achieved using the pharmacological agent AR-A014418 or siRNA against GSK-3 alpha and beta isoforms. ...

https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2407-9-132

Li DW, Liu ZQ, Chen W, Yao M, Li GR (2014) Association of glycogen synthase kinase-3β with Parkinsons disease (Review). Mol ... Espinosa L, Inglés-Esteve J, Aguilera C, Bigas A (2003) Phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3β down-regulates Notch ... Pachenari N, Kiani S, Javan M (2017) Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 increased subventricular zone stem cells ... Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Regulates the Genesis of Displaced Retinal Ganglion Cells3. Elena Kisseleff, Robin J. Vigouroux, ...

https://www.eneuro.org/content/8/5/ENEURO.0171-21.2021

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β-mediated CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta phosphorylation in astrocytes promotes migration and ... Dive into the research topics of Glycogen synthase kinase-3β-mediated CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta phosphorylation in ...

https://tmu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/glycogen-synthase-kinase-3%CE%B2-mediated-ccaatenhancer-binding-protei/fingerprints/

Inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β is required for osteoclast differentiation. / Jang, Hyun Duk; Shin, Ji Hye; Park, ... Inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β is required for osteoclast differentiation. In: Journal of Biological Chemistry. ... Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a serine/threonine kinase originally identified as a regulator of glycogen deposition. ... abstract = "Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a serine/threonine kinase originally identified as a regulator of glycogen ...

https://yonsei.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/inactivation-of-glycogen-synthase-kinase-3%CE%B2-is-required-for-osteo

ProViz is an interactive protein exploration tool, which searches several databases for information about a given query protein. Data relevant to the protein like an alignment of homologues, linear motifs, post translational modifications, domains, secondary structure, sequence variations and others are graphically represented relative to their position in the protein.

http://slim.icr.ac.uk/proviz/proviz.php?uniprot_acc=P49841&alignment=QFO&ali_start=395&ali_end=415

APC: Adenomatosis polyposis coli; CK1α: Casein kinase 1α; Dvl: Dishevelled; GSK3: Glycogen synthase kinase 3; LEF: Lymphoid ... APC: Adenomatosis polyposis coli; CK1α: Casein kinase 1α; Dvl: Dishevelled; GSK3: Glycogen synthase kinase 3; LEF: Lymphoid ... glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and casein kinase 1α (CK1α). Within this complex, β-catenin is phosphorylated by CK1α and ... The Hanikoda Method: 3-layered Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in Wound Bed Preparation ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/723850_4

Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β levels and activity in a neurodevelopmental rat model of schizophrenia. In: Developmental ... Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β levels and activity in a neurodevelopmental rat model of schizophrenia. Developmental Brain ... Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β levels and activity in a neurodevelopmental rat model of schizophrenia. / Nadri, Carmit; ... Nadri, C., Lipska, B. K., Kozlovsky, N., Weinberger, D. R., Belmaker, R. H., & Agam, G. (2003). Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)- ...

https://cris.bgu.ac.il/en/publications/glycogen-synthase-kinase-gsk-3%CE%B2-levels-and-activity-in-a-neurodev

... Peters, Francesca Bell; Wortman, Ryan C.; ... Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Activity Following Repeat-Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Login ... as well as quantifying activities of two tau-associated kinases, GSK3-β and CDK5, to determine if changes in these accompany ... concussions we will be able to determine the threshold and additive biochemical effects of multiple concussions on kinase ...

https://dspace.library.uvic.ca/handle/1828/7285

Rat GSK3α (Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Alpha) ELISA Kit, Cat#EKE62130. Write a Review Write a Review. × ... Rat GSK3α (Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Alpha) ELISA Kit, Cat#EKE62130 ... Rat GSK3α (Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Alpha) ELISA Kit, Cat#EKE62130. ... 3 to 5 business days), and the time it takes your bank to process our refund request (5 to 10 business days). ...

https://www.biomatik.com/elisa-kits/rat-gsk3-glycogen-synthase-kinase-3-alpha-elisa-kit-cat-eke62130/

... Article (Web of Science) ...

https://scholars.utoledo.edu/display/n46325

Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / antagonists & inhibitors * HEK293 Cells * Humans * Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / cytology* ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24744002/

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulates IGFBP-1 gene transcription through the thymine-rich insulin response element.. ... Finlay D, Patel S, Dickson LM, Shpiro N, Marquez R, Rhodes CJ, Sutherland C. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulates IGFBP-1 gene ...

https://profiles.uchicago.edu/profiles/display/224633

Dive into the research topics of Aspartate β-hydroxylase modulates cellular senescence through glycogen synthase kinase 3β in ... Aspartate β-hydroxylase modulates cellular senescence through glycogen synthase kinase 3β in hepatocellular carcinoma. In: ... Following inhibition of ASPH activity, phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β and p16 expression were increased to ... The mechanisms involved demonstrate that ASPH binds to glycogen synthase kinase 3β and inhibits its subsequent interactions ...

https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/aspartate-%CE%B2-hydroxylase-modulates-cellular-senescence-through-gly

MELK (Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase) Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) PI3K (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase) Akt/PKB ( ... Casein Kinase Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) NA-PKcs (DNA-dependent protein kinase, catalytic subunit) DNA/RNA Synthesis CDK ATM/ATR ... Pim kinases STAT NF-κB(all) NF-κB IKK (IκB kinase) Keap1-Nrf2 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) Immunology/Inflammation Arginase NO ... FAK (Focal Adhesion Kinase or PTK2) Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) FLT3 (Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3, CD135) c-FMS (CSF1R, CSF-1R) ...

https://www.anjiechem.com/search/cid/250.html

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta2-[2-(cyclopropylcarbonylamino)pyridin-4-yl]-4-methoxy-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide ... Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Beta. (Gene symbol: GSK3B). Chemicals and Non-standard biopolymers (2 molecules) ... 4PTC: Structure of a carboxamide compound (3) (2-{2-[(CYCLOPROPYLCARBONYL)AMINO]PYRIDIN-4-YL}-4-OXO-4H-1LAMBDA~4~,3-THIAZOLE-5- ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/pdb/4PTC

... when glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) activity is increased [49]. This finding is in agreement with the known human pathways ... Koulen P, Janowitz T, Johnston LD, Ehrlich BE: Conservation of localization patterns of IP(3) receptor type 1 in cerebellar ... Moreover, treatment of transgenic larvae with 3-amino-1-propanesulfonic acid (3-APS), an anti-amyloid therapeutic drug, leads ... 3]. However, it is not yet well clear, if the presence of these two hallmarks is the cause or the effect of a cascade of events ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1742-4933-9-3

Molecular docking and CoMFA and CoMSIA 3D-QSAR studies on Maleimidebased glycogen synthase kinase 3(GSK-3)inhibitors ... Shahraki, Ali Reza (2015) Molecular docking and CoMFA and CoMSIA 3D-QSAR studies on Maleimidebased glycogen synthase kinase 3( ... Molecular docking and CoMFA and CoMSIA 3D-QSAR studies on Maleimidebased glycogen synthase.pdf Download (148kB) , Preview ... Uoz is powered by EPrints 3 which is developed by the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of ...

http://eprints.uoz.ac.ir/900/

Aberrant tau phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3β and JNK3 induces oligomeric tau fibrils in COS-7 cells. Journal of ... Aberrant tau phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3β and JNK3 induces oligomeric tau fibrils in COS-7 cells. In: Journal ... Aberrant tau phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3β and JNK3 induces oligomeric tau fibrils in COS-7 cells. / Sato, ... Dive into the research topics of Aberrant tau phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3β and JNK3 induces oligomeric tau ...

https://tohoku.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/aberrant-tau-phosphorylation-by-glycogen-synthase-kinase-3%CE%B2-and-j

... glycogen synthase kinase-3; Akt: protein kinase B; mTORC1: mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; MAPK, mitogen-activated ... glycogen synthase kinase-3; Akt: protein kinase B; mTORC1: mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; MAPK, mitogen-activated ... EC reduce activity of protein kinases, as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), modulate ion channels (stimulation of ... EC reduce activity of protein kinases, as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), modulate ion channels (stimulation of ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/14/2583

Full-length human tau-protein kinase I (TPK-I; also known as glycogen synthase kinase-3β, GSK-3β) was produced in E. coli and ... Expression, purification and crystallization of human tau-protein kinase I/glycogen synthase kinase-3β. ... Dihydroxybutanone phosphate synthase from M. grisea was cloned, expressed and crystallized. Crystals diffract to 1.0 Å ... Nucleoside diphosphate kinase from M. jannaschii has been crystallized using polyethylene glycol 4000 as precipitant. Native ...

https://journals.iucr.org/d/issues/2000/11/00/

Evidence that glycogen synthase kinase‐3 isoforms have distinct substrate preference in the brain. *M. Soutar, Woo-Yang Kim, +6 ... Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is central to multiple intracellular pathways including those activated by Wnt/β-catenin, Sonic ... is required for maintaining neural progenitor pools and plays a key role in mediating glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) ... GSK-3 is a master regulator of neural progenitor homeostasis. *Woo-Yang Kim, Xinshuo Wang, +4 authors. W. Snider ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Woo-Yang-Kim/5326541

... and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) mediates the destruction of cytoplasmically localized β-catenin. Upon binding of the ... glycogen synthase kinase 3β; LRP, low density lipoprotein receptor related protein; P, phosphorylated; PM, plasma membrane; TCF ... Regulation of lymphoid enhancer factor 1/T-cell factor by mitogen-activated protein kinase-related Nemo-like kinase-dependent ... Thorpe, C. J., and Moon, R. T. (2004). nemo-like kinase is an essential co-activator of Wnt signaling during early zebrafish ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2014.00386/full

Thienylhalomethylketones: Irreversible glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitors as useful pharmacological tools. Bioorganic & ... Switching reversibility to irreversibility in glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitors: clues for specific design of new compounds ...

http://www.ub.edu/cbdd/?q=biblio/author/100&sort=title&order=desc

Beneficial compaction of spinal cord lesion by migrating astrocytes through glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition. EMBO Mol Med ... a beneficial effect was observed after the stimulation of migrating astrocytes through glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition31 ... Protein kinase A governs a RhoA-RhoGDI protrusion-retraction pacemaker in migrating cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 13, 660-67 (2011). ... Histamine protects against NMDA-induced necrosis in cultured cortical neurons through H receptor/cyclic AMP/protein kinase A ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep15356?error=cookies_not_supported&code=f52f3149-c0aa-45ea-97b2-6b3a0aeb2a09

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) proteins (GSK3α and GSK3β) are key mediators of signaling pathways, with crucial roles in coordinating fundamental biological processes during neural development. (eneuro.org)
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) proteins (GSK3α or GSK3β) are key mediators of signaling pathways, especially in the CNS but poorly described in the retina. (eneuro.org)
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a part in a number of physiological processes ranging from glycogen metabolism to gene transcription. (ubc.ca)
Regulation of GSK-3β activity in bone marrow macrophages by retroviral expression of the constitutively active GSK-3β (GSK3β-S9A) mutant inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, whereas expression of the catalytically inactive GSK-3β (GSK3β-K85R) or small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated GSK-3β silencing enhances osteoclast formation. (elsevier.com)
[ 67 , 68 ] In the absence of Wnt ligand, cytoplasmic β-catenin is degraded by a destruction complex that includes Axin, adenomatosis polyposis coli, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and casein kinase 1α (CK1α). (medscape.com)
My project will look at determining the relative phosphorylation levels of tau protein following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), as well as quantifying activities of two tau-associated kinases, GSK3-β and CDK5, to determine if changes in these accompany changes in tau protein phosphorylation. (uvic.ca)
It is shown that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is required for maintaining neural progenitor pools and plays a key role in mediating glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) signaling during brain development and that GSK3, a master regulator of neural progentitors, interacts with mTOR and controls its activity in cortical progenitors. (semanticscholar.org)
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (Gsk3 β) was mildly increased. (researchsquare.com)
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is essential for normal development and function of the central nervous system. (portlandpress.com)
In the present paper, we report the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase II α (PI4KIIα) is a novel substrate of GSK3 that regulates trafficking and cell-surface expression of neurotransmitter receptors in neurons. (portlandpress.com)
GSK3 phosphorylates two distinct sites in the N-terminus of PI4KIIα (Ser 5 and Ser 47 ), promoting binding to the adaptor protein 3 (AP-3) complex for trafficking to the lysosome to be degraded. (portlandpress.com)
CHIR 99021 is a small organic molecule that inhibits GSK3α and GSK3β by competing for their ATP-binding sites.In vitro kinase assays reveal that CHIR 99021 specifically inhibits GSK3β (IC50=~5 nM) and GSK3α (IC50=~10 nM), with little effect on other kinases[2]. (dcchemicals.com)
The GSK3β Inhibitor XIX, IM-12 is a selective GSK-3β inhibitor with IC50 of 53 nM, and also enhances canonical Wnt signalling. (dcchemicals.com)
Alterations of key enzymes of gluconeogenesis phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6 phosphatase (G6Pase), as well as glycogen synthase kinase 3a (GSK3α), were also examined. (umanitoba.ca)

The relationship between glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3B) -50T/C -1727A/T polymorphisms and alcoholism]. (cdc.gov)

By comparing animals that have received a single concussion with those that have received multiple concussions we will be able to determine the threshold and additive biochemical effects of multiple concussions on kinase activity and tau hyper-phosphorylation. (uvic.ca)
Following inhibition of ASPH activity, phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β and p16 expression were increased to promote senescence, whereas cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen were decreased to reduce cell proliferation. (elsevier.com)
In vivo experiments demonstrated that small molecule inhibitor treatment of HCC bearing mice resulted in significant dose-dependent reduced tumor growth, induced phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, enhanced p16 expression in tumor cells, and promoted cellular senescence. (elsevier.com)
Here, we describe a new model in which adenovirus-mediated gene expression of tau, ΔMEKK, JNK3, and GSK-3β in COS-7 cells produces most of the pathological phosphorylation epitopes of tau including AT100. (elsevier.com)
These results suggest that aberrant tau phosphorylation by the combination of these kinases may be involved in "pretangle," oligomeric tau fibril formation in vivo. (elsevier.com)
Importantly, a reduction in PI4KIIα expression or phosphorylation increases α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor expression at the surface of hippocampal neurons. (portlandpress.com)
It activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and induced phosphorylation of Akt at Ser-473/Thr-308, and concurrently activated downstream p70 S6 kinase as well as glycogen synthase kinase-3. (cdc.gov)

Interestingly, GSD type 0 also is described, which is due to defective glycogen synthase. (medscape.com)

Consequently the therapeutic potential of GSK-3 inhibitors has become a major area of pharmaceutical interest. (pharmiweb.com)
To mark this surge in interest, LeadDiscovery have recently produced a full report "Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) inhibitors:Proof of concept and therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, stroke & bipolar disorders" ( click here for access). (pharmiweb.com)
Another growth area, Alzheimerxs Disease also represents a target indication for GSK-3 inhibitors since evidence points to a role for this enzyme in the accumulation and toxicity of beta amyloid. (pharmiweb.com)
Despite the promise of GSK-3 inhibitors in multiple, serious and unmet clinical conditions, at the time of LeadDiscovery's report only Vertex and Chiron had announced that they were developing GSK-3 inhibitors. (pharmiweb.com)
Since then GlaxoSmithKline researchers have designed a pharmacophore for GSK-3 inhibitors against which they screened an in house database thereby identifying a pyridazine which inhibited GSK-3 with sub-micromolar potency. (pharmiweb.com)
Modification of the template to incorporate functionality at the 6-position did indeed produce a novel series of GSK-3 inhibitors with potencies dropping to sub-nanomolar levels. (pharmiweb.com)
The pharmaceutical development of GSK-3 inhibitors is therefore advancing, and the next few years hold promise as these series and others currently in development approach the clinic. (pharmiweb.com)
Preparation of pyrroledione derivatives as inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3. (qub.ac.uk)
3D-QSAR studies and molecular docking in order to find the relationship between the molecular properties and biological activity have been carried out on a series of GSK-3 on maleimide-based inhibitors as mood stabilizer. (ac.ir)

GSK-3 inhibition also resulted in reduction of the NF-kappaB target proteins XIAP, Bcl-X L , and cyclin D1, associated with growth inhibition and decreased clonogenic survival. (biomedcentral.com)

The inhibition of GSK-3 offers considerable potential for the treatment of diabetes since this lowers plasma glucose levels increases insulin sensitivity and may also be insulinotrophic. (pharmiweb.com)
This study increases our knowledge of structural requirement needed for the inhibition of GSK-3 and it is hoped that further optimization of this series will lead to the development of clinical candidates. (pharmiweb.com)
Recently, inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 has been shown to exert anti-tumor effects on pancreatic cancer cells by suppressing NF-kappaB. (biomedcentral.com)
Consequently, we investigated whether inhibition of GSK-3 sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine. (biomedcentral.com)
GSK-3 inhibition was achieved using the pharmacological agent AR-A014418 or siRNA against GSK-3 alpha and beta isoforms. (biomedcentral.com)
Basal and TNF-alpha induced activity of NF-kappaB was assessed using a luciferase reporter assay in the presence or absence of GSK-3 inhibition. (biomedcentral.com)
GSK-3 inhibition reduced both basal and TNF-alpha induced NF-kappaB luciferase activity. (biomedcentral.com)
GSK-3 inhibition has anticancer effects against pancreatic cancer cells with a range of genetic backgrounds associated with disruption of NF-kappaB, but does not significantly sensitize these cells to the standard chemotherapy agent gemcitabine. (biomedcentral.com)
Pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3β further confirmed the negative role of GSK-3β in osteoclast formation. (elsevier.com)
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 alleviates Tcf3 repression of the pluripotency network and increases embryonic stem cell resistance to differentiation. (mpg.de)
Accumulation of β-catenin by the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β with LiCl inhibited chondrogenesis by stabilizing cell-cell adhesion. (biologists.com)
no significant inhibition on 26 other kinases. (dcchemicals.com)

Asphalt fumes transiently activated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases without affecting extracellular signal-regulated kinases and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. (cdc.gov)

Glycogen storage disease (GSD) VII (Tarui disease) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of phosphofructokinase (PFK), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycolysis. (medscape.com)
Enzyme deficiency results in glycogen accumulation in tissues, especially liver and skeletal muscle cells. (medscape.com)
Enzyme deficiency results in glycogen accumulation in tissues. (medscape.com)

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulates IGFBP-1 gene transcription through the thymine-rich insulin response element. (uchicago.edu)
Finlay D, Patel S, Dickson LM, Shpiro N, Marquez R, Rhodes CJ, Sutherland C. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulates IGFBP-1 gene transcription through the thymine-rich insulin response element. (uchicago.edu)
It is shown that microtubule-actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1) regulates dendritic arborization and axon outgrowth of developing pyramidal neurons by arranging cytoskeleton components and mediating GSK-3 signaling. (semanticscholar.org)
MACF1 regulates the migration of pyramidal neurons via microtubule dynamics and GSK-3 signaling. (semanticscholar.org)

Exposure to asphalt fumes activates activator protein-1 through the phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt signaling pathway in mouse epidermal cells. (cdc.gov)
Further study indicated that blockage of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation eliminated asphalt fume-stimulated AP-1 activation and formation of anchorage-independent colonies in soft agar. (cdc.gov)

These findings demonstrate a novel role for GSK-3β in the regulation of bone remodeling through modulation of NFATc1 in RANKL signaling. (elsevier.com)
The rheostatic regulation of GSK-3 highlights the importance of considering the contributions of both homologs when studying GSK-3 functions in mammalian systems. (nih.gov)
If glycolysis gets past the phosphofructokinase step, then regulation is at the pyruvate kinase step. (pdf4pro.com)

[ 1 ] The diagnosis is made on the basis of findings from the history and physical examination, muscle biopsy, electromyography, ischemic forearm testing, and creatine kinase testing. (medscape.com)

CHIR-99021 is a glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta inhibitor that has antiproliferative activity in vitro and in vivo. (dcchemicals.com)
CHIR-99021 is a GSK-3α/β inhibitor with an IC50 of 10 and 6.7 nM，showing 500-fold selectivity over its closest homologs CDC2 and ERK2, as well as other protein kinases. (dcchemicals.com)
TWS119 is a GSK-3β inhibitor with IC50 of 30 nM. (dcchemicals.com)
CP21R7 is a potent and selective GSK-3β inhibitor. (dcchemicals.com)
CHIR-98014 is a potent GSK-3α/β inhibitor with IC50 of 0.65 nM/0.58 nM, with the ability to distinguish GSK-3 from its closest homologs Cdc2 and ERK2. (dcchemicals.com)
BIO (6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime) is a specific inhibitor of GSK-3 with IC50 of 5 nM for GSK-3α/β, shows >16-fold selectivity over CDK5, also a pan-JAKinhibitor. (dcchemicals.com)

An interesting difference between this series and GlaxoSmithKlinexs molecules is that they also inhibit protein kinase C. Moreover they demonstrated a selectivity of 10-100-fold for beta isoforms of this enzyme as compared to other isoforms. (pharmiweb.com)
Knockdown of GSK-3 beta reduced nuclear factor kappa B luciferase activity to a greater extent than GSK-3 alpha, and the greatest effect was seen with dual knockdown of both GSK-3 isoforms. (biomedcentral.com)
We have previously reported reduced GSK-3β protein levels and GSK-3 total (α+β isoforms) activity in postmortem frontal cortex of schizophrenic patients. (bgu.ac.il)

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling in Alzheimer's. (ubc.ca)

Here, we describe the generation of an allelic series of mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines with 0-4 functional GSK-3 alleles and examine GSK-3-isoform function in Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. (nih.gov)
No compensatory upregulation in GSK-3 protein levels or activity was detected in cells lacking either GSK-3alpha or GSK-3beta, and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling was normal. (nih.gov)
Indeed, GSK-3alpha/beta double-knockout ESCs displayed hyperactivated Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and were severely compromised in their ability to differentiate, but could be rescued to normality by re-expression of functional GSK-3. (nih.gov)
The results indicate that GSK-3 signaling is an essential mediator of homeostatic controls that regulate neural progenitors during mammalian brain development. (semanticscholar.org)
An intracellular-signaling kinase that plays a role in regulating APOPTOSIS . (nih.gov)

The mechanisms involved demonstrate that ASPH binds to glycogen synthase kinase 3β and inhibits its subsequent interactions with protein kinase B and p38 upstream kinases as shown by coimmunoprecipitation. (elsevier.com)

In the absence of the ligand, a multiprotein complex that includes Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC), axin, casein kinase 1α (CK1α) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) mediates the destruction of cytoplasmically localized β-catenin. (frontiersin.org)
and CASEIN KINASE I . (bvsalud.org)

Thus the GSK-3 inhibiting component of this molecule could improve glucose handling, while the PKC inhibiting activity could limit diabetic complications. (pharmiweb.com)
Mice were pretreated by water extract of P. vulgaris spica (PE) for 3-4 weeks followed by one of the following tests: acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate test, rotaroad test, food intake, glucose tolerance test (GTT). (researchsquare.com)
Network pharmacology studies revealed that BDNF, GCs and GC-responsive or down-stream genes such as GC-induced leucine zipper protein (GILZ), glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1, protein kinase B (PKB), etc. were intensively involved into anti-inflammation and glucose intolerance. (researchsquare.com)
In ZDF rats, a single oral dose of CHIR 99021 (16 mg/kg or 48 mg/kg) rapidly lowers plasma glucose, with a maximal reduction of nearly 150 mg/dl 3-4 h after administration[1]. (dcchemicals.com)
These enzymes normally catalyze reactions that ultimately convert glycogen compounds to glucose. (medscape.com)
The enzymes affected normally catalyze reactions that ultimately convert glycogen compounds to monosaccharides, of which glucose is the predominant component. (medscape.com)

In mammalian cells, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) exists as two homologs, GSK-3alpha and GSK-3beta, encoded by independent genes, which share similar kinase domains but differ substantially in their termini. (nih.gov)

12(3)2023 01 24. (bvsalud.org)

Endothelial Scaffolding Protein ENH (Enigma Homolog Protein) Promotes PHLPP2 (Pleckstrin Homology Domain and Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Phosphatase 2)-Mediated Dephosphorylation of AKT1 and eNOS (Endothelial NO Synthase) Promoting Vascular Remodeling. (nih.gov)
After 48 h, the expression levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS) were detected by Western blot ( n =3). (magtech.com.cn)

Novo Nordisk and GlaxoSmithKline were also involved in the field, and the latter have been responsible for the development of two structurally distinct compounds, SB-216763 and SB-415286, that inhibit GSK-3 with nanomolar potency. (pharmiweb.com)

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is central to multiple intracellular pathways including those activated by Wnt/β-catenin, Sonic Hedgehog, Notch, growth factor/RTK, and G protein-coupled receptor signals that contribute to neural development. (semanticscholar.org)

These two markers are common both to late-onset/sporadic AD and early-onset/familial AD (FAD) suggesting a common pathogenic pathway [ 3 ]. (springer.com)

These results demonstrate that reduced frontal cortical GSK-3β levels may occur as a result of neonatal hippocampal damage and suggest that this animal model may be utilized to study the mechanism of GSK-3 reduction in schizophrenia, a disorder in which postmortem changes in GSK-3 were found. (bgu.ac.il)

Finally diverse mood stabilizers also inhibit GSK-3 activity suggesting that bipolar disorder represents a further indication for this therapeutic class. (pharmiweb.com)
Total GSK-3 (α+β) activity was not different between lesioned and sham rats at any age. (bgu.ac.il)
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta (GSK-3B) activity in elderly patients with major. (usp.br)

Here, we show that the GSK-3β inactivation upon receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) stimulation is crucial for osteoclast differentiation. (elsevier.com)

A coupled spectrophotometric assay was used in which ADP generated by kinase was converted to ATP with the concomitant production of pyruvate from PE. (bindingdb.org)
Furthermore, the migration rate of HUVECs in each group was observed by wound healing assay after 48 h cultured ( n =3). (magtech.com.cn)

Association of dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with breast cancer risk in pre- and postmenopausal Chinese women - Menopause 2022 Jul 26 - 'Higher intake of marine n-3 PUFAs and total n-3 PUFAs was associated with lower risk of breast cancer, with adjusted OR quartile 4 v.1 (95% confidence intervals) of 0.68 (0.55-0.84) and 0.56 (0.42-0.75), respectively. (qualitycounts.com)

FAM83A is mainly phosphorylated by the SRC non-receptor kinase family member BLK (B-lymphoid tyrosine kinase) at tyrosine 138 residue within the DUF1669 domain that mediates the FAM83A-ß-catenin interaction. (bvsalud.org)

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a serine/threonine kinase originally identified as a regulator of glycogen deposition. (elsevier.com)
Although the role of GSK-3β in osteoblasts is well characterized as a negative regulator of β-catenin, its effect on osteoclast formation remains largely unidentified. (elsevier.com)

We now studied whether GSK-3β is altered in the frontal cortex of rats with the neonatal excitotoxic hippocampal lesion used as a model of schizophrenia. (bgu.ac.il)

Researchers have since suggested that it is possible to displace the structural waters from the GSK-3 binding site via insertion of a suitably functionalised group at the 6-position of the pyrazolo [3,4-b ]pyridine nucleus. (pharmiweb.com)
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta gene structural variants as possible risk factors of bipolar depression. (cdc.gov)

Urine appears to be the major route of excretion, with a urine:fecal ratio of approximately 3:1 in humans. (cdc.gov)

Proof of concept studies have accumulated supporting the targeting of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) for the treatment of diabetes and CNS conditions. (pharmiweb.com)
Mechanisms linking diabetes mellitus to the development of atherosclerosis: a role for endoplasmic reticulum stress and glycogen synthase kinase-3This paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled Young Investigator's Forum. (mcmaster.ca)

Most patients experience muscle symptoms, such as weakness and cramps, although certain glycogen storage diseases manifest as specific syndromes, such as hypoglycemic seizures or cardiomegaly. (medscape.com)
Quercetin Therapy for Selected Patients with PIM1 Kinase-Positive Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma: A Pilot Study. (uchicago.edu)

The role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta in the transformation of epidermal cells. (cdc.gov)
A primary process triggering tumor invasion is EMT through which cancer epithelial cells lose their epithelial properties and trans-differentiate to a migratory mesenchymal phenotype ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
In the presence of CHIR-99021 the viability of the ES-D3 cells is reduced by 24.7% at 2.5 μM, 56.3% at 5 μM, 61.9% at 7.5 μM and 69.2% at 10 μM CHIR-99021 with an IC50 of 4.9 μM[3]. (dcchemicals.com)
Intracellular ROS dimension After treatment, cells had been cleaned with PBS for 3 x and gathered in pipes. (ecologicalsgardens.com)
To explore this issue, Wistar rats and mouse hepatoma cells (Hepa 1-6) were exposed to ethanol, 8 g·kg−1·d−1 for 3 months and 100 mM for 48 h, respectively. (umanitoba.ca)

Glycogen storage disease (GSD) is the result of an enzyme defect. (medscape.com)
Pompe disease (type II glycogen storage disease) is an inherited enzyme defect that usually manifests in childhood. (medscape.com)

Theoretically, the possibilities include (1) a primary T-cell mediated autoimmune response causing muscle damage, (2) a primary degenerative process involving abnormal protein processing leading to a secondary inflammatory response, and (3) separate and independent immune and degenerative processes caused by an external trigger. (medscape.com)

Although more and animals and plants and regulate gene/protein expression more progressions have been made about the through direct complementarity between their 5' region pathogenesis of asthma in recent years, the increasing and the 3' untranslated region of target mRNAs. (cdc.gov)

Glycogen is a complex multibranched polysaccharide that acts as energy storage in the human body and is formed mainly in the liver and skeletal muscles. (medscape.com)
XIII" YMR047C 3 13 3 YMR047C "Nuclear pore complex protein that is member of GLFG repeat-containing family of nucleoporins and is,XIII" YMR049C 3 13 4 YMR049C "Ymr049cp,XIII" YMR051C 3 13 5 YMR051C "TyA Gag protein. (davidson.edu)

This results in glycogen accumulation in tissues, especially muscles, and impairs their ability to function normally. (medscape.com)

Anatomy26

Organisms10

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs155

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes42

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Alzheimer's disease: clues from flies and worms. (1/3209)

Axin prevents Wnt-3a-induced accumulation of beta-catenin. (2/3209)

Allosteric regulation of even-skipped repression activity by phosphorylation. (3/3209)

Wingless signaling leads to an asymmetric response to decapentaplegic-dependent signaling during sense organ patterning on the notum of Drosophila melanogaster. (4/3209)

Xenopus axin interacts with glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and is expressed in the anterior midbrain. (5/3209)

Regulation of beta-catenin signaling by the B56 subunit of protein phosphatase 2A. (6/3209)

Differential activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p38 pathways during FTY720-induced apoptosis of T lymphocytes that is suppressed by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. (7/3209)

Negative regulation of axis formation and Wnt signaling in Xenopus embryos by the F-box/WD40 protein beta TrCP. (8/3209)

Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3

Glycogen Synthase Kinases

Glycogen Synthase

Glycogen

Lithium Chloride

Phosphorylation

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases

Liver Glycogen

beta Catenin

Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt

Glycogen Phosphorylase

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

Signal Transduction

Aminophenols

Maleimides

Protein Kinases

Phosphorylases

Axin Protein

Enzyme Inhibitors

Protein Kinase Inhibitors

Enzyme Activation

Serine

MAP Kinase Signaling System

Lithium

Glucose

tau Proteins

Wnt Proteins

Insulin

Indoles

Proto-Oncogene Proteins

Cell Line

Glucose-6-Phosphate

Cells, Cultured

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5

Casein Kinases

Blotting, Western

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acid Sequence

Muscles

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

Androstadienes

Chromones

Transfection

Mutation

Protein Phosphatase 1

Cytoskeletal Proteins

Phosphoprotein Phosphatases

Protein Binding

Protein Kinase C

Muscle, Skeletal

Morpholines

Glucosephosphates

Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases

Kinetics

Liver

Glycogen-Synthase-D Phosphatase

Casein Kinase I

p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Cell Line, Tumor

Apoptosis

JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Isoenzymes

Thiadiazoles

Uridine Diphosphate Glucose

beta-Transducin Repeat-Containing Proteins

Glycogen Storage Disease

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

src-Family Kinases

Phosphoserine

Rabbits

RNA, Small Interfering

Substrate Specificity

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3

Phosphoproteins

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Phosphorylase Kinase

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases

Recombinant Proteins