A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Cell surface receptors that bind GLYCINE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glycine receptors in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM have an intrinsic chloride channel and are usually inhibitory.
Substances used for their pharmacological actions on glycinergic systems. Glycinergic agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
A family of sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters that transport the amino acid GLYCINE. They differ from GLYCINE RECEPTORS, which signal cellular responses to GLYCINE. They are located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of NEURONS; GLIAL CELLS; EPITHELIAL CELLS; and RED BLOOD CELLS where they remove inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine from the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE.
A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE dependent enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of GLYCINE with the transfer of an aminomethyl group to the LIPOIC ACID moiety of the GLYCINE DECARBOXYLASE COMPLEX H-PROTEIN. Defects in P-protein are the cause of non-ketotic hyperglycinemia. It is one of four subunits of the glycine decarboxylase complex.
An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.
An enzyme that catalyzes the METHYLATION of GLYCINE using S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE to form SARCOSINE with the concomitant production of S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE.
A LIPOIC ACID-containing protein that plays the pivotal role in the transfer of methylamine groups and reducing equivalents between the three enzymatic components of the glycine decarboxylase complex.
A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)
A enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidative DECARBOXYLATION and DEAMINATION of GLYCINE into CARBON DIOXIDE; AMMONIA; NADH; and N5N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. It is composed of four different component protein components referred to as H, P, L, and T.
An annual legume. The SEEDS of this plant are edible and used to produce a variety of SOY FOODS.
A pyridoxal phosphate enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of glycine and 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate to form serine. It also catalyzes the reaction of glycine with acetaldehyde to form L-threonine. EC 2.1.2.1.
An amino acid intermediate in the metabolism of choline.
Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting neutral amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, NEUTRAL).
Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
A one-carbon group transferase that transfers lipoamide-linked methylamine groups to tetrahydrofolate (TETRAHYDROFOLATES) to form methylenetetrahydrofolate and AMMONIA. It is one of four components of the glycine decarboxylase complex.
A class of enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions of amino acids.
A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.
A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.
A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.
Cell surface receptors that bind signalling molecules released by neurons and convert these signals into intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act to regulate ion channels, but also those which act on second messenger systems and those which may act at a distance from their release sites. Included are receptors for neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not located at synapses.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidative DEAMINATION of GLYCINE to glyoxylate and AMMONIA in the presence of NAD. In BACTERIA lacking transaminating pathways the enzyme can act in the reverse direction to synthesize glycine from glyoxylate and ammonia and NADH.
Enzymes of a subclass of TRANSFERASES that catalyze the transfer of an amidino group from donor to acceptor. EC 2.1.4.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.
A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying glycine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Salts and esters of hippuric acid.
Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.
Glyoxylates are organic compounds that are intermediate products in the metabolic pathways responsible for the breakdown and synthesis of various molecules, including amino acids and carbohydrates, and are involved in several biochemical processes such as the glyoxylate cycle.
A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.
A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the amino group of GLYCINE onto 2-oxoglutarate to generate GLYOXYLATE and L-GLUTAMATE.
Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the aliphatic structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobutryrate structure.
Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.
Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.
One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.
An amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported.
Cell-surface proteins that bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.
An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of betain aldehyde to BETAINE.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and GABA RECEPTOR AGONISTS.
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.
Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hydroxymethyl or formyl groups. EC 2.1.2.
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.
Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.
The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.
An enzyme bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane that catalyzes the oxidation of CHOLINE to BETAINE.
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.
The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.
COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
The pressure required to prevent the passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane that separates a pure solvent from a solution of the solvent and solute or that separates different concentrations of a solution. It is proportional to the osmolality of the solution.
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).
The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.
The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
The balance of fluid in the BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; total BODY WATER; BLOOD VOLUME; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; INTRACELLULAR SPACE, maintained by processes in the body that regulate the intake and excretion of WATER and ELECTROLYTES, particularly SODIUM and POTASSIUM.

Hsp60 is targeted to a cryptic mitochondrion-derived organelle ("crypton") in the microaerophilic protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. (1/5843)

Entamoeba histolytica is a microaerophilic protozoan parasite in which neither mitochondria nor mitochondrion-derived organelles have been previously observed. Recently, a segment of an E. histolytica gene was identified that encoded a protein similar to the mitochondrial 60-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp60 or chaperonin 60), which refolds nuclear-encoded proteins after passage through organellar membranes. The possible function and localization of the amebic Hsp60 were explored here. Like Hsp60 of mitochondria, amebic Hsp60 RNA and protein were both strongly induced by incubating parasites at 42 degreesC. 5' and 3' rapid amplifications of cDNA ends were used to obtain the entire E. histolytica hsp60 coding region, which predicted a 536-amino-acid Hsp60. The E. histolytica hsp60 gene protected from heat shock Escherichia coli groEL mutants, demonstrating the chaperonin function of the amebic Hsp60. The E. histolytica Hsp60, which lacked characteristic carboxy-terminal Gly-Met repeats, had a 21-amino-acid amino-terminal, organelle-targeting presequence that was cleaved in vivo. This presequence was necessary to target Hsp60 to one (and occasionally two or three) short, cylindrical organelle(s). In contrast, amebic alcohol dehydrogenase 1 and ferredoxin, which are bacteria-like enzymes, were diffusely distributed throughout the cytosol. We suggest that the Hsp60-associated, mitochondrion-derived organelle identified here be named "crypton," as its structure was previously hidden and its function is still cryptic.  (+info)

Carbon 13 NMR study of nonenzymatic reactions of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with selected amino acids and of related reactions. (2/5843)

Carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to monitor the nonenzymatic reactions of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with glycine, alanine, valine, serine, and with several other model compounds. Isotopically enriched amino acids were employed so that low concentrations could be utilized while still allowing relatively rapid acquisition of spectral data. The results for alanine and serine are particularly noteworthy in that alanine is deaminated to pyruvate and pyruvate is aminated to alanine, but contrary to the enzymatic reactions of various serine dehydratases wherein serine is converted to pyruvate, the nonenzymatic reaction utilizing serine results in hydroxypruvate rather than pyruvate formation. In the reverse reaction, hydroxypyruvate is aminated to serine but very inefficiently relative to the amination of pyruvate to alanine. The experimental results have been formulated into a proposed reaction mechanism for deamination of amino acids by pyridoxal-P.  (+info)

Presence of the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter in GABAergic and glycinergic synaptic terminal boutons. (3/5843)

The characterization of the Caenorhabditis elegans unc-47 gene recently allowed the identification of a mammalian (gamma)-amino butyric acid (GABA) transporter, presumed to be located in the synaptic vesicle membrane. In situ hybridization data in rat brain suggested that it might also take up glycine and thus represent a general Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transporter (VIAAT). In the present study, we have investigated the localization of VIAAT in neurons by using a polyclonal antibody raised against the hydrophilic N-terminal domain of the protein. Light microscopy and immunocytochemistry in primary cultures or tissue sections of the rat spinal cord revealed that VIAAT was localized in a subset (63-65%) of synaptophysin-immunoreactive terminal boutons; among the VIAAT-positive terminals around motoneuronal somata, 32.9% of them were also immunoreactive for GAD65, a marker of GABAergic presynaptic endings. Labelling was also found apposed to clusters positive for the glycine receptor or for its associated protein gephyrin. At the ultrastructural level, VIAAT immunoreactivity was restricted to presynaptic boutons exhibiting classical inhibitory features and, within the boutons, concentrated over synaptic vesicle clusters. Pre-embedding detection of VIAAT followed by post-embedding detection of GABA or glycine on serial sections of the spinal cord or cerebellar cortex indicated that VIAAT was present in glycine-, GABA- or GABA- and glycine-containing boutons. Taken together, these data further support the view of a common vesicular transporter for these two inhibitory transmitters, which would be responsible for their costorage in the same synaptic vesicle and subsequent corelease at mixed GABA-and-glycine synapses.  (+info)

Multiplex sequence analysis demonstrates the competitive growth advantage of the A-to-G mutants of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori. (4/5843)

Clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori is due to point mutation within the 23S rRNA. We examined the growth rates of different types of site-directed mutants and demonstrated quantitatively the competitive growth advantage of A-to-G mutants over other types of mutants by a multiplex sequencing assay. The results provide a rational explanation of why A-to-G mutants are predominantly observed among clarithromycin-resistant clinical isolates.  (+info)

The role of proline and glycine in determining the backbone flexibility of a channel-forming peptide. (5/5843)

Alamethicin is a helical 20-amino acid voltage-gated channel-forming peptide, which is known to exhibit segmental flexibility in solution along its backbone near alpha-methylalanine (MeA)-10 and Gly-11. In an alpha-helical configuration, MeA at position 10 would normally hydrogen-bond with position 14, but the presence of proline at this position prevents the formation of this interhelical hydrogen bond. To determine whether the presence of proline at position 14 contributes to the flexibility of this helix, two analogs of alamethicin were synthesized, one with proline 14 replaced by alanine and another with both proline 14 and glycine 11 replaced by alanine. The C-termini of these peptides were derivatized with a proxyl nitroxide, and paramagnetic enhancements produced by the nitroxide on the Calpha protons were used to estimate r-6 weighted distances between the nitroxide and the backbone protons. When compared to native alamethicin, the analog lacking proline 14 exhibited similar C-terminal to Calpha proton distances, indicating that substitution of proline alone does not alter the flexibility of this helix; however, the subsequent removal of glycine 11 resulted in a significant increase in the averaged distances between the C- and N-termini. Thus, the G-X-X-P motif found in alamethicin appears to be largely responsible for mediating high-amplitude bending motions that have been observed in the central helical domain of alamethicin in methanol. To determine whether these substitutions alter the channel behavior of alamethicin, the macroscopic and single-channel currents produced by these analogs were compared. Although the substitution of the G-X-X-P motif produces channels with altered characteristics, this motif is not essential to achieve voltage-dependent gating or alamethicin-like behavior.  (+info)

NMDA receptor characterization and subunit expression in rat cultured mesencephalic neurones. (6/5843)

1. NMDA-induced changes in free intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were determined in individual cultured rat mesencephalic neurones by the fura-2 method. mRNA expression encoding NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A-D) was examined by RT-PCR. 2. NMDA (1-100 microM, plus 10 microM glycine) induced a concentration-dependent increase in [Ca2+]i (EC50 = 5.7 microM). The effect of NMDA was virtually insensitive to tetrodotoxin (0.3 microM) and nitrendipine (1 microM), but dependent on extracellular Ca2+. 5,7-Dichlorokynurenic acid (10 microM), a specific antagonist at the glycine binding site on the NMDA receptor, abolished the NMDA response. 3. Memantine, an open-channel blocker, and ifenprodil, a preferential non-competitive NR1/NR2B receptor antagonist diminished the NMDA effect with an IC50 value of 0.17 and 1 microM, respectively. Ethanol at 50 and 100 mM caused about 25 and 45%-inhibition, respectively. 4. Agarose gel analysis of the PCR products followed by ethidium bromide fluorescence or CSPD chemiluminescence detection revealed an almost exclusive expression of the NR1 splice variants lacking exon (E) 5 and E22. The 3' splice form without both E21 and E22 exceeded that containing E21 by approximately 4 fold. The relative amounts of NR2A, NR2B, NR2C corresponded to approximately 1:2:1. NR2D mRNA was also detectable. 5. In conclusion, mesencephalic neurones bear ethanol-sensitive NMDA receptors which might be involved in the development of ethanol dependence and withdrawal. The high affinity of NMDA to this receptor, its sensitivity to ifenprodil and memantine may suggest that the mesencephalic NMDA receptor comprises the NR1 splice variant lacking E5, NR2B, and NR2C, respectively.  (+info)

Antagonist activity of alpha-substituted 4-carboxyphenylglycine analogues at group I metabotropic glutamate receptors expressed in CHO cells. (7/5843)

1. We have investigated the antagonist properties of 6 alpha-substituted phenylglycine analogues based on the structure of 4-carboxyphenylglycine (4-CPG) for group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu1alpha and mGlu5a) permanently expressed in CHO cells. 2. (S)-4-CPG and (S)-MCPG were the most selective mGlu1alpha receptor antagonists. Longer chain alpha-carbon substitutions resulted in a progressive loss of antagonist affinity at mGlu1alpha receptors but not at mGlu5a receptors. Thus mGlu1alpha receptor antagonists require small aliphatic groups at the alpha-position. Alpha-cyclopropyl-4-CPG showed a tendency towards mGlu5a selectivity, suggesting that bulky groups at this position may favour mGlu5a receptor antagonism. 3. We demonstrate that the mGlu5a receptor displays agonist-dependent antagonism. L-glutamate-induced Ca2+ release in mGlu5a receptor expressing cells was more susceptible to antagonism by cyclic alpha-carbon derivatives than (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG)-induced Ca2+ release in the same cell line. 4. The data presented suggests that mGlu1alpha and mGlu5a receptors have different steric and/or conformational requirements for the binding of antagonists and different amino acids which could interact with agonists. 5. These phenylglycine analogues could provide leads for the development of subtype selective antagonists.  (+info)

Mechanisms involved in the metabotropic glutamate receptor-enhancement of NMDA-mediated motoneurone responses in frog spinal cord. (8/5843)

1. The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist trans-(+/-)-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (trans-ACPD) (10-100 microM) depolarized isolated frog spinal cord motoneurones, a process sensitive to kynurenate (1.0 mM) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) (0.783 microM). 2. In the presence of NMDA open channel blockers [Mg2+; (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate (MK801); 3,5-dimethyl-1-adamantanamine hydrochloride (memantine)] and TTX, trans-ACPD significantly potentiated NMDA-induced motoneurone depolarizations, but not alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionate (AMPA)- or kainate-induced depolarizations. 3. NMDA potentiation was blocked by (RS)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG) (240 microM), but not by alpha-methyl-(2S,3S,4S)-alpha-(carboxycyclopropyl)-glycine (MCCG) (290 microM) or by alpha-methyl-(S)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-MAP4) (250 microM), and was mimicked by 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) (30 microM), but not by L(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-AP4) (100 microM). Therefore, trans-ACPD's facilitatory effects appear to involve group I mGluRs. 4. Potentiation was prevented by the G-protein decoupling agent pertussis toxin (3-6 ng ml(-1), 36 h preincubation). The protein kinase C inhibitors staurosporine (2.0 microM) and N-(2-aminoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulphonamide HCI (H9) (77 microM) did not significantly reduce enhanced NMDA responses. Protein kinase C activation with phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (5.0 microM) had no effect. 5. Intracellular Ca2+ depletion with thapsigargin (0.1 microM) (which inhibits Ca2+/ATPase), 1,2-bis(O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetracetic acid acetyl methyl ester (BAPTA-AM) (50 microM) (which buffers elevations of [Ca2+]i), and bathing spinal cords in nominally Ca2+-free medium all reduced trans-ACPD's effects. 6. The calmodulin antagonists N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulphonamide (W7) (100 microM) and chlorpromazine (100 microM) diminished the potentiation. 7. In summary, group I mGluRs selectively facilitate NMDA-depolarization of frog motoneurones via a G-protein, a rise in [Ca2+]i from the presumed generation of phosphoinositides, binding of Ca2+ to calmodulin, and lessening of the Mg2+-produced channel block of the NMDA receptor.  (+info)

Glycine is a simple amino acid that plays a crucial role in the body. According to the medical definition, glycine is an essential component for the synthesis of proteins, peptides, and other biologically important compounds. It is also involved in various metabolic processes, such as the production of creatine, which supports muscle function, and the regulation of neurotransmitters, affecting nerve impulse transmission and brain function. Glycine can be found as a free form in the body and is also present in many dietary proteins.

Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are ligand-gated ion channel proteins that play a crucial role in mediating inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system. They belong to the Cys-loop family of receptors, which also includes GABA(A), nicotinic acetylcholine, and serotonin receptors.

GlyRs are composed of pentameric assemblies of subunits, with four different subunit isoforms (Ī±1, Ī±2, Ī±3, and Ī²) identified in vertebrates. The most common GlyR composition consists of Ī± and Ī² subunits, although homomeric receptors composed solely of Ī± subunits can also be formed.

When glycine binds to the orthosteric site on the extracellular domain of the receptor, it triggers a conformational change that leads to the opening of an ion channel, allowing chloride ions (Cl-) to flow through and hyperpolarize the neuronal membrane. This inhibitory neurotransmission is essential for regulating synaptic excitability, controlling motor function, and modulating sensory processing in the brainstem, spinal cord, and other regions of the central nervous system.

Dysfunction of GlyRs has been implicated in various neurological disorders, including hyperekplexia (startle disease), epilepsy, chronic pain, and neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorder.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Glycine Agents" is not a widely recognized or established term in medical or scientific communities. Glycine is an amino acid that serves as a neurotransmitter and has various other functions in the body. However, I'm not aware of any specific agents or medications that are referred to as "Glycine Agents."

If you have more context or information about where you encountered this term, I might be able to provide a more accurate and helpful response.

Glycine is an important amino acid that plays a role in various physiological processes in the human body. Plasma membrane transport proteins are specialized molecules found in the cell membrane that facilitate the movement of specific molecules, such as ions or neurotransmitters like glycine, into and out of cells.

Glycine plasma membrane transport proteins specifically regulate the transcellular movement of glycine across the plasma membrane. These transport proteins belong to a family of solute carriers (SLC) known as the glycine transporters (GlyTs). There are two main isoforms, GlyT1 and GlyT2, which differ in their distribution, function, and regulation.

GlyT1 is widely expressed throughout the central nervous system and plays a crucial role in terminating glycinergic neurotransmission by rapidly removing glycine from the synaptic cleft. This isoform is also involved in regulating extracellular glycine concentrations in various tissues, including the brainstem, spinal cord, and retina.

GlyT2, on the other hand, is primarily localized to presynaptic terminals of glycinergic neurons, where it functions as a vesicular glycine transporter (VGT). Its primary role is to transport glycine into synaptic vesicles for subsequent release into the synapse during neurotransmission.

Dysfunction in glycine plasma membrane transport proteins has been implicated in several neurological disorders, such as hyperekplexia (startle disease) and certain forms of epilepsy. In these cases, impaired glycinergic neurotransmission can lead to motor and cognitive deficits, highlighting the importance of proper glycine transport protein function for normal physiological processes.

Strychnine is a highly toxic, colorless, bitter-tasting crystalline alkaloid that is derived from the seeds of the Strychnos nux-vomica tree, native to India and Southeast Asia. It is primarily used in the manufacture of pesticides and rodenticides due to its high toxicity to insects and mammals.

Medically, strychnine has been used in the past as a stimulant and a treatment for various conditions such as asthma, heart failure, and neurological disorders. However, its use in modern medicine is extremely rare due to its narrow therapeutic index and high toxicity.

Strychnine works by blocking inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, leading to increased muscle contractions, stiffness, and convulsions. Ingestion of even small amounts can cause severe symptoms such as muscle spasms, rigidity, seizures, and respiratory failure, which can be fatal if left untreated.

It is important to note that strychnine has no legitimate medical use in humans and its possession and use are highly regulated due to its high toxicity and potential for abuse.

Glycine N-Methyltransferase (GNMT) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in methionine and homocysteine metabolism. It is primarily found in the liver and to some extent in the kidneys, pancreas, and brain.

GNMT catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to glycine, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and sarcosine as products. This reaction helps regulate the levels of SAM, SAH, and homocysteine in the body.

Additionally, GNMT has been shown to have other functions, such as detoxification of xenobiotics and regulation of lipid metabolism. Abnormal GNMT activity or expression has been linked to various diseases, including liver disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

The Glycine Decarboxylase Complex (GDC) is a multienzyme complex that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of glycine, an amino acid. This complex is composed of four main proteins: P-, H-, T- and L-protein. The H-protein, also known as the H protein of the glycine decarboxylase complex or GLDC, is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the glycine cleavage system (GCS).

The GCS is responsible for the oxidative cleavage of glycine to form ammonia, carbon dioxide, and a methyl group, which is then transferred to tetrahydrofolate. The H-protein functions as a dehydrogenase in this process, facilitating the conversion of glycine to aminoacetic acid (also known as Ī²-alanine) and liberating a molecule of CO2.

In summary, Glycine Decarboxylase Complex H-Protein is a key enzyme in the Glycine Decarboxylase Complex that facilitates the oxidative cleavage of glycine, an essential amino acid metabolism pathway.

Betaine, also known as trimethylglycine, is a naturally occurring compound that can be found in various foods such as beets, spinach, and whole grains. In the body, betaine functions as an osmolyte, helping to regulate water balance in cells, and as a methyl donor, contributing to various metabolic processes including the conversion of homocysteine to methionine.

In medical terms, betaine is also used as a dietary supplement and medication. Betaine hydrochloride is a form of betaine that is sometimes used as a supplement to help with digestion by providing additional stomach acid. Betaine anhydrous, on the other hand, is often used as a supplement for improving athletic performance and promoting liver health.

Betaine has also been studied for its potential role in protecting against various diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurological disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential.

The Glycine Decarboxylase Complex (GDC) is a multi-enzyme complex that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of the amino acid glycine. It is located in the mitochondria of cells and catalyzes the decarboxylation of glycine to form carbon dioxide, ammonia, and a molecule called 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate.

The GDC is composed of four main enzymes: glycine decarboxylase (GDC), aminomethyltransferase (AMT), and two proteins that serve as structural components, hydrogen carrier protein (HCP) and diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN). GDC catalyzes the decarboxylation of glycine to form a molecule called a Schiff base, which is then transferred to AMT. AMT then transfers the aminomethyl group from the Schiff base to a molecule called tetrahydrofolate, forming 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate.

The GDC is an important part of the glycine cleavage system, which is involved in the metabolism of glycine and the synthesis of certain amino acids, such as serine and methionine. Mutations in genes encoding components of the GDC have been associated with several genetic disorders, including non-ketotic hyperglycinemia, a rare inherited disorder of glycine metabolism.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "soybeans" are not a medical term. They are a type of legume that is commonly used in agriculture and food production. The medical community might discuss soybeans in the context of nutrition or allergies, but there isn't a formal medical definition for this term.

Here's some general information: Soybeans, scientifically known as Glycine max, are native to East Asia and are now grown worldwide. They are a significant source of plant-based protein and oil. Soybeans contain various nutrients, including essential amino acids, fiber, B vitamins, and minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc. They are used in various food products such as tofu, soy milk, tempeh, and miso. Additionally, soybeans are also used in the production of industrial products, including biodiesel, plastics, and inks. Some people may have allergic reactions to soybeans or soy products.

Glycine hydroxymethyltransferase (GHMT or GHT) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the metabolic pathway called the methylation cycle, specifically in the synthesis of the amino acid serine and the conversion of glycine. It catalyzes the reversible reaction between glycine and methylene tetrahydrofolate (MTHF) to produce 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and sarcosine.

The reaction can be represented as follows:
Glycine + MTHF ā†” Sarcosine + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate

This enzyme is widely distributed in various tissues, including the liver, kidney, and pancreas. In addition to its role in amino acid metabolism, GHMT also contributes to the regulation of one-carbon metabolism, which is essential for methylation reactions, DNA synthesis, and cellular homeostasis.

Sarcosine is not a medical condition or disease, but rather it is an organic compound that is classified as a natural amino acid. It is a metabolite that can be found in the human body, and it is involved in various biochemical processes. Specifically, sarcosine is formed from the conversion of the amino acid glycine by the enzyme glycine sarcosine N-methyltransferase (GSMT) and is then converted to glycine betaine (also known as trimethylglycine) by the enzyme betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT).

Abnormal levels of sarcosine have been found in various disease states, including cancer. Some studies have suggested that high levels of sarcosine in urine or prostate tissue may be associated with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer or a more aggressive form of the disease. However, more research is needed to confirm these findings and establish the clinical significance of sarcosine as a biomarker for cancer or other diseases.

Neutral amino acid transport systems refer to a group of membrane transporters that facilitate the movement of neutral amino acids across cell membranes. Neutral amino acids are those that have a neutral charge at physiological pH and include amino acids such as alanine, serine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, cysteine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan.

There are several different transport systems that have been identified for neutral amino acids, each with its own specificity and affinity for different amino acids. Some of the major neutral amino acid transport systems include:

1. System A: This transporter preferentially transports small, neutral amino acids such as alanine, serine, and threonine. It is found in many tissues, including the intestines, kidneys, and brain.
2. System B0+: This transporter preferentially transports large, neutral amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, and phenylalanine. It is found in many tissues, including the intestines, kidneys, and brain.
3. System L: This transporter preferentially transports large, neutral amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, and phenylalanine. It is found in many tissues, including the intestines, kidneys, and brain.
4. System y+: This transporter preferentially transports cationic amino acids such as lysine and arginine, but it can also transport some neutral amino acids. It is found in many tissues, including the intestines, kidneys, and brain.
5. System b0,+: This transporter preferentially transports cationic amino acids such as lysine and arginine, but it can also transport some neutral amino acids. It is found in many tissues, including the intestines, kidneys, and brain.

These transport systems play important roles in maintaining amino acid homeostasis in the body, as well as in various physiological processes such as protein synthesis, neurotransmitter synthesis, and cell signaling. Dysregulation of these transport systems has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic disorders.

Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins. They consist of a central carbon atom, also known as the alpha carbon, which is bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom (H), and a variable side chain (R group). The R group can be composed of various combinations of atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon, which determine the unique properties of each amino acid.

There are 20 standard amino acids that are encoded by the genetic code and incorporated into proteins during translation. These include:

1. Alanine (Ala)
2. Arginine (Arg)
3. Asparagine (Asn)
4. Aspartic acid (Asp)
5. Cysteine (Cys)
6. Glutamine (Gln)
7. Glutamic acid (Glu)
8. Glycine (Gly)
9. Histidine (His)
10. Isoleucine (Ile)
11. Leucine (Leu)
12. Lysine (Lys)
13. Methionine (Met)
14. Phenylalanine (Phe)
15. Proline (Pro)
16. Serine (Ser)
17. Threonine (Thr)
18. Tryptophan (Trp)
19. Tyrosine (Tyr)
20. Valine (Val)

Additionally, there are several non-standard or modified amino acids that can be incorporated into proteins through post-translational modifications, such as hydroxylation, methylation, and phosphorylation. These modifications expand the functional diversity of proteins and play crucial roles in various cellular processes.

Amino acids are essential for numerous biological functions, including protein synthesis, enzyme catalysis, neurotransmitter production, energy metabolism, and immune response regulation. Some amino acids can be synthesized by the human body (non-essential), while others must be obtained through dietary sources (essential).

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Taurine is an organic compound that is widely distributed in animal tissues. It is a conditionally essential amino acid, meaning it can be synthesized by the human body under normal circumstances, but there may be increased requirements during certain periods such as infancy, infection, or illness. Taurine plays important roles in various physiological functions, including bile salt formation, membrane stabilization, neuromodulation, and antioxidation. It is particularly abundant in the brain, heart, retina, and skeletal muscles. In the human body, taurine is synthesized from the amino acids cysteine and methionine with the aid of vitamin B6.

Taurine can also be found in certain foods like meat, fish, and dairy products, as well as in energy drinks, where it is often added as a supplement for its potential performance-enhancing effects. However, there is ongoing debate about the safety and efficacy of taurine supplementation in healthy individuals.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Aminomethyltransferase is an enzyme that plays a role in the metabolism of certain amino acids, specifically methionine and glycine. It catalyzes the transfer of an aminomethyl group from one molecule to another. A deficiency in this enzyme can lead to a rare genetic disorder called nonketotic hyperglycinemia, which is characterized by elevated levels of the amino acid glycine in the body and can cause neurological symptoms such as seizures and developmental delays.

Amino acid oxidoreductases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the reversible oxidation and reduction reactions involving amino acids. They play a crucial role in the metabolism of amino acids by catalyzing the interconversion of L-amino acids to their corresponding Ī±-keto acids, while simultaneously reducing a cofactor such as NAD(P)+ or FAD.

The reaction catalyzed by these enzymes can be represented as follows:

L-amino acid + H2O + Coenzyme (Oxidized) ā†’ Ī±-keto acid + NH3 + Coenzyme (Reduced)

Amino acid oxidoreductases are classified into two main types based on their cofactor requirements and reaction mechanisms. The first type uses FAD as a cofactor and is called amino acid flavoprotein oxidoreductases. These enzymes typically catalyze the oxidative deamination of L-amino acids to form Ī±-keto acids, ammonia, and reduced FAD. The second type uses pyridine nucleotides (NAD(P)+) as cofactors and is called amino acid pyridine nucleotide-dependent oxidoreductases. These enzymes catalyze the reversible interconversion of L-amino acids to their corresponding Ī±-keto acids, while simultaneously reducing or oxidizing NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+.

Amino acid oxidoreductases are widely distributed in nature and play important roles in various biological processes, including amino acid catabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites. Dysregulation of these enzymes has been implicated in several diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and regulation of amino acid oxidoreductases is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies to treat these diseases.

N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors are a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor, which are found in the membranes of excitatory neurons in the central nervous system. They play a crucial role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory processes. NMDA receptors are ligand-gated channels that are permeable to calcium ions (Ca2+) and other cations.

NMDA receptors are composed of four subunits, which can be a combination of NR1, NR2A-D, and NR3A-B subunits. The binding of the neurotransmitter glutamate to the NR2 subunit and glycine to the NR1 subunit leads to the opening of the ion channel and the influx of Ca2+ ions.

NMDA receptors have a unique property in that they require both agonist binding and membrane depolarization for full activation, making them sensitive to changes in the electrical activity of the neuron. This property allows NMDA receptors to act as coincidence detectors, playing a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning.

Abnormal functioning of NMDA receptors has been implicated in various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and chronic pain. Therefore, NMDA receptors are a common target for drug development in the treatment of these conditions.

Kynurenic acid is a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan, which is formed through the kynurenine pathway. It functions as an antagonist at glutamate receptors and acts as a neuroprotective agent by blocking excessive stimulation of NMDA receptors in the brain. Additionally, kynurenic acid also has anti-inflammatory properties and is involved in the regulation of the immune response. Abnormal levels of kynurenic acid have been implicated in several neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, epilepsy, and Huntington's disease.

Alanine is an alpha-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. The molecular formula for alanine is C3H7NO2. It is a non-essential amino acid, which means that it can be produced by the human body through the conversion of other nutrients, such as pyruvate, and does not need to be obtained directly from the diet.

Alanine is classified as an aliphatic amino acid because it contains a simple carbon side chain. It is also a non-polar amino acid, which means that it is hydrophobic and tends to repel water. Alanine plays a role in the metabolism of glucose and helps to regulate blood sugar levels. It is also involved in the transfer of nitrogen between tissues and helps to maintain the balance of nitrogen in the body.

In addition to its role as a building block of proteins, alanine is also used as a neurotransmitter in the brain and has been shown to have a calming effect on the nervous system. It is found in many foods, including meats, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, and legumes.

Serine is an amino acid, which is a building block of proteins. More specifically, it is a non-essential amino acid, meaning that the body can produce it from other compounds, and it does not need to be obtained through diet. Serine plays important roles in the body, such as contributing to the formation of the protective covering of nerve fibers (myelin sheath), helping to synthesize another amino acid called tryptophan, and taking part in the metabolism of fatty acids. It is also involved in the production of muscle tissues, the immune system, and the forming of cell structures. Serine can be found in various foods such as soy, eggs, cheese, meat, peanuts, lentils, and many others.

Neurotransmitter receptors are specialized protein molecules found on the surface of neurons and other cells in the body. They play a crucial role in chemical communication within the nervous system by binding to specific neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that transmit signals across the synapse (the tiny gap between two neurons).

When a neurotransmitter binds to its corresponding receptor, it triggers a series of biochemical events that can either excite or inhibit the activity of the target neuron. This interaction helps regulate various physiological processes, including mood, cognition, movement, and sensation.

Neurotransmitter receptors can be classified into two main categories based on their mechanism of action: ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Ionotropic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that directly allow ions to flow through the cell membrane upon neurotransmitter binding, leading to rapid changes in neuronal excitability. In contrast, metabotropic receptors are linked to G proteins and second messenger systems, which modulate various intracellular signaling pathways more slowly.

Examples of neurotransmitters include glutamate, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and norepinephrine, among others. Each neurotransmitter has its specific receptor types, which may have distinct functions and distributions within the nervous system. Understanding the roles of these receptors and their interactions with neurotransmitters is essential for developing therapeutic strategies to treat various neurological and psychiatric disorders.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability and preventing excessive neuronal firing, which helps to maintain neural homeostasis and reduce the risk of seizures. GABA functions by binding to specific receptors (GABA-A, GABA-B, and GABA-C) on the postsynaptic membrane, leading to hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane and reduced neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals.

In addition to its role in the central nervous system, GABA has also been identified as a neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system, where it is involved in regulating various physiological processes such as muscle relaxation, hormone secretion, and immune function.

GABA can be synthesized in neurons from glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, through the action of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Once synthesized, GABA is stored in synaptic vesicles and released into the synapse upon neuronal activation. After release, GABA can be taken up by surrounding glial cells or degraded by the enzyme GABA transaminase (GABA-T) into succinic semialdehyde, which is further metabolized to form succinate and enter the Krebs cycle for energy production.

Dysregulation of GABAergic neurotransmission has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. Therefore, modulating GABAergic signaling through pharmacological interventions or other therapeutic approaches may offer potential benefits for the treatment of these conditions.

Glycine dehydrogenase, also known as glycine cleavage system protein P or glycine synthase, is a mitochondrial enzyme complex that plays a crucial role in the catabolism of glycine, an amino acid. This enzyme complex is composed of four separate proteins (P-protein, H-protein, T-protein, and L-protein) that work together to catalyze the reversible conversion of glycine into ammonia, carbon dioxide, and a molecule of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate.

The reaction can be summarized as follows:

Glycine + Tetrahydrofolate + NAD+ ā†” Ammonia + Carbon Dioxide + Methylenetetrahydrofolate + NADH

This pathway is essential for the metabolism of glycine, and its dysfunction has been linked to several genetic disorders, such as non-ketotic hyperglycinemia, which can result in neurological impairments and other health issues.

Amidinotransferases are a group of enzymes that play a role in the metabolism of amino acids and other biologically active compounds. These enzymes catalyze the transfer of an amidino group (-NH-C=NH) from one molecule to another, typically from an amino acid or related compound donor to an acceptor molecule.

The amidinotransferases are classified as a subgroup of the larger family of enzymes known as transferases, which catalyze the transfer of various functional groups between molecules. Within this family, the amidinotransferases are further divided into several subfamilies based on their specific functions and the types of donor and acceptor molecules they act upon.

One example of an amidinotransferase is arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), which plays a role in the biosynthesis of creatine, a compound that is important for energy metabolism in muscles and other tissues. AGAT transfers an amidino group from arginine to glycine, forming guanidinoacetate and ornithine as products.

Abnormalities in the activity of amidinotransferases have been implicated in various diseases, including neurological disorders and certain genetic conditions. For example, mutations in the gene encoding AGAT have been associated with a rare inherited disorder called cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome type 1 (CCDS1), which is characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, and other neurological symptoms.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

Proline is an organic compound that is classified as a non-essential amino acid, meaning it can be produced by the human body and does not need to be obtained through the diet. It is encoded in the genetic code as the codon CCU, CCC, CCA, or CCG. Proline is a cyclic amino acid, containing an unusual secondary amine group, which forms a ring structure with its carboxyl group.

In proteins, proline acts as a structural helix breaker, disrupting the alpha-helix structure and leading to the formation of turns and bends in the protein chain. This property is important for the proper folding and function of many proteins. Proline also plays a role in the stability of collagen, a major structural protein found in connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and skin.

In addition to its role in protein structure, proline has been implicated in various cellular processes, including signal transduction, apoptosis, and oxidative stress response. It is also a precursor for the synthesis of other biologically important compounds such as hydroxyproline, which is found in collagen and elastin, and glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis. During this process, tRNAs serve as adaptors between the mRNA (messenger RNA) molecules and the amino acids used to construct proteins. Each tRNA contains a specific anticodon sequence that can base-pair with a complementary codon on the mRNA. At the other end of the tRNA, there is a site where an amino acid can attach. This attachment is facilitated by enzymes called aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, which recognize specific tRNAs and catalyze the formation of the ester bond between the tRNA and its cognate amino acid.

Gly (glycine) is one of the 20 standard amino acids found in proteins. It has a simple structure, consisting of an amino group (-NH2), a carboxylic acid group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom (-H), and a side chain made up of a single hydrogen atom (-CH2-). Glycine is the smallest and most flexible of all amino acids due to its lack of a bulky side chain, which allows it to fit into tight spaces within protein structures.

Therefore, 'RNA, Transfer, Gly' can be understood as a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule specifically responsible for delivering the amino acid glycine (-Gly) during protein synthesis. This tRNA will have an anticodon sequence that base-pairs with the mRNA codons specifying glycine: GGU, GGC, GGA, or GGG.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Hippurates" is not a medical term or condition. It might refer to Hippocrates, who is often referred to as the "Father of Medicine." However, if you have a different context in mind, please provide it so I can give a more accurate response.

Tiopronin is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called mucolytic agents. It works by breaking down mucus in the respiratory tract, making it easier to cough up and clear the airways. Tiopronin is also known as tiopronin sodium or ThiolaĀ®.

In addition to its use as a mucolytic agent, tiopronin has been found to be effective in reducing the formation of cystine kidney stones in patients with a rare genetic disorder called cystinuria. It works by binding to cystine in the urine and preventing it from forming into crystals or stones.

Tiopronin is available as a tablet or oral solution and is typically taken several times a day, with dosing adjusted based on the patient's individual needs and response to treatment. Common side effects of tiopronin include stomach upset, loss of appetite, and rash.

Glyoxylates are organic compounds that are intermediates in various metabolic pathways, including the glyoxylate cycle. The glyoxylate cycle is a modified version of the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle) and is found in plants, bacteria, and some fungi.

Glyoxylates are formed from the breakdown of certain amino acids or from the oxidation of one-carbon units. They can be converted into glycine, an important amino acid involved in various metabolic processes. In the glyoxylate cycle, glyoxylates are combined with acetyl-CoA to form malate and succinate, which can then be used to synthesize glucose or other organic compounds.

Abnormal accumulation of glyoxylates in the body can lead to the formation of calcium oxalate crystals, which can cause kidney stones and other health problems. Certain genetic disorders, such as primary hyperoxaluria, can result in overproduction of glyoxylates and increased risk of kidney stone formation.

Picrotoxin is a toxic, white, crystalline compound that is derived from the seeds of the Asian plant Anamirta cocculus (also known as Colchicum luteum or C. autummale). It is composed of two stereoisomers, picrotin and strychnine, in a 1:2 ratio.

Medically, picrotoxin has been used as an antidote for barbiturate overdose and as a stimulant to the respiratory center in cases of respiratory depression caused by various drugs or conditions. However, its use is limited due to its narrow therapeutic index and potential for causing seizures and other adverse effects.

Picrotoxin works as a non-competitive antagonist at GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptors in the central nervous system, blocking the inhibitory effects of GABA and increasing neuronal excitability. This property also makes it a convulsant agent and explains its use as a research tool to study seizure mechanisms and as an insecticide.

It is important to note that picrotoxin should only be used under medical supervision, and its handling requires appropriate precautions due to its high toxicity.

Glycine transaminase, also known as alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT) or glyoxylate transaminase (GOT2), is an enzyme that plays a role in the metabolism of glyoxylate and glycine. It catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from glycine to glutamate, forming Ī±-ketoglutarate and creatine.

Deficiency of this enzyme can lead to a rare genetic disorder called primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1), which is characterized by the overproduction of oxalate and subsequent deposition in various tissues, leading to kidney stones and kidney failure.

Aminobutyrates are compounds that contain an amino group (-NH2) and a butyric acid group (-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH). The most common aminobutyrate is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. GABA plays a crucial role in regulating brain excitability and is involved in various physiological processes, including sleep, memory, and anxiety regulation. Abnormalities in GABAergic neurotransmission have been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as epilepsy, anxiety disorders, and chronic pain. Other aminobutyrates may also have important biological functions, but their roles are less well understood than that of GABA.

Transferases are a class of enzymes that facilitate the transfer of specific functional groups (like methyl, acetyl, or phosphate groups) from one molecule (the donor) to another (the acceptor). This transfer of a chemical group can alter the physical or chemical properties of the acceptor molecule and is a crucial process in various metabolic pathways. Transferases play essential roles in numerous biological processes, such as biosynthesis, detoxification, and catabolism.

The classification of transferases is based on the type of functional group they transfer:

1. Methyltransferases - transfer a methyl group (-CH3)
2. Acetyltransferases - transfer an acetyl group (-COCH3)
3. Aminotransferases or Transaminases - transfer an amino group (-NH2 or -NHR, where R is a hydrogen atom or a carbon-containing group)
4. Glycosyltransferases - transfer a sugar moiety (a glycosyl group)
5. Phosphotransferases - transfer a phosphate group (-PO3H2)
6. Sulfotransferases - transfer a sulfo group (-SO3H)
7. Acyltransferases - transfer an acyl group (a fatty acid or similar molecule)

These enzymes are identified and named according to the systematic nomenclature of enzymes developed by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB). The naming convention includes the class of enzyme, the specific group being transferred, and the molecules involved in the transfer reaction. For example, the enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to glucose is named "glucokinase."

Site-directed mutagenesis is a molecular biology technique used to introduce specific and targeted changes to a specific DNA sequence. This process involves creating a new variant of a gene or a specific region of interest within a DNA molecule by introducing a planned, deliberate change, or mutation, at a predetermined site within the DNA sequence.

The methodology typically involves the use of molecular tools such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), restriction enzymes, and/or ligases to introduce the desired mutation(s) into a plasmid or other vector containing the target DNA sequence. The resulting modified DNA molecule can then be used to transform host cells, allowing for the production of large quantities of the mutated gene or protein for further study.

Site-directed mutagenesis is a valuable tool in basic research, drug discovery, and biotechnology applications where specific changes to a DNA sequence are required to understand gene function, investigate protein structure/function relationships, or engineer novel biological properties into existing genes or proteins.

Aspartic acid is an Ī±-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CO2H. It is one of the twenty standard amino acids, and it is a polar, negatively charged, and hydrophilic amino acid. In proteins, aspartic acid usually occurs in its ionized form, aspartate, which has a single negative charge.

Aspartic acid plays important roles in various biological processes, including metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and energy production. It is also a key component of many enzymes and proteins, where it often contributes to the formation of ionic bonds and helps stabilize protein structure.

In addition to its role as a building block of proteins, aspartic acid is also used in the synthesis of other important biological molecules, such as nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. It is also a component of the dipeptide aspartame, an artificial sweetener that is widely used in food and beverages.

Like other amino acids, aspartic acid is essential for human health, but it cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through the diet. Foods that are rich in aspartic acid include meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, eggs, legumes, and some fruits and vegetables.

Beta-alanine is a non-essential amino acid, which means that it is not required in the diet because the body can produce it from other amino acids. It is produced in the liver and is also found in some foods such as meat, poultry, and fish.

Beta-alanine plays a role in the production of carnosine, a dipeptide molecule that helps to regulate muscle pH and improve muscle function during high-intensity exercise. When muscles contract during intense exercise, they produce hydrogen ions, which can cause the muscle pH to decrease (become more acidic), leading to fatigue and reduced muscle function. Carnosine acts as a buffer against this acidity, helping to maintain optimal muscle pH levels and improve performance during high-intensity exercise.

Beta-alanine supplements have been shown to increase carnosine levels in muscles, which may lead to improved athletic performance, particularly in activities that require short bursts of intense effort, such as weightlifting or sprinting. However, more research is needed to fully understand the effects and potential benefits of beta-alanine supplementation.

It's important to note that while beta-alanine supplements are generally considered safe for most people, they can cause a tingling sensation in the skin (paresthesia) when taken in high doses. This is a harmless side effect and typically subsides within an hour or so of taking the supplement.

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptors are a type of neurotransmitter receptor found in the central nervous system. They are responsible for mediating the inhibitory effects of the neurotransmitter GABA, which is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain.

GABA receptors can be classified into two main types: GABA-A and GABA-B receptors. GABA-A receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, which means that when GABA binds to them, it opens a channel that allows chloride ions to flow into the neuron, resulting in hyperpolarization of the membrane and decreased excitability. GABA-B receptors, on the other hand, are G protein-coupled receptors that activate inhibitory G proteins, which in turn reduce the activity of calcium channels and increase the activity of potassium channels, leading to hyperpolarization of the membrane and decreased excitability.

GABA receptors play a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability and are involved in various physiological processes such as sleep, anxiety, muscle relaxation, and seizure control. Dysfunction of GABA receptors has been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, anxiety disorders, and insomnia.

Betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) is an enzyme involved in the metabolic pathway of betaine, a compound that helps protect cells from environmental stress and is important for maintaining cell volume and osmotic balance. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of betaine aldehyde to betaine, using NAD+ as a cofactor.

Deficiency in BADH has been associated with certain genetic disorders, such as hyperbetalipoproteinemia type I, which is characterized by elevated levels of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood. Additionally, mutations in the BADH gene have been linked to an increased risk of alcoholism and alcohol-related disorders.

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) antagonists are substances that block the action of GABA, which is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. GABA plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability and reducing the transmission of nerve impulses.

GABA antagonists work by binding to the GABA receptors without activating them, thereby preventing the normal function of GABA and increasing neuronal activity. These agents can cause excitation of the nervous system, leading to various effects depending on the specific type of GABA receptor they target.

GABA antagonists are used in medical treatments for certain conditions, such as sleep disorders, depression, and cognitive enhancement. However, they can also have adverse effects, including anxiety, agitation, seizures, and even neurotoxicity at high doses. Examples of GABA antagonists include picrotoxin, bicuculline, and flumazenil.

Patch-clamp techniques are a group of electrophysiological methods used to study ion channels and other electrical properties of cells. These techniques were developed by Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann, who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1991 for their work. The basic principle of patch-clamp techniques involves creating a high resistance seal between a glass micropipette and the cell membrane, allowing for the measurement of current flowing through individual ion channels or groups of channels.

There are several different configurations of patch-clamp techniques, including:

1. Cell-attached configuration: In this configuration, the micropipette is attached to the outer surface of the cell membrane, and the current flowing across a single ion channel can be measured. This configuration allows for the study of the properties of individual channels in their native environment.
2. Whole-cell configuration: Here, the micropipette breaks through the cell membrane, creating a low resistance electrical connection between the pipette and the inside of the cell. This configuration allows for the measurement of the total current flowing across all ion channels in the cell membrane.
3. Inside-out configuration: In this configuration, the micropipette is pulled away from the cell after establishing a seal, resulting in the exposure of the inner surface of the cell membrane to the solution in the pipette. This configuration allows for the study of the properties of ion channels in isolation from other cellular components.
4. Outside-out configuration: Here, the micropipette is pulled away from the cell after establishing a seal, resulting in the exposure of the outer surface of the cell membrane to the solution in the pipette. This configuration allows for the study of the properties of ion channels in their native environment, but with the ability to control the composition of the extracellular solution.

Patch-clamp techniques have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of ion channel function and have contributed to numerous breakthroughs in neuroscience, pharmacology, and physiology.

Benzoic acid is an organic compound with the formula C6H5COOH. It is a colorless crystalline solid that is slightly soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents. Benzoic acid occurs naturally in various plants and serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemical compounds.

In medical terms, benzoic acid and its salts (sodium benzoate, potassium benzoate) are used as preservatives in food, beverages, and cosmetics to prevent bacterial growth. They work by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, particularly gram-positive bacteria, through the disruption of their energy production processes.

Additionally, sodium benzoate is sometimes used as a treatment for hyperammonemia, a condition characterized by high levels of ammonia in the blood. In this case, sodium benzoate acts as a detoxifying agent by binding to excess ammonia and converting it into a more easily excreted compound called hippuric acid.

It is important to note that benzoic acid and its salts can cause allergic reactions or skin irritation in some individuals, particularly those with pre-existing sensitivities or conditions. As with any medication or chemical substance, it should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Hydroxymethyl and Formyl Transferases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hydroxymethyl or formyl groups from one molecule to another. These enzymes play important roles in various metabolic pathways, including the synthesis and modification of nucleotides, amino acids, and other biomolecules.

One example of a Hydroxymethyl Transferase is DNA methyltransferase (DNMT), which catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the 5-carbon of cytosine residues in DNA, forming 5-methylcytosine. This enzyme can also function as a Hydroxymethyl Transferase by catalyzing the transfer of a hydroxymethyl group from SAM to cytosine residues, forming 5-hydroxymethylcytosine.

Formyl Transferases are another class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of formyl groups from one molecule to another. One example is formyltransferase domain containing protein 1 (FTCD1), which catalyzes the transfer of a formyl group from 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to methionine, forming N5-formiminotetrahydrofolate and methionine semialdehyde.

These enzymes are essential for maintaining proper cellular function and are involved in various physiological processes, including gene regulation, DNA repair, and metabolism. Dysregulation of these enzymes has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular disease.

In the context of medical and biological sciences, a "binding site" refers to a specific location on a protein, molecule, or cell where another molecule can attach or bind. This binding interaction can lead to various functional changes in the original protein or molecule. The other molecule that binds to the binding site is often referred to as a ligand, which can be a small molecule, ion, or even another protein.

The binding between a ligand and its target binding site can be specific and selective, meaning that only certain ligands can bind to particular binding sites with high affinity. This specificity plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as signal transduction, enzyme catalysis, or drug action.

In the case of drug development, understanding the location and properties of binding sites on target proteins is essential for designing drugs that can selectively bind to these sites and modulate protein function. This knowledge can help create more effective and safer therapeutic options for various diseases.

Glutamic acid is an alpha-amino acid, which is one of the 20 standard amino acids in the genetic code. The systematic name for this amino acid is (2S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid. Its chemical formula is HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH2CO2H.

Glutamic acid is a crucial excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain, and it plays an essential role in learning and memory. It's also involved in the metabolism of sugars and amino acids, the synthesis of proteins, and the removal of waste nitrogen from the body.

Glutamic acid can be found in various foods such as meat, fish, beans, eggs, dairy products, and vegetables. In the human body, glutamic acid can be converted into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), another important neurotransmitter that has a calming effect on the nervous system.

N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) is not a medication but a type of receptor, specifically a glutamate receptor, found in the post-synaptic membrane in the central nervous system. Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. NMDA receptors are involved in various functions such as synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. They also play a role in certain neurological disorders like epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and chronic pain.

NMDA receptors are named after N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, a synthetic analog of the amino acid aspartic acid, which is a selective agonist for this type of receptor. An agonist is a substance that binds to a receptor and causes a response similar to that of the natural ligand (in this case, glutamate).

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Carrier proteins, also known as transport proteins, are a type of protein that facilitates the movement of molecules across cell membranes. They are responsible for the selective and active transport of ions, sugars, amino acids, and other molecules from one side of the membrane to the other, against their concentration gradient. This process requires energy, usually in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

Carrier proteins have a specific binding site for the molecule they transport, and undergo conformational changes upon binding, which allows them to move the molecule across the membrane. Once the molecule has been transported, the carrier protein returns to its original conformation, ready to bind and transport another molecule.

Carrier proteins play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ions and other molecules inside and outside of cells, and are essential for many physiological processes, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and nutrient uptake.

Glutamates are the salt or ester forms of glutamic acid, which is a naturally occurring amino acid and the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Glutamate plays a crucial role in various brain functions, such as learning, memory, and cognition. However, excessive levels of glutamate can lead to neuronal damage or death, contributing to several neurological disorders, including stroke, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Glutamates are also commonly found in food as a natural flavor enhancer, often listed under the name monosodium glutamate (MSG). While MSG has been extensively studied, its safety remains a topic of debate, with some individuals reporting adverse reactions after consuming foods containing this additive.

Excitatory amino acid antagonists are a class of drugs that block the action of excitatory neurotransmitters, particularly glutamate and aspartate, in the brain. These drugs work by binding to and blocking the receptors for these neurotransmitters, thereby reducing their ability to stimulate neurons and produce an excitatory response.

Excitatory amino acid antagonists have been studied for their potential therapeutic benefits in a variety of neurological conditions, including stroke, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, their use is limited by the fact that blocking excitatory neurotransmission can also have negative effects on cognitive function and memory.

There are several types of excitatory amino acid receptors, including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), and kainite receptors. Different excitatory amino acid antagonists may target one or more of these receptor subtypes, depending on their specific mechanism of action.

Examples of excitatory amino acid antagonists include ketamine, memantine, and dextromethorphan. These drugs have been used in clinical practice for various indications, such as anesthesia, sedation, and treatment of neurological disorders. However, their use must be carefully monitored due to potential side effects and risks associated with blocking excitatory neurotransmission.

'Escherichia coli' (E. coli) is a type of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that commonly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. It is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and one of the most well-studied prokaryotic model organisms in molecular biology.

While most E. coli strains are harmless and even beneficial to their hosts, some serotypes can cause various forms of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal illnesses in humans and animals. These pathogenic strains possess virulence factors that enable them to colonize and damage host tissues, leading to diseases such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis.

E. coli is a versatile organism with remarkable genetic diversity, which allows it to adapt to various environmental niches. It can be found in water, soil, food, and various man-made environments, making it an essential indicator of fecal contamination and a common cause of foodborne illnesses. The study of E. coli has contributed significantly to our understanding of fundamental biological processes, including DNA replication, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.

Bicuculline is a pharmacological agent that acts as a competitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors, which are inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the central nervous system. By blocking the action of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) at these receptors, bicuculline can increase neuronal excitability and cause convulsions. It is used in research to study the role of GABAergic neurotransmission in various physiological processes and neurological disorders.

A Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) in the context of medicinal chemistry and pharmacology refers to the relationship between the chemical structure of a drug or molecule and its biological activity or effect on a target protein, cell, or organism. SAR studies aim to identify patterns and correlations between structural features of a compound and its ability to interact with a specific biological target, leading to a desired therapeutic response or undesired side effects.

By analyzing the SAR, researchers can optimize the chemical structure of lead compounds to enhance their potency, selectivity, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties, ultimately guiding the design and development of novel drugs with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity.

Choline dehydrogenase is an enzyme that plays a role in the metabolism of choline, a nutrient that is essential for the normal functioning of cells. Specifically, choline dehydrogenase helps to catalyze the oxidation of choline to betaine aldehyde, which is then further metabolized to betaine. This reaction is an important step in the conversion of choline to a molecule called glycine betaine, which helps to regulate cell volume and protect cells from osmotic stress. Choline dehydrogenase is found in various tissues throughout the body, including the liver, kidneys, and brain. Deficiencies in choline or dysfunction of choline dehydrogenase can lead to a variety of health problems, including fatty liver disease, muscle damage, and neurological disorders.

Molecular models are three-dimensional representations of molecular structures that are used in the field of molecular biology and chemistry to visualize and understand the spatial arrangement of atoms and bonds within a molecule. These models can be physical or computer-generated and allow researchers to study the shape, size, and behavior of molecules, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions with other molecules.

Physical molecular models are often made up of balls (representing atoms) connected by rods or sticks (representing bonds). These models can be constructed manually using materials such as plastic or wooden balls and rods, or they can be created using 3D printing technology.

Computer-generated molecular models, on the other hand, are created using specialized software that allows researchers to visualize and manipulate molecular structures in three dimensions. These models can be used to simulate molecular interactions, predict molecular behavior, and design new drugs or chemicals with specific properties. Overall, molecular models play a critical role in advancing our understanding of molecular structures and their functions.

An amino acid substitution is a type of mutation in which one amino acid in a protein is replaced by another. This occurs when there is a change in the DNA sequence that codes for a particular amino acid in a protein. The genetic code is redundant, meaning that most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon (a sequence of three nucleotides). As a result, a single base pair change in the DNA sequence may not necessarily lead to an amino acid substitution. However, if a change does occur, it can have a variety of effects on the protein's structure and function, depending on the nature of the substituted amino acids. Some substitutions may be harmless, while others may alter the protein's activity or stability, leading to disease.

"Xenopus laevis" is not a medical term itself, but it refers to a specific species of African clawed frog that is often used in scientific research, including biomedical and developmental studies. Therefore, its relevance to medicine comes from its role as a model organism in laboratories.

In a broader sense, Xenopus laevis has contributed significantly to various medical discoveries, such as the understanding of embryonic development, cell cycle regulation, and genetic research. For instance, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1963 to John R. B. Gurdon and Sir Michael J. Bishop for their discoveries concerning the genetic mechanisms of organism development using Xenopus laevis as a model system.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI), also known as brittle bone disease, is a group of genetic disorders that mainly affect the bones. It is characterized by bones that break easily, often from little or no apparent cause. This happens because the body produces an insufficient amount of collagen or poor quality collagen, which are crucial for the formation of healthy bones.

The severity of OI can vary greatly, even within the same family. Some people with OI have only a few fractures in their lifetime while others may have hundreds. Other symptoms can include blue or gray sclera (the white part of the eye), hearing loss, short stature, curved or bowed bones, loose joints, and a triangular face shape.

There are several types of OI, each caused by different genetic mutations. Most types of OI are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning only one copy of the altered gene is needed to cause the condition. However, some types are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means that two copies of the altered gene must be present for the condition to occur.

There is no cure for OI, but treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment may include medication to strengthen bones, physical therapy, bracing, and surgery.

Sequence homology, amino acid, refers to the similarity in the order of amino acids in a protein or a portion of a protein between two or more species. This similarity can be used to infer evolutionary relationships and functional similarities between proteins. The higher the degree of sequence homology, the more likely it is that the proteins are related and have similar functions. Sequence homology can be determined through various methods such as pairwise alignment or multiple sequence alignment, which compare the sequences and calculate a score based on the number and type of matching amino acids.

Osmotic pressure is a fundamental concept in the field of physiology and biochemistry. It refers to the pressure that is required to be applied to a solution to prevent the flow of solvent (like water) into it, through a semi-permeable membrane, when the solution is separated from a pure solvent or a solution of lower solute concentration.

In simpler terms, osmotic pressure is the force that drives the natural movement of solvent molecules from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration, across a semi-permeable membrane. This process is crucial for maintaining the fluid balance and nutrient transport in living organisms.

The osmotic pressure of a solution can be determined by its solute concentration, temperature, and the ideal gas law. It is often expressed in units of atmospheres (atm), millimeters of mercury (mmHg), or pascals (Pa). In medical contexts, understanding osmotic pressure is essential for managing various clinical conditions such as dehydration, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and dialysis treatments.

Protein conformation refers to the specific three-dimensional shape that a protein molecule assumes due to the spatial arrangement of its constituent amino acid residues and their associated chemical groups. This complex structure is determined by several factors, including covalent bonds (disulfide bridges), hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and ionic bonds, which help stabilize the protein's unique conformation.

Protein conformations can be broadly classified into two categories: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. The primary structure represents the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure arises from local interactions between adjacent amino acid residues, leading to the formation of recurring motifs such as Ī±-helices and Ī²-sheets. Tertiary structure refers to the overall three-dimensional folding pattern of a single polypeptide chain, while quaternary structure describes the spatial arrangement of multiple folded polypeptide chains (subunits) that interact to form a functional protein complex.

Understanding protein conformation is crucial for elucidating protein function, as the specific three-dimensional shape of a protein directly influences its ability to interact with other molecules, such as ligands, nucleic acids, or other proteins. Any alterations in protein conformation due to genetic mutations, environmental factors, or chemical modifications can lead to loss of function, misfolding, aggregation, and disease states like neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.

An oocyte, also known as an egg cell or female gamete, is a large specialized cell found in the ovary of female organisms. It contains half the number of chromosomes as a normal diploid cell, as it is the product of meiotic division. Oocytes are surrounded by follicle cells and are responsible for the production of female offspring upon fertilization with sperm. The term "oocyte" specifically refers to the immature egg cell before it reaches full maturity and is ready for fertilization, at which point it is referred to as an ovum or egg.

Neural inhibition is a process in the nervous system that decreases or prevents the activity of neurons (nerve cells) in order to regulate and control communication within the nervous system. It is a fundamental mechanism that allows for the balance of excitation and inhibition necessary for normal neural function. Inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and glycine, are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, reducing its likelihood of firing an action potential. This results in a decrease in neural activity and can have various effects depending on the specific neurons and brain regions involved. Neural inhibition is crucial for many functions including motor control, sensory processing, attention, memory, and emotional regulation.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

Carbon isotopes are variants of the chemical element carbon that have different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei. The most common and stable isotope of carbon is carbon-12 (^{12}C), which contains six protons and six neutrons. However, carbon can also come in other forms, known as isotopes, which contain different numbers of neutrons.

Carbon-13 (^{13}C) is a stable isotope of carbon that contains seven neutrons in its nucleus. It makes up about 1.1% of all carbon found on Earth and is used in various scientific applications, such as in tracing the metabolic pathways of organisms or in studying the age of fossilized materials.

Carbon-14 (^{14}C), also known as radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon that contains eight neutrons in its nucleus. It is produced naturally in the atmosphere through the interaction of cosmic rays with nitrogen gas. Carbon-14 has a half-life of about 5,730 years, which makes it useful for dating organic materials, such as archaeological artifacts or fossils, up to around 60,000 years old.

Carbon isotopes are important in many scientific fields, including geology, biology, and medicine, and are used in a variety of applications, from studying the Earth's climate history to diagnosing medical conditions.

Biological transport refers to the movement of molecules, ions, or solutes across biological membranes or through cells in living organisms. This process is essential for maintaining homeostasis, regulating cellular functions, and enabling communication between cells. There are two main types of biological transport: passive transport and active transport.

Passive transport does not require the input of energy and includes:

1. Diffusion: The random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
2. Osmosis: The diffusion of solvent molecules (usually water) across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
3. Facilitated diffusion: The assisted passage of polar or charged substances through protein channels or carriers in the cell membrane, which increases the rate of diffusion without consuming energy.

Active transport requires the input of energy (in the form of ATP) and includes:

1. Primary active transport: The direct use of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient, often driven by specific transport proteins called pumps.
2. Secondary active transport: The coupling of the movement of one substance down its electrochemical gradient with the uphill transport of another substance, mediated by a shared transport protein. This process is also known as co-transport or counter-transport.

Molecular cloning is a laboratory technique used to create multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. This process involves several steps:

1. Isolation: The first step in molecular cloning is to isolate the DNA sequence of interest from the rest of the genomic DNA. This can be done using various methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), restriction enzymes, or hybridization.
2. Vector construction: Once the DNA sequence of interest has been isolated, it must be inserted into a vector, which is a small circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently in a host cell. Common vectors used in molecular cloning include plasmids and phages.
3. Transformation: The constructed vector is then introduced into a host cell, usually a bacterial or yeast cell, through a process called transformation. This can be done using various methods such as electroporation or chemical transformation.
4. Selection: After transformation, the host cells are grown in selective media that allow only those cells containing the vector to grow. This ensures that the DNA sequence of interest has been successfully cloned into the vector.
5. Amplification: Once the host cells have been selected, they can be grown in large quantities to amplify the number of copies of the cloned DNA sequence.

Molecular cloning is a powerful tool in molecular biology and has numerous applications, including the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy, functional analysis of genes, and genetic engineering.

Water-electrolyte balance refers to the regulation of water and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate) in the body to maintain homeostasis. This is crucial for various bodily functions such as nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, fluid balance, and pH regulation. The body maintains this balance through mechanisms that control water intake, excretion, and electrolyte concentration in various body fluids like blood and extracellular fluid. Disruptions in water-electrolyte balance can lead to dehydration or overhydration, and imbalances in electrolytes can cause conditions such as hyponatremia (low sodium levels) or hyperkalemia (high potassium levels).

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glycine. Glycine MS Spectrum Glycine Glycine cleavage system Glycine Therapy - A New ... In the liver of vertebrates, glycine synthesis is catalyzed by glycine synthase (also called glycine cleavage enzyme). This ... Glycine is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. It is encoded by all the codons starting with GG (GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG). Glycine ... The LD50 of glycine is 7930 mg/kg in rats (oral), and it usually causes death by hyperexcitability. In the US, glycine is ...
... glycine refers to the amino acid glycine; however, the watch company is named for the Wisteria genus of plant (fleur de Glycine ... Altus and Glycine will merge in 1963.) During World War II, Glycine received an order for watches from the German army for its ... Fleur de Glycine was chosen due to its vining growth structure found in a multitude of conditions, similar to Glycine watches, ... In its early years, Glycine used a logo with two flags and "LG" initials for La Glycine and in the 1940s used a crest logo. In ...
The glycine receptor (abbreviated as GlyR or GLR) is the receptor of the amino acid neurotransmitter glycine. GlyR is an ... Xu, Tian-Le; Gong, Neng (August 2010). "Glycine and glycine receptor signaling in hippocampal neurons: Diversity, function and ... In mature adults, glycine is a inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the spinal cord and regions of the brain. As it binds to a ... When glycine binds to its receptor, the result is an efflux of chloride, instead of an influx as it happens in mature adults. ...
... , called the woolly glycine or rusty glycine, is a species of soybean found in Australia, New Guinea, New ... Glycine tomentella is a complex of polyploid forms, with 2n=38, 2n=40, 2n=78 and 2n=80 chromosome counts detected in different ... "Glycine tomentella Hayata". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 25 ... Glycine tomentosa occurrence data from GBIF (CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list, Articles with short description, Short ...
... , commonly known as the small-leaf glycine is a small scrambling plant in the bean family, found in south ... "Glycine microphylla". PlantNET - NSW Flora Online. Retrieved 25 April 2019. "Glycine microphylla". Flora of Victoria. Retrieved ... Glycine (plant), Flora of New South Wales, Flora of Queensland, Flora of Victoria (state), Flora of Tasmania, Flora of South ...
... can refer to: Glycine mollis Hook., a synonym of Rhynchosia malacophylla (Spreng.) Bojer Glycine mollis Wight & ... Glycine mollis Willd., a synonym of Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars This disambiguation page lists articles associated with ...
... is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to Queensland and New South Wales in Australia ... "Glycine latifolia (Benth.) Newell & T.Hymowitz". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 26 June 2022 ... A perennial, it is a crop wild relative of soybean (Glycine max), and shows resistance to a number of pathogens that afflict ... Horlock, Christine M.; Teakle, D.S.; Jones, R.M. (1997). "Natural infection of the native pasture legume, Glycine latifolia, by ...
... , commonly known as twining glycine or love creeper, is a scrambling plant in the bean family, found in ... "Glycine clandestina J.C.Wendl". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, ... Glycine (plant), Flora of New South Wales, Flora of Queensland, Flora of Victoria (state), Flora of South Australia, Flora of ...
There are two glycine transporters: glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) and glycine transporter 2 (GlyT2). Excitatory amino acid ... Glycine transporters (GlyTs) are plasmalemmal neurotransmitter transporters. They serve to terminate the signaling of glycine ... transporter GABA transporter Glycine receptor Glycine reuptake inhibitor Harvey RJ, Yee BK (November 2013). "Glycine ...
Sorting Glycine names Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glycine soja. v t e ( ... 2010). "Natural introgression from cultivated soybean (Glycine max) into wild soybean (Glycine soja) with the implications for ... Glycine soja, known as wild soybean, is an annual plant in the legume family. It may be treated as a separate species, the ... Much work into Aphis glycines resistance in this genus has been done by Hill et al. - including Hill et al. 2004 a, Hill et al ...
... (EC 1.4.3.19) is an enzyme with systematic name glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating). This enzyme ... Glycine+oxidase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (Articles with short ... Job V, Marcone GL, Pilone MS, Pollegioni L (March 2002). "Glycine oxidase from Bacillus subtilis. Characterization of a new ... Nishiya Y, Imanaka T (November 1998). "Purification and characterization of a novel glycine oxidase from Bacillus subtilis". ...
... may refer to two different species of plants: Glycine viscosa Moench, a synonym for Bolusafra bituminosa ... Glycine viscosa Roth., a synonym for Rhynchosia viscosa This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same full ...
In enzymology, a glycine formimidoyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 5- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate:glycine N-formimidoyltransferase. Other names in ... the two substrates of this enzyme are 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate and glycine, whereas its two products are tetrahydrofolate ... formimidoyltetrahydrofolate + glycine ā‡Œ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } tetrahydrofolate + N-formimidoylglycine Thus, ...
... , common name Silky Glycine, is trailing or twining herb. It is a species of soybean native to Australia. A ... Oliver, David J. (1987), "Glycine Uptake by Pea Leaf Mitochondria: A Proposed Model for the Mechanism of Glycine - Serine ... Glycine max). Grows in sandy or stony soils in a variety of habitats. Glycine - from Greek glykys, sweet, possibly referring to ... The native range of Glycine canescens is Australia. It is widespread across the states of: NSW, Qld, Vic, S.A, and N.T. It is a ...
Glycine curvata Tindale Glycine cyrtoloba Tindale Glycine dolichocarpa Tateishi & H.Ohashi Glycine falcata Benth. Glycine ... Craven Glycine aphyonotos B.E.Pfeil Glycine arenaria Tindale Glycine argyrea Tindale Glycine canescens F.J.Herm. Glycine ... Glycine microphylla (Benth.) Tindale Glycine montis-douglas B.E.Pfeil & Craven Glycine peratosa B.E.Pfeil & Tindale Glycine ... B.E.Pfeil Glycine stenophita B.E.Pfeil & Tindale Glycine syndetika B.E.Pfeil & Craven Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. Glycine ...
In enzymology, a glycine reductase (EC 1.21.4.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl phosphate + NH3 + ... Bednarski B, Andreesen JR, Pich A (2001). "In vitro processing of the proproteins GrdE of protein B of glycine reductase and ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-phosphate ammonia:thioredoxin disulfide oxidoreductase (glycine-forming). ... whereas its 3 products are glycine, phosphate, and thioredoxin. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, to be ...
... (clover glycine or Australian anchor plant) is a species of perennial herb endemic to south-eastern ... "Glycine latrobeana - Clover Glycine, Purple Clover". Department of the Environment. Retrieved 2 April 2014. v t e (Articles ... "Glycine latrobeana". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian ... Glycine (plant), Flora of South Australia, Flora of New South Wales, Flora of Tasmania, Flora of Victoria (state), Taxa named ...
Glycine (data page) Glycine may also refer to: Glycine (plant), a genus of plants in the bean family Glycine Watch SA, a Swiss ... Look up glycine or Glycine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Glycine is an amino acid with the chemical formula NH 2CH 2COOH ... watchmaker Glycin, a photographic developing agent This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Glycine. ...
In enzymology, a glycine dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.10) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction glycine + H2O + NAD+ ... the glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), which is another name for the Glycine cleavage system P-protein (EC 1.4.4.2). or ... Glycine dehydrogenase and the glyoxylic acid cycle". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 65 (2): 297-306. doi:10.1016/0006-3002(62)91048-X ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is glycine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (deaminating). This should not be confused with: ...
In enzymology, a glycine transaminase (EC 2.6.1.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction glycine + 2-oxoglutarate ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is glycine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. Other names in common use include glutamic ... This reactions strongly favours synthesis of glycine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the ... This enzyme participates in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate. Textbook of ...
It is a crop wild relative of soybean (Glycine max), and shows high resistance to salinity. "Glycine cyrtoloba Tindale". Plants ... Glycine cyrtoloba is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to Queensland and New South Wales in Australia ... Glycine (plant), Endemic flora of Australia, Flora of Queensland, Flora of New South Wales, Plants described in 1984, All stub ... responses to salinity resistance are transferred into the somatic hybrid descendants from the wild soybean Glycine cyrtoloba ...
... is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of glycine metabolism. After phenylketonuria, glycine ... All forms of glycine encephalopathy show elevated levels of glycine in the plasma, as well as in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF).: ... Glycine is metabolized to final end products of ammonia and carbon dioxide through the glycine cleavage system (GCS), an enzyme ... The glycine cleavage system, which is responsible for glycine metabolism in the mitochondria is made up of four protein ...
... thrives in moist soils, loamy clay soils, and does not require shade. The pH level that is best for Glycine ... Glycine tabacina, commonly known as variable glycine, is a scrambling plant in the bean family found in Australia. It grows in ... n.d.). Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth". ITIS Report. Glycine tabacina. PlantNet. Retrieved 25 September 2009. (Articles with ... Sheather, Warren (2020). "Glycine tabacina, the Glycine Pea". Australian Plants. Australia, Greening (2018). "Fact Sheet_ ...
The bacterial glycine riboswitch is an RNA element that can bind the amino acid glycine. Glycine riboswitches usually consist ... It is thought that when glycine is in excess it will bind to both aptamers to activate these genes and facilitate glycine ... Page for Glycine riboswitch at Rfam v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, GO ... Glycine-induced expression of the gcvT operon is needed for B. subtilise growth, swarming motility and biofilm formation (in ...
In enzymology, a glycine dehydrogenase (cytochrome) (EC 1.4.2.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction glycine + ... This enzyme participates in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. Sanders HK, Becker GE, Nason A (1972). "Glycine- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is glycine:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase (deaminating). This enzyme is also called ... 2 H+ The 3 substrates of this enzyme are glycine, H2O, and ferricytochrome c, whereas its 4 products are glyoxylate, NH3, ...
A glycine receptor antagonist is a drug which acts as an antagonist of the glycine receptor. Selective Brucine Strychnine Tutin ... Media related to Glycine receptor antagonists at Wikimedia Commons v t e (Commons category link is on Wikidata, Glycine ... Vandenberg, RJ; Handford, CA; Schofield, PR (September 1992). "Distinct agonist- and antagonist-binding sites on the glycine ... "A glycine receptor antagonist, strychnine, blocked NMDA receptor activation in the neonatal mouse neocortex". NeuroReport. 13 ( ...
A colorless solid, it is the product of the phosgenation of glycine. Glycine N-carboxyanhydride is the simplest member of the ... Glycine N-carboxyanhydride is an organic compound with the formula HNCH(CO)2O. ... "The Crystal and Molecular Structure ofN-Carboxy Anhydride of Glycine". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 49 (4): 954- ...
... (cGP) is a small neuroactive peptide that belongs to a group of bioactive 2,5-diketopiperazines (2,5- ... IGF-1 that is not bound, is cleaved into an N-terminal tripeptide, Glycine-Proline-Glutamate (GPE) and Des-N-IGF-1. and GPE ... Fan, Dawei; Krishnamurthi, Rita; Harris, Paul; Barber, P. Alan; Guan, Jian (April 2019). "Plasma cyclic glycine proline/ IGF ā€1 ... Fan, Dawei; Krishnamurthi, Rita; Harris, Paul; Barber, P. Alan; Guan, Jian (April 2019). "Plasma cyclic glycine proline/ IGF ā€1 ...
Other names in common use include glycine methyltransferase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine methyltransferase, and GNMT. This ... In enzymology, a glycine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.20) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction S-adenosyl-L- ... Glycine N-methyltransferase belongs to the family of methyltransferase enzymes. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S- ... Pakhomova S, Luka Z, Grohmann S, Wagner C, Newcomer ME (2004). "Glycine N-methyltransferases: a comparison of the crystal ...
... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC25A38 gene. SLC25A38 is involved in ... mitochondrial handling of glycine and is needed for the first step in heme synthesis. Mutations in this gene can lead to an ...
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glycine. Glycine MS Spectrum Glycine Glycine cleavage system Glycine Therapy - A New ... In the liver of vertebrates, glycine synthesis is catalyzed by glycine synthase (also called glycine cleavage enzyme). This ... Glycine is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. It is encoded by all the codons starting with GG (GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG). Glycine ... The LD50 of glycine is 7930 mg/kg in rats (oral), and it usually causes death by hyperexcitability. In the US, glycine is ...
... glycine amidinotransferase deficiency is an inherited disorder that primarily affects the brain. Explore symptoms, inheritance ... glycine, arginine, and methionine. Specifically, arginine:glycine amidinotransferase controls the first step of the process. In ... Children with arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency may not gain weight and grow at the expected rate (failure to ... Edvardson S, Korman SH, Livne A, Shaag A, Saada A, Nalbandian R, Allouche-Arnon H, Gomori JM, Katz-Brull R. l-arginine:glycine ...
GLYCINE (UNII: TE7660XO1C) (GLYCINE - UNII:TE7660XO1C) GLYCINE. 1.5 g in 100 mL. ... Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with 1.5% Glycine Irrigation, USP. It is not known whether 1.5% Glycine ... Adverse reactions may result from intravascular absorption of glycine. Large intravenous doses of glycine are known to cause ... Glycine Irrigation, USP must be regarded as a systemic drug. Absorption of large amounts of fluids containing glycine may ...
... assists with the growth of our cells and their health, and stimulates l-glutathione which fights free radical cell ...
Glycine 11 Poster at AllPosters.com, with fast shipping, easy returns, and custom framing options youll love! ...
The glycine receptor, or GlyR, is the receptor for the amino acid neurotransmitter glycine. It is one of the most widely ... The glycine receptor, or GlyR, is the receptor for the amino acid neurotransmitter glycine. It is one of the most widely ... The receptor can be activated by a range of simple amino acids including glycine, Ī²-alanine and taurine, and can be selectively ... Strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors are members of a family of Ligand-gated ion channels. Receptors of this family are ...
Medical definition of the term Glycine, and related topics. ... More topics Related to Glycine. Glycine. ...as a treatment "A " ... Topics Related to Glycine. Chromium Deficiency. ...the condition "...the precursors to the active form of GTF are used in some ... Definition of Glycine:. The simplest amino acid which is a constituent of normal protein and an inhibitory neurotransmitter, ... More topics Related to Glycine. L-Glutathione. ...as a treatment "...The body produces L-glutathione from the amino acids ...
... Notes. *This display requires that Java be installed on your system and ...
We have previously shown that oral glycine administration to diabetic rats inhibits non-enzymatic glycation of hemoglobin and ... Oral glycine administration attenuates diabetic complications in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Life Sci. 2006 Jun 13;79( ... Glycine-treated diabetic rats showed an important diminution in the percentage of animals with opacity in lens and ... In this work, we evaluated the capacity of the amino acid glycine (1% w/v, 130 mM) to attenuate diabetic complications in ...
Lean more about glycine and its uses and benefits. ... Can glycine really help improve sleep, reduce depression, or ... Glycine safety, side effects, and drug interactions. There are no reported side effects of glycine when taken at the doses used ... Can glycine improve sleep, reduce depression, or reduce nighttime urinary frequency? www.consumerlab.com/answers/can-glycine- ... Several small clinical trials (generally supported by Ajinomoto, which sells glycine) have evaluated the effects of glycine ...
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Glycine is a nonessential amino acid. Dietary sources of this nutrient include fish, meats, beans, and dairy products. It also ... Glycine occurs so widely in all foods that its unlikely you need to take individual supplements.,/p,\n,p,Key uses of glycine ... Glycine occurs so widely in all foods that its unlikely you need to take individual supplements.,/p,\n,p,Key uses of glycine ... While glycine shows some beneficial effects in schizophrenia, too much can have toxic effects in the brain. Glycine occurs so ...
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... Molecules. 2020 Mar 10;25(5):1257. doi: ... Here, we intended to form a "green" glycine-derived salen fragment, but the available literature data were contradictory. ... Their structures differ in conformation at the glycine moiety, and the monoclinic form contains additional, disordered water ...
Timeline for Species Soybean (Glycine max) [TaxId:3847] from a.39.1.5 Calcium-dependent protein kinase sk5 CLD: *Species ... PDB entries in Species: Soybean (Glycine max) [TaxId: 3847]:. *Domain(s) for 1s6i: *. Domain d1s6ia_: 1s6i A: [105310]. ... Species Soybean (Glycine max) [TaxId:3847] from a.39.1.5 Calcium-dependent protein kinase sk5 CLD appears in SCOPe 2.07. ... Lineage for Species: Soybean (Glycine max) [TaxId: 3847]. *Root: SCOPe 2.08 *. Class a: All alpha proteins [46456] (290 folds) ...
Glycine helps support muscle formation via protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism and the maintenance of a healthy nervous ... https://purebulk.com/products/glycine-bulk 1793892745265 Glycine Powder Bulk 25kg 851.95 //purebulk.com/cdn/shop/products/ ... purebulk.com/products/glycine-bulk?variant=14307759390769 InStock Default Title ...
Helical preferences of alanine, glycine, and aminoisobutyric homopeptides. Posted June 8th, 2010 by pschmidtke Title. Helical ... The stability between helical conformations of homopeptides of alanine, glycine, and aminoisobutyric acid has been studied by ... Glycine/chemistry/metabolism; Models, Secondary; Quantum Theory; Solutions; Solvents/chemistry; Thermodynamics, Theoretical; ...
Glycine lanceolifoliata De Wild. is a synonym of Teramnus uncinatus subsp. ringoetii (De Wild.) Verdc. This name is a synonym ...
Glycyl-glycine-15N2 , C4H8N2O3 , CID 71309412 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, ...
View our 6 Glycine Transporter Inhibitors Small Molecules for your research. ... Potent and selective inhibitor of the glial glycine transporter GlyT1b; active in vivo ...
glycine-13C2,15N glycine-d5 A deuterated compound that is is an isotopologue of glycine in which all five hydrogen atoms have ... 2)H5)glycine Related Synonyms:. (2H5)Glycine ; Formula=C2D5NO2 ; InChI=1S/C2H5NO2/c3-1-2(4)5/h1,3H2,(H,4,5)/i1D2/hD3 ; InChIKey ... glycine-d5 (CHEBI:132194). Annotations: Rat: (0) Mouse: (0) Human: (0) Chinchilla: (0) Bonobo: (0) Dog: (0) Squirrel: (0) Pig ...
This page contains information on the chemical Glycine, N-(phosphonomethyl)-, sodium salt (2:3) including: 10 synonyms/ ... N-(Phosphonomethyl) glycine sodium salt (2:3) *Polado*Sodium N-phosphonomethyl glycine*Trisodium hydrogen bis(N-( ... Glycine, N-(phosphonomethyl)-, sodium salt (2:3) Identifications. *CAS Number: 70393-85-0*Caswell Number: 788A*Synonyms/Related ... Chemical Database - Glycine, N-(phosphonomethyl)-, sodium salt (2:3). EnvironmentalChemistry.com. 1995 - 2023. Accessed on-line ...
Glycine Pure Powder information including description from Now, supplement facts, and suggested use. Order online for quick ... Glycine Pure Powder Description from Now Glycine is the smallest and simplest amino acid, making it versatile for use in a wide ... NOW L-Glycine Powder 1 lbs. L-glycine helps me sleep and keep my skin young - great stuff! ... Glycine also functions as a calming neurotransmitter in the brain, where it facilitates nerve impulses and is important for the ...
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Antibodies for proteins involved in protein-glycine ligase activity, initiating pathways, according to their Panther/Gene ... Antibodies for proteins involved in protein-glycine ligase activity, initiating pathways; according to their Panther/Gene ...
Glycine (Ā¹Ā³Cā‚‚, 97-99%) microbiological/pyrogen tested. Item No.CLM-1017-MPT-PK ... Glycine (Ā¹Ā³Cā‚‚, 97-99%) microbiological/pyrogen tested. Item No.CLM-1017-MPT-PK ...
  • Glycine is also an inhibitory neurotransmitter - interference with its release within the spinal cord (such as during a Clostridium tetani infection) can cause spastic paralysis due to uninhibited muscle contraction. (wikipedia.org)
  • The glycine receptor , or GlyR , is the receptor for the amino acid neurotransmitter glycine . (bionity.com)
  • Glycine is a non-essential amino acid (meaning that it can be made in the body and is not required from the diet) that acts as a neurotransmitter. (consumerlab.com)
  • Glycine also functions as a calming neurotransmitter in the brain, where it facilitates nerve impulses and is important for the maintenance of healthy sleep patterns. (allstarhealth.com)
  • Glycine functions as a neurotransmitter. (swansonvitamins.com)
  • Quantitative determination of Roundup ready soybean (Glycine max) extracted from highly processed flour. (wallonie.be)
  • Soybean ( Glycine max Merril), native to northern and central China, has been an ancient food of the people of the East. (sld.cu)
  • Although glycine can be isolated from hydrolyzed protein, this route is not used for industrial production, as it can be manufactured more conveniently by chemical synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The two main processes are amination of chloroacetic acid with ammonia, giving glycine and ammonium chloride, and the Strecker amino acid synthesis, which is the main synthetic method in the United States and Japan. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glycine is also cogenerated as an impurity in the synthesis of EDTA, arising from reactions of the ammonia coproduct. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glycine is not essential to the human diet, as it is biosynthesized in the body from the amino acid serine, which is in turn derived from 3-phosphoglycerate, but one publication made by supplements sellers seems to show that the metabolic capacity for glycine biosynthesis does not satisfy the need for collagen synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the liver of vertebrates, glycine synthesis is catalyzed by glycine synthase (also called glycine cleavage enzyme). (wikipedia.org)
  • GATM gene mutations impair the ability of the arginine:glycine amidinotransferase enzyme to participate in creatine synthesis, resulting in a shortage of creatine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A "non-essential" amino acid, glycine is necessary for the synthesis of bile acids, nucleic acids and other amino acids. (diagnose-me.com)
  • Here, we describe the synthesis of a new heptamethine indocyanine dye (NIR-27) modified with a glycine at the end of each N-alkyl side chain, and its biological characterization for in vivo cancer-targeted NIR imaging. (dovepress.com)
  • The present results suggest that 0.6 g/kg of dietary protein is enough to maintain protein turnover in obese women consuming a reduced energy diet and that leucine, arginine or glycine supplementation does not change kinetic balance or protein synthesis. (scielo.br)
  • In this work, we evaluated the capacity of the amino acid glycine (1% w/v, 130 mM) to attenuate diabetic complications in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats and compared them with non-treated or taurine-treated (0.5% w/v, 40 mM) diabetic rats. (nih.gov)
  • On a low-protein diet, the endogenous formation of the amino acid glycine is thought to become constrained. (portlandpress.com)
  • In most organisms, the enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyses this transformation via the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate: serine + tetrahydrofolate ā†’ glycine + N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + H2O In E. coli, glycine is sensitive to antibiotics that target folate. (wikipedia.org)
  • This conversion is readily reversible: CO2 + NH+ 4 + N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + NADH + H+ ā‡Œ Glycine + tetrahydrofolate + NAD+ In addition to being synthesized from serine, glycine can also be derived from threonine, choline or hydroxyproline via inter-organ metabolism of the liver and kidneys. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first step is the reverse of glycine biosynthesis from serine with serine hydroxymethyl transferase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glycine which enters the systemic circulation is converted to serine and glyoxylic acid. (nih.gov)
  • Serine, a component of brain proteins (including coverings of the nerves), is an amino acid that can be made in your tissues from glycine or threonine, so it is considered nonessential. (dummies.com)
  • Your body, however, needs adequate amounts of vitamin B-3, vitamin B-6, and folic acid to make serine from glycine. (dummies.com)
  • Glycine is a nonessential amino acid your body synthesizes from the amino acid serine. (swansonvitamins.com)
  • Serine/Glycine Lipid Recovery in Lipid Extracts From Healthy and Diseased Dental Samples: Relationship to Chronic Periodontitis. (bvsalud.org)
  • The serine / glycine lipids produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis are reported to engage human TLR2 and will promote the production of potent pro-inflammatory cytokines . (bvsalud.org)
  • This investigation compared the recovery of serine / glycine lipids in periodontal organisms, teeth , subgingival calculus , subgingival plaque, and gingival tissues , either from healthy sites or periodontally diseased sites. (bvsalud.org)
  • Lipids were extracted using the phospholipid extraction procedure of Bligh and Dyer and were analyzed using liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry for all serine / glycine lipid classes identified to date in P. gingivalis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Two serine / glycine lipid classes, Lipid 567 and Lipid 1256, were the dominant serine / glycine lipids recovered from oral Bacteroidetes bacteria and from subgingival calculus samples or diseased teeth . (bvsalud.org)
  • Lipid 1256 was the most abundant serine / glycine lipid class in lipid extracts from P. gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia , and Prevotella intermedia whereas Lipid 567 was the most abundant serine / glycine lipid class recovered in Capnocytophaga species and Porphyromonas endodontalis . (bvsalud.org)
  • Serine / glycine lipids were not detected in lipid extracts from Treponema denticola , Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , or Fusobacterium nucleatum . (bvsalud.org)
  • Strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors are members of a family of Ligand-gated ion channels . (bionity.com)
  • Quantum dots have been used to track the diffusion of glycine receptors into the synapse of neurons. (bionity.com)
  • Glycine activates many receptors in the brain which promote neural development, learning, and cognition. (bayho.com)
  • Cell surface receptors that bind GLYCINE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Glycine receptors in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM have an intrinsic chloride channel. (bvsalud.org)
  • Glycine was discovered in 1820 by French chemist Henri Braconnot when he hydrolyzed gelatin by boiling it with sulfuric acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1858, the French chemist Auguste Cahours determined that glycine was an amine of acetic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glycine functions as a bidentate ligand for many metal ions, forming amino acid complexes. (wikipedia.org)
  • With acid chlorides, glycine converts to the amidocarboxylic acid, such as hippuric acid and acetylglycine. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this step, a compound called guanidinoacetic acid is produced by transferring a cluster of nitrogen and hydrogen atoms called a guanidino group from arginine to glycine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • the precursors to the active form of GTF are used in some formulas, but usually with chromium in lower doses, such as 50mcg, since it is thought to be better absorbed with niacin and the amino acids glycine , cysteine and glutamic acid. (diagnose-me.com)
  • In formulations not involving heating process, Glycine-Benzoid acid can be pre-dispersed in warm water followed by adding this premix to the formulation. (makingcosmetics.com)
  • Glycine is a nonessential amino acid. (dummies.com)
  • The stability between helical conformations of homopeptides of alanine, glycine, and aminoisobutyric acid has been studied by means of quantum-mechanical methods. (ub.edu)
  • Glycine is the smallest and simplest amino acid, making it versatile for use in a wide range of functions. (allstarhealth.com)
  • Glycine is an amino acid found in many protein food sources. (bayho.com)
  • Inverse modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid- and glycine-induced currents by progesterone. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The ability of certain synthetic and endogenous steroids to modulate neuronal responses to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is well documented, but little is known of the effect of steroids on glycine responses. (aspetjournals.org)
  • This study examined if leucine, arginine or glycine supplementation in adult obese patients (body mass index of 33 Ā± 4 kg/mĀ²) consuming a Brazilian low energy and protein diet (4.2 MJ/day and 0.6 g protein/kg) affects protein and amino acid metabolism. (scielo.br)
  • On the seventh day of each amino acid supplementation, a single-dose 15N-glycine study was carried out. (scielo.br)
  • There was no difference in amino acid profiles due to leucine, arginine or glycine supplementation. (scielo.br)
  • This study examined if leucine, arginine or glycine supplementation in adult obese patients (body mass index of 33 Ā± 4 kg/m 2 ) consuming a Brazilian low energy and protein diet (4.2 MJ/day and 0.6 g protein/kg) affects protein and amino acid metabolism. (scielo.br)
  • For the development of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate human exposure to permethrin, the glycine conjugate (DCCA-glycine) of a major metabolite, cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (DCCA), of permethrin was established as the target analyte. (cdc.gov)
  • These results not only provide an important distinction between chloride-mediated GABA and glycine responses but also suggest that endogenous progesterone or its metabolites may differentially modulate the inhibitory actions of these two neurotransmitters. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Several small clinical trials (generally supported by Ajinomoto, which sells glycine) have evaluated the effects of glycine supplementation for improving sleep and for reducing nighttime urinary frequency in people with overactive bladder, chronic prostatitis, and/or bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis. (consumerlab.com)
  • In addition, glycine supplementation slightly reduced the amount of time it took to fall asleep and modestly decreased bladder pain as well as and systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to baseline, but these improvements were not statistically significant compared to placebo ( Sugaya, J Complement Integr Med 2021 ). (consumerlab.com)
  • There do not appear to be any studies evaluating glycine supplementation in people without schizophrenia who have depression. (consumerlab.com)
  • Let us send you an email when Glycine Powder - Featuring AjiPure is back on our shelves! (swansonvitamins.com)
  • If your healthcare provider has recommended a glycine supplement, Swanson AjiPure Glycine powder is perfect. (swansonvitamins.com)
  • Under such conditions ammonia resulting from metabolism of glycine may accumulate in the blood. (nih.gov)
  • Physiologically, glycine has a calming effect on brain metabolism. (dummies.com)
  • These fragments then progress to Phase 2, where they are bound to molecules such as glutathione, glycine and sulfate. (diagnose-me.com)
  • Here, Fass environmental information is presented for Niferex (ferric glycine sulfate) from UCB Nordic (downloaded 2022-01-26). (janusinfo.se)
  • Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency is an inherited disorder that primarily affects the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Children with arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency may not gain weight and grow at the expected rate (failure to thrive), and have delayed development of motor skills such as sitting and walking. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The prevalence of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency is unknown. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutations in the GATM gene cause arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The GATM gene provides instructions for making the enzyme arginine:glycine amidinotransferase. (medlineplus.gov)
  • glycine, arginine, and methionine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Specifically, arginine:glycine amidinotransferase controls the first step of the process. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The effects of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency are most severe in organs and tissues that require large amounts of energy, especially the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Edvardson S, Korman SH, Livne A, Shaag A, Saada A, Nalbandian R, Allouche-Arnon H, Gomori JM, Katz-Brull R. l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency: clinical presentation and response to treatment in two patients with a novel mutation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The receptor can be activated by a range of simple amino acids including glycine , Ī²-alanine and taurine, and can be selectively blocked by the high-affinity competitive antagonist strychnine . (bionity.com)
  • It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Glycine_receptor" . (bionity.com)
  • Recent studies propose that N-arachidonyl glycine (NAGly), a carboxylic analogue of anandamide, is an endogenous ligand of the GĪ±(i/o) protein-coupled receptor 18 (GPR18). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The role of the NMDA receptor and its glycine modulatory site was investigated in a rat conditioned stress model. (jneurosci.org)
  • These data suggest that the NMDA receptor complex and associated glycine modulatory site may play an important role in the afferent control of the mesoprefrontal cortical DA system during conditioned stress. (jneurosci.org)
  • El receptor GlyA es sensible a la ESTRICNINA y se encuentra en la membrana postsinĆ”ptica de las neuronas glicinĆ©rgicas inhibidoras. (bvsalud.org)
  • CDC is providing these urinary glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) measurements (NHANES variable name: SSGLYP) as a standalone resource in advance of the next scheduled update to aid federal, state, and local public health agencies, and others, currently investigating glyphosate. (cdc.gov)
  • In aqueous solution, glycine is amphoteric: below pH = 2.4, it converts to the ammonium cation called glycinium. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, some preliminary results on an aqueous glycine solution will also be discussed. (cam.ac.uk)
  • In the present study, five groups of Wistar rats were provided during pregnancy with one of five diets: a control diet containing 18% (w/w) casein (CON), a low-protein diet containing 9% casein (MLP), or the low-protein diet supplemented with 3% glycine (MLPG), alanine (MLPA) or urea (MLPU). (portlandpress.com)
  • 1.5% Glycine Irrigation, USP is useful as an irrigating solution for the urinary bladder because this solution is nonhemolytic, nonelectrolytic or very weakly ionized, and provides a high degree of visibility for urologic procedures requiring endoscopy. (nih.gov)
  • 1.5% Glycine Irrigation, USP is indicated for use as a urologic irrigating fluid with endoscopic instruments during transurethral procedures requiring distension, irrigation, and lavage of the urinary bladder. (nih.gov)
  • Can glycine improve sleep, reduce depression, or reduce nighttime urinary frequency? (consumerlab.com)
  • Objective: To investigate associations for serum and urinary glycine levels with BMD, bone microstructure, and fracture risk in men. (lu.se)
  • Urinary (nĆ¢ā‚¬ =Ć¢ā‚¬ 2682) glycine was analyzed at baseline. (lu.se)
  • Conclusions: Serum and urinary glycine are indirectly associated with FN-BMD and cortical bone strength, and directly associated with fracture risk in men. (lu.se)
  • We show here that in voltage-clamped neurons progesterone (10-100 microM) itself enhances GABA-induced chloride currents but, surprisingly, antagonizes those induced by glycine. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The effects of progesterone on GABA and glycine responses are dose dependent, with EC50 values of 26 and 16 microM and maxima of +156 and -60%, respectively. (aspetjournals.org)
  • 21.Ito S. GABA and glycine in the developing brain. (bvsalud.org)
  • Each liter contains 15 g Glycine, USP (NH 2 CH 2 COOH) in water for injection. (nih.gov)
  • Glycine helps your body synthesize hemoglobin, collagen, and glutathione-another amino aid detoxifier. (dummies.com)
  • Recovered products consist of small molecules such as water, structural analogs to glycine, heterocyclic molecules, large oligomers, and polypeptides including the simplest polypeptide glycylglycine at up to 4% mass fraction. (rsc.org)
  • A deuterated compound that is is an isotopologue of glycine in which all five hydrogen atoms have been replaced by deuterium. (mcw.edu)
  • Laboute, Science 2023 ) and an observational study showing that people with major depressive disorder have lower blood levels of glycine compared to healthy controls ( Altamura, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1995 ). (consumerlab.com)
  • Context: In a recent study a pattern of 27 metabolites, including serum glycine, associated with bone mineral density (BMD). (lu.se)
  • Glycine may become conditionally essential, as its rate of endogenous formation is inadequate to meet metabolic needs, and may be limiting for the normal development of the fetus. (portlandpress.com)
  • Cloned structural genes for the osmotically regulated binding-protein-dependent glycine betaine transport system (ProU) of Escherichia coli K-12. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Both capryloyl glycine and undecylenoyl glycine are lipid amino acids and are obtained by acylation of glycine to a fatty chain. (makingcosmetics.com)
  • 1.5% Glycine Irrigation, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, nonhemolytic, nonelectrolytic or very weakly ionized solution in single dose UROMATIC containers for use as a urologic irrigating solution. (nih.gov)
  • Their structures differ in conformation at the glycine moiety, and the monoclinic form contains additional, disordered water molecules. (nih.gov)
  • This study was undertaken to determine the quantitative relationship between glycine betaine accumulation from the environment and growth stimulation, and also the relative roles of the high affinity (ProU) and low affinity (ProP) transport systems. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • A study among eleven men and women with self-reported 'unsatisfactory sleep,' found that 3 grams of glycine taken one hour before bedtime significantly improved self-reported sleep quality and shortened the time it took to fall asleep (as measured by brain wave, heart rate and breathing monitors) compared to placebo ( Yamadera, Sleep Biologic Rhythms 2007 ). (consumerlab.com)
  • A clinical study among 22 people with treatment-resistant schizophrenia found that supplementing with very high-doses of glycine (starting at 4 grams daily and increased to 40 to 90 grams daily over about 2 weeks) for a total of 6 weeks slightly improved depression symptoms compared to placebo ( Heresco-Levy, Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999 ). (consumerlab.com)
  • There are no reported side effects of glycine when taken at the doses used in these studies, or in doses of up to 60 grams/day for up to six weeks ( Javitt, Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2001 ). (consumerlab.com)
  • In this context, the enzyme system involved is usually called the glycine cleavage system: Glycine + tetrahydrofolate + NAD+ ā‡Œ CO2 + NH+ 4 + N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate + NADH + H+ In the second pathway, glycine is degraded in two steps. (wikipedia.org)
  • The site through which progesterone acts to inhibit glycine responses is distinct from the strychnine and glycine binding sites. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Dimethylglycine and trimethylglycine, other forms of glycine, are supplemented more in clinical practice to improve energy and strengthen your immune system and your ability to recover from and prevent infections. (dummies.com)
  • Indeed, the research did show that the SSRI fluoxetine as well as a glycine-tryptophan supplement improved cognitive function in SARS-CoV-2-infected rodent models, which were used in a portion of the study. (medscape.com)
  • At external concentrations of glycine betaine below 1 Ī¼M, cells able to express the ProU transport system possess a significant advantage over cells that only possess ProP. At high osmolarity the correlation between growth stimulation and cytoplasmic glycine betaine concentration is limited. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • At low glycine betaine concentrations further accumulation of the compatible solute stimulated growth. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • However, once the cells had accumulated 100 nmol glycine betaine per OD 650 unit biomass no greater growth stimulation was observed in cells with higher levels of the compatible solute. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • A meta-analysis (nĆ¢ā‚¬ =Ć¢ā‚¬ 7543) combining MrOS Sweden data with data from 3 other cohorts confirmed a robust inverse association between serum glycine levels and FN-BMD (PĆ¢ā‚¬ =Ć¢ā‚¬ 7.7Ć¢ā‚¬ Ć—Ć¢ā‚¬ 10-9). (lu.se)
  • Serum glycine was inversely associated with the bone strength parameter failure load in the distal tibia (PĆ¢ā‚¬ =Ć¢ā‚¬ 0.002), mainly as a consequence of an inverse association with cortical cross-sectional area and a direct association with cortical porosity. (lu.se)
  • With methyl iodide, the amine becomes quaternized to give trimethylglycine, a natural product: H 3N+ CH 2COOāˆ’ + 3 CH3I ā†’ (CH 3) 3N+ CH 2COOāˆ’ + 3 HI Glycine condenses with itself to give peptides, beginning with the formation of glycylglycine: 2 H 3N+ CH 2COOāˆ’ ā†’ H 3N+ CH 2CONHCH 2COOāˆ’ + H2O Pyrolysis of glycine or glycylglycine gives 2,5-diketopiperazine, the cyclic diamide. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is speculation that glycine may be beneficial for depression, although this has not been proven. (consumerlab.com)
  • While glycine shows some beneficial effects in schizophrenia, too much can have toxic effects in the brain. (dummies.com)
  • Our results suggest that administration of glycine attenuates the diabetic complications in the STZ-induced diabetic rat model, probably due to inhibition of the non-enzymatic glycation process. (nih.gov)
  • Glycine Transporter Inhibitors " has 6 results in Products. (rndsystems.com)
  • Results: Circulating glycine levels were inversely associated with femoral neck (FN)-BMD. (lu.se)
  • The company's strong foundation, coupled with its emphasis on rugged and reliable products, have given Glycine a respected name in Swiss watchmaking today. (gnomonwatches.com)
  • Ensembles of high throughput semiempirical density functional tight binding (DFTB) simulations are used to identify chemical trends and bounds for glycine chemistry during rapid shear under compressive loads of up to 15.6 GPa. (rsc.org)
  • Be aware that glycine might potentially worsen symptoms in some people with schizophrenia taking antipsychotic medication clozapine (Clozaril) ( Potkin, Am J Psychiatry 1999 ). (consumerlab.com)
  • Glycine occurs so widely in all foods that it's unlikely you need to take individual supplements. (dummies.com)
  • Detects human Glycine N-methyltransferase/GNMT in direct ELISAs and Western blots. (rndsystems.com)
  • Detection of Human Glycine N-methyltransferase/GNMT by Western Blot. (rndsystems.com)
  • PVDF Membrane was probed with 1 Āµg/mL of Human Glycine N-methyltransferase/GNMT Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF6526) followed by HRP-conjugated Anti-Sheep IgG Secondary Antibody (Catalog # HAF016 ). (rndsystems.com)
  • The ELISA will be optimized for the detection of total cis/trans-DCCA-glycine in human urine samples. (cdc.gov)
  • Before taking glycine supplements, consult a qualified nutritionist. (dummies.com)
  • Absorption of large amounts of fluids containing glycine may significantly alter cardiopulmonary and renal dynamics. (nih.gov)
  • Mechanochemistry of glycine under compression and shear at room temperature is predicted using quantum-based molecular dynamics (QMD) and a simulation design based on rotational diamond anvil cell (RDAC) experiments. (rsc.org)