Glutamic Acid
Glutamate Decarboxylase
A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.
Glutamates
Amino Acids
Amino Acid Sequence
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Aspartic Acid
Stiff-Person Syndrome
A condition characterized by persistent spasms (SPASM) involving multiple muscles, primarily in the lower limbs and trunk. The illness tends to occur in the fourth to sixth decade of life, presenting with intermittent spasms that become continuous. Minor sensory stimuli, such as noise and light touch, precipitate severe spasms. Spasms do not occur during sleep and only rarely involve cranial muscles. Respiration may become impaired in advanced cases. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1492; Neurology 1998 Jul;51(1):85-93)
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.
Glutamine
Chromatography, Paper
Autoantibodies
Binding Sites
Mutation
Base Sequence
Alanine
Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8
Amino Acid Substitution
The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.
Structure-Activity Relationship
Proline
Peptide Fragments
Isoenzymes
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Vitamin K
A lipid cofactor that is required for normal blood clotting. Several forms of vitamin K have been identified: VITAMIN K 1 (phytomenadione) derived from plants, VITAMIN K 2 (menaquinone) from bacteria, and synthetic naphthoquinone provitamins, VITAMIN K 3 (menadione). Vitamin K 3 provitamins, after being alkylated in vivo, exhibit the antifibrinolytic activity of vitamin K. Green leafy vegetables, liver, cheese, butter, and egg yolk are good sources of vitamin K.
Peptides
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Models, Molecular
Glycine
Carbohydrates
Autoantigens
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Carbon-Carbon Ligases
Chemistry
Cloning, Molecular
Chemical Phenomena
Pimelic Acids
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Substrate Specificity
Protein Binding
1-Carboxyglutamic Acid
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Serine
RNA, Transfer, Glu
Mice, Inbred NOD
Dystonia Musculorum Deformans
A condition characterized by focal DYSTONIA that progresses to involuntary spasmodic contractions of the muscles of the legs, trunk, arms, and face. The hands are often spared, however, sustained axial and limb contractions may lead to a state where the body is grossly contorted. Onset is usually in the first or second decade. Familial patterns of inheritance, primarily autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance, have been identified. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1078)
Point Mutation
Actinomycetales
Cattle
Threonine
Glutamate-tRNA Ligase
Carbon Isotopes
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Chromatography, Gel
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Cell Wall
Neurons
Aspartate Aminotransferases
Islets of Langerhans
Irregular microscopic structures consisting of cords of endocrine cells that are scattered throughout the PANCREAS among the exocrine acini. Each islet is surrounded by connective tissue fibers and penetrated by a network of capillaries. There are four major cell types. The most abundant beta cells (50-80%) secrete INSULIN. Alpha cells (5-20%) secrete GLUCAGON. PP cells (10-35%) secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE. Delta cells (~5%) secrete SOMATOSTATIN.
Trypsin
Protein Structure, Secondary
Parvalbumins
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid
Bacillus
Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins
Chromatography, Ion Exchange
Catalysis
Aminobutyrates
4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Chromatography
Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.
Berylliosis
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhaled rare metal BERYLLIUM or its soluble salts which are used in a wide variety of industry including alloys, ceramics, radiographic equipment, and vacuum tubes. Berylliosis is characterized by an acute inflammatory reaction in the upper airway leading to BRONCHIOLITIS; PULMONARY EDEMA; and pneumonia.
Phosphorylation
Immunochemistry
Electrophoresis
Carboxylic Acids
Co-Repressor Proteins
Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase
Circular Dichroism
Amino Sugars
Transfection
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
A family of plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporter proteins that regulates extracellular levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. They differ from GABA RECEPTORS, which signal cellular responses to GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. They control GABA reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through high-affinity sodium-dependent transport.
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)
Enzyme Stability
Valine
Glutamate Dehydrogenase
Mass Spectrometry
Conserved Sequence
Carboxy-Lyases
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Receptors, GABA
Cell-surface proteins that bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.
HLA-DQ Antigens
Plasmids
HLA-DRB4 Chains
Ammonia
Aconitum
COS Cells
CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)
Vitamin K 2
Paraneoplastic Polyneuropathy
A diffuse or multifocal peripheral neuropathy related to the remote effects of a neoplasm, most often carcinoma or lymphoma. Pathologically, there are inflammatory changes in peripheral nerves. The most common clinical presentation is a symmetric distal mixed sensorimotor polyneuropathy. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1334)
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Phenotype
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Autoimmunity
Citrobacter
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Stereoisomerism
Fermentation
Membrane Proteins
Beryllium
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Interneurons
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
DNA Primers
Serine Endopeptidases
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2
Nitrogen
Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose
Endopeptidases
Liver
Protons
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Mutagenesis
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.
Macromolecular Substances
Cells, Cultured
Choline O-Acetyltransferase
Mutation, Missense
Hydrogen Bonding
Catalytic Domain
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune
Autoimmune diseases affecting multiple endocrine organs. Type I is characterized by childhood onset and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, CHRONIC MUCOCUTANEOUS), while type II exhibits any combination of adrenal insufficiency (ADDISON'S DISEASE), lymphocytic thyroiditis (THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE;), HYPOPARATHYROIDISM; and gonadal failure. In both types organ-specific ANTIBODIES against a variety of ENDOCRINE GLANDS have been detected. The type II syndrome differs from type I in that it is associated with HLA-A1 and B8 haplotypes, onset is usually in adulthood, and candidiasis is not present.
Carrier Proteins
Limbic Encephalitis
A paraneoplastic syndrome marked by degeneration of neurons in the LIMBIC SYSTEM. Clinical features include HALLUCINATIONS, loss of EPISODIC MEMORY; ANOSMIA; AGEUSIA; TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY; DEMENTIA; and affective disturbance (depression). Circulating anti-neuronal antibodies (e.g., anti-Hu; anti-Yo; anti-Ri; and anti-Ma2) and small cell lung carcinomas or testicular carcinoma are frequently associated with this syndrome.
Prothrombin
Receptors, GABA-A
Asparagine
Micromonosporaceae
Cysteic Acid
Alleles
Transaminases
Corynebacterium
Rabbits
Glutamate Synthase
Crystallography, X-Ray
Temperature
Models, Chemical
Amino Acid Motifs
Gene Expression
Succinates
Receptors, Ionotropic Glutamate
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
DNA, Ribosomal
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1
A subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that includes two distinctive targeting motifs; an N-terminal motif specific for the INSULIN RECEPTOR, and a C-terminal motif specific for the SH3 domain containing proteins. This subtype includes a hydrophobic domain which localizes it to the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.
Immunohistochemistry
Codon
A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).
HLA-DR Antigens
Pteroylpolyglutamic Acids
Derivatives of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid). In gamma-glutamyl linkage they are found in many tissues. They are converted to folic acid by the action of pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase or synthesized from folic acid by the action of folate polyglutamate synthetase. Synthetic pteroylpolyglutamic acids, which are in alpha-glutamyl linkage, are active in bacterial growth assays.
Fluoroimmunoassay
Ketoglutaric Acids
Genes
Swine
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Biotin
Alicyclobacillus
Dimerization
Blotting, Western
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)
Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases
Tryptophan Synthase
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-serine and 1-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate to L-tryptophan and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. It is a pyridoxal phosphate protein that also catalyzes the conversion of serine and indole into tryptophan and water and of indoleglycerol phosphate into indole and glyceraldehyde phosphate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.2.1.20.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S is a biglutamic acid ADP-ribosyltransferase. (1/9130)
Kinetic analysis of two mutations within Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S (ExoS) showed that a E379D mutation inhibited expression of ADP-ribosyltransferase activity but had little effect on the expression of NAD glycohydrolase activity while a E381D mutation inhibited expression of both activities. These data identify ExoS as a biglutamic acid ADP-ribosyltransferase, where E381 is the catalytic residue and E379 contributes to the transfer of ADP-ribose to the target protein. (+info)Biochemical and electrophysiological studies on the mechanism of action of PNU-151774E, a novel antiepileptic compound. (2/9130)
PNU-151774E [(S)-(+)-2-(4-(3-fluorobenzyloxy)benzylamino)propanamide methanesulfonate], a new anticonvulsant that displays a wide therapeutic window, has a potency comparable or superior to that of most classic anticonvulsants. PNU-151774E is chemically unrelated to current antiepileptics. In animal seizure models it possesses a broad spectrum of action. In the present study, the action mechanism of PNU-151774E has been investigated using electrophysiological and biochemical assays. Binding studies performed with rat brain membranes show that PNU-151774E has high affinity for binding site 2 of the sodium channel receptor, which is greater than that of phenytoin or lamotrigine (IC50, 8 microM versus 47 and 185 microM, respectively). PNU-151774E reduces sustained repetitive firing in a use-dependent manner without modifying the first action potential in hippocampal cultured neurons. In the same preparation PNU-151774E inhibits tetrodotoxin-sensitive fast sodium currents and high voltage-activated calcium currents under voltage-clamp conditions. These electrophysiological activities of PNU-151774E correlate with its ability to inhibit veratrine and KCl-induced glutamate release in rat hippocampal slices (IC50, 56.4 and 185.5 microM, respectively) and calcium inward currents in mouse cortical neurons. On the other hand, PNU-151774E does not affect whole-cell gamma-aminobutryic acid- and glutamate-induced currents in cultured mouse cortical neurons. These results suggest that PNU-151774E exerts its anticonvulsant activity, at least in part, through inhibition of sodium and calcium channels, stabilizing neuronal membrane excitability and inhibiting transmitter release. The possible relevance of these pharmacological properties to its antiepileptic potential is discussed. (+info)Role of folylpolyglutamate synthetase and folylpolyglutamate hydrolase in methotrexate accumulation and polyglutamylation in childhood leukemia. (3/9130)
Inefficient polyglutamylation is a mechanism of resistance to methotrexate (MTX) in childhood T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in comparison with childhood c/preB-ALL. We analyzed the profile of MTX polyglutamylation in childhood c/preB-ALL, T-ALL, and AML (n = 45, 15, and 14, respectively), the activity of the MTX-polyglutamate synthesizing enzyme folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) (n = 39, 11, and 19, respectively) and of the MTX-polyglutamate breakdown enzyme folylpolyglutamate hydrolase (FPGH) (n = 98, 25, and 34, respectively). MTX-Glu4-6 accumulation after 24 hours exposure to 1 micromol/L [3H]-MTX in vitro was lower in T-ALL (threefold) and AML (fourfold) compared with c/preB-ALL (P +info)Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors modulates the voltage-gated sustained calcium current in a teleost horizontal cell. (4/9130)
In the teleost retina, cone horizontal cells contain a voltage-activated sustained calcium current, which has been proposed to be involved in visual processing. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that modulation of voltage-gated channels can occur through activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Because glutamate is the excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate retina, we have used whole cell electrophysiological techniques to examine the effect of mGluR activation on the sustained voltage-gated calcium current found in isolated cone horizontal cells in the catfish retina. In pharmacological conditions that blocked voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels, as well as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA channels, application of L-glutamate or 1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD) to voltage-clamped cone horizontal cells acted to increase the amplitude of the calcium current, expand the activation range of the calcium current by 10 mV into the cell's physiological operating range, and shift the peak calcium current by -5 mV. To identify and characterize the mGluR subtypes found on catfish cone horizontal cells, agonists of group I, group II, or group III mGluRs were applied via perfusion. Group I and group III mGluR agonists mimicked the effect of L-glutamate or 1S,3R-ACPD, whereas group II mGluR agonists had no effect on L-type calcium current activity. Inhibition studies demonstrated that group I mGluR antagonists significantly blocked the modulatory effect of the group I mGluR agonist, (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine. Similar results were obtained when the group III mGluR agonist, L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, was applied in the presence of a group III mGluR antagonist. These results provide evidence for two groups of mGluR subtypes on catfish cone horizontal cells. Activation of these mGluRs is linked to modulation of the voltage-gated sustained calcium current. (+info)Antagonist activity of alpha-substituted 4-carboxyphenylglycine analogues at group I metabotropic glutamate receptors expressed in CHO cells. (5/9130)
1. We have investigated the antagonist properties of 6 alpha-substituted phenylglycine analogues based on the structure of 4-carboxyphenylglycine (4-CPG) for group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu1alpha and mGlu5a) permanently expressed in CHO cells. 2. (S)-4-CPG and (S)-MCPG were the most selective mGlu1alpha receptor antagonists. Longer chain alpha-carbon substitutions resulted in a progressive loss of antagonist affinity at mGlu1alpha receptors but not at mGlu5a receptors. Thus mGlu1alpha receptor antagonists require small aliphatic groups at the alpha-position. Alpha-cyclopropyl-4-CPG showed a tendency towards mGlu5a selectivity, suggesting that bulky groups at this position may favour mGlu5a receptor antagonism. 3. We demonstrate that the mGlu5a receptor displays agonist-dependent antagonism. L-glutamate-induced Ca2+ release in mGlu5a receptor expressing cells was more susceptible to antagonism by cyclic alpha-carbon derivatives than (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG)-induced Ca2+ release in the same cell line. 4. The data presented suggests that mGlu1alpha and mGlu5a receptors have different steric and/or conformational requirements for the binding of antagonists and different amino acids which could interact with agonists. 5. These phenylglycine analogues could provide leads for the development of subtype selective antagonists. (+info)CPCCOEt, a noncompetitive metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonist, inhibits receptor signaling without affecting glutamate binding. (6/9130)
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors characterized by a large, extracellular N-terminal domain comprising the glutamate-binding site. In the current study, we examined the pharmacological profile and site of action of the non-amino-acid antagonist 7-hydroxyiminocyclopropan[b]chromen-1a-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (CPCCOEt). CPCCOEt selectively inhibited glutamate-induced increases in intracellular calcium at human mGluR1b (hmGluR1b) with an apparent IC50 of 6.5 microM while having no agonist or antagonist activity at hmGluR2, -4a, -5a, -7b, and -8a up to 100 microM. Schild analysis indicated that CPCCOEt acts in a noncompetitive manner by decreasing the efficacy of glutamate-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis without affecting the EC50 value or Hill coefficient of glutamate. Similarly, CPCCOEt did not displace [3H]glutamate binding to membranes prepared from mGluR1a-expressing cells. To elucidate the site of action, we systematically exchanged segments and single amino acids between hmGluR1b and the related subtype, hmGluR5a. Substitution of Thr815 and Ala818, located at the extracellular surface of transmembrane segment VII, with the homologous amino acids of hmGluR5a eliminated CPCCOEt inhibition of hmGluR1b. In contrast, introduction of Thr815 and Ala818 at the homologous positions of hmGluR5a conferred complete inhibition by CPCCOEt (IC50 = 6.6 microM), i.e., a gain of function. These data suggest that CPCCOEt represents a novel class of G protein-coupled receptor antagonists inhibiting receptor signaling without affecting ligand binding. We propose that the interaction of CPCCOEt with Thr815 and Ala818 of mGluR1 disrupts receptor activation by inhibiting an intramolecular interaction between the agonist-bound extracellular domain and the transmembrane domain. (+info)Conformation-dependent inhibition of gastric H+,K+-ATPase by SCH 28080 demonstrated by mutagenesis of glutamic acid 820. (7/9130)
Gastric H+,K+-ATPase can be inhibited by imidazo pyridines like 2-methyl-8-[phenylmethoxy] imidazo-(1,2a) pyridine 3-acetonitrile (SCH 28080). The drug shows a high affinity for inhibition of K+-activated ATPase and for prevention of ATP phosphorylation. The inhibition by SCH 28080 can be explained by assuming that SCH 28080 binds to both the E2 and the phosphorylated intermediate (E2-P) forms of the enzyme. We observed recently that some mutants, in which glutamic acid 820 present in transmembrane domain six of the catalytic subunit had been replaced (E820Q, E820N, E820A), lost their K+-sensitivity and showed constitutive ATPase activity. This ATPase activity could be inhibited by similar SCH 28080 concentrations as the K+-activated ATPase of the wild-type enzyme. SCH 28080 also inhibited ATP phosphorylation at 21 degrees C of the mutants E820D, E820N, and E820A, although with varying efficacy and affinity. ATP-phosphorylation of mutant E820Q was not inhibited by SCH 28080; in contrast, the phosphorylation level at 21 degrees C was nearly doubled. These findings can be explained by assuming that mutation of Glu820 favors the E1 conformation in the order E820Q >E820A >E820N >wild-type = E820D. The increase in the phosphorylation level of the E820Q mutant can be explained by assuming that during the catalytic cycle the E2-P intermediate forms a complex with SCH 28080. This intermediate hydrolyzes considerably slower than E2-P and thus accumulates. The high tendency of the E820Q mutant for the E1 form is further supported by experiments showing that ATP phosphorylation of this mutant is rather insensitive towards vanadate, inorganic phosphate, and K+. (+info)Glutamate-, kainate- and NMDA-evoked membrane currents in identified glial cells in rat spinal cord slice. (8/9130)
The effect of L-glutamate, kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on membrane currents of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and their respective precursors was studied in acute spinal cord slices of rats between the ages of postnatal days 5 and 13 using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. L-glutamate (10(-3) M), kainate (10(-3) M), and NMDA (2x10(-3) M) evoked inward currents in all glial cells. Kainate evoked larger currents in precursors than in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, while NMDA induced larger currents in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes than in precursors. Kainate-evoked currents were blocked by the AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist CNQX (10(-4) M) and were, with the exception of the precursors, larger in dorsal than in ventral horns, as were NMDA-evoked currents. Currents evoked by NMDA were unaffected by CNQX and, in contrast to those seen in neurones, were not sensitive to Mg2+. In addition, they significantly decreased during development and were present when synaptic transmission was blocked in a Ca2+-free solution. NMDA-evoked currents were not abolished during the block of K+ inward currents in glial cells by Ba2+; thus they are unlikely to be mediated by an increase in extracellular K+ during neuronal activity. We provide evidence that spinal cord glial cells are sensitive to the application of L-glutamate, kainate and transiently, during postnatal development, to NMDA. (+info)
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Dual effects of gabapentin and pregabalin on glutamate release at rat entorhinal synapses<i> in vitro<...
The role of glutamate transporters in glutamate homeostasis in the brain<...
Track pain medicines with brain imaging | Journal of Anaesthesia Practice
Evidence that a catalytic glutamate and an Arginine Toggle act in concert to mediate ATP hydrolysis and mechanochemical...
An orchestra of glutamate receptors and transporters in synaptic transmission, plasticity and excitotoxicity :: University of...
Effects of the Over-Expression of Neuronal Glutamate Dehydrogenase (Glud1) on Mouse Brain Mitochondrial Function
MICROELECTRODE ARRAY STUDIES OF NORMAL AND DISEASE-ALTERED L-GLUTAMATE by Brian Keith Day
Excitotoxicity - Wikipedia
Ingredients -- Monosodium glutamate
On the regulation of ischaemia-induced glutamate efflux from rat cortex by GABA; in vitro studies with GABA, clomethiazole and...
Aspartame in Baby Formula?!, page 1
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The release and uptake of excitatory amino acids
glutamate - nicotine -
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IL‐17 and Glutamate Excitotoxicity in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis | Liberation Treatment CCSVI
Ghrelin increases memory consolidation through hippocampal mechanisms dependent on glutamate release and NR2B-subunits of the...
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Mutagenetix > Incidental...
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Thalamic glutamate levels as a predictor of cortical response during executive functioning in subjects at high risk for...
Гостьова книга - Баришівський навчально-виховний комплекс гімназія-загальноосвітня школа І-ІІІ ступенів
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Shashank Dravid, PhD | School of Medicine | Creighton University
Hispidin inhibits LPS‑induced nitric oxide production in BV‑2 microglial cells via ROS‑dependent MAPK signaling
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Glutamic Acid
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en:glutamic acid [BioWiki]
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Glutamic acid - WikiMDs free health, diet & wellness encyclopedia
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Publications | Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry
Neurotransmission | What, Functions, Parts, Types & Significance
Metalloproteinase
... glutamic acid; M, metallo; S, serine; T, threonine; and U, unknown. The serine, threonine and cysteine peptidases utilise the ... The metal ion is held in place by amino acid ligands, usually three in number. The known metal ligands are histidine, glutamate ... In the case of aspartic, glutamic and metallopeptidases, the nucleophile is an activated water molecule. In many instances the ... amino acid as a nucleophile and form an acyl intermediate - these peptidases can also readily act as transferases. ...
Peptide synthesis
Glutamic Acid (Glun); (LysGlu)n) that is incorporated at the C-terminus of the peptide to induce an alpha-helix-like structure ... First an amino acid is coupled to the resin. Subsequently, the amine is deprotected, and then coupled with the free acid of the ... The Boc group is removed with acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). This forms a positively charged amino group in the ... and adding an excess of each amino acid (between 2- and 10-fold). The minimization of amino acid racemization during coupling ...
Glutamic acid
Not to be confused with Glutamine or Glutaric acid.. Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E)[4] is an α-amino acid that is used by ... Main article: Glutamic acid (flavor). Glutamic acid, being a constituent of protein, is present in foods that contain protein, ... Glutamic acid (flavor). Although they occur naturally in many foods, the flavor contributions made by glutamic acid and other ... Glutamic acid is produced on the largest scale of any amino acid, with an estimated annual production of about 1.5 million tons ...
Chicken as food
Aspartic acid. 2.200 g. Glutamic acid. 3.610 g. Glycine. 1.583 g. Proline. 1.190 g. ... At one or more points on most abattoirs, chemical sprays and baths (e.g. bleach, acids, peroxides, etc.) are used to partially ...
Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Log/2010-01-28
... glutamic acid; pteroyl-L-glutamic acid; Vitamin B,sub,9,/sub,; Vitamin M; Folacin', SET '''N''-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4- ... glutamic acid; pteroyl-L-glutamic acid; Vitamin B,sub,9,/sub,; Vitamin M; Folacin' -, '', SET '''N''-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo- ... glutamic acid; pteroyl-L-glutamic acid; Vitamin B,sub,9,/sub,; Vitamin M; Folacin') ... glutamic acid; pteroyl-L-glutamic acid; Vitamin B,sub,9,/sub,; Vitamin M; Folacin') ...
Hickory
Aspartic acid. 1.368 g. Glutamic acid. 2.885 g. Glycine. 0.708 g. Proline. 0.571 g. ...
Almond
Aspartic acid. 2.911 g. Glutamic acid. 6.810 g. Glycine. 1.469 g. Proline. 1.032 g. ... monounsaturated oleic acid (an omega-9 fatty acid), 13% linoleic acid (a polyunsaturated omega-6 essential fatty acid), and 10 ... saturated fatty acid (mainly as palmitic acid, USDA link in table). Linolenic acid, a polyunsaturated omega-3 fat, is not ... of which is palmitic acid), 70 grams of oleic acid, and 17 grams of linoleic acid (oil table). ...
Canarium ovatum
Aspartic acid. 1.222 g. Glutamic acid. 2.393 g. Glycine. 0.650 g. Proline. 0.471 g. ... "Cultivation of pili nut Canarium ovatum and the composition of fatty acids and triglycerides of the oil". Fett Wissenschaft ... It yields a light yellowish oil, mainly of glycerides of oleic (44.4 to 59.6%) and palmitic acids (32.6 to 38.2%). ...
Hemp
Aspartic acid. 3.662 g. Glutamic acid. 6.269 g. Glycine. 1.611 g. Proline. 1.597 g. ... of the energy in hemp seeds is in the form of fats and essential fatty acids,[20] mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic ... Hemp seeds' amino acid profile is comparable to other sources of protein such as meat, milk, eggs, and soy.[21] Protein ... Hemp oil is cold-pressed from the seed and is high in unsaturated fatty acids.[16] The leaves of the hemp plant, while not as ...
Egg as food
Aspartic acid. 1.264 g. Glutamic acid. 1.644 g. Glycine. 0.423 g. Proline. 0.501 g. ... Saturated fat (palmitic, stearic, and myristic acids) makes up 27 percent of the fat in egg.[53] The egg white consists ... 2010). "Vitamins A, E and fatty acid composition of the eggs of caged hens and pastured hens". Renewable Agriculture and Food ... For instance, chicken eggs that are especially high in omega-3 fatty acids are produced by feeding hens a diet containing ...
Spirulina (dietary supplement)
Aspartic acid. 5.793 g. Glutamic acid. 8.386 g. Glycine. 3.099 g. Proline. 2.382 g. ... gamma-linolenic acid,[14][15] alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, stearidonic acid,[16] eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), ... docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid.[17] In contrast to those 2003 estimates (of DHA and EPA each at 2 to 3% of ... "Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid production potential of microalgae and their heterotrophic growth" (PDF). ...
Castanea sativa
Aspartic acid. 0.417 g. Glutamic acid. 0.312 g. Glycine. 0.124 g. Proline. 0.127 g. ...
Ka/Ks ratio
Amino acid in a Protein. Glutamic acid structural change. Valine Altered protein may or may not cause harm (e.g. disease) or ... On the other hand, the codon GAG codes for Glutamic acid while the codon GTG codes for Valine, so a change from the middle A to ... Some amino acids are chemically similar to one another, whereas other substitutions may place an amino acid with wildly ... Each codon represents a single amino acid in a protein chain. However, there are more codons (64) than amino acids found in ...
Yolk
Aspartic acid. 1.550 g. Glutamic acid. 0.595 g. Glycine. 0.488 g. Proline. 0.545 g. ... The composition (by weight) of the most prevalent fatty acids in egg yolk typically is:[8] ... and pantothenic acid of the egg. In addition, yolks cover all of the fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, and K in the egg, as well ... as all of the essential fatty acids. A single yolk from a large egg contains roughly 22 mg of calcium, 66 mg of phosphorus, 9.5 ...
Coconut
Aspartic acid. 0.325 g. Glutamic acid. 0.761 g. Glycine. 0.158 g. Proline. 0.138 g. ... It has a total fat content of 24%, most of which (89%) is saturated fat, with lauric acid as a major fatty acid.[67] When ... Coconut is also a source of lauric acid, which can be processed in a particular way to produce sodium lauryl sulfate, a ...
Amaranth
Aspartic acid. 1.261 g. Glutamic acid. 2.259 g. Glycine. 1.636 g. Proline. 0.698 g. ... Making up about 5% of the total fatty acids of amaranth, squalene[28] is extracted as a vegetable-based alternative to the more ... pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, folate, and several dietary minerals (table). Uncooked amaranth is particularly rich in manganese ...
Human mitochondrial genetics
Glutamic acid Glu E MT-TE 14,674-14,742 H Glutamine Gln Q MT-TQ 4,329-4,400 H ... those may be high energy requirements or a need for the catabolism or anabolism of a specific neurotransmitter or nucleic acid ...
Glycine
Glutamic acid (glutamate). *Ivermectin. *Ketamine. *Neuroactive steroids (e.g., alfaxolone, pregnenolone (eltanolone), ... With acid chlorides, one obtains the amidocarboxylic acid, such as hippuric acid[23] and acetylglycine.[24] With nitrous acid, ... It is the simplest amino acid (since carbamic acid is unstable), with the chemical formula NH2‐CH2‐COOH. Glycine is one of the ... Amino acid neurotransmitter. References[edit]. *^ The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (11th ...
Alanine (data page)
S)-2-aminopropanoic acid. Abbreviations: A, Ala. Synonyms:. 2-aminopropanoic acid. {α/2}-aminopropionic acid. AIDS{-}071780. ...
Glutamate decarboxylase
Glutamic acid decarboxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and impaired function ... Glutamate decarboxylase or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to ... Wei J, Davis KM, Wu H, Wu JY (May 2004). "Protein phosphorylation of human brain glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65 and GAD67 ... The bilateral delivery of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) by an adeno-associated viral vector into the subthalamic nucleus of ...
DNA and RNA codon tables
Glu/E) Glutamic acid ↓ GGA A GUG GCG GAG GGG G Inverse RNA codon table[edit]. Inverse table for the standard genetic code ( ... Amino-acid biochemical properties Nonpolar Polar Basic Acidic ↓ Termination: stop codon * Initiation: possible start codon ... Amino-acid biochemical properties Nonpolar Polar Basic Acidic ↓ Termination: stop codon * Initiation: possible start codon ... Amino-acid biochemical properties Nonpolar Polar Basic Acidic ↓ Termination: stop codon * Comparison between codon translations ...
5-aminovalerate transaminase
delta-Aminovaleric acid-glutamic acid transaminase". J. Biochem. Tokyo. 48 (3): 412-420. Biology portal v t e. ...
Gelatin
... aspartic acid (Asp) 6-7%; and glutamic acid (Glu) 10-12%. The bioavailability of hydrolyzed collagen in mice was demonstrated ... The amino acid content of hydrolyzed collagen is the same as collagen. Hydrolyzed collagen contains 19 amino acids, ... Collagen hydrolysis is performed by one of three different methods: acid-, alkali-, and enzymatic hydrolysis. Acid treatment is ... If the raw material used in the production of the gelatin is derived from bones, dilute acid solutions are used to remove ...
1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase
Strecker HJ (1960). "The interconversion of glutamic acid proline. III Delta1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase". J. ... pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase, L-pyrroline-5-carboxylate-NAD+ oxidoreductase, and 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate:NAD+ ...
Glutamate 5-kinase
A proline-inhibitable glutamic acid kinase". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 192 (3): 462-7. doi: ...
Glutamate racemase
Glaser L (1960). "Glutamic acid racemase from Lactobacillus arabinosus". J. Biol. Chem. 235: 2095-8. PMID 13828348. Biology ... or 4-substituted D-glutamic acid analogs bearing aryl-, heteroaryl-, cinnamyl-, or biaryl-methyl substituents that would also ... This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those racemases and epimerases acting on amino acids and ... Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (19): 5567-76. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl704. PMC 1635304. PMID 17020913. Sengupta S, Nagaraja V (February 2008 ...
B vitamins
Vitamin B11: pteryl-hepta-glutamic acid (PHGA; chick growth factor). Vitamin Bc-conjugate was also found to be identical to ... NADP is a coenzyme in lipid and nucleic acid synthesis.[19] Vitamin B5. Pantothenic acid. Pantothenic acid is involved in the ... Coenzyme A, which can be synthesised from pantothenic acid, is involved in the synthesis of amino acids, fatty acids, ketone ... 457.100 Pangamic Acid and Pangamic Acid Products Unsafe for Food and Drug Use". Compliance Policy Guidance Manual. US Food and ...
Calcium caseinate
... contains about 17% glutamic acid. Calcium caseinate is also soluble and does not clot in the stomach. Calcium ... Caseinates are produced by adding an alkali to another derivative of casein, acid casein. The type of caseinate is determined ... by the cation added alongside the acid casein. Other cations used to form caseinates besides calcium include ammonium, ...
Lactase
LPH contains two catalytic glutamic acid sites. In the human enzyme, the lactase activity has been connected to Glu-1749, while ... It can be divided into five domains: (i) a 19-amino-acid cleaved signal sequence; (ii) a large prosequence domain that is not ... The removal of the D-glucose leaving group may be facilitated by Mg-dependent acid catalysis. The enzyme is liberated from the ... "Re: GRAS Notification for Acid Lactase from Aspergillus oryzae Expressed in Aspergillus niger". United States Food and Drug ...
Satoyoshi syndrome
"Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in Satoyoshi syndrome". Ann. Neurol. 55 (3): 450-1. doi:10.1002/ana.20007. PMID 14991831 ...
Chloroplast DNA
... and poor in acidic amino acids like aspartic acid and glutamic acid.[42] In an aqueous solution, the transit sequence forms a ... Chloroplast transit peptides exhibit huge variation in length and amino acid sequence.[42] They can be from 20-150 amino acids ... Tic100 is a nuclear encoded protein that's 871 amino acids long. The 871 amino acids collectively weigh slightly less than 100 ... At the N-terminal end is the A-domain, which is rich in acidic amino acids and takes up about half the protein length.[38][48] ...
Dieting
In this process, fats, obtained from adipose tissue, or fat cells, are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, which can be ...
D-Amino acid
Two enzymes convert L-amino acids to D-amino acids. D-Amino-acid racemase, a PLP-dependent enzyme, racemizes amino acids via ... D-Amino acids are amino acids where the stereogenic carbon alpha to the amino group has the D-configuration. For most naturally ... L-amino-acid oxidases convert L-amino acids to the alpha-ketoacids, which are susceptible to reductive amination. Some amino ... L- and D-amino acids are usually enantiomers. The exceptions are two amino acids with two stereogenic centers, threonine and ...
Codon degeneracy
... the amino acid glutamic acid is specified by GAA and GAG codons (difference in the third position); the amino acid leucine is ... Amino acid. Codons. Compressed Amino acid. Codons. Compressed Ala / A GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG GCN Leu / L UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, ... codons GAA and GAG both specify glutamic acid and exhibit redundancy; but, neither specifies any other amino acid and thus are ... Only two amino acids are specified by a single codon each. One of these is the amino-acid methionine, specified by the codon ...
Isoleucina - Wikipèdia
Alanina (Ala) • Arginina (Arg) • Asparagina (Asn) • Acid aspartic (Asp) • Cisteïna (Cys) • Acid glutamic (Glu) • Glutamina (Gln ...
Index of HIV/AIDS-related articles
... nucleic acid - nucleic acid test - nucleocapsid - nucleoli - nucleoside - nucleoside analog - nucleoside reverse transcriptase ... serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) - serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) - sexually transmitted disease ( ... ribonucleic acid (RNA) - ribosome - RNA - route of administration - RT-PCR - RTI - Ryan White C.A.R.E. act ... amino acids - anaphylactic shock - anemia - anergy - angiogenesis - angiomatosis - anorexia - antenatal - antibiotic - ...
Folate
L-glutamic acid; pteroyl-L-glutamic acid; Vitamin B9; Vitamin Bc; Folacin , Section1 = ! colspan=2 style="background: #f8eaba; ... Folic-acid-3D-balls.png , ImageSize1 = 250px , ImageAlt1 = Baw-an-stick model , ImageFile2 = Folic-acid-3D-spacefill.png , ... chembox , Verifiedfields = chynged , Watchedfields = chynged , verifiedrevid = 477231659 , Name = Folic acid , ImageFile = ... pentanedioic acid[1] , OtherNames = N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)- ...
Lysophosphatidylinositol
Aspartic acid (aspartate). *Glutamic acid (glutamate). *Glutathione. *Glycine. *GSNO. *GSSG. *Kynurenic acid ...
CCR5 - Википедија, слободна енциклопедија
Addition of ethanolamine-phosphoglycerol to specific glutamic acid residues on EF-1 alpha". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (24): 14334-41. ... "Nucleic Acids Res. 18 (6): 1513-6. PMC 330519 . PMID 2183196. doi:10.1093/nar/18.6.1513.. CS1 одржавање: Експлицитна употреба ... Miyakawa T, Obaru K, Maeda K, Harada S, Mitsuya H (2002). „Identification of amino acid residues critical for LD78beta, a ...
Low-carbohydrate diet
Food and Nutrition Board (2002/2005). Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol ... Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Page 769 Archived 12 September 2006 at the Wayback ... or increased levels of uric acid, a risk factor for gout.[39] ... Aspartic acid. *Cysteine. *Glutamic acid. *Glutamine. *Glycine ...
PRNP
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - glutamic acid-200 is replaced by lysine while valine is present at amino acid 129 ... fatal familial insomnia - aspartic acid-178 is replaced by asparagine while methionine is present at amino acid 129[51] ... "Nucleic Acids Res. 29 (3): 753-758. doi:10.1093/nar/29.3.753. PMC 30388. PMID 11160898.. ... The primary sequence of PrP is 253 amino acids long before post-translational modification. Signal sequences in the amino- and ...
Calorie restriction
... and membrane fatty acid composition". J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 61 (8): 781-94. doi:10.1093/gerona/61.8.781. PMID 16912094 ...
Development of analogs of thalidomide
This route uses L-glutamine rather than L-glutamic acid as a starting material and by letting it react with N- ... The thalidomide molecule is a synthetic derivative of glutamic acid and consists of a glutarimide ring and a phthaloyl ring ( ... Using a carboxylic acid as a starting point, an amide group has similar PDE4 inhibition activity but both groups were shown to ... propionic acid (not shown), which had PDE4 inhibition activity the work began to optimize the activity. For that purpose the ...
1-pirolin-5-karboksilat dehidrogenaza - Википедија, слободна енциклопедија
Strecker, H.J. (1960). „The interconversion of glutamic acid and proline. III. Δ1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase". J ...
બદામ - વિકિપીડિયા
ગ્લુટેમિક એસિડ (Glutamic acid). 6.81 ગ્લિસાઈન(Glycine). 1.47 ઍસ્પાર્ટીક ઍસિડ (Aspartic acid). 2.91 ... 1988). "Oil content and fatty acid composition of developing almond seeds". J. Agric. Food Chem. 36 (4): 695-697. doi:10.1021/ ...
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency
GABA is synthesized in a single step from its precursor glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase. GABA is metabolized by ... Under normal conditions, SSADH works with the enzyme GABA transaminase to convert GABA to succinic acid. Succinic acid can then ... accumulates and cannot be oxidized to succinic acid and is therefore reduced to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) by gamma- ... Taurine is a non-protein sulfur amino acid that is found in high concentrations in human milk. It has been shown to have ...
Tuberkulóza - Wikipedie
Migliore, D., Acharya, N. P. V., Jolles, P. Characterization of large quantities of glutamic acid in the walls of human ... Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from patients smear-negative for acid-fast bacilli. Lancet. 1999, roč. 353, čís. ...
உயிர்ச்சத்து கே - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா
"Vitamin K dependent modifications of glutamic acid residues in prothrombin". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71 (7): 2730-3. doi: ... "Effect of vitamin K deficiency on urinary gamma-carboxyglutamic acid excretion in rats". Nippon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi 52 (6): ... "The mode of action of vitamin K. Identification of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid as a component of prothrombin". J. Biol. Chem. ... "Vitamin K-dependent biosynthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid". Blood 93 (6): 1798-808. பப்மெட்:10068650. http://bloodjournal ...
Semi-vegetarianism
Amino acids. *Alanine. *Arginine. *Asparagine. *Aspartic acid. *Cysteine. *Glutamic acid. *Glutamine. *Glycine ...
Soy sauce
Based on the result of free amino acid analysis, the most abundant amino acids in Chinese soy sauce product are glutamic acid, ... Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein[edit]. Some brands of soy sauce are made from acid-hydrolyzed soy protein instead of brewed ... Lactic acid bacteria ferments the sugars into lactic acid and yeast makes ethanol, which through aging and secondary ... Acid-hydrolyzed soy sauce (산분해간장) - made by hydrolyzing raw materials containing protein with acid. ...
Theanine
... derived from the related proteinogenic L-amino acid glutamic acid. Theanine is an analog of this amino acid, and its primary ... to the amide formed from ethylamine and L-glutamic acid at its γ- (5-) side chain carboxylic acid group (as the name γ-L- ... Theanine /ˈθiːəniːn/, also known as L-γ-glutamylethylamide and N5-ethyl-L-glutamine, is an amino acid analogue of the ... Not to be confused with threonine, a distinct amino acid, or theine, an archaic synonym of caffeine. ...
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Glutamic acid (glutamate). *Ivermectin. *Ketamine. *Neuroactive steroids (e.g., alfaxolone, pregnenolone (eltanolone), ... Valerian constituents (e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol). *Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive ... This reaction is catalyzed by a variety of Lewis acids, mainly aluminium chloride, iron(III) chloride, or zinc chloride. The 1, ... Quinolines (e.g., 4-hydroxyquinoline, 4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 5,7-CIQA, 7-CIQ, 7-TFQ, 7-TFQA) ...
Protein
Karl Heinrich Ritthausen extended known protein forms with the identification of glutamic acid. At the Connecticut Agricultural ... The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino ... If amino acids are present in the environment, microorganisms can conserve energy by taking up the amino acids from their ... Proteins are assembled from amino acids using information encoded in genes. Each protein has its own unique amino acid sequence ...
Dairy product
Amino acids. *Alanine. *Arginine. *Asparagine. *Aspartic acid. *Cysteine. *Glutamic acid. *Glutamine. *Glycine ...
Crenolanib
... inhibits the ability of recombinant PDGFRβ to phosphorylate a synthetic tyrosine substrate (poly-glutamic acid- ...
Hypotaurine
Glutamic acid (glutamate). *Ivermectin. *Ketamine. *Neuroactive steroids (e.g., alfaxolone, pregnenolone (eltanolone), ... In the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway, cysteine is first oxidized to its sulfinic acid, catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine ... Kalir, Asher; Kalir, Henry H. "Biological activity of sulfinic acid derivatives" in Chemistry of Sulphinic Acids, Esters Their ... Hypotaurine is a sulfinic acid that is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of taurine. Like taurine, it also acts as an ...
Benzylpenicillin
Glutamic acid (glutamate). *Ivermectin. *Ketamine. *Neuroactive steroids (e.g., alfaxolone, pregnenolone (eltanolone), ... 2S,5R,6R)-3,3-Dimethyl-7-oxo-6-(2-phenylacetamido)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid ... Quinolines (e.g., 4-hydroxyquinoline, 4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 5,7-CIQA, 7-CIQ, 7-TFQ, 7-TFQA) ...
Folate
FA, N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, vitamin B9,[ ... Formiminoglutamic acid is an intermediate in the conversion of histidine to glutamic acid, catalyzed by THF. ... Folinic acid is not the same as folic acid. Folic acid supplements have little established role in cancer chemotherapy.[46][47] ... Folate in the form of folic acid is used to treat anemia caused by folic acid deficiency.[4] Folic acid is also used as a ...
Ataxia
Antibodies against the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD: enzyme changing glutamate into GABA) cause cerebellar deficits. ... glutamic acid decarboxylase ataxia.[43] Novel therapies target the RNA defects associated with cerebellar disorders, using in ... "Pathogenic Roles of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 Autoantibodies in Cerebellar Ataxias". Journal of Immunology Research. 2017 ... recessive gene disorder where mutations in the ALDH5A1 gene results in the accumulation of gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in ...
Stroberi kebun bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Aspartic acid g 0.20 Glutamic acid g 0.13 Glycine g 0.035 Proline g 0.027 ...
Glutamic acid - Food
Glutamic acid - Wikipedia
He then patented a method of mass-producing a crystalline salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate. Glutamic acid is ... and glutamic acid is responsible for umami, one of the five basic tastes of the human sense of taste. Glutamic acid often is ... Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; the ionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living ... Although they occur naturally in many foods, the flavor contributions made by glutamic acid and other amino acids were only ...
Palmitoyl glutamic acid | C21H39NO5 - PubChem
N-Methyl-L-glutamic acid - Wikipedia
N-Methyl-l-glutamic acid (methylglutamate) is a chemical derivative of glutamic acid in which a methyl group has been added to ... It can also be demethylated by methylglutamate dehydrogenase to regenerate glutamic acid. Shaw, WV; Tsai, L; Stadtman, ER (1966 ... Biosynthetically, it is produced from methylamine and glutamic acid by the enzyme methylamine-glutamate N-methyltransferase. ... "The enzymatic synthesis of N-methylglutamic acid". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 241 (4): 935-45. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258 ...
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody - definition of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody by The Free Dictionary
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody synonyms, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody pronunciation, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase ... English dictionary definition of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody. antibody When bacteria enter a flesh wound, a B cell ... Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody - definition of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody by The Free Dictionary https://www. ... redirected from Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody). Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Acronyms, Encyclopedia.. Related to ...
Glutamic acid - wikidoc
Main article: Glutamic acid (flavor). Free glutamic acid is present in a wide variety of foods, including cheese and soy sauce ... Glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous ... glutamic acid. Production. China-based Fufeng Group Limited is the largest producer of glutamic acid in the world, with ... Glutamic acid (flavor). Although they occur naturally in many foods, the flavor contributions made by glutamic acid and other ...
Immune response to glutamic acid decarboxylase correlates with insulitis in non-obese diabetic mice. - PubMed - NCBI
Neuroprotective and cholinergic properties of multifunctional glutamic acid derivatives for the treatment of Alzheimer's...
Neuroprotective and cholinergic properties of multifunctional glutamic acid derivatives for the treatment of Alzheimers ... With an L-glutamic moiety as a suitable biocompatible linker, three pharmacophoric groups were joined: (1) an N- ... an N-protecting group of the amino acid, capable of interacting with the acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-peripheral anionic site ( ...
peptidyl-glutamic acid carboxylation Antibodies | Invitrogen
...
L-Glutamic acid dimethyleester hydrochloride, 99%, pure, ACROS Organics™
... glutamic acid dimethyl ester hydrochloride, dimethyl glutamic acid hydrochloride. IUPAC Name. dimethyl (2S)-2- ... glutamic acid dimethyl ester hydrochloride, dimethyl glutamic acid hydrochloride. ... l-glutamic acid dimethyl ester hydrochloride, h-glu ome-ome.hcl, dimethyl l-glutamate hydrochloride, s-dimethyl 2- ... l-glutamic acid dimethyl ester hydrochloride, h-glu ome-ome.hcl, dimethyl l-glutamate hydrochloride, s-dimethyl 2- ...
Glutamic acid organic compound molecule - Stock Image F016/9771 - Science Photo Library
Molecular model of the non-essential amino acid glutamic acid (C5.H9.N.O4). This dicarboxylic acid is one of the amino acids ... Caption: Glutamic acid. Molecular model of the non-essential amino acid glutamic acid (C5.H9.N.O4). This dicarboxylic acid is ... amino acid, artwork, ball and stick, ball-and-stick, biochemistry, chemical, chemistry, digitally generated, glutamic acid, ... one of the amino acids that is a precursor to proteins. It is also an important neurotransmitter. Atoms are represented as ...
Glutamic Acid
Sources and Dosage of Glutamic Acid. Glutamic acid is considered as the essential amino acid for the protein synthesis. ... Glutamic Acid - Uses, Benefits, Sources and Dosage. Glutamic acid is considered as the essential amino acid for the protein ... Vegan or vegetarian are not only deficient in the glutamic acid but also in all other amino acids. Glutamic acid deficiency ... Food Sources of Glutamic Acid. *Dairy products like milk, yogurt and cheese are the rich sources of glutamic acid. Cottage ...
L-Glutamic acid alpha-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide | CAS No. 74938-90-2 | Sigma-Aldrich
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Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody | definition of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody by Medical dictionary
What is glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody? Meaning of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody medical term. What does ... Looking for online definition of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody in the Medical Dictionary? glutamic acid ... glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody. glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody. an antibody found in patients with insulin- ... Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody , definition of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody by Medical dictionary https ...
Highly conserved glutamic acid in the extracellular IV-V loop in rhodopsins acts as the counterion in retinochrome, a member of...
... retinochrome has an amino acid residue different from glutamic acid at this position (14), and therefore, these pigments may ... Highly conserved glutamic acid in the extracellular IV-V loop in rhodopsins acts as the counterion in retinochrome, a member of ... Highly conserved glutamic acid in the extracellular IV-V loop in rhodopsins acts as the counterion in retinochrome, a member of ... Highly conserved glutamic acid in the extracellular IV-V loop in rhodopsins acts as the counterion in retinochrome, a member of ...
Unusual differences in the reactivity of glutamic and aspartic acid in oxidative decarboxylation reactions - Green Chemistry ...
Here the conversion of glutamic acid (Glu) and aspartic acid (Asp) was investigated. It was observed that these two chemicall ... Amino acids are potential substrates to replace fossil feedstocks for the synthesis of nitriles via oxidative decarboxylation ... Here the conversion of glutamic acid (Glu) and aspartic acid (Asp) was investigated. It was observed that these two chemically ... Unusual differences in the reactivity of glutamic and aspartic acid in oxidative decarboxylation reactions A. But, E. van der ...
L-glutamic Amides | L-glutamic Acid Hydrazides | Anticancer Activity
L-glutamic acid bis(p-substituted phenylhydrazides) were synthesized and evaluated for anticancer activity in vitro in DU-145 ... L-glutamic amides, L-glutamic acid hydrazides, anticancer activity. L-Glutamic acid plays an important role in the biosynthesis ... L-glutamic acid bis(p-substituted phenylhydrazides) were synthesized by condensing L-glutamic acid with benzenesulfonyl ... the product isolated was the free acid (8). The free acid was then converted to the acid chloride using SOCl2 (Scheme 1). The ...
Viruses | Free Full-Text | Glutamic Acid Residues in HIV-1 p6 Regulate Virus Budding and Membrane Association of Gag
In this study, we show that mutation of the conserved glutamic acids within p6 increases the membrane association of Pr55 Gag ... Altogether, our data indicate that the glutamic acids within p6 contribute to the late steps of viral replication and may ... The replication capacity of the total glutamic acid mutant E0A was almost completely impaired, which was accompanied by ... Even though p6 consists of only 52 amino acids, it is encoded by one of the most polymorphic regions of the HIV-1 gag gene and ...
Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody-Associated Ataxia as an Extrahepatic Autoimmune Manifestation of Hepatitis C...
Dietary Glutamic Acid Intake Linked With Lower CRC Risk - ONA
Baseline dietary glutamic acid intake is associated with a lower risk for developing colorectal cancer, particularly in people ... reduced risk for colorectal cancer by dietary glutamic acid (HR per percent increase in glutamic acid of protein, 0.58; 95% CI ... Glutamic acid is an amino acid that plays a key role in cellular metabolism and is a neurotransmitter involved in certain ... Dietary Glutamic Acid Intake Linked With Lower CRC Risk. Share this content: *facebook ...
Glutamic Acid</span...
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Differential and Time-Dependent Changes in Gene Expression for Type II Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase, 67 kDa...
1996) Stimulus-dependent, reciprocal up- and down-regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase and CaM kinase II gene expression ... 1991b) Differential gene expression for glutamic acid decarboxylase and type II calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in ... 1992) Contrasting patterns in the localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase and Ca2+/calmodulin protein kinase gene ... Immunoreactivity, mRNA levels, and/or receptor binding for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), NMDA receptor and/or AMPA ...
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Trusted since 1969, we offer trusted quality and great value on Swanson Premium Glutamic Acid 500 mg 60 Veg Caps products. ... Shop the best Swanson Premium Glutamic Acid 500 mg 60 Veg Caps products at Swanson Health Products. ... glutamic acid is best known as a "brain food," thanks to the fundamental role it plays in learning and memory. Glutamic acid ... I probably would have never discovered Glutamic Acid had it not been for Swansons sending me their catalog! I take Glutamic ...
The acid/base catalyst in the exoglucanase/xylanase from Cellulomonas fimi is glutamic acid 127: evidence from detailed kinetic...
The acid/base catalyst in the exoglucanase/xylanase from Cellulomonas fimi is glutamic acid 127: evidence from detailed kinetic ... and mutants at this position were constructed in which the glutamic acid is replaced by alanine or glycine. The following ... Glu127 was proposed as the acid/base catalyst on the basis of sequence alignments, ... depending upon their need for acid catalysis. The deglycosylation rate constant is decreased 200-fold by such substitution, due ...
Self-Healing,
Self-Assembled β‑Sheet
Peptide-Poly(γ-glutamic acid) Hybrid Hydrogels
Chemical Database: L-Glutamic acid, N-(4-(((2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-, sodium salt ...
This page contains information on the chemical L-Glutamic acid, N-(4-(((2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-, sodium ... L-Glutamic acid, N-(4-(((2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl) methyl) amino) benzoyl)-, sodium salt. Identifications. *CAS Number: 31823- ... L-Glutamic acid, N-(4-(((2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl) methyl) amino) benzoyl)-, sodium salt Related Resources. *USDOT Hazardous ... Chemical Database - L-Glutamic acid, N-(4-(((2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-, sodium salt. ...
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody | Article about Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody by The Free Dictionary
Find out information about Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody. protein produced by the immune system in response to the ... presence in the body of antigens: foreign proteins or polysaccharides such as bacteria, bacterial... Explanation of Glutamic ... Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody , Article about Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody by The Free Dictionary https:// ... redirected from Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody). Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Acronyms.. Related to ...
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Nα-9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid τ-cyclohexyl ester (CAS 150047-85-1) Market Research Report 2018
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Aspartic acidGlutamateRich in glutamic acidGlutamineGAD65GlycineAntibodyHuman Glutamic Acid DecarboxSwanson Premium Glutamic AcidAutoantibodiesProteinsGamma-glutamic acidGlutamatesPeptidesExcitatoryChemistrySynthesisProteinEsterPolyBacillusArgininePeptideLeucineCrystallineGroups of amino acidsBiosynthesisEssential amiMethylSupplementsToxicityResiduesGABAAsparagineEnzymeConsistsSaltNeurotransmitter1866Wheat glutenUmamiChiralityMetabolismMultifunctionalSuppliersDiabetesDairy productsAmino acid seqOxidativeQuantitationHigh concentrations
Aspartic acid7
- Like aspartic acid , glutamic acid has an acidic carboxyl group on its side chain which can serve as both an acceptor and a donor of ammonia, a compound toxic to the body. (encyclopedia.com)
- Our results showed that the counterion is the glutamic acid at position 181, at which almost all the pigments in the rhodopsin family, including vertebrate and invertebrate rhodopsins, have a glutamic or aspartic acid. (pnas.org)
- Here the conversion of glutamic acid (Glu) and aspartic acid (Asp) was investigated. (rsc.org)
- Because it has a carboxylic acid moiety (functional group) on the side chain, glutamic acid is one of only two amino acids (the other being aspartic acid) that has a net negative charge at physiological pH. (newrootsherbal.com)
- It has been shown previously that electron capture dissociation (ECD) can be used to generate diagnostic ions for the deamidation products of Asn: aspartic acid (Asp) and isoaspartic acid (isoAsp). (warwick.ac.uk)
- Along with aspartic acid, glutamic acid is the only other amino acid that is negatively charged. (fitnesshealth101.com)
- Aspartic acid is a nonessential amino acid that assists in the production of glucose and stimulates glutamate receptors. (brighthub.com)
Glutamate14
- the ionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- He then patented a method of mass-producing a crystalline salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate. (wikipedia.org)
- Monosodium glutamate (MSG), the monosodium salt of l-glutamic acid, is widely used as a condiment. (encyclopedia.com)
- Biosynthetically, it is produced from methylamine and glutamic acid by the enzyme methylamine-glutamate N-methyltransferase. (wikipedia.org)
- Transamination can, thus, be linked to deamination, effectively allowing nitrogen from the amine groups of amino acids to be removed, via glutamate as an intermediate, and finally excreted from the body in the form of urea. (wikidoc.org)
- Based on the NOAEL of 3,200 mg monosodium glutamate/kg bw per day from the neurodevelopmental toxicity study and applying the default uncertainty factor of 100, the Panel derived a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 30 mg/kg bw per day, expressed as glutamic acid, for glutamic acid and glutamates (E 620-625). (europa.eu)
- In this report, the global Glutamic Acid and Monosodium Glutamate market is valued at USD XX million in 2017 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2017 and 2025. (reportsnreports.com)
- Glutamic acid and excitatory amino acids specific for the glutamate receptor subtypes were microinjected into the A10 region of the rat. (aspetjournals.org)
- When glutamate and the NMDA receptor antagonist, 3-[(+/-)-2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) were coadministered, CPP selectively abolished the effect of glutamate on medial prefrontal cortical dopamine metabolites. (aspetjournals.org)
- R. Powell, Monosodium Glutamate and Glutamic Acid (Noyes Dev. (drugfuture.com)
- A nonessential amino acid, C 5 H 9 NO 4 , occurring widely in plant and animal tissue and proteins, and having monosodium glutamate as a salt. (thefreedictionary.com)
- When glutamic acid isn't being utilized by your body it exists in a form called glutamate. (chefryancallahan.com)
- Interestingly, of all the free amino acids contained within your blood glutamate is the most common accounting for 40% of the amino acids in your blood, which is potentially why blood has a very savory flavor. (chefryancallahan.com)
- The focus of this review is the excitatory amino acid glutamate and its role in regulating bone formation and resorption. (blogspot.com)
Rich in glutamic acid2
- Cottage cheese and ricotta cheese are especially rich in glutamic acid. (planetayurveda.com)
- Chinese cabbage, mushrooms, tofu and soy sauce are also rich in glutamic acid. (highbloodpressuremed.com)
Glutamine13
- Not to be confused with Glutamine or Glutaric acid . (wikipedia.org)
- Once glutamic acid has coupled with ammonia, it is called glutamine and can as such safely transport ammonia to the liver, where the ammonia is eventually converted to urea for excretion by the kidneys. (encyclopedia.com)
- It is in the same amino acids family as glutamine and they can change their structure to transform into each other. (planetayurveda.com)
- Glutamic Acids helps in the detoxification of ammonia by taking up the nitrogen atoms during the formation of glutamine amino acid. (planetayurveda.com)
- Process of conversion of glutamic acid into glutamine is only way through which ammonia in the brain is detoxified. (planetayurveda.com)
- Glutamic acid can be converted as needed into glutamine, a crucial amino acid that can often be depleted during times of increased stress or intense physical exercise. (swansonvitamins.com)
- When aminated, glutamic acid forms the important amino acid glutamine. (newrootsherbal.com)
- Due to its much slower deamidation rate compared to that of asparagine (Asn), studies on glutamine (Gin) deamidation have been scarce, especially on the differentiation of its isomeric deamidation products: alpha- and gamma-glutamic acid (Glu). (warwick.ac.uk)
- This requires the conversion of glutamine into glutamic acid. (fitnesshealth101.com)
- insert the value from you Glutamic Acid/Glutamine (Genova) test result. (healthmatters.io)
- Glutamine is also a conditionally essential amino acid. (brighthub.com)
- Those who have gastrointestinal disorders and those who perform strenuous exercise may need to supplement glutamine production with supplements or dietary sources of this amino acid. (brighthub.com)
- Glutamine aids in protein synthesis, helps produce ammonium, serves as a source of energy, donates carbon in the citric acid cycle and donates nitrogen for anabolic processes in the body. (brighthub.com)
GAD653
- Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody assay using 1251-labelled recombinant GAD65 produced in yeast. (thefreedictionary.com)
- cDNAs coding for the full-length human 65 and 67 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylases (GAD65 and GAD67) were amplified from pancreas and hippocampus cDNA libraries by polymerase chain reaction, respectively. (uni-muenchen.de)
- In the case of type 1 diabetes, T cell and B cell reactivity to the autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) is associated with disease development in humans and in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. (ox.ac.uk)
Glycine3
- Glu127 was proposed as the acid/base catalyst on the basis of sequence alignments, and mutants at this position were constructed in which the glutamic acid is replaced by alanine or glycine. (nih.gov)
- The amino acids, glutamic acid and proline, as well as glycine betaine were resolved in less than 10 minutes. (sielc.com)
- Glycine is another nonessential amino acid with multiple functions. (brighthub.com)
Antibody9
- Here we determine the temporal sequence of T-cell and antibody responses in NOD mice to a panel of five murine beta-cell antigens and find that antibody and T-cell responses specific for the two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are first detected in 4-week-old NOD mice. (nih.gov)
- The antibody recognizes glutamic acid decarboxylase, an intracellular enzyme. (thefreedictionary.com)
- For affinity purification with an anti-rhodopsin antibody, the amino acid sequence of monoclonal antibody Rho1D4 epitope (ETSQVAPA) is introduced to the C terminus of retinochrome. (pnas.org)
- In addition, antiglutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody-associated cerebellar ataxia is well-established entity. (hindawi.com)
- We report the case of a young woman with chronic hepatitis C virus and multiple extrahepatic autoimmune diseases including Sjögren syndrome and pernicious anemia who presented with subacute midline cerebellar syndrome and was found to have positive antiglutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. (hindawi.com)
- An extensive diagnostic workup to rule out neoplastic growths was negative, suggesting the diagnosis of nonparaneoplastic antiglutamic acid decarboxylase antibody-associated cerebellar ataxia as an additional extrahepatic manifestation of hepatitis C virus infection. (hindawi.com)
- To our knowledge, there have been no previous reports of antiglutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody-associated cerebellar ataxia as an extrahepatic manifestation of chronic HCV infection. (hindawi.com)
- The antibody molecule is composed of four polypeptide chains (see peptide peptide, organic compound composed of amino acids linked together chemically by peptide bonds. (thefreedictionary.com)
- If either Insulin Antibody or Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody is negative, then IA-2 Antibody will be added. (aruplab.com)
Human Glutamic Acid Decarbox1
- Naturally processed T cell epitopes from human glutamic acid decarboxylase identified using mice transgenic for the type 1 diabetes-associated human MHC class II allele, DRB1*0401. (ox.ac.uk)
Swanson Premium Glutamic Acid1
- Feed your mind to support cognitive health and memory with the amino acid nutrition of Swanson Premium Glutamic Acid. (swansonvitamins.com)
Autoantibodies5
- In this study, we demonstrate that levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibodies (GAAs) by radioassay differ between relatives with GAD-absorbable and GAD-nonabsorbable islet cell antibodies (ICAs). (diabetesjournals.org)
- We have investigated whether glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibodies (GAD 65 Ab) were affected by cyclosporin therapy and were related to subsequent noninsulin-requiring remission and loss of glucagon-stimulated C-peptide response in 132 recent-onset insulindependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients treated with cyclosporin or placebo for 12 months. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Autoantibodies to the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) have been found in SMS and in IDDM. (nih.gov)
- Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in patients with. (mysciencework.com)
- Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in patients with epilepsy and their relationship with type 1 diabetes: a pilot study. (mysciencework.com)
Proteins14
- Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E ) [4] is an α- amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins . (wikipedia.org)
- In humans, dietary proteins are broken down by digestion into amino acids, which serve as metabolic fuel for other functional roles in the body. (wikipedia.org)
- glutamic acid (glōōtăm´Ĭk) , organic compound, one of the 20 amino acids commonly found in animal proteins. (encyclopedia.com)
- Free glutamic acid (that not incorporated into proteins) can also be converted reversibly to α-ketoglutaric acid, an intermediate in the Krebs cycle, and as such can be degraded to carbon dioxide and water, or transformed into sugars. (encyclopedia.com)
- The acidic side chain of glutamic acid confers one negative charge under most conditions to proteins in which this amino acid is found, thus increasing the water solubility of the protein. (encyclopedia.com)
- This dicarboxylic acid is one of the amino acids that is a precursor to proteins. (sciencephoto.com)
- All the beans/ legumes are rich in the proteins and also contain the significant amounts of glutamic acids. (planetayurveda.com)
- The separation of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, can be challenging to separate on a reverse-phase column due to their high polarity. (sielc.com)
- This negative charge makes glutamic acid a very polar molecule, and it is usually found on the outside of proteins and enzymes, where it is free to interact with the aqueous intracellular surroundings. (newrootsherbal.com)
- Glutamic acid can also be found in the muscles where it is used to create muscle proteins and maintain the overall health of musculature. (fitnesshealth101.com)
- These amino acids serve as the basic units of proteins, which help carry out chemical reactions in cells and play a role in most cellular processes. (brighthub.com)
- The arrangement of amino acids determines the structure of proteins and the stability of these protein structures. (brighthub.com)
- This amino acid also plays a role in the stability of proteins. (brighthub.com)
- Glutamatic acid is necessary for proper cell function and serves as a building block for proteins. (brighthub.com)
Gamma-glutamic acid4
- Enhanced production of poly (gamma-glutamic acid) from Bacillus licheniformis NCIM 2324 in solid state fermentation. (springer.com)
- Goto A, Kunioka M. Biosynthesis and hydrolysis of poly(gamma-glutamic acid) from Bacillus subtilis IF03335. (springer.com)
- Synthesis of peptide ribonucleic acid consisting of D- and L-gamma-glutamic acid as a backbone structure. (biomedsearch.com)
- Difference between D-PRNA and L-PRNA oligomers was elucidated on the basis of the effects of chirality of gamma-glutamic acid backbone upon structure elucidated by CD spectra. (biomedsearch.com)
Glutamates4
- The carboxylate anions and salts of glutamic acid are known as glutamates . (wikidoc.org)
- The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provides a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of glutamic acid-glutamates (E 620-625) when used as food additives. (europa.eu)
- The Panel considered that glutamic acid-glutamates (E 620-625) did not raise concern with regards to genotoxicity. (europa.eu)
- The Panel noted that the exposure to glutamic acid and glutamates (E 620-625) exceeded not only the proposed ADI, but also doses associated with adverse effects in humans for some population groups. (europa.eu)
Peptides1
- We synthesized hybrid hydrogels consisting of a poly-(γ-glutamic acid) polymer network physically cross-linked via grafted self-assembling β-sheet peptides to provide non-covalent cross-linking through β-sheet assembly, reinforced with a polymer backbone to improve strain stability. (figshare.com)
Excitatory4
- Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (umassmed.edu)
- referred to as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) due to its role in neurotransmission. (drugfuture.com)
- Glutamic acid is an important excitatory neurotransmitter, necessary in the metabolism of sugars and fats, and supports prostate function. (newrootsherbal.com)
- One of glutamic acid's most important influences within the body is in stimulating the synthesis of gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps balance out excitatory signals. (fitnesshealth101.com)
Chemistry1
- This book discusses the chemistry, food sources and health benefits of glutamic acid. (upc.edu)
Synthesis5
- It serves as the precursor for the synthesis of the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in GABA-ergic neurons. (wikipedia.org)
- Glutamic acid is considered as the essential amino acid for the protein synthesis. (planetayurveda.com)
- Amino acids are potential substrates to replace fossil feedstocks for the synthesis of nitriles via oxidative decarboxylation using vanadium chloroperoxidase (VCPO), H 2 O 2 and bromide. (rsc.org)
- Diastereoselective Synthesis of Enantiopure β-Amino-γ-hydroxy Acids and γ-Amino-δ-hydroxy Acids. (growkudos.com)
- It also plays a role in the synthesis of urocanic acid and ammonia. (brighthub.com)
Protein11
- Note that by eating enough protein in your diet, you get all of the amino acids you need. (lifebridgehealth.org)
- Glutamic acid deficiency occurs in the people who take low protein diet. (planetayurveda.com)
- The positive charge on the protonated Schiff base is energetically unstable in the protein interior, and therefore, a negatively charged amino acid residue called counterion should be present in the protein. (pnas.org)
- To study potential molecular mechanisms of epileptogenesis in the neocortex, the motor cortex of rats was injected with tetanus toxin (TT), and gene expression for 67 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-67), type II calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII), NMDA receptor subunit 1 (NR1), and AMPA receptor subunit 2 (GluR2) was investigated by in situ hybridization histochemistry. (jneurosci.org)
- Glutamic acid is an non-essential amino acid, found in all plant and animal protein, if in need, under normal conditions body can produce enough of glutamic acid, therefore we do not depend on food source to obtain it. (traditionaloven.com)
- All protein containing foods (dairy products, meats, beans, oats) provide us with the glutamic acid. (traditionaloven.com)
- Glutamic acid is a nonessential amino acid used by the body to manufacture human protein, a vital component of all the body's cells. (newrootsherbal.com)
- In this study, a family of structurally related block copolymers of mPEG2k - poly(glutamic acid) with linear A-B (mPEG2k-lin-polyGA) and miktoarm A-B3 ((mPEG2k-mik-(polyGA)3) structure was synthesised by N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) ring-opening polymerisation to assess the effect of macromolecular topology of the copolymers on polymer-protein complexation. (nottingham.ac.uk)
- Glutamic acid is an amino acid, one of the building blocks of protein. (chefryancallahan.com)
- Would glutamic acid intake--satisfying the "protein" appetite induced by excess leptin or brain serotonin blockade-- prevent the deleterious effects of these treatments on bone? (blogspot.com)
- This amino acid also stimulates the production of muscle protein and slows the breakdown of muscle tissue. (brighthub.com)
Ester5
- The report generally describes n-tert-butoxycarbonyl-l-glutamic acid 5-benzyl ester, examines its uses, production methods, patents. (marketpublishers.com)
- Furthermore, n-tert-butoxycarbonyl-l-glutamic acid 5-benzyl ester prices in regional markets can be found in the report with regards to countries and companies. (marketpublishers.com)
- The report also focuses on n-tert-butoxycarbonyl-l-glutamic acid 5-benzyl ester consumers by providing data on companies that use it. (marketpublishers.com)
- N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid 5-benzyl ester (CAS 13574-13-5) Market Research Report 2018 contents were prepared and placed on the website in February, 2018. (marketpublishers.com)
- Please note that N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid 5-benzyl ester (CAS 13574-13-5) Market Research Report 2018 is a half ready publication and contents are subject to change. (marketpublishers.com)
Poly12
- In cheongguk-jang, bacilli are dominant bacteria and produce highly viscous poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), which improves human health functions. (springer.com)
- Enhanced production of poly (γ-glutamic acid) from Bacillus licheniformis NCIM 2324 by using metabolic precursors. (springer.com)
- Influences of culture medium components on the production poly (γ-glutamic acid) by Bacillus subtilis GS-2 isolated Chungkookjang. (springer.com)
- Davaatseren M, Hwang JT, Ho Park J, Kim MS, Wang S, Sung M. Poly-γ-glutamic acid attenuates angiogenesis and inflammation in experimental colitis. (springer.com)
- Feng J, Shi Q, Zhou G, Wang L, Chen A, Xie X, Huang X, Hu W. Improved production of poly-γ-glutamic acid with low molecular weight under high ferric ion concentration stress in Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945a. (springer.com)
- Here we demonstrate that S. epidermidis secretes poly-γ-DL-glutamic acid (PGA) to facilitate growth and survival in the human host. (jci.org)
- Gamma-poly-glutamic acid (gamma-PGA) is a natural occurring, multi-functional, and biodegradable biopolymer. (alibaba.com)
- Layer-by-Layer Assembled Multilayer Films of Methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(α,L-glutamic acid) and Chitosan with Reduced Cell Adhesion. (biomedsearch.com)
- A methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(α,L-glutamic acid) (mPEGGA) diblock copolymer is synthesized. (biomedsearch.com)
- Poly (y-glutamic acid), a novel polyanionic and multifunctional macromolecule synthesized by Bacillus species, has attracted considerable attention because of its eco-friendly, biodegradable and biocompatible characteristics. (upc.edu)
- SW1-2 producing poly glutamic acid (PGA), locally isolated from Eastern province in Saudi Arabia, was characterized and identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. (ajol.info)
- Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a naturally occurring biopolymer made up of repeating units of glutamic acid and can be potentially used for multiple applications. (openrepository.com)
Bacillus2
- Cheng C, Asada Y, Aida T. Production of γ-polyglutamic acid by Bacillus licheniformis A35 under denitrifying conditions. (springer.com)
- It is produced through fermentation by Bacillus subtilis using glutamic acid. (alibaba.com)
Arginine5
- In this application, 5 amino acids (asparagine, glutamic acid, proline and arginine) and two preservatives (methyl paraben and propyl paraben) are separated on a Primesep 100 reversed-phase cation-exchange column with LC/MS compatible mobile phase. (sielc.com)
- Glutamic acid is biosynthesized from a number of amino acids, including ornithine and arginine. (newrootsherbal.com)
- Glutamic acid is synthesized from other amino acids such as arginine and ornithine acid. (fitnesshealth101.com)
- Arginine is classified as a "conditionally essential" amino acid. (brighthub.com)
- Premature infants cannot produce this amino acid, so it is essential to give them arginine from dietary or supplement sources. (brighthub.com)
Peptide4
- A novel nucleic acid model using peptide ribonucleic acid (PRNA), which contains 5-amino-5-deoxyribonucleoside as a recognition site for nucleic acids and consists D-glutamic acid (D-PRNA) instead of L-glutamic acid (L-PRNA) as a backbone structure, has been designed and synthesized. (biomedsearch.com)
- The peptide bond always involves a single covalent link between the α-carboxyl (oxygen-bearing carbon) of one amino acid and the amino nitrogen of a second amino acid. (thefreedictionary.com)
- This showed that only the first glutamic acid residue in the peptide substrate was carboxylated. (biochemj.org)
- Blocking peptide for Glutamic acid decarboxylase mAb (11) (Prod. (vwr.com)
Leucine1
- Leucine, an essential amino acid, is used by the liver, fat tissue and muscle tissue. (brighthub.com)
Crystalline2
- a crystalline amino acid, C 5 H 9 NO 4 , obtained by hydrolysis from wheat gluten and sugar-beet residues, used commercially as a flavor intensifier. (thefreedictionary.com)
- MSG was discovered by Japanese researcher Kikunae Ikeda in 1908 by creating a crystalline extract of glutamic acid from seaweed. (chefryancallahan.com)
Groups of amino acids1
- At lower pH, carboxylic acid groups of amino acids are not ionized, making them more hydrophobic and basic. (sielc.com)
Biosynthesis1
- L-Glutamic acid plays an important role in the biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases of DNA and RNA [ 1 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Essential ami5
- Molecular model of the non-essential amino acid glutamic acid (C5.H9.N.O4). (sciencephoto.com)
- A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. (umassmed.edu)
- Notes: Glutamic Acid is a non-essential amino acid that is produced internally within the body. (fitnesshealth101.com)
- Isoleucine is an essential amino acid, which means you need to ingest it. (brighthub.com)
- Lysine is an essential amino acid that serves as a base. (brighthub.com)
Methyl3
- N-Methyl-l-glutamic acid (methylglutamate) is a chemical derivative of glutamic acid in which a methyl group has been added to the amino group. (wikipedia.org)
- This motor stimulant effect was produced by kainate, but not by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or quisqualic acid. (aspetjournals.org)
- To examine the consequences of nigrostriatal denervation and L-dopa treatment on the basal ganglia output system, we analyzed, by quantitative in situ hybridization, the messenger RNA coding for glutamic acid decarboxylase (Mr 67,000) (GAD67 mRNA) in pallidal cells from patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), monkeys rendered parkinsonian by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) receiving or not receiving L-dopa, and their respective control subjects. (cun.es)
Supplements5
- In children, taking single amino acid supplements may also cause growth problems. (lifebridgehealth.org)
- Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding shouldn't use glutamic acid supplements. (lifebridgehealth.org)
- People with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) or cystinuria shouldn't use glutamic acid supplements. (lifebridgehealth.org)
- People who have the liver or kidney problems must consult with their doctors before taking any glutamic acid supplements. (planetayurveda.com)
- Method can be used for analysis of underivatized amino acids in various matrices including supplements, vitamin and other complex mixtures. (sielc.com)
Toxicity2
- Though the dosage of glutamic acid can be altered by keeping the toxicity levels in the mind. (planetayurveda.com)
- No known toxicity associated with glutamic acid, however those with kidney or liver disease should consult their doctor before supplementing with this amino acid. (fitnesshealth101.com)
Residues2
- Methylofuran was present as a mixture of different species with varying numbers of glutamic acid residues in the side chain ranging from 12 to 24. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Notably, the glutamic acid residues were not solely γ-linked, as is the case for all known methanofurans, but were identified by NMR as a mixture of α- and γ-linked amino acids. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
GABA4
- Glutamic acid and GABA are neurotransmitters. (sielc.com)
- Glutamic acid and GABA are non-essential amino acids. (sielc.com)
- Underivatized glutamic acid and GABA were retained and separated on a Primesep 100 column using ACN/water/TFA mobile phase. (sielc.com)
- After this has occurred, glutamic acid can increase the levels of GABA within the brain. (fitnesshealth101.com)
Asparagine1
- Asparagine is a nonessential amino acid that plays a role in nervous system function and production of ammonia. (brighthub.com)
Enzyme1
- It uses a double-displacement mechanism involving a glycosyl-enzyme intermediate which is formed and hydrolyzed with general acid/base catalytic assistance. (nih.gov)
Consists3
- Even though p6 consists of only 52 amino acids, it is encoded by one of the most polymorphic regions of the HIV-1 gag gene and undergoes various posttranslational modifications including sumoylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation. (mdpi.com)
- PGA is consists of glutamic acid monomers crosslinked between α-amino and γ-carboxyl groups, and the molecular weight of PGA is usually between 100~1000 kDa. (alibaba.com)
- The homopolymer consists mainly of glutamic as indicated in the analysis of amino acid. (ajol.info)
Salt3
- Salt of N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid and. (europa.eu)
- On characterization, it was observed that γ-PGA with different properties (crystallinity, acid/salt form and molecular weights ranging from 3,000 Da to 871,000 Da) was produced. (openrepository.com)
- MSG is the sodium salt of glutamic acid. (chefryancallahan.com)
Neurotransmitter2
- Glutamic acid is the most common neurotransmitter which is found in the brain and spinal cord. (planetayurveda.com)
- Glutamic acid is an amino acid that plays a key role in cellular metabolism and is a neurotransmitter involved in certain cognitive functions. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
18663
- The substance was discovered and identified in the year 1866, by the German chemist Karl Heinrich Ritthausen who treated wheat gluten (for which it was named) with sulfuric acid. (wikipedia.org)
- The amino acid was isolated from wheat gluten in 1866 and chemically synthesized in 1890. (encyclopedia.com)
- The German chemist Karl Heinrich Leopold Ritthausen discovered [2] glutamic acid in 1866 while experimenting on wheat gluten. (knowhatyouknow.com)
Wheat gluten1
- 2 parts of wheat gluten was boiled with 5 parts of sulphuric acid and 13 parts of water for 20-24 hours. (knowhatyouknow.com)
Umami2
- Foods that are high in glutamic acid are called 'Umami', and are considered the 'fifth taste', after sweet, sour, salty and bitter. (highbloodpressuremed.com)
- The whole leptin/brain-derived serotonin, umami/sweet, glutamic acid/carbohydrate appetite see-saw seems to be pretty important. (blogspot.com)
Chirality2
- Vibrational spectroscopy of mass-selected gas-phase amino acids and their clusters can precisely reveal their conformation and might ultimately help to decode the interactions responsible for chirality recognition. (rsc.org)
- Metal Ion-induced Chirality and Morphology Control of Self-assembling Organogels from L-Glutamic Acid-derived Lipids. (nii.ac.jp)
Metabolism3
- Both pyruvate and oxaloacetate are key components of cellular metabolism, contributing as substrates or intermediates in fundamental processes such as glycolysis , gluconeogenesis , and the citric acid cycle . (wikidoc.org)
- The homochirality of the amino acid metabolism still puzzles biochemists. (rsc.org)
- Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. (nih.gov)
Multifunctional1
- Neuroprotective and cholinergic properties of multifunctional glutamic acid derivatives for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. (nih.gov)
Suppliers1
- l-glutamic acid, 9-methylpteroyl- manufacturers and suppliers with contacts and product range are mentioned in the study. (marketpublishers.com)
Diabetes2
- Glutamic acid may be used to treat low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) in people with diabetes. (lifebridgehealth.org)
- Cytotoxic T cells specific for glutamic acid decarboxylase in autoimmune diabetes. (rupress.org)
Dairy products1
- Dairy products like milk, yogurt and cheese are the rich sources of glutamic acid. (planetayurveda.com)
Amino acid seq1
- Squid retinochrome has an amino acid sequence ≈20% identical to those of vertebrate and invertebrate rhodopsins ( 7 ), and its absorption maximum (495 nm) is similar to the maxima of rhodopsins. (pnas.org)
Oxidative1
- Here we show that tumor cell retention of a system xc--specific positron emission tomography radiotracer, (S)-4-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-L-glutamic acid ([18F]FSPG), decreases in proportion to levels of oxidative stress following treatment with a range of redox-active compounds. (aacrjournals.org)
Quantitation1
- Method is validated for quantitation of underivatized amino acids in complex mixtures. (sielc.com)
High concentrations2
- Histidine (His) Histidine is one of the eight essential amino acids that are found in high concentrations in hemoglobin. (flafit.com)
- But all they have done is use foods that have naturally occuring high concentrations of glutamic acid to build the savory characteristics of their food. (chefryancallahan.com)