Glutamic acid. Medical search

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

A condition characterized by persistent spasms (SPASM) involving multiple muscles, primarily in the lower limbs and trunk. The illness tends to occur in the fourth to sixth decade of life, presenting with intermittent spasms that become continuous. Minor sensory stimuli, such as noise and light touch, precipitate severe spasms. Spasms do not occur during sleep and only rarely involve cranial muscles. Respiration may become impaired in advanced cases. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1492; Neurology 1998 Jul;51(1):85-93)

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

An analytical technique for resolution of a chemical mixture into its component compounds. Compounds are separated on an adsorbent paper (stationary phase) by their varied degree of solubility/mobility in the eluting solvent (mobile phase).

A peptide that is a homopolymer of glutamic acid.

Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

A subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain an extracellular RDGS-adhesion recognition motif and a single cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphate domain.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A lipid cofactor that is required for normal blood clotting. Several forms of vitamin K have been identified: VITAMIN K 1 (phytomenadione) derived from plants, VITAMIN K 2 (menaquinone) from bacteria, and synthetic naphthoquinone provitamins, VITAMIN K 3 (menadione). Vitamin K 3 provitamins, after being alkylated in vivo, exhibit the antifibrinolytic activity of vitamin K. Green leafy vegetables, liver, cheese, butter, and egg yolk are good sources of vitamin K.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-carbon bond. These are the carboxylating enzymes and are mostly biotinyl-proteins. EC 6.4.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of heptanedioic acid with the general formula R-C7H11O4.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Found in various tissues, particularly in four blood-clotting proteins including prothrombin, in kidney protein, in bone protein, and in the protein present in various ectopic calcifications.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying glutamic acid to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

A strain of non-obese diabetic mice developed in Japan that has been widely studied as a model for T-cell-dependent autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in which insulitis is a major histopathologic feature, and in which genetic susceptibility is strongly MHC-linked.

A condition characterized by focal DYSTONIA that progresses to involuntary spasmodic contractions of the muscles of the legs, trunk, arms, and face. The hands are often spared, however, sustained axial and limb contractions may lead to a state where the body is grossly contorted. Onset is usually in the first or second decade. Familial patterns of inheritance, primarily autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance, have been identified. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1078)

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

An order of gram-positive, primarily aerobic BACTERIA that tend to form branching filaments.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

An enzyme that activates glutamic acid with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.17.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.

Irregular microscopic structures consisting of cords of endocrine cells that are scattered throughout the PANCREAS among the exocrine acini. Each islet is surrounded by connective tissue fibers and penetrated by a network of capillaries. There are four major cell types. The most abundant beta cells (50-80%) secrete INSULIN. Alpha cells (5-20%) secrete GLUCAGON. PP cells (10-35%) secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE. Delta cells (~5%) secrete SOMATOSTATIN.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. Their physiological function is possibly related to the contractile process.

Antibodies specific to INSULIN.

A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.

A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.

A family of vesicular neurotransmitter transporter proteins that sequester the inhibitory neurotransmitters GLYCINE; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; and possibly GAMMA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE into SECRETORY VESICLES.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the aliphatic structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobutryrate structure.

An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.

An enzyme that converts brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID) into succinate semialdehyde, which can be converted to succinic acid and enter the citric acid cycle. It also acts on beta-alanine. EC 2.6.1.19.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhaled rare metal BERYLLIUM or its soluble salts which are used in a wide variety of industry including alloys, ceramics, radiographic equipment, and vacuum tubes. Berylliosis is characterized by an acute inflammatory reaction in the upper airway leading to BRONCHIOLITIS; PULMONARY EDEMA; and pneumonia.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Field of chemistry that pertains to immunological phenomena and the study of chemical reactions related to antigen stimulation of tissues. It includes physicochemical interactions between antigens and antibodies.

An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.

A subclass of repressor proteins that do not directly bind DNA. Instead, co-repressors generally act via their interaction with DNA-BINDING PROTEINS such as a TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING FACTORS or NUCLEAR RECEPTORS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP, L-glutamate, and NH3 to ADP, orthophosphate, and L-glutamine. It also acts more slowly on 4-methylene-L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 6.3.1.2.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

SUGARS containing an amino group. GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A family of plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporter proteins that regulates extracellular levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. They differ from GABA RECEPTORS, which signal cellular responses to GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. They control GABA reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through high-affinity sodium-dependent transport.

Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and NH3 in the presence of NAD+. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.2.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

Enzymes that catalyze the addition of a carboxyl group to a compound (carboxylases) or the removal of a carboxyl group from a compound (decarboxylases). EC 4.1.1.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Cell-surface proteins that bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.

A group of the D-related HLA antigens found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A subtype of HLA-DRB beta chains that is associated with the HLA-DR53 serological subtype.

A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.

A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE. Members contain a number of diterpenoid alkaloids including: aconitans, hypaconitine, ACONITINE, jesaconitine, ignavine, napelline, and mesaconitine. The common name of Wolfbane is similar to the common name for ARNICA.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

A group of substances similar to VITAMIN K 1 which contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinione and an isoprenoid side chain of varying number of isoprene units. In vitamin K 2, each isoprene unit contains a double bond. They are produced by bacteria including the normal intestinal flora.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A diffuse or multifocal peripheral neuropathy related to the remote effects of a neoplasm, most often carcinoma or lymphoma. Pathologically, there are inflammatory changes in peripheral nerves. The most common clinical presentation is a symmetric distal mixed sensorimotor polyneuropathy. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1334)

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Radioimmunoassay of proteins using antibody coupled to an immunosorbent.

Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped enterobacteria that can use citrate as the sole source of carbon.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Beryllium. An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

A vesicular glutamate transporter protein that is predominately expressed in the DIENCEPHALON and lower brainstem regions of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

A type of ion exchange chromatography using diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-CELLULOSE) as a positively charged resin. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Autoimmune diseases affecting multiple endocrine organs. Type I is characterized by childhood onset and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, CHRONIC MUCOCUTANEOUS), while type II exhibits any combination of adrenal insufficiency (ADDISON'S DISEASE), lymphocytic thyroiditis (THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE;), HYPOPARATHYROIDISM; and gonadal failure. In both types organ-specific ANTIBODIES against a variety of ENDOCRINE GLANDS have been detected. The type II syndrome differs from type I in that it is associated with HLA-A1 and B8 haplotypes, onset is usually in adulthood, and candidiasis is not present.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A paraneoplastic syndrome marked by degeneration of neurons in the LIMBIC SYSTEM. Clinical features include HALLUCINATIONS, loss of EPISODIC MEMORY; ANOSMIA; AGEUSIA; TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY; DEMENTIA; and affective disturbance (depression). Circulating anti-neuronal antibodies (e.g., anti-Hu; anti-Yo; anti-Ri; and anti-Ma2) and small cell lung carcinomas or testicular carcinoma are frequently associated with this syndrome.

A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia.

Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.

A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

A family of gram-positive, saprophytic bacteria occurring in soil and aquatic environments.

Transmembrane proteins that form the beta subunits of the HLA-DP antigens.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID.

Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.

A genus of asporogenous bacteria that is widely distributed in nature. Its organisms appear as straight to slightly curved rods and are known to be human and animal parasites and pathogens.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of 2 molecules of glutamate from glutamine plus alpha-ketoglutarate in the presence of NADPH. EC 1.4.1.13.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

A class of ligand-gated ion channel receptors that have specificity for GLUTAMATE. They are distinct from METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS which act through a G-protein-coupled mechanism.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.

Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.

A subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that includes two distinctive targeting motifs; an N-terminal motif specific for the INSULIN RECEPTOR, and a C-terminal motif specific for the SH3 domain containing proteins. This subtype includes a hydrophobic domain which localizes it to the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.

Derivatives of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid). In gamma-glutamyl linkage they are found in many tissues. They are converted to folic acid by the action of pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase or synthesized from folic acid by the action of folate polyglutamate synthetase. Synthetic pteroylpolyglutamic acids, which are in alpha-glutamyl linkage, are active in bacterial growth assays.

The use of fluorescence spectrometry to obtain quantitative results for the FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE. One advantage over the other methods (e.g., radioimmunoassay) is its extreme sensitivity, with a detection limit on the order of tenths of microgram/liter.

A family of compounds containing an oxo group with the general structure of 1,5-pentanedioic acid. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p442)

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

A water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.

A genus of GRAM-POSITIVE ENDOSPORE-FORMING RODS, in the family Alicyclobacillaceae, containing a unique lipid in their membranes.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)

A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-serine and 1-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate to L-tryptophan and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. It is a pyridoxal phosphate protein that also catalyzes the conversion of serine and indole into tryptophan and water and of indoleglycerol phosphate into indole and glyceraldehyde phosphate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.2.1.20.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S is a biglutamic acid ADP-ribosyltransferase. (1/9130)

Kinetic analysis of two mutations within Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S (ExoS) showed that a E379D mutation inhibited expression of ADP-ribosyltransferase activity but had little effect on the expression of NAD glycohydrolase activity while a E381D mutation inhibited expression of both activities. These data identify ExoS as a biglutamic acid ADP-ribosyltransferase, where E381 is the catalytic residue and E379 contributes to the transfer of ADP-ribose to the target protein. (+info)

Biochemical and electrophysiological studies on the mechanism of action of PNU-151774E, a novel antiepileptic compound. (2/9130)

PNU-151774E [(S)-(+)-2-(4-(3-fluorobenzyloxy)benzylamino)propanamide methanesulfonate], a new anticonvulsant that displays a wide therapeutic window, has a potency comparable or superior to that of most classic anticonvulsants. PNU-151774E is chemically unrelated to current antiepileptics. In animal seizure models it possesses a broad spectrum of action. In the present study, the action mechanism of PNU-151774E has been investigated using electrophysiological and biochemical assays. Binding studies performed with rat brain membranes show that PNU-151774E has high affinity for binding site 2 of the sodium channel receptor, which is greater than that of phenytoin or lamotrigine (IC50, 8 microM versus 47 and 185 microM, respectively). PNU-151774E reduces sustained repetitive firing in a use-dependent manner without modifying the first action potential in hippocampal cultured neurons. In the same preparation PNU-151774E inhibits tetrodotoxin-sensitive fast sodium currents and high voltage-activated calcium currents under voltage-clamp conditions. These electrophysiological activities of PNU-151774E correlate with its ability to inhibit veratrine and KCl-induced glutamate release in rat hippocampal slices (IC50, 56.4 and 185.5 microM, respectively) and calcium inward currents in mouse cortical neurons. On the other hand, PNU-151774E does not affect whole-cell gamma-aminobutryic acid- and glutamate-induced currents in cultured mouse cortical neurons. These results suggest that PNU-151774E exerts its anticonvulsant activity, at least in part, through inhibition of sodium and calcium channels, stabilizing neuronal membrane excitability and inhibiting transmitter release. The possible relevance of these pharmacological properties to its antiepileptic potential is discussed. (+info)

Role of folylpolyglutamate synthetase and folylpolyglutamate hydrolase in methotrexate accumulation and polyglutamylation in childhood leukemia. (3/9130)

Inefficient polyglutamylation is a mechanism of resistance to methotrexate (MTX) in childhood T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in comparison with childhood c/preB-ALL. We analyzed the profile of MTX polyglutamylation in childhood c/preB-ALL, T-ALL, and AML (n = 45, 15, and 14, respectively), the activity of the MTX-polyglutamate synthesizing enzyme folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) (n = 39, 11, and 19, respectively) and of the MTX-polyglutamate breakdown enzyme folylpolyglutamate hydrolase (FPGH) (n = 98, 25, and 34, respectively). MTX-Glu4-6 accumulation after 24 hours exposure to 1 micromol/L [3H]-MTX in vitro was lower in T-ALL (threefold) and AML (fourfold) compared with c/preB-ALL (P +info)

Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors modulates the voltage-gated sustained calcium current in a teleost horizontal cell. (4/9130)

In the teleost retina, cone horizontal cells contain a voltage-activated sustained calcium current, which has been proposed to be involved in visual processing. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that modulation of voltage-gated channels can occur through activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Because glutamate is the excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate retina, we have used whole cell electrophysiological techniques to examine the effect of mGluR activation on the sustained voltage-gated calcium current found in isolated cone horizontal cells in the catfish retina. In pharmacological conditions that blocked voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels, as well as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA channels, application of L-glutamate or 1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD) to voltage-clamped cone horizontal cells acted to increase the amplitude of the calcium current, expand the activation range of the calcium current by 10 mV into the cell's physiological operating range, and shift the peak calcium current by -5 mV. To identify and characterize the mGluR subtypes found on catfish cone horizontal cells, agonists of group I, group II, or group III mGluRs were applied via perfusion. Group I and group III mGluR agonists mimicked the effect of L-glutamate or 1S,3R-ACPD, whereas group II mGluR agonists had no effect on L-type calcium current activity. Inhibition studies demonstrated that group I mGluR antagonists significantly blocked the modulatory effect of the group I mGluR agonist, (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine. Similar results were obtained when the group III mGluR agonist, L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, was applied in the presence of a group III mGluR antagonist. These results provide evidence for two groups of mGluR subtypes on catfish cone horizontal cells. Activation of these mGluRs is linked to modulation of the voltage-gated sustained calcium current. (+info)

Antagonist activity of alpha-substituted 4-carboxyphenylglycine analogues at group I metabotropic glutamate receptors expressed in CHO cells. (5/9130)

1. We have investigated the antagonist properties of 6 alpha-substituted phenylglycine analogues based on the structure of 4-carboxyphenylglycine (4-CPG) for group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu1alpha and mGlu5a) permanently expressed in CHO cells. 2. (S)-4-CPG and (S)-MCPG were the most selective mGlu1alpha receptor antagonists. Longer chain alpha-carbon substitutions resulted in a progressive loss of antagonist affinity at mGlu1alpha receptors but not at mGlu5a receptors. Thus mGlu1alpha receptor antagonists require small aliphatic groups at the alpha-position. Alpha-cyclopropyl-4-CPG showed a tendency towards mGlu5a selectivity, suggesting that bulky groups at this position may favour mGlu5a receptor antagonism. 3. We demonstrate that the mGlu5a receptor displays agonist-dependent antagonism. L-glutamate-induced Ca2+ release in mGlu5a receptor expressing cells was more susceptible to antagonism by cyclic alpha-carbon derivatives than (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG)-induced Ca2+ release in the same cell line. 4. The data presented suggests that mGlu1alpha and mGlu5a receptors have different steric and/or conformational requirements for the binding of antagonists and different amino acids which could interact with agonists. 5. These phenylglycine analogues could provide leads for the development of subtype selective antagonists. (+info)

CPCCOEt, a noncompetitive metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonist, inhibits receptor signaling without affecting glutamate binding. (6/9130)

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors characterized by a large, extracellular N-terminal domain comprising the glutamate-binding site. In the current study, we examined the pharmacological profile and site of action of the non-amino-acid antagonist 7-hydroxyiminocyclopropan[b]chromen-1a-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (CPCCOEt). CPCCOEt selectively inhibited glutamate-induced increases in intracellular calcium at human mGluR1b (hmGluR1b) with an apparent IC50 of 6.5 microM while having no agonist or antagonist activity at hmGluR2, -4a, -5a, -7b, and -8a up to 100 microM. Schild analysis indicated that CPCCOEt acts in a noncompetitive manner by decreasing the efficacy of glutamate-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis without affecting the EC50 value or Hill coefficient of glutamate. Similarly, CPCCOEt did not displace [3H]glutamate binding to membranes prepared from mGluR1a-expressing cells. To elucidate the site of action, we systematically exchanged segments and single amino acids between hmGluR1b and the related subtype, hmGluR5a. Substitution of Thr815 and Ala818, located at the extracellular surface of transmembrane segment VII, with the homologous amino acids of hmGluR5a eliminated CPCCOEt inhibition of hmGluR1b. In contrast, introduction of Thr815 and Ala818 at the homologous positions of hmGluR5a conferred complete inhibition by CPCCOEt (IC50 = 6.6 microM), i.e., a gain of function. These data suggest that CPCCOEt represents a novel class of G protein-coupled receptor antagonists inhibiting receptor signaling without affecting ligand binding. We propose that the interaction of CPCCOEt with Thr815 and Ala818 of mGluR1 disrupts receptor activation by inhibiting an intramolecular interaction between the agonist-bound extracellular domain and the transmembrane domain. (+info)

Conformation-dependent inhibition of gastric H+,K+-ATPase by SCH 28080 demonstrated by mutagenesis of glutamic acid 820. (7/9130)

Gastric H+,K+-ATPase can be inhibited by imidazo pyridines like 2-methyl-8-[phenylmethoxy] imidazo-(1,2a) pyridine 3-acetonitrile (SCH 28080). The drug shows a high affinity for inhibition of K+-activated ATPase and for prevention of ATP phosphorylation. The inhibition by SCH 28080 can be explained by assuming that SCH 28080 binds to both the E2 and the phosphorylated intermediate (E2-P) forms of the enzyme. We observed recently that some mutants, in which glutamic acid 820 present in transmembrane domain six of the catalytic subunit had been replaced (E820Q, E820N, E820A), lost their K+-sensitivity and showed constitutive ATPase activity. This ATPase activity could be inhibited by similar SCH 28080 concentrations as the K+-activated ATPase of the wild-type enzyme. SCH 28080 also inhibited ATP phosphorylation at 21 degrees C of the mutants E820D, E820N, and E820A, although with varying efficacy and affinity. ATP-phosphorylation of mutant E820Q was not inhibited by SCH 28080; in contrast, the phosphorylation level at 21 degrees C was nearly doubled. These findings can be explained by assuming that mutation of Glu820 favors the E1 conformation in the order E820Q >E820A >E820N >wild-type = E820D. The increase in the phosphorylation level of the E820Q mutant can be explained by assuming that during the catalytic cycle the E2-P intermediate forms a complex with SCH 28080. This intermediate hydrolyzes considerably slower than E2-P and thus accumulates. The high tendency of the E820Q mutant for the E1 form is further supported by experiments showing that ATP phosphorylation of this mutant is rather insensitive towards vanadate, inorganic phosphate, and K+. (+info)

Glutamate-, kainate- and NMDA-evoked membrane currents in identified glial cells in rat spinal cord slice. (8/9130)

The effect of L-glutamate, kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on membrane currents of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and their respective precursors was studied in acute spinal cord slices of rats between the ages of postnatal days 5 and 13 using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. L-glutamate (10(-3) M), kainate (10(-3) M), and NMDA (2x10(-3) M) evoked inward currents in all glial cells. Kainate evoked larger currents in precursors than in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, while NMDA induced larger currents in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes than in precursors. Kainate-evoked currents were blocked by the AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist CNQX (10(-4) M) and were, with the exception of the precursors, larger in dorsal than in ventral horns, as were NMDA-evoked currents. Currents evoked by NMDA were unaffected by CNQX and, in contrast to those seen in neurones, were not sensitive to Mg2+. In addition, they significantly decreased during development and were present when synaptic transmission was blocked in a Ca2+-free solution. NMDA-evoked currents were not abolished during the block of K+ inward currents in glial cells by Ba2+; thus they are unlikely to be mediated by an increase in extracellular K+ during neuronal activity. We provide evidence that spinal cord glial cells are sensitive to the application of L-glutamate, kainate and transiently, during postnatal development, to NMDA. (+info)

Glutamic Acid (Glun); (LysGlu)n) that is incorporated at the C-terminus of the peptide to induce an alpha-helix-like structure ... First an amino acid is coupled to the resin. Subsequently, the amine is deprotected, and then coupled with the free acid of the ... The Boc group is removed with acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). This forms a positively charged amino group in the ... and adding an excess of each amino acid (between 2- and 10-fold). The minimization of amino acid racemization during coupling ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_synthesis

... aspartic acid (Asp) 6-7%; and glutamic acid (Glu) 10-12%. The bioavailability of hydrolyzed collagen in mice was demonstrated ... The amino acid content of hydrolyzed collagen is the same as collagen. Hydrolyzed collagen contains 19 amino acids, ... Collagen hydrolysis is performed by one of three different methods: acid-, alkali-, and enzymatic hydrolysis. Acid treatment is ... If the raw material used in the production of the gelatin is derived from bones, dilute acid solutions are used to remove ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin

Glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous ... In neuroscience, glutamate refers to the anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter: a chemical that nerve cells ... leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization.[citation needed] Glutamate functions as a neurotransmitter in ... from alpha-Ketoglutaric acid, which is produced as part of the citric acid cycle by a series of reactions whose starting point ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_(neurotransmitter)

Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) produced by various strains of Bacillus has potential applications as a thickener in the food ... ISBN 978-1-904455-36-3. Shih & Wu (2009). "Biosynthesis and Application of Poly(gamma-glutamic acid)". Microbial Production of ... Acetic acid bacteria like Acetobacter aceti produce acetic acid. Bacteria such as Propionibacterium freudenreichii that produce ... Lactic acid bacteria are bacteria that use carbohydrates to produce lactic acid. The main genera are Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology

It is a calcium acid salt of glutamic acid. CDG is a flavor enhancer (E number E623)-it is the calcium analog of monosodium ... As a soluble source of calcium ions, this chemical is also used as a first-aid treatment for exposure to hydrofluoric acid. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_diglutamate

Mitoma H, Manto M, Hampe CS (2017). "Pathogenic Roles of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 Autoantibodies in Cerebellar Ataxias". ... Antibodies against the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD: enzyme changing glutamate into GABA) cause cerebellar deficits ... glutamic acid decarboxylase ataxia. Novel therapies target the RNA defects associated with cerebellar disorders, using in ... autosomal-recessive gene disorder where mutations in the ALDH5A1 gene results in the accumulation of gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia

Described an assay for glutamic acid decarboxylase to discriminate major types of diabetes mellitus The plasma protein which ... Rowley, M.; Mackay, I.; Chen, Q.; Knowles, W.; Zimmet, P. (1992). "Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase discriminate major ... Williams, C.; Kingwell, B. A.; Burke, K.; McPherson, J.; Dart, A. M. (2005). "Folic acid supplementation for 3 wk reduces pulse ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Heart_and_Diabetes_Institute

Additionally, the methylthiotetrazole side chain inhibits γ-carboxylation of glutamic acid; this can interfere with the actions ... Part 5. A Synthesis of 7b-Acylamino-3-methyl-1-oxadethia-3-cephem-4-carboxylic Acids". Heterocycles. 7 (2): 839. doi:10.3987/S- ... 1-oxa-1-dethia-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid disodium salt (6059-S) and its related 1-oxacephems". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry ... The benzhydrol ester of 6-Aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) is S-chlorinated and treated with base whereupon the intermediate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latamoxef

... asparagine is converted to aspartic acid or isoaspartic acid. Glutamine is converted to glutamic acid or pyroglutamic acid (5- ... or isoaspartic acid, which is a beta amino acid (in green at bottom right). However, there is a concern that aspartic acid can ... The endoprotease, Glu-C, has shown specificity to only glutamic acid when in specific pH conditions (4.5 and 8.0) and cleaved ... Asparagine Aspartic acid Peptide bond Post-translational modification Clarke, S (2003). "Aging as war between chemical and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamidation

The initial steps incorporate glutamic acid into 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA); two molecules of ALA are then reduced to ... diphosphate This forms an ester of the carboxylic acid group in chlorophyllide a with the 20-carbon diterpene alcohol phytol. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll_a

... , abbreviated DSG, (Na2C5H7NO4) is a sodium salt of glutamic acid. It is used as a flavoring agent to impart ... Disodium glutamate can be produced by neutralizing glutamic acid with two molar equivalents of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disodium_glutamate

... the amino acid glutamic acid is specified by GAA and GAG codons (difference in the third position); the amino acid leucine is ... For instance, codons GAA and GAG both specify glutamic acid and exhibit redundancy; but, neither specifies any other amino acid ... Only two amino acids are specified by a single codon each. One of these is the amino-acid methionine, specified by the codon ... tends to code for hydrophobic amino acids. NCN yields amino acid residues that are small in size and moderate in hydropathy; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_degeneracy

1974: Glutamic Acid-Selective Depletion by Viral Induced Granule Cell Loss in Hamster Cerebellum This paper correlated the loss ... Young, Anne B.; Oster-Granite, Mary Lou; Herndon, Robert M.; Snyder, Solomon H. (June 14, 1974). "Glutamic acid: Selective ... Their research linked the potential harmful and toxic effects of glutamic acid in Alzheimer's disease. 1988: Differential Loss ... 1987: Glutamate Dysfunction in Alzheimers Disease- An Hypothesis After further studies solidified glutamic acid as a critical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_B._Young

For example, it is needed to carboxylate specific glutamic acid residues on prothrombin. Without these residues carboxylated, ... Synthesis Of Y-Carboxyglutamic Acid". Critical Reviews in Biochemistry. 8 (2): 191-223. doi:10.3109/10409238009105469. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K_antagonist

... torula is rich in glutamic acid. Therefore, it has become a popular replacement among manufacturers wishing to eliminate MSG or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torula

It also has slightly elevated levels of glutamic acid in the same analysis. The charge distribution of amino acids comprising ... They are identical in length at 21 amino acids each, and are separated by a span of six amino acids. TMEM247 has a predicted ... These are represented by red squares surrounding the potential bound amino acids in the conceptual translation and listed in ... reduced to 661 nt after mRNA processing and its protein product is 219 amino acids (aa) long. The gene does not include a stop ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMEM247

20 mg each aspartic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxyproline, proline, threonine, tyrosine, and valine; 15 mg each histidine, ... 1 mg each para-aminobenzoic acid, folic acid, nicotinamide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, and thiamine hydrochloride; 0.25 mg ... Amino acids (300 mg glutamine; 200 mg arginine; 50 mg each asparagine, cystine, leucine, and isoleucine; 40 mg lysine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPMI_1640

Karl Heinrich Ritthausen extended known protein forms with the identification of glutamic acid. At the Connecticut Agricultural ... The amino acids in a polypeptide chain are linked by peptide bonds. Once linked in the protein chain, an individual amino acid ... The amino acids that an organism cannot synthesize on its own are referred to as essential amino acids. Key enzymes that ... If amino acids are present in the environment, microorganisms can conserve energy by taking up the amino acids from their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein

Since acidic amino acids, such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid, are important mediators of biomineralization, shell proteins ... Proteins with high proportions of glutamic acid are usually associated with amorphous calcium carbonate. The soluble component ... Aspartic acid, which can make up up to 50% of shell framework proteins, is most abundant in calcitic layers, and also heavily ... size and aggregation of calcium carbonate via a L-aspartic acid inducing process". Biomaterials. 25 (17): 3923-3929. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc_shell

... instead of glutamic acid (glu) at amino acid 487; this renders the enzyme essentially inactive in metabolizing acetaldehyde to ... Contributing to this effect is the activity that alcohol induces in the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system. The GABA system ... to acetic acid. Eastern Asians reportedly have a deficiency in acetaldehyde metabolism in a surprisingly high percentage ( ... acetic acid. The variant allele is variously termed glu487lys, ALDH2*2, and ALDH2*504lys. In the overall Japanese population, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption

van der Westhuizen FH, Pretorius PJ, Erasmus E (2000). "The utilization of alanine, glutamic acid, and serine as amino acid ... van der Westhuizen FH, Pretorius PJ, Erasmus E (2000). "The utilization of alanine, glutamic acid, and serine as amino acid ... These include benzoic acid, a compound found in fruits and vegetables and used in medicine and foodstuffs as a preservative; ... The diversity is demonstrated by the wide range of acylglycines excreted in the urines of patients with defects of organic acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLYAT

A more recent proposal states there are three known exfoliating toxins; ETA, ETB, and ETD which act as a glutamic acid-specific ... Which results in the cleavage of human Dsg1 at a unique site after glutamic acid residues causing deactivation. Proteolysis of ... Such prescribed ointments include neosporin, fusidic acid, chloramphenicol and mupirocin. More severe cases of impetigo however ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullous_impetigo

"Nicotine decreases DNA methyltransferase 1 expression and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 promoter methylation in GABAergic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_of_schizophrenia

The main ingredient of Marmite is yeast extract, which contains a high concentration of glutamic acid. Marmite is not gluten ... As with other yeast extracts, Marmite contains free glutamic acid, the monosodium salt of which being monosodium glutamate. ... Presently, the main ingredients of Marmite are glutamic acid-rich yeast extract, with lesser quantities of salt, vegetable ... Marmite is rich in B vitamins including thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), folic acid (B9) and vitamin B12. The sodium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmite

Gao, X.; Liu, Z.; Lin, Z.; Su, X (2014). "CuInS(2) quantum dots/poly((L)-glutamic acid)-drug conjugates for drug delivery and ... Silicon wafers were used, this way when they were broken down in the body, silicic acid is formed which is already present in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium-free_quantum_dot

Otani, Yuto; Tabata, Yasuhiko; Ikada, Yoshito (April 1999). "Sealing effect of rapidly curable gelatin-poly (l-glutamic acid) ... Materials such as collagen, chitosan, cellulose and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) all have been implemented extensively for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogel

ATS also inhibit GABAB receptors, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GABA transporters (GAT) and promote GABA metabolism. This ... hippuric acid, benzoic acid and benzyl methyl ketone. The metabolism of ATS may vary from person to person due to genetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine_type_stimulant

... glutamic acid and carbamoyl phosphate in the tissue and becomes metabolically bound. 15O-water has a 100% extraction rate, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen-15_labelled_water

At position 26 there is a change in the amino acid, from glutamic acid to lysine (E26K). Hemoglobin E is very common among ... folic acid supplements, and potentially regular blood transfusions. There is a variety of phenotypes depending on the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin_E

S. brasiliensis sporulates when it is cultured with galactose and glutamic acid as carbon and nitrogen sources. The colonies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomyces_brasiliensis

... and poor in acidic amino acids like aspartic acid and glutamic acid.[42] In an aqueous solution, the transit sequence forms a ... Chloroplast transit peptides exhibit huge variation in length and amino acid sequence.[42] They can be from 20-150 amino acids ... Tic100 is a nuclear encoded protein that's 871 amino acids long. The 871 amino acids collectively weigh slightly less than 100 ... At the N-terminal end is the A-domain, which is rich in acidic amino acids and takes up about half the protein length.[38][48] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA

In this process, fats, obtained from adipose tissue, or fat cells, are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, which can be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_plan

Two enzymes convert L-amino acids to D-amino acids. D-Amino-acid racemase, a PLP-dependent enzyme, racemizes amino acids via ... D-Amino acids are amino acids where the stereogenic carbon alpha to the amino group has the D-configuration. For most naturally ... L-amino-acid oxidases convert L-amino acids to the alpha-ketoacids, which are susceptible to reductive amination. Some amino ... L- and D-amino acids are usually enantiomers. The exceptions are two amino acids with two stereogenic centers, threonine and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-amino_acids

... nucleic acid - nucleic acid test - nucleocapsid - nucleoli - nucleoside - nucleoside analog - nucleoside reverse transcriptase ... serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) - serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) - sexually transmitted disease ( ... ribonucleic acid (RNA) - ribosome - RNA - route of administration - RT-PCR - RTI - Ryan White C.A.R.E. act ... amino acids - anaphylactic shock - anemia - anergy - angiogenesis - angiomatosis - anorexia - antenatal - antibiotic - ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_AIDS-related_topics

L-glutamic acid; pteroyl-L-glutamic acid; Vitamin B9; Vitamin Bc; Folacin , Section1 = ! colspan=2 style="background: #f8eaba; ... Folic-acid-3D-balls.png , ImageSize1 = 250px , ImageAlt1 = Baw-an-stick model , ImageFile2 = Folic-acid-3D-spacefill.png , ... chembox , Verifiedfields = chynged , Watchedfields = chynged , verifiedrevid = 477231659 , Name = Folic acid , ImageFile = ... pentanedioic acid[1] , OtherNames = N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)- ...

https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acid

Addition of ethanolamine-phosphoglycerol to specific glutamic acid residues on EF-1 alpha". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (24): 14334-41. ... "Nucleic Acids Res. 18 (6): 1513-6. PMC 330519 . PMID 2183196. doi:10.1093/nar/18.6.1513.. CS1 одржавање: Експлицитна употреба ... Miyakawa T, Obaru K, Maeda K, Harada S, Mitsuya H (2002). „Identification of amino acid residues critical for LD78beta, a ...

https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCR5

Food and Nutrition Board (2002/2005). Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol ... Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Page 769 Archived 12 September 2006 at the Wayback ... or increased levels of uric acid, a risk factor for gout.[39] ... Aspartic acid. *Cysteine. *Glutamic acid. *Glutamine. *Glycine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-glycemic_diet

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - glutamic acid-200 is replaced by lysine while valine is present at amino acid 129 ... fatal familial insomnia - aspartic acid-178 is replaced by asparagine while methionine is present at amino acid 129[51] ... "Nucleic Acids Res. 29 (3): 753-758. doi:10.1093/nar/29.3.753. PMC 30388. PMID 11160898.. ... The primary sequence of PrP is 253 amino acids long before post-translational modification. Signal sequences in the amino- and ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRNP

... and membrane fatty acid composition". J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 61 (8): 781-94. doi:10.1093/gerona/61.8.781. PMID 16912094 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloric_restriction

This route uses L-glutamine rather than L-glutamic acid as a starting material and by letting it react with N- ... The thalidomide molecule is a synthetic derivative of glutamic acid and consists of a glutarimide ring and a phthaloyl ring ( ... Using a carboxylic acid as a starting point, an amide group has similar PDE4 inhibition activity but both groups were shown to ... propionic acid (not shown), which had PDE4 inhibition activity the work began to optimize the activity. For that purpose the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_analogs_of_thalidomide

Strecker, H.J. (1960). „The interconversion of glutamic acid and proline. III. Δ1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase". J ...

https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-pirolin-5-karboksilat_dehidrogenaza

ગ્લુટેમિક એસિડ (Glutamic acid). 6.81 ગ્લિસાઈન(Glycine). 1.47 ઍસ્પાર્ટીક ઍસિડ (Aspartic acid). 2.91 ... 1988). "Oil content and fatty acid composition of developing almond seeds". J. Agric. Food Chem. 36 (4): 695-697. doi:10.1021/ ...

https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/બદામ

GABA is synthesized in a single step from its precursor glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase. GABA is metabolized by ... Under normal conditions, SSADH works with the enzyme GABA transaminase to convert GABA to succinic acid. Succinic acid can then ... accumulates and cannot be oxidized to succinic acid and is therefore reduced to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) by gamma- ... Taurine is a non-protein sulfur amino acid that is found in high concentrations in human milk. It has been shown to have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-hydroxybutyric_aciduria

Migliore, D., Acharya, N. P. V., Jolles, P. Characterization of large quantities of glutamic acid in the walls of human ... Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from patients smear-negative for acid-fast bacilli. Lancet. 1999, roč. 353, čís. ...

https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberkulóza

"Vitamin K dependent modifications of glutamic acid residues in prothrombin". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71 (7): 2730-3. doi: ... "Effect of vitamin K deficiency on urinary gamma-carboxyglutamic acid excretion in rats". Nippon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi 52 (6): ... "The mode of action of vitamin K. Identification of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid as a component of prothrombin". J. Biol. Chem. ... "Vitamin K-dependent biosynthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid". Blood 93 (6): 1798-808. பப்மெட்:10068650. http://bloodjournal ...

https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/உயிர்ச்சத்து_கே

Amino acids. *Alanine. *Arginine. *Asparagine. *Aspartic acid. *Cysteine. *Glutamic acid. *Glutamine. *Glycine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-vegetarianism

Based on the result of free amino acid analysis, the most abundant amino acids in Chinese soy sauce product are glutamic acid, ... Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein[edit]. Some brands of soy sauce are made from acid-hydrolyzed soy protein instead of brewed ... Lactic acid bacteria ferments the sugars into lactic acid and yeast makes ethanol, which through aging and secondary ... Acid-hydrolyzed soy sauce (산분해간장) - made by hydrolyzing raw materials containing protein with acid. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecap

... derived from the related proteinogenic L-amino acid glutamic acid. Theanine is an analog of this amino acid, and its primary ... to the amide formed from ethylamine and L-glutamic acid at its γ- (5-) side chain carboxylic acid group (as the name γ-L- ... Theanine /ˈθiːəniːn/, also known as L-γ-glutamylethylamide and N5-ethyl-L-glutamine, is an amino acid analogue of the ... Not to be confused with threonine, a distinct amino acid, or theine, an archaic synonym of caffeine. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-theanine

Glutamic acid (glutamate). *Ivermectin. *Ketamine. *Neuroactive steroids (e.g., alfaxolone, pregnenolone (eltanolone), ... Valerian constituents (e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol). *Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive ... This reaction is catalyzed by a variety of Lewis acids, mainly aluminium chloride, iron(III) chloride, or zinc chloride. The 1, ... Quinolines (e.g., 4-hydroxyquinoline, 4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 5,7-CIQA, 7-CIQ, 7-TFQ, 7-TFQA) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane

Karl Heinrich Ritthausen extended known protein forms with the identification of glutamic acid. At the Connecticut Agricultural ... The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino ... If amino acids are present in the environment, microorganisms can conserve energy by taking up the amino acids from their ... Proteins are assembled from amino acids using information encoded in genes. Each protein has its own unique amino acid sequence ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_synthesis

Amino acids. *Alanine. *Arginine. *Asparagine. *Aspartic acid. *Cysteine. *Glutamic acid. *Glutamine. *Glycine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_product

... inhibits the ability of recombinant PDGFRβ to phosphorylate a synthetic tyrosine substrate (poly-glutamic acid- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenolanib

Glutamic acid (glutamate). *Ivermectin. *Ketamine. *Neuroactive steroids (e.g., alfaxolone, pregnenolone (eltanolone), ... In the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway, cysteine is first oxidized to its sulfinic acid, catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine ... Kalir, Asher; Kalir, Henry H. "Biological activity of sulfinic acid derivatives" in Chemistry of Sulphinic Acids, Esters Their ... Hypotaurine is a sulfinic acid that is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of taurine. Like taurine, it also acts as an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotaurine

Glutamic acid (glutamate). *Ivermectin. *Ketamine. *Neuroactive steroids (e.g., alfaxolone, pregnenolone (eltanolone), ... 2S,5R,6R)-3,3-Dimethyl-7-oxo-6-(2-phenylacetamido)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid ... Quinolines (e.g., 4-hydroxyquinoline, 4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 5,7-CIQA, 7-CIQ, 7-TFQ, 7-TFQA) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylpenicillin

FA, N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, vitamin B9,[ ... Formiminoglutamic acid is an intermediate in the conversion of histidine to glutamic acid, catalyzed by THF. ... Folinic acid is not the same as folic acid. Folic acid supplements have little established role in cancer chemotherapy.[46][47] ... Folate in the form of folic acid is used to treat anemia caused by folic acid deficiency.[4] Folic acid is also used as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_b9

Aspartic acid g 0.20 Glutamic acid g 0.13 Glycine g 0.035 Proline g 0.027 ...

https://id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry

An example of chemical synapse by the release of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine or glutamic acid. ... Changes in postsynaptic signaling are most commonly associated with a N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR)-dependent long- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapses

Aspartic acid. 0.635 g. Glutamic acid. 0.986 g. Glycine. 0.285 g. Proline. 0.246 g. ...

https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aicorn

One of twenty amino acids (molecules that join together to form proteins). Glutamic acid may help nerve cells send and receive ... From NCIt: One of twenty amino acids (molecules that join together to form proteins). Glutamic acid may help nerve cells send ...

https://edrn.nci.nih.gov/biomarkers/glutamic-acid

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https://healthysv.com/product-tag/glutamic-acid/

He then patented a method of mass-producing a crystalline salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate. Glutamic acid is ... Glutamic acid is an α-amino acid with formula C 5H 9O 4N. It is usually abbreviated as Glu or E in biochemistry. Its molecular ... Disodium glutamate Kainic acid Monosodium glutamate "L-Glutamic acid CAS#: 56-86-0". www.chemicalbook.com. Belitz, H.-D; Grosch ... Although they occur naturally in many foods, the flavor contributions made by glutamic acid and other amino acids were only ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid

N-Methyl-L-glutamic acid (methylglutamate) is a chemical derivative of glutamic acid in which a methyl group has been added to ... It can also be demethylated by methylglutamate dehydrogenase to regenerate glutamic acid. Shaw, WV; Tsai, L; Stadtman, ER (1966 ... Biosynthetically, it is produced from methylamine and glutamic acid by the enzyme methylamine-glutamate N-methyltransferase. ... "The enzymatic synthesis of N-methylglutamic acid". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 241 (4): 935-45. PMID 5905132. Hersh, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methyl-L-glutamic_acid

Yeast manufacturer Yeastock has introduced a yeast extract in Europe with a high level of free glutamic acid, for enhancing ...

https://www.foodnavigator.com/tag/keyword/Food/Glutamic%20acid

Palmitoyl glutamic acid , C21H39NO5 , CID 161955 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification ...

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Palmitoyl_glutamic_acid

... a-aminoglutaric acid Reported uses Glutamic acid is often used to treat hypochlorhydria and achlorhydria. Unsubstantiated ... Glutamic acid may treat personality and childhood behavioral issues. It may also aid in epilepsy and muscular dystrophy. It may ... Glutamic acid may be used to treat low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) in people with diab... ... Glutamic Acid. Other name(s):. a-aminoglutaric acid. Reported uses. Glutamic acid is often used to treat hypochlorhydria and ...

http://www.lifebridgehealth.org/Main/HealthLibrary/28281.aspx?iid=19_GlutamicAcid

Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody synonyms, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody pronunciation, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase ... English dictionary definition of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody. antibody When bacteria enter a flesh wound, a B cell ... Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody - definition of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody by The Free Dictionary https://www. ... redirected from Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody). Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Acronyms, Encyclopedia.. Related to ...

https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Glutamic+Acid+Decarboxylase+Antibody

Main article: Glutamic acid (flavor). Free glutamic acid is present in a wide variety of foods, including cheese and soy sauce ... Glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous ... glutamic acid. Production. China-based Fufeng Group Limited is the largest producer of glutamic acid in the world, with ... Glutamic acid (flavor). Although they occur naturally in many foods, the flavor contributions made by glutamic acid and other ...

http://wikidoc.org/index.php/Glutamate

Immune response to glutamic acid decarboxylase correlates with insulitis in non-obese diabetic mice.. Tisch R1, Yang XD, Singer ... of five murine beta-cell antigens and find that antibody and T-cell responses specific for the two isoforms of glutamic acid ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8232539?dopt=Abstract

Neuroprotective and cholinergic properties of multifunctional glutamic acid derivatives for the treatment of Alzheimers ... With an L-glutamic moiety as a suitable biocompatible linker, three pharmacophoric groups were joined: (1) an N- ... an N-protecting group of the amino acid, capable of interacting with the acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-peripheral anionic site ( ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19856923

Antibodies for proteins involved in peptidyl-glutamic acid carboxylation pathways, according to their Panther/Gene Ontology ... Antibodies for proteins involved in peptidyl-glutamic acid carboxylation pathways; according to their Panther/Gene Ontology ...

https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/primary/panther/peptidyl-glutamic%20acid%20carboxylation

... glutamic acid dimethyl ester hydrochloride, dimethyl glutamic acid hydrochloride. IUPAC Name. dimethyl (2S)-2- ... glutamic acid dimethyl ester hydrochloride, dimethyl glutamic acid hydrochloride. ... l-glutamic acid dimethyl ester hydrochloride, h-glu ome-ome.hcl, dimethyl l-glutamate hydrochloride, s-dimethyl 2- ... l-glutamic acid dimethyl ester hydrochloride, h-glu ome-ome.hcl, dimethyl l-glutamate hydrochloride, s-dimethyl 2- ...

https://www.fishersci.ca/shop/products/l-glutamic-acid-dimethyleester-hydrochloride-99-pure-acros-organics/AC441940500

Molecular model of the non-essential amino acid glutamic acid (C5.H9.N.O4). This dicarboxylic acid is one of the amino acids ... Caption: Glutamic acid. Molecular model of the non-essential amino acid glutamic acid (C5.H9.N.O4). This dicarboxylic acid is ... amino acid, artwork, ball and stick, ball-and-stick, biochemistry, chemical, chemistry, digitally generated, glutamic acid, ... one of the amino acids that is a precursor to proteins. It is also an important neurotransmitter. Atoms are represented as ...

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/791451/view

Sources and Dosage of Glutamic Acid. Glutamic acid is considered as the essential amino acid for the protein synthesis. ... Glutamic Acid - Uses, Benefits, Sources and Dosage. Glutamic acid is considered as the essential amino acid for the protein ... Vegan or vegetarian are not only deficient in the glutamic acid but also in all other amino acids. Glutamic acid deficiency ... Food Sources of Glutamic Acid. *Dairy products like milk, yogurt and cheese are the rich sources of glutamic acid. Cottage ...

https://www.planetayurveda.com/library/glutamic-acid/

L-Glutamic acid alpha-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide; CAS Number: 74938-90-2; find Chem Impex International, Inc.-CH6371378172 ... www.chemimpex.com/product/productinfo/l-glutamic-acid-a-4-methoxy-ß-naphthylamide/2267?cid=0. ... www.chemimpex.com/product/productinfo/l-glutamic-acid-a-4-methoxy-ß-naphthylamide/2267?cid=0. ... CH6371378172 L-Glutamic acid alpha-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide. CH6371378172 Chem Impex International, Inc.. L-Glutamic acid ...

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What is glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody? Meaning of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody medical term. What does ... Looking for online definition of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody in the Medical Dictionary? glutamic acid ... glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody. glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody. an antibody found in patients with insulin- ... Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody , definition of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody by Medical dictionary https ...

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/glutamic+acid+decarboxylase+autoantibody

... retinochrome has an amino acid residue different from glutamic acid at this position (14), and therefore, these pigments may ... Highly conserved glutamic acid in the extracellular IV-V loop in rhodopsins acts as the counterion in retinochrome, a member of ... Highly conserved glutamic acid in the extracellular IV-V loop in rhodopsins acts as the counterion in retinochrome, a member of ... Highly conserved glutamic acid in the extracellular IV-V loop in rhodopsins acts as the counterion in retinochrome, a member of ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/97/26/14263?ijkey=12e36608261315b6b981247902d7b03211b40a52&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Here the conversion of glutamic acid (Glu) and aspartic acid (Asp) was investigated. It was observed that these two chemicall ... Amino acids are potential substrates to replace fossil feedstocks for the synthesis of nitriles via oxidative decarboxylation ... Here the conversion of glutamic acid (Glu) and aspartic acid (Asp) was investigated. It was observed that these two chemically ... Unusual differences in the reactivity of glutamic and aspartic acid in oxidative decarboxylation reactions A. But, E. van der ...

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/gc/c7gc02137b

L-glutamic acid bis(p-substituted phenylhydrazides) were synthesized and evaluated for anticancer activity in vitro in DU-145 ... L-glutamic amides, L-glutamic acid hydrazides, anticancer activity. L-Glutamic acid plays an important role in the biosynthesis ... L-glutamic acid bis(p-substituted phenylhydrazides) were synthesized by condensing L-glutamic acid with benzenesulfonyl ... the product isolated was the free acid (8). The free acid was then converted to the acid chloride using SOCl2 (Scheme 1). The ...

https://www.ijpsonline.com/articles/synthesis-and-evaluation-of-lglutamic-acid-analogs-as-potential-anticancer-agents.html?view=mobile

In this study, we show that mutation of the conserved glutamic acids within p6 increases the membrane association of Pr55 Gag ... Altogether, our data indicate that the glutamic acids within p6 contribute to the late steps of viral replication and may ... The replication capacity of the total glutamic acid mutant E0A was almost completely impaired, which was accompanied by ... Even though p6 consists of only 52 amino acids, it is encoded by one of the most polymorphic regions of the HIV-1 gag gene and ...

http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/8/4/117

Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody-Associated Ataxia as an Extrahepatic Autoimmune Manifestation of Hepatitis C ... Amer Awad, Olaf Stüve, Marlyn Mayo, Rafeed Alkawadri, and Bachir Estephan, "Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody- ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crinm/2011/975152/cta/

Baseline dietary glutamic acid intake is associated with a lower risk for developing colorectal cancer, particularly in people ... reduced risk for colorectal cancer by dietary glutamic acid (HR per percent increase in glutamic acid of protein, 0.58; 95% CI ... Glutamic acid is an amino acid that plays a key role in cellular metabolism and is a neurotransmitter involved in certain ... Dietary Glutamic Acid Intake Linked With Lower CRC Risk. Share this content: *facebook ...

http://www.oncologynurseadvisor.com/colorectal-cancer/dietary-glutamic-acid-intake-linked-with-lower-crc-risk/article/463342/

Acid - 450 mg; Glutamic (Glutamine) Acid Cream; Glutamic (Glutamine) Acid Powder; Glutamic (Glutamine) Acid - Salve Ointment ... Glutamic (Glutamine) Acid Cream. 2 oz $ 20.34 US ZIN Product Number: 513352. Size: 2 oz. Weight: 0.18 lbs (0.08 KG). Size ( ... Glutamic (Glutamine) Acid Powder. 1 oz $ 10.48 US ZIN Product Number: 513333. Size: 1 oz. Weight: 0.09 lbs (0.04 KG). Size ( ... Glutamic (Glutamine) Acid - Salve Ointment. 2 oz $ 23.97 US ZIN Product Number: 513353. Size: 2 oz. Weight: 0.18 lbs (0.08 KG) ...

http://www.zooscape.com/cgi-bin/maitred/GreenCanyon/questc100410

1996) Stimulus-dependent, reciprocal up- and down-regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase and CaM kinase II gene expression ... 1991b) Differential gene expression for glutamic acid decarboxylase and type II calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in ... 1992) Contrasting patterns in the localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase and Ca2+/calmodulin protein kinase gene ... Immunoreactivity, mRNA levels, and/or receptor binding for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), NMDA receptor and/or AMPA ...

http://www.jneurosci.org/content/17/6/2168

Trusted since 1969, we offer trusted quality and great value on Swanson Premium Glutamic Acid 500 mg 60 Veg Caps products. ... Shop the best Swanson Premium Glutamic Acid 500 mg 60 Veg Caps products at Swanson Health Products. ... glutamic acid is best known as a "brain food," thanks to the fundamental role it plays in learning and memory. Glutamic acid ... I probably would have never discovered Glutamic Acid had it not been for Swansons sending me their catalog! I take Glutamic ...

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The acid/base catalyst in the exoglucanase/xylanase from Cellulomonas fimi is glutamic acid 127: evidence from detailed kinetic ... and mutants at this position were constructed in which the glutamic acid is replaced by alanine or glycine. The following ... Glu127 was proposed as the acid/base catalyst on the basis of sequence alignments, ... depending upon their need for acid catalysis. The deglycosylation rate constant is decreased 200-fold by such substitution, due ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7910761/?dopt=Abstract

Self-Healing, Self-Assembled β‑Sheet Peptide-Poly(γ-glutamic acid) Hybrid Hydrogels. 2017-05-19T18:36:53Z (GMT) by David E. ... We synthesized hybrid hydrogels consisting of a poly-(γ-glutamic acid) polymer network physically cross-linked via grafted self ...

https://figshare.com/articles/Self-Healing_Self-Assembled_Sheet_Peptide_Poly_-glutamic_acid_Hybrid_Hydrogels/5026586

This page contains information on the chemical L-Glutamic acid, N-(4-(((2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-, sodium ... L-Glutamic acid, N-(4-(((2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl) methyl) amino) benzoyl)-, sodium salt. Identifications. *CAS Number: 31823- ... L-Glutamic acid, N-(4-(((2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl) methyl) amino) benzoyl)-, sodium salt Related Resources. *USDOT Hazardous ... Chemical Database - L-Glutamic acid, N-(4-(((2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-, sodium salt. ...

https://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/chemicals/cn/L-Glutamic%A0acid%2C%A0N-%284-%28%28%282%2C4-diamino-6-pteridinyl%29methyl%29amino%29benzoyl%29-%2C%A0sodium%A0salt.html

Find out information about Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody. protein produced by the immune system in response to the ... presence in the body of antigens: foreign proteins or polysaccharides such as bacteria, bacterial... Explanation of Glutamic ... Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody , Article about Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody by The Free Dictionary https:// ... redirected from Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody). Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Acronyms.. Related to ...

https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Glutamic+Acid+Decarboxylase+Antibody

Albumin, Bovine, Fraction V, 35% soln., Reagent Grade, Fatty Acid Free, no preservative ...

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Precautionary Statements: P261-P280a-P305+P351+P338-P304+P340-P405-P501a Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. Wear protective gloves and eye/face protection. IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. IF INHALED: Remove to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Store locked up. Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations. ...

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From NCIt: One of twenty amino acids (molecules that join together to form proteins). (nih.gov)

Like aspartic acid , glutamic acid has an acidic carboxyl group on its side chain which can serve as both an acceptor and a donor of ammonia, a compound toxic to the body. (encyclopedia.com)
Our results showed that the counterion is the glutamic acid at position 181, at which almost all the pigments in the rhodopsin family, including vertebrate and invertebrate rhodopsins, have a glutamic or aspartic acid. (pnas.org)
Here the conversion of glutamic acid (Glu) and aspartic acid (Asp) was investigated. (rsc.org)
Because it has a carboxylic acid moiety (functional group) on the side chain, glutamic acid is one of only two amino acids (the other being aspartic acid) that has a net negative charge at physiological pH. (newrootsherbal.com)
It has been shown previously that electron capture dissociation (ECD) can be used to generate diagnostic ions for the deamidation products of Asn: aspartic acid (Asp) and isoaspartic acid (isoAsp). (warwick.ac.uk)
Along with aspartic acid, glutamic acid is the only other amino acid that is negatively charged. (fitnesshealth101.com)

Cottage cheese and ricotta cheese are especially rich in glutamic acid. (planetayurveda.com)
Chinese cabbage, mushrooms, tofu and soy sauce are also rich in glutamic acid. (highbloodpressuremed.com)

Although most individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) have autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), antibodies to GAD are also present in some individuals with a low risk of developing diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in patients with. (mysciencework.com)
Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in patients with epilepsy and their relationship with type 1 diabetes: a pilot study. (mysciencework.com)

Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody assay using 1251-labelled recombinant GAD65 produced in yeast. (thefreedictionary.com)
cDNAs coding for the full-length human 65 and 67 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylases (GAD65 and GAD67) were amplified from pancreas and hippocampus cDNA libraries by polymerase chain reaction, respectively. (uni-muenchen.de)
Objective: A large, population-based case-control cohort was used to test the hypothesis that glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD65) and islet antigen-2 autoantibodies (IA-2A) at birth predict type 1 diabetes. (lu.se)
In the case of type 1 diabetes, T cell and B cell reactivity to the autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) is associated with disease development in humans and in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. (ox.ac.uk)

Here we determine the temporal sequence of T-cell and antibody responses in NOD mice to a panel of five murine beta-cell antigens and find that antibody and T-cell responses specific for the two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are first detected in 4-week-old NOD mice. (nih.gov)
The antibody recognizes glutamic acid decarboxylase, an intracellular enzyme. (thefreedictionary.com)
For affinity purification with an anti-rhodopsin antibody, the amino acid sequence of monoclonal antibody Rho1D4 epitope (ETSQVAPA) is introduced to the C terminus of retinochrome. (pnas.org)
In addition, antiglutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody-associated cerebellar ataxia is well-established entity. (hindawi.com)
We report the case of a young woman with chronic hepatitis C virus and multiple extrahepatic autoimmune diseases including Sjögren syndrome and pernicious anemia who presented with subacute midline cerebellar syndrome and was found to have positive antiglutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. (hindawi.com)
An extensive diagnostic workup to rule out neoplastic growths was negative, suggesting the diagnosis of nonparaneoplastic antiglutamic acid decarboxylase antibody-associated cerebellar ataxia as an additional extrahepatic manifestation of hepatitis C virus infection. (hindawi.com)
To our knowledge, there have been no previous reports of antiglutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody-associated cerebellar ataxia as an extrahepatic manifestation of chronic HCV infection. (hindawi.com)
The antibody molecule is composed of four polypeptide chains (see peptide peptide, organic compound composed of amino acids linked together chemically by peptide bonds. (thefreedictionary.com)
If either Insulin Antibody or Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody is negative, then IA-2 Antibody will be added. (aruplab.com)

Naturally processed T cell epitopes from human glutamic acid decarboxylase identified using mice transgenic for the type 1 diabetes-associated human MHC class II allele, DRB1*0401. (ox.ac.uk)

Feed your mind to support cognitive health and memory with the amino acid nutrition of Swanson Premium Glutamic Acid. (swansonvitamins.com)

Glutamic acid and derivatives are compounds containing glutamic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. (hmdb.ca)
Glu127 was proposed as the acid/base catalyst on the basis of sequence alignments, and mutants at this position were constructed in which the glutamic acid is replaced by alanine or glycine. (nih.gov)
The amino acids, glutamic acid and proline, as well as glycine betaine were resolved in less than 10 minutes. (sielc.com)

Reduce Blood Pressure with Vegetables High in Glutamic Acid, Hypertensive patients are advised to increase their servings of vegetables to 5 per day. (highbloodpressuremed.com)
These vegetables should be high in glutamic acid. (highbloodpressuremed.com)
Foods that are high in glutamic acid are called 'Umami', and are considered the 'fifth taste', after sweet, sour, salty and bitter. (highbloodpressuremed.com)
Hypertensive patients are advised to eat vegetables high in glutamic acid. (highbloodpressuremed.com)

Yeast manufacturer Yeastock has introduced a yeast extract in Europe with a high level of free glutamic acid, for enhancing tomato, capsaicin or dairy flavours, among other potential applications. (foodnavigator.com)
It describes the kinetics of influx of glycylsarcosine and of l-glutamyl-l-glutamic acid into rings of everted hamster jejunum in vitro , incubations being carried out at pH 5 in order to minimize brush-border and intra-medium hydrolysis of l-glutamyl-l-glutamic acid, so that peptide transport rather than a mixture of peptide transport and transport of free glutamic acid was studied. (portlandpress.com)

Enhanced production of poly (gamma-glutamic acid) from Bacillus licheniformis NCIM 2324 in solid state fermentation. (springer.com)
Goto A, Kunioka M. Biosynthesis and hydrolysis of poly(gamma-glutamic acid) from Bacillus subtilis IF03335. (springer.com)
Synthesis of peptide ribonucleic acid consisting of D- and L-gamma-glutamic acid as a backbone structure. (biomedsearch.com)
Difference between D-PRNA and L-PRNA oligomers was elucidated on the basis of the effects of chirality of gamma-glutamic acid backbone upon structure elucidated by CD spectra. (biomedsearch.com)

The carboxylate anions and salts of glutamic acid are known as glutamates . (wikidoc.org)
The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provides a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of glutamic acid-glutamates (E 620-625) when used as food additives. (europa.eu)
The Panel considered that glutamic acid-glutamates (E 620-625) did not raise concern with regards to genotoxicity. (europa.eu)
The Panel noted that the exposure to glutamic acid and glutamates (E 620-625) exceeded not only the proposed ADI, but also doses associated with adverse effects in humans for some population groups. (europa.eu)

A novel nucleic acid model using peptide ribonucleic acid (PRNA), which contains 5-amino-5-deoxyribonucleoside as a recognition site for nucleic acids and consists D-glutamic acid (D-PRNA) instead of L-glutamic acid (L-PRNA) as a backbone structure, has been designed and synthesized. (biomedsearch.com)
The peptide bond always involves a single covalent link between the α-carboxyl (oxygen-bearing carbon) of one amino acid and the amino nitrogen of a second amino acid. (thefreedictionary.com)
This showed that only the first glutamic acid residue in the peptide substrate was carboxylated. (biochemj.org)
Blocking peptide for Glutamic acid decarboxylase mAb (11) (Prod. (vwr.com)
Pioneered by Robert Bruce Merrifield, SPPS allows the rapid assembly of a peptide chain through successive reactions of amino acid derivatives on an insoluble porous support. (wikipedia.org)
Each amino acid to be coupled to the peptide chain N-terminus must be protected on its N-terminus and side chain using appropriate protecting groups such as Boc (acid-labile) or Fmoc (base-labile), depending on the side chain and the protection strategy used (see below). (wikipedia.org)
At the end of the synthesis, the crude peptide is cleaved from the solid support while simultaneously removing all protecting groups using a reagent strong acids like trifluoroacetic acid or a nucleophile. (wikipedia.org)
The minimization of amino acid racemization during coupling is also of vital importance to avoid epimerization in the final peptide product. (wikipedia.org)

The report generally describes n-tert-butoxycarbonyl-l-glutamic acid 5-benzyl ester, examines its uses, production methods, patents. (marketpublishers.com)
Furthermore, n-tert-butoxycarbonyl-l-glutamic acid 5-benzyl ester prices in regional markets can be found in the report with regards to countries and companies. (marketpublishers.com)
The report also focuses on n-tert-butoxycarbonyl-l-glutamic acid 5-benzyl ester consumers by providing data on companies that use it. (marketpublishers.com)
N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid 5-benzyl ester (CAS 13574-13-5) Market Research Report 2018 contents were prepared and placed on the website in February, 2018. (marketpublishers.com)
Please note that N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid 5-benzyl ester (CAS 13574-13-5) Market Research Report 2018 is a half ready publication and contents are subject to change. (marketpublishers.com)

In cheongguk-jang, bacilli are dominant bacteria and produce highly viscous poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), which improves human health functions. (springer.com)
Enhanced production of poly (γ-glutamic acid) from Bacillus licheniformis NCIM 2324 by using metabolic precursors. (springer.com)
Influences of culture medium components on the production poly (γ-glutamic acid) by Bacillus subtilis GS-2 isolated Chungkookjang. (springer.com)
Davaatseren M, Hwang JT, Ho Park J, Kim MS, Wang S, Sung M. Poly-γ-glutamic acid attenuates angiogenesis and inflammation in experimental colitis. (springer.com)
Feng J, Shi Q, Zhou G, Wang L, Chen A, Xie X, Huang X, Hu W. Improved production of poly-γ-glutamic acid with low molecular weight under high ferric ion concentration stress in Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945a. (springer.com)
Here we demonstrate that S. epidermidis secretes poly-γ-DL-glutamic acid (PGA) to facilitate growth and survival in the human host. (jci.org)
Gamma-poly-glutamic acid (gamma-PGA) is a natural occurring, multi-functional, and biodegradable biopolymer. (alibaba.com)
Layer-by-Layer Assembled Multilayer Films of Methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(α,L-glutamic acid) and Chitosan with Reduced Cell Adhesion. (biomedsearch.com)
A methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(α,L-glutamic acid) (mPEGGA) diblock copolymer is synthesized. (biomedsearch.com)
SW1-2 producing poly glutamic acid (PGA), locally isolated from Eastern province in Saudi Arabia, was characterized and identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. (ajol.info)
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a naturally occurring biopolymer made up of repeating units of glutamic acid and can be potentially used for multiple applications. (openrepository.com)

Cheng C, Asada Y, Aida T. Production of γ-polyglutamic acid by Bacillus licheniformis A35 under denitrifying conditions. (springer.com)
It is produced through fermentation by Bacillus subtilis using glutamic acid. (alibaba.com)

a crystalline amino acid, C 5 H 9 NO 4 , obtained by hydrolysis from wheat gluten and sugar-beet residues, used commercially as a flavor intensifier. (thefreedictionary.com)
MSG was discovered by Japanese researcher Kikunae Ikeda in 1908 by creating a crystalline extract of glutamic acid from seaweed. (chefryancallahan.com)

At lower pH, carboxylic acid groups of amino acids are not ionized, making them more hydrophobic and basic. (sielc.com)

In this study, we demonstrate that levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibodies (GAAs) by radioassay differ between relatives with GAD-absorbable and GAD-nonabsorbable islet cell antibodies (ICAs). (diabetesjournals.org)

In prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes, N-acetylglutamic acid can be produced by N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS) or ornithine acetyltransferase (OAT). (wikipedia.org)

Though the dosage of glutamic acid can be altered by keeping the toxicity levels in the mind. (planetayurveda.com)
No known toxicity associated with glutamic acid, however those with kidney or liver disease should consult their doctor before supplementing with this amino acid. (fitnesshealth101.com)

The HPLC separation uses a TFA (trifluoroacetic acid) gradient in a mobile phase of water acetonitrile (MeCN, ACN with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD). (sielc.com)

Glutamic acid may be used to treat low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) in people with diabetes. (lifebridgehealth.org)
Another "brain food" amino acid that helps in the treatment of epilepsy , mental retardation, muscular dystrophy, ulcers , hypoglycemia , diabetes and personality disorders. (digitalnaturopath.com)
Cytotoxic T cells specific for glutamic acid decarboxylase in autoimmune diabetes. (rupress.org)

Even though p6 consists of only 52 amino acids, it is encoded by one of the most polymorphic regions of the HIV-1 gag gene and undergoes various posttranslational modifications including sumoylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation. (mdpi.com)
PGA is consists of glutamic acid monomers crosslinked between α-amino and γ-carboxyl groups, and the molecular weight of PGA is usually between 100~1000 kDa. (alibaba.com)
The homopolymer consists mainly of glutamic as indicated in the analysis of amino acid. (ajol.info)

In children, taking single amino acid supplements may also cause growth problems. (lifebridgehealth.org)
Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding shouldn't use glutamic acid supplements. (lifebridgehealth.org)
People with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) or cystinuria shouldn't use glutamic acid supplements. (lifebridgehealth.org)
People who have the liver or kidney problems must consult with their doctors before taking any glutamic acid supplements. (planetayurveda.com)
Method can be used for analysis of underivatized amino acids in various matrices including supplements, vitamin and other complex mixtures. (sielc.com)

Molecular model of the non-essential amino acid glutamic acid (C5.H9.N.O4). (sciencephoto.com)
A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. (umassmed.edu)
Notes: Glutamic Acid is a non-essential amino acid that is produced internally within the body. (fitnesshealth101.com)

It is inhibited by N-acetylglutamic acid and its analogues (other N-acetylated compounds). (wikipedia.org)

Vibrational spectroscopy of mass-selected gas-phase amino acids and their clusters can precisely reveal their conformation and might ultimately help to decode the interactions responsible for chirality recognition. (rsc.org)
Metal Ion-induced Chirality and Morphology Control of Self-assembling Organogels from L-Glutamic Acid-derived Lipids. (nii.ac.jp)

l-glutamic acid, 9-methylpteroyl- manufacturers and suppliers with contacts and product range are mentioned in the study. (marketpublishers.com)

Salt of N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid and. (europa.eu)
On characterization, it was observed that γ-PGA with different properties (crystallinity, acid/salt form and molecular weights ranging from 3,000 Da to 871,000 Da) was produced. (openrepository.com)
MSG is the sodium salt of glutamic acid. (chefryancallahan.com)

It uses a double-displacement mechanism involving a glycosyl-enzyme intermediate which is formed and hydrolyzed with general acid/base catalytic assistance. (nih.gov)
N-Acetylglutamate synthase is an enzyme that serves as a replenisher of N-acetylglutamic acid to supplement any N-acetylglutamic acid lost by the cell through mitosis or degradation. (wikipedia.org)
This suggests that N-acetylglutamic acid is produced by another enzyme in the brain that is yet to be determined. (wikipedia.org)
In vertebrae and mammals, N-acetylglutamic acid is the allosteric activator molecule to mitochondrial carbamyl phosphate synthetase I (CPSI) which is the first enzyme in the urea cycle. (wikipedia.org)

Squid retinochrome has an amino acid sequence ≈20% identical to those of vertebrate and invertebrate rhodopsins ( 7 ), and its absorption maximum (495 nm) is similar to the maxima of rhodopsins. (pnas.org)

A nonessential amino acid. (thefreedictionary.com)

The brain also contains N-acetylglutamic acid at trace amounts, however no expression of NAGS is found. (wikipedia.org)

Glutamic acid is the most common neurotransmitter which is found in the brain and spinal cord. (planetayurveda.com)
Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (umassmed.edu)

Here we show that tumor cell retention of a system xc--specific positron emission tomography radiotracer, (S)-4-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-L-glutamic acid ([18F]FSPG), decreases in proportion to levels of oxidative stress following treatment with a range of redox-active compounds. (aacrjournals.org)
To evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of L-glutamic acid (Glu) coated Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles (hereafter refer as [email protected] ) on Chinese Hamster Lung (CHL) cells using Trypan blue dye exclusion assay, Oxidative stress markers, Comet assay and micronucleus (MN) assay. (ingentaconnect.com)

Method is validated for quantitation of underivatized amino acids in complex mixtures. (sielc.com)

Certain eels are known to use D-glutamic acid as a phermone for chemical communication. (hmdb.ca)

Anatomy15

Organisms19

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs125

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment33

Phenomena and Processes53

Disciplines and Occupations4

Information Science4

Health Care2

Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S is a biglutamic acid ADP-ribosyltransferase. (1/9130)

Biochemical and electrophysiological studies on the mechanism of action of PNU-151774E, a novel antiepileptic compound. (2/9130)

Role of folylpolyglutamate synthetase and folylpolyglutamate hydrolase in methotrexate accumulation and polyglutamylation in childhood leukemia. (3/9130)

Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors modulates the voltage-gated sustained calcium current in a teleost horizontal cell. (4/9130)

Antagonist activity of alpha-substituted 4-carboxyphenylglycine analogues at group I metabotropic glutamate receptors expressed in CHO cells. (5/9130)

CPCCOEt, a noncompetitive metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonist, inhibits receptor signaling without affecting glutamate binding. (6/9130)

Conformation-dependent inhibition of gastric H+,K+-ATPase by SCH 28080 demonstrated by mutagenesis of glutamic acid 820. (7/9130)

Glutamate-, kainate- and NMDA-evoked membrane currents in identified glial cells in rat spinal cord slice. (8/9130)

Glutamic Acid

Glutamate Decarboxylase

Glutamates

Amino Acids

Amino Acid Sequence

Molecular Sequence Data

Aspartic Acid

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

Stiff-Person Syndrome

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1

Glutamine

Chromatography, Paper

Polyglutamic Acid

Autoantibodies

Binding Sites

Mutation

Base Sequence

Alanine

Lysine

Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8

Kinetics

Amino Acid Substitution

Structure-Activity Relationship

Proline

Peptide Fragments

Isoenzymes

Escherichia coli

Vitamin K

Peptides

Recombinant Proteins

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Models, Molecular

Glycine

Molecular Weight

Carbohydrates

Autoantigens

Protein Conformation

Carbon-Carbon Ligases

Chemistry

Cloning, Molecular

Chemical Phenomena

Pimelic Acids

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Substrate Specificity

Protein Binding

1-Carboxyglutamic Acid

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Glutaminase

Serine

RNA, Transfer, Glu

Histidine

Mice, Inbred NOD

Dystonia Musculorum Deformans

Point Mutation

Hexosamines

Actinomycetales

Arginine

Cattle

Threonine

Glutamate-tRNA Ligase

Carbon Isotopes

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Chromatography, Gel

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Cell Line

Cell Wall

Neurons

Aspartate Aminotransferases

Islets of Langerhans

Trypsin

Protein Structure, Secondary

Parvalbumins

Insulin Antibodies

Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid

Bacillus

Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins

Chromatography, Ion Exchange

Catalysis

Aminobutyrates