AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Glutamic AcidGlutamate DecarboxylaseGlutamatesAmino AcidsAmino Acid SequenceMolecular Sequence DataAspartic Acidgamma-Aminobutyric AcidStiff-Person SyndromeMutagenesis, Site-DirectedDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1GlutamineChromatography, PaperPolyglutamic AcidAutoantibodiesBinding SitesMutationBase SequenceAlanineLysineReceptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8KineticsAmino Acid SubstitutionStructure-Activity RelationshipProlinePeptide FragmentsIsoenzymesEscherichia coliVitamin KPeptidesRecombinant ProteinsHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationModels, MolecularGlycineMolecular WeightCarbohydratesAutoantigensProtein ConformationCarbon-Carbon LigasesChemistryCloning, MolecularChemical PhenomenaPimelic AcidsSequence Homology, Amino AcidSubstrate SpecificityProtein Binding1-Carboxyglutamic AcidElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelGlutaminaseSerineRNA, Transfer, GluHistidineMice, Inbred NODDystonia Musculorum DeformansPoint MutationHexosaminesActinomycetalesArginineCattleThreonineGlutamate-tRNA LigaseCarbon IsotopesProtein Structure, TertiaryChromatography, GelChromatography, High Pressure LiquidCell LineCell WallNeuronsAspartate AminotransferasesIslets of LangerhansTrypsinProtein Structure, SecondaryParvalbuminsInsulin AntibodiesPyrrolidonecarboxylic AcidBacillusVesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport ProteinsChromatography, Ion ExchangeCatalysisAminobutyratesPeptidoglycanOrnithine4-Aminobutyrate TransaminaseDNAOligopeptidesSequence AlignmentChromatographyBacterial ProteinsBerylliosisPhosphorylationEpitopesImmunochemistryElectrophoresisHydrolysisCarboxylic AcidsCo-Repressor ProteinsGlutamate-Ammonia LigaseCircular DichroismAmino SugarsTransfection
Glutamic Acid
A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Glutamate Decarboxylase
A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.
Glutamates
Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.
Amino Acids
Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.
Amino Acid Sequence
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Aspartic Acid
One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Stiff-Person Syndrome
A condition characterized by persistent spasms (SPASM) involving multiple muscles, primarily in the lower limbs and trunk. The illness tends to occur in the fourth to sixth decade of life, presenting with intermittent spasms that become continuous. Minor sensory stimuli, such as noise and light touch, precipitate severe spasms. Spasms do not occur during sleep and only rarely involve cranial muscles. Respiration may become impaired in advanced cases. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1492; Neurology 1998 Jul;51(1):85-93)
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.
Glutamine
A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.
Chromatography, Paper
An analytical technique for resolution of a chemical mixture into its component compounds. Compounds are separated on an adsorbent paper (stationary phase) by their varied degree of solubility/mobility in the eluting solvent (mobile phase).
Polyglutamic Acid
A peptide that is a homopolymer of glutamic acid.
Autoantibodies
Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.
Binding Sites
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
Mutation
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Base Sequence
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Alanine
A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Lysine
An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.
Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8
A subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain an extracellular RDGS-adhesion recognition motif and a single cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphate domain.
Kinetics
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Amino Acid Substitution
The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.
Structure-Activity Relationship
The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.
Proline
A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.
Peptide Fragments
Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.
Isoenzymes
Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Vitamin K
A lipid cofactor that is required for normal blood clotting. Several forms of vitamin K have been identified: VITAMIN K 1 (phytomenadione) derived from plants, VITAMIN K 2 (menaquinone) from bacteria, and synthetic naphthoquinone provitamins, VITAMIN K 3 (menadione). Vitamin K 3 provitamins, after being alkylated in vivo, exhibit the antifibrinolytic activity of vitamin K. Green leafy vegetables, liver, cheese, butter, and egg yolk are good sources of vitamin K.
Peptides
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
Recombinant Proteins
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Models, Molecular
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
Glycine
A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Molecular Weight
The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.
Carbohydrates
The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.
Autoantigens
Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Carbon-Carbon Ligases
Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-carbon bond. These are the carboxylating enzymes and are mostly biotinyl-proteins. EC 6.4.
Chemistry
A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.
Cloning, Molecular
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
Chemical Phenomena
The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.
Pimelic Acids
A group of compounds that are derivatives of heptanedioic acid with the general formula R-C7H11O4.
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
Substrate Specificity
A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.
Protein Binding
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
1-Carboxyglutamic Acid
Found in various tissues, particularly in four blood-clotting proteins including prothrombin, in kidney protein, in bone protein, and in the protein present in various ectopic calcifications.
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.
Glutaminase
Serine
A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.
RNA, Transfer, Glu
A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying glutamic acid to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
Histidine
An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.
Mice, Inbred NOD
A strain of non-obese diabetic mice developed in Japan that has been widely studied as a model for T-cell-dependent autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in which insulitis is a major histopathologic feature, and in which genetic susceptibility is strongly MHC-linked.
Dystonia Musculorum Deformans
A condition characterized by focal DYSTONIA that progresses to involuntary spasmodic contractions of the muscles of the legs, trunk, arms, and face. The hands are often spared, however, sustained axial and limb contractions may lead to a state where the body is grossly contorted. Onset is usually in the first or second decade. Familial patterns of inheritance, primarily autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance, have been identified. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1078)
Point Mutation
A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.
Hexosamines
Actinomycetales
An order of gram-positive, primarily aerobic BACTERIA that tend to form branching filaments.
Arginine
An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.
Cattle
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
Threonine
An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.
Glutamate-tRNA Ligase
An enzyme that activates glutamic acid with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.17.
Carbon Isotopes
Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Chromatography, Gel
Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.
Cell Line
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Cell Wall
The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.
Neurons
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Aspartate Aminotransferases
Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.
Islets of Langerhans
Irregular microscopic structures consisting of cords of endocrine cells that are scattered throughout the PANCREAS among the exocrine acini. Each islet is surrounded by connective tissue fibers and penetrated by a network of capillaries. There are four major cell types. The most abundant beta cells (50-80%) secrete INSULIN. Alpha cells (5-20%) secrete GLUCAGON. PP cells (10-35%) secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE. Delta cells (~5%) secrete SOMATOSTATIN.
Trypsin
A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.
Protein Structure, Secondary
The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.
Parvalbumins
Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. Their physiological function is possibly related to the contractile process.
Insulin Antibodies
Antibodies specific to INSULIN.
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid
A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.
Bacillus
A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.
Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins
A family of vesicular neurotransmitter transporter proteins that sequester the inhibitory neurotransmitters GLYCINE; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; and possibly GAMMA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE into SECRETORY VESICLES.
Chromatography, Ion Exchange
Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.
Catalysis
The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.
Aminobutyrates
Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the aliphatic structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobutryrate structure.
Peptidoglycan
Ornithine
An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.
4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase
An enzyme that converts brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID) into succinate semialdehyde, which can be converted to succinic acid and enter the citric acid cycle. It also acts on beta-alanine. EC 2.6.1.19.
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Oligopeptides
Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Chromatography
Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.
Bacterial Proteins
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Berylliosis
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhaled rare metal BERYLLIUM or its soluble salts which are used in a wide variety of industry including alloys, ceramics, radiographic equipment, and vacuum tubes. Berylliosis is characterized by an acute inflammatory reaction in the upper airway leading to BRONCHIOLITIS; PULMONARY EDEMA; and pneumonia.
Phosphorylation
The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.
Epitopes
Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.
Immunochemistry
Field of chemistry that pertains to immunological phenomena and the study of chemical reactions related to antigen stimulation of tissues. It includes physicochemical interactions between antigens and antibodies.
Electrophoresis
An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current.
Hydrolysis
The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.
Carboxylic Acids
Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.
Co-Repressor Proteins
A subclass of repressor proteins that do not directly bind DNA. Instead, co-repressors generally act via their interaction with DNA-BINDING PROTEINS such as a TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING FACTORS or NUCLEAR RECEPTORS.
Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP, L-glutamate, and NH3 to ADP, orthophosphate, and L-glutamine. It also acts more slowly on 4-methylene-L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 6.3.1.2.
Circular Dichroism
A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Amino Sugars
SUGARS containing an amino group. GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES.
Transfection
The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
A family of plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporter proteins that regulates extracellular levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. They differ from GABA RECEPTORS, which signal cellular responses to GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. They control GABA reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through high-affinity sodium-dependent transport.
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)
Enzyme Stability
The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.
Valine
A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.
Glutamate Dehydrogenase
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and NH3 in the presence of NAD+. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.2.
Diaminopimelic Acid
Mass Spectrometry
An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.
Conserved Sequence
A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.
Carboxy-Lyases
Enzymes that catalyze the addition of a carboxyl group to a compound (carboxylases) or the removal of a carboxyl group from a compound (decarboxylases). EC 4.1.1.
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.
Receptors, GABA
Cell-surface proteins that bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.
HLA-DQ Antigens
A group of the D-related HLA antigens found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.
Plasmids
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
HLA-DRB4 Chains
A subtype of HLA-DRB beta chains that is associated with the HLA-DR53 serological subtype.
Ammonia
A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.
Aconitum
A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE. Members contain a number of diterpenoid alkaloids including: aconitans, hypaconitine, ACONITINE, jesaconitine, ignavine, napelline, and mesaconitine. The common name of Wolfbane is similar to the common name for ARNICA.
COS Cells
CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)
Vitamin K 2
A group of substances similar to VITAMIN K 1 which contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinione and an isoprenoid side chain of varying number of isoprene units. In vitamin K 2, each isoprene unit contains a double bond. They are produced by bacteria including the normal intestinal flora.
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Paraneoplastic Polyneuropathy
A diffuse or multifocal peripheral neuropathy related to the remote effects of a neoplasm, most often carcinoma or lymphoma. Pathologically, there are inflammatory changes in peripheral nerves. The most common clinical presentation is a symmetric distal mixed sensorimotor polyneuropathy. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1334)
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Phenotype
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Radioimmunosorbent Test
Radioimmunoassay of proteins using antibody coupled to an immunosorbent.
Autoimmunity
Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
Citrobacter
A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped enterobacteria that can use citrate as the sole source of carbon.
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Stereoisomerism
The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
Fermentation
Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.
Membrane Proteins
Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.
Beryllium
Beryllium. An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Interneurons
Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).
DNA Primers
Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.
DNA Mutational Analysis
Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.
Serine Endopeptidases
Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2
A vesicular glutamate transporter protein that is predominately expressed in the DIENCEPHALON and lower brainstem regions of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Nitrogen
An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.
Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose
A type of ion exchange chromatography using diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-CELLULOSE) as a positively charged resin. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Nerve Tissue Proteins
Endopeptidases
A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.
Liver
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
Protons
Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.
DNA, Bacterial
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
Sequence Analysis, DNA
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Mutagenesis
Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.
Macromolecular Substances
Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.
Cells, Cultured
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Choline O-Acetyltransferase
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.
Mutation, Missense
A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)
Hydrogen Bonding
A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.
Catalytic Domain
The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.
Phylogeny
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune
Autoimmune diseases affecting multiple endocrine organs. Type I is characterized by childhood onset and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, CHRONIC MUCOCUTANEOUS), while type II exhibits any combination of adrenal insufficiency (ADDISON'S DISEASE), lymphocytic thyroiditis (THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE;), HYPOPARATHYROIDISM; and gonadal failure. In both types organ-specific ANTIBODIES against a variety of ENDOCRINE GLANDS have been detected. The type II syndrome differs from type I in that it is associated with HLA-A1 and B8 haplotypes, onset is usually in adulthood, and candidiasis is not present.
Carrier Proteins
Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.
Limbic Encephalitis
A paraneoplastic syndrome marked by degeneration of neurons in the LIMBIC SYSTEM. Clinical features include HALLUCINATIONS, loss of EPISODIC MEMORY; ANOSMIA; AGEUSIA; TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY; DEMENTIA; and affective disturbance (depression). Circulating anti-neuronal antibodies (e.g., anti-Hu; anti-Yo; anti-Ri; and anti-Ma2) and small cell lung carcinomas or testicular carcinoma are frequently associated with this syndrome.
Prothrombin
A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia.
Receptors, GABA-A
Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.
Asparagine
A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)
Micromonosporaceae
A family of gram-positive, saprophytic bacteria occurring in soil and aquatic environments.
HLA-DP beta-Chains
Transmembrane proteins that form the beta subunits of the HLA-DP antigens.
GABAergic Neurons
Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID.
Cysteic Acid
Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather.
Alleles
Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.
Transaminases
A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.
Corynebacterium
A genus of asporogenous bacteria that is widely distributed in nature. Its organisms appear as straight to slightly curved rods and are known to be human and animal parasites and pathogens.
Rabbits
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Glutamate Synthase
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of 2 molecules of glutamate from glutamine plus alpha-ketoglutarate in the presence of NADPH. EC 1.4.1.13.
Crystallography, X-Ray
The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Temperature
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
Models, Chemical
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Amino Acid Motifs
Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.
Gene Expression
The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.
Succinates
Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.
Receptors, Ionotropic Glutamate
A class of ligand-gated ion channel receptors that have specificity for GLUTAMATE. They are distinct from METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS which act through a G-protein-coupled mechanism.
Methionine
A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.
Base Composition
The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
DNA, Ribosomal
DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1
A subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that includes two distinctive targeting motifs; an N-terminal motif specific for the INSULIN RECEPTOR, and a C-terminal motif specific for the SH3 domain containing proteins. This subtype includes a hydrophobic domain which localizes it to the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.
Immunohistochemistry
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Codon
A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).
HLA-DR Antigens
A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.
Pteroylpolyglutamic Acids
Derivatives of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid). In gamma-glutamyl linkage they are found in many tissues. They are converted to folic acid by the action of pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase or synthesized from folic acid by the action of folate polyglutamate synthetase. Synthetic pteroylpolyglutamic acids, which are in alpha-glutamyl linkage, are active in bacterial growth assays.
Fluoroimmunoassay
The use of fluorescence spectrometry to obtain quantitative results for the FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE. One advantage over the other methods (e.g., radioimmunoassay) is its extreme sensitivity, with a detection limit on the order of tenths of microgram/liter.
Ketoglutaric Acids
A family of compounds containing an oxo group with the general structure of 1,5-pentanedioic acid. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p442)
Genes
A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.
Swine
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Biotin
A water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.
Alicyclobacillus
A genus of GRAM-POSITIVE ENDOSPORE-FORMING RODS, in the family Alicyclobacillaceae, containing a unique lipid in their membranes.
Dimerization
The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.
Blotting, Western
Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)
Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases
A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.
Tryptophan Synthase
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-serine and 1-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate to L-tryptophan and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. It is a pyridoxal phosphate protein that also catalyzes the conversion of serine and indole into tryptophan and water and of indoleglycerol phosphate into indole and glyceraldehyde phosphate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.2.1.20.
Leucine
An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.
Peptide Hydrolases
Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S is a biglutamic acid ADP-ribosyltransferase. (1/9130)

Kinetic analysis of two mutations within Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S (ExoS) showed that a E379D mutation inhibited expression of ADP-ribosyltransferase activity but had little effect on the expression of NAD glycohydrolase activity while a E381D mutation inhibited expression of both activities. These data identify ExoS as a biglutamic acid ADP-ribosyltransferase, where E381 is the catalytic residue and E379 contributes to the transfer of ADP-ribose to the target protein.  (+info)

Biochemical and electrophysiological studies on the mechanism of action of PNU-151774E, a novel antiepileptic compound. (2/9130)

PNU-151774E [(S)-(+)-2-(4-(3-fluorobenzyloxy)benzylamino)propanamide methanesulfonate], a new anticonvulsant that displays a wide therapeutic window, has a potency comparable or superior to that of most classic anticonvulsants. PNU-151774E is chemically unrelated to current antiepileptics. In animal seizure models it possesses a broad spectrum of action. In the present study, the action mechanism of PNU-151774E has been investigated using electrophysiological and biochemical assays. Binding studies performed with rat brain membranes show that PNU-151774E has high affinity for binding site 2 of the sodium channel receptor, which is greater than that of phenytoin or lamotrigine (IC50, 8 microM versus 47 and 185 microM, respectively). PNU-151774E reduces sustained repetitive firing in a use-dependent manner without modifying the first action potential in hippocampal cultured neurons. In the same preparation PNU-151774E inhibits tetrodotoxin-sensitive fast sodium currents and high voltage-activated calcium currents under voltage-clamp conditions. These electrophysiological activities of PNU-151774E correlate with its ability to inhibit veratrine and KCl-induced glutamate release in rat hippocampal slices (IC50, 56.4 and 185.5 microM, respectively) and calcium inward currents in mouse cortical neurons. On the other hand, PNU-151774E does not affect whole-cell gamma-aminobutryic acid- and glutamate-induced currents in cultured mouse cortical neurons. These results suggest that PNU-151774E exerts its anticonvulsant activity, at least in part, through inhibition of sodium and calcium channels, stabilizing neuronal membrane excitability and inhibiting transmitter release. The possible relevance of these pharmacological properties to its antiepileptic potential is discussed.  (+info)

Role of folylpolyglutamate synthetase and folylpolyglutamate hydrolase in methotrexate accumulation and polyglutamylation in childhood leukemia. (3/9130)

Inefficient polyglutamylation is a mechanism of resistance to methotrexate (MTX) in childhood T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in comparison with childhood c/preB-ALL. We analyzed the profile of MTX polyglutamylation in childhood c/preB-ALL, T-ALL, and AML (n = 45, 15, and 14, respectively), the activity of the MTX-polyglutamate synthesizing enzyme folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) (n = 39, 11, and 19, respectively) and of the MTX-polyglutamate breakdown enzyme folylpolyglutamate hydrolase (FPGH) (n = 98, 25, and 34, respectively). MTX-Glu4-6 accumulation after 24 hours exposure to 1 micromol/L [3H]-MTX in vitro was lower in T-ALL (threefold) and AML (fourfold) compared with c/preB-ALL (P +info)

Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors modulates the voltage-gated sustained calcium current in a teleost horizontal cell. (4/9130)

In the teleost retina, cone horizontal cells contain a voltage-activated sustained calcium current, which has been proposed to be involved in visual processing. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that modulation of voltage-gated channels can occur through activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Because glutamate is the excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate retina, we have used whole cell electrophysiological techniques to examine the effect of mGluR activation on the sustained voltage-gated calcium current found in isolated cone horizontal cells in the catfish retina. In pharmacological conditions that blocked voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels, as well as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA channels, application of L-glutamate or 1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD) to voltage-clamped cone horizontal cells acted to increase the amplitude of the calcium current, expand the activation range of the calcium current by 10 mV into the cell's physiological operating range, and shift the peak calcium current by -5 mV. To identify and characterize the mGluR subtypes found on catfish cone horizontal cells, agonists of group I, group II, or group III mGluRs were applied via perfusion. Group I and group III mGluR agonists mimicked the effect of L-glutamate or 1S,3R-ACPD, whereas group II mGluR agonists had no effect on L-type calcium current activity. Inhibition studies demonstrated that group I mGluR antagonists significantly blocked the modulatory effect of the group I mGluR agonist, (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine. Similar results were obtained when the group III mGluR agonist, L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, was applied in the presence of a group III mGluR antagonist. These results provide evidence for two groups of mGluR subtypes on catfish cone horizontal cells. Activation of these mGluRs is linked to modulation of the voltage-gated sustained calcium current.  (+info)

Antagonist activity of alpha-substituted 4-carboxyphenylglycine analogues at group I metabotropic glutamate receptors expressed in CHO cells. (5/9130)

1. We have investigated the antagonist properties of 6 alpha-substituted phenylglycine analogues based on the structure of 4-carboxyphenylglycine (4-CPG) for group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu1alpha and mGlu5a) permanently expressed in CHO cells. 2. (S)-4-CPG and (S)-MCPG were the most selective mGlu1alpha receptor antagonists. Longer chain alpha-carbon substitutions resulted in a progressive loss of antagonist affinity at mGlu1alpha receptors but not at mGlu5a receptors. Thus mGlu1alpha receptor antagonists require small aliphatic groups at the alpha-position. Alpha-cyclopropyl-4-CPG showed a tendency towards mGlu5a selectivity, suggesting that bulky groups at this position may favour mGlu5a receptor antagonism. 3. We demonstrate that the mGlu5a receptor displays agonist-dependent antagonism. L-glutamate-induced Ca2+ release in mGlu5a receptor expressing cells was more susceptible to antagonism by cyclic alpha-carbon derivatives than (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG)-induced Ca2+ release in the same cell line. 4. The data presented suggests that mGlu1alpha and mGlu5a receptors have different steric and/or conformational requirements for the binding of antagonists and different amino acids which could interact with agonists. 5. These phenylglycine analogues could provide leads for the development of subtype selective antagonists.  (+info)

CPCCOEt, a noncompetitive metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonist, inhibits receptor signaling without affecting glutamate binding. (6/9130)

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors characterized by a large, extracellular N-terminal domain comprising the glutamate-binding site. In the current study, we examined the pharmacological profile and site of action of the non-amino-acid antagonist 7-hydroxyiminocyclopropan[b]chromen-1a-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (CPCCOEt). CPCCOEt selectively inhibited glutamate-induced increases in intracellular calcium at human mGluR1b (hmGluR1b) with an apparent IC50 of 6.5 microM while having no agonist or antagonist activity at hmGluR2, -4a, -5a, -7b, and -8a up to 100 microM. Schild analysis indicated that CPCCOEt acts in a noncompetitive manner by decreasing the efficacy of glutamate-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis without affecting the EC50 value or Hill coefficient of glutamate. Similarly, CPCCOEt did not displace [3H]glutamate binding to membranes prepared from mGluR1a-expressing cells. To elucidate the site of action, we systematically exchanged segments and single amino acids between hmGluR1b and the related subtype, hmGluR5a. Substitution of Thr815 and Ala818, located at the extracellular surface of transmembrane segment VII, with the homologous amino acids of hmGluR5a eliminated CPCCOEt inhibition of hmGluR1b. In contrast, introduction of Thr815 and Ala818 at the homologous positions of hmGluR5a conferred complete inhibition by CPCCOEt (IC50 = 6.6 microM), i.e., a gain of function. These data suggest that CPCCOEt represents a novel class of G protein-coupled receptor antagonists inhibiting receptor signaling without affecting ligand binding. We propose that the interaction of CPCCOEt with Thr815 and Ala818 of mGluR1 disrupts receptor activation by inhibiting an intramolecular interaction between the agonist-bound extracellular domain and the transmembrane domain.  (+info)

Conformation-dependent inhibition of gastric H+,K+-ATPase by SCH 28080 demonstrated by mutagenesis of glutamic acid 820. (7/9130)

Gastric H+,K+-ATPase can be inhibited by imidazo pyridines like 2-methyl-8-[phenylmethoxy] imidazo-(1,2a) pyridine 3-acetonitrile (SCH 28080). The drug shows a high affinity for inhibition of K+-activated ATPase and for prevention of ATP phosphorylation. The inhibition by SCH 28080 can be explained by assuming that SCH 28080 binds to both the E2 and the phosphorylated intermediate (E2-P) forms of the enzyme. We observed recently that some mutants, in which glutamic acid 820 present in transmembrane domain six of the catalytic subunit had been replaced (E820Q, E820N, E820A), lost their K+-sensitivity and showed constitutive ATPase activity. This ATPase activity could be inhibited by similar SCH 28080 concentrations as the K+-activated ATPase of the wild-type enzyme. SCH 28080 also inhibited ATP phosphorylation at 21 degrees C of the mutants E820D, E820N, and E820A, although with varying efficacy and affinity. ATP-phosphorylation of mutant E820Q was not inhibited by SCH 28080; in contrast, the phosphorylation level at 21 degrees C was nearly doubled. These findings can be explained by assuming that mutation of Glu820 favors the E1 conformation in the order E820Q >E820A >E820N >wild-type = E820D. The increase in the phosphorylation level of the E820Q mutant can be explained by assuming that during the catalytic cycle the E2-P intermediate forms a complex with SCH 28080. This intermediate hydrolyzes considerably slower than E2-P and thus accumulates. The high tendency of the E820Q mutant for the E1 form is further supported by experiments showing that ATP phosphorylation of this mutant is rather insensitive towards vanadate, inorganic phosphate, and K+.  (+info)

Glutamate-, kainate- and NMDA-evoked membrane currents in identified glial cells in rat spinal cord slice. (8/9130)

The effect of L-glutamate, kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on membrane currents of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and their respective precursors was studied in acute spinal cord slices of rats between the ages of postnatal days 5 and 13 using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. L-glutamate (10(-3) M), kainate (10(-3) M), and NMDA (2x10(-3) M) evoked inward currents in all glial cells. Kainate evoked larger currents in precursors than in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, while NMDA induced larger currents in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes than in precursors. Kainate-evoked currents were blocked by the AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist CNQX (10(-4) M) and were, with the exception of the precursors, larger in dorsal than in ventral horns, as were NMDA-evoked currents. Currents evoked by NMDA were unaffected by CNQX and, in contrast to those seen in neurones, were not sensitive to Mg2+. In addition, they significantly decreased during development and were present when synaptic transmission was blocked in a Ca2+-free solution. NMDA-evoked currents were not abolished during the block of K+ inward currents in glial cells by Ba2+; thus they are unlikely to be mediated by an increase in extracellular K+ during neuronal activity. We provide evidence that spinal cord glial cells are sensitive to the application of L-glutamate, kainate and transiently, during postnatal development, to NMDA.  (+info)

The amino acid glutamate may be the principal excitatory transmitter in | FGFR signaling promotes the growth of triple negativeThe amino acid glutamate may be the principal excitatory transmitter in | FGFR signaling promotes the growth of triple negative
The amino acid glutamate may be the principal excitatory transmitter in the nervous system including in sensory neurons that convey pain sensation from the periphery to the brain. tissue inflammation as mostly explored in transgenic mice. The possible interplay between glutamate biosynthesis and VGLUT-dependent packaging in synaptic vesicles and its potential impact in various pain states will be presented. PNU 200577 participation during SNI- incisional- and oxaliplatin-induced PNU 200577 pain) (see [30 31 2.3 VGLUT Deletion Visceral Pain and Itch As mentioned above virtually all colorectal and urinary bladder DRG neurons in mice express VGLUT2 and some also PNU 200577 VGLUT1 or VGLUT3 (Figure 1) suggesting that changes in their expression should modulate visceral pain. However global heterozygous VGLUT1- [40] or VGLUT2-KO mice [40] show no differences in their responses to the (rather nonspecific) acetic acid visceral pain test; comparison between global VGLUT3-KO mice and WT mice (same as ...
https://healthappsopenday.com/the-amino-acid-glutamate-may-be-the-principal-excitatory-transmitter-in/
The Effect of Extracellular Glutamate Release on Repetitive Transient Ischemic Injury in Global Ischemia Model -The Korean...The Effect of Extracellular Glutamate Release on Repetitive Transient Ischemic Injury in Global Ischemia Model -The Korean...
During operations, neurosurgeons usually perform multiple temporary occlusions of parental artery, possibly resulting in the neuronal damage. It is generally thought that neuronal damage by cerebral ischemia is associated with extracellular concentrations of the excitatory amino acids. In this study, we measured the dynamics of extracellular glutamate release in 11 vessel occlusion(VO) model to compare between single occlusion and repeated transient occlusions within short interval. Changes in cerebral blood flow were monitored by laser-Doppler flowmetry simultaneously with cortical glutamate level measured by amperometric biosensor. From real time monitoring of glutamate release in 11 VO model, the change of extracellular glutamate level in repeated transient occlusion group was smaller than that of single occlusion group, and the onset time of glutamate release in the second ischemic episode of repeated occlusion group was delayed compared to the first ischemic episode which was similar to that of
http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200909651055076.page
The role of glutamate in neuronal ischemic injury: the role of spark in fire | SpringerLinkThe role of glutamate in neuronal ischemic injury: the role of spark in fire | SpringerLink
Although being a physiologically important excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate plays a pivotal role in various neurological disorders including ischemic neurological diseases. Its level is increased during cerebral ischemia with excessive neurological stimulation causing the glutamate-induced neuronal toxicity, excitotoxicity, and this is considered the triggering spark in the ischemic neuronal damage. The glutamatergic stimulation will lead to rise in the intracellular sodium and calcium, and the elevated intracellular calcium will lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of proteases, accumulation of reactive oxygen species and release of nitric oxide. Interruption of the cascades of glutamate-induced cell death during ischemia may provide a way to prevent, or at least reduce, the ischemic damage. Various therapeutic options are suggested interrupting the glutamatergic pathways, e.g., inhibiting the glutamate synthesis or release, increasing its clearance, blocking of its receptors or ...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10072-011-0828-5
D-serine, an endogenous synaptic modulator: Localization to astrocytes and glutamate-stimulated release<...D-serine, an endogenous synaptic modulator: Localization to astrocytes and glutamate-stimulated release<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - D-serine, an endogenous synaptic modulator. T2 - Localization to astrocytes and glutamate-stimulated release. AU - Schell, Michael J.. AU - Molliver, Mark E.. AU - Snyder, Solomon H.. PY - 1995/4/25. Y1 - 1995/4/25. N2 - Using an antibody highly specific for D-serine conjugated to glutaraldehyde, we have localized endogenous D-serine in rat brain. Highest levels of D-serine immunoreactivity occur in the gray matter of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle, and amygdala. Localizations of D-serine immunoreactivity correlate closely with those of D-serine binding to the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D- aspartate (NMDA) receptor as visualized by autoradiography and are inversely correlated to the presence of D-amino acid oxidase. D-Serine is enriched in process-bearing glial cells in neuropil with the morphology of protoplasmic astrocytes. In glial cultures of rat cerebral cortex, D-serine is enriched in type 2 astrocytes. The ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/d-serine-an-endogenous-synaptic-modulator-localization-to-astrocy-4
Integrin signaling via the PI3-kinase-Akt pathway increases neuronal resistance to glutamate-induced apoptosis<...Integrin signaling via the PI3-kinase-Akt pathway increases neuronal resistance to glutamate-induced apoptosis<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Integrin signaling via the PI3-kinase-Akt pathway increases neuronal resistance to glutamate-induced apoptosis. AU - Gary, Devin S.. AU - Mattson, Mark P.. PY - 2001. Y1 - 2001. N2 - Integrins are integral membrane proteins that mediate adhesive interactions of cells with the extracellular matrix and with other cells. Integrin engagement results in activation of intracellular signaling cascades that effect several different cellular responses including motility, proliferation and survival. Although integrins are known to provide cell survival signaling in various types of non-neuronal cells, the possibility that integrins modulate neuron survival has not been explored. We now report data demonstrating a neuroprotective function of integrins in embryonic hippocampal neurons. Neurons grown on laminin, an integrin ligand, exhibit increased resistance to glutamate-induced apoptosis compared with neurons grown on polylysine. Neurons expressed integrin β1 and treatment of cultures ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/integrin-signaling-via-the-pi3-kinase-akt-pathway-increases-neuro-3
Excitotoxicity - WikipediaExcitotoxicity - Wikipedia
Excitotoxicity is the pathological process by which nerve cells are damaged or killed by excessive stimulation by neurotransmitters such as glutamate and similar substances. This occurs when receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate (glutamate receptors) such as the NMDA receptor and AMPA receptor are overactivated by glutamatergic storm. Excitotoxins like NMDA and kainic acid which bind to these receptors, as well as pathologically high levels of glutamate, can cause excitotoxicity by allowing high levels of calcium ions (Ca2+) to enter the cell. Ca2+ influx into cells activates a number of enzymes, including phospholipases, endonucleases, and proteases such as calpain. These enzymes go on to damage cell structures such as components of the cytoskeleton, membrane, and DNA. Excitotoxicity may be involved in spinal cord injury, stroke, traumatic brain injury, hearing loss (through noise overexposure or ototoxicity), and in neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitotoxicity
Divergent roles of a peripheral transmembrane segment in AMPA and NMDA receptors | JGPDivergent roles of a peripheral transmembrane segment in AMPA and NMDA receptors | JGP
Wild-type GluN1/GluN2A shows robust glutamate-activated currents (Fig. 3 A, left; −750 ± 50 pA, n = 18; n = number of whole-cell recordings). Most other tryptophan-substituted constructs also showed robust glutamate-activated current, though certain constructs showed either significantly reduced peak current amplitudes (e.g., GluN1(M813W)/GluN2A; Fig. 3 A, middle) or no detectable glutamate-activated membrane current (e.g., GluN1/GluN2A(S831W); Fig. 3 A, right). To compare current amplitudes, we normalized current amplitudes to those for wild type (Fig. 3 B and Table 1). Constructs are highlighted as to whether they showed significantly reduced current amplitudes (blue), significantly greater current amplitudes (green) or no detectable current (X, red) relative to wild type (P , 0.05, t test).. This experiment suggests several initial conclusions. First, compared with similar experiments for AMPARs, where 9 out of 23 tested positions in the M4 segment showed no detectable current (Salussolia ...
http://jgp.rupress.org/content/early/2017/05/12/jgp.201711762
Elevated Glutamate Levels in Brain may Lead to PsychosisElevated Glutamate Levels in Brain may Lead to Psychosis
A new study suggests that an excess of the neurotransmitter glutamate may lead to the development of psychosis in those at the risk of developing schizophrenia.
http://www.medindia.net/news/elevated-glutamate-levels-in-brain-may-lead-to-psychosis-117595-1.htm
Opposing Changes in Phosphorylation of Specific Sites in Synapsin I During Ca2+-Dependent Glutamate Release in Isolated Nerve...Opposing Changes in Phosphorylation of Specific Sites in Synapsin I During Ca2+-Dependent Glutamate Release in Isolated Nerve...
Immunoblot analysis. Synaptosomal samples were rapidly solubilized in 1-2% SDS (95°C), sonicated, and protein concentration was measured using BCA assay (Pierce, Rockford, IL), with bovine serum albumin as standard. Equal amounts of protein were subjected to SDS-PAGE and transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes. Immunoblots were done with 1:500 dilutions of the following phosphorylation state-specific antibodies: P-site 1 antibody (G-257), P-site 3 antibody (RU19), P-site 4/5 antibody (G-526), and P-site 6 antibody (G-555). The specificity of these antibodies for their respective sites has been characterized previously (Czernik et al., 1991; Jovanovic et al., 1996). Total synapsin I was detected by immunoblotting with synapsin I-specific antibody (G-486; 1:500 dilution). Primary incubations were followed by incubation with125I-labeled anti-rabbit IgG (1:500 dilution; Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Little Chalfont, UK). Blots were exposed to a PhosphorImager screen, and quantification of ...
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/20/7944.full
Cortical Development & SchizophreniaCortical Development & Schizophrenia
In the 1980s, Hebbs hypothesis was validated on the cellular level with the discovery that repeated stimulation of the input of particular types of cortical nerve cells strengthened their response to stimulation. The effect is known as long-term potentiation or LTP for short. Subsequently, researchers identified the molecular mechanism for LTP. A particular type of receptor for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate plays a key role. Glutamatergic synapses are the most abundant in cerebral cortex. The receptor involved in LTP is known as N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor or NMDA-receptor for short. The receptor channels positively charged ions through the nerve cell membrane, increasing the the postsynaptic excitatory potential or EPSP for short. This voltage initiates electric spiking known as action potentials in the nerve cells axon. The action potentials travel along the axon to the nerve cell endings and trigger the release of neurotransmitter into the cleft of the next synapse. ...
http://brainmindinst.blogspot.com/2008/08/cortical-development-schizophrenia.html
Peters Blog: August 2008Peters Blog: August 2008
In the 1980s, Hebbs hypothesis was validated on the cellular level with the discovery that repeated stimulation of the input of particular types of cortical nerve cells strengthened their response to stimulation. The effect is known as long-term potentiation or LTP for short. Subsequently, researchers identified the molecular mechanism for LTP. A particular type of receptor for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate plays a key role. Glutamatergic synapses are the most abundant in cerebral cortex. The receptor involved in LTP is known as N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor or NMDA-receptor for short. The receptor channels positively charged ions through the nerve cell membrane, increasing the the postsynaptic excitatory potential or EPSP for short. This voltage initiates electric spiking known as action potentials in the nerve cells axon. The action potentials travel along the axon to the nerve cell endings and trigger the release of neurotransmitter into the cleft of the next synapse. ...
http://brainmindinst.blogspot.com/2008/08/
Theanine - For All Medical Treatment Options Explained, Visit CureCrowdTheanine - For All Medical Treatment Options Explained, Visit CureCrowd
Able to cross the blood-brain barrier, theanine has psychoactive properties.[10] Theanine has been studied for its potential ability to reduce mental and physical stress,[11] improve cognition,[12] and boost mood and cognitive performance in a synergistic manner with caffeine.[13][14][15][16][17][18]. While structurally related to the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, theanine only has weak affinity for the glutamate receptor on postsynaptic cells.[19] Rather, its primary effect seems to increase the overall level of the brain inhibitory transmitter GABA. It also increases brain dopamine levels and has a low affinity forAMPA, kainate, and NMDA receptors.[20] Its effect on serotonin is still a matter of debate in the scientific community, with studies showing increases and decreases in brain serotonin levels using similar experimental protocols.[5][21] It has also been found that injecting spontaneously hypertensive mice with theanine significantly lowered levels of 5-hydroxyindoles in the ...
https://www.curecrowd.com/treatments/5-n-ethyl-glutamine
Can excess glutamate cause yeast infection in autism - Answers on HealthTapCan excess glutamate cause yeast infection in autism - Answers on HealthTap
Doctor answers on Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More: Dr. Chiu on can excess glutamate cause yeast infection in autism: Belching is caused by swallowing air, either intentionally or accidentally. Candida play no role. for topic: Can Excess Glutamate Cause Yeast Infection In Autism
https://www.healthtap.com/topics/can-excess-glutamate-cause-yeast-infection-in-autism
Potrosel Forest! - WWF-Singapore Earth HourPotrosel Forest! - WWF-Singapore Earth Hour
The future studies that have been undertaken to explain a doable health-giving profit of lymphadenectomy have con- tained populations at low jeopardize undergoing a nonsystematic pel- vic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy with low lymph node counts 2, 13]. The style of the chapters allows in return a burly knowledge shameful to be built and encourages critical thinking. PO: Initial centred mg/d; habitual cardinal mg/d; max 800 mg/d purchase zantac 300mg mastercard gastritis symptoms patient.co.uk. Unregulated neuronal Ca2+ levels are particularly applicable during glutamate excito- toxicity which occurs in the brains of epileptics and other patients apropos to undue emancipating of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Prevalent signs and symptoms reported during the health portrayal may comprise: The using software is inquisition version. Tally calories 50 mg voveran with mastercard spasms prozac. To more intelligent understand the contribution of T- cells to neurodegeneration seen in ALS, ...
http://earthhour.wwf.sg/en/eh-forest-14297/
Excitotoxic Glutamate Release: Is This What Stymies Oligodendrocytes Protective Role in MS? - Consult QDExcitotoxic Glutamate Release: Is This What Stymies Oligodendrocytes Protective Role in MS? - Consult QD
In multiple sclerosis, blocking the source - rather than the target - of excitotoxic glutamate is a more feasible therapeutic strategy for CNS protection. Neuroscientist Tara DeSilva, PhD, explains why, along with the research implications.
https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/2017/08/excitotoxic-glutamate-release-is-this-what-stymies-oligodendrocytes-protective-role-in-ms/
How To Decrease Glutamate With Nutrition (Video) | LIVESTRONG.COMHow To Decrease Glutamate With Nutrition (Video) | LIVESTRONG.COM
Glutamate is an essential amino acid found in the proteins we eat. Decrease glutamate with nutrition with help from a Registered Dietitian in this free video clip....
https://www.livestrong.com/video/1008602-decrease-glutamate-nutrition/
Molecules | Free Full-Text | Astaxanthin Protects PC12 Cells against Homocysteine- and Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity | HTMLMolecules | Free Full-Text | Astaxanthin Protects PC12 Cells against Homocysteine- and Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity | HTML
Memory impairment has been shown to be associated with glutamate (Glu) excitotoxicity, homocysteine (Hcy) accumulation, and oxidative stress. We hypothesize that Glu and Hcy could damage neuronal cells, while astaxanthin (ATX) could be beneficial to alleviate the adverse effects. Using PC12 cell model, we showed that Glu and Hcy provoked a huge amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, causing mitochondrial damage at EC50 20 and 10 mm, respectively. The mechanisms of action include: (1) increasing calcium influx; (2) producing ROS; (3) initiating lipid peroxidation; (4) causing imbalance of the Bcl-2/Bax homeostasis; and (5) activating cascade of caspases involving caspases 12 and 3. Conclusively, the damages caused by Glu and Hcy to PC12 cells can be alleviated by the potent antioxidant ATX.
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/1/214/htm
Glutamate-induced apoptosis in primary cortical neurons is inhibited by equine estrogens via down-regulation of caspase-3 and...Glutamate-induced apoptosis in primary cortical neurons is inhibited by equine estrogens via down-regulation of caspase-3 and...
Apoptosis plays a key role in cell death observed in neurodegenerative diseases marked by a progressive loss of neurons as seen in Alzheimers disease. Although the exact cause of apoptosis is not known, a number of factors such as free radicals, insufficient levels of nerve growth factors and excessive levels of glutamate have been implicated. We and others, have previously reported that in a stable HT22 neuronal cell line, glutamate induces apoptosis as indicated by DNA fragmentation and up- and down-regulation of Bax (pro-apoptotic), and Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic) genes respectively. Furthermore, these changes were reversed/inhibited by estrogens. Several lines of evidence also indicate that a family of cysteine proteases (caspases) appear to play a critical role in neuronal apoptosis. The purpose of the present study is to determine in primary cultures of cortical cells, if glutamate-induced neuronal apoptosis and its inhibition by estrogens involve changes in caspase-3 protease and whether this process
https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-6-13
The action of antidepressants on the glutamate system: regulation of glutamate release and glutamate receptorsThe action of antidepressants on the glutamate system: regulation of glutamate release and glutamate receptors
Recent compelling evidence has suggested that the glutamate system is a primary mediator of psychiatric pathology and also a target for rapid-acting antidepressants. Clinical research in mood and anxiety disorders has shown alterations in levels, clearance, and metabolism of glutamate and consistent …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23273725/?dopt=Abstract
Which medications in the drug class NMDA Antagonists are used in the treatment of Parkinson Disease?Which medications in the drug class NMDA Antagonists are used in the treatment of Parkinson Disease?
NMDA AntagonistsPersistent activation of CNS N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors by the excitatory amino acid glutamate has been hypothesized to contribute to the symptomatology of dementia. Agents ... more
https://www.medscape.com/answers/1831191-13574/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-nmda-antagonists-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-parkinson-disease
Helt determines GABAergic over glutamatergic neuronal fate by repressing Ngn genes in the developing mesencephalon | DevelopmentHelt determines GABAergic over glutamatergic neuronal fate by repressing Ngn genes in the developing mesencephalon | Development
Previous studies revealed that Helt is required for GABAergic differentiation (Guimera et al., 2006b; Miyoshi et al., 2004). Our present knockout approach revealed a pivotal role for Helt in the selection of the GABAergic over glutamatergic transmitter phenotype fate. The phenotype of embryos lacking Helt in the mesencephalon was similar to that of mutants of another bHLH factor, Ptf1a, in the cerebellum and dorsal spinal cord, in which GABAergic neurons were lost and glutamatergic neurons were generated instead (Glasgow et al., 2005; Hoshino et al., 2005). Thus, specification of GABAergic neurons over glutamatergic neurons appears to be achieved using similar mechanisms with distinct bHLH factors, Helt and Ptf1a, in each brain region. However, the mechanisms of transcriptional control by these factors might be different, as Helt is a bHLH-O type transcriptional repressor and Ptf1a is a bHLH factor that heterodimerizes with E proteins and has a transcriptional activator function (Beres et al., ...
http://dev.biologists.org/content/134/15/2783
High Noise with acetylcholine or glutamate application : Amuza Inc Support PortalHigh Noise with acetylcholine or glutamate application : Amuza Inc Support Portal
If you are experiencing high noise with acetylcholine or glutamate applications, please ensure the enzyme reactor is properly grounded using the grounding clip.. ...
https://support.amuzainc.com/support/solutions/articles/44001768330-high-noise-with-acetylcholine-or-glutamate-application-
Emory ETDs : Regulation of Glutamate Transporter and Receptor Function by the NHERF Scaffolding ProteinsEmory ETDs : Regulation of Glutamate Transporter and Receptor Function by the NHERF Scaffolding Proteins
Table of Contents -- CHAPTER 1: Introduction and Background -- 1.1. Glutamate and the CNS............................................................................................................................................................................................................2-6 -- 1.1.A. Glutamatergic Neurotransmission.............................................................................................................................................................................2 -- 1.1.B. CNS Sources of Glutamate..............................................................................................................................................................................3 -- 1.1.C. Regulation of Extracellular Glutamate Concentrations.................................................................................................................................................3-6 -- 1.2. ...
https://legacy-etd.library.emory.edu/view/record/pid/emory%3Ad79s0
CMSC INforMS: #CMSC - High Glutamate Levels in Brain Seen to Drive MS Progression - Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers ...CMSC INforMS: #CMSC - High Glutamate Levels in Brain Seen to Drive MS Progression - Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers ...
The industry news information and articles are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to represent any trends, partnerships, commitments, or research of the Consortium of MS Centers or any of its members in any way whatsoever, nor should any party be libel in any way to the reader or to any other person, firm or corporation reading this industry news section. Although the CMSC site includes links providing direct access to other Internet sites, CMSC takes no responsibility for the content or information contained on those other sites, and does not exert any editorial or other control over those other sites. CMSC is providing information and services on the Internet as a benefit and service in furtherance of CMSCs nonprofit and tax-exempt status. CMSC makes no representations about the suitability of this information and these services for any purpose. ...
http://www.mscare.org/news/288805/Industry-News-for-MS-INforMS-CMSC-INforMS-CMSC---High-Glutamate-Levels.htm
Chemical Sensor for Microscopic Mapping of Synaptic Glutamate.Chemical Sensor for Microscopic Mapping of Synaptic Glutamate.
The overall goal of this research project is to develop an analytical procedure capable of measuring in situ extracellular glutamate levels in real-time during neurophysiological experiments. Such a system was successfully developed under this grant. This system is capable of measuring extracellular glutamate released from neurons following potassium evoked depolarization.*GLUTAMIC ACID
http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA324706
DISCrupting mental illness |...DISCrupting mental illness |...
A team from Duke-NUS Medical School and the National University of Singapore discovered how a major susceptibility gene for mental illness - Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) - regulates glutamate release and neurotransmission across synapses. This discovery provides welcome progress to the development of targeted therapies for mental illness, a field facing decline as it has been plagued by detrimental side effects, high costs, and the inability to develop treatments to treat the disease rather than just the symptoms.. Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. The release of glutamate from nerve terminals into the synaptic cleft underlies neuron-to-neuron communication in brain regions involved in higher cognitive functions, such as learning and memory, executive planning, and mental imagery. Not surprisingly, abnormal glutamate neurotransmission is linked to major psychiatric diseases, like schizophrenia, autism and bipolar disorder. However, pinpointing the cause of ...
https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/microscope/content/%E2%80%9Cdiscrupting%E2%80%9D-mental-illness
Fiziologichnyi ZhurnalFiziologichnyi Zhurnal
Electrophysiological characteristics of hippocampal neu- rones cultured with Pro-Gly-Pro peptide were studied using glutamate excitotoxisity model (excitotoxic damage was induced by 100 mkM glutamate application during 5 min). It was found that negative changes in neurones cultured with 10 mcM Pro-Gly-Pro were less prominent if compared with control ones. Culturing with the peptide signi?cantly af- fected the following parameters: resting potential (-55±4 mV in control; -29±6 мV after glutamate application; -38±5 мV cultured after glutamate application), action potential am- plitude (91±4; 65±5; 84±5 mV), duration (4,3±0,4; 9,5±1,6; 5,2±0,7 ms), depolarization (56 [38, 84]; 27 [21, 35]; 46 [28, 62] мV/мs) and repolarization (-29 [-38, -27]; -20 [-21, -18]; -29 [-33, -22] мV/мs) rates. The data obtained suggest that PGP exhibit its neuroprotective properties on a level of basic electrophysiological characteristics, appropriate cellular mechanisms require further investigations ...
https://fz.kiev.ua/index.php?abs=1096
Transport of anionic substrates and glutamate metabolism in mitochondr by M L. Eboli, G Paradies et al.Transport of anionic substrates and glutamate metabolism in mitochondr by M L. Eboli, G Paradies et al.
Eboli, M L.; Paradies, G; and Papa, S, Transport of anionic substrates and glutamate metabolism in mitochondria from ascites tumor cells. (1976). Subject Strain Bibliography 1976. 2337 ...
https://mouseion.jax.org/ssbb1976/2337/
Plus itPlus it
Both types of reciprocal antagonistic A2A-D2 receptor interactions coexist in the same cells. In fact, under normal conditions, there is a strong tonic activation of D2 receptors that blocks the ability of A2A receptors to signal through the cAMP-PKA pathway. Conversely, the antagonistic A2A-D2 receptor interaction determines the ability of A2A receptors to control the inhibitory role of D2 receptors in neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release (Ferré et al., 2008).. In line with our previous studies (Calabresi et al., 1993; Picconi et al., 2004; Tozzi et al., 2007), we found that the application of D2 receptor agonists alone did not affect glutamate-mediated synaptic potentials/currents in striatal slices under physiological conditions. Conversely, simultaneous A2A receptor antagonism and D2 receptor activation resulted in a reduction of excitatory glutamatergic transmission. In our model, electrical stimulation of the slice mainly activates glutamatergic projections to the striatum. ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/31/5/1850
Rabbit Polyclonal to CACNG7 - Targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome system for cancer therapyRabbit Polyclonal to CACNG7 - Targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome system for cancer therapy
Glutamate may be the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous program. patient reported reduced need for rest, elevated mood, sex drive and general activity. We diagnosed drug-induced hypomania and suggested reducing the daily dosage of venlafaxine to 37.5 mg each day, which led to normalization of mood and activity in about a week. After … [Read more…]. ...
http://aboutpetshealth.com/tag/rabbit-polyclonal-to-cacng7/
NMDAR2A (human)NMDAR2A (human)
NMDAR2A a subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, members of the glutamate receptor channel superfamily. Possesses high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium and is modulated by glycine. Plays a key role in synaptic plasticity, synaptogenesis, excitotoxicity, memory acquisition and learning. Mediates neuronal functions in glutamate neurotransmission. Note: This description may include information from UniProtKB ...
https://www.phosphosite.org/proteinAction.action?id=1100
Chemical Structures of Neurotransmitters - Compound InterestChemical Structures of Neurotransmitters - Compound Interest
A bit of a chemistry/biology tie in today with a series of posters looking at the chemical structures of some of the main neurotransmitters in the brain. Ive also included a little information on the main effects and roles of each underneath the structures - however, Id hasten to add that, since this is definitely more an area of interest than an area of expertise for me, Ive kept it pretty general.Its interesting looking at the structures and being able to notice the similarities. Considering the similarities in naming, the similarity between adrenaline and noradrenaline perhaps isnt too surprising, but dopamines structure isnt too far removed from either. The structures of GABA, acetylcholine and glutamate are also fairly closely related.. I selected these neurotransmitters as they are some of the most well known - however, there are in fact over 100 known agents that can act as neurotransmitters. In general, communication between neurons in the brain is accomplished by the movement of ...
https://www.compoundchem.com/2014/02/27/the-chemical-structures-of-neurotransmitters/
What Does Glia Do in the Brain? Part 3What Does Glia Do in the Brain? Part 3
Part 3 of three-part series by Rae Marie Gleason, Medical Education and Research Director for the NFMCPA. Astrocytes remove excess glutamate, the excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain and other vertebrates.
https://www.fmcpaware.org/what-does-glia-do-in-the-brain-part-3.html
Kinoko Gohan...Kinoko Gohan...
There is a synergistic effect from the glutamate ions in the dashi and the 5-ribonucleotide guanosine monophospate that is found in mushrooms. When foods rich in glutamate are combined with ingredients that have ribonucleotides, the resulting intensity of taste is far far higher than the sum thereof ...
http://shockingschadenfreude.blogspot.com/2012/04/kinoko-gohan.html
Glutamic Acid - Early Detection Research NetworkGlutamic Acid - Early Detection Research Network
From NCIt: One of twenty amino acids (molecules that join together to form proteins). Glutamic acid may help nerve cells send and receive information from other cells. It is being studied for its ability to decrease or prevent nerve damage caused by anticancer drugs.
https://edrn.nci.nih.gov/biomarkers/glutamic-acid
Methyl B12 side effects? | Page 2 | Phoenix Rising ME / CFS ForumsMethyl B12 side effects? | Page 2 | Phoenix Rising ME / CFS Forums
As I said, oxytosis, otherwise known as excitotoxicity or glutamate toxicity Hi, justy. I think that what you are experiencing are symptoms of...
http://forums.phoenixrising.me/index.php?threads/methyl-b12-side-effects.13234/page-2
The mGluR4 (type III) receptor antagonist MPPG specific | Open-iThe mGluR4 (type III) receptor antagonist MPPG specific | Open-i
The mGluR4 (type III) receptor antagonist MPPG specifically prevented the change in paired pulse facilitation (PPF) upon inhibition of glutamate uptake.A shows
https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC4549135_40673_2013_3_Fig5_HTML&req=4
Glutamic acid - HealthySvGlutamic acid - HealthySv
Utilizamos cookies para mejorar su experiencia en nuestro sitio web. Al navegar por este sitio web, acepta nuestro uso de cookies ...
https://healthysv.com/product-tag/glutamic-acid/
Dual effects of gabapentin and pregabalin on glutamate release at rat entorhinal synapses<i> in vitro<...Dual effects of gabapentin and pregabalin on glutamate release at rat entorhinal synapses<i> in vitro<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Dual effects of gabapentin and pregabalin on glutamate release at rat entorhinal synapses in vitro. AU - Cunningham, Mark O.. AU - Woodhall, Gavin L.. AU - Thompson, Sarah E.. AU - Dooley, David J.. AU - Jones, Roland S G. PY - 2004/9/6. Y1 - 2004/9/6. N2 - We have recently shown that the anticonvulsant drugs phenytoin, lamotrigine and sodium valproate all reduce the release of glutamate at synapses in the entorhinal cortex in vitro. In the present investigation we determined whether this property was shared by gabapentin and pregabalin, using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in layer V neurons in slices of rat entorhinal cortex. Both drugs reduced the amplitude and increased the paired-pulse ratio of EPSCs evoked by electrical stimulation of afferent inputs, suggesting a presynaptic effect to reduce glutamate release. The frequency of spontaneous EPSCs (sEPSCs) was concurrently reduced by GBP, further supporting a presynaptic action. ...
https://research.aston.ac.uk/en/publications/dual-effects-of-gabapentin-and-pregabalin-on-glutamate-release-at
The role of glutamate transporters in glutamate homeostasis in the brain<...The role of glutamate transporters in glutamate homeostasis in the brain<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The role of glutamate transporters in glutamate homeostasis in the brain. AU - Takahashi, Michiko. AU - Billups, Brian. AU - Rossi, David. AU - Sarantis, Monique. AU - Hamann, Martine. AU - Attwell, David. PY - 1997/1. Y1 - 1997/1. N2 - Glutamate transporters in neurones and glia, four of which have been cloned from mammals, play a crucial rule in controlling the extracellular glutamate concentration in the brain. In normal conditions, they remove glutamate from the extracellular space and thereby help to terminate glutamatergic synaptic transmission and to prevent the extracellular glutamate concentration from rising to neurotoxic values. Glutamate transport on these carriers is thought to be driven by the cotransport of Na+, the countertransport of K+, and either the cotransport of H+ or the counter-transport of OH-. Activating the transporters also activates an anion conductance in their structure, the anion flux through which is not coupled to glutamate movement and varies ...
https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-role-of-glutamate-transporters-in-glutamate-homeostasis-in-th-2
Track pain medicines with brain imaging | Journal of Anaesthesia PracticeTrack pain medicines with brain imaging | Journal of Anaesthesia Practice
A new study suggests a role for brain imaging in the assessment and potential treatment of chronic pain.. University of Michigan researchers are the first to use brain imaging procedures to track the clinical action of pregabalin, a drug that is prescribed to patients suffering from fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain.. Three different brain imaging procedures were performed - proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, functional magnetic resonance imaging and functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging - in 17 patients with fibromyalgia.. Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain disorder thought to result from a disturbance in the way the central nervous system processes pain. It affects an estimated 3 to 6 percent of the world population.. Previous research has shown that fibromyalgia patients may have heightened neural activity in the insula, and that this excess activity may be related to elevated levels of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Brain imaging in the current study suggests ...
http://japractice.co.uk/2013/12/track-pain-medicines-with-brain-imaging/1831
Evidence that a catalytic glutamate and an Arginine Toggle act in concert to mediate ATP hydrolysis and mechanochemical...Evidence that a catalytic glutamate and an Arginine Toggle act in concert to mediate ATP hydrolysis and mechanochemical...
Evidence that a catalytic glutamate and an Arginine Toggle act in concert to mediate ATP hydrolysis and mechanochemical coupling in a viral DNA packaging motor.
https://scholars.duke.edu/display/pub1359908
An orchestra of glutamate receptors and transporters in synaptic transmission, plasticity and excitotoxicity :: University of...An orchestra of glutamate receptors and transporters in synaptic transmission, plasticity and excitotoxicity :: University of...
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Synaptic transmission at glutamatergic synapses mediates and regulates basically all aspects of brain functions. The strength of these synapses is subjected to potentiation and depression and these plastic modifications are plausible candidates for information storage in the brain. Excessive activity at glutamatergic synapses, namely excitotoxicity, occurs in many brain diseases and is a critical factor for neuronal death or degeneration. Therefore, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying glutamatergic transmission, plasticity and excitotoxicity constitutes the first step to understand neuronal information processing, learning, memory and brain diseases.; In my dissertation, I report the results of three independent but closely related studies on synaptic transmission, plasticity and excitotoxicity, respectively. In the first part, I provide evidence that two different glutamate transporters, one ...
http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll127/id/41520/rec/106
Effects of the Over-Expression of Neuronal Glutamate Dehydrogenase (Glud1) on Mouse Brain Mitochondrial FunctionEffects of the Over-Expression of Neuronal Glutamate Dehydrogenase (Glud1) on Mouse Brain Mitochondrial Function
Glutamate has been shown to lead to neurotoxicity and subsequent neurodegeneration through changes in synaptic function, loss of glutamatergic neurons, synapses, and dendrites. All of these characteristics are also observed during aging or in age-associated neurodegenerative diseases. To probe the effects of excess glutamate and determine if these effects might contribute to the morphological and functional changes associated with aging, our laboratory generated a transgenic mouse model that over-expresses the mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) gene. This transgene was only expressed in neurons through the use of the neuron-specific enolase promoter. The Glud1 Tg mouse model generated in our laboratory demonstrated significantly increased GLUD1 levels, GLUD activity, extracellular glutamate levels, and increased glutamate release after stimulation as compared to wild type (wt). There were also many significant morphological changes observed in the Tg mice including cell layer ...
https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/10212
MICROELECTRODE ARRAY STUDIES OF NORMAL AND DISEASE-ALTERED L-GLUTAMATE by Brian Keith DayMICROELECTRODE ARRAY STUDIES OF NORMAL AND DISEASE-ALTERED L-GLUTAMATE by Brian Keith Day
L-glutamate (Glu) is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Monitoring extracellular Glu is critical to understanding Glu regulation to discriminate physiological and pathological roles. To overcome the limitations of previous in vivo extracellular Glu studies, we developed Glu selective microelectrode arrays with better spatial and temporal resolutions than commonly used techniques like microdialysis. We used these microelectrode arrays to characterize basal and potassium-evoked Glu neurotransmission in the normal rat brain. We then investigated disease-related Glu alterations in a rat model of Parkinsons disease and normal Glu regulation in young and aged rhesus monkeys. In the normal anesthetized rat striatum and frontal cortex, basal Glu was regulated by active release and uptake mechanisms, fully TTX-dependent, and measured at ~2 micromolar levels. Potassium-evoked Glu kinetics were fast, concentration-dependent, and rapidly reproducible at 15-20 seconds
https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/235/
Excitotoxicity - WikipediaExcitotoxicity - Wikipedia
Excitotoxicity can occur from substances produced within the body (endogenous excitotoxins). Glutamate is a prime example of an excitotoxin in the brain, and it is also the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS.[10] During normal conditions, glutamate concentration can be increased up to 1mM in the synaptic cleft, which is rapidly decreased in the lapse of milliseconds.[11] When the glutamate concentration around the synaptic cleft cannot be decreased or reaches higher levels, the neuron kills itself by a process called apoptosis.[12][13]. This pathologic phenomenon can also occur after brain injury and spinal cord injury. Within minutes after spinal cord injury, damaged neural cells within the lesion site spill glutamate into the extracellular space where glutamate can stimulate presynaptic glutamate receptors to enhance the release of additional glutamate.[14] Brain trauma or stroke can cause ischemia, in which blood flow is reduced to inadequate levels. Ischemia is followed ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitotoxin
Ingredients -- Monosodium glutamateIngredients -- Monosodium glutamate
MSG is used to give a meaty, savory, or brothy taste to foods by stimulating the glutamate receptors on the tongue. There are glutamate receptors in other parts of the body, notably the brain, where glutamate is a neurotransmitter. Glutamates can be produced by fermentation of starches or sugars, but also by breaking the bonds between amino acids in proteins, leaving free amino acids. This process is done by heat or by enzymes, and is called hydrolyzing because the bonds are broken by adding water. When proteins are broken down into their constituent amino acids, the result can contain as much as 20 percent glutamates. This is why hydrolyzed vegetable protein is often listed as an ingredient in foods, to give them a meaty or savory flavor. There is evidence that some people are sensitive to free glutamates, and may get headaches or other symptoms if too much is ingested. This may be related to pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficiencies, as this vitamin is necessary for glutamate metabolism. ...
http://sci-toys.com/ingredients/msg.html
On the regulation of ischaemia-induced glutamate efflux from rat cortex by GABA; in vitro studies with GABA, clomethiazole and...On the regulation of ischaemia-induced glutamate efflux from rat cortex by GABA; in vitro studies with GABA, clomethiazole and...
It is generally accepted that increased glutamatergic activity, resulting from the elevated extracellular glutamate which occurs in the brain during an ischaemic episode (Benveniste et al., 1984; Baldwin et al., 1994; Lee et al., 1999), is a crucial initiating event, leading to cell death (see Szatkowski & Attwell, 1994; Kristián & Siesjö, 1998; Green et al., 2000). It has previously been reported that exposing cerebral tissue to ischaemic conditions in vitro can induce glutamate release and this has been demonstrated using cerebral tissue from both rat (Taylor et al., 1995; Roettger & Lipton, 1996; Saransaari & Oja, 1997) and human (Hegstad et al., 1996). The results from the current study confirmed these findings in prisms of rat cortex, simulating ischaemia by use of a hypoxic medium, with no added glucose. Cortical tissue was used in the current study because this region is severely compromized by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in vivo both in animals and humans (e.g. ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/sj.bjp.0703398/full
Aspartame in Baby Formula?!, page 1Aspartame in Baby Formula?!, page 1
The protective enzymes in a babys brain are still immature, and therefore are unable to effectively detoxify the excitotoxins that enter its brain. This would mean that in the case of a pregnant woman eating meals high in excitotoxin taste enhancers, the baby could be exposed to these high glutamate levels for many hours. It is not unreasonable to assume that mothers will eat several meals and snacks containing various forms of excitotoxins such as MSG, hydrolyzed vegetable protein, and aspartame. This could produce a high concentration of glutamate exposure in the babys brain several times a day. Also significant is the fact that the immature brain is four times more sensitive to the damaging effects of excitotoxins than the adult brain. Thus, following a dose of MSG, the babys blood level of glutamate may remain high for many hours. Since no experimental work can be done on pregnant women or children, we must look to animal research studies for some clues. In a study with mice and rats ...
http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread881206/pg1
Link to this page, e.g. for bookmarkingLink to this page, e.g. for bookmarking
Antibodies were raised against two distinct extracellular sequences of the rat mGluR1 metabotropic glutamate receptor expressed as bacterial fusion proteins. Both antibodies specifically reacted with mGluR1 in the rat cerebellum and inhibited the mGluR1 activity as assessed by the analysis of glutamate-stimulated inositol phosphate formation in CHO cells expressing mGluR1. Using these antibodies, we examined the role of mGluR1 in the induction of long-term depression in cultured Purkinje cells. In voltage- clamped Purkinje cells, current induced by iontophoretically applied glutamate was persistently depressed by depolarization of the Purkinje cells in conjunction with the glutamate application. The mGluR1 antibodies completely blocked the depression of glutamate-induced current. The results indicate that activation of mGluR1 is necessary for the induction of cerebellar long-term depression and that these mGluR1 antibodies can be used as selective antagonists ...
https://research-explorer.app.ist.ac.at/record/2555
The release and uptake of excitatory amino acidsThe release and uptake of excitatory amino acids
In this article, David Nicholls and David Attwell describe recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which excitatory amino acids are released from cells, and of the way in which a low extracellular glutamate concentration is maintained. Glutamate can be released from cells by two me …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1980041/?dopt=Abstract
glutamate - nicotine - Motor Neurone Disease Association Forumglutamate - nicotine - Motor Neurone Disease Association Forum
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in humans. There have been studies to suggest that nicotine increases glutamate release by attaching to the core neurons of the brains reward system, speeding up the release of dopamine (a neurotransmitter that plays a major role in the motivational component of reward-motivated behaviour) and preventing GABA, another neurotransmitter that produces a calming effect, from slowing down dopamine release. In smoking, this effect causes a person to crave nicotine - the addictive component of cigarette smoke - perpetuating the cycle ...
https://forum.mndassociation.org/forum/motor-neurone-disease-general-discussion/ask-mnd-connect/1221-glutamate-nicotine
IL‐17 and Glutamate Excitotoxicity in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis | Liberation Treatment CCSVIIL‐17 and Glutamate Excitotoxicity in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis | Liberation Treatment CCSVI
Abstract Immunoinflammatory‐mediated demyelination, the main pathological feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), is regularly accompanied by neurodegenerative processes, mostly in the form of axonal degeneration, which could be initiated by glutamate excitotoxicity. In the current study, the relationship between Th17‐mediated inflammatory and excitotoxic events was investigated during an active phase of MS. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with MS and control subjects was collected, and IL‐17A and glutamate levels were determined. IL‐17A level was significantly higher in patients with MS; whereas no statistically significant changes in glutamate concentrations were found. There was a direct correlation between IL‐17A and glutamate levels; IL‐17A levels were also associated wi...
http://liberationtreatmentccsvi.com/2014/02/il%E2%80%9017-and-glutamate-excitotoxicity-in-the-pathogenesis-of-multiple-sclerosis/
Ghrelin increases memory consolidation through hippocampal mechanisms dependent on glutamate release and NR2B-subunits of the...Ghrelin increases memory consolidation through hippocampal mechanisms dependent on glutamate release and NR2B-subunits of the...
Ghreli n (Ghr) is a peptide that participates i n the modulatio n of several biological processes. Ghr admi nistratio n i nto the hippocampus improves lear ni ng a nd memory i n differe nt memory test
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00213-014-3817-6
Neuroscience@NIH > Faculty >...[email protected] > Faculty >...
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, and in addition to its central role in fast excitatory signaling it is also involved in synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and the pathogenesis of certain neurologic diseases. Although glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter in all pathways of the central nervous system, the response to glutamate is not uniform at all glutamatergic synapses and varies with the type of glutamate receptor expressed on the postsynaptic membrane. In this context, we are interested in studying synapse-specific expression of postsynaptic NMDA and metabotropic glutamate receptors. My laboratory characterizes the molecular mechanisms underlying neurotransmitter receptor transport and localization at the synapse using several research strategies which include (1) defining sorting motifs present in neurotransmitter receptor cytosolic domains, (2) isolating neurotransmitter receptor-associated proteins, and (3) determining the role ...
https://neuroscience.nih.gov/Faculty/Profile/katherine-roche.aspx
Difference between revisions of Sabogal-Guaqueta 2019 Biomed Pharmacother - BioblastDifference between revisions of Sabogal-Guaqueta 2019 Biomed Pharmacother - Bioblast
PMID: 31545255 Open Access Sabogal-Guaqueta AM, Hobbie F, Keerthi A, Oun A, Kortholt A, Boddeke E, Dolga A (2019) Biomed Pharmacother Abstract: Mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation contribute to the initiation and development of several brain pathological conditions, including Alzheimers disease and cerebral ischemia. Linalool is an aromatic plant-derived monoterpene alcohol with reported anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties. We investigated the role of linalool on glutamate-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress in immortalized neuronal HT-22 cells. Glutamate induced oxidative stress in neuronal cells, as detected by real-time cell impedance measurements, MTT assay, and analysis of Annexin V/PI. Administration of linalool 100 μM reduced cell death mediated by glutamate. Staining of glutamate-stimulated mitochondria by MitoTracker revealed improved morphology in the presence of linalool. Furthermore, we demonstrated a potential neuroprotective effect of linalool in conditions ...
https://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php?title=Sabogal-Guaqueta_2019_Biomed_Pharmacother&diff=187299
Mutagenetix > Incidental...Mutagenetix > Incidental...
FUNCTION: [Summary is not available for the mouse gene. This summary is for the human ortholog.] L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. ...
https://mutagenetix.utsouthwestern.edu/incidental/incidental_rec.cfm?mid=434099
My supplement/drug list for ASD - Page 3 - AutismWeb ForumMy supplement/drug list for ASD - Page 3 - AutismWeb Forum
NMDA receptors is a very touchy and controversial area. On one hand, NMDA activity is responsible for memory and learning. On the other hand, overstimulation of NMDA receptors causes seizures and neuron death (neurotoxicity). Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter that agonizes these receptors. Anything that reduces NMDA activity either through blocking them or through reducing glutamate has been called neuroprotective. Neuroprotection has been the focus of biomed therapies for autism. There are several theories why neuroprotection is needed for autism. First, many autistic children have abnormal EEG activity or seizures, which affect learning and language. Second, high glutamate and overstimulation of NMDA receptors is often a result of brain inflammation (encephalopathy), which is now a leading theory of autism causes. So, it is hard to debate that NMDA receptors must be protected from overstimualtion. Especially in my sons case because he had abnormal EEG until we started him on ...
http://www.autismweb.org/forum/viewtopic.php?p=226662
Thalamic glutamate levels as a predictor of cortical response during executive functioning in subjects at high risk for...Thalamic glutamate levels as a predictor of cortical response during executive functioning in subjects at high risk for...
During the verbal fluency task, subjects with an ARMS showed greater activation than did controls in the middle frontal gyrus bilaterally. Thalamic glutamate levels were lower in the ARMS group than in control group. Within the ARMS group, thalamic glutamate levels were negatively associated with activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal and left orbitofrontal cortex, but positively associated with activation in the right hippocampus and in the temporal cortex bilaterally. There was also a significant group difference in the relationship between cortical activation and thalamic glutamate levels, with the control group showing correlations in the opposite direction to those in the ARMS group in the prefrontal cortex and in the right hippocampus and superior temporal gyrus ...
http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/55999/
Гостьова книга - Баришівський навчально-виховний комплекс гімназія-загальноосвітня школа І-ІІІ ступенівГостьова книга - Баришівський навчально-виховний комплекс гімназія-загальноосвітня школа І-ІІІ ступенів
Excluding, it is right away known that the highest suscepti- bility to the glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity is observed in (1) mammalian male neonates in comparison to the adults, females, and other vertebrates (Garattini 1979); (2) in cerebral regions where glutamate receptors density is lofty such as hip- pocampus (Meldrum 1993b; Beas-Zarate et al. As a result, it is respected to procure improvement assessments from perfect tissues, when viable, to allocate for the benefit of the measurement of hallucinogenic extermination to the homogeniza- tion and separation procedures. When it comes to serving conservation, Dr [url=http://thewelcomecentre.org/documents/practice24/mode12/]cheap careprost 3 ml on line[/url] symptoms stomach flu. While this propose to accumulates more than 150 rows of figures per business on av- erage, they can normally be against without much repair, e. Schapranow and Franziska H?ger physicians require a holistic view on all relevant diligent specifics when making treatment ...
http://nvk.in.ua/%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0/?from=1260&select=127
User:Eugene M. Izhikevich/Proposed/NMDA receptor - ScholarpediaUser:Eugene M. Izhikevich/Proposed/NMDA receptor - Scholarpedia
Dr. Graham L. Collingridge accepted the invitation on 18 March 2007 (self-imposed deadline: 18 June 2007). This article will briefly cover: The discovery of the NMDA receptor, its unusual properties (Mg block, slow kinetics, Ca permeability, voltage-dependence, glycine co-agonist site), its role in synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity and diseases. The NMDA receptor is one of the four major classes of receptors that respond to L-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. It is named after the synthetic chemical N-methyl-D-aspartate, which is a highly selective agonist for this receptor. THe NMDA receptor (NMDAR) has unique properties that distinguishes it from the other three major glutamate receptor classes - AMPA receptors, kainate receptors and metabotropic receptors. The NMDAR is a tetramer, which is made up from various combinations of the subunits NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, NR2D, NR3A and NR3B. Most NMDARs contain 2 NR1 subunits, which bind the co-agonist glycine and ...
http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Eugene_M._Izhikevich/Proposed/NMDA_receptor
Shashank Dravid, PhD | School of Medicine | Creighton UniversityShashank Dravid, PhD | School of Medicine | Creighton University
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. The family of glutamate receptors play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. We are interested in understanding the roles of glutamate receptors and in particular N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and glutamate delta receptors in the central nervous system. The eventual goal is apply this undestanding to develop therpeuatics to treat severe neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders ...
https://medschool.creighton.edu/faculty-directory-profile/100609/shashank-dravid
Hispidin inhibits LPS‑induced nitric oxide production in BV‑2 microglial cells via ROS‑dependent MAPK signalingHispidin inhibits LPS‑induced nitric oxide production in BV‑2 microglial cells via ROS‑dependent MAPK signaling
Microglia are resident immune cells in the CNS and the literature has confirmed that they have a macrophage-like phenotype, with regard to morphological and quantitative changes during microglial cell activation (5). Microglia form one of the main factors in the occurrence and development of neuroinflammation (19). Undifferentiated, resting microglia are responsible for monitoring and patrolling the brain environment, as well as activating a response to injury and infection (20). Activated microglia trigger the inflammatory immune response in the nervous system by releasing cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α, which clears damaged and necrotic cells or neurons from the lesion (21). However, when microglial cells remain activated, they secrete a large number of neurotoxic mediators, including inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory chemokines, ROS, NO and the excitotoxic amino acid glutamate, which disrupt synapses and neural connections in the brain, triggering a series of neuroinflammatory ...
https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2021.10402
Nervous system: FunctionNervous system: Function
One very important subset of synapses are capable of forming memory traces by means of long-lasting activity-dependent changes in synaptic strength.[39] The best-known form of neural memory is a process called long-term potentiation (abbreviated LTP), which operates at synapses that use the neurotransmitter glutamate acting on a special type of receptor known as the NMDA receptor.[40] The NMDA receptor has an associative property: if the two cells involved in the synapse are both activated at approximately the same time, a channel opens that permits calcium to flow into the target cell.[41] The calcium entry initiates a second messenger cascade that ultimately leads to an increase in the number of glutamate receptors in the target cell, thereby increasing the effective strength of the synapse. This change in strength can last for weeks or longer. Since the discovery of LTP in 1973, many other types of synaptic memory traces have been found, involving increases or decreases in synaptic strength ...
http://nervoussystem0.blogspot.com/2011/03/function.html
Nervous system: March 2011Nervous system: March 2011
One very important subset of synapses are capable of forming memory traces by means of long-lasting activity-dependent changes in synaptic strength.[39] The best-known form of neural memory is a process called long-term potentiation (abbreviated LTP), which operates at synapses that use the neurotransmitter glutamate acting on a special type of receptor known as the NMDA receptor.[40] The NMDA receptor has an associative property: if the two cells involved in the synapse are both activated at approximately the same time, a channel opens that permits calcium to flow into the target cell.[41] The calcium entry initiates a second messenger cascade that ultimately leads to an increase in the number of glutamate receptors in the target cell, thereby increasing the effective strength of the synapse. This change in strength can last for weeks or longer. Since the discovery of LTP in 1973, many other types of synaptic memory traces have been found, involving increases or decreases in synaptic strength ...
http://nervoussystem0.blogspot.com/2011_03_01_archive.html
WHAT IS PREDICTIVE GENETICS? | elephant journalWHAT IS PREDICTIVE GENETICS? | elephant journal
CAG codon in the gene codes for amino acid glutamate, which is an essential neurotransmitter in the brain, that conveys information from neuron to another neuron.. Why not all DNA are the same and why your DNA is unique?. DNA in every human beings are not the same and there is something in it that makes you totally unique; and that is known as the Single nucleotide polymorphism. Single nucleotide polymorphism is also known as SNP, is variation in a genetic sequence that affects only one of the basic building blocks like adenine, guanine , thymin or cytosine in a segment of a DNA. SNP exists in more than 1 percent of a population in the world. Around 335 million SNP have been discovered in human genome till now.. For example:. SNP is the substitution of a cytosine (C) for a guanine (G) in the nucleotide sequence AACGAT, thereby producing the sequence AACCAT. If AACGAT coded for one particular enzyme or protein, the substituted SNP AACCAT will code for another enzyme or protein. This entirely ...
https://www.elephantjournal.com/2020/08/what-is-predictive-genetics/
Global Glutathione Market Insights, Forecast to 2025 | Inforgrowth - Market ResearchGlobal Glutathione Market Insights, Forecast to 2025 | Inforgrowth - Market Research
Glutathione is a very small protein composed of only three amino acids (Glutamate, Glycine, and Cysteine). It is an important antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea, preventing damage to important cellular components cau
https://www.inforgrowth.com/report/64086/global-glutathione-market-insights-forecast-to
L-(+)-Glutamic acid hydrochloride 138-15-8 MSDS, Safety Technical Specifications MSDSL-(+)-Glutamic acid hydrochloride 138-15-8 MSDS, Safety Technical Specifications MSDS
L-(+)-Glutamic acid hydrochloride 138-15-8 MSDS report, L-(+)-Glutamic acid hydrochloride MSDS safety technical specifications search, L-(+)-Glutamic acid hydrochloride safety information specifications ect.
http://www.molbase.com/en/msds_138-15-8-moldata-78181.html
Research Focus - Dwight Bergles LaboratoryResearch Focus - Dwight Bergles Laboratory
We study the properties of these glutamate transporters in expression systems as well as in acute tissue, such as the hippocampus and cerebellum. Glutamate transporters harness the energy stored in the electrochemical gradients for Na+, H+, and K+ to force glutamate into cells against its concentration gradient. Because transport is electrogenic, we can monitor transporter activity using electrophysiological (patch-clamp) techniques. To provide insight into the intrinsic properties of these transporters, we apply glutamate with sub-millisecond resolution to outside-out patches using a piezoelectric bimorph. These studies are combined with whole-cell recordings from visually-identified astrocytes and neurons in acute brain slices to monitor the activity of transporters during synaptic transmission. Through these studies we hope to determine the fate of glutamate after it is released - how far it diffuses, the types and locations of the receptors it activates, and the role of transporters in ...
http://bergleslab.com/index.php/research-focus/
Amount of Glutamic acid, Glu or E, proteinogenic amino acid in Pork, fresh, loin, whole, separable lean only, cooked, braisedAmount of Glutamic acid, Glu or E, proteinogenic amino acid in Pork, fresh, loin, whole, separable lean only, cooked, braised
How much of Glutamic acid, Glu or E, proteinogenic amino acid is present in Pork, fresh, loin, whole, separable lean only, cooked, braised in details, quantity how high or low Glutamic acid, Glu or E, proteinogenic amino acid nutrient content it has.
http://www.traditionaloven.com/foods/specific-nutrient/pork/pork-fresh-loin-whole-lean-cook-braise/glutamic-acid-glu-e-proteinogenic.html
Mechanisms of glutamate release from astrocytes | HSTalksMechanisms of glutamate release from astrocytes | HSTalks
Click to launch & play an online audio visual presentation by Prof. Vladimir Parpura on Mechanisms of glutamate release from astrocytes, part of a collection of online lectures.
https://hstalks.com/t/2031/mechanisms-of-glutamate-release-from-astrocytes/
Glutamic AcidGlutamic Acid
Here you can read about Uses, Benefits, Sources and Dosage of Glutamic Acid. Glutamic acid is considered as the essential amino acid for the protein synthesis.
https://www.planetayurveda.com/library/glutamic-acid/
KAKEN - Research Projects | Mechanisms of protectiion by neurotrophins against NO-mediated glutamate neurotoxicity (KAKENHI...KAKEN - Research Projects | Mechanisms of protectiion by neurotrophins against NO-mediated glutamate neurotoxicity (KAKENHI...
Principal Investigator：AKAIKE Akinori, Project Period (FY)：1997 - 1998, Research Category：Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), Section：一般, Research Field：Biological pharmacy
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-09470502/
Xconomy: Amylyx Nabs $5M to Take Aim at Nerve Cell Death in ALS PatientsXconomy: Amylyx Nabs $5M to Take Aim at Nerve Cell Death in ALS Patients
While the cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, remains a mystery, many researchers are trying to develop a cure by stopping its effect---the dea
https://www.xconomy.com/boston/2016/08/22/amylyx-nams-5m-to-take-aim-at-nerve-cell-death-in-als-patients/
en:glutamic acid [BioWiki]en:glutamic acid [BioWiki]
Glutamic acid Name L-Glutamic acid Molecular Weight 147.12926 g/mol Molecular Formula XLogP -3.3 CAS No. 56-86-0m.p.205℃pK1(25℃)2.10pK2(25℃)9.47pKR(25℃)4.07 Links * Amino acid * Acidic amino acid * Aspartic acid * Glutamic acid *
https://bio.edu-wiki.org/en/glutamic_acid?rev=1578889425&do=diff
MicroRNA Archives - Page 17 of 68 - Oligonucleotide Therapeutics SocietyMicroRNA Archives - Page 17 of 68 - Oligonucleotide Therapeutics Society
AGO CLIP Reveals an Activated Network for Acute Regulation of Brain Glutamate Homeostasis in Ischemic Stroke …………… Kobayashi M, Benakis C, Anderson C, Moore MJ, Poon C, Uekawa K, Dyke JP, Fak JJ, Mele A, Park CY, Zhou P, Anrather J, Iadecola C, Darnell RB. Cell Rep. 2019 Jul 23;28(4):979-991.e6. PubMed 00. ...
https://www.oligotherapeutics.org/category/hot-papers/microrna/page/17/
Glutamic acid - WikiMDs free health, diet & wellness encyclopediaGlutamic acid - WikiMDs free health, diet & wellness encyclopedia
(gloo-TA-mik A-sid) One of twenty amino acids (molecules that join together to form proteins). Glutamic acid may help nerve cells send and receive information from other cells. It is being studied for its ability to decrease or prevent nerve damage caused by anticancer drugs. Also called L-glutamic acid.
http://www.wikimd.org/wiki/Acidulin
Are Selumetinib Worth The Money? - Hemoroizi ForumAre Selumetinib Worth The Money? - Hemoroizi Forum
Such any conclusion is contract with prior scientific studies showing which eCBs work as retrograde messengers in glutamate synapses of putative Doctor 5-HT neurons (Haj-Dahmane & Shen, June 2006, 09).
http://hemoroiziforum.ro/discussion/40992/are-selumetinib-worth-the-money
Publications | Max Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryPublications | Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry
Pahner, I.; Hoeltje, M.; Winter, S.; Takamori, S.; Bellocchio, E. E.; Spicher, K.; Laake, P.; Nuernberg, B.; Ottersen, O. P.; Ahnert-Hilger, G.: Functional G-protein heterotrimers are associated with vesicles of putative glutamatergic terminals: implications for regulation of transmitter uptake (vol 23, pg 398, 2003). Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 24 (3), p. 850 - 850 (2003 ...
https://www.mpibpc.mpg.de/publication-search/105665?person=%2Fpersons%2Fresource%2Fpersons15905
Neurotransmission | What, Functions, Parts, Types & SignificanceNeurotransmission | What, Functions, Parts, Types & Significance
When we want to understand the diverse world of our body which is controlled by our brain, we need to know about neurotransmission.
https://human-memory.net/neurotransmission/
MetalloproteinaseMetalloproteinase
... glutamic acid; M, metallo; S, serine; T, threonine; and U, unknown. The serine, threonine and cysteine peptidases utilise the ... The metal ion is held in place by amino acid ligands, usually three in number. The known metal ligands are histidine, glutamate ... In the case of aspartic, glutamic and metallopeptidases, the nucleophile is an activated water molecule. In many instances the ... amino acid as a nucleophile and form an acyl intermediate - these peptidases can also readily act as transferases. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloproteinase
Peptide synthesisPeptide synthesis
Glutamic Acid (Glun); (LysGlu)n) that is incorporated at the C-terminus of the peptide to induce an alpha-helix-like structure ... First an amino acid is coupled to the resin. Subsequently, the amine is deprotected, and then coupled with the free acid of the ... The Boc group is removed with acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). This forms a positively charged amino group in the ... and adding an excess of each amino acid (between 2- and 10-fold). The minimization of amino acid racemization during coupling ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_synthesis
Glutamic acidGlutamic acid
Not to be confused with Glutamine or Glutaric acid.. Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E)[4] is an α-amino acid that is used by ... Main article: Glutamic acid (flavor). Glutamic acid, being a constituent of protein, is present in foods that contain protein, ... Glutamic acid (flavor). Although they occur naturally in many foods, the flavor contributions made by glutamic acid and other ... Glutamic acid is produced on the largest scale of any amino acid, with an estimated annual production of about 1.5 million tons ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate
Chicken as foodChicken as food
Aspartic acid. 2.200 g. Glutamic acid. 3.610 g. Glycine. 1.583 g. Proline. 1.190 g. ... At one or more points on most abattoirs, chemical sprays and baths (e.g. bleach, acids, peroxides, etc.) are used to partially ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_(food)
Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Log/2010-01-28Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Log/2010-01-28
... glutamic acid; pteroyl-L-glutamic acid; Vitamin B,sub,9,/sub,; Vitamin M; Folacin', SET '''N''-​(4-​{[(2-​amino-​4-​oxo-​1,​4-​ ... glutamic acid; pteroyl-L-glutamic acid; Vitamin B,sub,9,/sub,; Vitamin M; Folacin' -, '', SET '''N''-​(4-​{[(2-​amino-​4-​oxo-​ ... glutamic acid; pteroyl-L-glutamic acid; Vitamin B,sub,9,/sub,; Vitamin M; Folacin') ... glutamic acid; pteroyl-L-glutamic acid; Vitamin B,sub,9,/sub,; Vitamin M; Folacin') ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Log/2010-01-28
HickoryHickory
Aspartic acid. 1.368 g. Glutamic acid. 2.885 g. Glycine. 0.708 g. Proline. 0.571 g. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carya_(genus)
AlmondAlmond
Aspartic acid. 2.911 g. Glutamic acid. 6.810 g. Glycine. 1.469 g. Proline. 1.032 g. ... monounsaturated oleic acid (an omega-9 fatty acid), 13% linoleic acid (a polyunsaturated omega-6 essential fatty acid), and 10 ... saturated fatty acid (mainly as palmitic acid, USDA link in table). Linolenic acid, a polyunsaturated omega-3 fat, is not ... of which is palmitic acid), 70 grams of oleic acid, and 17 grams of linoleic acid (oil table). ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond
Canarium ovatumCanarium ovatum
Aspartic acid. 1.222 g. Glutamic acid. 2.393 g. Glycine. 0.650 g. Proline. 0.471 g. ... "Cultivation of pili nut Canarium ovatum and the composition of fatty acids and triglycerides of the oil". Fett Wissenschaft ... It yields a light yellowish oil, mainly of glycerides of oleic (44.4 to 59.6%) and palmitic acids (32.6 to 38.2%). ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pili_nut
HempHemp
Aspartic acid. 3.662 g. Glutamic acid. 6.269 g. Glycine. 1.611 g. Proline. 1.597 g. ... of the energy in hemp seeds is in the form of fats and essential fatty acids,[20] mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic ... Hemp seeds' amino acid profile is comparable to other sources of protein such as meat, milk, eggs, and soy.[21] Protein ... Hemp oil is cold-pressed from the seed and is high in unsaturated fatty acids.[16] The leaves of the hemp plant, while not as ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp
Egg as foodEgg as food
Aspartic acid. 1.264 g. Glutamic acid. 1.644 g. Glycine. 0.423 g. Proline. 0.501 g. ... Saturated fat (palmitic, stearic, and myristic acids) makes up 27 percent of the fat in egg.[53] The egg white consists ... 2010). "Vitamins A, E and fatty acid composition of the eggs of caged hens and pastured hens". Renewable Agriculture and Food ... For instance, chicken eggs that are especially high in omega-3 fatty acids are produced by feeding hens a diet containing ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggs
Spirulina (dietary supplement)Spirulina (dietary supplement)
Aspartic acid. 5.793 g. Glutamic acid. 8.386 g. Glycine. 3.099 g. Proline. 2.382 g. ... gamma-linolenic acid,[14][15] alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, stearidonic acid,[16] eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), ... docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid.[17] In contrast to those 2003 estimates (of DHA and EPA each at 2 to 3% of ... "Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid production potential of microalgae and their heterotrophic growth" (PDF). ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)
Castanea sativaCastanea sativa
Aspartic acid. 0.417 g. Glutamic acid. 0.312 g. Glycine. 0.124 g. Proline. 0.127 g. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castanea_sativa
Ka/Ks ratioKa/Ks ratio
Amino acid in a Protein. Glutamic acid structural change. Valine Altered protein may or may not cause harm (e.g. disease) or ... On the other hand, the codon GAG codes for Glutamic acid while the codon GTG codes for Valine, so a change from the middle A to ... Some amino acids are chemically similar to one another, whereas other substitutions may place an amino acid with wildly ... Each codon represents a single amino acid in a protein chain. However, there are more codons (64) than amino acids found in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka/Ks_ratio
YolkYolk
Aspartic acid. 1.550 g. Glutamic acid. 0.595 g. Glycine. 0.488 g. Proline. 0.545 g. ... The composition (by weight) of the most prevalent fatty acids in egg yolk typically is:[8] ... and pantothenic acid of the egg. In addition, yolks cover all of the fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, and K in the egg, as well ... as all of the essential fatty acids. A single yolk from a large egg contains roughly 22 mg of calcium, 66 mg of phosphorus, 9.5 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolk
CoconutCoconut
Aspartic acid. 0.325 g. Glutamic acid. 0.761 g. Glycine. 0.158 g. Proline. 0.138 g. ... It has a total fat content of 24%, most of which (89%) is saturated fat, with lauric acid as a major fatty acid.[67] When ... Coconut is also a source of lauric acid, which can be processed in a particular way to produce sodium lauryl sulfate, a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuts
AmaranthAmaranth
Aspartic acid. 1.261 g. Glutamic acid. 2.259 g. Glycine. 1.636 g. Proline. 0.698 g. ... Making up about 5% of the total fatty acids of amaranth, squalene[28] is extracted as a vegetable-based alternative to the more ... pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, folate, and several dietary minerals (table). Uncooked amaranth is particularly rich in manganese ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranthus
Human mitochondrial geneticsHuman mitochondrial genetics
Glutamic acid Glu E MT-TE 14,674-14,742 H Glutamine Gln Q MT-TQ 4,329-4,400 H ... those may be high energy requirements or a need for the catabolism or anabolism of a specific neurotransmitter or nucleic acid ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_genetics
GlycineGlycine
Glutamic acid (glutamate). *Ivermectin. *Ketamine. *Neuroactive steroids (e.g., alfaxolone, pregnenolone (eltanolone), ... With acid chlorides, one obtains the amidocarboxylic acid, such as hippuric acid[23] and acetylglycine.[24] With nitrous acid, ... It is the simplest amino acid (since carbamic acid is unstable), with the chemical formula NH2‐CH2‐COOH. Glycine is one of the ... Amino acid neurotransmitter. References[edit]. *^ The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (11th ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine
Alanine (data page)Alanine (data page)
S)-2-aminopropanoic acid. Abbreviations: A, Ala. Synonyms:. 2-aminopropanoic acid. {α/2}-aminopropionic acid. AIDS{-}071780. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_
Glutamate decarboxylaseGlutamate decarboxylase
Glutamic acid decarboxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and impaired function ... Glutamate decarboxylase or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to ... Wei J, Davis KM, Wu H, Wu JY (May 2004). "Protein phosphorylation of human brain glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65 and GAD67 ... The bilateral delivery of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) by an adeno-associated viral vector into the subthalamic nucleus of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAD_antibodies
DNA and RNA codon tablesDNA and RNA codon tables
Glu/E) Glutamic acid ↓ GGA A GUG GCG GAG GGG G Inverse RNA codon table[edit]. Inverse table for the standard genetic code ( ... Amino-acid biochemical properties Nonpolar Polar Basic Acidic ↓ Termination: stop codon * Initiation: possible start codon ... Amino-acid biochemical properties Nonpolar Polar Basic Acidic ↓ Termination: stop codon * Initiation: possible start codon ... Amino-acid biochemical properties Nonpolar Polar Basic Acidic ↓ Termination: stop codon * Comparison between codon translations ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_codon_table
5-aminovalerate transaminase5-aminovalerate transaminase
delta-Aminovaleric acid-glutamic acid transaminase". J. Biochem. Tokyo. 48 (3): 412-420. Biology portal v t e. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-aminovalerate_transaminase
GelatinGelatin
... aspartic acid (Asp) 6-7%; and glutamic acid (Glu) 10-12%. The bioavailability of hydrolyzed collagen in mice was demonstrated ... The amino acid content of hydrolyzed collagen is the same as collagen. Hydrolyzed collagen contains 19 amino acids, ... Collagen hydrolysis is performed by one of three different methods: acid-, alkali-, and enzymatic hydrolysis. Acid treatment is ... If the raw material used in the production of the gelatin is derived from bones, dilute acid solutions are used to remove ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin
1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase
Strecker HJ (1960). "The interconversion of glutamic acid proline. III Delta1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase". J. ... pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase, L-pyrroline-5-carboxylate-NAD+ oxidoreductase, and 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate:NAD+ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate_dehydrogenase
Glutamate 5-kinaseGlutamate 5-kinase
A proline-inhibitable glutamic acid kinase". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 192 (3): 462-7. doi: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_5-kinase
Glutamate racemaseGlutamate racemase
Glaser L (1960). "Glutamic acid racemase from Lactobacillus arabinosus". J. Biol. Chem. 235: 2095-8. PMID 13828348. Biology ... or 4-substituted D-glutamic acid analogs bearing aryl-, heteroaryl-, cinnamyl-, or biaryl-methyl substituents that would also ... This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those racemases and epimerases acting on amino acids and ... Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (19): 5567-76. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl704. PMC 1635304. PMID 17020913. Sengupta S, Nagaraja V (February 2008 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_racemase
B vitaminsB vitamins
Vitamin B11: pteryl-hepta-glutamic acid (PHGA; chick growth factor). Vitamin Bc-conjugate was also found to be identical to ... NADP is a coenzyme in lipid and nucleic acid synthesis.[19] Vitamin B5. Pantothenic acid. Pantothenic acid is involved in the ... Coenzyme A, which can be synthesised from pantothenic acid, is involved in the synthesis of amino acids, fatty acids, ketone ... 457.100 Pangamic Acid and Pangamic Acid Products Unsafe for Food and Drug Use". Compliance Policy Guidance Manual. US Food and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B
Calcium caseinateCalcium caseinate
... contains about 17% glutamic acid. Calcium caseinate is also soluble and does not clot in the stomach. Calcium ... Caseinates are produced by adding an alkali to another derivative of casein, acid casein. The type of caseinate is determined ... by the cation added alongside the acid casein. Other cations used to form caseinates besides calcium include ammonium, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_caseinate
LactaseLactase
LPH contains two catalytic glutamic acid sites. In the human enzyme, the lactase activity has been connected to Glu-1749, while ... It can be divided into five domains: (i) a 19-amino-acid cleaved signal sequence; (ii) a large prosequence domain that is not ... The removal of the D-glucose leaving group may be facilitated by Mg-dependent acid catalysis. The enzyme is liberated from the ... "Re: GRAS Notification for Acid Lactase from Aspergillus oryzae Expressed in Aspergillus niger". United States Food and Drug ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactase
Satoyoshi syndromeSatoyoshi syndrome
"Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in Satoyoshi syndrome". Ann. Neurol. 55 (3): 450-1. doi:10.1002/ana.20007. PMID 14991831 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoyoshi_syndrome
Chloroplast DNAChloroplast DNA
... and poor in acidic amino acids like aspartic acid and glutamic acid.[42] In an aqueous solution, the transit sequence forms a ... Chloroplast transit peptides exhibit huge variation in length and amino acid sequence.[42] They can be from 20-150 amino acids ... Tic100 is a nuclear encoded protein that's 871 amino acids long. The 871 amino acids collectively weigh slightly less than 100 ... At the N-terminal end is the A-domain, which is rich in acidic amino acids and takes up about half the protein length.[38][48] ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA
DietingDieting
In this process, fats, obtained from adipose tissue, or fat cells, are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, which can be ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_plan
D-Amino acidD-Amino acid
Two enzymes convert L-amino acids to D-amino acids. D-Amino-acid racemase, a PLP-dependent enzyme, racemizes amino acids via ... D-Amino acids are amino acids where the stereogenic carbon alpha to the amino group has the D-configuration. For most naturally ... L-amino-acid oxidases convert L-amino acids to the alpha-ketoacids, which are susceptible to reductive amination. Some amino ... L- and D-amino acids are usually enantiomers. The exceptions are two amino acids with two stereogenic centers, threonine and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-amino_acids
Codon degeneracyCodon degeneracy
... the amino acid glutamic acid is specified by GAA and GAG codons (difference in the third position); the amino acid leucine is ... Amino acid. Codons. Compressed Amino acid. Codons. Compressed Ala / A GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG GCN Leu / L UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, ... codons GAA and GAG both specify glutamic acid and exhibit redundancy; but, neither specifies any other amino acid and thus are ... Only two amino acids are specified by a single codon each. One of these is the amino-acid methionine, specified by the codon ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_degeneracy
Isoleucina - WikipèdiaIsoleucina - Wikipèdia
Alanina (Ala) • Arginina (Arg) • Asparagina (Asn) • Acid aspartic (Asp) • Cisteïna (Cys) • Acid glutamic (Glu) • Glutamina (Gln ...
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoleucina
Index of HIV/AIDS-related articlesIndex of HIV/AIDS-related articles
... nucleic acid - nucleic acid test - nucleocapsid - nucleoli - nucleoside - nucleoside analog - nucleoside reverse transcriptase ... serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) - serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) - sexually transmitted disease ( ... ribonucleic acid (RNA) - ribosome - RNA - route of administration - RT-PCR - RTI - Ryan White C.A.R.E. act ... amino acids - anaphylactic shock - anemia - anergy - angiogenesis - angiomatosis - anorexia - antenatal - antibiotic - ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_AIDS-related_topics
FolateFolate
L-glutamic acid; pteroyl-L-glutamic acid; Vitamin B9; Vitamin Bc; Folacin , Section1 = ! colspan=2 style="background: #f8eaba; ... Folic-acid-3D-balls.png , ImageSize1 = 250px , ImageAlt1 = Baw-an-stick model , ImageFile2 = Folic-acid-3D-spacefill.png , ... chembox , Verifiedfields = chynged , Watchedfields = chynged , verifiedrevid = 477231659 , Name = Folic acid , ImageFile = ... pentanedioic acid[1] , OtherNames = N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)- ...
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acid
LysophosphatidylinositolLysophosphatidylinositol
Aspartic acid (aspartate). *Glutamic acid (glutamate). *Glutathione. *Glycine. *GSNO. *GSSG. *Kynurenic acid ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysophosphatidylinositol
CCR5 - Википедија, слободна енциклопедијаCCR5 - Википедија, слободна енциклопедија
Addition of ethanolamine-phosphoglycerol to specific glutamic acid residues on EF-1 alpha". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (24): 14334-41. ... "Nucleic Acids Res. 18 (6): 1513-6. PMC 330519 . PMID 2183196. doi:10.1093/nar/18.6.1513.. CS1 одржавање: Експлицитна употреба ... Miyakawa T, Obaru K, Maeda K, Harada S, Mitsuya H (2002). „Identification of amino acid residues critical for LD78beta, a ...
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCR5
Low-carbohydrate dietLow-carbohydrate diet
Food and Nutrition Board (2002/2005). Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol ... Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Page 769 Archived 12 September 2006 at the Wayback ... or increased levels of uric acid, a risk factor for gout.[39] ... Aspartic acid. *Cysteine. *Glutamic acid. *Glutamine. *Glycine ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-glycemic_diet
PRNPPRNP
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - glutamic acid-200 is replaced by lysine while valine is present at amino acid 129 ... fatal familial insomnia - aspartic acid-178 is replaced by asparagine while methionine is present at amino acid 129[51] ... "Nucleic Acids Res. 29 (3): 753-758. doi:10.1093/nar/29.3.753. PMC 30388. PMID 11160898.. ... The primary sequence of PrP is 253 amino acids long before post-translational modification. Signal sequences in the amino- and ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRNP
Calorie restrictionCalorie restriction
... and membrane fatty acid composition". J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 61 (8): 781-94. doi:10.1093/gerona/61.8.781. PMID 16912094 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloric_restriction
Development of analogs of thalidomideDevelopment of analogs of thalidomide
This route uses L-glutamine rather than L-glutamic acid as a starting material and by letting it react with N- ... The thalidomide molecule is a synthetic derivative of glutamic acid and consists of a glutarimide ring and a phthaloyl ring ( ... Using a carboxylic acid as a starting point, an amide group has similar PDE4 inhibition activity but both groups were shown to ... propionic acid (not shown), which had PDE4 inhibition activity the work began to optimize the activity. For that purpose the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_analogs_of_thalidomide
1-pirolin-5-karboksilat dehidrogenaza - Википедија, слободна енциклопедија1-pirolin-5-karboksilat dehidrogenaza - Википедија, слободна енциклопедија
Strecker, H.J. (1960). „The interconversion of glutamic acid and proline. III. Δ1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase". J ...
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-pirolin-5-karboksilat_dehidrogenaza
બદામ - વિકિપીડિયાબદામ - વિકિપીડિયા
ગ્લુટેમિક એસિડ (Glutamic acid). 6.81 ગ્લિસાઈન(Glycine). 1.47 ઍસ્પાર્ટીક ઍસિડ (Aspartic acid). 2.91 ... 1988). "Oil content and fatty acid composition of developing almond seeds". J. Agric. Food Chem. 36 (4): 695-697. doi:10.1021/ ...
https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/બદામ
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiencySuccinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency
GABA is synthesized in a single step from its precursor glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase. GABA is metabolized by ... Under normal conditions, SSADH works with the enzyme GABA transaminase to convert GABA to succinic acid. Succinic acid can then ... accumulates and cannot be oxidized to succinic acid and is therefore reduced to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) by gamma- ... Taurine is a non-protein sulfur amino acid that is found in high concentrations in human milk. It has been shown to have ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-hydroxybutyric_aciduria
Tuberkulóza - WikipedieTuberkulóza - Wikipedie
Migliore, D., Acharya, N. P. V., Jolles, P. Characterization of large quantities of glutamic acid in the walls of human ... Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from patients smear-negative for acid-fast bacilli. Lancet. 1999, roč. 353, čís. ...
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberkulóza
உயிர்ச்சத்து கே - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியாஉயிர்ச்சத்து கே - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா
"Vitamin K dependent modifications of glutamic acid residues in prothrombin". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71 (7): 2730-3. doi: ... "Effect of vitamin K deficiency on urinary gamma-carboxyglutamic acid excretion in rats". Nippon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi 52 (6): ... "The mode of action of vitamin K. Identification of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid as a component of prothrombin". J. Biol. Chem. ... "Vitamin K-dependent biosynthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid". Blood 93 (6): 1798-808. பப்மெட்:10068650. http://bloodjournal ...
https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/உயிர்ச்சத்து_கே
Semi-vegetarianismSemi-vegetarianism
Amino acids. *Alanine. *Arginine. *Asparagine. *Aspartic acid. *Cysteine. *Glutamic acid. *Glutamine. *Glycine ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-vegetarianism
Soy sauceSoy sauce
Based on the result of free amino acid analysis, the most abundant amino acids in Chinese soy sauce product are glutamic acid, ... Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein[edit]. Some brands of soy sauce are made from acid-hydrolyzed soy protein instead of brewed ... Lactic acid bacteria ferments the sugars into lactic acid and yeast makes ethanol, which through aging and secondary ... Acid-hydrolyzed soy sauce (산분해간장) - made by hydrolyzing raw materials containing protein with acid. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecap
TheanineTheanine
... derived from the related proteinogenic L-amino acid glutamic acid. Theanine is an analog of this amino acid, and its primary ... to the amide formed from ethylamine and L-glutamic acid at its γ- (5-) side chain carboxylic acid group (as the name γ-L- ... Theanine /ˈθiːəniːn/, also known as L-γ-glutamylethylamide and N5-ethyl-L-glutamine, is an amino acid analogue of the ... Not to be confused with threonine, a distinct amino acid, or theine, an archaic synonym of caffeine. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-theanine
1,1,1-Trichloroethane1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Glutamic acid (glutamate). *Ivermectin. *Ketamine. *Neuroactive steroids (e.g., alfaxolone, pregnenolone (eltanolone), ... Valerian constituents (e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol). *Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive ... This reaction is catalyzed by a variety of Lewis acids, mainly aluminium chloride, iron(III) chloride, or zinc chloride. The 1, ... Quinolines (e.g., 4-hydroxyquinoline, 4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 5,7-CIQA, 7-CIQ, 7-TFQ, 7-TFQA) ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane
ProteinProtein
Karl Heinrich Ritthausen extended known protein forms with the identification of glutamic acid. At the Connecticut Agricultural ... The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino ... If amino acids are present in the environment, microorganisms can conserve energy by taking up the amino acids from their ... Proteins are assembled from amino acids using information encoded in genes. Each protein has its own unique amino acid sequence ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_synthesis
Dairy productDairy product
Amino acids. *Alanine. *Arginine. *Asparagine. *Aspartic acid. *Cysteine. *Glutamic acid. *Glutamine. *Glycine ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_product
CrenolanibCrenolanib
... inhibits the ability of recombinant PDGFRβ to phosphorylate a synthetic tyrosine substrate (poly-glutamic acid- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenolanib
HypotaurineHypotaurine
Glutamic acid (glutamate). *Ivermectin. *Ketamine. *Neuroactive steroids (e.g., alfaxolone, pregnenolone (eltanolone), ... In the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway, cysteine is first oxidized to its sulfinic acid, catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine ... Kalir, Asher; Kalir, Henry H. "Biological activity of sulfinic acid derivatives" in Chemistry of Sulphinic Acids, Esters Their ... Hypotaurine is a sulfinic acid that is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of taurine. Like taurine, it also acts as an ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotaurine
BenzylpenicillinBenzylpenicillin
Glutamic acid (glutamate). *Ivermectin. *Ketamine. *Neuroactive steroids (e.g., alfaxolone, pregnenolone (eltanolone), ... 2S,5R,6R)-3,3-Dimethyl-7-oxo-6-(2-phenylacetamido)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid ... Quinolines (e.g., 4-hydroxyquinoline, 4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 5,7-CIQA, 7-CIQ, 7-TFQ, 7-TFQA) ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylpenicillin
FolateFolate
FA, N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, vitamin B9,[ ... Formiminoglutamic acid is an intermediate in the conversion of histidine to glutamic acid, catalyzed by THF. ... Folinic acid is not the same as folic acid. Folic acid supplements have little established role in cancer chemotherapy.[46][47] ... Folate in the form of folic acid is used to treat anemia caused by folic acid deficiency.[4] Folic acid is also used as a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_b9
AtaxiaAtaxia
Antibodies against the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD: enzyme changing glutamate into GABA) cause cerebellar deficits. ... glutamic acid decarboxylase ataxia.[43] Novel therapies target the RNA defects associated with cerebellar disorders, using in ... "Pathogenic Roles of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 Autoantibodies in Cerebellar Ataxias". Journal of Immunology Research. 2017 ... recessive gene disorder where mutations in the ALDH5A1 gene results in the accumulation of gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia
Stroberi kebun bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebasStroberi kebun bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Aspartic acid g 0.20 Glutamic acid g 0.13 Glycine g 0.035 Proline g 0.027 ...
https://id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry
Glutamic acid - FoodGlutamic acid - Food
Yeast manufacturer Yeastock has introduced a yeast extract in Europe with a high level of free glutamic acid, for enhancing ...
https://www.foodnavigator.com/tag/keyword/Food/Glutamic%20acid
Glutamic acid - WikipediaGlutamic acid - Wikipedia
He then patented a method of mass-producing a crystalline salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate. Glutamic acid is ... and glutamic acid is responsible for umami, one of the five basic tastes of the human sense of taste. Glutamic acid often is ... Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; the ionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living ... Although they occur naturally in many foods, the flavor contributions made by glutamic acid and other amino acids were only ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid
Palmitoyl glutamic acid | C21H39NO5 - PubChemPalmitoyl glutamic acid | C21H39NO5 - PubChem
Palmitoyl glutamic acid , C21H39NO5 , CID 161955 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification ...
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Palmitoyl_glutamic_acid
N-Methyl-L-glutamic acid - WikipediaN-Methyl-L-glutamic acid - Wikipedia
N-Methyl-l-glutamic acid (methylglutamate) is a chemical derivative of glutamic acid in which a methyl group has been added to ... It can also be demethylated by methylglutamate dehydrogenase to regenerate glutamic acid. Shaw, WV; Tsai, L; Stadtman, ER (1966 ... Biosynthetically, it is produced from methylamine and glutamic acid by the enzyme methylamine-glutamate N-methyltransferase. ... "The enzymatic synthesis of N-methylglutamic acid". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 241 (4): 935-45. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Methyl-L-glutamic_acid
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody - definition of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody by The Free DictionaryGlutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody - definition of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody by The Free Dictionary
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody synonyms, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody pronunciation, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase ... English dictionary definition of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody. antibody When bacteria enter a flesh wound, a B cell ... Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody - definition of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody by The Free Dictionary https://www. ... redirected from Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody). Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Acronyms, Encyclopedia.. Related to ...
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Glutamic+Acid+Decarboxylase+Antibody
Glutamic acid - wikidocGlutamic acid - wikidoc
Main article: Glutamic acid (flavor). Free glutamic acid is present in a wide variety of foods, including cheese and soy sauce ... Glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous ... glutamic acid. Production. China-based Fufeng Group Limited is the largest producer of glutamic acid in the world, with ... Glutamic acid (flavor). Although they occur naturally in many foods, the flavor contributions made by glutamic acid and other ...
http://wikidoc.org/index.php/Glutamate
Immune response to glutamic acid decarboxylase correlates with insulitis in non-obese diabetic mice. - PubMed - NCBIImmune response to glutamic acid decarboxylase correlates with insulitis in non-obese diabetic mice. - PubMed - NCBI
Immune response to glutamic acid decarboxylase correlates with insulitis in non-obese diabetic mice.. Tisch R1, Yang XD, Singer ... of five murine beta-cell antigens and find that antibody and T-cell responses specific for the two isoforms of glutamic acid ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8232539?dopt=Abstract
Neuroprotective and cholinergic properties of multifunctional glutamic acid derivatives for the treatment of Alzheimers...Neuroprotective and cholinergic properties of multifunctional glutamic acid derivatives for the treatment of Alzheimer's...
Neuroprotective and cholinergic properties of multifunctional glutamic acid derivatives for the treatment of Alzheimers ... With an L-glutamic moiety as a suitable biocompatible linker, three pharmacophoric groups were joined: (1) an N- ... an N-protecting group of the amino acid, capable of interacting with the acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-peripheral anionic site ( ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19856923
peptidyl-glutamic acid carboxylation Antibodies | Invitrogen ...peptidyl-glutamic acid carboxylation Antibodies | Invitrogen ...
Antibodies for proteins involved in peptidyl-glutamic acid carboxylation pathways, according to their Panther/Gene Ontology ... Antibodies for proteins involved in peptidyl-glutamic acid carboxylation pathways; according to their Panther/Gene Ontology ...
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L-Glutamic acid dimethyleester hydrochloride, 99%, pure, ACROS Organics™L-Glutamic acid dimethyleester hydrochloride, 99%, pure, ACROS Organics™
... glutamic acid dimethyl ester hydrochloride, dimethyl glutamic acid hydrochloride. IUPAC Name. dimethyl (2S)-2- ... glutamic acid dimethyl ester hydrochloride, dimethyl glutamic acid hydrochloride. ... l-glutamic acid dimethyl ester hydrochloride, h-glu ome-ome.hcl, dimethyl l-glutamate hydrochloride, s-dimethyl 2- ... l-glutamic acid dimethyl ester hydrochloride, h-glu ome-ome.hcl, dimethyl l-glutamate hydrochloride, s-dimethyl 2- ...
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Glutamic acid organic compound molecule - Stock Image F016/9771 - Science Photo LibraryGlutamic acid organic compound molecule - Stock Image F016/9771 - Science Photo Library
Molecular model of the non-essential amino acid glutamic acid (C5.H9.N.O4). This dicarboxylic acid is one of the amino acids ... Caption: Glutamic acid. Molecular model of the non-essential amino acid glutamic acid (C5.H9.N.O4). This dicarboxylic acid is ... amino acid, artwork, ball and stick, ball-and-stick, biochemistry, chemical, chemistry, digitally generated, glutamic acid, ... one of the amino acids that is a precursor to proteins. It is also an important neurotransmitter. Atoms are represented as ...
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/791451/view
Glutamic AcidGlutamic Acid
Sources and Dosage of Glutamic Acid. Glutamic acid is considered as the essential amino acid for the protein synthesis. ... Glutamic Acid - Uses, Benefits, Sources and Dosage. Glutamic acid is considered as the essential amino acid for the protein ... Vegan or vegetarian are not only deficient in the glutamic acid but also in all other amino acids. Glutamic acid deficiency ... Food Sources of Glutamic Acid. *Dairy products like milk, yogurt and cheese are the rich sources of glutamic acid. Cottage ...
https://www.planetayurveda.com/library/glutamic-acid/
L-Glutamic acid alpha-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide | CAS No. 74938-90-2 | Sigma-AldrichL-Glutamic acid alpha-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide | CAS No. 74938-90-2 | Sigma-Aldrich
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Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody | definition of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody by Medical dictionaryGlutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody | definition of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody by Medical dictionary
What is glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody? Meaning of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody medical term. What does ... Looking for online definition of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody in the Medical Dictionary? glutamic acid ... glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody. glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody. an antibody found in patients with insulin- ... Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody , definition of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody by Medical dictionary https ...
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Highly conserved glutamic acid in the extracellular IV-V loop in rhodopsins acts as the counterion in retinochrome, a member of...Highly conserved glutamic acid in the extracellular IV-V loop in rhodopsins acts as the counterion in retinochrome, a member of...
... retinochrome has an amino acid residue different from glutamic acid at this position (14), and therefore, these pigments may ... Highly conserved glutamic acid in the extracellular IV-V loop in rhodopsins acts as the counterion in retinochrome, a member of ... Highly conserved glutamic acid in the extracellular IV-V loop in rhodopsins acts as the counterion in retinochrome, a member of ... Highly conserved glutamic acid in the extracellular IV-V loop in rhodopsins acts as the counterion in retinochrome, a member of ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/97/26/14263?ijkey=12e36608261315b6b981247902d7b03211b40a52&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Unusual differences in the reactivity of glutamic and aspartic acid in oxidative decarboxylation reactions - Green Chemistry ...Unusual differences in the reactivity of glutamic and aspartic acid in oxidative decarboxylation reactions - Green Chemistry ...
Here the conversion of glutamic acid (Glu) and aspartic acid (Asp) was investigated. It was observed that these two chemicall ... Amino acids are potential substrates to replace fossil feedstocks for the synthesis of nitriles via oxidative decarboxylation ... Here the conversion of glutamic acid (Glu) and aspartic acid (Asp) was investigated. It was observed that these two chemically ... Unusual differences in the reactivity of glutamic and aspartic acid in oxidative decarboxylation reactions A. But, E. van der ...
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/gc/c7gc02137b
L-glutamic Amides | L-glutamic Acid Hydrazides | Anticancer ActivityL-glutamic Amides | L-glutamic Acid Hydrazides | Anticancer Activity
L-glutamic acid bis(p-substituted phenylhydrazides) were synthesized and evaluated for anticancer activity in vitro in DU-145 ... L-glutamic amides, L-glutamic acid hydrazides, anticancer activity. L-Glutamic acid plays an important role in the biosynthesis ... L-glutamic acid bis(p-substituted phenylhydrazides) were synthesized by condensing L-glutamic acid with benzenesulfonyl ... the product isolated was the free acid (8). The free acid was then converted to the acid chloride using SOCl2 (Scheme 1). The ...
https://www.ijpsonline.com/articles/synthesis-and-evaluation-of-lglutamic-acid-analogs-as-potential-anticancer-agents.html?view=mobile
Viruses | Free Full-Text | Glutamic Acid Residues in HIV-1 p6 Regulate Virus Budding and Membrane Association of GagViruses | Free Full-Text | Glutamic Acid Residues in HIV-1 p6 Regulate Virus Budding and Membrane Association of Gag
In this study, we show that mutation of the conserved glutamic acids within p6 increases the membrane association of Pr55 Gag ... Altogether, our data indicate that the glutamic acids within p6 contribute to the late steps of viral replication and may ... The replication capacity of the total glutamic acid mutant E0A was almost completely impaired, which was accompanied by ... Even though p6 consists of only 52 amino acids, it is encoded by one of the most polymorphic regions of the HIV-1 gag gene and ...
http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/8/4/117
Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody-Associated Ataxia as an Extrahepatic Autoimmune Manifestation of Hepatitis C...Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody-Associated Ataxia as an Extrahepatic Autoimmune Manifestation of Hepatitis C...
Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody-Associated Ataxia as an Extrahepatic Autoimmune Manifestation of Hepatitis C ... Amer Awad, Olaf Stüve, Marlyn Mayo, Rafeed Alkawadri, and Bachir Estephan, "Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody- ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crinm/2011/975152/cta/
Dietary Glutamic Acid Intake Linked With Lower CRC Risk - ONADietary Glutamic Acid Intake Linked With Lower CRC Risk - ONA
Baseline dietary glutamic acid intake is associated with a lower risk for developing colorectal cancer, particularly in people ... reduced risk for colorectal cancer by dietary glutamic acid (HR per percent increase in glutamic acid of protein, 0.58; 95% CI ... Glutamic acid is an amino acid that plays a key role in cellular metabolism and is a neurotransmitter involved in certain ... Dietary Glutamic Acid Intake Linked With Lower CRC Risk. Share this content: *facebook ...
http://www.oncologynurseadvisor.com/colorectal-cancer/dietary-glutamic-acid-intake-linked-with-lower-crc-risk/article/463342/
Glutamic Acid</span...Glutamic Acid</span...
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Differential and Time-Dependent Changes in Gene Expression for Type II Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase, 67 kDa...Differential and Time-Dependent Changes in Gene Expression for Type II Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase, 67 kDa...
1996) Stimulus-dependent, reciprocal up- and down-regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase and CaM kinase II gene expression ... 1991b) Differential gene expression for glutamic acid decarboxylase and type II calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in ... 1992) Contrasting patterns in the localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase and Ca2+/calmodulin protein kinase gene ... Immunoreactivity, mRNA levels, and/or receptor binding for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), NMDA receptor and/or AMPA ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/17/6/2168
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The acid/base catalyst in the exoglucanase/xylanase from Cellulomonas fimi is glutamic acid 127: evidence from detailed kinetic...The acid/base catalyst in the exoglucanase/xylanase from Cellulomonas fimi is glutamic acid 127: evidence from detailed kinetic...
The acid/base catalyst in the exoglucanase/xylanase from Cellulomonas fimi is glutamic acid 127: evidence from detailed kinetic ... and mutants at this position were constructed in which the glutamic acid is replaced by alanine or glycine. The following ... Glu127 was proposed as the acid/base catalyst on the basis of sequence alignments, ... depending upon their need for acid catalysis. The deglycosylation rate constant is decreased 200-fold by such substitution, due ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7910761/?dopt=Abstract
Self-Healing, Self-Assembled β‑Sheet Peptide-Poly(γ-glutamic acid) Hybrid HydrogelsSelf-Healing, Self-Assembled β‑Sheet Peptide-Poly(γ-glutamic acid) Hybrid Hydrogels
Self-Healing, Self-Assembled β‑Sheet Peptide-Poly(γ-glutamic acid) Hybrid Hydrogels. 2017-05-19T18:36:53Z (GMT) by David E. ... We synthesized hybrid hydrogels consisting of a poly-(γ-glutamic acid) polymer network physically cross-linked via grafted self ...
https://figshare.com/articles/Self-Healing_Self-Assembled_Sheet_Peptide_Poly_-glutamic_acid_Hybrid_Hydrogels/5026586
Chemical Database: L-Glutamic acid, N-(4-(((2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-, sodium salt ...Chemical Database: L-Glutamic acid, N-(4-(((2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-, sodium salt ...
This page contains information on the chemical L-Glutamic acid, N-(4-(((2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-, sodium ... L-Glutamic acid, N-(4-(((2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl) methyl) amino) benzoyl)-, sodium salt. Identifications. *CAS Number: 31823- ... L-Glutamic acid, N-(4-(((2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl) methyl) amino) benzoyl)-, sodium salt Related Resources. *USDOT Hazardous ... Chemical Database - L-Glutamic acid, N-(4-(((2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-, sodium salt. ...
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Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody | Article about Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody by The Free DictionaryGlutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody | Article about Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody by The Free Dictionary
Find out information about Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody. protein produced by the immune system in response to the ... presence in the body of antigens: foreign proteins or polysaccharides such as bacteria, bacterial... Explanation of Glutamic ... Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody , Article about Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody by The Free Dictionary https:// ... redirected from Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody). Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Acronyms.. Related to ...
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Aspartic acidGlutamateRich in glutamic acidGlutamineGAD65GlycineAntibodyHuman Glutamic Acid DecarboxSwanson Premium Glutamic AcidAutoantibodiesProteinsGamma-glutamic acidGlutamatesPeptidesExcitatoryChemistrySynthesisProteinEsterPolyBacillusArgininePeptideLeucineCrystallineGroups of amino acidsBiosynthesisEssential amiMethylSupplementsToxicityResiduesGABAAsparagineEnzymeConsistsSaltNeurotransmitter1866Wheat glutenUmamiChiralityMetabolismMultifunctionalSuppliersDiabetesDairy productsAmino acid seqOxidativeQuantitationHigh concentrations
Aspartic acid7
  • Like aspartic acid , glutamic acid has an acidic carboxyl group on its side chain which can serve as both an acceptor and a donor of ammonia, a compound toxic to the body. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Our results showed that the counterion is the glutamic acid at position 181, at which almost all the pigments in the rhodopsin family, including vertebrate and invertebrate rhodopsins, have a glutamic or aspartic acid. (pnas.org)
  • Here the conversion of glutamic acid (Glu) and aspartic acid (Asp) was investigated. (rsc.org)
  • Because it has a carboxylic acid moiety (functional group) on the side chain, glutamic acid is one of only two amino acids (the other being aspartic acid) that has a net negative charge at physiological pH. (newrootsherbal.com)
  • It has been shown previously that electron capture dissociation (ECD) can be used to generate diagnostic ions for the deamidation products of Asn: aspartic acid (Asp) and isoaspartic acid (isoAsp). (warwick.ac.uk)
  • Along with aspartic acid, glutamic acid is the only other amino acid that is negatively charged. (fitnesshealth101.com)
  • Aspartic acid is a nonessential amino acid that assists in the production of glucose and stimulates glutamate receptors. (brighthub.com)
Glutamate14
  • the ionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • He then patented a method of mass-producing a crystalline salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Monosodium glutamate (MSG), the monosodium salt of l-glutamic acid, is widely used as a condiment. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Biosynthetically, it is produced from methylamine and glutamic acid by the enzyme methylamine-glutamate N-methyltransferase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transamination can, thus, be linked to deamination, effectively allowing nitrogen from the amine groups of amino acids to be removed, via glutamate as an intermediate, and finally excreted from the body in the form of urea. (wikidoc.org)
  • Based on the NOAEL of 3,200 mg monosodium glutamate/kg bw per day from the neurodevelopmental toxicity study and applying the default uncertainty factor of 100, the Panel derived a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 30 mg/kg bw per day, expressed as glutamic acid, for glutamic acid and glutamates (E 620-625). (europa.eu)
  • In this report, the global Glutamic Acid and Monosodium Glutamate market is valued at USD XX million in 2017 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2017 and 2025. (reportsnreports.com)
  • Glutamic acid and excitatory amino acids specific for the glutamate receptor subtypes were microinjected into the A10 region of the rat. (aspetjournals.org)
  • When glutamate and the NMDA receptor antagonist, 3-[(+/-)-2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) were coadministered, CPP selectively abolished the effect of glutamate on medial prefrontal cortical dopamine metabolites. (aspetjournals.org)
  • R. Powell, Monosodium Glutamate and Glutamic Acid (Noyes Dev. (drugfuture.com)
  • A nonessential amino acid, C 5 H 9 NO 4 , occurring widely in plant and animal tissue and proteins, and having monosodium glutamate as a salt. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • When glutamic acid isn't being utilized by your body it exists in a form called glutamate. (chefryancallahan.com)
  • Interestingly, of all the free amino acids contained within your blood glutamate is the most common accounting for 40% of the amino acids in your blood, which is potentially why blood has a very savory flavor. (chefryancallahan.com)
  • The focus of this review is the excitatory amino acid glutamate and its role in regulating bone formation and resorption. (blogspot.com)
Rich in glutamic acid2
Glutamine13
  • Not to be confused with Glutamine or Glutaric acid . (wikipedia.org)
  • Once glutamic acid has coupled with ammonia, it is called glutamine and can as such safely transport ammonia to the liver, where the ammonia is eventually converted to urea for excretion by the kidneys. (encyclopedia.com)
  • It is in the same amino acids family as glutamine and they can change their structure to transform into each other. (planetayurveda.com)
  • Glutamic Acids helps in the detoxification of ammonia by taking up the nitrogen atoms during the formation of glutamine amino acid. (planetayurveda.com)
  • Process of conversion of glutamic acid into glutamine is only way through which ammonia in the brain is detoxified. (planetayurveda.com)
  • Glutamic acid can be converted as needed into glutamine, a crucial amino acid that can often be depleted during times of increased stress or intense physical exercise. (swansonvitamins.com)
  • When aminated, glutamic acid forms the important amino acid glutamine. (newrootsherbal.com)
  • Due to its much slower deamidation rate compared to that of asparagine (Asn), studies on glutamine (Gin) deamidation have been scarce, especially on the differentiation of its isomeric deamidation products: alpha- and gamma-glutamic acid (Glu). (warwick.ac.uk)
  • This requires the conversion of glutamine into glutamic acid. (fitnesshealth101.com)
  • insert the value from you Glutamic Acid/Glutamine (Genova) test result. (healthmatters.io)
  • Glutamine is also a conditionally essential amino acid. (brighthub.com)
  • Those who have gastrointestinal disorders and those who perform strenuous exercise may need to supplement glutamine production with supplements or dietary sources of this amino acid. (brighthub.com)
  • Glutamine aids in protein synthesis, helps produce ammonium, serves as a source of energy, donates carbon in the citric acid cycle and donates nitrogen for anabolic processes in the body. (brighthub.com)
GAD653
  • Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody assay using 1251-labelled recombinant GAD65 produced in yeast. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • cDNAs coding for the full-length human 65 and 67 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylases (GAD65 and GAD67) were amplified from pancreas and hippocampus cDNA libraries by polymerase chain reaction, respectively. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • In the case of type 1 diabetes, T cell and B cell reactivity to the autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) is associated with disease development in humans and in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. (ox.ac.uk)
Glycine3
  • Glu127 was proposed as the acid/base catalyst on the basis of sequence alignments, and mutants at this position were constructed in which the glutamic acid is replaced by alanine or glycine. (nih.gov)
  • The amino acids, glutamic acid and proline, as well as glycine betaine were resolved in less than 10 minutes. (sielc.com)
  • Glycine is another nonessential amino acid with multiple functions. (brighthub.com)
Antibody9
  • Here we determine the temporal sequence of T-cell and antibody responses in NOD mice to a panel of five murine beta-cell antigens and find that antibody and T-cell responses specific for the two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are first detected in 4-week-old NOD mice. (nih.gov)
  • The antibody recognizes glutamic acid decarboxylase, an intracellular enzyme. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • For affinity purification with an anti-rhodopsin antibody, the amino acid sequence of monoclonal antibody Rho1D4 epitope (ETSQVAPA) is introduced to the C terminus of retinochrome. (pnas.org)
  • In addition, antiglutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody-associated cerebellar ataxia is well-established entity. (hindawi.com)
  • We report the case of a young woman with chronic hepatitis C virus and multiple extrahepatic autoimmune diseases including Sjögren syndrome and pernicious anemia who presented with subacute midline cerebellar syndrome and was found to have positive antiglutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. (hindawi.com)
  • An extensive diagnostic workup to rule out neoplastic growths was negative, suggesting the diagnosis of nonparaneoplastic antiglutamic acid decarboxylase antibody-associated cerebellar ataxia as an additional extrahepatic manifestation of hepatitis C virus infection. (hindawi.com)
  • To our knowledge, there have been no previous reports of antiglutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody-associated cerebellar ataxia as an extrahepatic manifestation of chronic HCV infection. (hindawi.com)
  • The antibody molecule is composed of four polypeptide chains (see peptide peptide, organic compound composed of amino acids linked together chemically by peptide bonds. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • If either Insulin Antibody or Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody is negative, then IA-2 Antibody will be added. (aruplab.com)
Human Glutamic Acid Decarbox1
  • Naturally processed T cell epitopes from human glutamic acid decarboxylase identified using mice transgenic for the type 1 diabetes-associated human MHC class II allele, DRB1*0401. (ox.ac.uk)
Swanson Premium Glutamic Acid1
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Autoantibodies5
  • In this study, we demonstrate that levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibodies (GAAs) by radioassay differ between relatives with GAD-absorbable and GAD-nonabsorbable islet cell antibodies (ICAs). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • We have investigated whether glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibodies (GAD 65 Ab) were affected by cyclosporin therapy and were related to subsequent noninsulin-requiring remission and loss of glucagon-stimulated C-peptide response in 132 recent-onset insulindependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients treated with cyclosporin or placebo for 12 months. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Autoantibodies to the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) have been found in SMS and in IDDM. (nih.gov)
  • Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in patients with. (mysciencework.com)
  • Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in patients with epilepsy and their relationship with type 1 diabetes: a pilot study. (mysciencework.com)
Proteins14
  • Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E ) [4] is an α- amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins . (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans, dietary proteins are broken down by digestion into amino acids, which serve as metabolic fuel for other functional roles in the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • glutamic acid (glōōtăm´Ĭk) , organic compound, one of the 20 amino acids commonly found in animal proteins. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Free glutamic acid (that not incorporated into proteins) can also be converted reversibly to α-ketoglutaric acid, an intermediate in the Krebs cycle, and as such can be degraded to carbon dioxide and water, or transformed into sugars. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The acidic side chain of glutamic acid confers one negative charge under most conditions to proteins in which this amino acid is found, thus increasing the water solubility of the protein. (encyclopedia.com)
  • This dicarboxylic acid is one of the amino acids that is a precursor to proteins. (sciencephoto.com)
  • All the beans/ legumes are rich in the proteins and also contain the significant amounts of glutamic acids. (planetayurveda.com)
  • The separation of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, can be challenging to separate on a reverse-phase column due to their high polarity. (sielc.com)
  • This negative charge makes glutamic acid a very polar molecule, and it is usually found on the outside of proteins and enzymes, where it is free to interact with the aqueous intracellular surroundings. (newrootsherbal.com)
  • Glutamic acid can also be found in the muscles where it is used to create muscle proteins and maintain the overall health of musculature. (fitnesshealth101.com)
  • These amino acids serve as the basic units of proteins, which help carry out chemical reactions in cells and play a role in most cellular processes. (brighthub.com)
  • The arrangement of amino acids determines the structure of proteins and the stability of these protein structures. (brighthub.com)
  • This amino acid also plays a role in the stability of proteins. (brighthub.com)
  • Glutamatic acid is necessary for proper cell function and serves as a building block for proteins. (brighthub.com)
Gamma-glutamic acid4
  • Enhanced production of poly (gamma-glutamic acid) from Bacillus licheniformis NCIM 2324 in solid state fermentation. (springer.com)
  • Goto A, Kunioka M. Biosynthesis and hydrolysis of poly(gamma-glutamic acid) from Bacillus subtilis IF03335. (springer.com)
  • Synthesis of peptide ribonucleic acid consisting of D- and L-gamma-glutamic acid as a backbone structure. (biomedsearch.com)
  • Difference between D-PRNA and L-PRNA oligomers was elucidated on the basis of the effects of chirality of gamma-glutamic acid backbone upon structure elucidated by CD spectra. (biomedsearch.com)
Glutamates4
  • The carboxylate anions and salts of glutamic acid are known as glutamates . (wikidoc.org)
  • The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provides a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of glutamic acid-glutamates (E 620-625) when used as food additives. (europa.eu)
  • The Panel considered that glutamic acid-glutamates (E 620-625) did not raise concern with regards to genotoxicity. (europa.eu)
  • The Panel noted that the exposure to glutamic acid and glutamates (E 620-625) exceeded not only the proposed ADI, but also doses associated with adverse effects in humans for some population groups. (europa.eu)
Peptides1
  • We synthesized hybrid hydrogels consisting of a poly-(γ-glutamic acid) polymer network physically cross-linked via grafted self-assembling β-sheet peptides to provide non-covalent cross-linking through β-sheet assembly, reinforced with a polymer backbone to improve strain stability. (figshare.com)
Excitatory4
  • Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (umassmed.edu)
  • referred to as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) due to its role in neurotransmission. (drugfuture.com)
  • Glutamic acid is an important excitatory neurotransmitter, necessary in the metabolism of sugars and fats, and supports prostate function. (newrootsherbal.com)
  • One of glutamic acid's most important influences within the body is in stimulating the synthesis of gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps balance out excitatory signals. (fitnesshealth101.com)
Chemistry1
  • This book discusses the chemistry, food sources and health benefits of glutamic acid. (upc.edu)
Synthesis5
  • It serves as the precursor for the synthesis of the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in GABA-ergic neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glutamic acid is considered as the essential amino acid for the protein synthesis. (planetayurveda.com)
  • Amino acids are potential substrates to replace fossil feedstocks for the synthesis of nitriles via oxidative decarboxylation using vanadium chloroperoxidase (VCPO), H 2 O 2 and bromide. (rsc.org)
  • Diastereoselective Synthesis of Enantiopure β-Amino-γ-hydroxy Acids and γ-Amino-δ-hydroxy Acids. (growkudos.com)
  • It also plays a role in the synthesis of urocanic acid and ammonia. (brighthub.com)
Protein11
  • Note that by eating enough protein in your diet, you get all of the amino acids you need. (lifebridgehealth.org)
  • Glutamic acid deficiency occurs in the people who take low protein diet. (planetayurveda.com)
  • The positive charge on the protonated Schiff base is energetically unstable in the protein interior, and therefore, a negatively charged amino acid residue called counterion should be present in the protein. (pnas.org)
  • To study potential molecular mechanisms of epileptogenesis in the neocortex, the motor cortex of rats was injected with tetanus toxin (TT), and gene expression for 67 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-67), type II calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII), NMDA receptor subunit 1 (NR1), and AMPA receptor subunit 2 (GluR2) was investigated by in situ hybridization histochemistry. (jneurosci.org)
  • Glutamic acid is an non-essential amino acid, found in all plant and animal protein, if in need, under normal conditions body can produce enough of glutamic acid, therefore we do not depend on food source to obtain it. (traditionaloven.com)
  • All protein containing foods (dairy products, meats, beans, oats) provide us with the glutamic acid. (traditionaloven.com)
  • Glutamic acid is a nonessential amino acid used by the body to manufacture human protein, a vital component of all the body's cells. (newrootsherbal.com)
  • In this study, a family of structurally related block copolymers of mPEG2k - poly(glutamic acid) with linear A-B (mPEG2k-lin-polyGA) and miktoarm A-B3 ((mPEG2k-mik-(polyGA)3) structure was synthesised by N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) ring-opening polymerisation to assess the effect of macromolecular topology of the copolymers on polymer-protein complexation. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Glutamic acid is an amino acid, one of the building blocks of protein. (chefryancallahan.com)
  • Would glutamic acid intake--satisfying the "protein" appetite induced by excess leptin or brain serotonin blockade-- prevent the deleterious effects of these treatments on bone? (blogspot.com)
  • This amino acid also stimulates the production of muscle protein and slows the breakdown of muscle tissue. (brighthub.com)
Ester5
  • The report generally describes n-tert-butoxycarbonyl-l-glutamic acid 5-benzyl ester, examines its uses, production methods, patents. (marketpublishers.com)
  • Furthermore, n-tert-butoxycarbonyl-l-glutamic acid 5-benzyl ester prices in regional markets can be found in the report with regards to countries and companies. (marketpublishers.com)
  • The report also focuses on n-tert-butoxycarbonyl-l-glutamic acid 5-benzyl ester consumers by providing data on companies that use it. (marketpublishers.com)
  • N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid 5-benzyl ester (CAS 13574-13-5) Market Research Report 2018 contents were prepared and placed on the website in February, 2018. (marketpublishers.com)
  • Please note that N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid 5-benzyl ester (CAS 13574-13-5) Market Research Report 2018 is a half ready publication and contents are subject to change. (marketpublishers.com)
Poly12
  • In cheongguk-jang, bacilli are dominant bacteria and produce highly viscous poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), which improves human health functions. (springer.com)
  • Enhanced production of poly (γ-glutamic acid) from Bacillus licheniformis NCIM 2324 by using metabolic precursors. (springer.com)
  • Influences of culture medium components on the production poly (γ-glutamic acid) by Bacillus subtilis GS-2 isolated Chungkookjang. (springer.com)
  • Davaatseren M, Hwang JT, Ho Park J, Kim MS, Wang S, Sung M. Poly-γ-glutamic acid attenuates angiogenesis and inflammation in experimental colitis. (springer.com)
  • Feng J, Shi Q, Zhou G, Wang L, Chen A, Xie X, Huang X, Hu W. Improved production of poly-γ-glutamic acid with low molecular weight under high ferric ion concentration stress in Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945a. (springer.com)
  • Here we demonstrate that S. epidermidis secretes poly-γ-DL-glutamic acid (PGA) to facilitate growth and survival in the human host. (jci.org)
  • Gamma-poly-glutamic acid (gamma-PGA) is a natural occurring, multi-functional, and biodegradable biopolymer. (alibaba.com)
  • Layer-by-Layer Assembled Multilayer Films of Methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(α,L-glutamic acid) and Chitosan with Reduced Cell Adhesion. (biomedsearch.com)
  • A methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(α,L-glutamic acid) (mPEGGA) diblock copolymer is synthesized. (biomedsearch.com)
  • Poly (y-glutamic acid), a novel polyanionic and multifunctional macromolecule synthesized by Bacillus species, has attracted considerable attention because of its eco-friendly, biodegradable and biocompatible characteristics. (upc.edu)
  • SW1-2 producing poly glutamic acid (PGA), locally isolated from Eastern province in Saudi Arabia, was characterized and identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. (ajol.info)
  • Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a naturally occurring biopolymer made up of repeating units of glutamic acid and can be potentially used for multiple applications. (openrepository.com)
Bacillus2
  • Cheng C, Asada Y, Aida T. Production of γ-polyglutamic acid by Bacillus licheniformis A35 under denitrifying conditions. (springer.com)
  • It is produced through fermentation by Bacillus subtilis using glutamic acid. (alibaba.com)
Arginine5
  • In this application, 5 amino acids (asparagine, glutamic acid, proline and arginine) and two preservatives (methyl paraben and propyl paraben) are separated on a Primesep 100 reversed-phase cation-exchange column with LC/MS compatible mobile phase. (sielc.com)
  • Glutamic acid is biosynthesized from a number of amino acids, including ornithine and arginine. (newrootsherbal.com)
  • Glutamic acid is synthesized from other amino acids such as arginine and ornithine acid. (fitnesshealth101.com)
  • Arginine is classified as a "conditionally essential" amino acid. (brighthub.com)
  • Premature infants cannot produce this amino acid, so it is essential to give them arginine from dietary or supplement sources. (brighthub.com)
Peptide4
  • A novel nucleic acid model using peptide ribonucleic acid (PRNA), which contains 5-amino-5-deoxyribonucleoside as a recognition site for nucleic acids and consists D-glutamic acid (D-PRNA) instead of L-glutamic acid (L-PRNA) as a backbone structure, has been designed and synthesized. (biomedsearch.com)
  • The peptide bond always involves a single covalent link between the α-carboxyl (oxygen-bearing carbon) of one amino acid and the amino nitrogen of a second amino acid. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • This showed that only the first glutamic acid residue in the peptide substrate was carboxylated. (biochemj.org)
  • Blocking peptide for Glutamic acid decarboxylase mAb (11) (Prod. (vwr.com)
Leucine1
  • Leucine, an essential amino acid, is used by the liver, fat tissue and muscle tissue. (brighthub.com)
Crystalline2
  • a crystalline amino acid, C 5 H 9 NO 4 , obtained by hydrolysis from wheat gluten and sugar-beet residues, used commercially as a flavor intensifier. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • MSG was discovered by Japanese researcher Kikunae Ikeda in 1908 by creating a crystalline extract of glutamic acid from seaweed. (chefryancallahan.com)
Groups of amino acids1
  • At lower pH, carboxylic acid groups of amino acids are not ionized, making them more hydrophobic and basic. (sielc.com)
Biosynthesis1
  • L-Glutamic acid plays an important role in the biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases of DNA and RNA [ 1 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Essential ami5
  • Molecular model of the non-essential amino acid glutamic acid (C5.H9.N.O4). (sciencephoto.com)
  • A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. (umassmed.edu)
  • Notes: Glutamic Acid is a non-essential amino acid that is produced internally within the body. (fitnesshealth101.com)
  • Isoleucine is an essential amino acid, which means you need to ingest it. (brighthub.com)
  • Lysine is an essential amino acid that serves as a base. (brighthub.com)
Methyl3
  • N-Methyl-l-glutamic acid (methylglutamate) is a chemical derivative of glutamic acid in which a methyl group has been added to the amino group. (wikipedia.org)
  • This motor stimulant effect was produced by kainate, but not by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or quisqualic acid. (aspetjournals.org)
  • To examine the consequences of nigrostriatal denervation and L-dopa treatment on the basal ganglia output system, we analyzed, by quantitative in situ hybridization, the messenger RNA coding for glutamic acid decarboxylase (Mr 67,000) (GAD67 mRNA) in pallidal cells from patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), monkeys rendered parkinsonian by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) receiving or not receiving L-dopa, and their respective control subjects. (cun.es)
Supplements5
  • In children, taking single amino acid supplements may also cause growth problems. (lifebridgehealth.org)
  • Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding shouldn't use glutamic acid supplements. (lifebridgehealth.org)
  • People with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) or cystinuria shouldn't use glutamic acid supplements. (lifebridgehealth.org)
  • People who have the liver or kidney problems must consult with their doctors before taking any glutamic acid supplements. (planetayurveda.com)
  • Method can be used for analysis of underivatized amino acids in various matrices including supplements, vitamin and other complex mixtures. (sielc.com)
Toxicity2
  • Though the dosage of glutamic acid can be altered by keeping the toxicity levels in the mind. (planetayurveda.com)
  • No known toxicity associated with glutamic acid, however those with kidney or liver disease should consult their doctor before supplementing with this amino acid. (fitnesshealth101.com)
Residues2
  • Methylofuran was present as a mixture of different species with varying numbers of glutamic acid residues in the side chain ranging from 12 to 24. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
  • Notably, the glutamic acid residues were not solely γ-linked, as is the case for all known methanofurans, but were identified by NMR as a mixture of α- and γ-linked amino acids. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
GABA4
  • Glutamic acid and GABA are neurotransmitters. (sielc.com)
  • Glutamic acid and GABA are non-essential amino acids. (sielc.com)
  • Underivatized glutamic acid and GABA were retained and separated on a Primesep 100 column using ACN/water/TFA mobile phase. (sielc.com)
  • After this has occurred, glutamic acid can increase the levels of GABA within the brain. (fitnesshealth101.com)
Asparagine1
  • Asparagine is a nonessential amino acid that plays a role in nervous system function and production of ammonia. (brighthub.com)
Enzyme1
  • It uses a double-displacement mechanism involving a glycosyl-enzyme intermediate which is formed and hydrolyzed with general acid/base catalytic assistance. (nih.gov)
Consists3
  • Even though p6 consists of only 52 amino acids, it is encoded by one of the most polymorphic regions of the HIV-1 gag gene and undergoes various posttranslational modifications including sumoylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation. (mdpi.com)
  • PGA is consists of glutamic acid monomers crosslinked between α-amino and γ-carboxyl groups, and the molecular weight of PGA is usually between 100~1000 kDa. (alibaba.com)
  • The homopolymer consists mainly of glutamic as indicated in the analysis of amino acid. (ajol.info)
Salt3
  • Salt of N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid and. (europa.eu)
  • On characterization, it was observed that γ-PGA with different properties (crystallinity, acid/salt form and molecular weights ranging from 3,000 Da to 871,000 Da) was produced. (openrepository.com)
  • MSG is the sodium salt of glutamic acid. (chefryancallahan.com)
Neurotransmitter2
  • Glutamic acid is the most common neurotransmitter which is found in the brain and spinal cord. (planetayurveda.com)
  • Glutamic acid is an amino acid that plays a key role in cellular metabolism and is a neurotransmitter involved in certain cognitive functions. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
18663
  • The substance was discovered and identified in the year 1866, by the German chemist Karl Heinrich Ritthausen who treated wheat gluten (for which it was named) with sulfuric acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • The amino acid was isolated from wheat gluten in 1866 and chemically synthesized in 1890. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The German chemist Karl Heinrich Leopold Ritthausen discovered [2] glutamic acid in 1866 while experimenting on wheat gluten. (knowhatyouknow.com)
Wheat gluten1
  • 2 parts of wheat gluten was boiled with 5 parts of sulphuric acid and 13 parts of water for 20-24 hours. (knowhatyouknow.com)
Umami2
  • Foods that are high in glutamic acid are called 'Umami', and are considered the 'fifth taste', after sweet, sour, salty and bitter. (highbloodpressuremed.com)
  • The whole leptin/brain-derived serotonin, umami/sweet, glutamic acid/carbohydrate appetite see-saw seems to be pretty important. (blogspot.com)
Chirality2
  • Vibrational spectroscopy of mass-selected gas-phase amino acids and their clusters can precisely reveal their conformation and might ultimately help to decode the interactions responsible for chirality recognition. (rsc.org)
  • Metal Ion-induced Chirality and Morphology Control of Self-assembling Organogels from L-Glutamic Acid-derived Lipids. (nii.ac.jp)
Metabolism3
  • Both pyruvate and oxaloacetate are key components of cellular metabolism, contributing as substrates or intermediates in fundamental processes such as glycolysis , gluconeogenesis , and the citric acid cycle . (wikidoc.org)
  • The homochirality of the amino acid metabolism still puzzles biochemists. (rsc.org)
  • Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. (nih.gov)
Multifunctional1
  • Neuroprotective and cholinergic properties of multifunctional glutamic acid derivatives for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. (nih.gov)
Suppliers1
  • l-glutamic acid, 9-methylpteroyl- manufacturers and suppliers with contacts and product range are mentioned in the study. (marketpublishers.com)
Diabetes2
  • Glutamic acid may be used to treat low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) in people with diabetes. (lifebridgehealth.org)
  • Cytotoxic T cells specific for glutamic acid decarboxylase in autoimmune diabetes. (rupress.org)
Dairy products1
  • Dairy products like milk, yogurt and cheese are the rich sources of glutamic acid. (planetayurveda.com)
Amino acid seq1
  • Squid retinochrome has an amino acid sequence ≈20% identical to those of vertebrate and invertebrate rhodopsins ( 7 ), and its absorption maximum (495 nm) is similar to the maxima of rhodopsins. (pnas.org)
Oxidative1
  • Here we show that tumor cell retention of a system xc--specific positron emission tomography radiotracer, (S)-4-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-L-glutamic acid ([18F]FSPG), decreases in proportion to levels of oxidative stress following treatment with a range of redox-active compounds. (aacrjournals.org)
Quantitation1
  • Method is validated for quantitation of underivatized amino acids in complex mixtures. (sielc.com)
High concentrations2
  • Histidine (His) Histidine is one of the eight essential amino acids that are found in high concentrations in hemoglobin. (flafit.com)
  • But all they have done is use foods that have naturally occuring high concentrations of glutamic acid to build the savory characteristics of their food. (chefryancallahan.com)
Glutamic acid Archives - Be Well Buzz
Glutamic acid Archives - Be Well Buzz (bewellbuzz.com)
Glutamic acid - Wikipedia
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Glutamic acid - Food
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Commonwealth Laboratories (India) Pvt. Ltd. Product Information | Medindia
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Glutamic acid - Registration Dossier - ECHA
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Organic Powder Gamma Poly Glutamic Acid (gamma Pga) - Buy Gamma Poly Glutamic Acid,Poly L Glutamic Acid,Gamma Pga Product on...
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Intermolecular Antigen Spreading Occurs During the Preclinical Period of Human Type 1 Diabetes | The Journal of Immunology
Intermolecular Antigen Spreading Occurs During the Preclinical Period of Human Type 1 Diabetes | The Journal of Immunology (jimmunol.org)
RCSB PDB - LK2 Ligand Summary Page
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IUCr) Acta Crystallographica Volume 6, Part 1, January 1953
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Responsive poly (γ-glutamic acid) fibres for biomedical applications - Journal of Materials Chemistry B (RSC Publishing)
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Health Benefits Of Eating More Broccoli - MotleyHealth®
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The PDE4 inhibitor rolipram reverses object memory impairment induced by acute tryptophan depletion in the rat | SpringerLink
The PDE4 inhibitor rolipram reverses object memory impairment induced by acute tryptophan depletion in the rat | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
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