Glutamate Dehydrogenase
Glutamates
Glutamate Synthase
Ketoglutaric Acids
Glutamic Acid
NAD
A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
NADP
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
L-Lactate Dehydrogenase
Ammonia
Receptors, Glutamate
Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.
Malate Dehydrogenase
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate and NAD+ to yield 2-ketoglutarate, carbon dioxide, and NADH. It occurs in cell mitochondria. The enzyme requires Mg2+, Mn2+; it is activated by ADP, citrate, and Ca2+, and inhibited by NADH, NADPH, and ATP. The reaction is the key rate-limiting step of the citric acid (tricarboxylic) cycle. (From Dorland, 27th ed) (The NADP+ enzyme is EC 1.1.1.42.) EC 1.1.1.41.
Glutamine
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases
Neurospora
Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
Transaminases
Alcohol Oxidoreductases
A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as hemiacetals. They are further classified according to the acceptor which can be NAD+ or NADP+ (subclass 1.1.1), cytochrome (1.1.2), oxygen (1.1.3), quinone (1.1.5), or another acceptor (1.1.99).
Hyperammonemia
Alanine Dehydrogenase
An NAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible DEAMINATION of L-ALANINE to PYRUVATE and AMMONIA. The enzyme is needed for growth when ALANINE is the sole CARBON or NITROGEN source. It may also play a role in CELL WALL synthesis because L-ALANINE is an important constituent of the PEPTIDOGLYCAN layer.
Neurospora crassa
Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase
Nitrogen
Succinate Dehydrogenase
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Carbohydrate Dehydrogenases
L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase
Amino Acid Sequence
Liver
Clostridium
Cattle
Aspartic Acid
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
Aspartate Aminotransferases
Amino Acid Transport System X-AG
Amino Acids
Mitochondria, Liver
Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Binding Sites
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase
Isoenzymes
Oxidoreductases
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Glucose Dehydrogenases
3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases
Adenosine Diphosphate
Amination
Sugar Alcohol Dehydrogenases
Glutamate Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
A family of plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporter proteins that couple the uptake of GLUTAMATE with the import of SODIUM ions and PROTONS and the export of POTASSIUM ions. In the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM they regulate neurotransmission through synaptic reuptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Outside the central nervous system they function as signal mediators and regulators of glutamate metabolism.
NADH Dehydrogenase
A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidation of NADH to NAD. In eukaryotes the enzyme can be found as a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex I. Under experimental conditions the enzyme can use CYTOCHROME C GROUP as the reducing cofactor. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 1.6.2.1.
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Peptostreptococcus
Coenzymes
Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5
IMP Dehydrogenase
Mutation
Ammonium Chloride
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Formate Dehydrogenases
Flavoproteins that catalyze reversibly the reduction of carbon dioxide to formate. Many compounds can act as acceptors, but the only physiologically active acceptor is NAD. The enzymes are active in the fermentation of sugars and other compounds to carbon dioxide and are the key enzymes in obtaining energy when bacteria are grown on formate as the main carbon source. They have been purified from bovine blood. EC 1.2.1.2.
Base Sequence
Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase
17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
Xanthine Dehydrogenase
Mitochondria
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophies
A group of inherited and sporadic disorders which share progressive ataxia in combination with atrophy of the CEREBELLUM; PONS; and inferior olivary nuclei. Additional clinical features may include MUSCLE RIGIDITY; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; RETINAL DEGENERATION; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; DEMENTIA; URINARY INCONTINENCE; and OPHTHALMOPLEGIA. The familial form has an earlier onset (second decade) and may feature spinal cord atrophy. The sporadic form tends to present in the fifth or sixth decade, and is considered a clinical subtype of MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1085)
Substrate Specificity
Thermoproteaceae
Aminooxyacetic Acid
Enzyme Stability
3-Methyl-2-Oxobutanoate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)
A ketone oxidoreductase that catalyzes the overall conversion of alpha-keto acids to ACYL-CoA and CO2. The enzyme requires THIAMINE DIPHOSPHATE as a cofactor. Defects in genes that code for subunits of the enzyme are a cause of MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE. The enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.2.4.3.
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins
A family of vesicular neurotransmitter transporter proteins that were originally characterized as sodium dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporters. Vesicular glutamate transport proteins sequester the excitatory neurotransmitter GLUTAMATE from the CYTOPLASM into SECRETORY VESICLES in exchange for lumenal PROTONS.
Cloning, Molecular
Enzyme Repression
Allosteric Regulation
11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists
Chlorella
Formiminoglutamic Acid
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2
Glucose
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2
Succinates
Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP)
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose Dehydrogenase
Citrate (si)-Synthase
Succinic Acid
A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)
Chemistry
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Chemical Phenomena
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Carbon
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Alanine
Pyridoxal Phosphate
This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Guanosine Triphosphate
11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1
Receptors, AMPA
3-alpha-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (B-Specific)
A 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which catalyzes the reversible reduction of the active androgen, DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE to 5 ALPHA-ANDROSTANE-3 ALPHA,17 BETA-DIOL. It also has activity towards other 3-alpha-hydroxysteroids and on 9-, 11- and 15- hydroxyprostaglandins. The enzyme is B-specific in reference to the orientation of reduced NAD or NADPH.
Spectrophotometry
Mannitol Dehydrogenases
Alanine Transaminase
Histidine Ammonia-Lyase
Catalysis
Enzyme Activation
Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases
Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.
Butyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase
Retinal Dehydrogenase
Allosteric Site
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1
Glutamate Decarboxylase
A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.
Amino Acid Oxidoreductases
Archaea
One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eukarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least four kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA; EURYARCHAEOTA; NANOARCHAEOTA; and KORARCHAEOTA.
Urea
Clostridium difficile
20-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Chromatography, Gel
11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2
An high-affinity, NAD-dependent 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that acts unidirectionally to catalyze the dehydrogenation of CORTISOL to CORTISONE. It is found predominantly in mineralocorticoid target tissues such as the KIDNEY; COLON; SWEAT GLANDS; and the PLACENTA. Absence of the enzyme leads to a fatal form of childhood hypertension termed, APPARENT MINERALOCORTICOID EXCESS SYNDROME.
Cell-Free System
A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Giardia lamblia
Temperature
Proline
Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain
Protein Binding
Adenosine Triphosphate
Spinocerebellar Degenerations
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Homoserine Dehydrogenase
Enzymes
Rats, Wistar
Isovaleryl-CoA Dehydrogenase
3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase
Kainic Acid
(2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.
Receptors, Ionotropic Glutamate
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 3
Ornithine-Oxo-Acid Transaminase
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Enzyme Induction
Neurons
The amino acid sequence of Neurospora NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase. The tryptic peptides. (1/966)
The NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora crassa was digested with trypsin, and peptides accounting for 441 out of the 452 residues of the polypeptide chain were isolated and substantially sequenced. Additional experimental detail has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50052 (11 pages) with the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained under the terms given in Biochem J. (1975) 145, 5. (+info)The amino acid sequence of Neurospora NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase. Peptides from digestion with a staphylococcal proteinase. (2/966)
The extracellular proteinase of Staphylococcus aureus strain V8 was used to digest the NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora crassa. Of 35 non-overlapping peptides expected from the glutamate content of the polypeptide chain, 29 were isolated and substantially sequenced. The sequences obtained were valuable in providing overlaps for the alignment of about two-thirds of the sequences found in tryptic peptides [Wootton, J. C., Taylor, J, G., Jackson, A. A., Chambers, G. K. & Fincham, J. R. S. (1975) Biochem. J. 149, 739-748]. The blocked N-terminal peptide of the protein was isolated. This peptide was sequenced by mass spectrometry, and found to have N-terminal N-acetylserine by Howard R. Morris and Anne Dell, whose results are presented as an Appendix to the main paper. The staphylococcal proteinase showed very high specificity for glutamyl bonds in the NH4HCO3 buffer used. Partial splits of two aspartyl bonds, both Asp-Ile, were probably attributable to the proteinase. No cleavage of glutaminyl or S-carboxymethylcysteinyl bonds was found. Additional experimental detail has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50053 (5 pages) with the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K, from whom copies may be obtained under the terms given in Biochem. J. (1975) 1458 5. (+info)The amino acid sequence of Neurospora NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase. Peptic and chymotryptic peptides and the complete sequence. (3/966)
Peptic and chymotryptic peptides were isolated form the NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora crassa and substantially sequenced. Out of 452 residues in the polypeptide chain, 265 were recovered in the peptic and 427 in the chymotryptic peptides. Together with the tryptic peptides [Wootton, J. C., Taylor, J. G., Jackson, A. A., Chambers, G. K. & Fincham, J. R. S. (1975) Biochem. J. 149, 749-755], these establish the complete sequence of the chain, including the acid and amide assignments, except for seven places where overlaps are inadequate. These remaining alignments are deduced from information on the CNBr fragments obtained in another laboratory [Blumenthal, K. M., Moon, K. & Smith, E. L. (1975), J. Biol. Chem. 250, 3644-3654]. Further information has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50054 (17 pages) with the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained under the terms given in Biochem. J. (1975) 145, 5. (+info)Activities of citrate synthase, NAD+-linked and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in nervous tissues from vertebrates and invertebrates. (4/966)
1. The activities of citrate synthase and NAD+-linked and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases were measured in nervous tissue from different animals in an attempt to provide more information about the citric acid cycle in this tissue. In higher animals the activities of citrate synthase are greater than the sum of activities of the isocitrate dehydrogenases, whereas they are similar in nervous tissues from the lower animals. This suggests that in higher animals the isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction is far-removed from equilibrium. If it is assumed that isocitrate dehydrogenase activities provide an indication of the maximum flux through the citric acid cycle, the maximum glycolytic capacity in nervous tissue is considerably greater than that of the cycle. This suggest that glycolysis can provide energy in excess of the aerobic capacity of the tissue. 2. The activities of glutamate dehydrogenase are high in most nervous tissues and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase are high in all nervous tissue investigated. However, the activities of alanine aminotransferase are low in all tissues except the ganglia of the waterbug and cockroach. In these insect tissues, anaerobic glycolysis may result in the formation of alanine rather than lactate. (+info)The effect of bile salts and calcium on isolated rat liver mitochondria. (5/966)
Intact mitochondria were incubated with and without calcium in solutions of chenodeoxycholate, ursodeoxycholate, or their conjugates. Glutamate dehydrogenase, protein and phospholipid release were measured. Alterations in membrane and organelle structure were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chenodeoxycholate enhanced enzyme liberation, solubilized protein and phospholipid, and increased protein spin label mobility and the polarity of the hydrophobic membrane interior, whereas ursodeoxycholate and its conjugates did not damage mitochondria. Preincubation with ursodeoxycholate or its conjugate tauroursodeoxycholate for 20 min partially prevented damage by chenodeoxycholate. Extended preincubation even with 1 mM ursodeoxycholate could no longer prevent structural damage. Calcium (from 0.01 mM upward) augmented the damaging effect of chenodeoxycholate (0.15-0.5 mM). The combined action of 0.01 mM calcium and 0.15 mM chenodeoxycholate was reversed by ursodeoxycholate only, not by its conjugates tauroursodeoxycholate and glycoursodeoxycholate. In conclusion, ursodeoxycholate partially prevents chenodeoxycholate-induced glutamate dehydrogenase release from liver cell mitochondria by membrane stabilization. This holds for shorter times and at concentrations below 0.5 mM only, indicating that the different constitution of protein-rich mitochondrial membranes does not allow optimal stabilization such as has been seen in phospholipid- and cholesterol-rich hepatocyte cell membranes, investigated previously. (+info)Purification and characterization of cold-active L-glutamate dehydrogenase independent of NAD(P) and oxygen. (6/966)
L-Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) independent of NAD(P) and oxygen was first obtained from the psychrotrophic bacterium Aeromonas sp. L101, originally isolated from the organs of salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). GLDH was purified by a series of chromatography steps on DEAE-Sepharose, Superdex 200pg, Q-Sepharose, CM-Sepharose, and Phenyl-Sepharose. The purified protein was determined to have a molecular mass of 110 kDa and a pI of 5.7. Maximum activity was obtained at 55 degrees C and pH 8.5. The activity of GLDH at 4 and 20 degrees C was 38 and 50%, respectively, of that at 50 degrees C. GLDH was coupled to cytochrome c and several redox dyes including 1-methoxy-5-methylphenazinium methylsulfate (1-Methoxy PMS), 2, 6-dichlorophenylindophenol (DCIP), 9-dimethylaminobenzo[alpha]phenoxazin-7-ium chloride (meldola's blue), 3,3'-[3,3'-dimethoxy-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4, 4'-diyl]-bis[2-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H tetrazolium chloride] (nitroblue tetrazolium; NBT), and 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H tetrazolium (INT). The presence of NAD(P) and oxygen gave no oxidation activity to GLDH. Spectroscopic profile and ICP data indicated a b-type cytochrome containing iron. (+info)Reactive cysteine residue of bovine brain glutamate dehydrogenase isoproteins. (7/966)
Protein chemical studies of glutamate dehydrogenase isoproteins (GDH I and GDH II) from bovine brain reveal that one cystein residue is accessible for reaction with thiol-modifying reagent. Reaction of the two types of GDH isoproteins with p-chloromercuribenzoic acid resulted in a time-dependent loss of enzyme activity. The inactivation followed pseudo first-order kinetics with the second-order rate constant of 83 M(-1) s(-1) and 75 M(-1) s(-1) for GDH I and GDH II, respectively. The inactivation was partially prevented by preincubation of the glutamate dehydrogenase isoproteins with NADH. A combination of 10 mM 2-oxoglutarate with 2 mM NADH gave complete protection against the inactivation. There were no significant differences between the two glutamate dehydrogenase isoproteins in their sensitivities to inactivation by p-chloromercuribenzoic indicating that the microenvironmental structures of the GDH isoproteins are very similar to each other. Allosteric effectors such as ADP and GTP had no effects on the inactivation of glutamate dehydrogenase isoproteins by thiol-modifying reagents. By a combination of peptide mapping analysis and labeling with [14C] p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, a reactive cystein residue was identified as Cys323 in the overall sequence. The cysteine residue was clearly identical to sequences of other GDH species known. (+info)Cyclic AMP can decrease expression of genes subject to catabolite repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (8/966)
External cyclic AMP (cAMP) hindered the derepression of gluconeogenic enzymes in a pde2 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but it did not prevent invertase derepression. cAMP reduced nearly 20-fold the transcription driven by upstream activation sequence (UAS1FBP1) from FBP1, encoding fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase; it decreased 2-fold the activation of transcription by UAS2FBP1. Nuclear extracts from cells derepressed in the presence of cAMP were impaired in the formation of specific UASFBP1-protein complexes in band shift experiments. cAMP does not appear to act through the repressing protein Mig1. Control of FBP1 transcription through cAMP is redundant with other regulatory mechanisms. (+info)
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Frequently Asked Questions about Cialis
Glutamate dehydrogenase
In humans the relevant genes are called GLUD1 (glutamate dehydrogenase 1) and GLUD2 (glutamate dehydrogenase 2), and there are ... L-Glutamate Dehydrogenase, in The Enzymes, Vol VII. Academic Press. pp. 3-24. Frieden C (May 1965). "Glutamate Dehydrogenase. ... as glutamate dehydrogenase equilibrium favours the production of ammonia and α-ketoglutarate. Glutamate dehydrogenase also has ... glutamate dehydrogenase enzymes are divided into the following three classes:[citation needed] EC 1.4.1.2: L-glutamate + H2O + ...
Glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+)
... glutamic acid dehydrogenase, L-glutamate dehydrogenase, L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase, NAD(P)+-glutamate dehydrogenase, NAD(P)H ... Glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.4.1.4, glutamic dehydrogenase, dehydrogenase, glutamate (nicotinamide adenine ... glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+)) is an enzyme with systematic name L-glutamate:NADP+ oxidoreductase ( ... Smith, E.L.; Austen, B.M.; Blumenthal, K.M.; Nyc, J.F. (1975). "Glutamate dehydrogenases". In Boyer, P.D. (ed.). The Enzymes. ...
Glutamate dehydrogenase 1
GLUD1 (glutamate dehydrogenase 1) is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme, one of the family of glutamate dehydrogenases that are ... "Entrez Gene: glutamate dehydrogenase 1". Won JG, Tseng HS, Yang AH, Tang KT, Jap TS, Lee CH, Lin HD, Burcus N, Pittenger G, ... Smith TJ, Schmidt T, Fang J, Wu J, Siuzdak G, Stanley CA (May 2002). "The structure of apo human glutamate dehydrogenase ... Smith TJ, Peterson PE, Schmidt T, Fang J, Stanley CA (March 2001). "Structures of bovine glutamate dehydrogenase complexes ...
Glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+)
... (EC 1.4.1.3, glutamic dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+]) is an enzyme with ... Smith, E.L.; Austen, B.M.; Blumenthal, K.M.; Nyc, J.F. (1975). "Glutamate dehydrogenases". In Boyer, P.D. (ed.). The Enzymes. ... Glutamate+dehydrogenase+(NAD(P)+) at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology v t e ... Strecker HJ (September 1953). "Glutamic dehydrogenase". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 46 (1): 128-40. doi:10.1016/ ...
Glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
... glutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, and glutamate-gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in urea cycle ... a glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.41) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-glutamate 5- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-glutamate-5-semialdehyde:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase (phosphorylating). Other names in ... Baich A (July 1971). "The biosynthesis of proline in Escherichia coli: phosphate-dependent glutamate -semialdehyde ...
Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-glutamate-forming)
... glutamate forming), aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-glutamate-forming), 6-N-(L-1,3- ... In enzymology, a saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-glutamate-forming) (EC 1.5.1.9) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical ... glutamate-forming), saccharopin dehydrogenase, NAD+ oxidoreductase (L-2-aminoadipic-delta-semialdehyde and, ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (L-glutamate-forming). ...
Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-glutamate-forming)
... glutamate-forming) dehydrogenase, aminoadipic semialdehyde-glutamic reductase, aminoadipate semialdehyde-glutamate reductase, ... In enzymology, a saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-glutamate-forming) (EC 1.5.1.10) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical ... 3. Aminoadipic semialdehyde-glutamate reductase". J. Biol. Chem. 241 (14): 3430-4. PMID 4380448. Portal: Biology v t e (EC 1.5. ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-glutamate-forming). ...
GLUD2
This dehydrogenase is one of the family of glutamate dehydrogenases that are ubiquitous in life. Glutamate dehydrogenase 2 is ... Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial, also known as GDH 2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GLUD2 gene. ... "Entrez Gene: glutamate dehydrogenase 2". Shashidharan P, Michaelidis TM, Robakis NK, Kresovali A, Papamatheakis J, Plaitakis A ... Spanaki C, Zaganas I, Kleopa KA, Plaitakis A (2010). "Human GLUD2 glutamate dehydrogenase is expressed in neural and testicular ...
Roberta F. Colman
Colman, Roberta (1986). "Glutamate Dehydrogenase: Function of Molecular Topology". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive ...
GLUDP5
Glutamate dehydrogenase pseudogene 5, also known as GLUDP5, is a human gene. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for ... Julliard JH, Smith EL (1979). "Partial amino acid sequence of the glutamate dehydrogenase of human liver and a revision of the ... "Entrez Gene: GLUDP5 glutamate dehydrogenase pseudogene 5". Meissner T, Beinbrech B, Mayatepek E (1999). "Congenital ... 1993). "Structure and expression analysis of a member of the human glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD) gene family mapped to ...
Malaria antigen detection tests
Glutamate dehydrogenase provides an oxidizable carbon source used for the production of energy as well as a reduced electron ... Werner C, Stubbs MT, Krauth-Siegel RL, Klebe G (2005). "The crystal structure of Plasmodium falciparum glutamate dehydrogenase ... 1986). "Antibodies to the glutamate dehydrogenase of Plasmodium falciparum" (PDF). Parasitology. 92 (2): 313-324. doi:10.1017/ ... The first malaria antigen suitable as target for such a test was a soluble glycolytic enzyme Glutamate dehydrogenase. None of ...
History of malaria
Ling IT, Cooksley S, Bates PA, Hempelmann E, Wilson RJ (1986). "Antibodies to the glutamate dehydrogenase of Plasmodium ... Consequences included natural selection for sickle-cell disease, thalassaemias, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, ... and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency) were present in the Mediterranean world by the time of the Roman Empire, ...
Sharon Robinson (physiologist)
Robinson, Sharon A.; Stewart, George R.; Phillips, Richard (1992). "Regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase activity in relation ... "The Role of Glutamate Dehydrogenase in Plant Nitrogen Metabolism". Plant Physiology. 95 (2): 509-516. doi:10.1104/pp.95.2.509. ... An early career highlights was demonstrating a role for the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase in nitrogen mobilisation. Some of ... "The role of glutamate dehydrogenase in plant nitrogen metabolism". Plant Physiology. 95 (2): 509-516. doi:10.1104/pp.95.2.509. ...
Diagnosis of malaria
Ling I.T.; Cooksley S.; Bates P.A.; Hempelmann E.; Wilson R.J.M. (1986). "Antibodies to the glutamate dehydrogenase of ... The first rapid diagnostic tests were using Plasmodium glutamate dehydrogenase as antigen. PGluDH was soon replaced by ... "Evaluation of a new Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase assay (OptiMAL-IT) for the detection of malaria". Transact Royal Soc Trop ... Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH). Depending on which monoclonal antibodies are used, this type of assay can distinguish ...
Renewable energy in Canada
Sanner, T. (1975-11-18). "Formation of transient complexes in the glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzed reaction". Biochemistry. 14 ...
Immunoelectrophoresis
1986). "Antibodies to the glutamate dehydrogenase of Plasmodium falciparum" (PDF). Parasitology. 92 (2): 313-324. doi:10.1017/ ...
Morpheein
Frieden, C; Colman, R F (1967). "Glutamate dehydrogenase concentration as a determinant in the effect of purine nucleotides on ... Huang, CY; Frieden, C (1972). "The mechanism of ligand-induced structural changes in glutamate dehydrogenase. Studies of the ... Fisher, Harvey F. (2006). "Glutamate Dehydrogenase-ligand Complexes and Their Relationship to the Mechanism of the Reaction". ... what is now called the morpheein model and showed that it accounted for the regulatory behavior of glutamate dehydrogenase. ...
ELFV dehydrogenase
... the ELFV dehydrogenase family of enzymes include glutamate, leucine, phenylalanine and valine dehydrogenases. These enzymes are ... Glutamate dehydrogenases EC 1.4.1.2, EC 1.4.1.3 and EC 1.4.1.4 (GluDH) are enzymes that catalyse the NAD- and/or NADP-dependent ... Benachenhou-Lahfa N, Forterre P, Labedan B (April 1993). "Evolution of glutamate dehydrogenase genes: evidence for two ... "Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones encoding human liver glutamate dehydrogenase: evidence for a small gene family". ...
Essential amino acid
Glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reductive amination of α-ketoglutarate to glutamate. A transamination reaction takes ... Proline and arginine are derived from glutamate. Serine, formed from 3-phosphoglycerate, is the precursor of glycine and ... Glutamine is synthesized from NH4+ and glutamate, and asparagine is synthesized similarly. ...
George H. Dodd
... his thesis described studies structural transitions of the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase using new methods based on ... a fluorescent conformational probe for glutamate dehydrogenase". Biochem. J. 114: 407-417. doi:10.1042/bj1140407. Shirley, S G ...
Malate dehydrogenase 2
Fahien LA, Kmiotek EH, MacDonald MJ, Fibich B, Mandic M (Aug 1988). "Regulation of malate dehydrogenase activity by glutamate, ... Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial also known as malate dehydrogenase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MDH2 ... Thus, glutamate can react with the aminotransferase in this complex without glutamate inhibiting production of oxaloacetate by ... In addition, association of malate dehydrogenase with these other two enzymes enhances malate dehydrogenase activity due to a ...
Marta Bunster
"Complete nucleotide sequence of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene from Escherichia coli K-12". Gene. 27 (2): 193-199. doi: ...
Spot 42 RNA
gdhA codes for the glutamate dehydrogenase and links citrate cycle and nitrogen metabolism. A study combining a transcriptome ... Pirin has key roles in the central metabolism by regulating the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 and therefore select if ...
GOT2
Fahien LA, Kmiotek EH, MacDonald MJ, Fibich B, Mandic M (Aug 1988). "Regulation of malate dehydrogenase activity by glutamate, ... "Regulation of aminotransferase-glutamate dehydrogenase interactions by carbamyl phosphate synthase-I, Mg2+ plus leucine versus ... which is then converted back to oxaloacetate and glutamate, respectively. Another function of GOT2 is that it is believed to ... "Assignment to chromosome 16 of a gene necessary for the expression of human mitochondrial glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase ( ...
Methylomonas scandinavica
This is confirmed by the presence of glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, and alanine dehydrogenase. Since M. scandinavica ... The TCA cycle is incomplete due to the inactivity of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzyme. M. scandinavica also uses ... These precursor metabolites are incorporated via the glutamate cycle and reductive amination of pyruvate. ...
Thomas Hartmann (biologist)
There, Hartmann conducted research on ammonia metabolism and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, EC 1.4.1.2).[citation needed] In ...
John Fincham
Kinnaird, J.; Keighren, M.; Kinsey, J.; Eaton, M.; Fincham, J. (1982). "Cloning of the am (glutamate dehydrogenase) gene of ... NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase) gene". Gene. 26 (2-3): 253-260. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(83)90195-6. PMID 6231215. ... using mutants of Neurospora crassa deficient in a specific enzyme called glutamate dehydrogenase. Fincham was appointed first ...
Histidine
Glutamate can then be deaminated by glutamate dehydrogenase or transaminated to form α-ketoglutarate. The histidine amino acid ... The formimino group is transferred to tetrahydrofolate, and the remaining five carbons form glutamate. Overall, these reactions ... result in the formation of glutamate and ammonia. ...
Sequence homology
For instance, Bacillus subtilis encodes two paralogues of glutamate dehydrogenase: GudB is constitutively transcribed whereas ... "Bacilli glutamate dehydrogenases diverged via coevolution of transcription and enzyme regulation". EMBO Reports. 18 (7): 1139- ... Characterization of the proteins shows that, compared to RocG, GudB's enzymatic activity is highly dependent on glutamate and ...
Sirtuin 4
SIRT4 is a mitochondrial ADP-ribosyltransferase that inhibits mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase 1 activity, thereby ... "SIRT4 inhibits glutamate dehydrogenase and opposes the effects of calorie restriction in pancreatic beta cells". Cell. 126 (5 ...
Aquicella
... as exclusively present in members of this genus in the proteins 30S ribosomal protein S6-L-glutamate ligase, crossover junction ... endodeoxyribonuclease RuvC, Tim44 domain-containing protein, pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring), homodimeric type, c- ...
Tropoflavin
In addition, it has been found to inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase and estrogen sulfotransferase in vitro (Ki = 35 μM and 1-3 μM ... and protects against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity, and oxidative ... Le Bail JC, Laroche T, Marre-Fournier F, Habrioux G (November 1998). "Aromatase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ... Unlike many other flavonoids, tropoflavin does not show any inhibitory activity on 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. ...
Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase
Glutamate is an important compound within the body which acts as a neurotransmitter tied to learning and Huntington's disease. ... GCDH is deficient in glutaric aciduria type 1. The intermediate 2-oxoadipate is metabolized by 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase, ... "About Glutamate Toxicity". Huniting Disease Outreach for Education at Stanford (HOPES). Huntington's Disease Society of America ... Meldrum BS (April 2000). "Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology". The Journal of ...
Zinc in biology
... when Zn2+ is co-released with glutamate, it may greatly augment the efflux of dopamine. Tsvetkov, PO; Roman, AY; Baksheeva, VE ... "Molecular dynamics study of zinc binding to cysteines in a peptide mimic of the alcohol dehydrogenase structural zinc site". ... and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase), the dysregulation of calcium homeostasis, glutamatergic neuronal excitotoxicity, and ...
Valine
The intermediate α-ketoisovalerate undergoes reductive amination with glutamate. Enzymes involved in this biosynthesis include ... which is converted to isobutyryl-CoA through oxidative decarboxylation by the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. ...
Phenethylamine
"aldehyde dehydrogenase - Homo sapiens". BRENDA. Technische Universität Braunschweig. January 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015. ... Phenethylamine also appears to induce acetylcholine release via a glutamate-mediated mechanism. Phenethylamine has been shown ... and then aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which converts it to phenylacetic acid. This means that for significant concentrations ... product which is produced by monoamine oxidase and then further metabolized into β-phenylacetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase ...
Glutamate-glutamine cycle
The ammonia produced in neurons is fixed into α-ketoglutarate by the glutamate-dehydrogenase reaction to form glutamate, then ... The ammonia fixed as part of the glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme reaction in the neurons is transaminated into α-ketoisocaproate ... The glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle is a metabolic pathway that describes the release of either glutamate or GABA from neurons ... Discoveries of glutamate and glutamine pools within intercellular compartments led to suggestions of the glutamate-glutamine ...
Glyoxylic acid
It has also been reported that the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex may play a role in glycolate and glyoxylate metabolism. ... "Distinct photorespiratory reactions are preferentially catalyzed by glutamate:glyoxylate and serine:glyoxylate ... A small amount of glyoxylate is converted into oxalate by cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase. In addition to being an ... "A possible role for the chloroplast pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in plant glycolate and glyoxylate metabolism". ...
Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
Alcohol has a powerful effect on glutamate as well. Alcohol decreases glutamate's ability to bind with NMDA and acts as an ... Alcohol metabolism depends on the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Genetic variants of ... Edenberg HJ, McClintick JN (December 2018). "Alcohol Dehydrogenases, Aldehyde Dehydrogenases, and Alcohol Use Disorders: A ... "Overview of the role of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase and their variants in the genesis of alcohol-related ...
Agmatine
Nicotinic, imidazoline I1 and I2, α2-adrenergic (no intrinsic activity-neither agonist nor antagonist), glutamate NMDAr, and ... which is in turn converted by aldehyde dehydrogenase into guanidinobutyrate and secreted by the kidneys. Agmatine was found to ...
GDH
... may refer to: Gajirrabeng dialect, native to Australia GDH 559, a Thai film production company Glutamate dehydrogenase ...
Malate dehydrogenase
Glutamate has also been shown to inhibit malate dehydrogenase activity. Furthermore, it has been shown that alpha ketoglutarate ... The malate dehydrogenase family contains L-lactate dehydrogenase and L-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenases. L-lactate ... The ΔG'° of malate dehydrogenase is +29.7 kJ/mol and the ΔG (in the cell) is 0 kJ/mol. Malate dehydrogenase is also involved in ... Malate dehydrogenases catalyzes the interconversion of malate to oxaloacetate. In the citric acid cycle, malate dehydrogenase ...
Cannabinoid
On the converse, when release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is reduced, the net effect is a decrease in the ... FAD-dependent dehydrogenase enzymes. There is no evidence for enzymatic conversion of CBDA or CBD to THCA or THC. For the ...
Ataxia
Antibodies against the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD: enzyme changing glutamate into GABA) cause cerebellar deficits ... Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency is an autosomal-recessive gene disorder where mutations in the ALDH5A1 gene ... 2015). "Disease-specific monoclonal antibodies targeting glutamate decarboxylase impair GABAergic neurotransmission and affect ...
Rosavin
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) then converts phenolpyruvate to phenylalanine by using L-glutamate as an amine donor, which ... The cinnamaldehyde is further reduced by cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) to cinnamyl alcohol. The enzymes that take part ...
Fascioloides magna
The significant increase of GLDH (glutamate dehydrogenase) was recorded from 14 weeks after infection in goats experimentally ...
Mitochondrial matrix
in the matrix activates pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase which increases the ... Transamination of α-ketoglutarate produces glutamate, proline, and arginine. These amino acids are then used either within the ... α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, fumarase, and malate dehydrogenase) except for succinate dehydrogenase which is on the inner ... isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinyl-CoA synthetase, fumarase, and malate dehydrogenase. The urea ...
Glyceroneogenesis
First of all, glutamate can be converted to 2-oxoglutarate with expense of NAD+ and H2O with help of glutamate dehydrogenase. ... Glutamate is also a known metabolite substance which can enter glyceroneogenesis. Since the key reaction of glyceroneogenesis ... Secondly, the TCA cycle can affect glyceroneogenesis when the glutamate or substrates in the TCA cycle are being used as a ... When metabolites from TCA cycle or glutamate are used as a precursor for glyceroneogenesis, the regulator in the TCA cycle can ...
Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Glutamate toxicity in the brain is caused by a buildup of glutamate under times of stress. If oxoglutarate dehydrogenase ... The oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDC) or α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is an enzyme complex, most commonly ... Other mitochondrial autoantigens include pyruvate dehydrogenase and branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, which ... Evidence for direct association of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase components". The ...
Iain Mattaj
... and he obtained a PhD from the University of Leeds in 1980 for research on cloned Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) genes ...
Dehydrogenase
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase alcohol dehydrogenase Delta12-fatty acid dehydrogenase glutamate dehydrogenase (an enzyme that can ... alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (uses NAD+) succinate dehydrogenase (uses FAD) malate dehydrogenase (uses NAD+) An IUPAC ... In the above case, the dehydrogenase has transferred a hydride while releasing a proton, H+, but dehydrogenases can also ... sorbitol dehydrogenase TCA cycle examples: isocitrate dehydrogenase (uses NAD+, also has an isozyme that uses NADP) ...
Purine metabolism
IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH) converts IMP into XMP GMP synthase converts XMP into GMP GMP reductase converts GMP back into IMP ... PRPP + L-Glutamine + H2O → PRA + L-Glutamate + PPi In the second step react PRA, glycine and ATP to create GAR, ADP, and ... fGAR + L-Glutamine + ATP → fGAM + L-Glutamate + ADP + Pi The fifth is catalyzed by AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase). fGAM + ATP → ... Different types of cancer by an increase in the activities of enzymes like IMP dehydrogenase. Modulation of purine metabolism ...
Beta oxidation
This is catalyzed by acyl CoA dehydrogenase to produce trans-delta 2-enoyl CoA. It uses FAD as an electron acceptor and it is ... When this infusion of citric acid cycle intermediates exceeds cataplerotic demand (such as for aspartate or glutamate synthesis ... L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA is dehydrogenated again to create 3-ketoacyl CoA by 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase. This enzyme uses NAD ... is not an appropriate substrate for acyl CoA dehydrogenase, or enoyl CoA hydratase: If the acyl CoA contains a cis-Δ3 bond, ...
HK2
"Abnormal partitioning of hexokinase 1 suggests disruption of a glutamate transport protein complex in schizophrenia". ... c-Myc cooperatively induce vascular endothelial growth factor and metabolic switches hexokinase 2 and pyruvate dehydrogenase ...
Chromosome 2
... encoding protein Glutamate rich protein 2 FASTKD1: FAST kinase domain-containing protein 1 IMP4: U3 small nucleolar ... hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-Coenzyme A thiolase/enoyl-Coenzyme A hydratase (trifunctional protein), alpha ... Bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase, mitochondrial MTIF2: mitochondrial translational ... subunit HADHB: hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-Coenzyme A thiolase/enoyl-Coenzyme A hydratase (trifunctional ...
Protein moonlighting
PDB: 1K87; Lee YH, Nadaraia S, Gu D, Becker DF, Tanner JJ (Feb 2003). "Structure of the proline dehydrogenase domain of the ... ISBN 978-0-674-02341-3. Sengupta S, Ghosh S, Nagaraja V (Sep 2008). "Moonlighting function of glutamate racemase from ... In the case of the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), in addition to the large number of ... Algar EM, Abedinia M, VandeBerg JL, Holmes RS (1991). "Purification and properties of baboon corneal aldehyde dehydrogenase: ...
List of enzymes
Alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD) EC 1.1.1.1 Alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP) EC 1.1.1.2 Homoserine dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.3 ... L-glutamate ligase EC 6.2.1.40: 4-hydroxybutyrate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.41: 3-((3aS,4S,7aS)-7a-methyl-1,5-dioxo-octahydro-1H- ... Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.10 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.12 Pyruvate dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.51 ... L-xylulose reductase EC 1.1.1.10 Lactate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.27 Malate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.37 Isocitrate dehydrogenase EC ...
Mutations Affecting the Synthesis of NADP-dependent Glutamate Dehydrogenase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Microbiology Society
... is not essential for growth of the wild-type organism and that glutamate formation via NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase ... Mutant strains lacking NADP-GDH and glutamate synthase (Gdh−Glt−) required glutamate for growth. Transductants that lacked only ... A mutant strain, 39, producing high NADP-GDH activity, synthesized normal NADP-GDH and had the same intracellular glutamate ... NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP-GDH) was purified to homogeneity from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 8602 (PAC 1). ...
Structural and functional properties of glutamate dehydrogenases - [email protected]
Short Communications : Inactivation of Brain Glutamate Dehydrogenase Isoproteins by MDL 29951 | 논문상세 | 페이퍼서치
Inactivation of Brain Glutamate Dehydrogenase Isoproteins by MDL 29951. Short Communications : Inactivation of Brain Glutamate ... In addition to the recognition site for glutamate, the Nmethyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-preferring glutamate receptor subtype shows a ... on glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) from bovine brains. The incubation of GDH isoproteins from bovine brains with MDL 29951 ... Dehydrogenase Isoproteins by MDL 29951. (Eun Young Lee) , (Hye Young Yoon) , (Tae Ue Kim) , (Soo Young Choi) , (Moo Ho Won) , ( ...
Steady state kinetics of the glutamate dehydrogenase from an archaebacterial extreme thermophile, isolate AN1 (detailed view)
Steady state kinetics of the glutamate dehydrogenase from an archaebacterial extreme thermophile, isolate AN1. dc.contributor. ... Hudson, R.C. & Daniel, R.M. (1995). Steady state kinetics of the glutamate dehydrogenase from an archaebacterial extreme ... A steady state kinetic study was carried out with the glutamate dehydrogenase from the thermophilic, archaebacterial isolate ... Steady state kinetics of the glutamate dehydrogenase from an archaebacterial extreme thermophile, isolate AN1. en_NZ. ...
The structure of apo human glutamate dehydrogenase details subunit communication and allostery<...
Smith, TJ, Schmidt, T, Fang, J, Wu, J, Siuzdak, G & Stanley, CA 2002, The structure of apo human glutamate dehydrogenase ... The structure of apo human glutamate dehydrogenase details subunit communication and allostery. / Smith, Thomas J.; Schmidt, ... The structure of apo human glutamate dehydrogenase details subunit communication and allostery. Journal of Molecular Biology. ... The structure of human glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) has been determined in the absence of active site and regulatory ligands. ...
IMSEAR at SEARO: Hormonal regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase in rat.
Glutamate-5-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase | Profiles RNS
"Glutamate-5-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase" by people in this website by year, and whether "Glutamate-5-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase ... "Glutamate-5-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Glutamate-5-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Glutamate-5-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase". ...
QuantiChrom™ Glutamate dehydrogenase Assay Kit | DGLDH-100 | Universal Biologicals
QuantiChrom™ Glutamate dehydrogenase Assay Kit. For quantitative determination of glutamate dehydrogenase activity. ... GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE (GLDH) is an enzyme which catalyzes the interconversion of glutamate and a-ketoglutarate. Elevated ... QuantiChrom™ Glutamate dehydrogenase Assay Kit. Move your mouse over image or click to enlarge ...
Notes from the Field: Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreak in Children with Clostridioides difficile Colonization Associated with...
Glutamate Dehydrogenase (L-GLDH) ex. Bovine Liver, 10U/mg - Krins Life Sciences
Table 1 - Multicenter Prevalence Study Comparing Molecular and Toxin Assays for Clostridioides difficile Surveillance,...
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Glutamate Dehydrogenase-Deficient Mice: A Novel Mouse Model of Schizophrenia-Like Phenotypes<...
Glutamate Dehydrogenase-Deficient Mice: A Novel Mouse Model of Schizophrenia-Like Phenotypes. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2017 Mar; ... Glutamate Dehydrogenase-Deficient Mice : A Novel Mouse Model of Schizophrenia-Like Phenotypes. In: Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2017 ... Glutamate Dehydrogenase-Deficient Mice : A Novel Mouse Model of Schizophrenia-Like Phenotypes. / Lander, Sharon S.; Chakraborti ... title = "Glutamate Dehydrogenase-Deficient Mice: A Novel Mouse Model of Schizophrenia-Like Phenotypes", ...
Biomarker Qualification Submissions | FDA
1e5q.4 | SWISS-MODEL Template Library
DRI-CHEM NX700V | Fujifilm [Ireland]
Nitrogen Control in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Role for Glutamine in the Regulation of the Synthesis of NADP-Dependent Glutamate...
T2 - A Role for Glutamine in the Regulation of the Synthesis of NADP-Dependent Glutamate Dehydrogenase, Urease and Histidase ... High levels of glutamine were also required for the derepression of NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase formation in the ... High levels of glutamine were also required for the derepression of NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase formation in the ... High levels of glutamine were also required for the derepression of NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase formation in the ...
Sci-Hub | Photomodulation of glutamate dehydrogenase properties by red light. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B:...
Glutamate-Glo™ Assay
... selective and sensitive detection of glutamate in biological samples. The assay couples glutamate oxidation and NADH production ... The Glutamate-Glo™ Assay is a bioluminescent assay for rapid, ... Glutamate dehydrogenase uses glutamate and NAD+ to produce α- ... When Glutamate Detection Reagent, which contains glutamate dehydrogenase (GlutDH), NAD+, Reductase, Reductase Substrate and ... Glutamate titration curve. Dilutions of glutamate were prepared as described in Technical Manual TM495, and the Glutamate-Glo™ ...
ACG Clinical Guidelines: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatmen... : Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology ...
Diagnostic test accuracy of glutamate dehydrogenase for Clostridium difficile: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep ... CDI, Clostridioides difficile infection; EIA, enzyme immunoassay; GDH, glutamate dehydrogenase; NAAT, nucleic acid ... Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is an enzyme produced in large amounts by both toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of C. difficile ...
C. diff Testing: MedlinePlus Medical Test
Enhancement of the Essential Amino Acid Composition of Food Crop Proteins through Biotechnology
Permutation of diverse metabolic pathways at the mRNA level by glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)-synthesized RNA is a common ... GDH-synthesized RNA probes homologous to the mRNAs encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoglycerate ... the concentrations of the α-ketoglutarate group of total glutamate, glutamine, arginine, proline, and histidine were minimized ... mutase (PGlycM), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase), enolase, malate dehydrogenase (MDH), isocitrate lyase (ICL), and ...
Cristina Ramona Cudalbu - People - EPFL
RegulonDB
glutamate dehydrogenase gdhA ArgP , CRP , FNR , Fur , Nac view gltB glutamate synthase, large subunit gltBDF AdiY , ArgR , CRP ... glutamate synthase, small subunit gltBDF AdiY , ArgR , CRP , FNR , Fur , GadE , HdfR , IHF , Lrp , Nac view ... succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) csiD-lhgO-gabDTP CRP , CsiR , Lrp , Nac view ... γ-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase ydcSTUV-patD Nac view serA serA CRP , Lrp , Nac view ...
Search results - ORA - Oxford University Research Archive
NHANES 2014-2014: Kidney Markers - Home Urine Collection Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies
MPD: Genes and genomic regions
Diagnostics | Free Full-Text | Retrospective Definition of Clostridioides difficile PCR Ribotypes on the Basis of Whole Genome...
Synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase1
- Enzy-matic assays showed that in BB536 the sorts of the enzymes involved in ammonia production (urease and amino acid deaminases) were rather few and their activities were weaker than observed in the harmful bacteria, whereas the activities of enzymes involved in ammonia assimilation (glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase) were much higher in BB536 than in the putrefactive bacteria. (go.jp)
Clostridium3
- Construction of a dimeric form of glutamate dehydrogenase from clostridium symbiosum by site-directed mutagenesis. (mpg.de)
- Clostridium difficile produces and secretes a glutamate dehydrogenase (cdGDH). (listlabs.com)
- Recombinant Clostridium difficile glutamate dehydrogenase antigen with a histidine tag. (medixbiochemica.com)
Ammonia3
- Characterization of glutamate dehydrogenase from the ammonia oxidizing chemoautotroph Nitromonas europaea. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The key metabolite in this process appears to be glutamine or a product derived from it, since ammonia and glutamate did not repress urease and histidase synthesis in a mutant lacking glutamine synthetase activity when growth was limited for glutamine. (rug.nl)
- By contrast, functional analysis using the SEED ontology found that sucrose induced changes in protein relative abundance patterns for pathways involving glycolysis, lactate production, aciduricity, and ammonia/glutamate metabolism that were conserved across taxonomically diverse dysbiotic oral microcosm biofilm communities. (biomedcentral.com)
GLDH2
- GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE (GLDH) is an enzyme which catalyzes the interconversion of glutamate and a-ketoglutarate. (universalbiologicals.com)
- Glutamate Dehydrogenase (L-GLDH) ex. (krinslifescienceslab.ca)
Enzymes2
- Glutamate dehydrogenases are homooligomeric enzymes that catalyse the reversible oxidative deamination of glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate, thereby linking nitrogen metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (edu.au)
- The synthesis of GSH from glutamate, cysteine, and glycine is catalyzed sequentially by two cytosolic enzymes, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and GSH synthetase. (researchgate.net)
GdhA gene3
- Isolation and identification of the Aspergillus nidulans gdhA gene encoding NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase. (ox.ac.uk)
- Nucleotide sequence and regulation of expression of the Aspergillus nidulans gdhA gene encoding NADP dependent glutamate dehydrogenase. (ox.ac.uk)
- In 2004, knock out experiments of the gdhA gene which encodes glutamate dehydrogenase in N. meningitidis , confirmed the importance of glutamic acid metabolism towards growth and virulence. (kenyon.edu)
Gene4
- GLUD1 lox/lox (CNS-GLUD1−/−) mice leads to abnormal glutamate levels, abnormal hippocampal physiology or gene expression, or behavioral alterations relevant to SZ psychopathology. (haifa.ac.il)
- Methods: Hippocampal samples from Glud1-deficient mice were analyzed for glutamate levels and for mRNA gene expression of excitatory (glutamatergic) and inhibitory (GABAergic) markers. (haifa.ac.il)
- Nucleotide sequence of the promoter and amino-terminal coding region of the glutamate dehydrogenase structural gene of Escherichia coli. (wikigenes.org)
- Clinical and Molecular Spectrum of Glutamate Dehydrogenase Gene Defects in 26 Chinese Congenital Hyperinsulinemia Patients. (cdc.gov)
Glycine2
- In addition to the recognition site for glutamate, the Nmethyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-preferring glutamate receptor subtype shows a binding site for glycine. (papersearch.net)
- In this paper, we present the effects of 3-(4,6-dichloro-2-carboxymethylamino-5,7-dichloroquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (MDL 29951), a potent inhibitor of glycine binding to the NMDA receptor, on glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) from bovine brains. (papersearch.net)
Glutamine2
- High levels of glutamine were also required for the derepression of NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase formation in the glutamine synthetase-negative mutant. (rug.nl)
- It accepts the amino group from glutamine and does not need N-acetyl glutamate to function. (vedantu.com)
NADP4
- NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP-GDH) was purified to homogeneity from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 8602 (PAC 1). (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Mutant strains lacking NADP-GDH and glutamate synthase (Gdh − Glt − ) required glutamate for growth. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- It was concluded that NADP-GDH is not essential for growth of the wild-type organism and that glutamate formation via NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase does not occur to a significant extent. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- A mutant strain, 39, producing high NADP-GDH activity, synthesized normal NADP-GDH and had the same intracellular glutamate concentrations as its parent. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Metabolism1
- Thus, Glud1 may play a critical role in SZ-related pathology, and moreover, glutamate metabolism in the hippocampus may drive SZ-related pathology. (haifa.ac.il)
Nitrogen1
- animals were sacrificed at 30, 60, or 90 days for chemical analyses (serum glutamate-oxalacetate-transaminase, lactic-dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen, serum glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase, and serum triglycerides). (cdc.gov)
Metabolic2
- Permutation of diverse metabolic pathways at the mRNA level by glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)-synthesized RNA is a common biotechnology for doubling the nutritious compositions of plants. (scirp.org)
- Metabolic regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase. (carleton.ca)
Assay1
- ViroStat has announces the release of new monoclonal antibody pairs to clostridia glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). (pathologyinpractice.com)
ATPase1
- It also inhibited the activity of Na + /K + ATPase, glutamate dehydrogenase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-S-transferase. (lidsen.com)
Encodes1
- Glud1 encodes the GDH protein, a mitochondrial enzyme that converts glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate. (haifa.ac.il)
Protein2
- Novel glutamate dehydrogenase genes show increased transcript and protein abundances in mature tomato fruits. (mpg.de)
- Our results showed that all dosages induced no significant alterations in growth parameters and the seric levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides and activities of glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase, when compared to the control group. (blogspot.com)
MRNA1
- Recent findings indicate that expression of glutamate dehydrogenase (Glud1) mRNA is reduced in the hippocampus of patients with SZ, particularly in the CA1 subregion. (haifa.ac.il)
Enzyme that catalyzes1
- An NADP+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde to L-glutamyl 5-phosphate. (childrensmercy.org)
Regulation1
- IMSEAR at SEARO: Hormonal regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase in rat. (who.int)
Pseudomonas1
- Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants lacking glutamate synthase activity. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Liver1
- The rate of urea production in the liver is linked to N-acetyl-glutamate concentration. (vedantu.com)
Dependent1
- A glutamate-dependent phenotype in E.coli K12 the result of two mutations. (microbiologyresearch.org)
GLUD11
- Results: CNS-Glud1-deficient mice show elevated glutamate levels in the right hippocampus, and elevated expression of excitatory and inhibitory markers in dorsal, but not ventral, CA1. (haifa.ac.il)
Activity1
- For quantitative determination of glutamate dehydrogenase activity. (universalbiologicals.com)
Properties1
- Photomodulation of glutamate dehydrogenase properties by red light. (sci-hub.se)
Human2
Production1
- Cd significantly increased the production of malondialdehyde (MDA), amyloidogenesis, activation of caspase 3 and 9, and the production of p53 and glutamate. (lidsen.com)
Activities1
- Salmonella typhimurium mutants with altered glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate synthase activities. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Total1
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Glutamate-5-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase" by people in this website by year, and whether "Glutamate-5-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (childrensmercy.org)
Subject1
- Glutamate-5-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (childrensmercy.org)
Function2
- CPS I requires N-acetyl glutamate to function. (vedantu.com)
- Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, Domain of unknown function (DUF1974) [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Family1
- Aldehyde dehydrogenase family [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Domain1
- Compared to the structures of bovine GDH that were complexed with coenzyme and substrate, the NAD binding domain is rotated away from the glutamate-binding domain. (utmb.edu)