Glucuronates
Glucuronic Acid
Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid
Iduronic Acid
Uronic Acids
Glucuronosyltransferase
Chondroitin
Uridine Diphosphate Xylose
Carbohydrate Sequence
Chondroitin Sulfates
Monosaccharides
Chondroitinases and Chondroitin Lyases
Oligosaccharides
Dermatan Sulfate
Glycosaminoglycans
Nitrous Acid
Glucuronides
Hexuronic Acids
Sulfuric Acids
Inositol Oxygenase
Glycosyltransferases
Bile Pigments
Globosides
Antigens, CD57
Heparitin Sulfate
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Carbohydrates
Phenolphthaleins
Electrophoresis, Paper
Chromohalobacter
Carbohydrate Dehydrogenases
Bile
Chondroitin Lyases
Chromatography, Paper
Hyaluronic Acid
Carbohydrate Epimerases
Glycosides
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Sulfotransferases
Chemistry
Mass Spectrometry
Chromatography, Ion Exchange
Chemical Phenomena
Chromatography, Thin Layer
Uridine Diphosphate
Biotransformation
Chromatography, Gel
Molecular Sequence Data
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Galactose
Polysaccharide-Lyases
Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment
Glycolipids
Cell Wall
Microsomes, Liver
Substrate Specificity
Microchemistry
Mast-Cell Sarcoma
Liver
N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans
Carbon Radioisotopes
N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases
Cartilage
Microsomes
Molecular Structure
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Sialic Acids
Heparin
Cattle
Mannose
Methylation
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
Glycosylation
Indicators and Reagents
Amino Acid Sequence
Chromatography, Gas
Lysosomes
Glucose
Feces
Amino Acids
Swine
Catalysis
Species Specificity
Oxidation-Reduction
Rats, Inbred Strains
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Structure-Activity Relationship
Chick Embryo
Cloning, Molecular
Tissue Distribution
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Escherichia coli
Cells, Cultured
Kidney
Mutation
Dogs
Glycosphingolipids
Binding Sites
Rabbits
Pectins
Protein Binding
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Cholestasis
Sulfur Radioisotopes
Structural elucidation of a novel exopolysaccharide produced by a mucoid clinical isolate of Burkholderia cepacia. Characterization of a trisubstituted glucuronic acid residue in a heptasaccharide repeating unit. (1/799)
The structure of the exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by a clinical isolate of Burkholderia cepacia isolated from a patient with fibrocystic lung disease has been investigated. By means of methylation analyses, carboxyl reduction, partial depolymerization by fuming HCl and chemical degradations such as Smith degradation, lithiumethylenediamine degradation and beta-elimination, supported by GC/MS and NMR spectroscopic analyses, the repeat unit of the EPS has been identified and was shown to correspond to the acidic branched heptasaccharide with the following structure: [formula: see text]. This partially acetylated acidic polymer, distinguished by the presence of the less usual D-isomer of rhamnose and of a trisubstituted glucuronic acid residue, could represent the main EPS produced by this bacterial species. (+info)Molecular cloning and characterization of a human uronyl 2-sulfotransferase that sulfates iduronyl and glucuronyl residues in dermatan/chondroitin sulfate. (2/799)
A partial-length human cDNA with a predicted amino acid sequence homologous to a previously described heparan sulfate iduronyl 2-sulfotransferase (Kobayashi, M., Habuchi, H., Yoneda, M., Habuchi, O., and Kimata, K. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 13980-13985) was obtained by searching the expressed sequence-tagged data bank. Northern blot analysis was performed using this homologous cDNA as a probe, which demonstrated ubiquitous expression of messages of 5.1 and 2.0 kilobases in a number of human tissues and in several human cancer cell lines. Since the human lymphoma Raji cell line had the highest level of expression, it was used to isolate a full-length cDNA clone. The full-length cDNA was found to contain an open reading frame that predicted a type II transmembrane protein composed of 406 amino acid residues. The cDNA in a baculovirus expression vector was expressed in Sf9 insect cells, and cell extracts were then incubated together with 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phospho[35S]sulfate and potential glycosaminoglycan acceptors. This demonstrated substantial sulfotransferase activity with dermatan sulfate, a small degree of activity with chondroitin sulfate, but no sulfotransferase activity with desulfated N-resulfated heparin. Analysis of [35S]sulfate-labeled disaccharide products of chondroitin ABC, chondroitin AC, and chondroitin B lyase treatment demonstrated that the enzyme only transferred sulfate to the 2-position of uronyl residues, which were preponderantly iduronyl residues in dermatan sulfate, but some lesser transfer to glucuronyl residues of chondroitin sulfate. (+info)Study of the response of a biofilm bacterial community to UV radiation. (3/799)
We have developed a bioluminescent whole-cell biosensor that can be incorporated into biofilm ecosystems. RM4440 is a Pseudomonas aeruginosa FRD1 derivative that carries a plasmid-based recA-luxCDABE fusion. We immobilized RM4440 in an alginate matrix to simulate a biofilm, and we studied its response to UV radiation damage. The biofilm showed a protective property by physical shielding against UV C, UV B, and UV A. Absorption of UV light by the alginate matrix translated into a higher survival rate than observed with planktonic cells at similar input fluences. UV A was shown to be effectively blocked by the biofilm matrix and to have no detectable effects on cells contained in the biofilm. However, in the presence of photosensitizers (i.e., psoralen), UV A was effective in inducing light production and cell death. RM4440 has proved to be a useful tool to study microbial communities in a noninvasive manner. (+info)Cloning and expression of a novel galactoside beta1, 3-glucuronyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of HNK-1 epitope. (4/799)
We isolated a cDNA encoding a novel glucuronyltransferase, designated GlcAT-D, involved in the biosynthesis of the HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope from rat embryo cDNA by the degenerate polymerase chain reaction method. The new cDNA sequence revealed an open reading frame coding for a protein of 324 amino acids with type II transmembrane protein topology. The amino acid sequence of GlcAT-D displayed 50.0% identity to rat GlcAT-P, which is involved in the biosynthesis of the HNK-1 epitope on glycoproteins. Expression of GlcAT-D in COS-7 cells resulted in the formation of the HNK-1 epitope on the cell surface. The enzyme expressed in COS-7 cells transferred a glucuronic acid (GlcA) not only to asialo-orosomucoid, a glycoprotein bearing terminal N-acetyllactosamine structure, but also to paragloboside (lacto-N-neotetraosylceramide), a precursor of the HNK-1 epitope on glycolipids. Furthermore, substrate specificity analysis using a soluble chimeric form of GlcAT-D revealed that GlcAT-D transfers a GlcA not only to Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-pyridylamine++ + but also to Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc-pyridylamine++ +. Enzymatic hydrolysis and Smith degradation of the reaction product indicated that GlcAT-D transfers a GlcA through a beta1,3-linkage to a terminal galactose. The GlcAT-D transcripts were detected in embryonic, postnatal, and adult rat brain. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that the expression pattern of GlcAT-D transcript in embryo is similar to that of GlcAT-P, but distinct expression of GlcAT-D was observed in the embryonic pallidum and retina. Regions that expressed GlcAT-D and/or GlcAT-P were always HNK-1-positive, indicating that both GlcATs are involved in the synthesis of the HNK-1 epitope in vivo. (+info)The glucuronic acid utilization gene cluster from Bacillus stearothermophilus T-6. (5/799)
A lambda-EMBL3 genomic library of Bacillus stearothermophilus T-6 was screened for hemicellulolytic activities, and five independent clones exhibiting beta-xylosidase activity were isolated. The clones overlap each other and together represent a 23.5-kb chromosomal segment. The segment contains a cluster of xylan utilization genes, which are organized in at least three transcriptional units. These include the gene for the extracellular xylanase, xylanase T-6; part of an operon coding for an intracellular xylanase and a beta-xylosidase; and a putative 15.5-kb-long transcriptional unit, consisting of 12 genes involved in the utilization of alpha-D-glucuronic acid (GlcUA). The first four genes in the potential GlcUA operon (orf1, -2, -3, and -4) code for a putative sugar transport system with characteristic components of the binding-protein-dependent transport systems. The most likely natural substrate for this transport system is aldotetraouronic acid [2-O-alpha-(4-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucuronosyl)-xylotriose] (MeGlcUAXyl3). The following two genes code for an intracellular alpha-glucuronidase (aguA) and a beta-xylosidase (xynB). Five more genes (kdgK, kdgA, uxaC, uxuA, and uxuB) encode proteins that are homologous to enzymes involved in galacturonate and glucuronate catabolism. The gene cluster also includes a potential regulatory gene, uxuR, the product of which resembles repressors of the GntR family. The apparent transcriptional start point of the cluster was determined by primer extension analysis and is located 349 bp from the initial ATG codon. The potential operator site is a perfect 12-bp inverted repeat located downstream from the promoter between nucleotides +170 and +181. Gel retardation assays indicated that UxuR binds specifically to this sequence and that this binding is efficiently prevented in vitro by MeGlcUAXyl3, the most likely molecular inducer. (+info)Biodegradable alginate microspheres as a delivery system for naked DNA. (6/799)
Sodium alginate is a naturally occurring polysaccharide that can easily be polymerized into a solid matrix to form microspheres. These biodegradable microspheres were used to encapsulate plasmid DNA containing the bacterial beta-galactosidase (LacZ) gene under the control of either the cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate-early promoter or the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) early promoter. Mice inoculated orally with microspheres containing plasmid DNA expressed LacZ in the intestine, spleen and liver. Inoculation of mice with microspheres containing both the plasmid DNA and bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAd3) resulted in a significant increase in LacZ expression compared to those inoculated with microspheres containing only the plasmid DNA. Our results suggest that adenoviruses are capable of augumenting transgene expression by plasmid DNA both in vitro and in vivo. (+info)Salt-resistant alpha-helical cationic antimicrobial peptides. (7/799)
Analogues based on the insect cecropin-bee melittin hybrid peptide (CEME) were studied and analyzed for activity and salt resistance. The new variants were designed to have an increase in amphipathic alpha-helical content (CP29 and CP26) and in overall positive charge (CP26). The alpha-helicity of these peptides was demonstrated by circular dichroism spectroscopy in the presence of liposomes. CP29 was shown to have activity against gram-negative bacteria that was similar to or better than those of the parent peptides, and CP26 had similar activity. CP29 had cytoplasmic membrane permeabilization activity, as assessed by the unmasking of cytoplasmic beta-galactosidase, similar to that of CEME and its more positively charged derivative named CEMA, whereas CP26 was substantially less effective. The activity of the peptides was not greatly attenuated by an uncoupler of membrane potential, carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone. The tryptophan residue in position 2 was shown to be necessary for interaction with cell membranes, as demonstrated by a complete lack of activity in the peptide CP208. Peptides CP29, CEME, and CEMA were resistant to antagonism by 0.1 to 0.3 M NaCl; however, CP26 was resistant to antagonism only by up to 160 mM NaCl. The peptides were generally more antagonized by 3 and 5 mM Mg2+ and by the polyanion alginate. It appeared that the positively charged C terminus in CP26 altered its ability to permeabilize the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli, although CP26 maintained its ability to kill gram-negative bacteria. These peptides are potential candidates for future therapeutic drugs. (+info)Mucoid conversion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by hydrogen peroxide: a mechanism for virulence activation in the cystic fibrosis lung. (8/799)
The leading cause of mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is respiratory failure due in large part to chronic lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains that undergo mucoid conversion, display a biofilm mode of growth in vivo and resist the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), which release free oxygen radicals such as H2O2. The mucoid phenotype among the strains infecting CF patients indicates overproduction of a linear polysaccharide called alginate. To mimic the inflammatory environment of the CF lung, P. aeruginosa PAO1, a typical non-mucoid strain, was grown in a biofilm. This was treated with low levels of H2O2, as if released by the PMNs, and the formation of mucoid variants was observed. These mucoid variants had mutations in mucA, which encodes an anti-sigma factor; this leads to the deregulation of an alternative sigma factor (sigma22, AlgT or AlgU) required for expression of the alginate biosynthetic operon. All of the mucoid variants tested showed the same mutation, the mucA22 allele, a common allele seen in CF isolates. The mucoid mucA22 variants, when compared to the smooth parent strain PA01, (i) produced 2-6-fold higher levels of alginate, (ii) exhibited no detectable differences in growth rate, (iii) showed an unaltered LPS profile, (iv) were approximately 72% reduced in the amount of inducible-beta-lactamase and (v) secreted little or no LasA protease and only showed 44% elastase activity. A characteristic approximately 54 kDa protein associated with alginate overproducing strains was identified as AlgE (Alg76) by N-terminal sequence analysis. Thus, the common phenotype of the mucoid variants, which included a genetically engineered mucA22 mutant, suggested that the only mutation incurred as a result of H2O2 treatment was in mucA. When a P. aeruginosa biofilm was repeatedly exposed to activated PMNs in vitro, mucoid variants were also observed, mimicking in vivo observations. Thus, PMNs and their oxygen by-products may cause P. aeruginosa to undergo the typical adaptation to the intractable mu- coid form in the CF lung. These findings indicate that gene activation in bacteria by toxic oxygen radicals, similar to that found in plants and mammalian cells, may serve as a defence mechanism for the bacteria. This suggests that mucoid conversion is a response to oxygen radical exposure and that this response is a mechanism of defence by the bacteria. This is the first report to show that PMNs and their oxygen radicals can cause this phenotypic and genotypic change which is so typical of the intractable form of P. aeruginosa in the CF lung. These findings may provide a basis for the development of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory therapy for the early stages of infection in CF patients. (+info)Mast cell sarcoma is most commonly seen in the skin, but it can also arise in other parts of the body such as the spleen, liver, or gastrointestinal tract. The tumors are usually large, irregularly shaped masses that can be firm or soft to the touch. They may ulcerate and bleed easily, leading to swelling and discomfort.
The symptoms of mast cell sarcoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. They may include:
* A lump or mass that may be painless or tender to the touch
* Swelling in the affected area
* Abdominal pain
* Diarrhea or constipation
* Fatigue
* Fevers
* Night sweats
Mast cell sarcoma is rare and accounts for only about 1-2% of all skin tumors. It is more common in dogs than cats and tends to affect older animals. The exact cause of mast cell sarcoma is not known, but genetic factors and environmental triggers may play a role.
Treatment options for mast cell sarcoma depend on the location and stage of the tumor. Surgery is often the first line of treatment to remove the tumor and any affected tissue. Additional therapies such as radiation, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy may be recommended based on the severity of the disease and the patient's overall health.
Prognosis for mast cell sarcoma varies depending on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor, the effectiveness of treatment, and the patient's overall health. In general, the prognosis is guarded and early detection and treatment are important to improve outcomes. With prompt and appropriate therapy, some patients with mast cell sarcoma can achieve long-term remission or even cure. However, in advanced cases or those that are resistant to treatment, the prognosis may be poorer.
There are several types of cholestasis, including:
1. Obstructive cholestasis: This occurs when there is a blockage in the bile ducts, preventing bile from flowing freely from the liver.
2. Metabolic cholestasis: This is caused by a problem with the metabolism of bile acids in the liver.
3. Inflammatory cholestasis: This occurs when there is inflammation in the liver, which can cause scarring and impair bile flow.
4. Idiopathic cholestasis: This type of cholestasis has no identifiable cause.
Treatment for cholestasis depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications to improve bile flow, dissolve gallstones, or reduce inflammation. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment can help to manage symptoms and prevent complications of cholestasis.
Glucuronic acid
Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid
UDP-glucuronic acid dehydrogenase
GLCE
N-Acetylglucosamine
Lamotrigine
Bilirubin
Uronic acid
Oxcarbazepine
Glucuronate-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
UDP-glucuronate 5'-epimerase
Glucuronate isomerase
Fructuronate reductase
Estriol glucuronide
Gluconic acid
Glucuronate-2-sulfatase
Glycosynthase
Glycoside
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside 2-O-glucuronosyltransferase
Inositol oxygenase
TMEM241
Iproniazid
Mirror life
Cholesterol
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
David Sidney Feingold
Donald B. McCormick
Pethidine
Soyasapogenol glucuronosyltransferase
Undecaprenyl-phosphate 4-deoxy-4-formamido-L-arabinose transferase
Sumatriptan
Bilirubin glucuronide
Oxycodone
Heparinoid
Chondroitin sulfate
Heme
Rossmann fold
Bacteroides caccae
Melatonin as a medication and supplement
Dialdose
Glycosidic bond
Sugar acid
Hans Horst Meyer
N-acetylgalactosaminyl-proteoglycan 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase
Glucocorticoid
HAS2
UXS1
Chemical process of decomposition
Biliverdin reductase
Beta-glucuronidase
Jaundice
Mucor plumbeus
Urine test strip
Codeine
MEDLINE Data Changes 2013: Revised Entry Combinations Table. NLM Technical Bulletin. 2012 Nov-Dec
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MeSH Browser
Units of glucuronic2
- HS is mainly composed of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic (GlcA) or iduronic acid (IdoA) along with glucosamine (GlcN). (nih.gov)
- On a more technical level, hyaluric acid is an glycosaminoglycan (formerly called a mucopolysaccharide), a long unbranched polysaccharide (complex sugar ), composed of repeating dimeric units of glucuronic acid and N acetyl glucosamine . (rxlist.com)
GlcA1
- glucuronic acid (GlcA), N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), and hexose (Hex) sugars are assumed to be linked to a hydroxyl group through an acetal linkage. (lipidmaps.org)
Sulphate2
- The transfer of the Raman spectrum may not require addition of oxygen, or burn o jel glucuronic acid or sulphate. (abruzzo.it)
- Choosing the separation be achieved by varying surfactant concentration, the addition of oxygen, or glucuronic acid or sulphate. (eventenergy.ru)
Conjugate2
- The surface of the drug-loaded MSNs were capped with chitosan-glucuronic acid (CHS-GCA) conjugate to combine two strategies viz. (iisc.ac.in)
- both fish also formed a D-glucuronic acid conjugate. (nih.gov)
Xylose1
- In particular, the LARGE1 protein adds chains of sugar molecules composed of xylose and glucuronic acid to a protein called alpha (α)-dystroglycan. (medlineplus.gov)
Derivatives1
- 7.Walaszek Z, Potential use of D-glucaric acid derivatives in cancer prevention. (wikidoc.org)
Acetic Acid1
- Kombucha layer involving a symbiosis of osmophilic yeast species and acetic acid bacteria that convert a very simple substrate to a slightly carbonated, acidic, refreshing beverage with high pharmaceutical and nutritional value. (kombuchabrewers.org)
Glucose2
- Glucaronic acid: an acid, C6H10O7, formed by the oxidation of glucose, found combined with other products of metabolism in the blood and urine. (wikidoc.org)
- A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE . (nih.gov)
Metabolite1
- In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES . (nih.gov)
Glucosamine1
- To overcome the obstacles and expedite the synthesis, a divergent approach was designed, where 64 HS tetrasaccharides covering all possible structures of 2-O-, 6-O- and N-sulfation with the glucosamine-glucuronic acid-glucosamine-iduronic acid backbone were successfully produced from a single strategically protected tetrasaccharide intermediate. (caltech.edu)
Cholesterol1
- ST 27:1;O for cholesterol and lathosterol (also zymostenol), or ST 24:1;O5 for an oxidized sterol and for cholic acid and ursocholic acid. (lipidmaps.org)
Chains1
- GL1 xanthan lyase, a member of polysaccharide lyase family 8, acts specifically on pyruvated side chains of xanthan and yields pyruvated mannose through a beta-elimination reaction by using a single Tyr255 residue as base and acid catalysts. (rcsb.org)
Important2
- The optimum conditions for the glucuronic acid production (the important key component for its detoxifying action through conjugation to the xenobiotic metabolism of the substances in the liver) using kombucha layer on sweetened sour cherry juice were determined using response surface methodology. (kombuchabrewers.org)
- The latter is an important point: Some bile acids have an identical mass and molecular formula to oxidized sterols lacking a carboxylic acid group. (lipidmaps.org)
Common1
- BA 24:1;O5;T for taurocholic acid (= common name, abbreviation TCA). (lipidmaps.org)
Single1
- Most U.S. vitamin companies then buy the bulk ascorbic acid from this single facility. (cassiopaea.org)