Glucose. Medical search

Glucose: A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood.Glucose Tolerance Test: A test to determine the ability of an individual to maintain HOMEOSTASIS of BLOOD GLUCOSE. It includes measuring blood glucose levels in a fasting state, and at prescribed intervals before and after oral glucose intake (75 or 100 g) or intravenous infusion (0.5 g/kg).Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.Glucose Oxidase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of beta-D-glucose and oxygen to D-glucono-1,5-lactone and peroxide. It is a flavoprotein, highly specific for beta-D-glucose. The enzyme is produced by Penicillium notatum and other fungi and has antibacterial activity in the presence of glucose and oxygen. It is used to estimate glucose concentration in blood or urine samples through the formation of colored dyes by the hydrogen peroxide produced in the reaction. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.3.4.Glucose Transporter Type 1: A ubiquitously expressed glucose transporter that is important for constitutive, basal GLUCOSE transport. It is predominately expressed in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and ERYTHROCYTES at the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and is responsible for GLUCOSE entry into the BRAIN.Glucose Transporter Type 4: A glucose transport protein found in mature MUSCLE CELLS and ADIPOCYTES. It promotes transport of glucose from the BLOOD into target TISSUES. The inactive form of the protein is localized in CYTOPLASMIC VESICLES. In response to INSULIN, it is translocated to the PLASMA MEMBRANE where it facilitates glucose uptake.Monosaccharide Transport Proteins: A large group of membrane transport proteins that shuttle MONOSACCHARIDES across CELL MEMBRANES.Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring: Self evaluation of whole blood glucose levels outside the clinical laboratory. A digital or battery-operated reflectance meter may be used. It has wide application in controlling unstable insulin-dependent diabetes.Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase: A glucose dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of beta-D-glucose to form D-glucono-1,5-lactone, using NAD as well as NADP as a coenzyme.Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.Insulin: A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).Glucose Transporter Type 2: A glucose transport facilitator that is expressed primarily in PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; LIVER; and KIDNEYS. It may function as a GLUCOSE sensor to regulate INSULIN release and glucose HOMEOSTASIS.Glucose Transporter Type 3: A major glucose transporter found in NEURONS.Fasting: Abstaining from all food.Glycogen Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2: A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511)Hypoglycemic Agents: Substances which lower blood glucose levels.Glucose Dehydrogenases: D-Glucose:1-oxidoreductases. Catalyzes the oxidation of D-glucose to D-glucono-gamma-lactone and reduced acceptor. Any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. Includes EC 1.1.1.47; EC 1.1.1.118; EC 1.1.1.119 and EC 1.1.99.10.Glycolysis: A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enzymatic reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex CARBOHYDRATES, such as GLYCOGEN and STARCH.Gluconeogenesis: Biosynthesis of GLUCOSE from nonhexose or non-carbohydrate precursors, such as LACTATE; PYRUVATE; ALANINE; and GLYCEROL.Islets of Langerhans: Irregular microscopic structures consisting of cords of endocrine cells that are scattered throughout the PANCREAS among the exocrine acini. Each islet is surrounded by connective tissue fibers and penetrated by a network of capillaries. There are four major cell types. The most abundant beta cells (50-80%) secrete INSULIN. Alpha cells (5-20%) secrete GLUCAGON. PP cells (10-35%) secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE. Delta cells (~5%) secrete SOMATOSTATIN.Lactates: Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.Hypoglycemia: A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Hexokinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and a D-hexose to ADP and a D-hexose 6-phosphate. D-Glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, sorbitol, and D-glucosamine can act as acceptors; ITP and dATP can act as donors. The liver isoenzyme has sometimes been called glucokinase. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.1.Glucose-6-Phosphate: An ester of glucose with phosphoric acid, made in the course of glucose metabolism by mammalian and other cells. It is a normal constituent of resting muscle and probably is in constant equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate. (Stedman, 26th ed)Glucokinase: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and D-glucose to ADP and D-glucose 6-phosphate. They are found in invertebrates and microorganisms, and are highly specific for glucose. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.2.Fructose: A monosaccharide in sweet fruits and honey that is soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding.Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Glucosephosphates Glucose Metabolism Disorders: Pathological conditions in which the BLOOD GLUCOSE cannot be maintained within the normal range, such as in HYPOGLYCEMIA and HYPERGLYCEMIA. Etiology of these disorders varies. Plasma glucose concentration is critical to survival for it is the predominant fuel for the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504)Fatty Acids, Nonesterified: FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form.Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Methylglucosides PhlorhizinKinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1: The founding member of the sodium glucose transport proteins. It is predominately expressed in the INTESTINAL MUCOSA of the SMALL INTESTINE.Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental: Diabetes mellitus induced experimentally by administration of various diabetogenic agents or by PANCREATECTOMY.Muscle, Skeletal: A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.Energy Metabolism: The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.Postprandial Period: The time frame after a meal or FOOD INTAKE.Insulin-Secreting Cells: A type of pancreatic cell representing about 50-80% of the islet cells. Beta cells secrete INSULIN.Adipose Tissue: Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.Carbohydrate Metabolism: Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.Dietary Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers. The former are the major source of energy. The sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes (FABACEAE), tubers, etc. (From Claudio & Lagua, Nutrition and Diet Therapy Dictionary, 3d ed, p32, p277)Glucose Solution, Hypertonic: Solution that is usually 10 percent glucose but may be higher. An isotonic solution of glucose is 5 percent.Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated: Minor hemoglobin components of human erythrocytes designated A1a, A1b, and A1c. Hemoglobin A1c is most important since its sugar moiety is glucose covalently bound to the terminal amino acid of the beta chain. Since normal glycohemoglobin concentrations exclude marked blood glucose fluctuations over the preceding three to four weeks, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is a more reliable index of the blood sugar average over a long period of time.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Hyperinsulinism: A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.Glycosuria: The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).Obesity: A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).Glucose-6-Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-glucose 6-phosphate and water to D-glucose and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.9.Carbon Isotopes: Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.Liver Glycogen: Glycogen stored in the liver. (Dorland, 28th ed)Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.Body Weight: The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.Prediabetic State: The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1: A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.Pyruvates Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.Lipids: A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)TriglyceridesDeoxy SugarsCarbon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Lipid Metabolism: Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.Galactose: An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood.Muscle Proteins: The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.Oxygen Consumption: The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Adipocytes: Cells in the body that store FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. WHITE ADIPOCYTES are the predominant type and found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. BROWN ADIPOCYTES are thermogenic cells that can be found in newborns of some species and hibernating mammals.Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Reference Values: The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.Glycogenolysis: The release of GLUCOSE from GLYCOGEN by GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE (phosphorolysis). The released glucose-1-phosphate is then converted to GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE by PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE before entering GLYCOLYSIS. Glycogenolysis is stimulated by GLUCAGON or EPINEPHRINE via the activation of PHOSPHORYLASE KINASE.Fermentation: Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.Fatty Acids: Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Biosensing Techniques: Any of a variety of procedures which use biomolecular probes to measure the presence or concentration of biological molecules, biological structures, microorganisms, etc., by translating a biochemical interaction at the probe surface into a quantifiable physical signal.Eating: The consumption of edible substances.Hydroxybutyrates: Salts and esters of hydroxybutyric acid.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Starch: Any of a group of polysaccharides of the general formula (C6-H10-O5)n, composed of a long-chain polymer of glucose in the form of amylose and amylopectin. It is the chief storage form of energy reserve (carbohydrates) in plants.Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.Glycogen Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of D-glucose from UDPglucose into 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl chains. EC 2.4.1.11.Xylose Acetates: Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.Pentose Phosphate Pathway: An oxidative decarboxylation process that converts GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE to D-ribose-5-phosphate via 6-phosphogluconate. The pentose product is used in the biosynthesis of NUCLEIC ACIDS. The generated energy is stored in the form of NADPH. This pathway is prominent in tissues which are active in the synthesis of FATTY ACIDS and STEROIDS.Adenosine Triphosphate: An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.Biological Transport, Active: The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide: A gastrointestinal peptide hormone of about 43-amino acids. It is found to be a potent stimulator of INSULIN secretion and a relatively poor inhibitor of GASTRIC ACID secretion.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Sodium-Glucose Transport Proteins: Monosaccharide transport proteins that function as active symporters. They utilize SODIUM or HYDROGEN IONS to transport GLUCOSE across CELL MEMBRANES.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Phloretin Maltose: A dextrodisaccharide from malt and starch. It is used as a sweetening agent and fermentable intermediate in brewing. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Starvation: Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)Insulin Infusion Systems: Portable or implantable devices for infusion of insulin. Includes open-loop systems which may be patient-operated or controlled by a pre-set program and are designed for constant delivery of small quantities of insulin, increased during food ingestion, and closed-loop systems which deliver quantities of insulin automatically based on an electronic glucose sensor.Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.Sucrose: A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications.Citric Acid Cycle: A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.Diabetes, Gestational: Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.Infusions, Intravenous: The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.AMP-Activated Protein Kinases: Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.Gluconates Mice, Inbred C57BLPhosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Streptozocin: An antibiotic that is produced by Stretomyces achromogenes. It is used as an antineoplastic agent and to induce diabetes in experimental animals.Rats, Zucker: Two populations of Zucker rats have been cited in research--the "fatty" or obese and the lean. The "fatty" rat (Rattus norvegicus) appeared as a spontaneous mutant. The obese condition appears to be due to a single recessive gene.Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.Glucose Transporter Type 5: A hexose transporter that mediates FRUCTOSE transport in SKELETAL MUSCLE and ADIPOCYTES and is responsible for luminal uptake of dietary fructose in the SMALL INTESTINE.Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity.Perfusion: Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.Body Mass Index: An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)Ketone Bodies: The metabolic substances ACETONE; 3-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; and acetoacetic acid (ACETOACETATES). They are produced in the liver and kidney during FATTY ACIDS oxidation and used as a source of energy by the heart, muscle and brain.Diagnostic Equipment: Nonexpendable items used in examination.Sweetening Agents: Substances that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc., such as sugar, saccharine or other low-calorie synthetic products. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Proinsulin: A pancreatic polypeptide of about 110 amino acids, depending on the species, that is the precursor of insulin. Proinsulin, produced by the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, is comprised sequentially of the N-terminal B-chain, the proteolytically removable connecting C-peptide, and the C-terminal A-chain. It also contains three disulfide bonds, two between A-chain and B-chain. After cleavage at two locations, insulin and C-peptide are the secreted products. Intact proinsulin with low bioactivity also is secreted in small amounts.Monitoring, Ambulatory: The use of electronic equipment to observe or record physiologic processes while the patient undergoes normal daily activities.Intestinal Absorption: Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.Osmolar Concentration: The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2: A sodium-glucose transporter that is expressed in the luminal membrane of the PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULES.Mannoheptulose: A 7-carbon keto sugar having the mannose configuration.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Mice, Obese: Mutant mice exhibiting a marked obesity coupled with overeating, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, marked insulin resistance, and infertility when in a homozygous state. They may be inbred or hybrid.Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.Somatostatin: A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal.Methylglycosides Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289)Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Pyruvate Kinase: ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40.Infusions, Parenteral: The administration of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through some other route than the alimentary canal, usually over minutes or hours, either by gravity flow or often by infusion pumping.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Muscles: Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290)Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Cross-Over Studies: Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Dialysis Solutions: Solutions prepared for exchange across a semipermeable membrane of solutes below a molecular size determined by the cutoff threshold of the membrane material.Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Receptor, Insulin: A cell surface receptor for INSULIN. It comprises a tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits which are derived from cleavage of a single precursor protein. The receptor contains an intrinsic TYROSINE KINASE domain that is located within the beta subunit. Activation of the receptor by INSULIN results in numerous metabolic changes including increased uptake of GLUCOSE into the liver, muscle, and ADIPOSE TISSUE.Pancreas: A nodular organ in the ABDOMEN that contains a mixture of ENDOCRINE GLANDS and EXOCRINE GLANDS. The small endocrine portion consists of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS secreting a number of hormones into the blood stream. The large exocrine portion (EXOCRINE PANCREAS) is a compound acinar gland that secretes several digestive enzymes into the pancreatic ductal system that empties into the DUODENUM.Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.Fructosephosphates Carbon: A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Metabolic Syndrome X: A cluster of metabolic risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome X include excess ABDOMINAL FAT; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. (from AHA/NHLBI/ADA Conference Proceedings, Circulation 2004; 109:551-556)Hormones: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.Hexosephosphates Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase: An aldose-ketose isomerase that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. In prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms it plays an essential role in glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. In mammalian systems the enzyme is found in the cytoplasm and as a secreted protein. This secreted form of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase has been referred to as autocrine motility factor or neuroleukin, and acts as a cytokine which binds to the AUTOCRINE MOTILITY FACTOR RECEPTOR. Deficiency of the enzyme in humans is an autosomal recessive trait, which results in CONGENITAL NONSPHEROCYTIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA.Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)HexosaminesMice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Carbohydrates: The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the "classical" Amadori rearrangement.Glucosamine Diet: Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.Acetoacetates: Salts and derivatives of acetoacetic acid.Glycemic Index: A numerical system of measuring the rate of BLOOD GLUCOSE generation from a particular food item as compared to a reference item, such as glucose = 100. Foods with higher glycemic index numbers create greater blood sugar swings.Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percentage of body fat.Monosaccharides: Simple sugars, carbohydrates which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. They are colorless crystalline substances with a sweet taste and have the same general formula CnH2nOn. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Area Under Curve: A statistical means of summarizing information from a series of measurements on one individual. It is frequently used in clinical pharmacology where the AUC from serum levels can be interpreted as the total uptake of whatever has been administered. As a plot of the concentration of a drug against time, after a single dose of medicine, producing a standard shape curve, it is a means of comparing the bioavailability of the same drug made by different companies. (From Winslade, Dictionary of Clinical Research, 1992)Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins: A structurally-related group of signaling proteins that are phosphorylated by the INSULIN RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE. The proteins share in common an N-terminal PHOSPHOLIPID-binding domain, a phosphotyrosine-binding domain that interacts with the phosphorylated INSULIN RECEPTOR, and a C-terminal TYROSINE-rich domain. Upon tyrosine phosphorylation insulin receptor substrate proteins interact with specific SH2 DOMAIN-containing proteins that are involved in insulin receptor signaling.Aerobiosis: Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.3T3-L1 Cells: A continuous cell line that is a substrain of SWISS 3T3 CELLS developed though clonal isolation. The mouse fibroblast cells undergo an adipose-like conversion as they move to a confluent and contact-inhibited state.Palmitates: Salts and esters of the 16-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--palmitic acid.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Radioisotope Dilution Technique: Method for assessing flow through a system by injection of a known quantity of radionuclide into the system and monitoring its concentration over time at a specific point in the system. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Adiponectin: A 30-kDa COMPLEMENT C1Q-related protein, the most abundant gene product secreted by FAT CELLS of the white ADIPOSE TISSUE. Adiponectin modulates several physiological processes, such as metabolism of GLUCOSE and FATTY ACIDS, and immune responses. Decreased plasma adiponectin levels are associated with INSULIN RESISTANCE; TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; and ATHEROSCLEROSIS.Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum.Insulin Antagonists: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or action of insulin.Jejunum: The middle portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between DUODENUM and ILEUM. It represents about 2/5 of the remaining portion of the small intestine below duodenum.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP): An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the conversion of GTP and oxaloacetate to GDP, phosphoenolpyruvate, and carbon dioxide. This reaction is part of gluconeogenesis in the liver. The enzyme occurs in both the mitochondria and cytosol of mammalian liver. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 4.1.1.32.alpha-Glucosidases: Enzymes that catalyze the exohydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glucosidic linkages with release of alpha-glucose. Deficiency of alpha-1,4-glucosidase may cause GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE II.Tritium Mannose: A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Monitoring, Physiologic: The continuous measurement of physiological processes, blood pressure, heart rate, renal output, reflexes, respiration, etc., in a patient or experimental animal; includes pharmacologic monitoring, the measurement of administered drugs or their metabolites in the blood, tissues, or urine.

Denitrifying Pseudomonas aeruginosa: some parameters of growth and active transport. (1/28082)

Optimal cell yield of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown under denitrifying conditions was obtained with 100 mM nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor, irrespective of the medium used. Nitrite as the terminal electron acceptor supported poor denitrifying growth when concentrations of less than 15 mM, but not higher, were used, apparently owing to toxicity exerted by nitrite. Nitrite accumulated in the medium during early exponential phase when nitrate was the terminal electron acceptor and then decreased to extinction before midexponential phase. The maximal rate of glucose and gluconate transport was supported by 1 mM nitrate or nitrite as the terminal electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. The transport rate was greater with nitrate than with nitrite as the terminal electron acceptor, but the greatest transport rate was observed under aerobic conditions with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. When P. aeruginosa was inoculated into a denitrifying environment, nitrate reductase was detected after 3 h of incubation, nitrite reductase was detected after another 4 h of incubation, and maximal nitrate and nitrite reductase activities peaked together during midexponential phase. The latter coincided with maximal glucose transport activity. (+info)

Fecal coliform elevated-temperature test: a physiological basis. (2/28082)

The physiological basis of the Eijkman elevated-temperature test for differentiating fecal from nonfecal coliforms was investigated. Manometric studies indicated that the inhibitory effect upon growth and metabolism in a nonfecal coliform at 44.5 degrees C involved cellular components common to both aerobic and fermentative metabolism of lactose. Radioactive substrate incorporation experiments implicated cell membrane function as a principal focus for temperature sensitivity at 44.5 degrees C. A temperature increase from 35 to 44.5 degrees C drastically reduced the rates of [14C]glucose uptake in nonfecal coliforms, whereas those of fecal coliforms were essentially unchanged. In addition, relatively low levels of nonfecal coliform beta-galactosidase activity coupled with thermal inactivation of this enzyme at a comparatively low temperature may also inhibit growth and metabolism of nonfecal coliforms at the elevated temperature. (+info)

Leptin suppression of insulin secretion and gene expression in human pancreatic islets: implications for the development of adipogenic diabetes mellitus. (3/28082)

Previously we demonstrated the expression of the long form of the leptin receptor in rodent pancreatic beta-cells and an inhibition of insulin secretion by leptin via activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Here we examine pancreatic islets isolated from pancreata of human donors for their responses to leptin. The presence of leptin receptors on islet beta-cells was demonstrated by double fluorescence confocal microscopy after binding of a fluorescent derivative of human leptin (Cy3-leptin). Leptin (6.25 nM) suppressed insulin secretion of normal islets by 20% at 5.6 mM glucose. Intracellular calcium responses to 16.7 mM glucose were rapidly reduced by leptin. Proinsulin messenger ribonucleic acid expression in islets was inhibited by leptin at 11.1 mM, but not at 5.6 mM glucose. Leptin also reduced proinsulin messenger ribonucleic acid levels that were increased in islets by treatment with 10 nM glucagon-like peptide-1 in the presence of either 5.6 or 11.1 mM glucose. These findings demonstrate direct suppressive effects of leptin on insulin-producing beta-cells in human islets at the levels of both stimulus-secretion coupling and gene expression. The findings also further indicate the existence of an adipoinsular axis in humans in which insulin stimulates leptin production in adipocytes and leptin inhibits the production of insulin in beta-cells. We suggest that dysregulation of the adipoinsular axis in obese individuals due to defective leptin reception by beta-cells may result in chronic hyperinsulinemia and may contribute to the pathogenesis of adipogenic diabetes. (+info)

Nrg1 is a transcriptional repressor for glucose repression of STA1 gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (4/28082)

Expression of genes encoding starch-degrading enzymes is regulated by glucose repression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have identified a transcriptional repressor, Nrg1, in a genetic screen designed to reveal negative factors involved in the expression of STA1, which encodes a glucoamylase. The NRG1 gene encodes a 25-kDa C2H2 zinc finger protein which specifically binds to two regions in the upstream activation sequence of the STA1 gene, as judged by gel retardation and DNase I footprinting analyses. Disruption of the NRG1 gene causes a fivefold increase in the level of the STA1 transcript in the presence of glucose. The expression of NRG1 itself is inhibited in the absence of glucose. DNA-bound LexA-Nrg1 represses transcription of a target gene 10.7-fold in a glucose-dependent manner, and this repression is abolished in both ssn6 and tup1 mutants. Two-hybrid and glutathione S-transferase pull-down experiments show an interaction of Nrg1 with Ssn6 both in vivo and in vitro. These findings indicate that Nrg1 acts as a DNA-binding repressor and mediates glucose repression of the STA1 gene expression by recruiting the Ssn6-Tup1 complex. (+info)

Ischemic tolerance in murine cortical cell culture: critical role for NMDA receptors. (5/28082)

Murine cortical cultures containing both neurons and glia (days in vitro 13-15) were exposed to periods of oxygen-glucose deprivation (5-30 min) too brief to induce neuronal death. Cultures "preconditioned" by sublethal oxygen-glucose deprivation exhibited 30-50% less neuronal death than controls when exposed to a 45-55 min period of oxygen-glucose deprivation 24 hr later. This preconditioning-induced neuroprotection was specific in that neuronal death induced by exposure to excitotoxins or to staurosporine was not attenuated. Neuroprotection was lost if the time between the preconditioning and severe insult were decreased to 7 hr or increased to 72 hr and was blocked if the NMDA antagonist 100 microM 3-((D)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid was applied during the preconditioning insult. This was true even if the duration of preconditioning was increased as far as possible (while still remaining sublethal). A similar preconditioning effect was also produced by sublethal exposure to high K+, glutamate, or NMDA but not to kainate or trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1, 3-dicarboxylic acid. (+info)

Enhanced myocardial glucose use in patients with a deficiency in long-chain fatty acid transport (CD36 deficiency). (6/28082)

CD36 is a multifunctional, 88 kDa glycoprotein that is expressed on platelets and monocytes/macrophages. CD36 also has high homology with the long-chain fatty acid (LFA) transporter in the myocardium. Although platelet and monocyte CD36 levels can indicate a CD36 deficiency, they cannot predict specific clinical manifestations in the myocardium of a given person. We examined the hypothesis that a deficiency in LFA transport augments myocardial glucose uptake in patients with a type I CD36 deficiency. METHODS: Seven fasting patients with a type I CD36 deficiency and 9 controls were assessed by cardiac radionuclide imaging using beta-methyl-p-iodophenyl-pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) as a LFA tracer and by PET with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). RESULTS: None of the patients with a CD36 deficiency showed myocardial uptake of BMIPP. The percentage dose uptake of BMIPP in these subjects was significantly lower than that in normal controls (1.31+/-0.24 versus 2.90+/-0.2; P < 0.005). PET studies revealed that myocardial FDG accumulation was substantially increased in patients with a CD36 deficiency. Quantitative analysis showed that the percentage dose uptake of FDG in patients with a CD36 deficiency was significantly higher than that in normal controls (1.28+/-0.35 versus 0.43+/-0.22; P< 0.01). CONCLUSION: CD36 functions as a major myocardial LFA transporter and its absence may cause a compensatory upregulation of myocardial glucose uptake. (+info)

Effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha on vascular resistance, nitric oxide production, and glucose and oxygen consumption in perfused tissue-isolated human melanoma xenografts. (7/28082)

The effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) on vascular resistance, nitric oxide production, and consumption of oxygen and glucose was examined in a perfused tissue-isolated tumor model in nude mice. One experimental group was perfused with heparinized Krebs-Henseleit buffer, a second one was perfused with TNF-alpha (500 microgram/kg) 5 h before perfusion. The vascular resistance increased significantly 5 h after TNF-alpha injection. The increase in vascular resistance did not seem to be mediated by a decrease in tumor nitric oxide production, as determined by perfusate nitrate/nitrite concentrations, but may be due to aggregation of leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes and/or endothelial consumption among the three experimental groups. The oxygen consumption was linearly dependent on the amount of available oxygen in the perfusate, whereas the glucose consumption was constant and independent of the glucose delivery rate. The present experiments provide new insights into physiological and metabolic mechanisms of action of TNF- alpha for optimization of future treatment schedules involving TNF-alpha. (+info)

A possible role for the pentose phosphate pathway of spermatozoa in gamete fusion in the mouse. (8/28082)

Glucose metabolism is essential for successful gamete fusion in the mouse. Although the metabolic activity of the oocyte does not appear to play a significant role in the fusion step, the metabolic role of the spermatozoon is not known. The aim of this study was therefore to characterize the role of glucose metabolism in mouse spermatozoa. Initially, the high-affinity glucose transporter GLUT3 was identified in mouse sperm. In characterizing the glucose metabolism of mouse sperm, we have shown 1) that mouse epididymal spermatozoa have a functional pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), implying that they produce NADPH, which is required for reducing reactions, and ribose 5-phosphate, which is required for nucleic acid synthesis; and 2) that sperm are able to fuse with the oocyte when NADPH is substituted for glucose, suggesting that sperm need to produce NADPH via the PPP in order to be able to achieve fertilization. The existence of an NADPH-regulated event that influences the ability of the sperm to fuse with the oocyte is envisaged. (+info)

Livers role in glucose production. The liver plays an important role in gluconeogenesis "" the production of glucose (from non ... "Without SRC-1, glucose production is impaired in the animals," he said. When he and his colleagues restored the SRC-1 to the ... It keeps glucose levels in balance "" increasing the levels when needed and turning off that "spigot" when you eat and the ... SRC-1 keeps these genes in tight control, insuring that the production of glucose in the liver goes up and down as the body ...

redorbit.com

The Report Glucose Dependent Insulinotropic Receptor (G Protein Coupled Receptor 119 or GPR119)-Pipeline Review, H2 2017 ... The report Glucose Dependent Insulinotropic Receptor-Pipeline Review, H2 2017 outlays comprehensive information on the Glucose ... According to the recently published report Glucose Dependent Insulinotropic Receptor-Pipeline Review, H2 2017; Glucose ... Glucose Dependent Insulinotropic Receptor (G Protein Coupled Receptor 119 or GPR119)-Pipeline Review, H2 2017 Press Release • ...

mynewsdesk.com

Glucose syrup, also known as confectioners glucose, is a syrup made from the hydrolysis of starch. Glucose is a sugar. Maize ( ... glucose.[4] Glucose syrup is used in foods to sweeten, soften texture and add volume. By converting some of the glucose in corn ... High-maltose glucose syrups[edit]. Main article: High maltose corn syrup. By using β-amylase or fungal α-amylase, glucose ... Glucose syrup containing over 90% glucose is used in industrial fermentation,[3] but syrups used in confectionery contain ...

en.wikipedia.org

... Glucose. Say: gloo-kose. When you eat, your body turns the food into a sugar called glucose. Like gas for a car ... The hormone insulin helps the glucose get to the cells, so it can be used for energy. ... glucose provides fuel for your cells. How does it get to the cells? Its carried to them by the bloodstream. ...

kidshealth.org

... glucose 6-phosphatase-α), glucose 6-transporter (G6PT), and glucose 6-phosphatase-β (glucose 6-phosphatase-β or G6PC3) subunits ... is an enzyme that hydrolyzes glucose 6-phosphate, resulting in the creation of a phosphate group and free glucose. Glucose is ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glucose 6-phosphatase.. *Glucose-6-Phosphatase at the US National Library of Medicine ... In this model, glucose 6-phosphatase has a low degree of selectivity. The transfer of the glucose 6-phosphate is carried out by ...

en.wikipedia.org

aldehydo-glucose (CHEBI:37663) is a glucose (CHEBI:17234). D-glucose (CHEBI:17634) is a glucose (CHEBI:17234). L-glucose (CHEBI ... glucose (CHEBI:17234) has role fundamental metabolite (CHEBI:78675) glucose (CHEBI:17234) is a aldohexose (CHEBI:33917) ... thioglucoside (CHEBI:9553) has functional parent glucose (CHEBI:17234). molasses (CHEBI:83163) has part glucose (CHEBI:17234). ... CHEBI:17234 - glucose. Main. ChEBI Ontology. Automatic Xrefs. Reactions. Pathways. Models. .gridLayoutCellStructure { min-width ...

ebi.ac.uk

The blood glucose test, which measures the amount of sugar in the blood, may be done as part of a routine physical or to help ... What Is a Glucose Test?. A glucose test measures how much glucose is in the blood. Glucose is a type of sugar used by the body ... Why Are Glucose Tests Done?. A glucose test is done to check for low or high levels of glucose. Sometimes its done as part of ... A low glucose level is called hypoglycemia. A high level of glucose is called hyperglycemia. High glucose levels can point to ...

kidshealth.org

A sensor which can be used to screen for diabetes in resource-poor settings has been developed by researchers and tested in diabetic patients, and will soon be field tested in sub-Saharan Africa.. ...

cam.ac.uk

Read reviews, compare customer ratings, see screenshots, and learn more about Glucose Monitor. Download Glucose Monitor and ... Glucose Monitor turns your device into a personal glucose and weight monitor. It comes with lifetime data visualization, ... Glucose Monitor 12+ Blood Sugar Tracking and More. Taconic System LLC * * 4.5, 197 Ratings. ... Keeps track of everything I need to know to control my blood glucose. Love that it not only allows you to input your data but ...

itunes.apple.com

Home testing a diabetic cats blood glucose (BG), or blood sugar levels using an ear poke with a lancet pen, and a glucometer. ... Cat Diabetes Glucose Testing - Duration: 4:13. Ask the Cat Doctor 26,275 views ... Testing blood glucose in a cat- Part 3 - Duration: 4:25. FrangipaniSal 355 views ... Home testing a diabetic cats blood glucose (BG), or blood sugar levels using an ear poke with a lancet pen, and a glucometer. ...

youtube.com

D-glucose (CHEBI:17925). α-D-glucose 1-phosphate (CHEBI:29042) has functional parent α-D-glucose (CHEBI:17925). α-D-glucose 3- ... α-D-glucose (CHEBI:17925) is a D-glucopyranose (CHEBI:4167) α-D-glucose (CHEBI:17925) is enantiomer of α-L-glucose (CHEBI:37630 ... 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-α-D-glucose (CHEBI:49132) has parent hydride α-D-glucose (CHEBI:17925). α-L-glucose (CHEBI:37630) is ... D-glucose (CHEBI:17925). 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-α-D-glucose (CHEBI:41105) has functional parent α-D-glucose (CHEBI:17925). 4-O ...

ebi.ac.uk

... the sugars glucose and galactose, which primarily results in severe diarrhea. Explore symptoms, inheritance, genetics of this ... Glucose-galactose malabsorption is a condition in which the body cannot take in (absorb) ... Glucose-galactose malabsorption is a condition in which the body cannot take in (absorb) the sugars glucose and galactose, ... Glucose and galactose are simple sugars; they are present in many foods, or they can be obtained from the breakdown of lactose ...

medlineplus.gov

If blood sugar stays low for too long, starving the brain of glucose, it may lead to seizures, coma, and very rarely death. ... A continuous glucose monitor can sound an alarm when blood sugar levels are low or start to fall. This can be a big help for ... If the blood sugar level continues to drop, the brain does not get enough glucose and stops functioning as it should. This can ... Liquids are absorbed much faster than solids, so timing the insulin dose to the absorption of glucose from foods can be tricky ...

diabetes.org

12, 2014-- Research and Markets has announced the addition of the World Glucose Self-Testing Markets report to their offering ... As such, the global market for blood glucose self-testing products is... ... 4. Glucose Monitoring Recommendations 5. Glucose Self-testing Technology Platforms and Consumable Products 6. Glucose Self- ... As such, the global market for blood glucose self-testing products is undergoing a significant transition driven by the advent ...

cnbc.com

Magnesium insulin glucose homeostasis diabetic complications dietary magnesium supplements Download to read the full article ... Curry DL, Joy RM, Holley DC, Bennett LL (1977) Magnesium modulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion by the perfused rat ... Rosenbloom AL (1977) Serum calcium and magnesium decline during oral glucose tolerance testing in children and adolescent with ... Legrand C, Okitolonda W, Pottier AM, Lederer J, Henquin JC (1987) Glucose homeostasis in magnesium-deficient rats. Metabolism ...

link.springer.com

There is a reason why almost every living cell on Earth generates its energy (ATP) from glucose. Now, researchers at Virginia ... As you probably know, from sucking down cans of Coke and masticating on candy, sugar - glucose, fructose, sucrose, dextrose - ...

extremetech.com

The compact One Drop Chrome blood glucose monitoring kit lets you measure your glucose levels and then track them on your ... Sync your meter with the One Drop Mobile app on your iPhone or Apple Watch to see all your blood glucose data and analytics at ... Blood glucose meter Proprietary technology ensures clinically proven accurate, reliable results in just five seconds. The meter ... Wirelessly transmits blood glucose data via Bluetooth to the One Drop app on your iPhone or Apple Watch ...

apple.com

The compact One Drop Chrome blood glucose monitoring kit lets you measure your glucose levels and then track them on your ... FANTASTIC GLUCOSE METER!. From someone who has used this meter all the time for the last 2-3 years, this product is very well- ... FANTASTIC GLUCOSE METER!. From someone who has used this meter all the time for the last 2-3 years, this product is very well- ... Sync your meter with the One Drop Mobile app on your iPhone or Apple Watch to see all your blood glucose data and analytics at ...

apple.com

Discover the best Blood Glucose Monitors in Best Sellers. Find the top 100 most popular items in Amazon Health & Personal Care ... Blood Glucose W/Glucose SOS Dextrose Powder, A Natural Alternative to Glucose Gel and Glucose Tablets for Blood Sugar - Glucose ... Dario Blood Glucose Test Strips for The Dario and Dario LC Blood Glucose Monitoring System. Great for Diabetics to Keep Track ... Dario Blood Glucose Monitor Kit Test Your Blood Sugar Levels and Estimate A1c. Kit Includes: Glucose-Meter with 25 Strips,10 ...

amazon.com

Glucose repression in yeast.. Carlson M1.. Author information. 1. Departments of Genetics and Development and Microbiology, ... The Snf1 protein kinase is a central component of the signaling pathway for glucose repression in yeast. Recent studies have ... the regulation of Snf1 kinase activity and elucidated mechanisms by which Snf1 controls repression and activation of glucose- ...

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Your blood carries glucose (blood sugar) to all of your bodys cells to use for energy. Learn more. ... Your body processes the food you eat into glucose. ... Blood Test: Glucose (Nemours Foundation) Also in Spanish * ... Estimated average glucose (eAG) (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish * Glucose screening and tolerance tests during pregnancy ... All about Blood Glucose (American Diabetes Association) - PDF Also in Spanish * Blood Sugar Testing: Why, When and How (Mayo ...

medlineplus.gov

... and a reaction layer containing at least pyrrolo-quinoline quinone dependent glucose dehydrogenase, formed in contact with or ... The present invention provides a high-performance glucose sensor having excellent storage stability and an improved response ... A glucose sensor was fabricated in such a manner.. Next, as a sample solution, blood conditioned to have a glucose ... For instance, if glucose oxidase is selected as the enzyme, it is possible to fabricate a glucose sensor for measuring the ...

google.com

Honey is also a natural source of glucose.. Baked Goods. Glucose syrup is used in the production of baked goods such as cookies ... Glucose is the main source of energy used by the human body. In the United States the main source of glucose used in food ... Foods Naturally Containing Glucose. Glucose occurs naturally in the sap of most plants but is found in significant amounts in ... Most processed sweets contain glucose as their main source of sugar. Glucose syrup is widely used both for its sweet taste and ...

ehow.com

Blood glucose meters measure blood glucose levels electronically. Such measurement utilizes only a small drop of blood from the ... Determination of plasma glucose during rapid glucose excursions with a subcutaneous glucose sensor. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2003 ... Blood glucose meters measure blood glucose levels electronically. Such measurement utilizes only a small drop of blood from the ... How do blood glucose monitors work?. Updated: Jan 22, 2020 * Author: Benjamin Daniel Liess, MD; Chief Editor: George T Griffing ...

medscape.com

A sensor that is capable of accurately measuring glucose and other analytes in low oxygen environments is provided. The sensor ... implanting a glucose sensor within a subject whose glucose level is to be monitored, wherein the glucose sensor includes a ... A subjects glucose level can be determined by using the glucose sensor of the present invention by situating the glucose ... Glucose sensors are used to measure glucose levels within a subjects body tissues. The glucose sensor of the present invention ...

google.com

Glucose Intolerance. What is glucose intolerance? Also known as impaired glucose tolerance, it is a term used to denote a pre- ... Glucose Intolerance Diet. When a person has been identified to be glucose intolerant, it is important to follow glucose ... What is Glucose Intolerance. Glucose intolerance is a condition that may lead to the development of diabetes if not taken care ... Glucose Allergy. Glucose allergy plagues about 57 million people in the US. Know what are the symptoms and treatment for this ...

buzzle.com

Glucose toxicity is a well-established entity that has been shown in animal models of diabetes to contribute to development of ... In animal models of diabetes, development of insulin resistance is related to downregulation of the glucose-transport system, ... Evidence also has accumulated to implicate glucose toxicity in the functional impairment in insulin secretion that occurs ... a considerable body of evidence has accumulated indicating that a chronic physiological increment in the plasma glucose ...

care.diabetesjournals.org

Choose from our wide selection of Glucose Test Strips and get fast & free shipping on select orders. ... GE Glucose Test Strips , Medline Glucose Test Strips , EvenCare Glucose Test Strips , iHealth Glucose Test Strips , EvenCare® ... Glucose test strips come in boxes that contain hundreds of test strips. You can carry strips in your car or bag and keep extra ... Glucose test strips make it easy for diabetics and those diagnosed with low blood sugar levels to monitor their blood sugar ...

staples.com

Learn about continuous glucose monitors (CGM) for diabetes-how they work, who can use one, and when a CGM could help to better ... What is continuous glucose monitoring?. Continuous glucose monitoring automatically tracks blood glucose levels, also called ... CGM glucose readings need to be checked against a standard glucose meter twice a day.. Who can use a CGM?. Most people who use ... You can see your glucose level anytime at a glance. You can also review how your glucose changes over a few hours or days to ...

niddk.nih.gov

Glucose Monitors Get Under the Skin. Implantable devices work in diabetic pigs for over a year-human tests could be next. ...

technologyreview.com

How do I know when my blood glucose is low?. Part of managing diabetes is checking blood glucose often. Ask your doctor how ... Many people with diabetes like to carry glucose tablets. You gan get glucose tablets at any drugstore and at many other stores ... Glucagon raises blood glucose. It is injected like insulin. Ask your doctor to prescribe it for you and tell you how to use it ... Check blood glucose levels to determine when your level is low. *Learn to identify the symptoms of hypoglycemia so you can ...

web.archive.org

Release of glucose from glycogen: The products of [16] are glucose 1-phosphate and chains of sugar molecules shortened by one ... at C1 and C6 carbon atoms of adjacent glucose units, is reached, it is hydrolyzed in a reaction… ... Other articles where Glucose 1-phosphate is discussed: metabolism: ... In metabolism: Release of glucose from glycogen. The products of [16] are glucose 1-phosphate and chains of sugar molecules ...

britannica.com

Now that we know about these effects on glucose metabolism, we can look for components of the microbiome that influence them. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
The mice did not have changes in body fat composition or in what they ate--the two things that normally influence glucose metabolism and are known to play a role in type 2 diabetes in humans. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
We studied regional cerebral glucose metabolism in 15 patients with a clinical diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration (CBD), 15 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 15 healthy controls for 19 brain regions. (karger.com)
Asymmetry in regional glucose metabolism was found in the central and frontal cortices in patients with CBD as compared with either the normal controls or the patients with AD. (karger.com)
Regional glucose metabolism in CBD patients was significantly lower in the paracentral and superior parietal areas and thalamus than in patients with AD. (karger.com)
Relative glucose metabolism in patients with CBD was significantly higher in the posterior cingulate, medial temporal and basal frontal areas, and significantly lower in the paracentral and superior parietal areas than in those with AD. (karger.com)
IMPORTANCE Glucose catabolism is the backbone of metabolism in most organisms. (asm.org)
In their 2011 paper , Cunnane and colleagues review the literature on brain glucose metabolism studies in Alzheimer's Type Dementia. (wordpress.com)
One of the key concepts in understanding brain glucose metabolism is the cerebral metabolic rate of glucose. (wordpress.com)
When this difference is calculated it can be combined with the cerebral blood flow values to estimate the rate of glucose metabolism by the brain. (wordpress.com)

It also reduces the glucose uptake rate, but a similar reduction in glucose uptake rate in a tps1 Δ hxt2,4,5,6,7 Δ strain does not prevent glucose sensitivity and Fru1,6bisP hyperaccumulation. (asm.org)

Because plasma glucose homeostasis requires glucogenesis and ketogenesis to maintain normal rates of fuel use, 13 NH most commonly occurs in infants with impaired glucogenesis and/or ketogenesis, 14 , 15 which may occur with excessive insulin production, altered counterregulatory hormone production, an inadequate substrate supply, 14 , - , 16 or a disorder of fatty acid oxidation. (aappublications.org)

Current evidence does not support a specific concentration of glucose that can discriminate normal from abnormal or can potentially result in acute or chronic irreversible neurologic damage. (aappublications.org)
The authors of several literature reviews have concluded that there is not a specific plasma glucose concentration or duration of hypoglycemia that can predict permanent neurologic injury in high-risk infants. (aappublications.org)
3 , 9 , 10 Data that have linked plasma glucose concentration with adverse long-term neurologic outcomes are confounded by variable definitions of hypoglycemia and its duration (seldom reported), the omission of control groups, the possible inclusion of infants with confounding conditions, and the small number of asymptomatic infants who were followed. (aappublications.org)
3 , 11 , 12 In addition, there is no single concentration or range of plasma glucose concentrations that is associated with clinical signs. (aappublications.org)
Therefore, there is no consensus regarding when screening should be performed and which concentration of glucose requires therapeutic intervention in the asymptomatic infant. (aappublications.org)

2 , - , 5 For these reasons, this report does not identify any specific value or range of plasma glucose concentrations that potentially could result in brain injury. (aappublications.org)

These features of regional glucose metabolic abnormality in CBD may correspond to neurological and cognitive disturbances peculiar to CBD. (karger.com)
We show that GAPDH isozyme deletion, especially Tdh3, further aggravates glucose sensitivity and metabolic deregulation of tps1 Δ cells, but overexpression does not rescue glucose sensitivity. (asm.org)

It remains controversial whether otherwise normal infants who are large for gestational age are at risk of NH, largely because it is difficult to exclude maternal diabetes or maternal hyperglycemia (prediabetes) with standard glucose-tolerance tests. (aappublications.org)
We used multivariate logistic regression to measure associations between diabetes risk factors and the odds of glucose testing. (biomedcentral.com)
Without diabetes, your body tracks glucose levels all day and night to ensure the right amount of insulin is released at the right time. (alpharettainternalmed.com)
To successfully manage diabetes, a monitoring system is needed to consistently check your glucose levels. (alpharettainternalmed.com)
The providers at Alpharetta and Cumming Internal Medicine can help you learn to maintain your diabetes with continuous glucose monitoring to get a more complete picture of your glucose levels, which can lead to better treatment decisions and better glucose control. (alpharettainternalmed.com)
CGM can be used by type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients who would like better glucose control to improve the health and quality of their lives. (alpharettainternalmed.com)

Addition of NH 4 Cl together with glucose at high extracellular pH to tps1 Δ cells abolishes the pH drop and reduces glucose-6-phosphate (Glu6P) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (Fru1,6bisP) hyperaccumulation. (asm.org)

Perhaps we could find ways to support the growth of certain gut microbes and induce these changes in glucose regulation in humans,' Panda concludes. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

Fingersticks are required to calibrate the glucose sensor and before making treatment decisions. (alpharettainternalmed.com)
It is recommended that you calibrate CGM systems with fingersticks 3-4 times per day for optimal glucose sensor accuracy. (alpharettainternalmed.com)
CGM does require at least 1 fingerstick blood glucose reading every 12 hours to calibrate the CGM sensor. (alpharettainternalmed.com)
The CGM systems usually consist of a glucose sensor, a transmitter, and a small external monitor to view your glucose levels. (alpharettainternalmed.com)
The glucose sensor is inserted under the skin to check glucose levels in tissue fluid. (alpharettainternalmed.com)
The glucose sensor has a small adhesive (sticky) patch to hold it in place for a few days and then it must be replaced with a new sensor. (alpharettainternalmed.com)
The glucose sensor is inserted with a needle, which is removed after the glucose sensor is in place. (alpharettainternalmed.com)
The most common place to wear a glucose sensor is in the abdomen. (alpharettainternalmed.com)
The glucose sensor is easily inserted under the skin using an insertion device. (alpharettainternalmed.com)
A sensor is placed into the insertion device, and with a push of a button the glucose sensor is inserted quickly and easily. (alpharettainternalmed.com)
The CGM transmitter is a small, lightweight device that attaches to the glucose sensor, gathers your glucose data, and sends it wirelessly to the glucose monitor unit. (alpharettainternalmed.com)

Where do I buy glucose / dextrose? (exsugarholic.com)
What is dextrose (glucose)? (exsugarholic.com)
Dextrose is a form of glucose. (exsugarholic.com)
Dextrose = D-glucose, hence, the terms dextrose and glucose are used interchangeably. (exsugarholic.com)
Despite that label, you may often find the following sugars in the recipes: Agave nectar, honey, brown rice syrup, glucose syrup, dextrose powder. (exsugarholic.com)
When it comes to brown rice syrup (also known as rice malt syrup or rice syrup), glucose syrup (also know as liquid glucose) and dextrose powder, these are all broken down to 100% glucose in our bodies. (exsugarholic.com)
However, when I would like a special treat or have friends coming over, and want to make cakes or muffins, or for physical activity, I do use dextrose (glucose). (exsugarholic.com)

A new study from the Salk Institute has found that mice that have their microbiomes depleted with antibiotics have decreased levels of glucose in their blood and better insulin sensitivity. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
The researchers didn't set out to look specifically at how antibiotic-induced depletion influences glucose levels. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Further studies showed that the colon tissue in the mice was acting as a kind of sink for the glucose--absorbing the extra sugar and thereby reducing its levels in the blood. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Have frequent low glucose levels or are unaware of their low blood sugars. (alpharettainternalmed.com)
Glucose levels every 5 minutes, 24 hours a day for 5 consecutive days. (alpharettainternalmed.com)
It is still required to check blood glucose levels with a fingerstick before therapy adjustment. (alpharettainternalmed.com)
This component will show your current glucose levels and your historical glucose trends. (alpharettainternalmed.com)
CGM is a way to measure glucose levels in real-time throughout the day and night. (alpharettainternalmed.com)

The most common glucose monitoring solutions are blood glucose meters and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems. (alpharettainternalmed.com)

Glucose addition to tps1 Δ cells causes deregulation of glycolysis with hyperaccumulation of metabolites upstream and depletion downstream of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). (asm.org)

Also known as impaired glucose tolerance, it is a term used to denote a pre-diabetic state of hyperglycemia. (buzzle.com)
If you are diagnosed with impaired glucose tolerance, the preceding stage to diabetes, the guidelines from this article will be helpful to you. (buzzle.com)
The study in Daqing showed how lifestyle changes can prevent type 2 among people with impaired glucose tolerance, which is sometimes a prelude to the condition. (merriam-webster.com)
A blood glucose level between 140 and 199 mg/dL (7.8 and 11 mmol/L) is considered impaired glucose tolerance, or prediabetes. (mayoclinic.org)
If the fasting reading is between 100 and 125 mg/dL, there's a change you have impaired glucose tolerance, otherwise known as prediabetes. (healthline.com)
Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance in patients with thalassemia major in Iran: A meta-analysis study. (tripdatabase.com)
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in Iranian patients with thalassemia major.The current study has been conducted based on PRISMA guideline. (tripdatabase.com)

The meter then wirelessly transmits that blood glucose data via Bluetooth to the One Drop Mobile app on your iOS device. (apple.com)
Sync your meter with the One Drop Mobile app on your iPhone or Apple Watch to see all your blood glucose data and analytics at a glance. (apple.com)
The digital meter obtains information from the blood on the strip, and within seconds, the glucose level is displayed on the screen. (medscape.com)
iBGStar (Sanofi) is the first blood glucose meter to connect directly to iPhone and iPod Touch. (medscape.com)
I have been using a glucose meter that I was prescribed and there are days where my glucose have been what I consider to be normal, then there are days where I will run low an hour after meals or in the middle of the night. (medhelp.org)
You'll test a drop of blood on a standard glucose meter. (nih.gov)
CGM glucose readings need to be checked against a standard glucose meter twice a day. (nih.gov)
But you still need a finger-stick glucose test twice a day to check the accuracy of your CGM against a standard blood glucose meter. (nih.gov)
Also, with artificial-pancreas technology rapidly advancing and with the potential for insulin dosing based on CGM instead of only with meter glucose, this is an important topic," Dr Maahs told Medscape Medical News . (medscape.com)
Three patients had blood glucose meter values less than 70 mg/dL with much higher CGM readings - 63 vs 138 mg/dL, 46 vs 175 mg/dL, and 51 vs 184 mg/dL. (medscape.com)
If you have diabetes, purchasing a blood glucose meter (or glucometer) is one of the best and most important ways to monitor your blood sugar at home. (wikihow.com)
Buying the right glucose meter may seem daunting, but it's simple enough when you consider your unique needs, get helpful advice, and keep costs at a minimum. (wikihow.com)
To narrow down what you need, make a list of the top 5 most important aspects that you're looking for in a glucose meter. (wikihow.com)
Oftentimes choosing a glucose meter is based on personal preference, but some doctors may be able to make recommendations for you. (wikihow.com)
By taking the time to check into consumer ratings and comments, you can avoid investing in a glucose meter that fails to live up to the promises made by the manufacturer. (wikihow.com)
Ask your doctor if functions like these are important for you to have in your glucose meter. (wikihow.com)
For some patients, being able to check for ketones in their blood is a necessary function of a glucose meter. (wikihow.com)
Measure the glucose concentration of (the reagent area) containing the required capillary blood with a glucose meter. (slideshare.net)
Checking blood glucose with a meter only provides information about the blood sugar level at that specific point in time. (umassmed.edu)
However, just being able to speak your readings out loud isn't enough to make a blood glucose meter truly accessible to those with limited vision. (consumersearch.com)
One blood glucose meter, however, stands out as offering everything you need for truly accessible blood glucose testing: The Prodigy Voice (Est. (consumersearch.com)
CONTOUR® Blood Glucose Test Strips for use with CONTOUR® Blood Glucose Meter. (walgreens.com)
Ascensia Diabetes Care Inc USA does not warrant use of the CONTOUR® Blood Glucose Meter with any strip other than CONTOUR® Blood Glucose Strips. (walgreens.com)
They use audible messages to coach you through the process of setting your meter up, testing your blood glucose levels and recording the results. (consumersearch.com)
Just because a home blood glucose meter meets the current federal standards doesn't mean it's the best. (consumersearch.com)
A glucose meter is a medical device for determining the approximate concentration of glucose in the blood. (wikipedia.org)
A small drop of blood, obtained by pricking the skin with a lancet, is placed on a disposable test strip that the meter reads and uses to calculate the blood glucose level. (wikipedia.org)
Another early glucose meter was the Ames Reflectance Meter by Anton H. Clemens. (wikipedia.org)
In North America, hospitals resisted adoption of meter glucose measurements for inpatient diabetes care for over a decade. (wikipedia.org)
Managers of laboratories argued that the superior accuracy of a laboratory glucose measurement outweighed the advantage of immediate availability and made meter glucose measurements unacceptable for inpatient diabetes management. (wikipedia.org)

Sweet foodstuffs like blended juices, canned fruits, carbonated beverages and other soft drinks, sweetened cereals and yogurt contain high levels of glucose as the source of their sweetness. (ehow.com)
We measured levels of glucose and oxygen while people were doing mental tasks and found both levels fell," Scholey says. (go.com)
levels of glucose found in the blood. (fpnotebook.com)
Since approximately 1980, a primary goal of the management of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus has been achieving closer-to-normal levels of glucose in the blood for as much of the time as possible, guided by HBGM several times a day. (wikipedia.org)

Glucose is a sugar . (wikipedia.org)
When you eat, your body turns the food into a sugar called glucose. (kidshealth.org)
The hydrolysis of glucose 6-phosphate begins with a nucleophilic attack on the sugar-bound phosphate by His176 resulting in the formation of a phosphohistidine bond and the degradation of a carbonyl. (wikipedia.org)
Home testing a diabetic cat's blood glucose (BG), or blood sugar levels using an ear poke with a lancet pen, and a glucometer. (youtube.com)
Small amounts of the simple sugar glucose in the urine (mild glucosuria) may occur in this disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
These foods contain glucose, galactose, and another sugar called lactose that gets broken down into these two sugars. (medlineplus.gov)
The SGLT1 protein transports glucose into specialized kidney cells, ensuring that the sugar goes back into the bloodstream and is not released into the urine. (medlineplus.gov)
Throughout the day, depending on multiple different factors, blood sugar (also called blood glucose) levels will vary - up or down. (diabetes.org)
If the blood sugar level continues to drop, the brain does not get enough glucose and stops functioning as it should. (diabetes.org)
If blood sugar stays low for too long, starving the brain of glucose, it may lead to seizures, coma, and very rarely death. (diabetes.org)
Glucagon is a hormone produced in the pancreas that stimulates your liver to release stored glucose into your bloodstream when your blood sugar levels are too low. (diabetes.org)
One is designing a glucose-responsive insulin (GRI) that will circulate through the bloodstream, turning on when it's needed to control blood sugar and turning off when blood sugar starts to go low. (jdrf.org)
A successful GRI would keep tight control over blood sugar, reduce the need for glucose monitoring and probably require fewer doses to maintain control throughout the day. (jdrf.org)
As you probably know, from sucking down cans of Coke and masticating on candy, sugar - glucose, fructose, sucrose, dextrose - is an excellent source of energy. (extremetech.com)
Dario Blood Glucose Monitor Kit Test Your Blood Sugar Levels and Estimate A1c. (amazon.com)
For those of you who are familiar with diabetes and the other factors related to diabetes, A1C level is the measurement of how good your body process blood sugar, or glucose, in your system, using its own insulin. (amazonaws.com)
Glucose is a simple sugar and natural sweetener that is found naturally in many foods and added to processed foods and other goods. (ehow.com)
Glucose syrup is used in the production of baked goods such as cookies, crackers, pies and pastries because it results in a desirable color, texture and taste in comparison with other types of sugar. (ehow.com)
Most processed sweets contain glucose as their main source of sugar. (ehow.com)
Glucose test strips make it easy for diabetics and those diagnosed with low blood sugar levels to monitor their blood sugar throughout the day. (staples.com)
That fast response time is convenient, especially if you're measuring blood sugar during a medical emergency and need to quickly administer glucose. (staples.com)
Continuous glucose monitoring automatically tracks blood glucose levels, also called blood sugar, throughout the day and night. (nih.gov)
Treat hypoglycemia by raising your blood glucose level with some form of sugar. (archive.org)
The quickest way to raise your blood glucose and treat hypoglycemia is with some form of sugar. (archive.org)
a sugar, C 6 H 12 O 6 , having several optically different forms, the common dextrorotatory form ( dextroglucose, or d -glucose ) occurring in many fruits, animal tissues and fluids, etc., and having a sweetness about one half that of ordinary sugar, and the rare levorotatory form ( levoglucose, or l -glucose ) not naturally occurring. (dictionary.com)
The cells in your body run on glucose from sugar and ketones from fat. (dictionary.com)
Manufacturers found that by adding chemicals, or sugar and glucose during the boiling off, they could make up for this loss. (dictionary.com)
Glucose is a product of photosynthesis, mostly incorporated into the disaccharide sugar sucrose rather than circulating free in the plant. (dictionary.com)
A machine that helps test how much glucose ( sugar ) is in the blood . (everything2.com)
The glucose tolerance test, also known as the oral glucose tolerance test, measures your body's response to sugar (glucose). (mayoclinic.org)
People with diabetes suffer from elevated levels of blood sugar or glucose. (cvs.com)
You can take glucose tablets to quickly supply your body with sugar and bring your numbers closer to normal range. (cvs.com)
He or she can recommend what steps to take when you experience low blood sugar levels and help you decide if glucose tablets are the best solution for hypoglycemia for you. (cvs.com)
They get turned into energy very quickly so your blood glucose (sugar) levels go up very quickly. (diabetes.org.uk)
A CSF glucose test measures the amount of sugar (glucose) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). (ucsfhealth.org)
The glucose level in the CSF should be 50 to 80 mg/100 mL (or greater than 2/3 of the blood sugar level). (ucsfhealth.org)
Their glucose levels are often measured via blood sugar test kits, which involve pricking the finger to get a blood sample for testing. (naturalnews.com)
The glucose urine test measures the amount of sugar (glucose) in a urine sample. (ucsfhealth.org)
Jun 25, 2019 (News AIM via COMTEX) -- Glucose sensors are inserted under skin to measure glucose (sugar) levels. (marketwatch.com)
This leaves more sugar, or glucose, in your blood. (healthline.com)
If you check your blood sugar and find you have hypoglycemia, eat some hard candy or glucose tablets. (healthline.com)
Glucose testing is a random blood test to check glucose (sugar) levels. (healthline.com)
In adults without diabetes, glucose levels are managed through the actions of our internal insulin and the body's use of sugar for energy. (healthline.com)
If you have limited or no sight, talking blood glucose meters are the key to checking your blood sugar readings independently. (consumersearch.com)
Glucose is a moderately sweet sugar that is found in fruits and vegetables. (reference.com)
The consensus among biochemists is that virtually every cell in the human body can break down sugar, usually in the form of glucose, to use as energy. (reference.com)
Glucose is a form of carbohydrate known as a simple sugar, or monosaccharide. (reference.com)
Glucose is a monosaccharide, or simple sugar, a class of molecules that forms 5- and 6-sided rings, not unlike a benzene ring. (ehow.co.uk)
Natural News) It's normal for blood sugar (glucose) levels to increase after a hearty meal. (naturalnews.com)
However, excessive and repeated increase of glucose, called blood sugar spikes, can be potentially life-threatening. (naturalnews.com)
Natural News) Researchers are getting closer to getting closer to understanding how blood sugar homeostasis happens in the body, as they found that the pancreatic islets are responsible for maintaining normal blood glucose levels in the body, according to a study published in the scientific journal Cell Metabolism. (naturalnews.com)
Glucose (Glc) is a monosaccharide (or simple sugar ) with the chemical formula C 6 H 12 O 6 . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
All major dietary carbohydrates contain glucose, either as their only building block, or in combination with another monosaccharide, as in sucrose ("table sugar") and lactose, the primary sugar found in milk. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Glucose, which has six carbon atoms (i.e., it is a hexose sugar) and contains an aldehyde group (-CHO), is thus referred to as an aldohexose . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Glucose (a type of sugar) found in the blood. (fpnotebook.com)

Over time, good management of glucose greatly helps people with diabetes stay healthy and prevent complications of the disease. (nih.gov)
Many people with diabetes like to carry glucose tablets. (archive.org)
Amanda Morris, azcentral , "He's the oldest-known man with rare Proteus syndrome and he hopes to help find a cure," 28 Jan. 2020 People with diabetes have higher-than-normal glucose levels in their blood, and depend on prescription insulin to regulate those levels and prevent potentially life-threatening complications. (merriam-webster.com)
The second part provides specific weight loss recommendations, tips for athletes who want energy to fuel their exercise, and for people with diabetes to control their blood glucose. (mendosa.com)
The idea that a surrogate for blood glucose could be measured by the glucose level in tears seemed to excite both the media and people with diabetes and physicians. (healthcentral.com)
Random glucose testing is a powerful tool for people with diabetes. (healthline.com)
In people with diabetes and prediabetes , glucose levels can vary widely over the course of the day. (healthline.com)
It is a key element of home blood glucose monitoring (HBGM) by people with diabetes mellitus or hypoglycemia. (wikipedia.org)

In other words, no bacteria, no problem regulating glucose levels. (newscientist.com)

The natural form of glucose ( D -glucose) is also referred to as dextrose , especially in the food industry. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

For instance, in April 2018, University of California San Diego, in collaboration with National Institutes of Health (NIH), initiated the clinical study for adhesive glucose sensor to measure sweat glucose of patients with diabetes. (marketwatch.com)
For instance, in July 2018, Abbott Laboratories received the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for its FreeStyle Libre 14 day Flash Glucose Monitoring System. (marketwatch.com)

Read on to learn how JDRF research in the past year is making life with type 1 diabetes (T1D) better, including clinical trials of a therapy that helps to reduce HbA1c-which provides a longer-term gauge of blood-glucose control-and improves other key health measures. (jdrf.org)
Most type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients rely solely on insulin to control their glucose levels, but a growing number of researchers and medical professionals are exploring whether non-insulin drugs could be paired with insulin to better manage T1D. (jdrf.org)
Improved glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 1 diabetes using real-time continuous glucose monitoring. (medscape.com)
In 1993 the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial showed that keeping blood glucose levels as normal as possible is the best strategy for people with type 1 diabetes to reduce the risks of complications. (mendosa.com)
The charity says all people with type-1 diabetes and those with type-2 diabetes who are on glucose-lowering medication, including insulin, need to monitor their blood glucose levels so they can adjust their treatment accordingly. (bbc.co.uk)
Home glucose monitoring was demonstrated to improve glycemic control of type 1 diabetes in the late 1970s, and the first meters were marketed for home use around 1981. (wikipedia.org)

Blood glucose meters measure blood glucose levels electronically. (medscape.com)
There is a recurring cost to using blood glucose meters and disposable strips, but it is outweighed by the costs related to complications of diabetes. (medscape.com)
Search for test strips that work with the glucose meters that you use at home or with your patients. (staples.com)
Some blood glucose meters use what is called GDH-PQQ test strips. (wikihow.com)
writes Connie Kleinbeck, a diabetes educator who compares six talking glucose meters for the National Federation of the Blind. (consumersearch.com)
Ann Bartlett, a board member of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation who tests talking glucose meters at HealthCentral, adds that the Prodigy Voice can also help people with dyslexia, giving 'both a visual and audio sample to prevent recording the wrong number. (consumersearch.com)
The Prodigy Voice continues its dominion over other talking glucose meters for very good reason: It's the only model we've seen that can talk you through every single aspect of its use, from setup to calibration, testing and accessing the memory function. (consumersearch.com)
Basic blood glucose meters have just one job: Sampling a drop of your blood and telling you how high -- or low -- your blood glucose levels are. (consumersearch.com)
Some basic meters also come with software that lets you track and visualize your blood glucose trends, and a few let you program customizable alerts or flag readings for special circumstances. (consumersearch.com)
Accuracy and consistency (also called repeatability) should take priority over the fancy bells and whistles you'll find on some modern glucose meters. (consumersearch.com)
Special glucose meters for multi-patient hospital use are now used. (wikipedia.org)

A specially coated strip containing a fresh sample of blood is inserted in a machine, when then calculates the correct level of glucose in the blood sample and shows the result in a digital display. (everything2.com)
The color the dipstick changes to tells the provider the level of glucose in your urine. (ucsfhealth.org)
A review article in 2011, Noninvasive Diagnostic Devices for Diabetes through Measuring Tear Glucose , said that contact lenses 'are being considered by at least three research groups who are working with such sensors as an alternative tool to continuously and noninvasively monitor the level of glucose in tears. (healthcentral.com)

however, other proteins in the kidneys are able to absorb enough glucose into the bloodstream, so that glucosuria is mild, if present at all, in people with glucose-galactose malabsorption. (medlineplus.gov)
The insulin allows the glucose to enter the bloodstream and be used for energy. (healthline.com)
Glucose is absorbed directly into the bloodstream, as it requires no digestion. (reference.com)
therefore GLUT1 and GLUT3 have a high affinity for glucose and uptake from the bloodstream is constant. (wikipedia.org)
As muscle is a principal storage site for glucose and adipose tissue for triglyceride (into which glucose can be converted for storage), GLUT4 is important in post-prandial uptake of excess glucose from the bloodstream. (wikipedia.org)
However, in the kidney, glucose is reabsorbed from the filtrate in the tubule lumen, where it is at a relatively low concentration, passes through the simple cuboidal epithelia lining the kidney tubule, and into the bloodstream where glucose is at a comparatively high concentration. (wikipedia.org)
Once inside the epithelial cells, glucose reenters the bloodstream through facilitated diffusion through GLUT2 transporters. (wikipedia.org)
Close to the loop of Henle and in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron where much glucose has been reabsorbed into the bloodstream, SGLT1 transporters are found. (wikipedia.org)

Dario Blood Glucose Test Strips for The Dario and Dario LC Blood Glucose Monitoring System. (amazon.com)
Glucose test strips come in boxes that contain hundreds of test strips. (staples.com)
Glucose testing strips are easy to use, especially if you follow the included directions. (staples.com)
It might be better to pay a little more for a glucose monitor if the replacement strips are significantly cheaper than another brand. (vetinfo.com)
The desiccant keeps the reagent strips dry whileMEASURING THE GLUCOSE the container prevents damage to the reagentCONCENTRATION IN strips by bright light. (slideshare.net)
Reagent strips such as Haemo-Glukotest specifically with glucose, releasing hydrogen5. (slideshare.net)
The reagent strips, therefore, are specific for glucose.8-c How to obtain a capillary blood sampleWhile capillary blood is usually used, a sampleof venous or arterial blood is also suitable.Capillary blood is usually obtained from theinfant's heel:1. (slideshare.net)
Other user-friendly features that make this the top glucometer in our report include its backlit screen and illuminated test strip port, no-coding test strips, great durability, and a 400-reading memory that calculates a number of averages to help you spot trends in your glucose readings. (consumersearch.com)
Access to blood glucose test strips vital to help diabetics manage their condition is being restricted against government guidance, a charity says. (bbc.co.uk)

Glucose is a simple monosaccharide that is used as an energy source for every cell in the human body. (reference.com)
Glucose is a common example of a monosaccharide. (reference.com)

Comparison of a needle-type and a microdialysis continuous glucose monitor in type 1 diabetic patients. (medscape.com)
Could someone tell me the glucose values for a non diabetic for the fasting (pre-breakfast), one hour after eating, two hours after eating. (medhelp.org)
The Economist , "As China puts on weight, type-2 diabetes is soaring," 12 Dec. 2019 In diabetic rats, kimchi improves insulin function and lowers average blood glucose levels. (merriam-webster.com)
Glucose monitoring is important for any owner with a diabetic cat to ensure they remain healthy and happy. (vetinfo.com)
sugarBEAT is the first painless, non-invasive continuous glucose monitor (CGM) for use by diabetic and pre-diabetic patients. (marketwatch.com)
It is the first continuous glucose monitoring system that can be used by diabetic patients to take diabetes treatment decisions without using a blood sample from the fingertip. (marketwatch.com)
Failure to do so can lead to short-term complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis, which is caused by untreated consistent high blood glucose levels and is potentially fatal, and hypoglycaemia, which is the result of low blood glucose levels. (bbc.co.uk)

We simply can't know how unfavorable our postprandial glucose levels are unless we check. (amazonaws.com)
We provide evidence from cross-sectional, longitudinal, and prospective data from Pima Indians ( n = 413) and Caucasians ( n = 60) that fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations increase with decreasing M despite normal compensation of AIR. (diabetesjournals.org)
Effects of Higher Dietary Protein and Fiber Intakes at Breakfast on Postprandial Glucose, Insulin, and 24-h Interstitial Glucose in Overweight Adults. (tripdatabase.com)
On the last day of each intervention, meal tolerance tests were completed to assess postprandial (every 60 min for 240 min) serum glucose and insulin concentrations. (tripdatabase.com)

What is glucose intolerance? (buzzle.com)
Symptoms of glucose intolerance include excessive thirst, tiredness, and loss of muscle mass. (buzzle.com)
When a person has been identified to be glucose intolerant, it is important to follow glucose intolerance diet. (buzzle.com)
Glucose intolerance is a condition that may lead to the development of diabetes if not taken care of in time. (buzzle.com)
What does glucose intolerance spell for children? (buzzle.com)
Treatment options for glucose intolerance are fairly limited, but effective when taken seriously. (buzzle.com)
ARTIFICIAL sweeteners can cause glucose intolerance in mice, and perhaps in humans, by altering gut bacteria, a series of experiments suggests. (newscientist.com)
Glucose intolerance occurs when this process becomes inefficient, and is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes. (newscientist.com)
They showed significant glucose intolerance," says Segal, "at levels comparable to a metabolic disease. (newscientist.com)
Because what we eat can shift this bacterial make-up , the researchers wondered whether the glucose intolerance might be caused by a change in the bacterial composition. (newscientist.com)
Wiping out the rodents' gut bacteria using antibiotics abolished all the effects of glucose intolerance in the mice. (newscientist.com)
The researchers found that the fake stuff drives the kind of glucose intolerance that can lead to diabetes in human. (dictionary.com)

A small diameter flexible electrode designed for subcutaneous in vivo amperometric monitoring of glucose is described. (google.co.uk)
The electrode is designed to allow 'one-point' in vivo calibration, i.e., to have zero output current at zero glucose concentration, even in the presence of other electroreactive species. (google.co.uk)
In 1962, Clark and Ann Lyons from the Cincinnati Children's Hospital developed the first glucose enzyme electrode. (wikipedia.org)

Another article, Measurement of tear glucose levels with amperometric glucose biosensor/capillary tube configuration, reported that 'A strong correlation between tear and blood glucose levels was found, suggesting that measurement of tear glucose is a potential noninvasive substitute for blood glucose measurements. (healthcentral.com)

Glucose toxicity is a well-established entity that has been shown in animal models of diabetes to contribute to development of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. (diabetesjournals.org)
In type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes in humans, a considerable body of evidence has accumulated indicating that a chronic physiological increment in the plasma glucose concentration leads to progressive impairment in insulin secretion and may contribute to insulin resistance as well. (diabetesjournals.org)
Evidence also has accumulated to implicate glucose toxicity in the functional impairment in insulin secretion that occurs during the initial presentation of patients with type I diabetes, and this may explain the honeymoon period so commonly observed after the institution of insulin therapy. (diabetesjournals.org)
In many organisms, normoglycemia is achieved by a tight coupling of nutrient-stimulated insulin secretion in the pancreatic β-cell (acute insulin response [AIR]) and the metabolic action of insulin to stimulate glucose disposal (insulin action [ M ]). It is widely accepted that in healthy individuals with normal glucose tolerance, normoglycemia can always be maintained by compensatorily increasing AIR in response to decreasing M (and vice versa). (diabetesjournals.org)
In people with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), a decrease in insulin action ( M ) is accompanied by upregulation of insulin secretion (and vice versa). (diabetesjournals.org)
Insulin secretion is primarily substrate controlled, and glucose, the preeminent secretagogue among nutrient molecules, would be a good candidate for such a signal. (diabetesjournals.org)
If glucose were indeed one of the signals linking insulin resistance and β-cell compensation, insulin secretion should not fully compensate for worsening insulin resistance, since this would remove the stimulus for the compensation. (diabetesjournals.org)
Increased extracellular glucose stimulates firing of a subset of proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-containing neurons in the hypothalamus through a mechanism thought to depend, like insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells, on the adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP)-dependent closure of ATP-sensitive potassium (K ATP ) channels in the plasma membrane. (sciencemag.org)

Due to its tight association to the ER, the exact structure of glucose 6-phosphatase remains unknown. (wikipedia.org)
Cyclic structure of glucose" last modified May 13, 2017. (ehow.co.uk)

Having a talking glucometer makes it possible for those with reduced vision or total blindness -- common side effects of diabetes -- to monitor their blood glucose levels without outside help. (consumersearch.com)

And while optimal health is not about fixating on weight-it's about measuring truly influential parameters like blood glucose, lipid subfractions, and cardiac plaque-nothing will help you lose weight as effectively as understanding how your meals are affecting your blood glucose levels. (amazonaws.com)

Sweet smelling -remember the renal threshold - some people naturally excrete glucose in their urine. (amazonaws.com)
The power remained around two microwatts for 11 days in one rat, and the other rat showed byproducts of glucose oxidation in its urine for three months, indicating that the device lasts at least that long. (technologyreview.com)
The presence of glucose in the urine is called glycosuria or glucosuria. (ucsfhealth.org)
Now, blood tests to measure glucose level in the blood are easy to do and are used instead of the glucose urine test. (ucsfhealth.org)
The glucose urine test may be ordered when the doctor suspects renal glycosuria. (ucsfhealth.org)
This is a rare condition in which glucose is released from the kidneys into the urine, even when the blood glucose level is normal. (ucsfhealth.org)
Glucose is not usually found in urine. (ucsfhealth.org)
Small increases in urine glucose levels after a large meal are not always a cause for concern. (ucsfhealth.org)
Pregnancy: Up to half of women have glucose in their urine at some time during pregnancy. (ucsfhealth.org)
Glucose in the urine may mean that a woman has gestational diabetes . (ucsfhealth.org)
Functioning in conjunction, these two secondary active transporters ensure that only negligible amounts of glucose are wasted through excretion in the urine. (wikipedia.org)

2. SK ILLS WORKSHOP : GLUCOSE CONTROL AND HYPOGLYCAEMIA 157 higher the concentration of glucose in the blood the greater is the colour change. (slideshare.net)

As such, the global market for blood glucose self-testing products is undergoing a significant transition driven by the advent of new analytical technologies and new recommendations for tight glucose control for monitoring diabetes. (cnbc.com)
JDRF applauds the FDA decision to approve a new indication for use for the Dexcom G5® Mobile Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) System. (jdrf.org)
Sleek, compact, and seamless, the One Drop Chrome blood glucose monitoring kit combines advanced diabetes technology with well-designed supplies to match your modern lifestyle. (apple.com)
Dario Value Pack Kit: Blood Glucose Monitoring Set. (amazon.com)
FDA expands indication for continuous glucose monitoring system, first to replace fingerstick testing for diabetes treatment decisions. (medscape.com)
Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-expands-indication-continuous-glucose-monitoring-system-first-replace-fingerstick-testing . (medscape.com)
System accuracy evaluation of 18 CE-marked current-generation blood glucose monitoring systems based on EN ISO 15197:2015. (medscape.com)
Battelino T, Phillip M. Real-time continuous glucose monitoring in randomized control trials. (medscape.com)
Mian Z, Hermayer KL, Jenkins A. Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Review of an Innovation in Diabetes Management. (medscape.com)
If your cat is on insulin, glucose monitoring at home can help ensure the amounts your cat is receiving are adequate. (vetinfo.com)
These sensors are connected wirelessly to the continuous glucose monitoring system. (marketwatch.com)
They offer data to the monitoring system or smart compatible devices that aid to track the level of blood glucose in a patient at regular intervals. (marketwatch.com)
Self monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) has been the norm for many years. (diabeteseducator.org)
Educational courses, including 5.5 hours of free CE focused on glucose monitoring, are also available. (diabeteseducator.org)
A set of downloadable PDFs for diabetes educators to use with patients to illustrate the importance of blood glucose monitoring, expert recommendations plus tips and tricks for safe, accurate testing. (diabeteseducator.org)
Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Glucose Monitoring Record Sheet in minutes with SmartDraw. (smartdraw.com)
Today's glucose monitoring devices are invasive and require small needle sticks for a measurement. (diva-portal.org)

discovered (1936) the activated intermediate, glucose 1-phosphate (phosphate bound to a specific carbon atom on the glucose molecule), known as the "Cori ester. (britannica.com)
In solution, the glucose molecule prefers a ring (cyclic) shape. (ehow.co.uk)
The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) form and a ring (cyclic) form. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
When glucose exists in cyclic form, the functional group is not free, making the molecule less reactive. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

If foods that contain glucose, galactose, and lactose are removed from the diet, the diarrhea stops. (medlineplus.gov)
Most sweet-tasting fruits contain glucose in their juice and pulp, particularly grapes, cherries, plums and dried fruits like dried apricots, dates, raisins and currants. (ehow.com)

Although a clear consensus has not been reached, a large number of scientists adhere to a substrate-transport model to account for the catalytic properties of glucose 6-phosphatase. (wikipedia.org)
They fermented lactic acid from glucose as a substrate. (lewrockwell.com)

Glucose molecules can also be linked into chains to form the polysaccharides cellulose, glycogen, and starch. (dictionary.com)
Glucose is also a major starting point for cellular respiration, in which the chemical bonds of energy-rich molecules such as glucose are converted into energy usable for life processes. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

The SGLT1 protein in kidney cells plays a role in maintaining normal blood glucose levels. (medlineplus.gov)
It refers to higher-than-normal blood glucose levels. (buzzle.com)

After 11 weeks, the researchers tested all the rodents' glucose tolerance by giving them a high-glucose drink and taking regular blood samples. (newscientist.com)
For example, when the researchers transferred the gut bacteria of mice who had consumed saccharin into mice whose guts were bacteria-free, it caused these previously healthy mice to become glucose intolerant. (newscientist.com)
So the researchers decided to also give those rodents high doses of glucose . (merriam-webster.com)
Herbal toothpaste, in particular, can reduce levels of salivary glucose and improve pH levels of saliva, according to researchers from Jawahar Medical Foundation's Annasaheb Chudaman Patil Memorial Dental College (ACPM Dental College). (naturalnews.com)
Cutting-edge and comprehensive, Glucose Transport: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource that helps researchers with determining specific roles of different GLUTs in various organisms. (springer.com)
Researchers from Cardiff University's School of Engineering have developed a glucose monitor that doesn't require you to prick your finger. (engadget.com)

The Glucose Revolution is about the glycemic index, a scientifically validated tool that can help you find the right kind of carbohydrate to control hunger, improve athletic performance, and most especially to manage diabetes. (mendosa.com)
Carbohydrate has the most immediate effect on blood glucose. (mendosa.com)
The Glucose Revolution includes a table of some 300 different foods listing their glycemic indexes and the carbohydrate and fat content in a sample serving. (mendosa.com)
You can also correct a high blood glucose level by typing into the insulin pump your blood glucose or grams of carbohydrate to be eaten. (umassmed.edu)
Is Glucose a Carbohydrate? (reference.com)
When glucose is not supplied in the diet and glycogen stores have been depleted, animals may also synthesize glucose in the liver and (to a lesser extent) in the kidneys from non-carbohydrate intermediates. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

This brought about a remarkable improvement in the sensitivity of the glucose biosensor. (hindawi.com)
Moreover, the sensitivity and response time of the biosensor toward glucose were 1277 μ A mM -1 cm -2 and 6 s, respectively. (hindawi.com)
The fast and easy electron transfer brought about a remarkable improvement in sensitivity of the biosensor toward glucose. (hindawi.com)

How your glucose changes at different meals? (apple.com)
You can note your meals, physical activity, and medicines in a CGM device, too, alongside your glucose levels. (nih.gov)
After you feel better, be sure to eat your regular meals and snacks as planned to keep your blood glucose level up. (archive.org)
The data point contains fields for the blood glucose concentration, temporal relationships to meals and sleep, and the source of the specimen which was measured. (google.com)
Testing after meals measures glucose levels around two hours after the start of a meal. (healthline.com)

So I started taking supplements for Blood pressure and to help glucose and I kept notes about my readings in apple notes on my iPhone. (apple.com)
Acetaminophen falsely elevates continuous glucose monitor (CGM) readings by a large margin, according to a new report that quantifies and raises cautions about the phenomenon as the devices are used increasingly by patients. (medscape.com)
The phenomenon would be expected to affect the CGM's reporting of blood glucose trends as well as individual readings. (medscape.com)
Glucose Readings Normal? (medhelp.org)
Random blood glucose readings can help you identify hyperglycemia and decrease the risk for some chronic complications. (healthline.com)

However, as many as 10 percent of the population may have a somewhat reduced capacity for glucose absorption without associated health problems. (medlineplus.gov)
Complex carbohydrates, or foods that contain fats along with carbs (like chocolate) can slow the absorption of glucose and should not be used to treat an emergency low. (diabetes.org)

Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/glucose. (merriam-webster.com)

The condition is diagnosed with the help of a glucose tolerance test, which measures the body's response to glucose. (buzzle.com)

Glucose syrup , also known as confectioner's glucose , is a syrup made from the hydrolysis of starch . (wikipedia.org)
Maize (corn) is commonly used as the source of the starch in the US, in which case the syrup is called " corn syrup ", but glucose syrup is also made from potatoes and wheat , and less often from barley , rice and cassava . (wikipedia.org)
Depending on the method used to hydrolyse the starch and on the extent to which the hydrolysis reaction has been allowed to proceed, different grades of glucose syrup are produced, which have different characteristics and uses. (wikipedia.org)
The original glucose syrups were manufactured by acid hydrolysis of corn starch at high temperature and pressure. (wikipedia.org)
Before conversion of starch to glucose can begin, the starch must be separated from the plant material. (wikipedia.org)
Formerly, glucose syrup was only produced by combining corn starch with dilute hydrochloric acid , and then heating the mixture under pressure. (wikipedia.org)
Many complex carbohydrates (starch, glycogen, cellulose) are polymers (long chains) of the glucose ring, repeating over and over. (ehow.co.uk)
In plants, glucose is stored as starch . (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Long-term increased blood glucose levels can eventually cause dangerous complications. (healthline.com)
Testing your blood glucose levels at various times throughout the day can help you manage your diabetes and reduce your risk of diabetes complications . (healthline.com)
In the long term, high blood glucose levels can lead to serious complications such as blindness, strokes and the need for amputations. (bbc.co.uk)

How do blood glucose monitors work? (medscape.com)
Ramljak S, Musholt PB, Schipper C, Flacke F, Sieber J, Borchert M. The precision study: examining the inter- and intra-assay variability of replicate measurements of BGStar, iBGStar and 12 other blood glucose monitors. (medscape.com)
Lane JE, Shivers JP, Zisser H. Continuous glucose monitors: current status and future developments. (medscape.com)
It's no wonder that it beat four other talking glucose monitors in a study published in the Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, and has won awards from the National Federation of the Blind and American Foundation for the Blind. (consumersearch.com)

By converting some of the glucose in corn syrup into fructose (using an enzymatic process), a sweeter product, high fructose corn syrup can be produced. (wikipedia.org)
By using β-amylase or fungal α-amylase , glucose syrups containing over 50% maltose, or even over 70% maltose (extra-high-maltose syrup) can be produced. (wikipedia.org)
Maltose is also less humectant than glucose, so candy produced with high-maltose syrup will not become sticky as easily as candy produced with a standard glucose syrup. (wikipedia.org)
Prior to this event I had become concerned about my glucose levels getting too high. (apple.com)
In the United States the main source of glucose used in food production is corn, which is converted into corn syrup and high-fructose corn syrup. (ehow.com)
An alarm can sound when your glucose level goes too low or too high. (nih.gov)
For safety it's important to take action when a CGM alarm sounds about high or low blood glucose. (nih.gov)
A group of scientists has recently discovered a link between high glucose levels in the brain and symptoms of memory loss, which could lead to Alzheimer's. (naturalnews.com)
Some CGM sensors even alert the user (and/or family members) when glucose goes too high or too low. (umassmed.edu)
Genipin had little effect on POMC neuronal firing in POMC-mut-Kir6.2 mice, but it restored glucose-dependent release of hypothalamic α-MSH in mice fed a high-fat diet. (sciencemag.org)
Furthermore, although mice lacking UCP2 became obese when fed a high-fat diet, the ability of glucose to elicit release of their hypothalamic α-MSH was intact. (sciencemag.org)
Natural News) A new study that has been published in an issue of the Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine seeks to identify the gravity of muscle damage and blood glucose responses in people engaging in high-intensity exercise. (naturalnews.com)
Natural News) High blood glucose was long believed to lead to type 2 diabetes, but new research shows this could actually be an effect of the illness rather than its cause. (naturalnews.com)
glucose tolerance and CV disease or at high CV risk, with a median follow-up of 6.4years. (tripdatabase.com)
For those with diabetes mellitus, a disease where glucose levels in the blood get too high, personal responsibility (i.e. self management) is the key for treatment. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
GLUT2 in contrast has a high Km value (15-20mM) and therefore a low affinity for glucose. (wikipedia.org)
close to the glomerulus, where glucose levels are high, SGLT2 has a low affinity yet high capacity for glucose transport. (wikipedia.org)
These have a high affinity for glucose and a low capacity. (wikipedia.org)

Glucose has two isomers (angular forms) with the chair form. (ehow.co.uk)
These eight isomers (including glucose itself) are all diastereoisomers in relation to each other (i.e., they are not mirror images), and all belong to the D -series. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
For isomers see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose. (fpnotebook.com)

Anatomy 17

Organisms 10

Diseases 17

Chemicals and Drugs 138

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment 28

Psychiatry and Psychology 1

Phenomena and Processes 48

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena 1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture 5

Information Science 2

Health Care 6

Denitrifying Pseudomonas aeruginosa: some parameters of growth and active transport. (1/28082)

Fecal coliform elevated-temperature test: a physiological basis. (2/28082)

Leptin suppression of insulin secretion and gene expression in human pancreatic islets: implications for the development of adipogenic diabetes mellitus. (3/28082)

Nrg1 is a transcriptional repressor for glucose repression of STA1 gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (4/28082)

Ischemic tolerance in murine cortical cell culture: critical role for NMDA receptors. (5/28082)

Enhanced myocardial glucose use in patients with a deficiency in long-chain fatty acid transport (CD36 deficiency). (6/28082)

Effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha on vascular resistance, nitric oxide production, and glucose and oxygen consumption in perfused tissue-isolated human melanoma xenografts. (7/28082)

A possible role for the pentose phosphate pathway of spermatozoa in gamete fusion in the mouse. (8/28082)

Denitrifying Pseudomonas aeruginosa: some parameters of growth and active transport. (1/28082)

Fecal coliform elevated-temperature test: a physiological basis. (2/28082)

Leptin suppression of insulin secretion and gene expression in human pancreatic islets: implications for the development of adipogenic diabetes mellitus. (3/28082)

Nrg1 is a transcriptional repressor for glucose repression of STA1 gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (4/28082)

Ischemic tolerance in murine cortical cell culture: critical role for NMDA receptors. (5/28082)

Enhanced myocardial glucose use in patients with a deficiency in long-chain fatty acid transport (CD36 deficiency). (6/28082)

Effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha on vascular resistance, nitric oxide production, and glucose and oxygen consumption in perfused tissue-isolated human melanoma xenografts. (7/28082)

A possible role for the pentose phosphate pathway of spermatozoa in gamete fusion in the mouse. (8/28082)

Glucose uptake and metabolism by RBCs from fish with different extracellular glucose levels | Journal of Experimental Biology

Triphasic changes of cytoplasmic CA2+ associated with early glucose effects on beta-cell membrane potential. :: MPG.PuRe

Effect of hyperglycaemia on glucose concentration of human nasal secretions | Clinical Science

Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp: Diurnal variations in insulin secretion and K+ permeability in...

PVHL is a regulator of glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells. - Radcliffe Department of Medicine

Two different repressors collaborate to restrict expression of the yeast glucose transporter genes HXT2 and HXT4 to low levels...

Effect of glucose treatment on basal and FSH- or IGF-1- | Open-i

High glucose level in blood

Serotonin-secreting enteroendocrine cells respond via diverse mechanisms to acute and chronic changes in glucose availability |...

High-density lipoprotein delivered after myocardial infarction increases cardiac glucose uptake and function in mice<...

Aberrant Intracellular pH Regulation Limiting Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity in the Glucose-Sensitive Yeast...

JCI - Effects of free fatty acids on glucose transport and IRS-1-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity

Features of Regional Cerebral Glucose Metabolism Abnormality in Corticobasal Degeneration - Abstract - Dementia and Geriatric...

Ca2+-dependent demethylation of phosphatase PP2Ac promotes glucose deprivation-induced cell death independently of inhibiting...

Hepatic glucose sensing is required to preserve β cell glucose competence - Infoscience

Aging | CTRP13 attenuates the expression of LN and CAV-1 Induced by high glucose via CaMKKβ/AMPK pathway in rLSECs -...

Postnatal Glucose Homeostasis in Late-Preterm and Term Infants | American Academy of Pediatrics

Plus it

Effect of alcohol and glucose infusion on pituitary-gonadal hormones in normal females<...

Neuromics: September 2015

Anticoagulant Citrate Dextrose Solution Formula B (Citric Acid; Dextrose; Sodium Citrate) Baxter

Utjecaj različitih koncentracija glukoze na aktivnost piruvat kinaze u HepG2 stanicama | Croatian Digital Theses Repository

Plus it

Team:University College London/Module 4 - 2012.igem.org

Team:University College London/Module 4 - 2012.igem.org

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Catabolite Repression Is the Dominant Control Mechanism of Metabolic Fluxes under Glucose Limitation in...

Differential effects of palmitate and palmitoleate on insulin action and glucose utilization in rat L6 skeletal muscle cells |...

Accu Chek Active Glucose Monitor Online at Low Prices in India - Elawoman.com

Plus it

GENTAUR antibody-antibodies.com The Marketplace for Antibodies : Lysosomal Ca2+ Signaling Regulates High Glucose-Mediated...

On-target action of anti-tropomyosin drugs regulates glucose metabolism | Garvan Institute of Medical Research

Glucose transporter - Wikipedia

Catabolite repression - Wikipedia

Glucose sensing through the Hxk2-dependent signalling pathway | Biochemical Society Transactions

Helena Malm | Lund University Diabetes Centre

Dual role of the coactivator TORC2 in modulating hepatic glucose output and insulin signaling<...

Regional cerebral glucose metabolism during and after bilateral cerebral ischemia in the gerbil. | Stroke

Radiopharmaceuticals based on the glucose derivatives for tumor diagnosis<...

The Brain Hypometabolism Hypothesis: Part 9 - Cerebral Metabolic Rate of Glucose - The Amazing World of Psychiatry: A...

Correlation Between the Interstitial and Arterial Glucose in Post Surgery Patients - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov

SRC-1 Controls Liver's 'Sweet Spot' For Glucose Production - Redorbit

JCI - Glucose toxicity and the development of diabetes in mice with muscle-specific inactivation of GLUT4

Background Elevated glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression and glucose utilization that | Thioredoxin Reductase and its...

Cell growth-dependent coordination of lipid signaling and glycosylation is mediated by interactions between Sac1p and Dpm1p |...

Using dextrose (glucose) in cooking and baking - The ex-sugarholic

Using dextrose (glucose) in cooking and baking - The ex-sugarholic

Glucose phosphorylation as a barrier to muscle glucose uptake<...

Differential Effects of Oral , Peripheral Intravenous , and Intraportal Glucose on Hepatic Glucose Uptake and Insulin and...

Glucose-induced activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in isolated rat pancreatic islets | Biochemical Journal

Impaired Glucose Transporter Activity in Pressure-Overload Hypertrophy Is an Early Indicator of Progression to Failure |...

The expression of hormone-sensitive lipase in clonal beta-cells and rat islets is induced by long-term exposure to high glucose

Insulin receptor substrates-1 and -2 are both depleted but via different mechanisms after down-regulation of glucose transport...

Neuronal Cell Protective Effect of Dendropanax morbifera Extract against High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress | Korea Science

Clonal insulinoma cell line that stably maintains correct glucose responsiveness<...

Longevity is associated with increased vascular resistance to high glucose-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory gene...

GW24-e3984 Effects of tetramethylpyrazine on human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to constant or intermittent high...

Glucose Uptake: Regulation, Signaling Pathways and Health Implications - Nova Science Publishers

The Effect of Noscapine on Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation on Primary Murine Cortical Neurons in High Glucose Condition

Oral glucose ingestion attenuates exercise-induced activation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase in human skeletal muscle -...

The Study of HIV Protease Inhibitors and Their Effects on Glucose Metabolism - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov

JCI - Divergent effects of glucose and fructose on hepatic lipogenesis and insulin signaling

JCI - Welcome

JCI - Welcome

JCI - Welcome

The Ketogenic Diet for Health: February 2013

Acute Enterocyte Adaptation to Luminal Glucose: A Posttranslational Mechanism for Rapid Apical Recruitment of the Transporter...

Beta-cell-targeted overexpression of phosphodiesterase 3B in mice causes impaired insulin secretion, glucose intolerance and...

Glucose Metabolism in Abdominally Obese Hypertensive and Normotensive Subjects | Hypertension

Leicester Research Archive: Modelling ischaemia in vitro: Effects of temperature and glucose concentration on dopamine release...

Effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on high glucose-induced glomerular epithelial cell damage::기초학문자료센터

Serval - Hypoinsulinaemia, glucose intolerance and diminished beta-cell size in S6K1-deficient mice.

Caulerpa lentillifera extract ameliorates insulin resistance and regulates glucose metabolism in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice via PI3K...