Glomerular filtration rate. Medical search

The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to INULIN clearance.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

Laboratory tests used to evaluate how well the kidneys are working through examination of blood and urine.

Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.

An extracellular cystatin subtype that is abundantly expressed in bodily fluids. It may play a role in the inhibition of interstitial CYSTEINE PROTEASES.

A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to FRUCTOSE, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function.

The circulation of the BLOOD through the vessels of the KIDNEY.

Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)

A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.

A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.

The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.

Sodium excretion by URINATION.

The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.

An increase in the excretion of URINE. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.

Long convoluted tubules in the nephrons. They collect filtrate from blood passing through the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS and process this filtrate into URINE. Each renal tubule consists of a BOWMAN CAPSULE; PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE; LOOP OF HENLE; DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULE; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCT leading to the central cavity of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS) that connects to the URETER.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

The amount of PLASMA that perfuses the KIDNEYS per unit time, approximately 10% greater than effective renal plasma flow (RENAL PLASMA FLOW, EFFECTIVE). It should be differentiated from the RENAL BLOOD FLOW; (RBF), which refers to the total volume of BLOOD flowing through the renal vasculature, while the renal plasma flow refers to the rate of plasma flow (RPF).

KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.

A homologous group of endogenous CYSTEINE PROTEINASE INHIBITORS. The cystatins inhibit most CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES such as PAPAIN, and other peptidases which have a sulfhydryl group at the active site.

The functional units of the kidney, consisting of the glomerulus and the attached tubule.

A process of separating particulate matter from a fluid, such as air or a liquid, by passing the fluid carrier through a medium that will not pass the particulates. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.

Graphic tracing over a time period of radioactivity measured externally over the kidneys following intravenous injection of a radionuclide which is taken up and excreted by the kidneys.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

Unstable isotopes of chromium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cr atoms with atomic weights of 46-49, 51, 55, and 56 are radioactive chromium isotopes.

Excision of kidney.

The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another.

Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.

A specialized barrier in the kidney, consisting of the fenestrated CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIUM; GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE; and glomerular epithelium (PODOCYTES). The barrier prevents the filtration of PLASMA PROTEINS.

Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.

The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

Volume of biological fluid completely cleared of drug metabolites as measured in unit time. Elimination occurs as a result of metabolic processes in the kidney, liver, saliva, sweat, intestine, heart, brain, or other site.

The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.

Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).

A group of glycine amides of aminobenzoic acids.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

The amount of PLASMA flowing to the parts of the KIDNEY that function in the production of urine. It is the amount of plasma perfusing the KIDNEY TUBULES per unit time, generally measured by P-AMINOHIPPURATE clearance. It should be differentiated from RENAL PLASMA FLOW which is approximately 10% greater than the effective renal plasma flow.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

The renal tubule portion that extends from the BOWMAN CAPSULE in the KIDNEY CORTEX into the KIDNEY MEDULLA. The proximal tubule consists of a convoluted proximal segment in the cortex, and a distal straight segment descending into the medulla where it forms the U-shaped LOOP OF HENLE.

Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters.

Liquid by-product of excretion produced in the kidneys, temporarily stored in the bladder until discharge through the URETHRA.

The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.

Incision of tissues for injection of medication or for other diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Punctures of the skin, for example may be used for diagnostic drainage; of blood vessels for diagnostic imaging procedures.

In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.

A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.

The balance of fluid in the BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; total BODY WATER; BLOOD VOLUME; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; INTRACELLULAR SPACE, maintained by processes in the body that regulate the intake and excretion of WATER and ELECTROLYTES, particularly SODIUM and POTASSIUM.

The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.

Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.

An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.

Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.

The outer zone of the KIDNEY, beneath the capsule, consisting of KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL; and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL.

Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.

The ability of the kidney to excrete in the urine high concentrations of solutes from the blood plasma.

A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.

Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

Volume of PLASMA in the circulation. It is usually measured by INDICATOR DILUTION TECHNIQUES.

Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.

A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.

A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.

An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.

The two dimensional measure of the outer layer of the body.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.

A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

A diverse family of extracellular proteins that bind to small hydrophobic molecules. They were originally characterized as transport proteins, however they may have additional roles such as taking part in the formation of macromolecular complexes with other proteins and binding to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.

The urea concentration of the blood stated in terms of nitrogen content. Serum (plasma) urea nitrogen is approximately 12% higher than blood urea nitrogen concentration because of the greater protein content of red blood cells. Increases in blood or serum urea nitrogen are referred to as azotemia and may have prerenal, renal, or postrenal causes. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.

An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.

The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)

The mechanical laws of fluid dynamics as they apply to urine transport.

Therapy for the insufficient cleansing of the BLOOD by the kidneys based on dialysis and including hemodialysis, PERITONEAL DIALYSIS, and HEMODIAFILTRATION.

Highly differentiated epithelial cells of the visceral layer of BOWMAN CAPSULE of the KIDNEY. They are composed of a cell body with major CELL SURFACE EXTENSIONS and secondary fingerlike extensions called pedicels. They enwrap the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS capillaries with their cell surface extensions forming a filtration structure. The pedicels of neighboring podocytes interdigitate with each other leaving between them filtration slits that are bridged by an extracellular structure impermeable to large macromolecules called the slit diaphragm, and provide the last barrier to protein loss in the KIDNEY.

A BLOOD PRESSURE regulating system of interacting components that include RENIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN II; and angiotensinase. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming ANGIOTENSIN I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, contained in the lung, acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to ANGIOTENSIN II, an extremely powerful vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II causes contraction of the arteriolar and renal VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE, leading to retention of salt and water in the KIDNEY and increased arterial blood pressure. In addition, angiotensin II stimulates the release of ALDOSTERONE from the ADRENAL CORTEX, which in turn also increases salt and water retention in the kidney. Angiotensin-converting enzyme also breaks down BRADYKININ, a powerful vasodilator and component of the KALLIKREIN-KININ SYSTEM.

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.

An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. It is produced from angiotensin I after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME. The amino acid in position 5 varies in different species. To block VASOCONSTRICTION and HYPERTENSION effect of angiotensin II, patients are often treated with ACE INHIBITORS or with ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS.

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).

The portion of renal tubule that begins from the enlarged segment of the ascending limb of the LOOP OF HENLE. It reenters the KIDNEY CORTEX and forms the convoluted segments of the distal tubule.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.

A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.

Short thick veins which return blood from the kidneys to the vena cava.

A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.

A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.

The volume of packed RED BLOOD CELLS in a blood specimen. The volume is measured by centrifugation in a tube with graduated markings, or with automated blood cell counters. It is an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, ANEMIA shows a low value; POLYCYTHEMIA, a high value.

Substances used to allow enhanced visualization of tissues.

Sodium or sodium compounds used in foods or as a food. The most frequently used compounds are sodium chloride or sodium glutamate.

A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.

Chemical analysis based on the phenomenon whereby light, passing through a medium with dispersed particles of a different refractive index from that of the medium, is attenuated in intensity by scattering. In turbidimetry, the intensity of light transmitted through the medium, the unscattered light, is measured. In nephelometry, the intensity of the scattered light is measured, usually, but not necessarily, at right angles to the incident light beam.

An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.

A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney.

Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

Statistical models used in survival analysis that assert that the effect of the study factors on the hazard rate in the study population is multiplicative and does not change over time.

A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.

The internal portion of the kidney, consisting of striated conical masses, the renal pyramids, whose bases are adjacent to the cortex and whose apices form prominent papillae projecting into the lumen of the minor calyces.

A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.

Discharge of URINE, liquid waste processed by the KIDNEY, from the body.

Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.

A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.

Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

The pressure due to the weight of fluid.

An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.

Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

Interstitial space between cells, occupied by INTERSTITIAL FLUID as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. For organisms with a CELL WALL, the extracellular space includes everything outside of the CELL MEMBRANE including the PERIPLASM and the cell wall.

A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.

Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.

A nonparametric method of compiling LIFE TABLES or survival tables. It combines calculated probabilities of survival and estimates to allow for observations occurring beyond a measurement threshold, which are assumed to occur randomly. Time intervals are defined as ending each time an event occurs and are therefore unequal. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1995)

Endogenous or exogenous chemicals that regulate the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in the body. They consist of peptides and non-peptide compounds.

The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.

A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.

An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.

A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.

Triiodo-substituted derivatives of BENZOIC ACID.

An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient.

The U-shaped portion of the renal tubule in the KIDNEY MEDULLA, consisting of a descending limb and an ascending limb. It is situated between the PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE and the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULE.

A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.

Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the southeastern and eastern areas of the Asian continent.

Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. Included are ANGIOTENSIN II analogs such as SARALASIN and biphenylimidazoles such as LOSARTAN. Some are used as ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS.

A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.

The survival of a graft in a host, the factors responsible for the survival and the changes occurring within the graft during growth in the host.

The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS. Many drugs in this class specifically target the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.

A diet which contains very little sodium chloride. It is prescribed by some for hypertension and for edematous states. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.

The administration of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through some other route than the alimentary canal, usually over minutes or hours, either by gravity flow or often by infusion pumping.

The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.

An 11-kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants.

A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.

The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.

A major protein in the BLOOD. It is important in maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic molecules.

Non-cadaveric providers of organs for transplant to related or non-related recipients.

A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.

A beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-glucose residues in chitobiose and higher analogs as well as in glycoproteins. Has been used widely in structural studies on bacterial cell walls and in the study of diseases such as MUCOLIPIDOSIS and various inflammatory disorders of muscle and connective tissue.

Water-soluble proteins found in egg whites, blood, lymph, and other tissues and fluids. They coagulate upon heating.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.

A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.

A sucrose polymer of high molecular weight.

A complex of cells consisting of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangium lacis cells, the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule, and granular epithelial peripolar cells. Juxtaglomerular cells are modified SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS found in the walls of afferent glomerular arterioles and sometimes the efferent arterioles. Extraglomerular mesangium lacis cells are located in the angle between the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles. Granular epithelial peripolar cells are located at the angle of reflection of the parietal to visceral angle of the renal corpuscle.

Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.

The oxygen-carrying proteins of ERYTHROCYTES. They are found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. The number of globin subunits in the hemoglobin quaternary structure differs between species. Structures range from monomeric to a variety of multimeric arrangements.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.

A diet that contains limited amounts of protein. It is prescribed in some cases to slow the progression of renal failure. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically.

Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.

A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812)

Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.

Fluids composed mainly of water found within the body.

Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

Conditions or pathological processes associated with the disease of diabetes mellitus. Due to the impaired control of BLOOD GLUCOSE level in diabetic patients, pathological processes develop in numerous tissues and organs including the EYE, the KIDNEY, the BLOOD VESSELS, and the NERVE TISSUE.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.

Minor hemoglobin components of human erythrocytes designated A1a, A1b, and A1c. Hemoglobin A1c is most important since its sugar moiety is glucose covalently bound to the terminal amino acid of the beta chain. Since normal glycohemoglobin concentrations exclude marked blood glucose fluctuations over the preceding three to four weeks, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is a more reliable index of the blood sugar average over a long period of time.

A chronic, acquired, idiopathic, progressive eruption of the skin that occurs in the context of RENAL FAILURE. It is sometimes accompanied by systemic fibrosis. The pathogenesis seems to be multifactorial, with postulated involvement of circulating fibrocytes. There is a strong association between this disorder and the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents.

Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.

Drugs used for their effects on the kidneys' regulation of body fluid composition and volume. The most commonly used are the diuretics. Also included are drugs used for their antidiuretic and uricosuric actions, for their effects on the kidneys' clearance of other drugs, and for diagnosis of renal function.

A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.

Acute renal failure caused by nephrotoxins. (1/6121)

Renal micropuncture studies have greatly changed our views on the pathophysiology of acute renal failure caused by nephrotoxins. Formerly, this type of renal insufficiency was attributed to a direct effect of the nephrotoxins on tubule epithelial permeability. According to that theory, glomerular filtration was not greatly diminished, the filtrate formed being absorbed almost quantitatively and nonselectively across damaged tubule epithelium. Studies in a wide variety of rat models have now shown glomerular filtration to be reduced to a level which will inevitably cause renal failure in and of itself. Passive backflow of filtrate across tubular epithelium is either of minor degree or nonexistent even in models where frank tubular necrosis has occurred. This failure of filtration cannot be attributed to tubular obstruction since proximal tubule pressure is distinctly subnormal in most models studied. Instead, filtration failure appears best attributed to intrarenal hemodynamic alterations. While certain facts tend to incriminate the renin-angiotensin system as the cause of the hemodynamic aberrations, others argue to the contrary. The issue is underactive investigation. (+info)

Renal function tests: what do they mean? A review of renal anatomy, biochemistry, and physiology. (2/6121)

Renal physiology, biochemistry, and anatomy are reviewed. For the most part, those aspects of these disciplines will be discussed which relate directly to the question of the evaluation of nephrotoxicity. In addition, emphasis is placed on those procedures and techniques which are useful in the evaluation of nephrotoxicity. A detailed discussion of histological and anatomical considerations is not given, since this is probably the least useful criterion for evaluation of renal damage. This information is intended as background for the remainder of the symposium which will be directed toward an understanding of specific nephrotoxicity phenomena. (+info)

NaCl-induced renal vasoconstriction in salt-sensitive African Americans: antipressor and hemodynamic effects of potassium bicarbonate. (3/6121)

In 16 African Americans (blacks, 14 men, 2 women) with average admission mean arterial pressure (MAP, mm Hg) 99.9+/-3.5 (mean+/-SEM), we investigated whether NaCl-induced renal vasoconstriction attends salt sensitivity and, if so, whether supplemental KHCO3 ameliorates both conditions. Throughout a 3-week period under controlled metabolic conditions, all subjects ate diets containing 15 mmol NaCl and 30 mmol potassium (K+) (per 70 kg body wt [BW] per day). Throughout weeks 2 and 3, NaCl was loaded to 250 mmol/d; throughout week 3, dietary K+ was supplemented to 170 mmol/d (KHCO3). On the last day of each study week, we measured renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using renal clearances of PAH and inulin. Ten subjects were salt sensitive (SS) (DeltaMAP >+5%) and 6 salt resistant (SR). In NaCl-loaded SS but not SR subjects, RBF (mL/min/1.73 m2) decreased from 920+/-75 to 828+/-46 (P<0.05); filtration fraction (FF, %) increased from 19. 4+/- to 21.4 (P<0.001); and renal vascular resistance (RVR) (10(3)xmm Hg/[mL/min]) increased from 101+/-8 to 131+/-10 (P<0.001). In all subjects combined, DeltaMAP varied inversely with DeltaRBF (r =-0.57, P=0.02) and directly with DeltaRVR (r = 0.65, P=0.006) and DeltaFF (r = 0.59, P=0.03), but not with MAP before NaCl loading. When supplemental KHCO3 abolished the pressor effect of NaCl in SS subjects, RBF was unaffected but GFR and FF decreased. The results show that in marginally K+-deficient blacks (1) NaCl-induced renal vasoconstrictive dysfunction attends salt sensitivity; (2) the dysfunction varies in extent directly with the NaCl-induced increase in blood pressure (BP); and (3) is complexly affected by supplemented KHCO3, GFR and FF decreasing but RBF not changing. In blacks, NaCl-induced renal vasoconstriction may be a pathogenetic event in salt sensitivity. (+info)

Recovery following relief of unilateral ureteral obstruction in the neonatal rat. (4/6121)

BACKGROUND: Obstructive nephropathy is a primary cause of renal insufficiency in infants and children. This study was designed to distinguish the reversible and irreversible cellular consequences of temporary unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) on the developing kidney. METHODS: Rats were subjected to UUO or sham operation in the first 48 hours of life, and the obstruction was removed five days later (or was left in place). Kidneys were removed for study 14 or 28 days later. In additional groups, kidneys were removed at the end of five days of obstruction. Immunoreactive distribution of renin was determined in arterioles, and the distribution of epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta1, clusterin, vimentin, and alpha-smooth muscle actin was determined in tubules and/or interstitium. The number of glomeruli, glomerular maturation, tubular atrophy, and interstitial collagen deposition was determined by morphometry. Renal cellular proliferation and apoptosis were measured by proliferating cell nuclear antigen and the TdT uridine-nick-end-label technique, respectively. The glomerular filtration rate was measured by inulin clearance. RESULTS: Renal microvascular renin maintained a fetal distribution with persistent UUO; this was partially reversed by the relief of obstruction. Although glomerular maturation was also delayed and glomerular volume was reduced by UUO, the relief of obstruction prevented the reduction in glomerular volume. Although relief of obstruction did not reverse a 40% reduction in the number of nephrons, the glomerular filtration rate of the postobstructed kidney was normal. The relief of obstruction did not improve tubular cell proliferation and only partially reduced apoptosis induced by UUO. This was associated with a persistent reduction in the tubular epidermal growth factor. In addition, the relief of obstruction reduced but did not normalize tubular expression of transforming growth factor-beta1, clusterin, and vimentin, all of which are evidence of persistent tubular injury. The relief of obstruction significantly reduced interstitial fibrosis and expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin by interstitial fibroblasts, but not to normal levels. CONCLUSIONS: The relief of obstruction in the neonatal rat attenuates, but does not reverse, renal vascular, glomerular, tubular, and interstitial injury resulting from five days of UUO. Hyperfiltration by remaining nephrons and residual tubulointerstitial injury in the postobstructed kidney are likely to lead to deterioration of renal function later in life. (+info)

Plasma total homocysteine and cysteine in relation to glomerular filtration rate in diabetes mellitus. (5/6121)

BACKGROUND: The plasma concentrations of total homocysteine (tHcy) and total cysteine (tCys) are determined by intracellular metabolism and by renal plasma clearance, and we hypothesized that glomerular filtration is a major determinant of plasma tHcy and tCys. We studied the relationships between the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and plasma tHcy and tCys in populations of diabetic patients with particularly wide ranges of GFR. METHODS: We measured GFR, urine albumin excretion rate (UAER), plasma tHcy, tCys, methionine, vitamin B12, folate, C-peptide, and routine parameters in 50 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and 30 non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients. All patients underwent intensive insulin treatment and had a serum creatinine concentration below 115 micromol/liter. RESULTS: Mean plasma tHcy in diabetic patients (0.1 micromol/liter) was lower than in normal persons (11.1 micromol/liter, P = 0.0014). Mean plasma tCys in diabetic patients (266.1 micromol/liter) was also lower than in normal persons (281.9 micromol/liter, P = 0.0005). Seventy-three percent of the diabetic patients had relative hyperfiltration. Plasma tHcy and tCys were closely and independently associated with GFR, serum folate, and serum B12. However, plasma tHcy was not independently associated with any of the 22 other variables tested, including age, serum creatinine concentration, UAER, total daily insulin dose, and glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS: Glomerular filtration rate is an independent determinant of plasma tHcy and tCys concentrations, and GFR is rate limiting for renal clearance of both homocysteine and cysteine in diabetic patients without overt nephropathy. Declining GFR explains the age-related increase in plasma tHcy, and hyperfiltration explains the lower than normal mean plasma tHcy and tCys concentrations in populations of diabetic patients. (+info)

Acute haemodynamic and proteinuric effects of prednisolone in patients with a nephrotic syndrome. (6/6121)

BACKGROUND: Administration of prednisolone causes an abrupt rise in proteinuria in patients with a nephrotic syndrome. METHODS: To clarify the mechanisms responsible for this increase in proteinuria we have performed a placebo controlled study in 26 patients with a nephrotic syndrome. Systemic and renal haemodynamics and urinary protein excretion were measured after prednisolone and after placebo. RESULTS: After i.v. administration of 125-150 mg prednisolone total proteinuria increased from 6.66+/-4.42 to 9.37+/-6.07 mg/min (P<0.001). By analysing the excretion of proteins with different charge and weight (albumin, transferrin, IgG, IgG4 and beta2-microglobulin) it became apparent that the increase of proteinuria was the result of a change in size selectivity rather than a change in glomerular charge selectivity or tubular protein reabsorption. Glomerular filtration rate rose from 83+/-34 ml to 95+/-43 ml/min (P<0.001) after 5 h, whereas effective renal plasma flow and endogenous creatinine clearance remained unchanged. As a result filtration fraction was increased, compatible with an increased glomerular pressure, which probably contributes to the size selectivity changes. Since corticosteroids affect both the renin-angiotensin system and renal prostaglandins, we have evaluated the effects of prednisolone on proteinuria after pretreatment with 3 months of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril or after 2 weeks of the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor indomethacin. Neither drug had any effect on prednisolone-induced increases of proteinuria. CONCLUSIONS: Prednisolone increases proteinuria by changing the size selective barrier of the glomerular capillary. Neither the renin-angiotensin axis nor prostaglandins seem to be involved in these effects of prednisolone on proteinuria. (+info)

Antiproteinuric efficacy of verapamil in comparison to trandolapril in non-diabetic renal disease. (7/6121)

BACKGROUND: Non-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists such as verapamil are equally effective in reducing proteinuria as ACE inhibitors in hypertensive patients with diabetic nephropathy. To date it is unknown whether verapamil elucidates such an antiproteinuric capacity in non-diabetic renal disease. METHODS: We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, random cross-over study which compared the antiproteinuric effect of 6 weeks treatment with verapamil SR (360 mg) to that of the ACE inhibitor trandolapril (4 mg), and their fixed combination vera/tran (180 mg verapamil SR and 2 mg trandolapril) in 11 non-diabetic patients with proteinuria of 6.6 (5.1-8.8) g/day, a creatinine clearance of 87 (74-106) ml/min, and a 24-h blood pressure of 136/85 (126/76-157/96) mmHg at baseline. RESULTS: Twenty-four-hour mean arterial pressure did not change during verapamil, whereas both trandolapril and vera/tran induced a significant reduction in MAP. Verapamil showed no significant effects on renal haemodynamics. Trandolapril and vera/tran did not significantly change GFR, but ERPF increased and FF decreased during both treatments (P<0.05). The antiproteinuric response of verapamil was significantly less compared to that of trandolapril and vera/tran (-12% (-17/-1) vs -51% (-56/-25) and -41% (-50/-19) respectively). The blood pressure and antiproteinuric response during verapamil tended to be greater in hypertensive patients than in normotensive patients, although this difference was not significant. Baseline blood pressure was related to the change in blood pressure during verapamil (r = -0.70; P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The antiproteinuric and antihypertensive response of verapamil is less than that of the ACE inhibitor trandolapril in patients with non-diabetic renal disease. In contrast to the antiproteinuric response of trandolapril, the antiproteinuric reponse of verapamil seems to be completely dependent from effective blood pressure reduction. The fixed combination of verapamil and ACE inhibition at half doses has similar effects as ACE inhibition at full dose. (+info)

Hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia in children with chronic renal failure. (8/6121)

BACKGROUND: Hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia has been identified as a significant risk factor for the occurrence of atherosclerosis in adults with chronic renal failure. Because of its presumed direct toxic effect on the vascular wall, long-standing hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia in children with chronic renal failure might have an important influence on their risk of future development of atherosclerosis. Hitherto no data on hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia in children with renal failure have been published. METHODS: We investigated 16 children with chronic renal failure on conservative management, 12 children on haemodialysis and 17 children with a renal transplant. Age-matched controls were used for comparison. Plasma homocyst(e)ine levels after an overnight fast were determined by HPLC. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated by the Schwartz formula. RESULTS: Mean plasma homocyst(e)ine levels were 12.6 +/- 5.2 micromol/l in the conservatively managed group, 22.2 +/- 13.5 micromol/l in the haemodialysed group, 14.2 +/- 2.1 micromol/l in transplanted children with an estimated GFR > 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and 17.5 +/- 5.1 micromol/l in transplanted children with a lower estimated GFR. In all groups homocyst(e)ine levels were significantly elevated as compared to controls. Homocyst(e)ine levels were significantly correlated with age and negatively correlated with estimated GFR and serum folate levels. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia is a feature of chronic renal failure in children as well as in adults. Elevated homocyst(e)ine levels can already be demonstrated in children with renal failure before end-stage renal disease has developed and persist after renal transplantation. Whether treatment of hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia in children with renal failure decreases the risk for future atherosclerosis remains to be proven. (+info)

Chronic:Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) , 15[6]. Treatment. Acute: Depends on the cause[7]. Chronic: Hemodialysis, peritoneal ... Glomerular filtration rate. A normal GFR varies according to many factors, including sex, age, body size and ethnic background ... Renal professionals consider the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to be the best overall index of kidney function.[30] The ... Chronic kidney failure is measured in five stages, which are calculated using a patient's GFR, or glomerular filtration rate. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_failure

Glomerular filtration rate[edit]. Main article: Glomerular filtration rate. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) describes the ... "Glomerular Filtration Rate" *^ Ganong (2016). "Renal Function & Micturition". Review of Medical Physiology, 25th ed. McGraw- ... One of the measures of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Other tests that can assess the function of the ... There are several different techniques used to calculate or estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR or eGFR). The above ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_function

Maintains glomerular filtration rate skeletal muscular circulation. 17%[3]. Perfusion increases dramatically during exercise. ... Cardiac output (= heart rate * stroke volume. Can also be calculated with Fick principle.) *Stroke volume (= end-diastolic ... Cardiac input (= heart rate * suction volume Can be calculated by inverting terms in Fick principle) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_function

... and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).[20] Glomerular hyperfiltration and an aberrant regulation of RAAS lead to increased ... "Glomerular filtration rate: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-07-02.. ... Likewise, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) may progressively fall from a normal of over 90 ml/min/1.73m2 to less ... The value of the serum creatininecan be used to calculate the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which reflects the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy

Microscopic analysis can also identify the presence of urinary casts and crystals.[25] The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can ... Renal replacement therapy, in the form of dialysis or kidney transplantation, is indicated when the glomerular filtration rate ... Dialysis may be instituted when approximately 85%-90% of kidney function is lost, as indicated by a glomerular filtration rate ... measurement of kidney function by calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the serum creatinine; and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal

"Glomerular filtration rate: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-07-02.. ... The value of the serum creatinine can be used to calculate the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which reflects the ... the serum creatinine is determined and used to calculate the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR.) . Normal eGFR is ... the glomerular basement membrane, and the epithelial podocytes.[8] The GFB is responsible for the highly selective filtration ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_glomerulosclerosis

The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is a measure of kidney function. Adding a race adjustment to kidney algorithms ... "Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate With vs Without Including Patient Race". JAMA Internal Medicine. 180 (5): 793-795. doi ... "A New Equation to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate". Annals of Internal Medicine. 150 (9): 604-612. doi:10.7326/0003-4819- ... Curtin, Sally C.; Kozak, Lola Jean (December 1998). "Decline in U.S. Cesarean Delivery Rate Appears to Stall". Birth. 25 (4): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_adjustment

Reduction in renal glomerular filtration rate may occur; people with renal artery stenosis may be at higher risk. Hyperkalemia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candesartan

Levey, Andrew (1999). "A More Accurate Method to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate From Serum Creatinine: A New Prediction ... Levey, Andrew (2009). "A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate". Ann Intern Med. 150 (9): 604-12. doi:10.7326/ ... Inker, Leslie (2012). "Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate from Serum Creatinine and Cystatin C". New England Journal of ... research and public health by developing equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and leading the global ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Levey

ANP increases glomerular filtration rate and glomerular permeability. ANP directly dilates the afferent arteriole and ... ANP increases the radius and number of glomerular pores, thereby increasing glomerular permeability and resulting in greater ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide

Perkovic, V; Cass, A (2010). "Glomerular filtration rate and the risk of stroke". BMJ. 341: c4390. doi:10.1136/bmj.c4390. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlado_Perkovic

Inhibits reabsorption of Na+, increase glomerular filtration rate 1. tubules Chemically, diuretics are a diverse group of ... The reduced concentration of calcium in the urine can lead to an increased rate of calcium in serum. The sparing effect on ... The term "calcium-sparing diuretic" is sometimes used to identify agents that result in a relatively low rate of excretion of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretic

Chronic exposure to chlortalidone decreases the glomerular filtration rate. Chlortalidone's diuretic effect is diminished in ... Edema due to increased hydrostatic pressure may be a result of serious cardiopulmonary disease (which reduces glomerular ... perfusion in the kidney) or to kidney injury or disease (which may reduce glomerular excretion of salt and water by the kidney ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlortalidone

... estimated glomerular filtration rate 60-89 ml/min/1.73 m2; levels of liver enzymes in liver function tests between 41-59 U/L, ... Each subject was asked to rate a specific statement on a five-point Likert-type scale, based on how often they suffered various ... The SHSQ-25 is a self-rated questionnaire of perceived health complaints, which can be used as a new instrument for predictive ... Behavioral medicine Chronic illness Global Forum for Health Research Health Health promotion Malaise Self-rated health Severity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suboptimal_health

... and its analog sinistrin are used to help measure kidney function by determining the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), ... Inulin is used to determine glomerular filtration rate of the kidneys. Inulin is a heterogeneous collection of fructose ... Nosek, Thomas M. "Section 7, Chapter 4, Glomerular Filtration Rate". Essentials of Human Physiology. Archived from the original ... for comparison with other means of estimating glomerular filtration rate. Inulin is a natural storage carbohydrate present in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inulin

"Determination of the production rate and non-renal clearance of cystatin C and estimation of the glomerular filtration rate ... Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a marker of kidney health, is most accurately measured by injecting compounds such as inulin ... and it is removed from the bloodstream by glomerular filtration in the kidneys. If kidney function and glomerular filtration ... It was first proposed as a measure of glomerular filtration rate by Grubb and coworkers in 1985. Use of serum creatinine and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystatin_C

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) describes the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into ... One of the measures of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Other tests that can assess the function of the ... A global assessment of renal function is often ascertained by estimating the rate of filtration, called the glomerular ... CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) - "Glomerular Filtration Rate" Ganong (2016). "Renal Function & Micturition". Review of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assessment_of_kidney_function

is more familiarly known as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In the rest of the body's capillaries, J. v. {\displaystyle J ... Glomerular capillaries have a continuous glycocalyx layer in health and the total transendothelial filtration rate of solvent ( ... is the trans endothelial solvent filtration volume per second.. *. [. P. c. −. P. i. ]. −. σ. [. π. p. −. π. i. ]. {\ ... The rate at which fluid is filtered across vascular endothelium (transendothelial filtration) is determined by the sum of two ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_hydrostatic_pressure

"Guidelines for the measurement of glomerular filtration rate using plasma sampling". Nuclear Medicine Communications. 25 (8): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_counter

... s are also involved in regulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). When podocytes contract, they cause closure of ... Jarad, G.; Miner, J. H. (2009). "Update on the glomerular filtration barrier". Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension. ... Disruption of the filtration slits or destruction of the podocytes can lead to massive proteinuria, where large amounts of ... This decreases the GFR by reducing the surface area available for filtration. A loss of the foot processes of the podocytes (i. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocyte

... and the glomerular filtration rate and the tubular reabsorption rate, for the kidney. A physiologic interpretation of clearance ... an endogenous chemical that is excreted only by filtration, the clearance is an approximation of the glomerular filtration rate ... Inulin clearance is less commonly used to precisely determine glomerular filtration rate. Note - the above equation (11) is ... Clearance is a function of 1) glomerular filtration, 2) secretion from the peritubular capillaries to the nephron, and 3) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearance_(pharmacology)

June 2011). "Effect of creatine supplementation on measured glomerular filtration rate in postmenopausal women". Applied ... On average, it is produced endogenously at an estimated rate of about 8.3 mmol or 1 gram per day in young adults. Creatine is ... Table 1 Comparison of rates of creatine synthesis in young adults with dietary intakes of the three precursor amino acids and ... absorption rate, and half life. A clear pharmacokinetic profile would need to be established prior to optimal clinical dosing. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine

"Glomerular Filtration Rate" B. Watschinger und I. Kobinger: Wiener Zeitschrift für Innere Medizin 45 (1964) 219-228. T. Buclin ... An important measure of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). GFR is the volume of fluid filtered from the ... A. Pechere-Bertschi, R. Sechaud et al.: Sinistrin clearance for determination of glomerular filtration rate: a reappraisal of ... To measure this parameter, a marker substance is injected into the blood stream, and its rate of excretion in urine is compared ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistrin

Kaufman, DP; Basit, H; Knohl, SJ «Physiology, Glomerular Filtration Rate» (en anglès). StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls ... Akihisa, T; Sato, M; Wakayama, Y; Taneda, S; et al «Glomerular Basement Membrane Protein Expression and the Diagnosis and ... Castaño Bilbao, I; Slon Roblero, MF; García-Fernández, N «Estudios de función renal: función glomerular y tubular. Análisis de ... Perquè hi hagi filtració glomerular és necessària l'existència de suficient pressió sanguínia en els capil·lars dels glomèruls ...

https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronyó

Glomerular filtration rate measurement IV In-vitro Non-imaging Cobalt-57Edit. 57Co is a gamma emitter. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiopharmaceutical

Glomerular filtration rate measurement with MR renography in patients with cirrhosis". Radiology. 259 (2): 462-70. doi:10.1148/ ... Lee's initial work developed methods to measure kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and perfusion, noninvasively using ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Lee

Implications for the assessment of glomerular filtration rate". Clinical Chemistry. 44 (7): 1535-1539. doi:10.1093/clinchem/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_range

... increases glomerular filtration rate without increasing intra-glomerular pressure and filtration fraction. This ... The negative chronotropic effect of Efonidipine decreases heart rate, myocardial oxygen demand and increases coronary blood ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efonidipine

Pressure in glomerular capillaries is therefore maintained and glomerular filtration rate remains adequate. However, in states ... This will decrease the glomerular filtration rate, depending on the level of oncotic increase in the capillaries, resulting in ... They play an important role in maintaining the glomerular filtration rate despite fluctuations in blood pressure. In the ... a decreased filtration fraction. Afferent arteriole Malpighian corpuscle. Glomerulus. Renal corpuscle Nosek, Thomas M. "Section ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efferent_arteriole

Kidney - poor urine output (less than 0.5 mL/kg), low glomerular filtration rate. Skin - pallor or mottled appearance, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_organ_damage

... called the creatinine clearance or estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). More specialized tests can be ordered to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrologist

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretic

Patient prognosis is dependent on numerous factors including age, ethnicity, blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate. ... Glomerular hypertension and glomerular hyperfiltration[edit]. An alternative mechanism of hypertensive nephropathy is prolonged ... Light micrograph showing hypertensive glomerular lesion of hypertensive nephropathy: global glomerular collapse and filling of ... identifying glomerular ischemia as the main contributor to HN and the other identifying glomerular hypertension and glomerular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensive_nephropathy

In mammals and common ostriches, the increase of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urine flow rate (UFR) is due to a ... the glomerular filtration rate is approximately 92 ml/min. However, when an ostrich experiences dehydration for at least 48 ... a fairly reliable marker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR).[61] It has been seen that during normal hydration within the ... displaystyle \mathrm {Metabolic\ Rate} =70M^{0.75}}. where M. {\displaystyle M}. is body mass, and metabolic rate is measured ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ostrich

... leads to improvement in glomerular filtration rate (which is a quantitative measure of kidney function) in patients with ... The prognosis of individuals with type 1 HRS is particularly grim, with a mortality rate exceeding 50% after one month.[4] ... on the day of admission and on the third day in hospital reduced both the rate of kidney insufficiency and the mortality rate.[ ... and studies show that their survival rates at three years are similar to those who have received liver transplants for reasons ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatorenal_syndrome

... result of multiple factors including physiologic changes associated with aging such as decreases in glomerular filtration rate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Care

... vasodilate to increase blood flow to the kidney perfusion and increase glomerular filtration across undamaged glomeruli. ... "Normal variations in rate of albumin excretion and albumin to creatinine ratios in overnight and daytime urine collections in ... identifying glomerular ischemia as the main contributor to HN and the other identifying glomerular hypertension and glomerular ... The degree of scarring correlates with the degree of glomerular filtration deficit. Malignant nephrosclerosis occurs in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensive_kidney_disease

The blood pressure fall is detected by a decrease in blood flow and thus a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). ... In contrast, heart rate differs markedly, largely depending on the size of the animal (larger animals have slower heart rates). ... Blood pressure is one of the vital signs, along with respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and body temperature. ... The rate of mean blood flow depends on both blood pressure and the resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels. In the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_blood_pressure

This decreases plasma volume, thus lowering the glomerular filtration rate and enhancing the absorption of sodium and water in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_insipidus

... also affects the kidney by increased renal blood flow and increased glomerular filtration rate. A mild diuretic effect ... For heart rate control (atrial fibrillation), plasma levels are less defined and are generally titrated to a goal heart rate. ... Overall, the heart rate is decreased while blood pressure is increased, resulting in a net increase in stroke volume, leading ... High ventricular rate leads to insufficient diastolic filling time. By slowing down the conduction in the AV node and ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digoxin

... this last caused by decreased glomerular filtration and increased tubular calcium reabsorption. Both renal factors are ... Annane et al.'s landmark 2002 study found a very high rate of relative adrenal insufficiency among the enrolled patients with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_crisis

... in the glomerulus of the kidney to increase glomerular filtration rate. *acts on parietal cells in the stomach wall to inhibit ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin

A common complaint, caused by increased intravascular volume, elevated glomerular filtration rate, and compression of the ... The rate of pregnancy, as well as the ages at which it occurs, differ by country and region. It is influenced by a number of ... The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2013 was estimated to be highest in Niger (7.03 children/woman) and lowest in Singapore (0.79 ... Cell division continues at a rapid rate and the cells then develop into what is known as a blastocyst. The blastocyst arrives ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child-bearing

A better estimation of kidney function is given by calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). eGFR can be ... which correlates approximately with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Blood creatinine levels may also be used alone to ... Creatinine is removed from the blood chiefly by the kidneys, primarily by glomerular filtration, but also by proximal tubular ... If the filtration in the kidney is deficient, creatinine blood levels rise. Therefore, creatinine levels in blood and urine may ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine

This is due to the decrease in glomerular filtration rate,[citation needed] which leads to uric acid retention. Use of ... to increase the contractility cycling rates.[27] Constitutively high levels of mitochondrial Ca2+. cause inappropriate MPTP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclosporin

Patients starting on an ACE inhibitor usually have a modest reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) that stabilizes after ... This finding was made after it was discovered that regular use of ramipril reduced mortality rates even in test subjects not ... demonstrated an ability to reduce the mortality rates of patients suffering from a myocardial infarction, and to slow the ... "Acute and Chronic Effects of the Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Enalapril and Lisinopril on Reflex Control of Heart Rate in ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_inhibitors

The filtering structure (glomerular filtration barrier) has three layers composed of endothelial cells, a basement membrane, ... Some of the hormones which signal the tubules to alter the reabsorption or secretion rate, and thereby maintain homeostasis, ... Fig.2) Schematic of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). A. The endothelial cells of the glomerulus; 1. endothelial pore ( ... The glomerular blood pressure provides the driving force for water and solutes to be filtered out of the blood plasma, and into ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_tubules

Increased glomerular filtration rates during pregnancy contribute to some 50% of women having glucose in their urine on ... High rate of abnormal glucose tolerance after GDM". Diabetes Care. 20 (6): 943-947. doi:10.2337/diacare.20.6.943. PMID 9167104. ... This test will identify fewer women who are at risk, and there is only a weak concordance (agreement rate) between this test ... Diet and physical activity interventions designed to prevent excessive gestational weight gain reduce the rates of gestational ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_Diabetes

The amount of filtrate produced every minute is called the glomerular filtration rate or GFR and amounts to 180 litres per day ... Following filtration of blood and further processing, wastes (in the form of urine) exit the kidney via the ureters, tubes made ... Urine is formed in the kidneys through a filtration of blood. The urine is then passed through the ureters to the bladder, ... The first step in urine formation is the filtration of blood in the kidneys. In a healthy human the kidney receives between 12 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_system

... increases glomerular filtration rate, and renal plasma flow from the kidneys thus increasing phosphate excretion, as ... Infants born to mothers with high gestational cortisol during the first trimester of pregnancy had lower rates of growth in ... It also stimulates the main rate-limiting step in cortisol synthesis, in which cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone and ... 5-Beta reductase is also the rate-limiting factor in the conversion of cortisone to tetrahydrocortisone. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol

... of filtered glomerular filtration rates.[27] Sodium retention is also a response of the distal colon and sweat glands to ... The adrenal glands have one of the greatest blood supply rates per gram of tissue of any organ: up to 60 small arteries may ... Glucocorticoids such as cortisol influence metabolism rates of proteins, fats and sugars ("glucose").[26] ... with effects that include an increase in blood pressure and heart rate.[23] The actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline are ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland

Glomerular filtration rate. *Creatinine clearance. *Renal clearance ratio. *Urea reduction ratio. *Kt/V ... This is achieved by changes in the rate and depth of breathing (i.e. by hyperventilation or hypoventilation), which blows off ... The respiratory centres then determine the average rate of ventilation of the alveoli of the lungs, to keep the partial ... reflexly causes an increase in the rate and depth of breathing. Normal breathing is resumed when the partial pressure of carbon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-base_homeostasis

Glomerular filtration rate. *Creatinine clearance. *Renal clearance ratio. *Urea reduction ratio. *Kt/V ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemodialysis_product

... restrictions on use of GBCAs in patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (a measure of renal function) under 60 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrogenic_systemic_fibrosis

A common complaint, caused by increased intravascular volume, elevated glomerular filtration rate, and compression of the ... The rate of pregnancy, as well as the ages at which it occurs, differ by country and region. It is influenced by a number of ... Pregnancy rates for sexual intercourse are highest during the menstrual cycle time from some 5 days before until 1 to 2 days ... The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2013 was estimated to be highest in Niger (7.03 children/woman) and lowest in Singapore (0.79 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnant

Glomerular Filtration Rate. Br Med J 1967; 2 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5555.837 (Published 24 June 1967) Cite this as ...

http://www.bmj.com/content/2/5555/837.1

What is a glomerular filtration rate test?. Your kidneys are your bodys main filtration system. They remove waste products ... Glomerular Filtration Rate Test. Medically reviewed by Modern Weng, D.O. - Written by Rachel Nall, MSN, CRNA - Updated on ... How is a glomerular filtration rate test performed?. A GFR test is a simple blood test that doesnt require you to do anything ... Why do I need a glomerular filtration rate test?. The GFR test can indicate how well your kidneys are functioning. Your doctor ...

https://www.healthline.com/health/glomerular-filtration-rate

"Glomerular Filtration Rate" Rose GA (1969). "Measurement of glomerular filtration rate by inulin clearance without urine ... One of the measures of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Glomerular filtration rate describes the flow ... Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the ... This can be defined using the equation: FF=GFR/RPF FF is the filtration fraction GFR is the glomerular filtration rate RPF is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_rate

This employs the serum creatinine (mg/dL), the childs height (cm), and a constant to estimate the glomerular filtration rate: ... Microalbuminuria and Glomerular Filtration Rate in Paediatric Visceral Leishmaniasis. Neena Verma,1 Chandra Shekhar Lal,1,2 ... Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) Measurement. eGFR was measured in children using Schwartz formula. ... In a cross-sectional study of 50 patients with chronic visceral leishmaniasis, a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/498918/

An impaired glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was defined as a sustained estimated GFR of less than 60 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 ... Intensive diabetes therapy and glomerular filtration rate in type 1 diabetes.. DCCT/EDIC Research Group, de Boer IH, Sun W, ... An impaired glomerular filtration rate (GFR) leads to end-stage renal disease and increases the risks of cardiovascular disease ... Improvement of glomerular filtration rate by intensified insulin therapy : the DCCT and EDIC studies]. [Internist (Berl). 2012] ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22077236?dopt=Abstract

Make research projects and school reports about Glomerular filtration rate easy with credible articles from our FREE, online ... and pictures about Glomerular filtration rate at Encyclopedia.com. ... glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (glom-e-roo-ler) n. the rate at which substances are filtered from the blood of the glomeruli ... glomerular filtration rate (GFR) The volume of fluid (see glomerular filtrate) that is filtered from the capillaries of the ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/divisions-diagnostics-and-procedures/medicine/glomerular-filtration-rate

Measurement of Perioperative Glomerular Filtration Rate. The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility ... Accurate, direct measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) may provide a tool to monitor perioperative onset of rapidly ... Our objective is to monitor glomerular filtration rate (GFR)during the perioperative phase of patients undergoing robotic ... Clinical Observational Study Using Iohexol to Measure Perioperative Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients Undergoing Robotic ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03881332?cntry=NO&

It is not possible to raise ones glomerular filtration rate, or GFR, according to the National Institute of Diabetes and ... Glomerular filtration rate refers to how well a persons kidneys are filtering, states the National Institute of Diabetes and ... It is not possible to raise ones glomerular filtration rate, or GFR, according to the National Institute of Diabetes and ...

https://www.reference.com/health/possible-improve-glomerular-filtration-rate-2cf8d9541dc3eb1e

Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D (1999) A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate ... Serum vitamin D in obese and overweight subjects according to estimated glomerular filtration rate. ... Previous studies in Greek populations have found rates of vitamin D deficiency (levels , 20 ng/ml) as high as 96% among ... increases intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption and calcium reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate. Most authorities ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42000-018-0022-8

... at estimated glomerular filtration rate of 10.5 mL/min per 1.73 m2 or less. Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 15.5 ... dialysis is being initiated at increasingly higher levels of glomerular filtration rate. A higher glomerular filtration rate at ... We defined the initiation of dialysis as early if estimated glomerular filtration rate was above 10.5 mL/min per 1.73 m2.4,6,17 ... Association between estimated glomerular filtration rate at initiation of dialysis and mortality. William F. Clark, Yingbo Na, ...

https://www.cmaj.ca/content/183/1/47?ijkey=5861d624fd545a91a2feeee2390640664e0bce1a&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Compare and contrast the composition of blood plasma and glomerular filtrate. Your friend is in a car accident and experiences ... Blood loss and glomerular filtration rate. Add. Remove. This content was COPIED from BrainMass.com - View the original, and get ... This solution defines glomerular filtration rate. It then explains how excessive loss of blood affects the GFR. It also ... brainmass.com/biology/human-anatomy-and-physiology/blood-loss-and-glomerular-filtration-rate-15121 Solution Preview. Blood ...

https://brainmass.com/biology/human-anatomy-and-physiology/blood-loss-and-glomerular-filtration-rate-15121

The relationship of maternal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in pregnancy to fetal size needs to be better characterized as it ... Maternal Glomerular Filtration Rate in Pregnancy and Fetal Size Alternate Title:Maternal Glomerular Filtration and Fetal Size ... Table 3 Relationship between glomerular filtration rate (GFR in pregnancy and birth weight, estimated in three studies. Study. ... The relationship of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in pregnancy to fetal size needs to be better characterized because the ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Maternal-glomerular-filtration-rate-in/25003331.html

Estimation of GFR. For routine identification of reduced GFR, See eGFR.. For GFR estimation for drug dosing, see Creatinine clearance Cockcroft and Gault.. For GFR estimation in extremes of body composition, see Creatinine clearance.. ...

https://www.rcpa.edu.au/Library/Practising-Pathology/RCPA-Manual/Items/Pathology-Tests/G/Glomerular-filtration-rate

Five-year prospective study of glomerular filtration rate and albumin excretion rate in normofiltering and hyperfiltering ... Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D: A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from ... Soper CP, Barron JL, Hyer SL: Long-term glycaemic control directly correlates with glomerular filtration rate in early type 1 ... OBJECTIVE-Hyperglycemia increases glomerular filtration rate (GFR), but the influence of HbA1c (A1C) on GFR and GFRs ...

https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/7/1491?ijkey=9a622d0d3fcdf6d4c42d6dc4c180313d648f92ea&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Glomerular filtration rate. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular ... Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) describes the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney. Creatinine clearance rate (CCr) ... its rate of excretion is directly proportional to the rate of filtration of water and solutes across the glomerular filter. ... Glomerular filtration rate · Creatinine clearance · Renal clearance ratio · Urea reduction ratio · Kt/V · Standardized Kt/V · ...

http://www.thefullwiki.org/Glomerular_filtration_rate

... N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 5;367(1):20-9. doi: 10.1056/ ... Background: Estimates of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) that are based on serum creatinine are routinely used; however, they ... Cystatin C is an alternative filtration marker for estimating GFR. Methods: Using cross-sectional analyses, we developed ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22762315/?dopt=Abstract

Avhandlingar om GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE. Sök bland 90249 avhandlingar från svenska högskolor och universitet på Avhandlingar ... glomerular filtration rate. . *. 1. Glomerular filtration rate in adults a single sample plasma clearance method based on the ... glomerular filtration rate; kidney disease; Glomerular proteinuria; tubular proteinuria; Sammanfattning : Evaluation of long- ... Sammanfattning : Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a key parameter in evaluating kidney function. After a bolus injection of ...

https://www.avhandlingar.se/om/glomerular+filtration+rate/

... Ann Intern Med. ... to determine whether glomerular filtration rate (GFR) independently predicts risk for CHD; and to report the efficacy of first- ... Results: In participants with a moderate to severe reduction in GFR, 6-year rates were higher for CHD than for ESRD (15.4% vs. ... Measurements: Rates of ESRD, CHD, stroke, and combined CVD (CHD, coronary revascularization, angina, stroke, heart failure, and ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16461961/?dopt=Abstract

An association between metabolic syndrome and the estimated glomerular filtration rate. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, ... An association between metabolic syndrome and the estimated glomerular filtration rate.. Intern Med. 2008; 47(15):1399-406.IM ... "An Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and the Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate." Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan), vol ... An Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and the Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate. Intern Med. 2008;47(15):1399-406. ...

https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/18670145/An_association_between_metabolic_syndrome_and_the_estimated_glomerular_filtration_rate_

Reduced Glomerular Filtration Rate Major Cause of CV Deaths. Last Updated: April 14, 2017. ... The investigators also found that reduced glomerular filtration rate ranked below high systolic blood pressure, high body mass ... reduced glomerular filtration rate was associated with 4 percent of deaths worldwide, or 2.2 million deaths. More than half of ... "This is especially important within the developing world, where the death rate has increased since 1990." ...

https://www.doctorslounge.com/index.php/news/pb/71431

What is glomerular filtration rate? Meaning of glomerular filtration rate as a legal term. What does glomerular filtration rate ... Definition of glomerular filtration rate in the Legal Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. ... Glomerular filtration rate legal definition of glomerular filtration rate https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ ... Related to glomerular filtration rate: creatinine, creatinine clearance Rate. Value, measure, or degree; a charge, payment, or ...

http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/glomerular+filtration+rate

Inflammation, oxidative stress, glomerular filtration rate, and albuminuria in elderly men: a cross-sectional study. Nerpin, ... Accordingly, we aimed at investigating the associations between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), albumin/creatinine ... epidemiology, chronic kidney disease, cystatin C, glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, ... measured with euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique was associated to improve estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR ...

http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A570116&c=45&searchType=SIMPLE&language=en&query=&af=%5B%5D&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22organisationId%22%3A%226251%22%7D%5D%5D&aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&noOfRows=50&sortOrder=author_sort_asc&sortOrder2=title_sort_asc&onlyFullText=false&sf=all

Circadian Rhythm of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Normal Individuals M. G. Koopman; M. G. Koopman ... albumin, circadian rhythm, effective renal plasma flow, electrolytes, filtered load, glomerular filtration rate, β2- ... 1. In a group of 11 normal individuals we measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by inulin clearances and effective renal ... Circadian Rhythm of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Normal Individuals. Clin Sci (Lond) 1 July 1989; 77 (1): 105-111. doi: https ...

https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article-abstract/77/1/105/74883/Circadian-Rhythm-of-Glomerular-Filtration-Rate-in?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Circulating levels of osteopontin are closely related to glomerular filtration rate and cardiovascular risk markers in patients ... True glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in patients was assessed using the inulin-clearance technique. To examine the role of an ...

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02271.x/abstract

Creatinine fluctuation has a greater effect than the formula to estimate glomerular filtration rate on the prevalence of ... Cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are defined by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), calculated using the ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20805694?dopt=Abstract

An ideal endogenous marker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) should be produced at a constant rate and be eliminated ... glomerular filtration rate • CIn = inulin clearance • GFRCrea = GFR from creatinine • GFRCys = GFR from cystatin C • PAP = para ... 1982) Estimation of glomerular filtration rate in children from body height and serum creatinine. Klin Pädiatr. 194:397-399. ... 1976) Estimation of glomerular filtration rate from plasma creatinine concentration in children. Arch Dis Child. 51:875-878. ...

https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/101/5/875?ijkey=853309a244d20342b3440b0e3311dac80fd624e3&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Five-year prospective study of glomerular filtration rate and albumin excretion rate in normofiltering and hyperfiltering ... GFR, glomerular filtration rate. Because of its detrimental clinical outcomes, including end-stage renal disease and ... The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between cigarette smoking and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in ... The major aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between cigarette smoking and glomerular filtration rate ( ...

https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/11/2467?ijkey=c3e29b6651d130d6aeb2071175691de72d2b5dd5&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Slope-only glomerular filtration rate and single-sample glomerular filtration rate as measurements of the ratio of glomerular ... The acute effect of a protein intake on glomerular filtration rate in man. Glomerular filtration rate in response to an acute ... Effects of acute hypochloremia on glomerular filtration rate and electrolyte excretion in the dog. Glomerular filtration rate ... Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate From a Panel of Filtration Markers-Hope for Increased Accuracy Beyond Measured Glomerular ...

https://gsajournals.org/articles/000/001/000001684-effects-of-acute-protein-loads-of-different-sources-on-glomerular-filtration-rate.php

Glomerular filtration rate reduced on day 14 of HS falling from 1.53±0.06 mL/min per 100 g body weight to 1.27±0.04. By day 21 ... Transcutaneous measurement of glomerular filtration rate using FITC-sinistrin in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:2997- ... Glomerular filtration rate by single-injection inulin clearance: definition of a workable protocol for children. Ann Clin ... Influence of three anesthetic protocols on glomerular filtration rate in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2007;68:807-811. ...

http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/62/1/85

Acute Neutral Endopeptidase Inhibition in Patients with Normal Glomerular Filtration Rate GW Lipkin ; GW Lipkin ... Acute Neutral Endopeptidase Inhibition in Patients with Normal Glomerular Filtration Rate. Clin Sci (Lond) 1 July 1992; 83 (s27 ... Feedback-mediated reduction in glomerular filtration during acetazolamide infusion in insulin-dependent diabetic patients Clin ... Effects of cyclosporin A on glomerular barrier function in the nephrotic syndrome Clin Sci (Lond) (June,1992) ...

https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article-abstract/83/s27/27P/103835/Acute-Neutral-Endopeptidase-Inhibition-in-Patients?redirectedFrom=PDF

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) calculated using either the MDRD Study equation or the CKD-EPI equation is an estimate of GFR, not the actual GFR. (nih.gov)
The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is used to screen for and detect early kidney damage, to help diagnose chronic kidney disease (CKD) , and to monitor kidney status. (labtestsonline.org)
G F R = Urine Concentration × Urine Flow Plasma Concentration {\displaystyle GFR={\frac {{\mbox{Urine Concentration}}\times {\mbox{Urine Flow}}}{\mbox{Plasma Concentration}}}} There are several different techniques used to calculate or estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR or eGFR). (wikipedia.org)
We examined the relationship between increased serum bilirubin and renal function evaluated by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using CKD-EPI equations modified by a Japanese coefficient. (hindawi.com)
Lots of studies have shown a positive relationship between serum bilirubin and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) [ 5 - 9 ], showing that serum bilirubin has a potential renoprotective effect. (hindawi.com)
There are several different techniques used to calculate or estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR or eGFR). (thefullwiki.org)
We examined the cross-sectional relationship between MetS and renal function as evaluated by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). (unboundmedicine.com)
Accordingly, we aimed at investigating the associations between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), and markers of different inflammatory pathways and oxidative stress in a community based cohort of elderly men. (diva-portal.org)
The present study was conducted to identify any relation between the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and coronary plaque characteristics using integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound (IB-IVUS), which can detect coronary plaque composition. (biomedsearch.com)
To improve appropriateness of referrals, automatic reporting of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by laboratories was introduced in the province of Ontario, Canada, in March 2006. (cmaj.ca)
This test provides a measurement for Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate or eGFR . (requestatest.com)
We evaluated changes of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as well as serum creatinine, urea-nitrogen, and glucose concentrations, white blood cell count, and body-mass index, and tested associations of eGFR with selected factors, using standard bivariate contrasts and regression modeling. (harvard.edu)
Pre-specified secondary endpoints included changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (a validated measure of overall renal function), measurement of urinary protein to creatinine ratio (UPCR), measurements of urinary MCP-1 (a marker of kidney inflammation), and the C3G histologic index for disease chronicity, a biopsy based measure of the progression of renal fibrosis which is a strong predictor for progression to end stage renal disease (ESRD) in C3G. (pharmiweb.com)
Results After a median follow-up of 35 months, in fully adjusted models and compared with patients with estimated GFR (eGFR) of 45 to 59 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 and no proteinuria, patients with heavy proteinuria by dipstick and eGFR ≥ 60 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 had higher rates of CABG/PCI and CVA/TIA. (asnjournals.org)
Even a mild reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is associated with adverse clinical outcomes ( 5 , 6 ), as is increased urinary protein excretion. (asnjournals.org)
Over the past few years, we have hypothesized, and begun to test the hypothesis, that a panel of filtration markers (panel eGFR) from a single blood draw would require fewer demographic or clinical variables and could estimate GFR as accurately as measured GFR. (gsajournals.org)
Aims We aimed to investigate the impact of admission estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) on the development of poor myocardial perfusion after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) in patients presenting with acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). (ovid.com)
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether serum IGF-I or IGFBP-3 are associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in a population-based study of Caucasian adults. (springer.com)
Objectives To perform a cross-sectional comparison of endogenous markers of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (plasma symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and estimated GFR (eGFR)) with a direct measure of GFR (using the plasma clearance of Inutest (In-GFR)), and a longitudinal evaluation of these markers in relation to the development of microalbuminuria, in young people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). (bmj.com)
Conclusions In this longitudinal study of young people with T1D, measurement of SDMA, in contrast to eGFR, proved to be a reliable marker in identifying changes in filtration rates associated with the development of microalbuminuria (MA). (bmj.com)
An estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) test is a blood test that's used to figure out how well your kidneys are doing their job. (verywellhealth.com)
So, your eGFR rate is actually how much blood these glomeruli filter per minute, and it works by measuring the levels of creatinine in your blood. (verywellhealth.com)
The eGFR test is not 100 percent accurate and it can only give an estimate of your filtration rate. (verywellhealth.com)
We studied here the independent associations of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria with mortality and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). (ox.ac.uk)
The recent Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes 2012 CKD guidelines recommend estimating GFR from serum creatinine (eGFR cr ) as a first-line test to assess kidney function and using cystatin C or measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as confirmatory tests. (elsevier.com)
This study compared mean estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) in patients on long term lithium, against matched controls. (biomedcentral.com)
The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is a measure of kidney function. (wikipedia.org)

The Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative guidelines ( 1 ) recommend estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in patients with chronic kidney disease using the Cockcroft and Gault formula (CG) ( 2 ) or the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) study equation ( 3 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Until recently, the serum creatinine concentration was used universally as an index of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to identify and monitor chronic kidney disease. (cmaj.ca)
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), which is mostly carried in blood by IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), was associated to the glomerular filtration rate and chronic kidney disease in a multiethnic study among US adults. (springer.com)
Apart from chronic kidney disease (CKD) with slow deterioration of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the other forms of kidney involvement in SSc are: scleroderma renal crisis (SRC), which affects about 10% of SSc patients, normotensive SRC, microalbuminuria, proteinuria and rather rare vasculitis [3, 4]. (termedia.pl)
The study investigated plasma clearance of exogenous creatinine (PECCT), exo-iohexol (PexICT) and endo-iohexol (PenICT) in six healthy cats, four cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and six hyperthyroid (HT) cats to assess potential differences in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measurement over a wide range of GFR values. (avmi.net)
Ghane Sharbaf F, Assadi F. Effect of allopurinol on the glomerular filtration rate of children with chronic kidney disease. (rush.edu)
The glomerular filtration rate is less than 60ml/min, and it is already in the third stage of chronic kidney disease and should be treated. (healthtopquestions.com)
Chronic kidney disease, most commonly defined by a reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or abnormal concentrations of proteinuria, or both, is an important public health problem, affecting 10-15% of the adult general population. (bmj.com)

Your kidneys are your body's main filtration system. (healthline.com)
Your doctor may order a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) test if they suspect your kidneys aren't working properly. (healthline.com)
Glomerular filtration rate refers to how well a person's kidneys are filtering, states the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (reference.com)
Your GFR is $$GFR-Value$$, indicating your kidneys are working at approximately $$GFR-Value$$ percent of the normal rate. (davita.com)
Completely healthy kidney function is measured at a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of around 100, which means that the kidneys are working at 100 percent. (davita.com)
If your GFR is 45, you know that your kidneys are working at approximately 45 percent of the normal rate. (davita.com)
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be calculated by measuring any chemical that has a steady level in the blood, and is freely filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys. (thefullwiki.org)
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a test used to check how well the kidneys are working. (stlukes-stl.com)
The kidneys receive 20% to 25% of the cardiac output (about 1.0 to 1.1 liters per minute) with the blood entering individual glomerular tufts via the afferent arteriole and exiting through the efferent arteriole. (statpearls.com)
The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) describes the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidneys. (midnightghost.co)
The volume of filtrate formed by both kidneys per minute is termed the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). (chromoscience.com)

Reduced estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) and albuminuria contribute to higher risks for all-cause death and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. (ahajournals.org)
Evaluation of glomerular filtration rate and of albuminuria/proteinuria. (semanticscholar.org)
Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher albuminuria are associated with mortality and end-stage renal disease. (ox.ac.uk)

ABSTRACT: Background: Increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) commonly develops in early diabetes and is closely correlated with the development of diabetic nephropathy. (scirp.org)

All of the estimating equations depend on a prediction of the 24-hour creatinine excretion rate, which is a function of muscle mass which is quite variable. (wikipedia.org)
Since both inulin and sinistrin are neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidney after glomerular filtration, their rate of excretion is directly proportional to the rate of filtration of water and solutes across the glomerular filter. (wikipedia.org)
The beneficial effect of intensive therapy on the risk of an impaired GFR was fully attenuated after adjustment for glycated hemoglobin levels or albumin excretion rates. (nih.gov)
All of the estimating equations depends on a prediction of the 24-hour creatinine excretion rate, which is a function of muscle mass. (thefullwiki.org)
Glomerular filtration rate was higher after red meat intake and postprandial urea excretion was similar after either treatment. (gsajournals.org)
Effects of a K+ channel blocker on glomerular filtration rate and electrolyte excretion in conscious rats. (aspetjournals.org)
Effects of K+ channel modulation on glomerular filtration rate and electrolyte excretion were studied using the adenosine-triphosphate- (ATP)-sensitive K+ channel blocker 4-morpholinecarboximidine-N-1-adamantyl-N'-cyclohexylhydr ochloride (U-37883A) in conscious rats previously equipped with catheters for clearance studies. (aspetjournals.org)
Jacobs C., Nicolay D., Grellet J., Curet P., Jardin A. (1987) Effects of Intravenous Infusion of Urographic Contrast Agents on Glomerular Filtration Rate, Serum Concentration and Urinary Excretion of Uric Acid in Subjects with Normal Renal Function. (springer.com)
One and 24-hour urinary clearances were performed daily to estimate solute excretion and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). (escholarship.org)

Glomerular filtration rate estimated by cystatin C among different clinical presentations. (nih.gov)
Calculation of glomerular filtration rate using serum cystatin C in kidney transplant recipients. (nih.gov)
Cystatin C is an alternative filtration marker for estimating GFR. (nih.gov)
Cystatin C--a new marker of glomerular filtration rate in children independent of age and height. (thefreedictionary.com)
Serum level of cystatin C, which measures renal function, was a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events and of mortality in a study of elderly subjects than were creatinine level and estimated glomerular filtration rate , according to Michael G. (thefreedictionary.com)
The low molecular weight protein cystatin C is produced by all nucleated cells and eliminated by glomerular filtration. (aappublications.org)
Therefore, cystatin C was studied as an alternative marker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in children. (aappublications.org)
Unlike creatinine, cystatin C is produced at a constant rate by all nucleated body cells. (aappublications.org)
5 Several studies indicate that elimination from the circulation is almost exclusively by glomerular filtration: renal plasma clearance of radionated cystatin C was determined to be 94% of 51 Cr-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid clearance in intact rats. (aappublications.org)
as a first-line test to assess kidney function and using cystatin C or measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as confirmatory tests. (gsajournals.org)
Aim The aim of this study was to determine the gender differences in serum Cr, cystatin C, and other endogenous glomerular filtration rate (GFR) biomarkers, measured and estimated GFR, Cr clearance, and Cr production rates. (deepdyve.com)
Methods We measured GFR by iothalamate plasma clearance in 103 patients with cirrhosis and assessed gender differences in GFR, Cr clearance and production rate, serum Cr, cystatin C and other endogenous GFR biomarkers including beta-trace protein, beta-2 microglobulin, and dimethylarginines. (deepdyve.com)
In contrast to the serum Cr and Cr production rate, men and women exhibited no significant differences in the means of serum cystatin C and other GFR biomarkers, measured GFR, GFR estimated using Cr-cystatin C GFR equation for cirrhosis, measured and estimated Cr clearances. (deepdyve.com)

Laboratory protocols and methods for the measurement of glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow. (thefreedictionary.com)
Glomerular filtration rate measurement in man by the single injection method using 51Cr-EDTA. (thefreedictionary.com)
Sequential changes in glomerular filtration rate during development of hypertension in the conscious Dahl salt-sensitive rats were determined using a new method for measurement. (ahajournals.org)
The gold standards for the measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are inulin clearance and radioisotopic methods. (eurekaselect.com)

OBJECTIVE -Hyperglycemia increases glomerular filtration rate (GFR), but the influence of HbA 1c (A1C) on GFR and GFR's prediction by recommended equations remains to be determined. (diabetesjournals.org)
The glomerular filtration rate can be estimated using prediction equations that take into account the serum creatinine level and some or all of specific variables (age, sex, race, body size). (aafp.org)
This study was conducted to compare the accuracy Cockcroft Gault and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equations for estimating the glomerular filtration rate in Nepalese population. (nepjol.info)
Glomerular Filtration Rate was measured as creatinine clearance from 24 hour timed urinary collections and estimated using both the Cockcroft-Gault and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equations for all the patients. (nepjol.info)
Context Guidelines recommend that laboratories estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with equations that use serum creatinine level, age, sex, and ethnicity. (semanticscholar.org)
Performance of creatinine-based equations for estimating glomerular filtration rate changes over time. (semanticscholar.org)
Bragadottir and colleagues found utilization of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)estimating equations of limited value, no value or perhaps even negative value inintensive care unit (ICU) acute kidney injury (AKI) patients [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The increase of plasma colloid osmotic pressure is closely related to glomerular plasma flow. (kidneytcm.org)

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time. (wikipedia.org)
The forces that govern filtration in the glomerular capillaries are the same as any capillary bed. (statpearls.com)
The glomerular basement membrane of the kidney is the basal lamina layer of the glomerulus.The glomerular endothelial cells, the glomeular basement membrane, and the filtration slits between the podocytes perform the filtration function of the glomerulus, separating the blood in the capillaries from the filtrate that forms in Bowman's capsule. (midnightghost.co)
In the advanced stage of hypertension, due to the narrow nature of the lesion of the arterial generator, it can also reduce the blood pressure of the glomerular capillaries, and cause the decrease of glomerular filtration rate, resulting in oliguria and even urine. (kidneytcm.org)

Male obese ZSF-1 rats represent an important DN model, manifesting key pathophysiological features including metabolic syndrome, proteinuria, progressive tubular and glomerular fibrosis, and transient hyperfiltration followed by progressive decline in renal function. (figshare.com)

6 In the isolated rat kidney after glutaraldehyde fixation, the glomerular sieving coefficient was 0.85, 7 which is in line with sieving coefficients reported for other low molecular weight proteins of similar size. (aappublications.org)

glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) (glom- e -roo-ler) n. the rate at which substances are filtered from the blood of the glomeruli into the Bowman's capsules of the nephrons. (encyclopedia.com)
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) represents the flow of plasma from the glomerulus into Bowman's space over a specified period and is the chief measure of kidney function. (statpearls.com)
Capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc) and Bowman's space oncotic pressure (πi) favor filtration into the tubule, and Bowman's space hydrostatic pressure (Pi) and capillary-oncotic pressure (πc) oppose filtration. (statpearls.com)
The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. (rush.edu)
Glomerular filtration occurs when glomerular hydrostatic pressure exceeds the luminal hydrostatic pressure of Bowman's capsule. (chromoscience.com)
Since the filtration membrane limits the size of particles crossing the membrane, the osmotic pressure inside the glomerular capillary is higher than the osmotic pressure in Bowman's capsule. (chromoscience.com)

Experiments prove that the change of glomerular capillary blood pressure, blood pressure in the arteries of 10.7 ~ 24.0kPa (80 ~ 180mmHg) range, renal blood flow autoregulation has remained relatively stable, no significant changes in glomerular capillary pressure. (kidneytcm.org)

Creatinine clearance rate (CCr or CrCl) is the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine per unit time and is a useful measure for approximating the GFR. (wikipedia.org)
Hence, the more accurate Glomerular filtration rate or its approximation of the creatinine clearance are measured whenever renal disease is suspected or careful dosing of nephrotoxic drugs is required. (thefullwiki.org)
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or creatinine clearance are frequently used as indicators to evaluate renal function. (diabetesjournals.org)
In many patients, estimates of the glomerular filtration rate can replace 24-hour urine collections for creatinine clearance measurements. (aafp.org)
The creatinine clearance rate at admission was calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation, and the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, coronary anatomy (from angiography), type of revascularization, maximum cardiac enzyme levels, left ventricular ejection fraction and, ultimately, in-hospital mortality were recorded. (revespcardiol.org)
The median serum creatinine level on admission was 0.98 mg/dL (0.9-1.1 mg/dL) and the median creatinine clearance rate was 81.29 mL/min (61.2-98.4 mL/min). (revespcardiol.org)

An ideal endogenous marker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) should be produced at a constant rate and be eliminated exclusively by glomerular filtration. (aappublications.org)

There is a close association between glomerular filtration rate (GFR), tubular sodium reabsorption and renal oxygen consumption (RVO2) in humans. (avhandlingar.se)

Estimating glomerular filtration rate. (nih.gov)
The current standard scintigraphic method for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in dogs is the integral method, which normalizes renal GFR to body weight. (avmi.net)

In patients with acute coronary syndrome and a normal creatinine level on admission, estimation of the glomerular filtration rate provided important information on short-term prognosis. (revespcardiol.org)
Introduction - Estimation of glomerular filtration is of utmost importance in clinical practice. (nepjol.info)

Prediction of Significant Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Decline Following Renal Unit Removal to Aid in the Clinical Choice between Radical and Partial Nephrectomy in Patients with Renal Mass and Normal Renal Function. (urotoday.com)
To develop a clinically actionable predictive model to quantitate the risk of estimated glomerular filtration rate decline to ≤45 ml/min/1.73m2 following radical nephrectomy in order to better inform decisions between radical and partial nephrectomy. (urotoday.com)
Several studies have shown that long-term lithium use is associated with a subtle decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate. (biomedcentral.com)
The median rate age-related GFR decline is 0.75 to 1.00 mL/min/1.73 m 2 per 1 year [ 3 ]. (kjim.org)

Our objective is to monitor glomerular filtration rate (GFR)during the perioperative phase of patients undergoing robotic surgery for rectum or large bowel cancers. (clinicaltrials.gov)
OBJECTIVE- Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is used to assess the progression of renal disease. (diabetesjournals.org)
OBJECTIVE: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is generally accepted as the best overall index of renal function. (diva-portal.org)

An impaired glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was defined as a sustained estimated GFR of less than 60 ml per minute per 1.73 m 2 of body-surface area. (nih.gov)
We defined the initiation of dialysis as early if the estimated glomerular filtration rate was greater than 10.5 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 . (cmaj.ca)
Mean glomerular filtration rate was 15.5 (SD 7.7) mL/min per 1.73 m 2 among those with early initiation and 7.1 (SD 2.0) mL/min per 1.73 m 2 among those with late initiation. (cmaj.ca)
Results - The mean glomerular filtration rate estimated from the Cockcroft Gault equation was 51.29 ml/min/1.73sqm and mean glomerular filtration rate estimated from the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation was 48.41 ml/min/1.73sqm whereas the mean measured GFR was 53.30ml/ min/1.73sqm. (nepjol.info)
With loss of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) the renalreserve may be first lost, reducing the maximally stimulated GFR.Thereafter, as the GFR is lost the serum creatinine (SCr) does not riseuntil the GFR is reduced to around 50 to 60 ml/minute/1.73 m 2 .Therefore, up to two-thirds of the patient's original GFR has beenlost before changes in SCr occur. (biomedcentral.com)
CKD is defined by the presence of kidney damage or a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 for 3 or more months, irrespective of cause [ 2 ]. (kjim.org)

As a result of reduced glomerular capillary pressure, ACEIs may reduce GFR in patients with CKD. (biomedcentral.com)
But if the arterial blood pressure decreased to 10.7kPa (80mmHg) below (such as bleeding), beyond the autoregulation of renal blood flow, glomerular capillary pressure will decrease, reduce the effective filtration pressure, glomerular filtration rate decreased when oliguria, arterial blood pressure dropped to 5.3 ~ 6.7kPa (40 ~ 50mmHg). (kidneytcm.org)

Selection of routine method for determination of glomerular filtration rate in adults. (thefreedictionary.com)
Determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from fractional renal accumulation of iodinated. (deepdyve.com)
Home Research Outputs Determination of Glomerular Filtration Rate by Controlled In. (lu.se)

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimates from serum creatinine has not been generalizable across all populations. (nih.gov)
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculator,estimates the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney using Jelliffe method. (easycalculation.com)
These lower estimates may discourage health providers from offering trials of vaginal labor to expectant women of color, although the health benefits of vaginal birth (lower rates of surgical complication, faster recovery, fewer complication in later pregnancies) have been well documented. (wikipedia.org)

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate From a Panel of Filtration Markers-Hope for Increased Accuracy Beyond Measured Glomerular Filtration Rate? (gsajournals.org)
Measured GFR is not practical and is susceptible to error due to variation in clearance methods and in the behavior of exogenous filtration markers. (gsajournals.org)

Second, as a result of reduction in vasodilatory prostaglandins, NSAIDs can constrict the renal afferent arteriole leading to reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and in extreme cases acute kidney injury (AKI). (biomedcentral.com)
Glomerular filtration rate, urine production, and fractional clearance of electrolytes in acute kidney injury in dogs and their association with survival. (escholarship.org)

The GFR is usually estimated by injecting the polysaccharide inulin into the bloodstream, measuring the rate at which it appears in the urine, and dividing this by the inulin concentration in plasma. (encyclopedia.com)
70 mL/min will cause an overload of the tubular reabsorption capacity for [alpha]1M (10), and the [alpha]1M concentration in the plasma will increase with increasingly restricted filtration. (thefreedictionary.com)
Serum creatinine concentration is widely used as an index of renal function, but this concentration is affected by factors other than glomerular filtration rate (GFR). (annals.org)
For the kidney, flow (J) is positive, favoring filtration, meaning that plasma flows from higher hydrostatic pressure in the capillary to lower hydrostatic pressure in the tubular space, despite the unfavorable oncotic gradient (there is higher protein concentration in the capillary). (statpearls.com)
It can be calculated for any substance given steady-state, known concentrations as [urine concentration] x (urine flow rate) / [plasma concentration], or more simply, C = UV/P. Therefore, it is an indicator of GFR (also ml per minute) for solutes that are freely filtered (not size/charge restricted) and which are not significantly reabsorbed, secreted, synthesized or metabolized in the kidney. (statpearls.com)
Only when the plasma protein concentration decreased, the plasma colloid osmotic pressure decreased, so that the effective filtration pressure and filtration rate increased, and the urine volume increased. (kidneytcm.org)

The rate therefore measured is the quantity of the substance in the urine that originated from a calculable volume of blood. (wikipedia.org)
The aim of this study was to evaluate renal dysfunction by studying glomerular filtration rate (GFR), microalbuminuria, and microscopic examination of urine. (hindawi.com)
This shows that the regulation of glomerular filtration function is realized through the regulation of renal blood flow, in order to ensure the normal functioning of the body in the physiological state of urine. (kidneytcm.org)

We conclude that the observed reduction of glomerular filtration rate was a consequence and not a cause of the hypertension and that this noninvasive approach could be used in these conscious Dahl salt-sensitive rats for a longitudinal assessment of renal function. (ahajournals.org)
The renal function is measured in rats as the rate of clearance determined from time-resolved transcutaneous fluorescence measurements of a new fluorescent glomerular filtration agent. (osapublishing.org)
The study aimed to further understand the relevance of this model to DN, for which glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal fibrosis and several urinary/tissue biomarkers was followed over 24 weeks in ZSF-1 rats. (figshare.com)
Tubulointerstitial/glomerular fibrosis in male obese rats was significantly elevated by week 12 post surgery and continued to expand in the ensuing weeks, particularly in uninephrectomized rats. (figshare.com)

In a cross-sectional study of 50 patients with chronic visceral leishmaniasis, a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in 28% of the cases is reported [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between cigarette smoking and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a large cross-sectional study carried out in male subjects with type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)

The rate of progression of diabetic nephropathy varies greatly among individuals. (diabetesjournals.org)

In participants with a moderate to severe reduction in GFR, 6-year rates were higher for CHD than for ESRD (15.4% vs. 6.0%, respectively). (nih.gov)

1,25(OH) 2 D, among its numerous other actions, increases intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption and calcium reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate. (springer.com)
In addition, some drugs, such as some sulfanilamide, easy in tubular fluid in the acidic environment of crystallization break out, excessive hemolysis of the filtrate to hemoglobin containing or certain diseases, the drug can block the renal tubular crystals or hemoglobin caused by pressure increased, leading to glomerular filtration rate and effective filtration pressure drop. (kidneytcm.org)
on the contrary, glomerular plasma flow decreases, the effective length of glomerular filtrate formation shortened, filtration rate decreased. (kidneytcm.org)
There are disorders in which too much protein passes through the filtration slits into the kidney filtrate. (chromoscience.com)

In other words, the filtration rate is dependent on the difference between the higher blood pressure created by vasoconstriction of the input or afferent arteriole versus the lower blood pressure created by lesser vasoconstriction of the output or efferent arteriole. (wikipedia.org)

Intensive diabetes therapy and glomerular filtration rate in type 1 diabetes. (nih.gov)
It is not possible to raise one's glomerular filtration rate, or GFR, according to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (reference.com)
Model 2 (Age, Sex, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, glomerular filtration rate) had better discrimination (χ 2 = 10.87, AUC = 0.79) than Model 1. (biomedcentral.com)

In Study I, we evaluated the assessment of kidney function during donor evaluation and found that the accuracy of iohexol glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is compromised by large variations in repeated measurements in presumably healthy donors. (diva-portal.org)
The primary endpoint of the study was the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which was estimated from the plasma clearance of iohexol. (biomedcentral.com)

Relation Between Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate and Composition of Coronary Arterial Atherosclerotic Plaques. (biomedsearch.com)
The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of the glomerular filtration rate in patients with acute coronary syndrome and a normal baseline creatinine level. (revespcardiol.org)
Glomerular filtration rate, previous coronary disease, Killip class on admission, and the need for intraaortic balloon counterpulsation were found to be independent predictors of mortality. (revespcardiol.org)

Accurate, direct measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) may provide a tool to monitor perioperative onset of rapidly changing renal function. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Because of the many difficulties in performing serial measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by use of exogenous substances such as inulin, [sup. (thefreedictionary.com)

The above formula only applies for GFR calculation when it is equal to the Clearance Rate. (wikipedia.org)

An impaired glomerular filtration rate (GFR) leads to end-stage renal disease and increases the risks of cardiovascular disease and death. (nih.gov)

The investigators also found that reduced glomerular filtration rate ranked below high systolic blood pressure, high body mass index, and high fasting plasma glucose, but was similar to high total cholesterol, as a risk factor for disability-adjusted life years. (doctorslounge.com)
Direct systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures and heart rate were measured at regular time intervals before, during, and after GFR calculations. (avmi.net)

Determine which stage of kidney disease you're in by calculating a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and start managing your health. (davita.com)
Your glomerular filtration rate (GFR)-considered by medical professionals to be the best measure of kidney function-lets kidney care experts figure out your stage of kidney disease. (davita.com)
In their study of prognostic factors for new-onset kidney disease in community-dwelling individuals, Dr Fox and colleagues 1 used the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study formula to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). (jamanetwork.com)

In a person with impaired kidney function , the glomerular filtration rate decreases which can cause waste products to build up in the blood. (requestatest.com)
when the arterial blood pressure decreased the goal, arterial wall diastolic blood flow resistance decreases, the blood flow of the glomerular capillary is not reduced, the blood pressure is not reduced, and no obvious change of effective filtration pressure and glomerular filtration rate. (kidneytcm.org)

Sex- and age-adjusted mortality and incidence rates were estimated in the groups using Poisson's regression analysis. (ahajournals.org)
The lowest mortality rate was found in G2. (ahajournals.org)
In-hospital mortality (%) with respect to glomerular filtration rate. (revespcardiol.org)
These race/ethnicity associations have been challenged by health providers since they have not been thoroughly supported by biology and are concerning as black women have higher rates of maternal mortality. (wikipedia.org)

The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is a control unit of the kidney, that regulates glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renin release, and hence extracellular volume and blood pressure. (avhandlingar.se)
Glomerular Filtration Rate is often included as part of routine general health blood work. (requestatest.com)
Mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, renal blood flow, and superior mesenteric blood flow (SMABF) were measured at 48 h. (aspetjournals.org)
A glomerular filtration rate can be estimated with great accuracy, based on the result of another blood test called creatinine. (midnightghost.co)
Self regulation under normal circumstances because of renal blood flow, glomerular plasma flow remained relatively stable, only in the human body for strenuous exercise or in large blood loss, severe hypoxia and other pathological conditions, due to enhanced sympathetic nerve activity, renal vasoconstriction, the renal blood flow and glomerular plasma flow was significantly reduced, caused by glomerular filtration rate decreased. (kidneytcm.org)

BillpSea 05:43, 30 September 2007 (UTC) glomerular filtration is NOT fluid filtered from kidney, I actually don't think there is any fluid that filters from kidney unless you wanna consider urethral discharge as filtered. (midnightghost.co)

A higher glomerular filtration rate at initiation of dialysis is associated with an increased risk of death that is not fully explained by differences in baseline characteristics. (cmaj.ca)
Patients in the high- and low-risk groups also had similar baseline sex, body mass index, use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers, estimated glomerular filtration rate , and comorbidities, he noted. (thefreedictionary.com)

1. Variations in the glomerular filtration rate ( G.F.R. ) and the renal tubular reabsorption of water are probably important factors in the homoiostatic mechanisms associated with the euryhalinity of the rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ). (biologists.org)

Anatomy18

Organisms4

Diseases49

Chemicals and Drugs85

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment63

Phenomena and Processes39

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Named Groups4

Health Care30

Geographicals3

Acute renal failure caused by nephrotoxins. (1/6121)

Renal function tests: what do they mean? A review of renal anatomy, biochemistry, and physiology. (2/6121)

NaCl-induced renal vasoconstriction in salt-sensitive African Americans: antipressor and hemodynamic effects of potassium bicarbonate. (3/6121)

Recovery following relief of unilateral ureteral obstruction in the neonatal rat. (4/6121)

Plasma total homocysteine and cysteine in relation to glomerular filtration rate in diabetes mellitus. (5/6121)

Acute haemodynamic and proteinuric effects of prednisolone in patients with a nephrotic syndrome. (6/6121)

Antiproteinuric efficacy of verapamil in comparison to trandolapril in non-diabetic renal disease. (7/6121)

Hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia in children with chronic renal failure. (8/6121)

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Kidney

Creatinine

Kidney Function Tests

Kidney Diseases

Cystatin C

Inulin

Renal Circulation

Renal Insufficiency, Chronic

Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate

Iothalamic Acid

Albuminuria

Kidney Failure, Chronic

Natriuresis

Proteinuria

Renal Insufficiency

Diuresis

Kidney Glomerulus

Kidney Tubules

Blood Pressure

Renal Plasma Flow

Diabetic Nephropathies

Cystatins

Nephrons

Filtration

Iohexol

Radioisotope Renography

Sodium

Biological Markers

Chromium Radioisotopes

Nephrectomy

Kidney Transplantation

Acute Kidney Injury

Glomerular Filtration Barrier

Chronic Disease

Risk Factors

Hypertension

Hemodynamics

Follow-Up Studies

Metabolic Clearance Rate

p-Aminohippuric Acid

Renal Artery Obstruction

Aminohippuric Acids

Time Factors

Furosemide

Renin

Prospective Studies

Renal Plasma Flow, Effective

Retrospective Studies

Kidney Tubules, Proximal

Hypertension, Renal

Dogs

Cohort Studies

Cross-Sectional Studies

Renal Artery

Urine

Disease Progression

Punctures

Predictive Value of Tests

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Water-Electrolyte Balance

Absorption

Nephrosclerosis

Uric Acid

Electrolytes

Vascular Resistance

Kidney Cortex

Diuretics

Kidney Concentrating Ability

Prognosis

Antihypertensive Agents

Plasma Volume

Hypertension, Renovascular

Atrial Natriuretic Factor

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Pentetic Acid

Body Surface Area

Treatment Outcome

Edetic Acid

Captopril