Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.
A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.
Devices, usually incorporating unidirectional valves, which are surgically inserted in the sclera to maintain normal intraocular pressure.
A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.
A form of secondary glaucoma which develops as a consequence of another ocular disease and is attributed to the forming of new vessels in the angle of the anterior chamber.
The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve.
The total area or space visible in a person's peripheral vision with the eye looking straightforward.
Any surgical procedure for treatment of glaucoma by means of puncture or reshaping of the trabecular meshwork. It includes goniotomy, trabeculectomy, and laser perforation.
Measurement of ocular tension (INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE) with a tonometer. (Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Method of measuring and mapping the scope of vision, from central to peripheral of each eye.
The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)
A porelike structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor circulates to the canal of Schlemm.
Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.
A surgical procedure used in treatment of glaucoma in which an opening is created through which aqueous fluid may pass from the anterior chamber into a sac created beneath the conjunctiva, thus lowering the pressure within the eye. (Hoffman, Pocket Glossary of Ophthalmologic Terminology, 1989)
Examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye with a specialized optical instrument (gonioscope) or a contact prism lens.
Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders.
The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium.
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
Analogs or derivatives of prostaglandins F that do not occur naturally in the body. They do not include the product of the chemical synthesis of hormonal PGF.
A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases.
Sterile solutions that are intended for instillation into the eye. It does not include solutions for cleaning eyeglasses or CONTACT LENS SOLUTIONS.
Congenital open-angle glaucoma that results from dysgenesis of the angle structures accompanied by increased intraocular pressure and enlargement of the eye. Treatment is both medical and surgical.
An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.
The white, opaque, fibrous, outer tunic of the eyeball, covering it entirely excepting the segment covered anteriorly by the cornea. It is essentially avascular but contains apertures for vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. It receives the tendons of insertion of the extraocular muscles and at the corneoscleral junction contains the canal of Schlemm. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to PROPRANOLOL. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS and tremor.
The clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It has a refractive index lower than the crystalline lens, which it surrounds, and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p319)
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The professional practice of primary eye and vision care that includes the measurement of visual refractive power and the correction of visual defects with lenses or glasses.
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.
Examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope.
The front third of the eyeball that includes the structures between the front surface of the cornea and the front of the VITREOUS BODY.
Agents causing contraction of the pupil of the eye. Some sources use the term miotics only for the parasympathomimetics but any drug used to induce miosis is included here.
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)
The use of photothermal effects of LASERS to coagulate, incise, vaporize, resect, dissect, or resurface tissue.
Diseases affecting the eye.
The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.
The removal of a cataractous CRYSTALLINE LENS from the eye.
Method of making images on a sensitized surface by exposure to light or other radiant energy.
A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the RETINA. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion.
A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.
One of several general transcription factors that are specific for RNA POLYMERASE III. It is a zinc finger (ZINC FINGERS) protein and is required for transcription of 5S ribosomal genes.
The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye consisting of five layers: stratified squamous CORNEAL EPITHELIUM; BOWMAN MEMBRANE; CORNEAL STROMA; DESCEMET MEMBRANE; and mesenchymal CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM. It serves as the first refracting medium of the eye. It is structurally continuous with the SCLERA, avascular, receiving its nourishment by permeation through spaces between the lamellae, and is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE via the ciliary nerves and those of the surrounding conjunctiva which together form plexuses. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Devices implanted to control intraocular pressure by allowing aqueous fluid to drain from the anterior chamber. (Hoffman, Pocket Glossary of Ophthalmologic Terminology, 1989)
A technique of diagnostic imaging of RETINA or CORNEA of the human eye involving the measurement and interpretation of polarizing ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES such as radio or light waves. It is helpful in the diagnosis of GLAUCOMA; MACULAR DEGENERATION; and other retinal disorders.
Compounds obtained by chemical synthesis that are analogs or derivatives of naturally occurring prostaglandins and that have similar activity.
Surgical formation of an external opening in the sclera, primarily in the treatment of glaucoma.
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.
Recording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light.
An optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) is brought about using devices that transform light of varying frequencies into a single intense, nearly nondivergent beam of monochromatic radiation. Lasers operate in the infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or X-ray regions of the spectrum.
Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.
A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.
A series of tests used to assess various functions of the eyes.
The mucous membrane that covers the posterior surface of the eyelids and the anterior pericorneal surface of the eyeball.
Application of pharmaceutically active agents on the tissues of the EYE.
Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.
Absence of the crystalline lens resulting from cataract extraction.
An island in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies. It is chiefly of coral formation with no good harbors and only small streams. It was probably discovered by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century. The name was given by 16th-century Spanish explorers from barbados, the plural for "bearded", with reference to the beard-like leaves or trails of moss on the trees that grew there in abundance. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p116 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p49)
Measurement of the thickness of the CORNEA.
Surgery performed on the eye or any of its parts.
Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of LENS DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION.
Three groups of arteries found in the eye which supply the iris, pupil, sclera, conjunctiva, and the muscles of the iris.
A class of compounds that reduces the secretion of H+ ions by the proximal kidney tubule through inhibition of CARBONIC ANHYDRASES.
Artery originating from the internal carotid artery and distributing to the eye, orbit and adjacent facial structures.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.
A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist with no partial agonist activity.
An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.
Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.
Conditions which affect the structure or function of the pupil of the eye, including disorders of innervation to the pupillary constrictor or dilator muscles, and disorders of pupillary reflexes.
Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina.
A scientific tool based on ULTRASONOGRAPHY and used not only for the observation of microstructure in metalwork but also in living tissue. In biomedical application, the acoustic propagation speed in normal and abnormal tissues can be quantified to distinguish their tissue elasticity and other properties.
The use of green light-producing LASERS to stop bleeding. The green light is selectively absorbed by HEMOGLOBIN, thus triggering BLOOD COAGULATION.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The aperture in the iris through which light passes.
Agents that dilate the pupil. They may be either sympathomimetics or parasympatholytics.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Application of tests and examinations to identify visual defects or vision disorders occurring in specific populations, as in school children, the elderly, etc. It is differentiated from VISION TESTS, which are given to evaluate/measure individual visual performance not related to a specific population.
Vision considered to be inferior to normal vision as represented by accepted standards of acuity, field of vision, or motility. Low vision generally refers to visual disorders that are caused by diseases that cannot be corrected by refraction (e.g., MACULAR DEGENERATION; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, etc.).
A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).
Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.
A procedure for removal of the crystalline lens in cataract surgery in which an anterior capsulectomy is performed by means of a needle inserted through a small incision at the temporal limbus, allowing the lens contents to fall through the dilated pupil into the anterior chamber where they are broken up by the use of ultrasound and aspirated out of the eye through the incision. (Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed & In Focus 1993;1(1):1)
Substances added to pharmaceutical preparations to protect them from chemical change or microbial action. They include ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS and antioxidants.
A graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli.
Partial or total replacement of all layers of a central portion of the cornea.
Diseases of the cornea.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.
The property of nonisotropic media, such as crystals, whereby a single incident beam of light traverses the medium as two beams, each plane-polarized, the planes being at right angles to each other. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.
Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the southeastern and eastern areas of the Asian continent.
Insertion of an artificial lens to replace the natural CRYSTALLINE LENS after CATARACT EXTRACTION or to supplement the natural lens which is left in place.
The distance between the anterior and posterior poles of the eye, measured either by ULTRASONOGRAPHY or by partial coherence interferometry.
Surgical insertion of a prosthesis.
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.
Central retinal vein and its tributaries. It runs a short course within the optic nerve and then leaves and empties into the superior ophthalmic vein or cavernous sinus.
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
Hospitals which provide care for a single category of illness with facilities and staff directed toward a specific service.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Incomplete rupture of the zonule with the displaced lens remaining behind the pupil. In dislocation, or complete rupture, the lens is displaced forward into the anterior chamber or backward into the vitreous body. When congenital, this condition is known as ECTOPIA LENTIS.
The surgical removal of the eyeball leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact.
The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.
The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The back two-thirds of the eye that includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all of the optical structures behind it: the VITREOUS HUMOR; RETINA; CHOROID; and OPTIC NERVE.
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.
Organic siloxanes which are polymerized to the oily stage. The oils have low surface tension and density less than 1. They are used in industrial applications and in the treatment of retinal detachment, complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
The L-Isomer of bunolol.
The selectively permeable barrier, in the EYE, formed by the nonpigmented layer of the EPITHELIUM of the CILIARY BODY, and the ENDOTHELIUM of the BLOOD VESSELS of the IRIS. TIGHT JUNCTIONS joining adjacent cells keep the barrier between cells continuous.
The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.
A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.
The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease.
Bleeding from the vessels of the retina.
Injuries to the optic nerve induced by a trauma to the face or head. These may occur with closed or penetrating injuries. Relatively minor compression of the superior aspect of orbit may also result in trauma to the optic nerve. Clinical manifestations may include visual loss, PAPILLEDEMA, and an afferent pupillary defect.
A non-inherited congenital condition with vascular and neurological abnormalities. It is characterized by facial vascular nevi (PORT-WINE STAIN), and capillary angiomatosis of intracranial membranes (MENINGES; CHOROID). Neurological features include EPILEPSY; cognitive deficits; GLAUCOMA; and visual defects.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)
Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis.
A TGF-beta subtype that was originally identified as a GLIOBLASTOMA-derived factor which inhibits the antigen-dependent growth of both helper and CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta2 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor.
A large group of cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) monooxygenases that complex with NAD(P)H-FLAVIN OXIDOREDUCTASE in numerous mixed-function oxidations of aromatic compounds. They catalyze hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of substrates and are important in the metabolism of steroids, drugs, and toxins such as PHENOBARBITAL, carcinogens, and insecticides.
The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.
A class of enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions of amino acids.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.
Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.
Tumors of the iris characterized by increased pigmentation of melanocytes. Iris nevi are composed of proliferated melanocytes and are associated with neurofibromatosis and malignant melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body. Malignant melanoma of the iris often originates from preexisting nevi.
Diseases of the uvea.
Sheath of the eyeball consisting of fascia extending from the OPTIC NERVE to the corneal limbus.
Persons academically trained to care for patients with eye diseases or structural defects of the eye, under the supervision of an ophthalmologist.
The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by visual stimulation or stimulation of the visual pathways.
The blood vessels which supply and drain the RETINA.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.
Lasers with a semiconductor diode as the active medium. Diode lasers transform electric energy to light using the same principle as a light-emitting diode (LED), but with internal reflection capability, thus forming a resonator where a stimulated light can reflect back and forth, allowing only a certain wavelength to be emitted. The emission of a given device is determined by the active compound used (e.g., gallium arsenide crystals doped with aluminum or indium). Typical wavelengths are 810, 1,060 and 1,300 nm. (From UMDNS, 2005)
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.
Removal of the whole or part of the vitreous body in treating endophthalmitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies, and some types of glaucoma.
Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)
The status of health in suburban populations.
A method of non-invasive, continuous measurement of MICROCIRCULATION. The technique is based on the values of the DOPPLER EFFECT of low-power laser light scattered randomly by static structures and moving tissue particulates.
A family of secreted multidomain proteins that were originally identified by their association with the latent form of TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTORS. They interact with a variety of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS and may play a role in the regulation of TGB-beta bioavailability.
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).
Artificial implanted lenses.
The administration of substances into the eye with a hypodermic syringe.
A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.
Congenital displacement of the lens resulting from defective zonule formation.
The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.
The coagulation of tissue by an intense beam of light, including laser (LASER COAGULATION). In the eye it is used in the treatment of retinal detachments, retinal holes, aneurysms, hemorrhages, and malignant and benign neoplasms. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Measurement of distances or movements by means of the phenomena caused by the interference of two rays of light (optical interferometry) or of sound (acoustic interferometry).
Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.
Positive test results in subjects who do not possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. The labeling of healthy persons as diseased when screening in the detection of disease. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
A transparent, biconvex structure of the EYE, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the IRIS and in front of the vitreous humor (VITREOUS BODY). It is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. Adaptation by the CILIARY BODY is crucial for OCULAR ACCOMMODATION.
The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of EYE DISEASES; MIGRAINE; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; MENINGITIS; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with DEPRESSION and other MENTAL DISORDERS.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS embedded in a large amount of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.
Devices for examining the interior of the eye, permitting the clear visualization of the structures of the eye at any depth. (UMDNS, 1999)
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.
Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.
Caveolin 2 is a binding partner of CAVEOLIN 1. It undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation by C-SRC PROTEIN PP60 and plays a regulatory role in CAVEOLAE formation.
The period following a surgical operation.
One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE that is similar to CONYZA. Members contain SESQUITERPENES.
A syndrome of multiple abnormalities characterized by the absence or hypoplasia of the PATELLA and congenital nail dystrophy. It is a genetically determined autosomal dominant trait.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.
Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.
Making measurements by the use of stereoscopic photographs.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Measurement of light given off by fluorescein in order to assess the integrity of various ocular barriers. The method is used to investigate the blood-aqueous barrier, blood-retinal barrier, aqueous flow measurements, corneal endothelial permeability, and tear flow dynamics.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Methods to determine in patients the nature of a disease or disorder at its early stage of progression. Generally, early diagnosis improves PROGNOSIS and TREATMENT OUTCOME.
Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.
Measurement of the blood pressure of the retinal vessels. It is used also for the determination of the near point of convergence (CONVERGENCE, OCULAR). (From Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Hemorrhage from the vessels of the choroid.
A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.
The period of care beginning when the patient is removed from surgery and aimed at meeting the patient's psychological and physical needs directly after surgery. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

Evaluation of focal defects of the nerve fiber layer using optical coherence tomography. (1/2548)

OBJECTIVE: To analyze glaucomatous eyes with known focal defects of the nerve fiber layer (NFL), relating optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings to clinical examination, NFL and stereoscopic optic nerve head (ONH) photography, and Humphrey 24-2 visual fields. DESIGN: Cross-sectional prevalence study. PARTICIPANTS: The authors followed 19 patients in the study group and 14 patients in the control group. INTERVENTION: Imaging with OCT was performed circumferentially around the ONH with a circle diameter of 3.4 mm using an internal fixation technique. One hundred OCT scan points taken within 2.5 seconds were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measurements of NFL thickness using OCT were performed. RESULTS: In most eyes with focal NFL defects, OCTs showed significant thinning of the NFL in areas closely corresponding to focal defects visible on clinical examination, to red-free photographs, and to defects on the Humphrey visual fields. Optical coherence tomography enabled the detection of focal defects in the NFL with a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 81%. CONCLUSION: Analysis of NFL thickness in eyes with focal defects showed good structural and functional correlation with clinical parameters. Optical coherence tomography contributes to the identification of focal defects in the NFL that occur in early stages of glaucoma.  (+info)

Effect of pilocarpine on visual acuity and on the dimensions of the cornea and anterior chamber. (2/2548)

The effect of pilocarpine on visual acuity and on the dimensions of the cornea, anterior chamber, and lens were studied in two groups of subjects. Significant changes in ocular tension, corneal curvature, anterior chamber depth, and lens anterior radius were found in a group of 55 glaucomatous eyes as a result of pilocarpine treatment, but there was no change in corneal thickness. Out of 102 glaucomatous eyes 78 became relatively myopic, and this appears to be due to changes in the dimensions of the lens of the eye similar to those occurring in accommodation, as a result of the effect of the drug on the ciliary muscle. The effect of pilocarpine on anterior chamber depth, area, and volume was studied in 125 eyes using a photographic method, and a significant reduction in the dimensions of the anterior chamber was observed as a result of the administration of pilocarpine. A significant correlation between depth and volume was also noted and the implications of this are discussed.  (+info)

Rapid pneumatic and Mackey-Marg applanation tonometry to evaluate the postural effect on intraocular pressure. (3/2548)

A postural study was conducted in three separate groups of subjects. The first group comprised 20 women volunteers with an average age of 20-75 years. In this group, the study was conducted by the pneumatonograph only. Mean pressure recorded was 15-65 +/- 0-25 mmHg and there was an average rise of 1-4 mmHg in supine posture. Groups 2 and 3 comprised 151 non-glaucomatous and 108 glaucomatous eyes respectively in the age range of 30 to 85 years. In these two groups, the study was conducted using the PTG and the Mackay-Marg tonometer. Clinical evaluation of the Mackay-Marg with the PTG gave significant correlation, with mean Mackay-Marg readings being 1-13 mmHg higher. The intraocular pressure when changing from seated to the supine position increased on average by 2-71 and 4-04 mmHg, respectively in Groups 2 and 3 and by 2-51 and 3-72 mmHg by Vackay-Marg, suggesting a higher change in glaucomatous subjects. Pressure on resumption of sitting was found to be lower than the initial pressure. Postural change also showed some direct relationship with age in non-glaucomatous subjects.  (+info)

Chronic retinal vein occlusion in glaucoma. (4/2548)

Asymptomatic chronic retinal vein occlusion that occurs in chronic simple glaucoma is described. The condition is characterized by marked elevation of retinal vein pressure with collateral vessels and vein loops at the optic disc in cases of central vein occlusion, or retinal veno-venous anastomoses along a horizontal line temporal and nasal to the disc in hemisphere vein occlusion. No patient had visible arterial changes, capillary closure, fluorescein leakage, or haemorrhages. The vein occlusion was not limited to "end stage" glaucoma. The role of increased intraocular pressure and glaucomatous enlargement of the optic cup with retinal vein distortion in the pathogenesis of the condition was stressed. Follow-up of these patients revealed persistence of the retinal vein occlusion shown by elevated retinal vein pressures. This would reduce effective perfusion of the inner retina and optic disc and may affect the long-term visual prognosis.  (+info)

The optic disc in glaucoma. I: Classification. (5/2548)

Five different descriptive types of glaucomatous optic discs are described, based on the examination of X2 magnification stereophotographs of 252 patients from the files of the Glaucoma Service at Wills Eye Hospital. The method of analysis is described in detail. These types include: overpass cupping, cupping without pallor of the neuroretinal rim, cupping with pallor of the neuroretinal rim, focal notching of the neuroretinal rim, and bean-pot cupping. These morphological types may be caused by variations in factors contributing to the pathogenesis of glaucomatous eyes. Recognition of these differing types may help in determining the factors in each case.  (+info)

Plasma cortisol suppression response in the South African black population with glaucoma. (6/2548)

Plasma cortisol suppression was measured in 25 Black glaucomatous patients and in 19 Black patients of similar age and sex, but without glaucoma, who acted as controls. Initial serum cortisol levels were found to be slightly higher in the glaucomatous group. The response to systemically-administered cortisone was statistically more marked in the glaucomatous patients compared with the control group.  (+info)

Analysis of myocilin mutations in 1703 glaucoma patients from five different populations. (7/2548)

A glaucoma locus, GLC1A, was identified previously on chromosome 1q. A gene within this locus (encoding the protein myocilin) subsequently was shown to harbor mutations in 2-4% of primary open angle glaucoma patients. A total of 1703 patients was screened from five different populations representing three racial groups. There were 1284 patients from primarily Caucasian populations in Iowa (727), Australia (390) and Canada (167). A group of 312 African American patients was from New York City and 107 Asian patients from Japan. Overall, 61 different myocilin sequence variations were identified. Of the 61 variations, 21 were judged to be probable disease-causing mutations. The number of probands found to harbor such mutations in each population was: Iowa 31/727 (4.3%), African Americans from New York City 8/312 (2.6%), Japan 3/107 (2.8%), Canada 5/167 (3.0%), Australia 11/390 (2.8%) and overall 58/1703 (3. 4%). Overall, 16 (76%) of 21 mutations were found in only one population. The most common mutation observed, Gln368Stop, was found in 27/1703 (1.6%) glaucoma probands and was found at least once in all groups except the Japanese. Studies of genetic markers flanking the myocilin gene suggest that most cases of the Gln368Stop mutations are descended from a common founder. Although the specific mutations found in each of the five populations were different, the overall frequency of myocilin mutations was similar ( approximately 2-4%) in all populations, suggesting that the increased rate of glaucoma in African Americans is not due to a higher prevalence of myocilin mutations.  (+info)

Evaluation of ocular arterial changes in glaucoma with color Doppler ultrasonography. (8/2548)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate hemodynamic changes of the retrobulbar vasculature caused by different intraocular pressures with color Doppler ultrasonography. Fifty normal eyes in 25 patients, 13 patients with normal tension glaucoma, and 19 patients with acute glaucoma and increased intraocular pressure (greater than 30 mm Hg) were enrolled in this study. In 15 of 19 patients with acute glaucoma patients, follow-up color Doppler ultrasonography was also undertaken after laser peripheral iridectomy when the intraocular pressure had returned to normal. The peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, resistive index, time average maximum velocity, and pulsatility index were compared in different vessels, including the central retinal artery, lateral posterior ciliary artery, medial posterior ciliary artery, and ophthalmic artery in each orbit. The peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, and time average maximum velocity of the central retinal artery were significantly lower (P<0.01) in acute glaucoma patients than in the control group. The resistive index and pulsatility index of the central retinal artery were significantly higher (P<0.01) in acute glaucoma patients than in the control group. The end diastolic velocity of the lateral and medial posterior ciliary arteries was significantly lower in patients with acute glaucoma than in the control group, and the resistive index and pulsatility index of both of these arteries were significantly higher (P<0.001) in patients with acute glaucoma than in the control group. However, no statistical significantly differences were found in the peak systolic velocity or time average maximum velocity in either of the posterior ciliary arteries; similarly, no statistically significant differences were noted in any of the parameters in the ophthalmic artery between the control group and the group with acute glaucoma. The pulsatility index of the central retinal artery and of the lateral and medial posterior ciliary arteries was significantly lower (P<0.01) in acute glaucoma patients after laser therapy than in acute glaucoma patients before laser therapy. The resistive index of both posterior ciliary arteries was also significantly lower (P<0.004) in acute glaucoma patients after laser therapy than before laser therapy. All parameters for all vessels examined among the normal subjects, the patients with normal tension glaucoma, and the patients with acute glaucoma after laser therapy when the intraocular pressure had returned to normal showed no statistically significant differences. Color Doppler ultrasonography is a good modality for both imaging and studying the hemodynamics of the perioptic nerve vessels.  (+info)

Open-angle glaucoma can lead to damage to the optic nerve, which can cause vision loss and even blindness if left untreated. It is important for individuals at risk for open-angle glaucoma to receive regular eye exams to monitor their eye pressure and prevent any potential vision loss.

Risk factors for developing open-angle glaucoma include:

* Increasing age
* Family history of glaucoma
* African or Hispanic ancestry
* Previous eye injuries or surgeries
* Long-term use of corticosteroid medications
* Diabetes or other health conditions that can damage blood vessels.

There are several treatment options available for open-angle glaucoma, including:

* Eye drops to reduce eye pressure
* Oral medications to reduce eye pressure
* Laser surgery to improve drainage of fluid from the eye
* Incisional surgery to improve drainage of fluid from the eye.

It is important for individuals with open-angle glaucoma to work closely with their eye care professional to determine the best course of treatment and monitor their condition regularly.

Symptoms: blurred vision, halos around lights, redness and pain in the eye, nausea and vomiting, and sensitivity to light.

Diagnosis: a comprehensive eye exam, including measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP) and assessment of the angle of the eye.

Treatment: may include medication to reduce IOP, laser or surgical treatment to improve drainage, and in some cases, vitrectomy (removal of the vitreous gel).

Prognosis: with prompt and appropriate treatment, vision can be preserved. However, if left untreated, angle-closure glaucoma can lead to permanent vision loss.

Etiology: can be caused by a variety of factors, including age-related changes, cataract surgery, trauma, and inflammation.

Prevalence: is more common in certain populations, such as those of Asian descent, and in those with a family history of the condition.

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Ocular hypertension refers to an increase in the pressure within the eye, which can lead to various eye problems if left untreated. It is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive overview of ocular hypertension, including its definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.

What is Ocular Hypertension?
-------------------------

Ocular hypertension is a condition characterized by an increase in the pressure within the eye, which can cause damage to the eye's delicate structures, such as the retina and optic nerve. The normal pressure range for the eye is between 10-21 mmHg, and anything above this range is considered hypertensive.

Causes of Ocular Hypertension
---------------------------

There are several factors that can contribute to the development of ocular hypertension. These include:

* Genetics: People with a family history of glaucoma are more likely to develop ocular hypertension.
* Age: The risk of developing ocular hypertension increases with age, especially after the age of 40.
* Race: African Americans are at a higher risk of developing ocular hypertension than other races.
* Other health conditions: Certain health conditions, such as diabetes and high blood pressure, can increase the risk of developing ocular hypertension.
* Medications: Long-term use of certain medications, such as steroids, can increase eye pressure.

Symptoms of Ocular Hypertension
---------------------------

Ocular hypertension is often asymptomatic, meaning that there are no noticeable symptoms. However, some people may experience the following symptoms:

* Blurred vision
* Eye pain or discomfort
* Redness of the eye
* Seeing halos around lights
* Nausea and vomiting

Diagnosis of Ocular Hypertension
------------------------------

Ocular hypertension can be diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam. The exam includes:

* Visual acuity test: This test measures how well you can see at different distances.
* Dilated eye exam: This test allows your doctor to examine the inside of your eyes and check for any signs of ocular hypertension.
* Tonometry: This test measures the pressure inside your eyes.
* Ophthalmoscopy: This test allows your doctor to examine the back of your eyes and look for any signs of ocular hypertension.

Treatment of Ocular Hypertension
-----------------------------

There is no cure for ocular hypertension, but there are several treatments that can help manage the condition and prevent vision loss. These include:

* Eye drops: Medicated eye drops can be used to lower eye pressure.
* Oral medications: Oral medications, such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, can be used to lower eye pressure.
* Laser surgery: Laser surgery can be used to increase the drainage of fluid from the eye and lower eye pressure.
* Filtering surgery: Filtering surgery can be used to remove the vitreous gel and reduce eye pressure.

Prevention of Ocular Hypertension
-----------------------------

There is no sure way to prevent ocular hypertension, but there are several steps you can take to lower your risk of developing the condition. These include:

* Getting regular eye exams: Regular eye exams can help detect ocular hypertension early, when it is easier to treat.
* Maintaining a healthy weight: Being overweight or obese can increase your risk of developing ocular hypertension.
* Eating a healthy diet: A diet rich in fruits and vegetables can help keep your eyes healthy.
* Exercising regularly: Regular exercise can help improve blood flow and reduce eye pressure.
* Wearing protective eyewear: Wearing protective eyewear, such as sunglasses, can help protect your eyes from UV radiation and reduce your risk of developing ocular hypertension.

Prognosis of Ocular Hypertension
-----------------------------

The prognosis for ocular hypertension is generally good if the condition is detected and treated early. However, if left untreated, ocular hypertension can lead to vision loss and even blindness. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of ocular hypertension, such as blurred vision, eye pain, or seeing flashes of light.

Treatment for ocular hypertension usually involves medication to lower eye pressure. In some cases, laser surgery may be necessary to improve drainage of fluid from the eye. If left untreated, ocular hypertension can lead to more severe complications, such as glaucoma, which can cause permanent vision loss.

Conclusion
----------

Ocular hypertension is a common condition that can increase your risk of developing glaucoma and other eye problems. While there is no cure for ocular hypertension, early detection and treatment can help prevent complications. By understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for ocular hypertension, you can take steps to protect your vision and maintain good eye health.

FAQs
----

1. Can ocular hypertension be cured?
No, there is no cure for ocular hypertension. However, early detection and treatment can help prevent complications.
2. What are the symptoms of ocular hypertension?
Symptoms of ocular hypertension may include blurred vision, eye pain, seeing flashes of light, and blind spots in your peripheral vision.
3. How is ocular hypertension diagnosed?
Ocular hypertension is typically diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, including a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and tonometry.
4. Can ocular hypertension lead to other eye problems?
Yes, untreated ocular hypertension can increase your risk of developing glaucoma and other eye problems, such as cataracts and optic nerve damage.
5. What are the treatment options for ocular hypertension?
Treatment for ocular hypertension usually involves medication to lower eye pressure, but in some cases, laser surgery may be necessary.
6. Is ocular hypertension inherited?
Yes, ocular hypertension can be inherited, and certain genetic factors can increase your risk of developing the condition.
7. Can ocular hypertension cause blindness?
Yes, if left untreated, ocular hypertension can lead to blindness due to optic nerve damage or glaucoma.
8. How can I reduce my risk of developing ocular hypertension?
You can reduce your risk of developing ocular hypertension by maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and not smoking. It is also important to have regular eye exams, especially if you have a family history of the condition.

There are several subtypes of neovascular glaucoma, including:

1. Rubeosis iridis: This is a type of neovascular glaucoma that occurs when new blood vessels grow on the surface of the iris.
2. Uveitic glaucoma: This is a type of neovascular glaucoma that occurs in people with uveitis, an inflammatory condition that affects the inner layers of the eye.
3. Chronic ocular inflammation: This is a type of neovascular glaucoma that occurs when there is chronic inflammation in the eye, leading to the growth of new blood vessels.

Neovascular glaucoma is typically diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as ultrasound or optical coherence tomography (OCT). Treatment for neovascular glaucoma usually involves medication to reduce inflammation and pressure in the eye, as well as laser surgery to destroy the new blood vessels. In some cases, a trabeculectomy, or filter surgery, may be performed to drain excess fluid from the eye and reduce pressure.

The condition can affect people of all ages but is more common in older adults and those with a history of atopic dermatitis or other skin conditions. The exact cause of exfoliation syndrome is not known, but it is thought to be related to hormonal changes, allergies, and certain medications.

Symptoms of exfoliation syndrome include:

* Widespread redness and scaling of the skin
* Dryness and cracking of the skin
* Itching and burning sensations
* Thickening of the skin
* Crusting and flaking of the skin

If you suspect that you or someone else may have exfoliation syndrome, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can diagnose the condition by examining the skin and performing tests to rule out other conditions.

Treatment for exfoliation syndrome typically involves topical medications such as corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and moisturizers. In severe cases, oral medications may be prescribed. It is important to follow the treatment plan carefully and avoid scratching or rubbing the skin, as this can exacerbate the condition.

In addition to medical treatment, there are several self-care measures that can help manage the symptoms of exfoliation syndrome. These include:

* Keeping the skin moisturized with fragrance-free lotions and creams
* Avoiding harsh soaps and cleansers
* Using cool compresses to reduce itching and inflammation
* Wearing loose, breathable clothing to avoid irritating the skin
* Avoiding exposure to extreme temperatures and humidity

While exfoliation syndrome can be a challenging condition to manage, with proper treatment and self-care, it is possible to improve the symptoms and quality of life.

Some common types of vision disorders include:

1. Myopia (nearsightedness): A condition where close objects are seen clearly, but distant objects appear blurry.
2. Hyperopia (farsightedness): A condition where distant objects are seen clearly, but close objects appear blurry.
3. Astigmatism: A condition where the cornea or lens of the eye is irregularly shaped, causing blurred vision at all distances.
4. Presbyopia: A condition that occurs as people age, where the lens of the eye loses flexibility and makes it difficult to focus on close objects.
5. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye has reduced vision due to abnormal development or injury.
6. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A condition where the eyes are misaligned and point in different directions.
7. Color blindness: A condition where people have difficulty perceiving certain colors, usually red and green.
8. Retinal disorders: Conditions that affect the retina, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, or retinal detachment.
9. Glaucoma: A group of conditions that damage the optic nerve, often due to increased pressure in the eye.
10. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause blurred vision and sensitivity to light.

Vision disorders can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, refraction test, and dilated eye exam. Treatment options for vision disorders depend on the specific condition and may include glasses or contact lenses, medication, surgery, or a combination of these.

What is Hydrophthalmos? | Eye Care Professionals

Hydrophthalmos: What You Need to Know | AllAboutVision.com

There are different types of blindness, including:

1. Congenital blindness: Blindness that is present at birth, often due to genetic mutations or abnormalities in the development of the eye and brain.
2. Acquired blindness: Blindness that develops later in life due to injury, disease, or other factors.
3. Amblyopia: A condition where one eye has reduced vision due to misalignment or other causes.
4. Glaucoma: A group of eye conditions that can damage the optic nerve and lead to blindness if left untreated.
5. Retinitis pigmentosa: A degenerative disease that affects the retina and can cause blindness.
6. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can impair vision and eventually cause blindness if left untreated.
7. Macular degeneration: A condition where the macula, a part of the retina responsible for central vision, deteriorates and causes blindness.

There are various treatments and therapies for blindness, depending on the underlying cause. These may include medications, surgery, low vision aids, and assistive technology such as braille and audio books, screen readers, and voice-controlled software. Rehabilitation programs can also help individuals adapt to blindness and lead fulfilling lives.

There are different types of cataracts, including:

1. Nuclear cataract: This is the most common type of cataract and affects the center of the lens.
2. Cortical cataract: This type of cataract affects the outer layer of the lens and can cause a "halo" effect around lights.
3. Posterior subcapsular cataract: This type of cataract affects the back of the lens and is more common in younger people and those with diabetes.
4. Congenital cataract: This type of cataract is present at birth and can be caused by genetic factors or other conditions.

Symptoms of cataracts can include:

* Blurred vision
* Double vision
* Sensitivity to light
* Glare
* Difficulty seeing at night
* Fading or yellowing of colors

Cataracts can be diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as ultrasound or optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Treatment for cataracts typically involves surgery to remove the clouded lens and replace it with an artificial one called an intraocular lens (IOL). The type of IOL used will depend on the patient's age, visual needs, and other factors. In some cases, cataracts may be removed using a laser-assisted procedure.

In addition to surgery, there are also non-surgical treatments for cataracts, such as glasses or contact lenses, which can help improve vision. However, these treatments do not cure the underlying condition and are only temporary solutions.

It's important to note that cataracts are a common age-related condition and can affect anyone over the age of 40. Therefore, it's important to have regular eye exams to monitor for any changes in vision and to detect cataracts early on.

In summary, cataracts are a clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause blurred vision, double vision, sensitivity to light, and other symptoms. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the clouded lens and replace it with an artificial one, but non-surgical treatments such as glasses or contact lenses may also be used. Regular eye exams are important for detecting cataracts early on and monitoring vision health.

There are many different types of eye diseases, including:

1. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause blurry vision and blindness.
2. Glaucoma: A group of diseases that damage the optic nerve and can lead to vision loss and blindness.
3. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A condition that causes vision loss in older adults due to damage to the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision.
4. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that can cause damage to the blood vessels in the retina and lead to vision loss.
5. Detached retina: A condition where the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, leading to vision loss.
6. Macular hole: A small hole in the macula that can cause vision loss.
7. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye is weaker than the other and has reduced vision.
8. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A condition where the eyes are not aligned properly and point in different directions.
9. Conjunctivitis: An inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids.
10. Dry eye syndrome: A condition where the eyes do not produce enough tears, leading to dryness, itchiness, and irritation.

Eye diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, age, environmental factors, and certain medical conditions. Some eye diseases are inherited, while others are acquired through lifestyle choices or medical conditions.

Symptoms of eye diseases can include blurry vision, double vision, eye pain, sensitivity to light, and redness or inflammation in the eye. Treatment options for eye diseases depend on the specific condition and can range from medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Regular eye exams are important for detecting and managing eye diseases, as many conditions can be treated more effectively if caught early. If you experience any symptoms of eye disease or have concerns about your vision, it is important to see an eye doctor as soon as possible.

Optic atrophy is a condition where there is a degeneration or loss of the optic nerve fibers, leading to vision loss. It can be caused by various factors such as trauma, inflammation, tumors, and certain medical conditions like multiple sclerosis.

The symptoms of optic atrophy may include:

1. Blind spots in the visual field
2. Difficulty perceiving colors
3. Difficulty adjusting to bright light
4. Double vision or other abnormalities in binocular vision
5. Eye pain or discomfort
6. Loss of peripheral vision
7. Nausea and vomiting
8. Sensitivity to light
9. Tunnel vision
10. Weakness or numbness in the face or extremities.

The diagnosis of optic atrophy is based on a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and other specialized tests such as an OCT (optical coherence tomography) scan.

Treatment for optic atrophy depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to manage inflammation or infection, surgery to remove a tumor or repair damaged tissue, or management of associated conditions such as diabetes or multiple sclerosis. In some cases, vision loss due to optic atrophy may be permanent and cannot be reversed, but there are strategies to help improve remaining vision and adapt to any visual impairment.

Scotoma is a term that was first used in the early 19th century to describe blind spots in the visual field caused by defects in the retina or optic nerve. Over time, the term has been broadened to include any type of blind spot or defect in the visual field, regardless of its cause.

There are several different types of scotomas, including:

1. Homonymous hemianopsia: A condition in which there is a blind spot in one side of both eyes, causing difficulty with recognizing objects and people on that side.
2. Hemianopia: A condition in which there is a blind spot in one half of both eyes, often caused by a stroke or brain injury.
3. Quadrantanopia: A condition in which there is a blind spot in one quarter of both eyes, often caused by a stroke or brain injury.
4. Scanning vision: A condition in which the visual field appears to be scanned or sectioned off, often caused by a brain disorder such as multiple sclerosis.
5. Blind spot scotoma: A condition in which there is a small blind spot in the central part of the visual field, often caused by a lesion in the retina or optic nerve.

Scotomas can have a significant impact on daily life, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks such as driving, reading, and recognizing faces. Treatment options for scotomas depend on the underlying cause and may include prism glasses, vision therapy, or surgery. In some cases, scotomas may be a sign of a more serious condition that requires medical attention.

Some common types of eye abnormalities include:

1. Refractive errors: These are errors in the way the eye focuses light, causing blurry vision. Examples include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Amblyopia: This is a condition where the brain favors one eye over the other, causing poor vision in the weaker eye.
3. Cataracts: A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause blurry vision and increase the risk of glaucoma.
4. Glaucoma: This is a group of eye conditions that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss.
5. Macular degeneration: This is a condition where the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision, deteriorates, leading to vision loss.
6. Diabetic retinopathy: This is a complication of diabetes that can damage the blood vessels in the retina and lead to vision loss.
7. Retinal detachment: This is a condition where the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, leading to vision loss.
8. Corneal abnormalities: These are irregularities in the shape or structure of the cornea, such as keratoconus, that can cause blurry vision.
9. Optic nerve disorders: These are conditions that affect the optic nerve, such as optic neuritis, that can cause vision loss.
10. Traumatic eye injuries: These are injuries to the eye or surrounding tissue that can cause vision loss or other eye abnormalities.

Eye abnormalities can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which may include visual acuity tests, refraction tests, and imaging tests such as retinal photography or optical coherence tomography (OCT). Treatment for eye abnormalities depends on the specific condition and may include glasses or contact lenses, medication, surgery, or other therapies.

Synonyms for Aphakia, postcataract include:

* Postoperative aphakia
* Postcataract aphakia
* Aphakic vision loss
* Blindness following cataract surgery

Causes and risk factors for Aphakia, postcataract:

* Cataract surgery: The most common cause of aphakia, postcataract is complications from cataract surgery. During the procedure, the natural lens of the eye may be damaged or removed accidentally.
* Infection: Infections after cataract surgery can cause inflammation and damage to the eye, leading to aphakia.
* Vitreous loss: During cataract surgery, the vitreous gel in the eye may be disturbed or lost, leading to vision loss.

Symptoms of Aphakia, postcataract:

* Blindness or vision loss
* Difficulty seeing objects clearly
* Double vision or ghosting
* Sensitivity to light
* Reduced peripheral vision

Diagnosis and treatment of Aphakia, postcataract:

* Comprehensive eye exam: An ophthalmologist will perform a comprehensive eye exam to determine the cause of the aphakia and assess the extent of vision loss.
* Visual acuity testing: The ophthalmologist will perform visual acuity tests to measure the patient's ability to see objects clearly.
* Retinal imaging: Imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI may be used to evaluate the retina and diagnose any underlying conditions.
* Glasses or contact lenses: In some cases, glasses or contact lenses may be prescribed to improve vision.
* Intracorneal implant: An intracorneal implant may be recommended to improve vision in cases where the natural lens has been removed and there is no cataract present.
* Corneal transplant: In severe cases of aphakia, a corneal transplant may be necessary to restore vision.

Prevention of Aphakia, postcataract:

* Early detection and treatment of cataracts: Regular eye exams can help detect cataracts early, which can improve the chances of preserving vision and avoiding aphakia.
* Proper follow-up care after cataract surgery: Patients who have undergone cataract surgery should follow their postoperative instructions carefully and attend follow-up appointments to ensure that any complications are detected and treated promptly.
* Preventing eye injuries: Protective eyewear can help prevent eye injuries, which can lead to aphakia.

Prognosis of Aphakia, postcataract:
The prognosis for aphakia after cataract surgery is generally good if the condition is detected and treated promptly. With appropriate treatment, many patients can regain some or all of their vision. However, in severe cases or those with complications, the prognosis may be poorer.

It's important to note that aphakia is a rare complication of cataract surgery, and the vast majority of patients who undergo the procedure do not experience this condition. If you have undergone cataract surgery and are experiencing any unusual symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention promptly to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Definition: Aphakia is a congenital or acquired condition characterized by the absence of the crystalline lens in one or both eyes. It can be classified into different types based on the severity and location of the defect.

Types of Aphakia:

1. Microphthalmia: This type of aphakia is characterized by a small eye that may or may not have a lens.
2. Anophthalmia: This is the most severe form of aphakia where one or both eyes are completely absent.
3. Coloboma: This type of aphakia is characterized by a hole in one of the structures of the eye, such as the iris or retina.

Causes: Aphakia can be caused by genetic mutations, acquired injuries, or infections during pregnancy or childhood. Some of the known causes of aphakia include:

1. Genetic disorders: Certain genetic conditions, such as Turner syndrome, can increase the risk of developing aphakia.
2. Infections: Infections such as rubella or toxoplasmosis during pregnancy can increase the risk of aphakia in the developing fetus.
3. Trauma: Injuries to the eye or head can cause aphakia, especially if they occur during childhood.
4. Tumors: Certain tumors, such as retinoblastoma, can cause aphakia if left untreated.

Symptoms: The symptoms of aphakia can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the age of onset. Some common symptoms include:

1. Blindness or vision loss in one or both eyes
2. Abnormal head positioning or posture
3. Difficulty with depth perception
4. Squinting or tilting the head to see objects clearly
5. Increased sensitivity to light
6. Lazy eye (amblyopia)
7. Poor pupillary reflex
8. Abnormal retinal development
9. Increased risk of other ocular abnormalities, such as cataracts or glaucoma

Diagnosis: Aphakia can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, including a visual acuity test, refraction test, and ophthalmoscopy. Imaging tests, such as ultrasound or MRI, may also be used to evaluate the structure of the eye and detect any underlying conditions.

Treatment: The treatment for aphakia depends on the severity of the condition and the age of onset. Some possible treatments include:

1. Glasses or contact lenses: To correct refractive errors and improve vision.
2. Patching: To strengthen the weaker eye and improve amblyopia.
3. Atropine therapy: To reduce the amount of accommodation and improve alignment of the eyes.
4. Orthoptic exercises: To improve eye movement and alignment.
5. Surgery: To correct refractive errors, align the eyes properly, or remove any cataracts or other ocular abnormalities.
6. Prosthetic implantation: In some cases, a prosthetic eye may be recommended to restore the natural appearance of the eye and improve vision.

Prognosis: The prognosis for aphakia varies depending on the severity of the condition and the age of onset. In general, early diagnosis and treatment can improve the chances of successful management and a good visual outcome. However, some individuals with aphakia may experience long-term vision loss or other complications, such as amblyopia or glaucoma. Regular follow-up with an eye care professional is important to monitor the condition and adjust treatment as needed.

Here are some common types of conjunctival diseases:

1. Conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, often caused by a virus or bacteria. It can be highly contagious and can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.
2. Pink eye: This is a common term for conjunctivitis that is caused by a virus or bacteria. It can be highly contagious and can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.
3. Dry eye syndrome: This is a condition where the eyes do not produce enough tears, leading to dryness, itching, and irritation.
4. Allergic conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by an allergic reaction to pollen, dust, or other substances. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and tearing.
5. Contact lens-related conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by wearing contact lenses that are not properly cleaned and maintained. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.
6. Trachoma: This is a bacterial infection of the conjunctiva that is common in developing countries. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and scarring.
7. Blepharitis: This is an inflammation of the eyelids and conjunctiva caused by poor eyelid hygiene or a bacterial infection. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and tearing.
8. Meibomian gland dysfunction: This is a condition where the meibomian glands in the eyelids do not function properly, leading to dryness, itching, and irritation of the eyes.
9. Pink eye (viral conjunctivitis): This is an infection of the conjunctiva caused by a virus, such as the common cold or flu. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.
10. Chlamydial conjunctivitis: This is an infection of the conjunctiva caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.

It's important to note that while these conditions may have similar symptoms, they require different treatments and diagnoses. If you suspect you have conjunctivitis or any other eye condition, it's important to consult an eye doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Pseudophakia is considered a rare condition, as most cataract surgeries involve removal of the entire natural lens. However, there are certain situations where leaving behind some residual lens material can be beneficial, such as in cases where the patient has severe astigmatism or presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).

The presence of pseudophakia can affect the visual outcome and refractive status of the eye, and may require additional surgical intervention to optimize visual acuity. It is important for ophthalmologists to be aware of this condition and consider it when evaluating patients with cataracts or other eye conditions.

Examples:

* Pupillary anomalies: Abnormalities in the size, shape, or position of the pupil.
* Pupillary block: A condition where the pupil is unable to open properly due to a blockage or obstruction.
* Pupillary dilation: The widening of the pupil, which can be a sign of certain medical conditions.
* Pupillary constriction: The narrowing of the pupil, which can be a sign of other medical conditions.

Symptoms:

* Difficulty seeing or blurred vision
* Sensitivity to light
* Eye pain or discomfort
* Redness or swelling of the eye
* Difficulty moving the eyes

Diagnosis:

* Comprehensive eye exam
* Pupillary reactivity test: Measures how responsive the pupils are to light.
* Ophthalmoscopy: Examines the interior of the eye, including the retina and optic nerve.

Treatment:

* Glasses or contact lenses to correct refractive errors
* Medication to treat underlying conditions such as infection or inflammation
* Surgery to remove blockages or repair damaged tissue
* Pupillary dilators to widen the pupil and improve vision.

Examples of retinal diseases include:

1. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): a leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 50, AMD affects the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision.
2. Diabetic retinopathy (DR): a complication of diabetes that damages blood vessels in the retina and can cause blindness.
3. Retinal detachment: a condition where the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, causing vision loss.
4. Macular edema: swelling of the macula that can cause vision loss.
5. Retinal vein occlusion (RVO): a blockage of the small veins in the retina that can cause vision loss.
6. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP): a group of inherited disorders that affect the retina and can cause progressive vision loss.
7. Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA): an inherited disorder that causes blindness or severe visual impairment at birth or in early childhood.
8. Stargardt disease: a rare inherited disorder that affects the retina and can cause progressive vision loss, usually starting in childhood.
9. Juvenile macular degeneration: a rare inherited disorder that causes vision loss in young adults.
10. Retinal dystrophy: a group of inherited disorders that affect the retina and can cause progressive vision loss.

Retinal diseases can be diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) or fluorescein angiography. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and can include medication, laser surgery, or vitrectomy.

It's important to note that many retinal diseases can be inherited, so if you have a family history of eye problems, it's important to discuss your risk factors with your eye doctor. Early detection and treatment can help preserve vision and improve quality of life for those affected by these diseases.

Disease progression can be classified into several types based on the pattern of worsening:

1. Chronic progressive disease: In this type, the disease worsens steadily over time, with a gradual increase in symptoms and decline in function. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and Parkinson's disease.
2. Acute progressive disease: This type of disease worsens rapidly over a short period, often followed by periods of stability. Examples include sepsis, acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), and stroke.
3. Cyclical disease: In this type, the disease follows a cycle of worsening and improvement, with periodic exacerbations and remissions. Examples include multiple sclerosis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Recurrent disease: This type is characterized by episodes of worsening followed by periods of recovery. Examples include migraine headaches, asthma, and appendicitis.
5. Catastrophic disease: In this type, the disease progresses rapidly and unpredictably, with a poor prognosis. Examples include cancer, AIDS, and organ failure.

Disease progression can be influenced by various factors, including:

1. Genetics: Some diseases are inherited and may have a predetermined course of progression.
2. Lifestyle: Factors such as smoking, lack of exercise, and poor diet can contribute to disease progression.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins, allergens, and other environmental stressors can influence disease progression.
4. Medical treatment: The effectiveness of medical treatment can impact disease progression, either by slowing or halting the disease process or by causing unintended side effects.
5. Co-morbidities: The presence of multiple diseases or conditions can interact and affect each other's progression.

Understanding the type and factors influencing disease progression is essential for developing effective treatment plans and improving patient outcomes.

Low vision is not the same as blindness, but it does affect an individual's ability to perform daily activities such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces. The condition can be treated with low vision aids such as specialized glasses, telescopes, and video magnifiers that enhance visual acuity and improve the ability to see objects and details more clearly.

In the medical field, Low Vision is often used interchangeably with the term "visual impairment" which refers to any degree of vision loss that cannot be corrected by regular glasses or contact lenses. Visual impairment can range from mild to severe and can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life.

Low Vision is a common condition among older adults, with approximately 20% of people over the age of 65 experiencing some degree of visual impairment. However, Low Vision can also affect younger individuals, particularly those with certain eye conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa or other inherited eye disorders.

Overall, Low Vision is a condition that affects an individual's ability to see clearly and perform daily activities, and it is important for individuals experiencing vision loss to seek medical attention to determine the cause of their symptoms and explore available treatment options.

The normal IOP range for adults is between 10-21 mmHg, and any reading below 6 mmHg is considered hypotensive. Ocular hypotension can be caused by a variety of factors such as medication use, trauma, or certain medical conditions.

Symptoms of ocular hypotension include blurred vision, sensitivity to light, and eye pain. Treatment options may vary depending on the underlying cause but may include medications, laser surgery, or other interventions aimed at increasing IOP. Early diagnosis and management are essential to prevent more severe complications.

1. Keratoconus: This is a progressive thinning of the cornea that can cause it to bulge into a cone-like shape, leading to blurred vision and sensitivity to light.
2. Fuchs' dystrophy: This is a condition in which the cells in the innermost layer of the cornea become damaged, leading to clouding and blurred vision.
3. Bullous keratopathy: This is a condition in which there is a large, fluid-filled bubble on the surface of the cornea, which can cause blurred vision and discomfort.
4. Corneal ulcers: These are open sores on the surface of the cornea that can be caused by infection or other conditions.
5. Dry eye syndrome: This is a condition in which the eyes do not produce enough tears, leading to dryness, irritation, and blurred vision.
6. Corneal abrasions: These are scratches on the surface of the cornea that can be caused by injury or other conditions.
7. Trachoma: This is an infectious eye disease that can cause scarring and blindness if left untreated.
8. Ocular herpes: This is a viral infection that can cause blisters on the surface of the cornea and lead to scarring and vision loss if left untreated.
9. Endophthalmitis: This is an inflammation of the inner layer of the eye that can be caused by bacterial or fungal infections, and can lead to severe vision loss if left untreated.
10. Corneal neovascularization: This is the growth of new blood vessels into the cornea, which can be a complication of other conditions such as dry eye syndrome or ocular trauma.

These are just a few examples of the many different types of corneal diseases that can affect the eyes. It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms such as pain, redness, or blurred vision in one or both eyes. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and preserve vision.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

Types of Eye Injuries:

1. Corneal abrasion: A scratch on the cornea, the clear outer layer of the eye.
2. Conjunctival bleeding: Bleeding in the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye.
3. Hyphema: Blood in the space between the iris and the cornea.
4. Hemorrhage: Bleeding in the eyelid or under the retina.
5. Retinal detachment: Separation of the retina from the underlying tissue, which can cause vision loss if not treated promptly.
6. Optic nerve damage: Damage to the nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain, which can cause vision loss or blindness.
7. Orbital injury: Injury to the bones and tissues surrounding the eye, which can cause double vision, swelling, or vision loss.

Symptoms of Eye Injuries:

1. Pain in the eye or around the eye
2. Redness and swelling of the eye or eyelid
3. Difficulty seeing or blurred vision
4. Sensitivity to light
5. Double vision or loss of vision
6. Discharge or crusting around the eye
7. Swelling of the eyelids or face

Treatment of Eye Injuries:

1. Depending on the severity and nature of the injury, treatment may include antibiotics, pain relief medication, or surgery.
2. In some cases, a tube may be inserted into the eye to help drain fluid or prevent pressure from building up.
3. In severe cases, vision may not return completely, but there are many options for corrective glasses and contact lenses to improve remaining vision.
4. It is essential to seek medical attention immediately if there is a foreign object in the eye, as this can cause further damage if left untreated.
5. In cases of penetrating trauma, such as a blow to the eye, it is important to seek medical attention right away, even if there are no immediate signs of injury.
6. Follow-up appointments with an ophthalmologist are essential to monitor healing and address any complications that may arise.

1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.

It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.

Lens subluxation is a condition where the crystalline lens of the eye partially or completely dislocates from its normal position behind the iris, causing visual impairment and potential vision loss. It can occur due to various causes such as trauma, inflammation, or degenerative changes.

The term "subluxation" means a partial dislocation of a structure, and in the context of the crystalline lens, it refers to the displacement of the lens from its normal position in the eye.

Lens subluxation can be classified into several types based on the location and extent of the displacement:

1. Posterior subluxation: The lens is displaced backward, away from the iris.
2. Anterior subluxation: The lens is displaced forward, towards the iris.
3. Total subluxation: The lens is completely dislocated from its normal position.

Symptoms of lens subluxation can include blurred vision, double vision, eye pain, and sensitivity to light. Treatment options depend on the severity and cause of the condition, and may include glasses or contact lenses, medication, or surgery.

In summary, lens subluxation is a condition where the crystalline lens of the eye partially or completely dislocates from its normal position, leading to visual impairment and potential vision loss. It can occur due to various causes and can be classified into several types based on the location and extent of the displacement.

Myopia can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Genetics: Myopia can run in families, and people with a family history of myopia are more likely to develop the condition.
2. Near work: Spending too much time doing close-up activities such as reading or using digital devices can increase the risk of developing myopia.
3. Poor posture: Slouching or leaning forward can cause the eye to focus incorrectly, leading to myopia.
4. Nutritional deficiencies: A diet lacking in essential nutrients such as vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids may contribute to the development of myopia.
5. Eye stress: Prolonged eye strain due to excessive near work or other activities can lead to myopia.

Symptoms of myopia include:

1. Difficulty seeing distant objects clearly
2. Headaches or eye strain from trying to focus on distant objects
3. Squinting or rubbing the eyes to try to see distant objects more clearly
4. Difficulty seeing in low light conditions
5. Blurry vision at a distance, with close objects appearing clear.

Myopia can be diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, refraction test, and retinoscopy. Treatment options for myopia include:

1. Glasses or contact lenses: These corrective lenses refract light properly onto the retina, allowing clear vision of both close and distant objects.
2. Laser eye surgery: Procedures such as LASIK can reshape the cornea to improve its curvature and reduce myopia.
3. Orthokeratology (ORTHO-K): A non-surgical procedure that uses a specialized contact lens to reshape the cornea while you sleep.
4. Myopia control: This involves using certain treatments or techniques to slow down the progression of myopia in children and young adults.
5. Multifocal lenses: These lenses have multiple focal points, allowing for clear vision of both near and distant objects without the need for glasses or contact lenses.

In conclusion, myopia is a common vision condition that can be caused by a variety of factors and symptoms can include difficulty seeing distant objects clearly, headaches, and eye strain. Treatment options include glasses or contact lenses, laser eye surgery, ORTHO-K, myopia control, and multifocal lenses. It is important to consult an eye doctor for a comprehensive evaluation and to determine the best course of treatment for your specific case of myopia.

Retinal hemorrhage can cause vision loss or blindness if not treated promptly. The bleeding can lead to scarring, which can cause permanent damage to the retina and affect vision. In some cases, retinal hemorrhage can be a sign of a more serious underlying condition that requires immediate medical attention.

Retinal hemorrhage is diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as fluorescein angiography or optical coherence tomography. Treatment options for retinal hemorrhage depend on the underlying cause and can include laser surgery, medication, or vitrectomy.

In summary, retinal hemorrhage is a serious condition that can cause vision loss or blindness if not treated promptly. It is essential to seek medical attention if symptoms such as blurred vision, flashes of light, or floaters are noticed. Early detection and treatment can help prevent or reduce vision loss in cases of retinal hemorrhage.

Types of Optic Nerve Injuries:

1. Traumatic optic neuropathy: This type of injury is caused by direct damage to the optic nerve as a result of trauma, such as a car accident or sports injury.
2. Ischemic optic neuropathy: This type of injury is caused by a lack of blood flow to the optic nerve, which can lead to cell death and vision loss.
3. Inflammatory optic neuropathy: This type of injury is caused by inflammation of the optic nerve, which can be caused by conditions such as multiple sclerosis or sarcoidosis.
4. Tumor-induced optic neuropathy: This type of injury is caused by a tumor that compresses or damages the optic nerve.
5. Congenital optic nerve disorders: These are present at birth and can cause vision loss or blindness. Examples include optic nerve hypoplasia and coloboma.

Symptoms of Optic Nerve Injuries:

* Blurred vision or double vision
* Loss of peripheral vision
* Difficulty seeing in dim lighting
* Pain or discomfort in the eye or head
* Redness or swelling of the eye

Diagnosis and Treatment of Optic Nerve Injuries:

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans, and visual field testing. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the injury, but may include medication, surgery, or vision rehabilitation. In some cases, vision loss may be permanent, but early diagnosis and treatment can help to minimize the extent of the damage.

Prognosis for Optic Nerve Injuries:

The prognosis for optic nerve injuries varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the injury. In some cases, vision may be partially or fully restored with treatment. However, in other cases, vision loss may be permanent. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if any symptoms of an optic nerve injury are present, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes.

Symptoms of Sturge-Weber Syndrome can vary in severity and may include:

* Port-wine stain (nevus flammeus) on one side of the face and/or neck
* Seizures, including epilepsy
* Developmental delays and intellectual disability
* Vision problems, including glaucoma, cataracts, and visual field defects
* Hearing loss
* Scoliosis or other spinal abnormalities
* Weakened muscles (hypotonia)

There is no cure for Sturge-Weber Syndrome, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms. These may include:

* Anticonvulsant medications to control seizures
* Surgery to remove the port-wine stain or repair related eye problems
* Physical therapy to improve muscle strength and coordination
* Speech and language therapy to address communication difficulties
* Occupational therapy to help with daily living skills

The prognosis for Sturge-Weber Syndrome varies depending on the severity of the disorder and the presence of other health problems. Some individuals with the condition may have a relatively mild course, while others may experience more significant challenges. With appropriate medical care and support, many individuals with Sturge-Weber Syndrome can lead fulfilling lives.

Blisters are caused by friction or rubbing against a surface, which causes the top layer of skin to separate from the underlying layer. This separation creates a space that fills with fluid, forming a blister. Blisters can also be caused by burns, chemical exposure, or other types of injury.

There are different types of blisters, including:

1. Friction blisters: These are the most common type of blister and are caused by friction or rubbing against a surface. They are often seen on the hands, feet, and buttocks.
2. Burn blisters: These are caused by burns and can be more severe than friction blisters.
3. Chemical blisters: These are caused by exposure to chemicals and can be very painful.
4. Blisters caused by medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as epidermolysis bullosa (a genetic disorder that affects the skin), can cause blisters to form easily.

Blisters can be treated in several ways, depending on their size and location. Small blisters may not require treatment and can heal on their own within a few days. Larger blisters may need to be drained and covered with a bandage to prevent infection. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary.

Preventing blisters is key to avoiding the discomfort and pain they can cause. To prevent blisters, it is important to:

1. Wear properly fitting shoes and clothing to reduce friction.
2. Use lubricating creams or powders to reduce friction.
3. Take regular breaks to rest and allow the skin to recover.
4. Avoid using harsh chemicals or detergents that can cause irritation.
5. Keep the affected area clean and dry to prevent infection.

In conclusion, blisters are a common and uncomfortable condition that can be caused by a variety of factors. While they can be treated and managed, prevention is key to avoiding the discomfort and pain they can cause. By taking steps to prevent blisters and seeking medical attention if they do occur, individuals can reduce their risk of developing this uncomfortable condition.

There are several types of lens diseases or disorders, including:

1. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens that can cause blurred vision, double vision, and sensitivity to light. It is one of the most common causes of vision loss in older adults.
2. Astigmatism: An irregularly shaped lens that can cause blurred or distorted vision at all distances.
3. Presbyopia: A age-related condition that affects the lens' ability to accommodate, making it difficult to focus on close objects.
4. Dyslexia: A condition where the eye's lens is unable to properly focus images, leading to blurred or distorted vision.
5. Lens subluxation: A condition where the lens becomes dislocated and pushes against the iris, causing pain and blurred vision.
6. Lens luxation: A condition where the lens is completely dislocated from its normal position and can cause blindness if left untreated.
7. Traumatic cataract: A cataract that develops after an eye injury.
8. Congenital cataract: A cataract that is present at birth.
9. Secondary cataract: A cataract that develops as a complication of another eye condition, such as uveitis or diabetes.
10. Lens opacification: A clouding of the lens that can cause blurred vision and is often seen in people with diabetes or other systemic conditions.

These are some of the most common types of lens diseases, but there are others that can affect the lens of the eye as well. Treatment for lens diseases can range from glasses or contact lenses to surgery, depending on the severity and type of condition. Regular eye exams are important for early detection and treatment of these conditions to prevent vision loss.

Iris neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the iris, which is the colored part of the eye. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Types of Iris Neoplasms[2]

There are several types of iris neoplasms, including:

1. Iridescent tumors: These are benign growths that are usually found in the periphery of the iris and can cause changes in the color and shape of the eye.
2. Melanocytic tumors: These are malignant growths that develop from the pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) in the iris. They can be either benign or malignant.
3. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the eye from another part of the body, usually through the bloodstream.

Symptoms of Iris Neoplasms[3]

The symptoms of iris neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the growth. Common symptoms include:

1. Changes in eye color or shape
2. Blurred vision or double vision
3. Sensitivity to light
4. Eye pain or discomfort
5. Redness or swelling of the eye

Diagnosis and Treatment of Iris Neoplasms[4]

Iris neoplasms can be diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which may include imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. The treatment of iris neoplasms depends on the type and severity of the growth. Benign tumors may not require treatment, while malignant tumors may need to be removed with surgery. In some cases, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be recommended.

Prognosis of Iris Neoplasms[5]

The prognosis for iris neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the growth. In general, the earlier the diagnosis and treatment, the better the outcome. Benign tumors tend to have a good prognosis, while malignant tumors can be more aggressive and may have a poorer prognosis if left untreated.

Prevention of Iris Neoplasms[6]

There is no known prevention for iris neoplasms, as the causes are not fully understood. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. Regular eye exams can help detect any changes in the iris, and prompt treatment can help prevent complications.

In conclusion, iris neoplasms are rare growths that can occur in the iris of the eye. While the symptoms can be concerning, the prognosis is generally good if diagnosed and treated early. Regular eye exams can help detect any changes in the iris and prevent complications. If you experience any unusual symptoms, it's important to see an eye doctor right away for a comprehensive exam.

There are many different types of uveal diseases, including:

1. Uveitis: This is inflammation of the uvea, which can be caused by a variety of factors such as infection, injury, or autoimmune disorders.
2. Iridocyclitis: This is inflammation of the iris and ciliary body.
3. Choroiditis: This is inflammation of the choroid layer of the uvea.
4. Retinal vein occlusion: This is a blockage of the veins that carry blood away from the retina, which can cause vision loss.
5. Macular edema: This is swelling of the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision.
6. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): This is a condition that affects the macula and can cause vision loss over time.
7. Diabetic retinopathy: This is a complication of diabetes that can cause damage to the blood vessels in the retina and lead to vision loss.
8. Retinal detachment: This is a condition where the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, leading to vision loss.
9. Retinal vein thrombosis: This is a blockage of the veins that carry blood away from the retina, which can cause vision loss.
10. Uveal melanoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the uvea and can be potentially life-threatening.

These are just a few examples of uveal diseases, and there are many other conditions that can affect the uvea as well. Treatment options for uveal diseases vary depending on the specific condition and its cause, but may include medications, laser surgery, or other procedures to treat inflammation, reduce swelling, or remove tumors.

Some common symptoms of corneal edema include:

* Blurred vision
* Haziness or clouding of the cornea
* Increased sensitivity to light
* Redness or discharge in the eye
* Pain or discomfort in the eye

Corneal edema can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which may include a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as cornea scans or ultrasound. Treatment for corneal edema depends on the underlying cause and may involve antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, or other therapies to reduce swelling and promote healing. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove scar tissue or improve drainage of fluid from the eye.

If left untreated, corneal edema can lead to more serious complications such as corneal ulcers or vision loss. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of corneal edema to prevent any further damage and ensure proper treatment.

Cicatrix is a term used to describe the scar tissue that forms after an injury or surgery. It is made up of collagen fibers and other cells, and its formation is a natural part of the healing process. The cicatrix can be either hypertrophic (raised) or atrophic (depressed), depending on the severity of the original wound.

The cicatrix serves several important functions in the healing process, including:

1. Protection: The cicatrix helps to protect the underlying tissue from further injury and provides a barrier against infection.
2. Strength: The collagen fibers in the cicatrix give the scar tissue strength and flexibility, allowing it to withstand stress and strain.
3. Support: The cicatrix provides support to the surrounding tissue, helping to maintain the shape of the affected area.
4. Cosmetic appearance: The appearance of the cicatrix can affect the cosmetic outcome of a wound or surgical incision. Hypertrophic scars are typically red and raised, while atrophic scars are depressed and may be less noticeable.

While the formation of cicatrix is a normal part of the healing process, there are some conditions that can affect its development or appearance. For example, keloid scars are raised, thick scars that can form as a result of an overactive immune response to injury. Acne scars can also be difficult to treat and may leave a lasting impression on the skin.

In conclusion, cicatrix is an important part of the healing process after an injury or surgery. It provides protection, strength, support, and can affect the cosmetic appearance of the affected area. Understanding the formation and functions of cicatrix can help medical professionals to better manage wound healing and improve patient outcomes.

The retina is a layer of cells that lines the inside of the eye and senses light to send visual signals to the brain. When the retina becomes detached, it can no longer function properly, leading to vision loss or distortion.

Retinal detachment can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Age-related changes: As we age, the vitreous gel that fills the eye can become more liquid and pull away from the retina, causing a retinal detachment.
2. Injury or trauma: A blow to the head or a penetrating injury can cause a retinal detachment.
3. Medical conditions: Certain conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and sickle cell disease, can increase the risk of developing a retinal detachment.
4. Genetic factors: Some people may be more prone to developing a retinal detachment due to inherited genetic factors.

Symptoms of retinal detachment may include:

1. Flashes of light: People may see flashes of light in the peripheral vision.
2. Floaters: Specks or cobwebs may appear in the vision, particularly in the periphery.
3. Blurred vision: Blurred vision or distorted vision may occur as the retina becomes detached.
4. Loss of vision: In severe cases, a retinal detachment can cause a complete loss of vision in one eye.

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. A comprehensive eye exam can diagnose a retinal detachment and determine the appropriate treatment.

Treatment for retinal detachment typically involves surgery to reattach the retina to the underlying tissue. In some cases, laser surgery may be used to seal off any tears or holes in the retina that caused the detachment. In more severe cases, a scleral buckle or other device may be implanted to support the retina and prevent further detachment.

In addition to surgical treatment, there are some lifestyle changes you can make to help reduce your risk of developing a retinal detachment:

1. Quit smoking: Smoking has been linked to an increased risk of retinal detachment. Quitting smoking can help reduce this risk.
2. Maintain a healthy blood pressure: High blood pressure can increase the risk of retinal detachment. Monitoring and controlling your blood pressure can help reduce this risk.
3. Wear protective eyewear: If you participate in activities that could potentially cause eye injury, such as sports or working with hazardous materials, wearing protective eyewear can help reduce the risk of retinal detachment.
4. Get regular eye exams: Regular comprehensive eye exams can help detect any potential issues with the retina before they become serious problems.

Overall, a retinal detachment is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention to prevent long-term vision loss. By understanding the causes and symptoms of retinal detachment, as well as making lifestyle changes to reduce your risk, you can help protect your vision and maintain good eye health.

Explanation: Genetic predisposition to disease is influenced by multiple factors, including the presence of inherited genetic mutations or variations, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. The likelihood of developing a particular disease can be increased by inherited genetic mutations that affect the functioning of specific genes or biological pathways. For example, inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer.

The expression of genetic predisposition to disease can vary widely, and not all individuals with a genetic predisposition will develop the disease. Additionally, many factors can influence the likelihood of developing a particular disease, such as environmental exposures, lifestyle choices, and other health conditions.

Inheritance patterns: Genetic predisposition to disease can be inherited in an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or multifactorial pattern, depending on the specific disease and the genetic mutations involved. Autosomal dominant inheritance means that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the disease, while autosomal recessive inheritance requires two copies of the mutated gene. Multifactorial inheritance involves multiple genes and environmental factors contributing to the development of the disease.

Examples of diseases with a known genetic predisposition:

1. Huntington's disease: An autosomal dominant disorder caused by an expansion of a CAG repeat in the Huntingtin gene, leading to progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.
2. Cystic fibrosis: An autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, leading to respiratory and digestive problems.
3. BRCA1/2-related breast and ovarian cancer: An inherited increased risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer due to mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.
4. Sickle cell anemia: An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a point mutation in the HBB gene, leading to defective hemoglobin production and red blood cell sickling.
5. Type 1 diabetes: An autoimmune disease caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including multiple genes in the HLA complex.

Understanding the genetic basis of disease can help with early detection, prevention, and treatment. For example, genetic testing can identify individuals who are at risk for certain diseases, allowing for earlier intervention and preventive measures. Additionally, understanding the genetic basis of a disease can inform the development of targeted therapies and personalized medicine."


Ectopia Lentis can be classified into two main types:

1. Ectopia Lentis Syndrome: This is a more severe form of the disorder, where the lens is displaced from its normal position and may be attached to the iris or other structures in the eye. This type is often associated with other congenital anomalies such as cataracts, glaucoma, and microphthalmia.
2. Ectopia Lentis Isolated: This is a milder form of the disorder, where the lens is displaced but not attached to other structures in the eye.

The exact cause of Ectopia Lentis is unknown, but it is believed to be due to genetic mutations or environmental factors during fetal development. The symptoms of the condition can vary depending on the severity and location of the displacement, but may include:

* Blurred vision
* Double vision
* Squinting or crossing of the eyes
* Light sensitivity
* Eye pain or discomfort
* Reduced visual acuity

Diagnosis of Ectopia Lentis is typically made through a comprehensive eye exam, including a visual acuity test, refraction test, and retinoscopy. Imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI may also be used to confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity of the condition.

Treatment for Ectopia Lentis depends on the severity of the condition and may include:

* Glasses or contact lenses to correct refractive errors
* Surgery to reposition the lens or remove a cataract
* Prism glasses or lenses to align the images seen by each eye
* In some cases, enucleation (removal) of the affected eye may be necessary if the condition is severe and causes significant vision loss.

It's important for individuals with Ectopia Lentis to receive regular follow-up care from an ophthalmologist to monitor the progression of the condition and adjust treatment as needed. With appropriate management, many individuals with Ectopia Lentis can achieve good visual acuity and a satisfactory quality of life.

Myopia occurs when the eyeball is too long or the cornea is too steep, causing light to focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it. Hyperopia is the opposite, where the eyeball is too short or the cornea is too flat, causing light to focus behind the retina. Astigmatism is caused by an irregularly shaped cornea, which causes light to focus at multiple points instead of one. Presbyopia is a loss of near vision that occurs as people age, making it harder to see close objects clearly.

In addition to these common refractive errors, there are other, less common conditions that can affect the eyes and cause blurred vision, such as amblyopia (lazy eye), strabismus (crossed eyes), and retinal detachment. These conditions can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, injury, or disease.

Refractive errors can have a significant impact on daily life, affecting everything from work and school performance to social interactions and overall quality of life. Fortunately, with the help of corrective lenses or surgery, many people are able to achieve clear vision and lead fulfilling lives.

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

In this article, we will explore the definition and impact of chronic diseases, as well as strategies for managing and living with them. We will also discuss the importance of early detection and prevention, as well as the role of healthcare providers in addressing the needs of individuals with chronic diseases.

What is a Chronic Disease?

A chronic disease is a condition that lasts for an extended period of time, often affecting daily life and activities. Unlike acute diseases, which have a specific beginning and end, chronic diseases are long-term and persistent. Examples of chronic diseases include:

1. Diabetes
2. Heart disease
3. Arthritis
4. Asthma
5. Cancer
6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
7. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
8. Hypertension
9. Osteoporosis
10. Stroke

Impact of Chronic Diseases

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the WHO. In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

Chronic diseases can also have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, limiting their ability to participate in activities they enjoy and affecting their relationships with family and friends. Moreover, the financial burden of chronic diseases can lead to poverty and reduce economic productivity, thus having a broader societal impact.

Addressing Chronic Diseases

Given the significant burden of chronic diseases, it is essential that we address them effectively. This requires a multi-faceted approach that includes:

1. Lifestyle modifications: Encouraging healthy behaviors such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and smoking cessation can help prevent and manage chronic diseases.
2. Early detection and diagnosis: Identifying risk factors and detecting diseases early can help prevent or delay their progression.
3. Medication management: Effective medication management is crucial for controlling symptoms and slowing disease progression.
4. Multi-disciplinary care: Collaboration between healthcare providers, patients, and families is essential for managing chronic diseases.
5. Health promotion and disease prevention: Educating individuals about the risks of chronic diseases and promoting healthy behaviors can help prevent their onset.
6. Addressing social determinants of health: Social determinants such as poverty, education, and employment can have a significant impact on health outcomes. Addressing these factors is essential for reducing health disparities and improving overall health.
7. Investing in healthcare infrastructure: Investing in healthcare infrastructure, technology, and research is necessary to improve disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
8. Encouraging policy change: Policy changes can help create supportive environments for healthy behaviors and reduce the burden of chronic diseases.
9. Increasing public awareness: Raising public awareness about the risks and consequences of chronic diseases can help individuals make informed decisions about their health.
10. Providing support for caregivers: Chronic diseases can have a significant impact on family members and caregivers, so providing them with support is essential for improving overall health outcomes.

Conclusion

Chronic diseases are a major public health burden that affect millions of people worldwide. Addressing these diseases requires a multi-faceted approach that includes lifestyle changes, addressing social determinants of health, investing in healthcare infrastructure, encouraging policy change, increasing public awareness, and providing support for caregivers. By taking a comprehensive approach to chronic disease prevention and management, we can improve the health and well-being of individuals and communities worldwide.

Photophobia can be caused by various factors, including:

1. Eye conditions like cataracts, glaucoma, or retinal detachment
2. Medications like tranquilizers, antidepressants, or antihistamines
3. Head injuries or brain disorders
4. Chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis or migraines
5. Vitamin deficiencies like vitamin A or B12
6. Exposure to certain chemicals or toxins

Symptoms of photophobia may include:

1. Discomfort or pain in the eyes when exposed to light
2. Blurred vision or sensitivity to glare
3. Difficulty seeing in bright environments
4. Headaches or migraines triggered by light exposure
5. Nausea or dizziness
6. Sensitivity to light that worsens over time

Diagnosis of photophobia typically involves a comprehensive eye exam to rule out any underlying eye conditions. Medical history and lifestyle factors may also be considered to identify potential causes. Treatment options for photophobia depend on the underlying cause, but may include:

1. Eyewear with tinted lenses or UV protection
2. Medications to reduce light sensitivity or alleviate symptoms
3. Adjustments to lighting environments
4. Lifestyle changes like avoiding bright lights, wearing sunglasses, or using a brimmed hat
5. Treatment of underlying conditions or diseases causing photophobia.

In summary, photophobia is a condition characterized by an excessive sensitivity to light, which can cause various discomforts and symptoms. Identifying the underlying cause through comprehensive diagnosis and implementing appropriate treatment options can help alleviate these symptoms and improve quality of life for individuals experiencing photophobia.

Anterior uveitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, autoimmune disorders, and trauma. It is often diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI, and laboratory tests to rule out other conditions. Treatment options for anterior uveitis depend on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and surgery to remove any affected tissue.

In summary, anterior uveitis is a type of inflammation that occurs in the front part of the eye, which can cause symptoms such as redness, pain, blurred vision, and sensitivity to light. It can be caused by a variety of factors and diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests, and laboratory tests. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and surgery.

1. Nail deformities: The nails may be misshapen, thickened, or have an irregular surface.
2. Kneecap deformities: The patellae may be small, misshapen, or dislocated.
3. Elbow deformities: The elbows may be bowed or stiff.
4. Skin problems: Some individuals with nail-patella syndrome may experience skin problems such as thickened skin on the palms and soles.
5. Joint pain: Pain in the joints, particularly the knees and elbows, is a common symptom of nail-patella syndrome.

Nail-patella syndrome is caused by mutations in the GDF6 gene, which plays a crucial role in the development of the nails, patellae, and elbow joints. The condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the condition.

There is no cure for nail-patella syndrome, but treatment options are available to manage the symptoms. These may include physical therapy, bracing, and medication to relieve pain and improve joint mobility. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to correct deformities or repair damaged tissue.

Early diagnosis of nail-patella syndrome is essential to prevent complications and manage the condition effectively. A healthcare provider will typically perform a physical examination and review the patient's medical history to make a diagnosis. Imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans may also be ordered to confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity of the condition.

There are several different types of uveitis, including:

1. Anterior uveitis: This type affects the front part of the eye and is the most common form of uveitis. It is often caused by an infection or injury.
2. Posterior uveitis: This type affects the back part of the eye and can be caused by a systemic disease such as sarcoidosis or juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
3. Intermediate uveitis: This type affects the middle layer of the eye and is often caused by an autoimmune disorder.
4. Panuveitis: This type affects the entire uvea and can be caused by a systemic disease such as vasculitis or Behçet's disease.

Symptoms of uveitis may include:

* Eye pain
* Redness and swelling in the eye
* Blurred vision
* Sensitivity to light
* Floaters (specks or cobwebs in your vision)
* Flashes of light

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to see an eye doctor as soon as possible. Uveitis can be diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which may include imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Treatment for uveitis depends on the cause and severity of the condition, but may include medication to reduce inflammation, antibiotics for infections, or surgery to remove any diseased tissue.

Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications such as cataracts, glaucoma, and blindness. If you have uveitis, it is important to follow your doctor's recommendations for treatment and monitoring to protect your vision.

The symptoms of a choroid hemorrhage may include:

* Sudden and severe pain in one eye
* Blurred vision or vision loss
* Sensitivity to light
* Flashes of light
* Floaters (specks or cobwebs in vision)

The diagnosis of a choroid hemorrhage is typically made through a comprehensive eye exam, which may include imaging tests such as fluorescein angiography or optical coherence tomography.

Treatment for a choroid hemorrhage depends on the cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, no treatment may be necessary, and the hemorrhage may resolve on its own over time. However, in more severe cases, treatment may involve:

* Laser photocoagulation to stop the bleeding and prevent further damage
* Injection of medications into the eye to reduce inflammation and prevent scarring
* Surgery to remove the blood and repair any damage to the retina or choroid.

It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you experience sudden and severe vision loss or other symptoms of a choroid hemorrhage, as prompt treatment can help to prevent long-term vision loss and improve outcomes.

There are many different types of nerve degeneration that can occur in various parts of the body, including:

1. Alzheimer's disease: A progressive neurological disorder that affects memory and cognitive function, leading to degeneration of brain cells.
2. Parkinson's disease: A neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement and balance, caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain.
3. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): A progressive neurological disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, and eventually death.
4. Multiple sclerosis: An autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, causing inflammation and damage to nerve fibers.
5. Diabetic neuropathy: A complication of diabetes that can cause damage to nerves in the hands and feet, leading to pain, numbness, and weakness.
6. Guillain-Barré syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that can cause inflammation and damage to nerve fibers, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis.
7. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP): An autoimmune disorder that can cause inflammation and damage to nerve fibers, leading to muscle weakness and numbness.

The causes of nerve degeneration are not always known or fully understood, but some possible causes include:

1. Genetics: Some types of nerve degeneration may be inherited from one's parents.
2. Aging: As we age, our nerve cells can become damaged or degenerate, leading to a decline in cognitive and physical function.
3. Injury or trauma: Physical injury or trauma to the nervous system can cause nerve damage and degeneration.
4. Infections: Certain infections, such as viral or bacterial infections, can cause nerve damage and degeneration.
5. Autoimmune disorders: Conditions such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) are caused by the immune system attacking and damaging nerve cells.
6. Toxins: Exposure to certain toxins, such as heavy metals or pesticides, can damage and degenerate nerve cells.
7. Poor nutrition: A diet that is deficient in essential nutrients, such as vitamin B12 or other B vitamins, can lead to nerve damage and degeneration.
8. Alcoholism: Long-term alcohol abuse can cause nerve damage and degeneration due to the toxic effects of alcohol on nerve cells.
9. Drug use: Certain drugs, such as chemotherapy drugs and antiviral medications, can damage and degenerate nerve cells.
10. Aging: As we age, our nerve cells can deteriorate and become less functional, leading to a range of cognitive and motor symptoms.

It's important to note that in some cases, nerve damage and degeneration may be irreversible, but there are often strategies that can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. If you suspect you have nerve damage or degeneration, it's important to seek medical attention as soon as possible to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Iritis, also known as anterior uveitis, is a type of inflammatory eye disease that affects the iris, which is the coloured part of the eye. It is a condition where the iris becomes inflamed, leading to pain, redness, and blurred vision.

Causes:

The exact cause of iritis is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune response, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the eye. It can also be triggered by an infection or injury.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of iritis can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but common signs include:

* Eye pain, which can be severe
* Redness and inflammation of the eye
* Blurred vision or sensitivity to light
* Seeing floaters or flashes of light
* Sensitivity to touch or pressure on the eye

Diagnosis:

Iritis is diagnosed based on a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and tonometry. The doctor may also perform additional tests such as a fluorescein dye test or imaging studies to rule out other conditions.

Treatment:

The treatment of iritis typically involves a combination of medications and therapies, including:

* Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
* Anti-inflammatory eye drops or ointments
* Pain relief medication
* Warm compresses to the affected eye
* Eye exercises to improve vision
* In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the inflamed tissue

Prognosis:

The prognosis for iritis is generally good if treated promptly and effectively. However, if left untreated, it can lead to complications such as cataracts, glaucoma, or permanent vision loss. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Prevention:

There is no known prevention for iritis, but early detection and treatment can help reduce the risk of complications. Regular eye exams and awareness of the signs and symptoms can help identify the condition in its early stages.

Complications:

Iritis can lead to several complications if left untreated or if the inflammation is not properly managed. These may include:

* Cataracts: The inflammation can cause clouding of the lens, leading to vision loss.
* Glaucoma: The increased pressure in the eye can lead to damage to the optic nerve and vision loss.
* Permanent vision loss: If the inflammation is not properly managed, it can lead to permanent vision loss.
* Increased risk of infection: Iritis can increase the risk of infection, particularly if the eye is not properly cleaned and cared for.

Conclusion:

Iritis is a painful and potentially sight-threatening condition that can cause inflammation in the iris of the eye. Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial to prevent complications and preserve vision. A comprehensive understanding of the signs, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, prevention, and complications of iritis is essential for effective management of this condition. If you suspect you or someone you know may have iritis, it is important to seek medical attention promptly to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

There are several types of pigmentation disorders, including:

1. Vitiligo: A condition in which white patches develop on the skin due to the loss of melanin-producing cells.
2. Albinism: A rare genetic condition that results in a complete or partial absence of melanin production.
3. Melasma: A hormonal disorder that causes brown or gray patches to appear on the face, often in pregnant women or those taking hormone replacement therapy.
4. Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation (PIH): A condition where inflammation causes a loss of melanin-producing cells, leading to lighter skin tone.
5. Acne vulgaris: A common skin condition that can cause post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), where dark spots remain after acne has healed.
6. Nevus of Ota: A benign growth that can cause depigmentation and appear as a light or dark spot on the skin.
7. Cafe-au-Lait spots: Flat, light brown patches that can occur anywhere on the body and are often associated with other conditions such as neurofibromatosis type 1.
8. Mongolian spots: Bluish-gray patches that occur in people with darker skin tones and fade with age.
9. Poikiloderma of Civatte: A condition that causes red, thin, and wrinkled skin, often with a pigmentary mottling appearance.
10. Pigmented purpuric dermatosis: A rare condition that causes reddish-brown spots on the skin, often associated with other conditions such as lupus or vasculitis.

Pigmentation disorders can be difficult to treat and may require a combination of topical and systemic therapies, including medications, laser therapy, and chemical peels. It's essential to consult with a dermatologist for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

1. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP): a group of degenerative diseases that affect the retina and cause progressive vision loss.
2. Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA): a rare inherited disorder that causes blindness or severe visual impairment at birth or in early childhood.
3. Stargardt disease: a genetic disorder that affects the retina and can cause progressive vision loss, usually starting in childhood.
4. Juvenile macular degeneration (JMD): a group of inherited conditions that affect the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision.
5. Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV): a rare inherited condition where abnormal development of the eye can cause vision loss or blindness.
6. Anophthalmia/microphthalmia: a rare inherited condition where one or both eyes are absent or severely underdeveloped.
7. ocular albinism: a genetic condition that affects the development of pigment in the eye, leading to visual impairment and increased risk of eye conditions such as cataracts and glaucoma.
8. Peter's anomaly: a rare inherited condition where there is an abnormal development of the cornea and lens of the eye, leading to vision loss or blindness.
9. cone-rod dystrophy: a group of inherited conditions that affect the retina and can cause progressive vision loss, usually starting in childhood.
10. Retinal dystrophy: a general term for a group of inherited disorders that affect the retina and can cause progressive vision loss, usually starting in adulthood.

These are just a few examples of hereditary eye diseases. There are many other conditions that can be inherited and affect the eyes. Genetic testing and counseling can help identify the risk of inheriting these conditions and provide information on how to manage and treat them.

The symptoms of aniridia can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:

* Partial or complete absence of the iris
* Poor vision, including nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism
* Sensitivity to light
* Eye pain or discomfort
* Increased risk of glaucoma and other eye conditions
* Delayed development of the visual system in children

Aniridia can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, including a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Genetic testing may also be used to confirm the diagnosis and identify the underlying genetic mutation responsible for the condition.

There is currently no cure for aniridia, but there are various treatments available to manage the associated symptoms and prevent complications. These may include:

* Glasses or contact lenses to correct vision problems
* Eye drops or oral medications to reduce inflammation and pain
* Surgery to remove cataracts or other eye conditions
* Laser therapy to improve vision and reduce the risk of glaucoma

It is essential for individuals with aniridia to receive regular eye exams to monitor their condition and prevent complications. In some cases, children with aniridia may also require additional testing and monitoring to ensure proper development of the visual system.

In summary, aniridia is a rare genetic disorder that affects the development of the iris, leading to vision loss and other complications. While there is no cure for the condition, various treatments are available to manage the associated symptoms and prevent complications. Regular eye exams are essential for individuals with aniridia to monitor their condition and prevent complications.

There are two main types of DR:

1. Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR): This is the early stage of DR, where the blood vessels in the retina become damaged and start to leak fluid or bleed. The symptoms can be mild or severe and may include blurred vision, floaters, and flashes of light.
2. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR): This is the advanced stage of DR, where new blood vessels start to grow in the retina. These vessels are weak and can cause severe bleeding, leading to vision loss.

DR is a common complication of diabetes, and it is estimated that up to 80% of people with diabetes will develop some form of DR over their lifetime. The risk of developing DR increases with the duration of diabetes and the level of blood sugar control.

Early detection and treatment of DR can help to prevent vision loss, so it is important for people with diabetes to have regular eye exams to monitor their retinal health. Treatment options for DR include laser surgery, injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) medications, and vitrectomy, a surgical procedure to remove the vitreous gel and blood from the eye.

Preventing Diabetic Retinopathy

While there is no surefire way to prevent diabetic retinopathy (DR), there are several steps that people with diabetes can take to reduce their risk of developing this complication:

1. Control blood sugar levels: Keeping blood sugar levels within a healthy range can help to slow the progression of DR. This can be achieved through a combination of diet, exercise, and medication.
2. Monitor blood pressure: High blood pressure can damage the blood vessels in the retina, so it is important to monitor and control blood pressure to reduce the risk of DR.
3. Maintain healthy blood lipids: Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol can increase the risk of DR.
4. Quit smoking: Smoking can damage the blood vessels in the retina and increase the risk of DR.
5. Maintain a healthy weight: Obesity is a risk factor for DR, so maintaining a healthy weight can help to reduce the risk of this complication.
6. Get regular eye exams: Regular eye exams can help to detect DR in its early stages, when it is easier to treat and prevent vision loss.

Preventing Diabetic Retinopathy

While there is no cure for diabetic retinopathy (DR), there are several treatment options available to help manage the condition and prevent vision loss. These include:

1. Laser surgery: This is a common treatment for early-stage DR, where a laser is used to shrink abnormal blood vessels in the retina and reduce the risk of further damage.
2. Injection therapy: Medications such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections can be used to shrink abnormal blood vessels and reduce swelling in the retina.
3. Vitrectomy: In severe cases of DR, a vitrectomy may be performed to remove scar tissue and blood from the center of the eye.
4. Blood pressure control: Maintaining healthy blood pressure can help to slow the progression of DR.
5. Blood glucose control: Keeping blood sugar levels under control can also slow the progression of DR.
6. Follow-up care: Regular follow-up appointments with an eye doctor are important to monitor the progress of DR and adjust treatment as needed.

Early detection and treatment of diabetic retinopathy can help to prevent vision loss and improve outcomes for individuals with this complication of diabetes. By managing blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol, and by getting regular eye exams, individuals with diabetes can reduce their risk of developing DR and other diabetic complications.

Some common examples of choroid diseases include:

1. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV): This is a condition where new blood vessels grow under the retina, often as a result of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or other eye conditions. These new vessels can cause vision loss and distortion.
2. Choroidal melanoma: This is a type of cancer that develops in the choroid layer of the eye. It is usually slow-growing, but it can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
3. Choroiditis: This is an inflammatory condition that affects the choroid layer of the eye, often as a result of infection or autoimmune disorders. It can cause vision loss and pain in the affected eye.
4. Choroidal rupture: This is a rare condition where the choroid layer of the eye ruptures, leading to bleeding and potentially severe vision loss.
5. Other conditions: There are several other conditions that can affect the choroid layer of the eye, such as choroidal vasculitis, choroidal effusion, and choroidal tumors. These conditions can cause a range of symptoms, including vision loss, pain, and distortion.

Overall, choroid diseases can have a significant impact on vision and eye health, and it is important to seek medical attention if any symptoms persist or worsen over time. Early detection and treatment can help to mitigate the risk of long-term vision loss and other complications.

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Glaucoma is a genus of freshwater ciliates in the Oligohymenophorea. Cells in this genus are between 30-150 µm long, and have ... but the paroral is not well-developed in Glaucoma. Patterson, David J. (2003). Free-living freshwater protozoa : a colour guide ... "Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity and Its Organelles in the Hymenostome Ciliate Glaucoma". Transactions of the American ...
... is divided into groups based on chemical structure and pharmacologic action. The goal of currently ... This more aggressive target is meant to minimize the risk of progressive glaucoma damage and vision loss. Once the optic nerve ... Retrieved 2015-02-17 (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Glaucoma). ... Glaucoma. American Academy of Ophthalmology. ISBN 978-1615251179. Myron Yanoff; Jay S. Duker (2009). Ophthalmology (3rd ed.). ...
... lens-particle glaucoma, neovascular glaucoma, phacomorphic glaucoma and uveitic glaucoma which can cause confusion in which ... Phacolytic glaucoma (PG) is a form of glaucoma which is caused due to a leaking mature or immature cataract. Inflammatory ... "Phacolytic glaucoma". www.aao.org. Retrieved 2018-10-19. "Phacolytic Glaucoma: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 2017 ... Moreover, Phacolytic Glaucoma is more likely seen in underdeveloped countries as a result of the lack of access to ...
Glaucoma Research Foundation - SLT: A New Type of Glaucoma Surgery "Review of Ophthalmology: SLT for Glaucoma Threapy" Archived ... "Glaucoma Service Foundation to Prevent Blindness: Glaucoma Education: Cyclocryotherapy for Endstage Glaucoma". Archived from ... "Glaucoma Surgery , Glaucoma Research Foundation". Glaucoma.org. 2012-08-20. Retrieved 2012-12-11. Surgery Encyclopedia - ... Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery "University of Michigan Health System - Surgery for Glaucoma". Archived from the original ...
Traumatic glaucoma - glaucoma associated with injury to the eye. Silicone glaucoma - glaucoma due to Silicone used to repair a ... A glaucoma valve is a medical shunt used in the treatment of glaucoma to reduce the eye's intraocular pressure (IOP). The ... The glaucoma valve implant is indicated for glaucoma patients not responding to maximal medical therapy, with previous failed ... "Advances in Glaucoma Filtration Surgery". Glaucoma Today. Retrieved 27 June 2015. Tseng VL, Coleman AL, Chang MY, Caprioli J ( ...
... (or uveitis glaucoma, or anterior uveitic glaucoma, or anterior noninfectious uveitic glaucoma, or uveitis ... Glaucoma medications, glaucoma surgery and steroids are the primary options for addressing uveitic glaucoma. Approximately 30% ... "Glaucoma , National Eye Institute". www.nei.nih.gov. Retrieved 2022-04-29. "GLAUCOMA". Uveitic Glaucoma. Retrieved 2022-03-17 ... Patients with uveitis who also experience symptoms of glaucoma may have uveitic glaucoma. In an eye with uveitic glaucoma, the ...
Post-traumatic glaucoma: Trauma to the eye is often observed to cause secondary glaucoma. The incidence is notably higher in ... Aphakic and pseudophakic glaucoma: Aphakic glaucoma is a common side-effect of cataract surgery which causes an increase in IOP ... Corticosteroid-induced glaucoma: Corticosteroids is a risk factor for the development of secondary glaucoma, as there had been ... Glaucoma associated with ocular tumours: Although each tumour subtype has its own mechanism in causing secondary glaucoma, the ...
Stephanie Mroczkowska, Alexandra Benavente-Perez et al.: Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma vs Normal-Tension Glaucoma. JAMA ... "classical glaucoma" with an IOP of 22 mm Hg and higher. The pillar of the current understanding of normal tension glaucoma is a ... the classic hallmark of glaucoma - is missing. Normal tension glaucoma is in many cases closely associated with general issues ... in Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and in secondary glaucoma), small hemorrhages close to the optic disc have been ...
"Public Workshop - FDA/American Glaucoma Society Workshop on the Validity, Reliability, and Usability of Glaucoma Imaging ... American Glaucoma Society site v t e (Articles with ISNI identifiers, Articles with VIAF identifiers, Articles with WORLDCATID ... The American Glaucoma Society (AGS) is a subspecialty society in ophthalmology that promotes education and research about ... Charles D. Phelps "American Glaucoma Society 22nd Annual Meeting". Medspace website. 2012. Retrieved Feb 5, 2014. " ...
Congenital Primary Glaucoma on patient.info GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Primary Congenital Glaucoma Glaucoma entry on PGCFA ... Primary juvenile glaucoma is glaucoma that develops due to ocular hypertension and is evident either at birth or within the ... 231300 137750; MYOC 137750; CYP1B1 Juvenile Glaucoma at eMedicine on eMedicine Glaucoma for Children on AAPOS. ... Congenital glaucoma Incidence: one in every 10000-15000 live births. Bilateral in up to 80% of cases. Most cases are sporadic ( ...
... (GCG) is a type of secondary glaucoma occurs due to long standing vitreous hemorrhage. The rigid and less ... described Ghost cell glaucoma in 1976. Campbell and Grant described the condition and given the name ghost cell glaucoma. ... "Ghost Cell Glaucoma - EyeWiki". eyewiki.aao.org. Archived from the original on 2021-06-04. Retrieved 2021-06-04. Themes, U. F. ... Xu, Jun; Zhao, Meng; Li, Ji peng; Liu, Ning pu (2020-04-15). "Ghost cell glaucoma after intravitreous injection of ranibizumab ...
Micro-invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) is the latest advance in surgical treatment for glaucoma, which aims to reduce ... Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgeries (MIGS) Brandão LM, Grieshaber MC (2013). "Update on Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery ( ... also known as glaucoma drainage device) to be performed in the future if needed. Traditional glaucoma surgery generally ... lowering than with trabeculectomy or glaucoma tube shunt implantation. Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders in which there is a ...
... , also known as Iris hypoplasia and glaucoma or simply IHG is a very rare genetic disorder which ... "OMIM Entry - 308500 - IRIS HYPOPLASIA WITH GLAUCOMA; IHG". omim.org. Retrieved 2022-06-13. Lehmann, O. J.; Ebenezer, N. D.; ... "Chromosomal duplication involving the forkhead transcription factor gene FOXC1 causes iris hypoplasia and glaucoma". American ... is characterized by a combination of an underdeveloped of the iris and glaucoma. It has been described in three families; two ...
"A Historical Perspective on UGH Syndrome". Glaucoma Today. (Glaucoma, Disorders of iris and ciliary body, Syndromes affecting ... Uvietis, Glaucoma, and Hyphema are the classic sins of UGH syndrome, but the term is often used when one, two, or all three ... "Uveitis-Glaucoma-Hyphema Syndrome - EyeWiki". eyewiki.aao.org. Austin R, Fox; Jason P, Kam; Wallase L.M, Alward. "Uveitis ... Uveitis-glaucoma-hyphaema (UGH) syndrome, also known as Ellingson syndrome, is a complication of cataract surgery, caused by ...
... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLC1I gene. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center ... "Entrez Gene: Glaucoma 1, open angle, I". Retrieved 2018-02-02. v t e (Genes on human chromosome 15, All stub articles, Gene ...
"Orphanet: Microcornea glaucoma absent frontal sinuses syndrome". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 2022-06-08. "Microcornea, glaucoma, ... Microcornea, glaucoma, and absent frontal sinuses is a very rare developmental genetic disorder that occurs during ... Holmes, L. B.; Walton, D. S. (June 1969). "Hereditary microcornea, glaucoma, and absent frontal sinuses: a family study". The ... Holmes, Lewis B.; Walton, David S. (1969-06-01). "Hereditary microcornea, glaucoma, and absent frontal sinuses: A family study ...
Some glaucomas (e.g. open angle glaucoma) cause gradual loss of vision and some others (e.g. angle closure glaucoma) cause ... Glaucoma: Increased intraocular pressure (pressure in the eye) cause progressive optic neuropathy that leads to optic nerve ... John F., Salmon (2020). "Glaucoma". Kanski's clinical ophthalmology : a systematic approach (9th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. ... Sometimes glaucoma may occur without increased intraocular pressure also. ...
Glaucoma: Elongated use of corticosteroids has a chance of causing a raised intraocular pressure (IOP), injuring the optic ... Glaucoma. 3 (3): 174-180. doi:10.1016/j.ogla.2020.02.006. ISSN 2589-4196. PMID 32672612. S2CID 90234022. "Topical ... Some side effects include glaucoma, blurring of vision, eye discomfort, impaired recovery of injured site, scarring of the ... Corticosteroids should be used cautiously in patients with concomitant conditions of glaucoma. We should keep track of patients ...
... glaucoma; HIV or AIDS; multiple sclerosis and other disorders characterized by muscle spasticity; and nausea. Additionally, ...
Glaucoma occurs in up to 50% of patients with Rieger syndrome. Glaucoma develops during adolescence or late childhood, but ... El gen del factor de transcripción forkhead FKHL7 es responsable de los fenotipos de glaucoma que se asignan a 6p25. Nat Genet ... In the case of secondary glaucoma, it would be the consequence of dysgenesis in the chamber sinus. Disease manifestations: ... In the case of children who develop glaucoma, they may attend the consultation with signs and symptoms of buphthalmos, ...
Jampel H (February 2010). "American glaucoma society position statement: marijuana and the treatment of glaucoma". Journal of ... the American Glaucoma Society issued a position statement in 2009 regarding the use of marijuana as a treatment for glaucoma. ... "Glaucoma Overview". eMedicine. Archived from the original on 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2005-12-28. Kass MA, Heuer DK, Higginbotham ... "Ocular Hypertension, Glaucoma & Eye Drops" (PDF). American Academy of Ophthalmology. June 2002. Archived from the original (PDF ...
Glaucoma is another common visual disease that appears in older adults. Glaucoma is caused by damage to the optic nerve causing ... Glaucoma usually develops over time but there are variations to glaucoma, and some have sudden onset. There are a few ... "Glaucoma , National Eye Institute". www.nei.nih.gov. Retrieved 3 July 2021. Belikov AV (January 2019). "Age-related diseases as ... Other visual diseases that often appear with age would be cataracts and glaucoma. A cataract occurs when the lens of the eye ...
People with high myopia are more likely to have retinal detachments and primary open angle glaucoma. They are also more likely ... "Glaucoma." Archived 19 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine EyeMDLink.com. Retrieved 27 August 2006. Zejmo, Maria; Formińska- ... Those with moderate amounts of myopia are more likely to have pigment dispersion syndrome or pigmentary glaucoma. High myopia ... Severe near-sightedness is associated with an increased risk of retinal detachment, cataracts, and glaucoma. The underlying ...
"Glaucoma". Kanski's Clinical ophthalmology (9 ed.). Elsevier. pp. 362-365. Khurana (31 August 2015). "Glaucoma". Comprehensive ... Temporal island of vision: It is also seen in end stages of glaucoma. The temporal islands lie outside of the central 24 to 30 ... Arcuate or Bjerrum's scotoma: This kind of scotoma is formed at later stages of glaucoma by extension of Seidel's scotoma in an ... This defect is seen in advanced stages of glaucoma. Roenne's central nasal step: It is created when two arcuate scotomas run in ...
Doucette LP, Walter MA (2016). "Prostaglandins in the eye: Function, expression, and roles in glaucoma". Ophthalmic Genetics. ... glaucoma; various diseases of the nervous system; fractures, osteoporosis, and other bone abnormalities; pulmonary fibrosis; ... for the treatment of glaucoma and various neurological diseases (see above section on Nervous system) The single-nucleotide ...
Cataracts, canine glaucoma, and entropion are seen in dogs. Canine-specific eye diseases include progressive retinal atrophy, ... The frequency of bilateral glaucoma with a genetic base in purebred dogs is higher than in any species except humans. Cataracts ... "Glaucoma". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-26. "Degenerative Valve Disease". The Merck Veterinary Manual. ...
Glaucoma; Research Vet; Enzyme Cleaners (October 11, 1997) Henrietta Marie; Scuba Kids; Fog; Best Of Inventors'; Fair (October ...
March 2008). "Optic nerve head drusen and visual field loss in normotensive and hypertensive eyes". J. Glaucoma. 17 (2): 100-04 ...
Learn more about the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of glaucoma. ... Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can cause vision loss and blindness. ... What causes glaucoma? Scientists arent sure what causes the most common types of glaucoma, but many people with glaucoma have ... What is glaucoma? Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can cause vision loss and blindness by damaging a nerve in the back ...
Glaucoma often doesnt have symptoms but has a big impact on your vision health. Get a dilated eye exam to find it early, when ... Manage and Treat Glaucoma. Vision loss from glaucoma usually affects peripheral vision (what you can see on the side of your ... Know Your Glaucoma Risk. Anyone can get glaucoma, but certain groups are at higher risk. These groups include African Americans ... Know the Facts About Glaucoma. *Glaucoma is a group of diseases that damage the eyes optic nerve and can result in vision loss ...
Glaucoma is a group of conditions that can result in irreversible blindness. This vision loss can be reduced if glaucoma is ... Glaucoma Information from NIHs National Eye Institute. * Clinical Testing Section PDF [3.1MB] from Medicines by Design Booklet ... Science Education , Inside Life Science , An Experimental Contact Lens to Prevent Glaucoma-Induced Blindness ... An experimental contact lens design releases a glaucoma medicine at a steady rate for up to a month. Credit: Peter Mallen, ...
Glaucoma -- a heterogeneous group of disorders marked by damage to the optic nerve -- is the second leading cause of blindness ... virtual reality visual field testing is poised to challenge traditional methods of monitoring patients with glaucoma. ...
Glaucoma damages the eyes optic nerve. It is more common in seniors, and can cause blindness. Read about the types, and ... Diabetes and Your Eyesight (Glaucoma Research Foundation) * Dry Eyes and Glaucoma: Double Trouble (Glaucoma Research Foundation ... Types of Glaucoma (National Eye Institute) Also in Spanish * What Is Glaucoma? (American Academy of Ophthalmology) Also in ... Glaucoma (National Eye Institute) Also in Spanish * Glaucoma: Symptoms and Causes (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and ...
Dictionary Definition: glaucoma. glaucoma. An increase in fluid pressure inside your eye that may lead to vision loss.. ...
... primary open-angle glaucoma, primary angle-closure glaucoma, primary infantile glaucoma, juvenile-onset glaucoma, and ... This article reviews glaucoma associated with increased episcleral v... ... pigmentary glaucoma are generally bilateral diseases, the severity of which may be asymmetric in the two eyes. ... While any type of glaucoma can be unilateral, ... primary open-angle glaucoma and neovascular glaucoma. Acta ...
These animals also began to develop glaucoma as they aged.. A process called oxidative stress has been previously suggested to ... "This means that mutations in the TDRD7 gene could cause a double jeopardy for childhood glaucoma," John explains. "First, they ... contribute to glaucoma by damaging drainage structures in the eyes. The researchers demonstrated that TDRD7 mutations led to a ...
Early-onset glaucoma is when the disorder appears before the age of 40. Explore symptoms, inheritance, genetics of this ... Juvenile open-angle glaucoma affects about 1 in 50,000 people. Primary open-angle glaucoma is much more common after the age of ... If glaucoma appears before the age of 3 without other associated abnormalities, it is called primary congenital glaucoma. ... Early-onset glaucoma can have different inheritance patterns. Primary congenital glaucoma is usually inherited in an autosomal ...
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can lead to vision loss and blindness. Learn more about glaucoma. ... Anyone can get glaucoma. But if youre over the age of 60 or have a family history of glaucoma, youre at higher risk. Risk ... Glaucoma can eventually lead to blindness if its not treated.. Theres no cure for glaucoma. But starting treatment early can ... There, your eye doctor will check for signs of glaucoma.. Over time, people with glaucoma may slowly lose their vision. It may ...
... [Abstract GLIS1 ... GLIS1 Regulates Trabecular Meshwork Function and Intraocular Pressure and Is Associated With Glaucoma in Humans. ... Synopsis GLIS1 Regulates Trabecular Meshwork Function and Intraocular Pressure and Is Associated With Glaucoma in Humans] Nair ... Regulates Trabecular Meshwork Function and Intraocular Pressure and Is Associated With Glaucoma in Humans] [ ...
... juvenile-onset open-angle glaucoma. This form of glaucoma is prevalent throughout West Africa, allowing her to tap into a ... Home , Global Health Matters Nov/Dec 2012 , Profile: Fogarty Fellow researches inherited childhood glaucoma Print ... Early-onset glaucoma. NIHs National Library of Medicine Genetics Home Reference. * Fogarty Global Health Program for Fellows ... Shes still working to complete analysis of the data to pinpoint genes that bring a high risk for this type of glaucoma and ...
... Grant Number: 5R01EY028125-05S1. PI Name: Chan. ... Project Title: Glaucoma neuroimagine in humans and experimental animal models Abstract: The Aim of the parent project is to ... Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide with increasing prevalence due to the aging population. While ... This project is built upon the glaucoma imaging expertise of Kevin C. Chan, PhD (PI), as well as the clinical and translational ...
Glaucoma Genetics Lab (University of Iowa). General information. Glaucoma Genetics Lab. University of Iowa. Organization ID: ...
Add to Calendar aCLuDhaqizCaPxAftmqF167204 12/13/2018 07:00 PM 12/13/2018 09:00 PM false Topic: "Glaucoma Update" ---- Credits ... Topic: "Glaucoma Update". Speaker: Jim Thimons, OD. Credits: 2 TPA Credits #59795-GL. Printer-Friendly Version ...
Can Fellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology Subspecialty Diploma in Glaucoma, a subspecialty examination on glaucoma ... Glaucoma in pregnancy. Salim S. Salim S. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2014 Mar;25(2):93-7. doi: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000029. Curr ... Management of Glaucoma in Pregnancy. Mathew S, Harris A, Ridenour CM, Wirostko BM, Burgett KM, Scripture MD, Siesky B. Mathew S ... et al. J Glaucoma. 2019 Oct;28(10):937-944. doi: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000001324. J Glaucoma. 2019. PMID: 31283700 Review. ...
... : 24-year-old male with episodic haloes around lights and blurry vision Pigmentary Glaucoma: 24-year-old ... Discussion: Pigmentary glaucoma (PG) is glaucoma in the setting of pigmentary dispersion syndrome (PDS). The constellation of ... Glaucoma: The Requisites in Ophthalmology. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Inc., 2000.. Haynes WL, Johnson AT, Alward WL. Inhibition of ... Pigmentary Glaucoma: 24-year-old male with episodic haloes around lights and blurry vision. EyeRounds.org. February 17, 2014; ...
Tagged asAZOPTbetaxololbrimonidinechest problemscorneal infectionsdry moutheye disorderseyedropsGlaucomahair lossinteractions ... Eyedrops for glaucoma:Other effects. What Doctors Dont Tell You1 min read ... Some physicians suggest constant monitoring of patients taking a topical beta-blocker for glaucoma (Br J Ophthalmol, 2000; 84: ... ConditionsGlaucomaHair LossInfectionNauseaYour Body ...
... Ver/. Abrir. emhj_2000_6_2_3_299_303.pdf (‎ ... Tahat, A.A. & Al Khawaldeh, A.M. (‎2000)‎. Hypothyroidism and open-angle glaucoma: an accidental or an essential coexistence?. ... There were 10 males and 50 females [‎age range 34-72 years]‎. We found 3 of the 60 patients had signs of open-angle glaucoma, ... We aimed to test the hypothesis that there is an association between hypothyroidism and primary open-angle glaucoma. A total of ...
NIH-supported mouse study results show intriguing promise for someday reversing vision damage caused by aging and glaucoma. ... A third experiment had similar success reversing some vision damage in a mouse model of glaucoma, a leading cause of age- ... Home News & Events Gene therapy techniques restore vision damage from age and glaucoma in mice ... In lab tests, the glaucoma model mice who received the injection treatment gained back roughly half of their previously lost ...
... researchers may have found an effective way to use contact lenses to deliver drug treatment to slow glaucoma development. ... Glaucoma patients may soon be able to treat the condition using a lens that slowly releases medication to the eye, with some ... "This study also raises the possibility that we may have an option for glaucoma thats more effective than what we have today." ... Contact lens dispenses drug, lowers eye pressure in glaucoma patients. The contact lenses effectively lowered eye pressure in ...
Acute angle-closure glaucoma (AACG) is an ocular emergency and receives distinction due to its acute presentation, need for ... Glaucoma is a nonspecific term used for several ocular diseases that ultimately result in increased intraocular pressure (IOP) ... Simultaneous bilateral angle closure glaucoma in a patient with giant cell arteritis. J Glaucoma. 2010 Feb. 19(2):149-50. [QxMD ... encoded search term (Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma in Emergency Medicine) and Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma in Emergency Medicine ...
Optineurin got its name thanks to its role in glaucoma (Rezaie et al., 2002). It is expressed in the eye and brain, as well as ... Doctors who treat glaucoma have not noticed an increased frequency of ALS, Sarfarazi said. Instead, he proposed that the ... Glaucoma mutations, Sarfarazi noted, tend to appear near the proteins amino terminus, affecting its interactions with Rab8 and ... The E50K mutation linked to glaucoma is dominant, so people who carry it have a wild-type OPTN that prevents them from ...
Rao was speaking after flagging off a Glaucoma awareness rally at Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital marking the World Glaucoma Day. He ... Hyderabad: Glaucoma can lead to a gradual loss of sight if left ignored for long, which is why everyone should get their eyes ... Health minister flags-off awareness rally marking World Glaucoma Day. Around 3 per cent of 40 plus people suffering from ... He cautioned that people who suffer from glaucoma do not realize it in the initial stages that this could develop into a ...
National Eye Institute 40th Anniversary Symposia Series Focus on Glaucoma - Day 1 ... National Eye Institute 40th Anniversary Symposia Series Focus on Glaucoma - Day 1. ... National Eye Institute 40th Anniversary Symposia Series Focus on Glaucoma - Day 2 ... National Eye Institute 40th Anniversary Symposia Series Focus on Glaucoma - Day 1 ...
Beautiful collection of world renowned eye images highlighting the normal eye condition relative to the main stages of Glaucoma ... atlas, chart, Consultation, damage, disc, eye, field, glaucoma, gordon, illustrations, nerve, open, optic, PATIENT, Physican, ... Beautiful collection of world renowned eye images highlighting the normal eye condition relative to the main stages of Glaucoma ... Eye Wall Charts: GLAUCOMA - VISION LOSS & OPTIC NERVE DAMAGE Eye Wall Ch... ...
Barbara was introduced to the world of glaucoma when she was surprisingly diagnosed with open angle glaucoma at an annual ... The Glaucoma Foundation 80 Maiden Lane, Suite 700, New York, NY 10038 ... The Glaucoma Foundation is a qualified 501(c)(3) tax exempt organization. ...
  • Other types are less common, like angle-closure glaucoma and congenital glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • Posterior scleritis presenting as unilateral secondary angle-closure glaucoma. (medscape.com)
  • The diagnosis of acute angle-closure glaucoma (AACG) is predicated upon the clinical presentation of painful vision loss and a physical examination revealing a fixed mid-dilated pupil. (medscape.com)
  • Measurement of anterior lens growth after acute primary angle-closure glaucoma. (medscape.com)
  • Increased iris thickness and association with primary angle closure glaucoma. (medscape.com)
  • Zhang N, Wang J, Chen B, Li Y, Jiang B. Prevalence of Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma in the Last 20 Years: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. (medscape.com)
  • Ang LP, Ang LP. Current understanding of the treatment and outcome of acute primary angle-closure glaucoma: an Asian perspective. (medscape.com)
  • David R, Tessler Z, Yassur Y. Long-term outcome of primary acute angle-closure glaucoma. (medscape.com)
  • Cholongitas E, Pipili C, Dasenaki M. Acute angle closure glaucoma presented with nausea and epigastric pain. (medscape.com)
  • Croos R, Thirumalai S, Hassan S, Davis Jda R. Citalopram associated with acute angle-closure glaucoma: case report. (medscape.com)
  • Pharmacological and environmental factors in primary angle-closure glaucoma. (medscape.com)
  • Tse DM, Titchener AG, Sarkies N, Robinson S. Acute angle closure glaucoma following head and orbital trauma. (medscape.com)
  • Simultaneous bilateral angle closure glaucoma in a patient with giant cell arteritis. (medscape.com)
  • Singer MS, Salim S. Bilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma as a complication of facedown spine surgery. (medscape.com)
  • Acute angle closure glaucoma: an evaluation of a protocol for acute treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Mansouri K, Ravinet E. Argon-laser iridoplasty in the management of uveitis-induced acute angle-closure glaucoma. (medscape.com)
  • The study compares combined phacoemulsification with ECP to phacoemulsification alone in people with primary angle closure glaucoma. (cochrane.org)
  • The American Academy of Ophthalmology defines glaucoma suspect as having 1 of the following findings in at least 1 eye: consistently elevated IOP, optic nerve deterioration or nerve fiber layer defect suggestive of glaucoma, or a visual field abnormality consistent with glaucoma. (health.mil)
  • But if you're over the age of 60 or have a family history of glaucoma, you're at higher risk. (nih.gov)
  • Improvement of spatial contrast sensitivity threshold after surgical reduction of intraocular pressure in unilateral high-tension glaucoma. (medscape.com)
  • Quantifying the effect of intraocular pressure reduction on the occurrence of glaucoma. (medscape.com)
  • In most people with glaucoma, the damage to the optic nerves is caused by increased pressure within the eyes (intraocular pressure). (nih.gov)
  • The defective protein may damage the cell, causing insufficient flow of fluid from the eye, resulting in increased intraocular pressure and causing the signs and symptoms of early-onset glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • Building on the opportunities provided by this unique technological platform, the goal of the supplementary project is to adapt these novel neuroimaging tools towards closing knowledge gaps on how scutellarin, a flavonoid that exhibits a number of neuroprotective effects on the brain and the eye, can preserve structure and function of the visual system in experimental glaucoma induced by chronic intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. (nih.gov)
  • He had all the cardinal features of pigmentary glaucoma, including Krukenberg spindle, heavily-pigmented trabecular meshwork, iris backbowing with transillumination defects, Scheie stripe, elevated intraocular pressure, and changes of the optic nerve. (uiowa.edu)
  • If indicated, intraocular pressure can be lowered with topical anti-glaucoma drops. (uiowa.edu)
  • The study objective is to evaluate the intraocular pressure-lowering efficacy and safety of two dose strengths of an investigational eye drop in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension after initial and repeated administrations. (uclahealth.org)
  • The study objective is to assess the safety and efficacy of a microshunt when used to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) in subjects with primary open angle glaucoma where the IOP is not controlled when using maximum-tolerated glaucoma medications. (uclahealth.org)
  • With advances in intraocular pressure monitoring and optic nerve analysis, the Academy's goal is to expand this successful initiative to the realm of tele-glaucoma in order to improve the detection and treatment of glaucoma and have a positive impact on qualities of life and patient outcomes. (aao.org)
  • There's no cure for glaucoma, but early treatment can often stop the damage and protect your vision. (nih.gov)
  • There's no cure for glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • What are the types of glaucoma? (nih.gov)
  • There are many different types of glaucoma, but the most common type in the United States is called open-angle glaucoma - that's what most people mean when they talk about glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • Scientists aren't sure what causes the most common types of glaucoma, but many people with glaucoma have high eye pressure - and treatments that lower eye pressure help to slow the disease. (nih.gov)
  • ECP may cause less damage to the eye than other types of glaucoma surgery. (cochrane.org)
  • Glaucoma is a group of conditions that can result in irreversible blindness. (nih.gov)
  • Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide with increasing prevalence due to the aging population. (nih.gov)
  • The leading cause of irreversible blindness, glaucoma has no cure but doctors attempt to slow its development by prescribing drops for patients. (upi.com)
  • Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness. (cochrane.org)
  • In the ophthalmology practice, one patient stood out: a young man diagnosed with glaucoma who doggedly pursued a career as an accountant until he could no longer see. (nih.gov)
  • You are seeing a 15-, 17-, 20-year-old who has his life mapped out before him and you discover he is going blind from juvenile-onset glaucoma," said Dr. Oluwatoyin F. Fafowora, a former ophthalmology clinical practitioner, who was moved by her patient. (nih.gov)
  • For the study, published in the journal Ophthalmology , researchers tested the lenses in four cynomolgus monkeys with glaucoma in one eye. (upi.com)
  • Tele-glaucoma is an integral part of tele-ophthalmology which aims to detect the leading vision threatening diseases (cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy). (aao.org)
  • A purposive sample of 50 patients with glaucoma aged 12-18 years, attending ophthalmology outpatient clinics in Cairo, Egypt, were given an educational programme focusing on information about glaucoma, correcting patients' incorrect beliefs and expectations, and demonstrations and retraining about eye care. (who.int)
  • The only way to find out if you have glaucoma is to get a comprehensive dilated eye exam. (nih.gov)
  • Eye doctors can check for glaucoma as part of a comprehensive dilated eye exam. (nih.gov)
  • If you are in a high-risk group, get a comprehensive dilated eye exam to catch glaucoma early and start treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • Even if you are not in a high-risk group, getting a comprehensive dilated eye exam by the age of 40 can help catch glaucoma and other eye diseases early. (cdc.gov)
  • We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of ECP compared to other surgical treatments (other minimally invasive glaucoma device techniques, trabeculectomy), laser treatment or medical treatment. (cochrane.org)
  • By the time of her first minimally invasive glaucoma surgery in July 2018, she was taking four different types of eye drops for advanced chronic open angle glaucoma. (spirehealthcare.com)
  • Spurred by the pandemic, virtual reality visual field testing is poised to challenge traditional methods of monitoring patients with glaucoma. (medscape.com)
  • Mao Z, Guo X, Zhong Y, Liu X. Surgical outcomes of Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation in patients with glaucoma secondary to iridocorneal endothelial syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Wittström E, Ponjavic V, Lövestam-Adrian M, Larsson J, Andréasson S. Electrophysiological evaluation and visual outcome in patients with central retinal vein occlusion, primary open-angle glaucoma and neovascular glaucoma. (medscape.com)
  • This form of glaucoma is prevalent throughout West Africa, allowing her to tap into a larger pool of patients than would be possible in the U.S. Fafowora led a team at University College Hospital in Ibadan that tracked down families with a history of the disease and collected samples of their DNA. (nih.gov)
  • Although many treatments are available to manage glaucoma, patients may seek complementary or alternative medicine approaches such as acupuncture to supplement their regular treatment. (nih.gov)
  • To assess the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture compared with other treatments, no treatment, or placebo in patients with glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • While IOP is clinically the only modifiable risk factor, glaucoma may continue to progress in some patients even after lowering IOP to normal levels, which indicates that additional key factors may be contributing to the glaucomatous pathogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • A total of 60 patients with acquired hypothyroidism were evaluated by a senior ophthalmologist for evidence of glaucoma. (who.int)
  • We found 3 of the 60 patients had signs of open-angle glaucoma, which indicated a possible relationship between hypothyroidism and open-angle glaucoma. (who.int)
  • Glaucoma patients may soon be able to treat the condition using a lens that slowly releases medication to the eye, with some tests with monkeys suggesting the treatment method could be more effective than the standard eye drops, researchers at Harvard Medical School report in a new study. (upi.com)
  • If we can address the problem of compliance, we may help patients adhere to the therapy necessary to maintain vision in diseases like glaucoma, saving millions from preventable blindness," Dr. Joseph Ciolino, an ophthalmologist at Massachusetts Eye and Ear and an assistant professor at Harvard, said in a press release . (upi.com)
  • First-line therapy for patients with mild or moderate open-angle glaucoma is typically a prostaglandin analogue. (crstoday.com)
  • When applied for remote consultation glaucoma patients can be followed remotely over time in order to monitor treatment over time. (aao.org)
  • Glaucoma patients can particularly benefit from a tele-medicine approach because patients tend to be older and thus loss of vision can severely affect their mobility, and consequently, their quality of life. (aao.org)
  • By delivering glaucoma care remotely, tele-glaucoma shows promise in providing patients with access to specialized ocular care. (aao.org)
  • 2 [2] Furthermore, current healthcare models do not distinguish between patients with progressive glaucoma who require timely intervention and health care access and those who do not need imminent care. (aao.org)
  • Tele-glaucoma by identifying the most advanced or progressing patients may transform current clinical practice by prioritizing the delivery of care to patients who require the most urgent intervention. (aao.org)
  • [5] On average, veterans are more vulnerable than the general population for eye diseases like glaucoma because enrollees are usually older patients and are thus less likely to see eye care professionals regularly. (aao.org)
  • The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of an educational programme on knowledge, beliefs, practices and expectations towards glaucoma and eye care among adolescent patients with glaucoma. (who.int)
  • The programme significantly improved patients' knowledge and beliefs about glaucoma and their practices and expectations concerning eye care. (who.int)
  • Un échantillon choisi à dessein de 50 patients souffrant de glaucome, âgés de 12 à 18 ans, consultant un centre de soins externes en ophtalmologie au Caire (Égypte) a bénéficié d'un programme éducatif sur cette maladie, visant à corriger leurs idées fausses et leurs attentes, et comportant des démonstrations et des formations de perfectionnement sur les soins oculaires. (who.int)
  • Some of these researchers are already making discoveries that promote precision medicine, such as finding ways to predict how to best to prevent vision loss in patients with glaucoma . (nih.gov)
  • The exam is simple and painless - your doctor will give you some eye drops to dilate (widen) your pupil and then check your eyes for glaucoma and other eye problems. (nih.gov)
  • Doctors use different types of treatment for glaucoma, including medicines (usually eye drops), laser treatment, and surgery. (nih.gov)
  • Prescription eye drops can stop glaucoma from progressing. (cdc.gov)
  • Glaucoma is treated with eye drops, oral medicine, or surgery (or a combination of treatments) to reduce pressure in the eye and prevent permanent vision loss. (cdc.gov)
  • This vision loss can be reduced if glaucoma is found and treated early, most commonly with eye drops to lower pressure within the eye. (nih.gov)
  • People using traditional eye drops for glaucoma 'aren't getting any symptomatic relief, and they're not seeing better, so there's not a lot of motivation to be compliant with the medication,' said Joseph Ciolino, an ophthalmologist who, along with his mentor Daniel Kohane, developed the new contact lens at Harvard Medical School. (nih.gov)
  • Kohane and his colleagues showed in an animal model that their lens delivered the glaucoma medication, latanoprost, safely and consistently for 4 weeks, at concentrations comparable to those achieved with daily eye drops. (nih.gov)
  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ECP in people with open angle glaucoma (OAG) and primary angle closure whose condition is inadequately controlled with drops. (cochrane.org)
  • However, there is another school of thought favoring use of the non-valved implants, especially in eyes with neovascular glaucoma or uveitis, since with their use, encapsulation of the endplate occurs in an aqueous-free environment. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • She's still working to complete analysis of the data to pinpoint genes that bring a high risk for this type of glaucoma and then hopes to publish her findings. (nih.gov)
  • Other individuals experience early onset of primary open-angle glaucoma, the most common adult form of glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • He had a hereditary form of glaucoma that typically develops much earlier in life than the well-known adult-onset type, and that currently is resistant to medical and surgical treatment. (nih.gov)
  • Use of topiramate and risk of glaucoma: a case-control study. (medscape.com)
  • 40, and anyone age above 60 have higher risk of glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • Glaucoma can eventually lead to blindness if it's not treated. (nih.gov)
  • He cautioned that people who suffer from glaucoma do not realize it in the initial stages that this could develop into a serious condition. (deccanchronicle.com)
  • A finding of elevated IOP alone is insufficient to diagnose glaucoma, but it is 1 of the findings that can be used to classify a patient with glaucoma suspect or borderline glaucoma. (health.mil)
  • Ophthalmologists consider a cup to optic disc ratio greater than 0.3 to be suggestive of glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • If glaucoma appears before the age of 3 without other associated abnormalities, it is called primary congenital glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • Primary congenital glaucoma affects approximately 1 in 10,000 people. (nih.gov)
  • MYOC gene variants have also been detected in some people with primary congenital glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • Between 20 percent and 40 percent of people with primary congenital glaucoma have variants in the CYP1B1 gene. (nih.gov)
  • In some families, primary congenital glaucoma may also be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. (nih.gov)
  • Primary Congenital Glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • Coexistent primary open-angle glaucoma and cataract: Interim analysis of a trabecular micro-bypass stent and concurrent cataract surgery. (medscape.com)
  • Does Marijuana Help Treat Glaucoma or Other Eye Conditions? (medlineplus.gov)
  • CDC funds programs to detect glaucoma and other eye diseases among high-risk communities and provide successful follow-up care. (cdc.gov)
  • When applied for remote screening tele-glaucoma can to detect glaucoma in order to initiate prompt treatment. (aao.org)
  • There's no way to prevent glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • A number of minimally invasive surgical techniques have been introduced as a treatment to prevent glaucoma progressing. (cochrane.org)
  • Don't Let Glaucoma Steal Your Sight! (cdc.gov)
  • Abstract: The Aim of the parent project is to develop and apply an in vivo imaging model system to find out the structural-metabolic-functional brain relationships and eye-brain-behavior relationships in both humans and animal models of glaucoma for clinical and translational applications. (nih.gov)
  • Abstract --Glaucoma is one of the most common eye diseases segmentation results of each other [4]. (nih.gov)
  • This report describes an analysis using the Defense Medical Surveillance System to identify all active component service members with an incident diagnosis of glaucoma during the period between 2013 and 2017. (health.mil)
  • Between 2013 and 2017, incidence rates of glaucoma diagnoses increased by 75.4% among all service members. (health.mil)
  • Open-angle glaucoma does not have symptoms and is hereditary, so talk to your family members about their vision health to help protect your eyes-and theirs. (cdc.gov)
  • Glaucoma specialists answer questions about medications and surgery, diet and exercise, marijuana and other alternative treatments, correlations with other chronic health conditions, and more. (glaucoma.org)
  • The rewards are more exciting than ever before, thanks to recent advances in treatments for open-angle glaucoma. (crstoday.com)
  • After a diagnosis of open-angle glaucoma, two high-level characteristics outside of IOP affect every treatment decision we make: age and stage. (crstoday.com)
  • Seeing the Future: Longevity Research and Glaucoma" was the topic of the 2020 Weston Family Lecture presented virtually on October 27, 2020. (glaucoma.org)
  • Vision loss from glaucoma usually affects peripheral vision (what you can see on the side of your head when looking ahead) first. (cdc.gov)
  • Without treatment, people with glaucoma will slowly lose their peripheral, or side vision. (medlineplus.gov)
  • [2] [3] Primary open angle glaucoma is often labeled as the "silent thief of vision" due its characteristic painless and slow progression of mostly peripheral vision loss1. (aao.org)
  • The vast majority of glaucoma diagnoses in active component service members (97.6%) represent early stage disease (borderline or suspect glaucoma). (health.mil)
  • What are the symptoms of glaucoma? (nih.gov)
  • At first, glaucoma doesn't usually have any symptoms. (nih.gov)
  • There are often no early symptoms, which is why 50% of people with glaucoma don't know they have the disease. (cdc.gov)
  • It is not well understood how defects in the CYP1B1 protein cause signs and symptoms of glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • Glaucoma may not cause any early symptoms. (nih.gov)
  • Glaucoma is often called 'the silent thief of sight' because it has no early symptoms and can slowly and painlessly cause permanent loss of vision before the patient is aware. (sightsavers.org)
  • Open-angle glaucoma, the most common form, results in increased eye pressure. (cdc.gov)
  • Conventional MRI and magnetization transfer imaging of the brain and optic pathway in primary open-angle glaucoma. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical Evaluation of Unilateral Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Two-Year Follow-Up Study. (medscape.com)
  • If primary open-angle glaucoma develops during childhood or early adulthood, it is called juvenile open-angle glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • Juvenile open-angle glaucoma affects about 1 in 50,000 people. (nih.gov)
  • Primary open-angle glaucoma is much more common after the age of 40, affecting about 1 to 2 percent of the population worldwide. (nih.gov)
  • Approximately 10 percent to 33 percent of people with juvenile open-angle glaucoma have variants (also known as mutations) in the MYOC gene. (nih.gov)
  • CYP1B1 gene variants have also been detected in some people with juvenile open-angle glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • Under her fellowship, managed by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Fafowora returned to her native Nigeria to investigate potential genes behind the specific condition that had struck her young patient - juvenile-onset open-angle glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • Hypothyroidism and open-angle glaucoma: an accidental or an essential coexistence? (who.int)
  • We aimed to test the hypothesis that there is an association between hypothyroidism and primary open-angle glaucoma. (who.int)
  • Barbara was introduced to the world of glaucoma when she was surprisingly diagnosed with open angle glaucoma at an annual vision appointment. (glaucomafoundation.org)
  • The aim of this Cochrane Review was to find out if endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP) lowers the pressure in the eye for people with open angle glaucoma or angle closure. (cochrane.org)
  • Tóth M, Shah A, Hu K, Bunce C, Gazzard G. Endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP) for open angle glaucoma and primary angle closure. (cochrane.org)
  • primary open-angle glaucoma is the most frequent encountered in the US 2,3. (aao.org)
  • of these borderline cases, 2.2% progressed to open-angle glaucoma during the study period. (health.mil)
  • This means that mutations in the TDRD7 gene could cause a double jeopardy for childhood glaucoma," John explains. (nih.gov)
  • We hope our findings will contribute to the development of gene therapy for glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • As if blindness wasn't enough, mutations in the gene for optineurin (OPTN), which can lead to glaucoma, also appear to cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. (alzforum.org)
  • The primary objective of our research is to use the in vivo imaging model systems developed in the parent proposal to find out the structural-metabolic-functional brain relationships and eye-brain-behavior relationships in glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • Thanks to Keep Sight, more than 8,000 people have already been screened for glaucoma since October 2019. (sightsavers.org)
  • Glaucoma prevention efforts should continue to focus on early detection through periodic and comprehensive eye examinations performed by an eye care professional (optometrist or ophthalmologist). (health.mil)
  • Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy with characteristic optic nerve structural damage and visual field loss. (aao.org)
  • Glaucoma is an eye disease that involves progressive optic nerve damage and vision loss, leading to blindness if undetected or untreated. (health.mil)
  • Without treatment, glaucoma can eventually cause blindness. (nih.gov)
  • What's the treatment for glaucoma? (nih.gov)
  • If you have glaucoma, it's important to start treatment right away. (nih.gov)
  • While glaucoma is a serious disease, treatment works well. (nih.gov)
  • Its construction offers numerous potential clinical advantages over the standard glaucoma treatment and may have additional applications, such as delivering anti-inflammatory drugs or antibiotics to the eye. (nih.gov)
  • The results of this supplementary project may help determine if scutellarin can be a possible candidate as a novel neurotherapeutic agent for glaucoma treatment. (nih.gov)
  • and (2) the preservation of retinal structure and visual behavioral function measured by optical coherence tomography and optokinetics, upon oral scutellarin treatment in our experimental glaucoma model when compared to the sham treatment within the experimental period, along with histological confirmations. (nih.gov)
  • In lab tests, the glaucoma model mice who received the injection treatment gained back roughly half of their previously lost visual ability. (nih.gov)
  • The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: a review. (medscape.com)
  • Glaucoma treatment decisions are complexly influenced by the patient's age and disease stage. (crstoday.com)
  • Another patient with advanced disease and well-controlled pressure who tolerates medication could simply stick with the current treatment or might be a good candidate for microinvasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS). (crstoday.com)
  • A third experiment had similar success reversing some vision damage in a mouse model of glaucoma, a leading cause of age-related blindness in humans. (nih.gov)
  • Prevalence and clinical characteristics of glaucoma in adult Chinese: a population-based study in Liwan District, Guangzhou. (medscape.com)
  • Global efforts in tele-glaucoma are also being made, with many initiatives based in Africa due to a disproportionately high prevalence of glaucoma cases in African populations. (aao.org)
  • That's why half of people with glaucoma don't even know they have it. (nih.gov)
  • Anyone can get glaucoma, but some people are at higher risk. (nih.gov)
  • Half of people with glaucoma don't know they have it. (cdc.gov)
  • People with diabetes are 2 times more likely to get glaucoma than people without diabetes. (cdc.gov)
  • Medicare covers a glaucoma test once a year for people in high-risk groups. (cdc.gov)
  • Some people with glaucoma have low vision, which means they have a hard time doing routine activities even with the help of glasses or contacts. (cdc.gov)
  • Over time, people with glaucoma may slowly lose their vision. (nih.gov)
  • These mutations were not present in 781 healthy control subjects, nor were they found in 6,800 people with glaucoma. (alzforum.org)
  • An estimated 76 million people globally have glaucoma and approximately 4.5 million people are blind because of the condition. (sightsavers.org)
  • Keep Sight will make a real difference to people living with glaucoma in places where the need is greatest, and it is great to be able to mark it this World Glaucoma Week. (sightsavers.org)
  • It is anticipated that the initiative will expand to eventually screen 500,000 people in countries where glaucoma is a particular problem. (sightsavers.org)
  • Glaucoma can lead to a gradual loss of sight if left ignored for long, which is why everyone should get their eyes checked at least once a year, observed health minister T Harish Rao here on Sunday. (deccanchronicle.com)
  • Aiming to tackle these issues is a global glaucoma initiative called Keep Sight, which sees Sightsavers working in partnership with Allergan and the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB). (sightsavers.org)
  • Keep Sight is the eye care industry's first, multi-year initiative to tackle avoidable blindness from glaucoma in low and middle income countries with the highest unmet need. (sightsavers.org)
  • Glaucoma is a group of diseases that damage the eye's optic nerve and can result in vision loss and even blindness. (cdc.gov)
  • Glaucoma refers to a group of eye diseases that can damage the optic nerve and can result in vision loss and blindness. (health.mil)
  • Beautiful collection of world renowned eye images highlighting the normal eye condition relative to the main stages of Glaucoma and how it affects the optic disc, nerve and field of vision. (magcloud.com)
  • Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can cause vision loss and blindness by damaging a nerve in the back of your eye called the optic nerve. (nih.gov)
  • Get a healthy start this year by learning about glaucoma and taking steps to reduce your risk of vision loss! (cdc.gov)
  • There is no cure (yet) for glaucoma, but if it's caught early, you can preserve your vision and prevent vision loss. (cdc.gov)
  • Healthy habits can help you avoid vision loss from glaucoma. (cdc.gov)
  • There are many steps you can take to help protect your eyes and lower your risk of vision loss from glaucoma. (cdc.gov)
  • Maintaining a healthy weight, controlling your blood pressure, being physically active, and avoiding smoking will help you avoid vision loss from glaucoma. (cdc.gov)
  • Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can lead to vision loss and blindness. (nih.gov)
  • More severe mutations in OPTN cause ALS, and milder mutations cause glaucoma. (alzforum.org)
  • There are several approaches to segment optic disc and cup variability among ophthalmologists in estimating the ratio since it from fundus images for glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • Boston-Aqueous shunts can offer a very effective modality for controlling IOP in challenging glaucoma cases, and their therapeutic index has improved thanks to innovations in technique and technology introduced based on clinical experience. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • Extremely short strands of genetic material called microRNAs, for instance, could make for useful therapeutic targets for glaucoma and other degenerative eye ailments, according to new IRP research. (nih.gov)
  • The Catalyst for a Cure researchers are a team of four principal investigators and their laboratories working together to restore vision and cure glaucoma. (glaucoma.org)