Gibberella
Fusarium
Trichothecenes
Fumonisins
Zearalenone
Hypocreales
Gibberellins
Carbon-Carbon Lyases
Deletions in the gibberellin biosynthesis gene cluster of Gibberella fujikuroi by restriction enzyme-mediated integration and conventional transformation-mediated mutagenesis. (1/102)
We induced mutants of Gibberella fujikuroi deficient in gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis by transformation-mediated mutagenesis with the vector pAN7-1. We recovered 24 GA-defective mutants in one of nine transformation experiments performed without the addition of a restriction enzyme. Each mutant had a similar Southern blot pattern, suggesting the integration of the vector into the same site. The addition of a restriction enzyme by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) significantly increased the transformation rate and the rate of single-copy integration events. Of 1,600 REMI transformants, two produced no GAs. Both mutants had multiple copies of the vector pAN7-1 and one had a Southern blot pattern similar to those of the 24 conventionally transformed GA-deficient mutants. Biochemical analysis of the two REMI mutants confirmed that they cannot produce ent-kaurene, the first specific intermediate of the GA pathway. Feeding the radioactively labelled precursors ent-kaurene and GA12-aldehyde followed by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that neither of these intermediates was converted to GAs in the mutants. Southern blot analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of the transformants using the bifunctional ent-copalyl diphosphate/ent-kaurene synthase gene (cps/ks) and the flanking regions as probes revealed a large deletion in the GA-deficient REMI transformants and in the GA-deficient transformants obtained by conventional insertional transformation. We conclude that transformation procedures with and without the addition of restriction enzymes can lead to insertion-mediated mutations and to deletions and chromosome translocations. (+info)Molecular standardization of mating type terminology in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. (2/102)
Mating type in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex is controlled by a single locus with two alleles and is usually identified following sexual crosses with standard, female-fertile tester isolates. The mating type alleles have been arbitrarily designated "+" and "-" within each biological species, and the nomenclature is tied to the standard tester strains. We developed a pair of PCR primers that can be used to amplify a unique fragment of one of the mating type alleles (MAT-2) from at least seven of the biological species in this species complex. Based on the amplification pattern, we propose a replacement for the existing, arbitrary +/- terminology that is presently in use. The new terminology is based on DNA sequence similarities between the mating type allele fragments from the biological species of the G. fujikuroi species complex and the corresponding fragments from other filamentous ascomycetes. (+info)Lovastatin inhibits the production of gibberellins but not sterol or carotenoid biosynthesis in Gibberella fujikuroi. (3/102)
Sterols, carotenoids and gibberellins are synthesized after the reduction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) to mevalonate in different subcellular compartments of the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi. Lovastatin inhibits growth in many organisms, presumably because of the inhibition of the synthesis of essential terpenoids. However, in G. fujikuroi growth of the mycelia and sterol and carotenoid content were not affected by the presence of lovastatin. Nevertheless, lovastatin did inhibit the accumulation of gibberellins in the culture medium; this inhibition, however, was counteracted by the addition of mevalonate to the medium. The conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate in cell-free extracts was inhibited by 10 nM lovastatin. Since G. fujikuroi apparently possesses a single gene for HMG-CoA reductase, as shown by Southern hybridization and PCR amplification, it was concluded that the biosynthesis of sterols, carotenoids and gibberellins shares a single HMG-CoA reductase, but the respective subcellular compartments are differentially accessible to lovastatin. (+info)Cloning of a full-length cDNA encoding ent-kaurene synthase from Gibberella fujikuroi: functional analysis of a bifunctional diterpene cyclase. (4/102)
We report here the nucleotide sequence of a full-length cDNA encoding ent-kaurene synthase that was isolated by a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction from Gibberella fujikuroi (Gcps/ks). This cDNA encodes 952 amino acid residues with a relative molecular mass of 107 kDa. The sequence similarity between Gcps/ks and ent-kaurene synthase of the gibberellin A1-producing fungus, Phaeosphaeria sp. L487, is very high, suggesting that Gcps/ks is also a bifunctional diterpene cyclase. Its recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli converted geranylgeranyl diphosphate to copalyl diphosphate and ent-kaurene. (+info)Analysis of aberrant virulence of Gibberella zeae following transformation-mediated complementation of a trichothecene-deficient (Tri5) mutant. (5/102)
Gibberella zeae causes wheat ear blight and produces trichothecene toxins in infected grain. In previous studies, trichothecene production in this fungus was disabled by specific disruption of the trichodiene synthase gene (Tri5) and was restored by two methods: gene reversion and transformation-mediated mutant complementation. In previous field tests of wheat ear blight, trichothecene-nonproducing mutants were less virulent than the wild-type progenitor strain from which they were derived. Trichothecene-producing revertants also were restored to wild-type levels of virulence. In contrast, in the field test of wheat ear blight reported here, trichothecene-producing strains obtained by Tri5 mutant complementation were not restored to wild-type levels of virulence. The complemented mutants showed a slightly reduced radial growth compared to the wild-type strain, but otherwise appeared normal in morphology, pigmentation and sexual fertility. Genetic analysis indicated that the aberrant virulence of a complemented mutant was likely due to non-target effects that occurred during the process of transforming the trichothecene-nonproducing mutant with Tri5. These results confirm previous findings that trichothecenes contribute to the virulence of G. zeae, but also demonstrate that manipulating this fungus in the laboratory may cause it to undergo subtle changes that reduce its virulence. (+info)PCR-based identification of MAT-1 and MAT-2 in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. (6/102)
All sexually fertile strains in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex are heterothallic, with individual mating types conferred by the broadly conserved ascomycete idiomorphs MAT-1 and MAT-2. We sequenced both alleles from all eight mating populations, developed a multiplex PCR technique to distinguish these idiomorphs, and tested it with representative strains from all eight biological species and 22 additional species or phylogenetic lineages from this species complex. In most cases, either an approximately 800-bp fragment from MAT-2 or an approximately 200-bp fragment from MAT-1 is amplified. The amplified fragments cosegregate with mating type, as defined by sexual cross-fertility, in a cross of Fusarium moniliforme (Fusarium verticillioides). Neither of the primer pairs amplify fragments from Fusarium species such as Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium pseudograminearum, and Fusarium culmorum, which have, or are expected to have, Gibberella sexual stages but are thought to be relatively distant from the species in the G. fujikuroi species complex. Our results suggest that MAT allele sequences are useful indicators of phylogenetic relatedness in these and other Fusarium species. (+info)The P450-1 gene of Gibberella fujikuroi encodes a multifunctional enzyme in gibberellin biosynthesis. (7/102)
Recent studies have shown that the genes of the gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis pathway in the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi are organized in a cluster of at least seven genes. P450-1 is one of four cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes in this cluster. Disruption of the P450-1 gene in the GA-producing wild-type strain IMI 58289 led to total loss of GA production. Analysis of the P450-1-disrupted mutants indicated that GA biosynthesis was blocked immediately after ent-kaurenoic acid. The function of the P450-1 gene product was investigated further by inserting the gene into mutants of G. fujikuroi that lack the entire GA gene cluster; the gene was highly expressed under GA production conditions in the absence of the other GA-biosynthesis genes. Cultures of transformants containing P450-1 converted ent-[(14)C]kaurenoic acid efficiently into [(14)C]GA(14), indicating that P450-1 catalyzes four sequential steps in the GA-biosynthetic pathway: 7beta-hydroxylation, contraction of ring B by oxidation at C-6, 3beta-hydroxylation, and oxidation at C-7. The GA precursors ent-7alpha-hydroxy[(14)C]kaurenoic acid, [(14)C]GA(12)-aldehyde, and [(14)C]GA(12) were also converted to [(14)C]GA(14). In addition, there is an indication that P450-1 may also be involved in the formation of the kaurenolides and fujenoic acids, which are by-products of GA biosynthesis in G. fujikuroi. Thus, P450-1 displays remarkable multifunctionality and may be responsible for the formation of 12 products. (+info)Identification of deoxynivalenol- and nivalenol-producing chemotypes of Gibberella zeae by using PCR. (8/102)
Gibberella zeae, a major cause of cereal scab, may be divided into two chemotypes based on production of the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV). We cloned and sequenced the gene cluster for trichothecene biosynthesis from each chemotype. G. zeae H-11 is a DON producer isolated from corn, and G. zeae 88-1 is a NIV producer from barley. We sequenced a 23-kb gene cluster from H-11 and a 26-kb cluster from 88-1, along with the unlinked Tri101 genes. Each gene cluster contained 10 Tri gene homologues in the same order and transcriptional directions as those of Fusarium sporotrichioides. Between H-11 and 88-1 all of the Tri homologues except Tri7 were conserved, with identities ranging from 88 to 98% and 82 to 99% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. The Tri7 sequences were only 80% identical at the nucleotide level. We aligned the Tri7 genes and found that the Tri7 open reading frame of H-11 carried several mutations and an insertion containing 10 copies of an 11-bp tandem repeat. The Tri7 gene from 88-1 carried neither the repeat nor the mutations. We assayed 100 G. zeae isolates of both chemotypes by PCR amplification with a primer pair derived from the Tri7 gene and could differentiate the chemotypes by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The PCR-based method developed in this study should provide a simple and reliable diagnostic tool for differentiating the two chemotypes of G. zeae. (+info)"Gibberella" is not a medical term itself, but it is a genus of filamentous fungi that can cause various plant diseases. One species in particular, "Gibberella zeae," is well-known for causing a disease called "wheat scab" or "head blight" in wheat and barley crops. This disease can lead to significant yield losses and contamination of grains with mycotoxins, which can pose risks to human and animal health if consumed.
In a medical context, the term "Gibberella" may be mentioned in relation to mycotoxicosis, which is poisoning caused by the consumption of food or feed contaminated with mycotoxins produced by fungi such as Gibberella. However, it is important to note that "Gibberella" itself is not a medical term, but rather a term used in mycology and plant pathology.
"Fusarium" is a genus of fungi that are widely distributed in the environment, particularly in soil, water, and on plants. They are known to cause a variety of diseases in animals, including humans, as well as in plants. In humans, Fusarium species can cause localized and systemic infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. These infections often manifest as keratitis (eye infection), onychomycosis (nail infection), and invasive fusariosis, which can affect various organs such as the lungs, brain, and bloodstream. Fusarium species produce a variety of toxins that can contaminate crops and pose a threat to food safety and human health.
Trichothecenes are a group of chemically related toxic compounds called sesquiterpenoids produced by various species of fungi, particularly those in the genera Fusarium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, and Stachybotrys. These toxins can contaminate crops and cause a variety of adverse health effects in humans and animals that consume or come into contact with the contaminated material.
Trichothecenes can be classified into four types (A, B, C, and D) based on their chemical structure. Type A trichothecenes include T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol, while type B trichothecenes include deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol, and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol.
Exposure to trichothecenes can cause a range of symptoms, including skin irritation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and immune system suppression. In severe cases, exposure to high levels of these toxins can lead to neurological problems, hemorrhage, and even death.
It is important to note that trichothecenes are not typically considered infectious agents, but rather toxin-producing molds that can contaminate food and other materials. Proper handling, storage, and preparation of food can help reduce the risk of exposure to these toxins.
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain types of fungi (molds) that can contaminate food and feed crops, both during growth and storage. These toxins can cause a variety of adverse health effects in humans and animals, ranging from acute poisoning to long-term chronic exposure, which may lead to immune suppression, cancer, and other diseases. Mycotoxin-producing fungi mainly belong to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria. Common mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, patulin, and citrinin. The presence of mycotoxins in food and feed is a significant public health concern and requires stringent monitoring and control measures to ensure safety.
Fumonisins are a type of mycotoxin, which are toxic compounds produced by certain types of mold or fungi. They are primarily produced by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum, which are common contaminants of crops such as corn, wheat, and rice.
Fumonisins are characterized by their long-chain structure and have been associated with a variety of adverse health effects in both humans and animals. The most well-known fumonisin is FB1 (fumonisin B1), which has been shown to be toxic to the liver and kidneys, as well as being linked to neural tube defects in developing fetuses.
Exposure to fumonisins can occur through the consumption of contaminated food or feed, and they have been found in a variety of agricultural products, including cornmeal, grits, and cereals. In addition to their potential health effects, fumonisins can also negatively impact crop yields and economic losses for farmers. As such, monitoring and controlling the levels of fumonisins in food and feed is an important public health and agricultural concern.
Zearalenone is a type of mycotoxin, which is a toxic compound produced by certain types of fungi. Specifically, zearalenone is produced by some strains of Fusarium fungi that can infect crops such as corn, wheat, and barley. It has estrogen-like properties and can cause reproductive problems in animals that consume contaminated feed. In humans, exposure to high levels of zearalenone may cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, but the effects of long-term exposure are not well understood.
Medical Definition: Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by certain strains of Fusarium fungi that can infect crops such as corn, wheat, and barley. It has estrogen-like properties and can cause reproductive problems in animals that consume contaminated feed. In humans, exposure to high levels of zearalenone may cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, but the effects of long-term exposure are not well understood.
Hypocreales is an order of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. This group includes many species that are saprophytic (growing on dead or decaying organic matter) as well as pathogenic, causing various diseases in plants and animals. Some notable members of Hypocreales include the genera Trichoderma, Hypocrea, Nectria, and Fusarium. These fungi are characterized by their perithecial ascomata (sexual fruiting bodies) and often produce colorful, flask-shaped structures called ascostromata. Some species in this order produce toxic compounds known as mycotoxins, which can have harmful effects on humans and animals if ingested or inhaled.
Gibberellins (GAs) are a type of plant hormones that regulate various growth and developmental processes, including stem elongation, germination of seeds, leaf expansion, and flowering. They are a large family of diterpenoid compounds that are synthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) in the plastids and then modified through a series of enzymatic reactions in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm.
GAs exert their effects by binding to specific receptors, which activate downstream signaling pathways that ultimately lead to changes in gene expression and cellular responses. The biosynthesis and perception of GAs are tightly regulated, and disruptions in these processes can result in various developmental abnormalities and growth disorders in plants.
In addition to their role in plant growth and development, GAs have also been implicated in the regulation of various physiological processes, such as stress tolerance, nutrient uptake, and senescence. They have also attracted interest as potential targets for crop improvement, as modulating GA levels and sensitivity can enhance traits such as yield, disease resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance.
Carbon-carbon lyases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in a substrate, resulting in the formation of two molecules with a double bond between them. This reaction is typically accompanied by the release or addition of a cofactor such as water or a coenzyme.
These enzymes play important roles in various metabolic pathways, including the breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids. They are also involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, such as terpenoids and alkaloids.
Carbon-carbon lyases are classified under EC number 4.1.2. in the Enzyme Commission (EC) system. This classification includes a wide range of enzymes with different substrate specificities and reaction mechanisms. Examples of carbon-carbon lyases include decarboxylases, aldolases, and dehydratases.
It's worth noting that the term "lyase" refers to any enzyme that catalyzes the removal of a group of atoms from a molecule, leaving a double bond or a cycle, and it does not necessarily imply the formation of carbon-carbon bonds.
A plant disease is a disorder that affects the normal growth and development of plants, caused by pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or nematodes, as well as environmental factors like nutrient deficiencies, extreme temperatures, or physical damage. These diseases can cause various symptoms, including discoloration, wilting, stunted growth, necrosis, and reduced yield or productivity, which can have significant economic and ecological impacts.
Fungal spores are defined as the reproductive units of fungi that are produced by specialized structures called hyphae. These spores are typically single-celled and can exist in various shapes such as round, oval, or ellipsoidal. They are highly resistant to extreme environmental conditions like heat, cold, and dryness, which allows them to survive for long periods until they find a suitable environment to germinate and grow into a new fungal organism. Fungal spores can be found in the air, water, soil, and on various surfaces, making them easily dispersible and capable of causing infections in humans, animals, and plants.
Gibberella - Wikipedia
Corn School: Building a gibberella defence - RealAgriculture
Corn School: Zoom in when scouting for gibberella - RealAgriculture
Gibberella Ear Rot and Stalk Rot in Corn
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Zeae10
- Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum ) causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat and barley and has been responsible for several billion dollars of losses in the United States since the early 1990s. (apsnet.org)
- Gibberella stalk rot and ear rot are caused by the fungus Gibberella zeae , the same pathogen that causes head scab of wheat ( Fusarium graminearum ). (rea-hybrids.com)
- Gibberella ear rot occurs when G ibberella zeae enters kernels through the silks. (rea-hybrids.com)
- Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum), is a devastating disease of wheat and barley worldwide. (usda.gov)
- Head scab, or Fusariam head blight, is caused by the fungus Gibberella zeae, also known as Fusarium graminearum, which is harbored in corn residue. (no-tillfarmer.com)
- Gibberella zeae can overwinter in corn residue and produce spores in the spring. (no-tillfarmer.com)
- The fungus's sexual stage is called Gibberella zeae . (topcropmanager.com)
- Fusarium graminearum (sexual state Gibberella zeae) growing in the ears of corn and on the heads of cereal grains before harvest may produce other toxins besides zearalenone. (mold-help.org)
- Gibberella zeae is a fungus belonging to a group of fungi called Ascomycetes. (cornjournal.com)
- The asexual stage of this Gibberella zeae is Fusarium graminearum . (cornjournal.com)
Fusarium4
- Traits protecting against ECB and WBC should be selected when planting into a field with previous heavy pressure from Gibberella or Fusarium head blight. (rea-hybrids.com)
- This fungal pathogen is the main cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and also causes Gibberella ear rot in corn. (topcropmanager.com)
- In corn, DON is produced primarily by a fungus called Fusarium graminearum , which is responsible for Gibberella ear rot and also Gibberella stalk or crown rot of corn. (hayandforage.com)
- The genome sequence of Gibberella moniliformis (Fusarium verticillioides) 7600 Unpublished. (inra.fr)
Fujikuroi3
- Gibberella acerina Gibberella acervalis Gibberella africana Gibberella agglomerata Gibberella atrofuliginea Gibberella atrorufa Gibberella australis Gibberella avenacea Gibberella baccata Gibberella bambusae Gibberella bolusiellae Gibberella bresadolae Gibberella briosiana Gibberella butleri Gibberella buxi Gibberella cantareirensis Gibberella cicatrisata Gibberella circinata Gibberella coffeae Gibberella coronicola Gibberella creberrima Gibberella culmicola Gibberella cyanea Gibberella cyanogena Gibberella cyanospora Gibberella cylindrospora Gibberella effusa Gibberella engleriana Gibberella euonymi Gibberella ficina Gibberella flacca Gibberella fujikuroi G. fujikuroi var. (wikipedia.org)
- Gibberella fujikuroi var. (atcc.org)
- As you know, the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi produces the same gibberellin A, that plants do. (nih.gov)
Corn7
- Gibberella ear rot produces mycotoxins in corn, including deoxynivalenol (DON, also call vomitoxin). (rea-hybrids.com)
- Corn Product - Researchers have identified two types of resistance to Gibberella: silk resistance and kernel resistance. (rea-hybrids.com)
- There is a yearly concern for wheat planted into corn stubble because the fungus that causes head scab also causes Gibberella ear rot in corn," Kiersten Wise said. (no-tillfarmer.com)
- Even though this was a year when we didn't have a lot of Gibberella ear rot, there were some reports of it, and fields with wheat following corn would be at risk in those situations. (no-tillfarmer.com)
- The usual suspects are always a concern: Northern corn leaf blight, gibberella ear rot, and more, but a new-to-Ontario disease, tar spot, has been harder to predict when it comes to threat level. (realagriculture.com)
- www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/corn/news/others/2009/Gibberella-1002. (osu.edu)
- Proline Proline is the only corn fungicide to control all major leaf diseases, protect against stalk rot and gibberella ear rot, effectively reducing DON. (bayer.ca)
Stalk4
- Gibberella stalk rot infects stalks following pollination via wounds in the stalk and through the roots and causes the lower stalk to soften and become straw-colored as plants die. (rea-hybrids.com)
- Gibberella stalk rot infects stalks following pollination. (rea-hybrids.com)
- Stalk quality is compromised when Gibberella infects stalks, and early harvest may be necessary if there is the potential for substantial lodging. (rea-hybrids.com)
- Gibberella stalk rot and ear rot are usually identified presence of the perithecia, rough black structures produced on the outside of the stalk or kernel tissues. (cornjournal.com)
Mycotoxins1
- And yet, there are strong theoretical arguments indicating that these metabolites could play a key role in maize resistance to fungal diseases including Gibberella Ear Rot (GER)1 and contamination of grains with mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON): involvement in resistance to abiotic stresses, ability to quench reactive oxygen species, implication in the mediation of plant response signaling. (inrae.fr)
Mould1
- I wrote about the possibility of Gibberella ear mould being an issue on September 6, hoping I was going to be wrong. (blogspot.com)
Fungal1
- Pier Andrea Saccardo named the genus "Gibberella" because of the hump (Latin, gibbera) on the fungal perithecium. (wikipedia.org)
Primer1
- Based on discussions with customers, it is time for a Gibberella primer lesson. (blogspot.com)
Mold1
- Gibberella ear mold displaying typical pinkish kernels. (rea-hybrids.com)
Tolerance1
- 6 Bayer products are rated for tolerance to Gibberella on a scale of 1 to 9 (with a rating of 1 being low infection and 9 being high levels of infection). (rea-hybrids.com)