Germ cells. Medical search

The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms at various stages during GAMETOGENESIS.

Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.

The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.

The process of germ cell development in the male from the primordial germ cells, through SPERMATOGONIA; SPERMATOCYTES; SPERMATIDS; to the mature haploid SPERMATOZOA.

Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.

A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)

Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.

Supporting cells projecting inward from the basement membrane of SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN and hormones such as ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. The tight junctions of Sertoli cells with the SPERMATOGONIA and SPERMATOCYTES provide a BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER.

The convoluted tubules in the TESTIS where sperm are produced (SPERMATOGENESIS) and conveyed to the RETE TESTIS. Spermatogenic tubules are composed of developing germ cells and the supporting SERTOLI CELLS.

Euploid male germ cells of an early stage of SPERMATOGENESIS, derived from prespermatogonia. With the onset of puberty, spermatogonia at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule proliferate by mitotic then meiotic divisions and give rise to the haploid SPERMATOCYTES.

Male germ cells derived from SPERMATOGONIA. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo MEIOSIS and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to SPERMATIDS.

Male germ cells derived from the haploid secondary SPERMATOCYTES. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to SPERMATOZOA.

The gamete-producing glands, OVARY or TESTIS.

A radiosensitive, malignant neoplasm of the testis, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. There are three variants: classical (typical), the most common type; anaplastic; and spermatocytic. The classical seminoma is composed of fairly well differentiated sheets or cords of uniform polygonal or round cells (seminoma cells), each cell having abundant clear cytoplasm, distinct cell membranes, a centrally placed round nucleus, and one or more nucleoli. In the female, a grossly and histologically identical neoplasm, known as dysgerminoma, occurs. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.

Lectins purified from the germinating seeds of common wheat (Triticum vulgare); these bind to certain carbohydrate moieties on cell surface glycoproteins and are used to identify certain cell populations and inhibit or promote some immunological or physiological activities. There are at least two isoforms of this lectin.

The epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules composed of primary male germ cells (SPERMATOGONIA) and supporting SERTOLI CELLS. As SPERMATOGENESIS proceeds, the developing germ cells migrate toward the lumen. The adluminal compartment, the inner two thirds of the tubules, contains SPERMATOCYTES and the more advanced germ cells.

A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646)

The process of germ cell development in the female from the primordial germ cells through OOGONIA to the mature haploid ova (OVUM).

The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.

The three primary germinal layers (ECTODERM; ENDODERM; and MESODERM) developed during GASTRULATION that provide tissues and body plan of a mature organism. They derive from two early layers, hypoblast and epiblast.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

The process of germ cell development from the primordial GERM CELLS to the mature haploid GAMETES: ova in the female (OOGENESIS) or sperm in the male (SPERMATOGENESIS).

A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)

An unusual and aggressive tumor of germ-cell origin that reproduces the extraembryonic structures of the early embryo. It is the most common malignant germ cell tumor found in children. It is characterized by a labyrinthine glandular pattern of flat epithelial cells and rounded papillary processes with a central capillary (Schiller-Duval body). The tumor is rarely bilateral. Before the use of combination chemotherapy, the tumor was almost invariably fatal. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1189)

Euploid female germ cells of an early stage of OOGENESIS, derived from primordial germ cells during ovarian differentiation. Oogonia undergo MEIOSIS and give rise to haploid OOCYTES

The process in developing sex- or gender-specific tissue, organ, or function after SEX DETERMINATION PROCESSES have set the sex of the GONADS. Major areas of sex differentiation occur in the reproductive tract (GENITALIA) and the brain.

An orphan nuclear receptor expressed mainly in the GERM CELLS of GONADS. It functions as a transcription factor that binds to a direct repeat of the sequence AGGTCA and may play a role in the regulation of EMBRYOGENESIS and germ cell differentiation.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

The collective tissues from which an entire tooth is formed, including the DENTAL SAC; ENAMEL ORGAN; and DENTAL PAPILLA. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.

A developmental defect in which a TESTIS or both TESTES failed to descend from high in the ABDOMEN to the bottom of the SCROTUM. Testicular descent is essential to normal SPERMATOGENESIS which requires temperature lower than the BODY TEMPERATURE. Cryptorchidism can be subclassified by the location of the maldescended testis.

Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.

An octamer transcription factor that is expressed primarily in totipotent embryonic STEM CELLS and GERM CELLS and is down-regulated during CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.

A mature haploid female germ cell extruded from the OVARY at OVULATION.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

A count of SPERM in the ejaculum, expressed as number per milliliter.

A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.

The mechanisms by which the SEX of an individual's GONADS are fixed.

The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

A specialized barrier, in the TESTIS, between the interstitial BLOOD compartment and the adluminal compartment of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. The barrier is formed by layers of cells from the VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM of the capillary BLOOD VESSELS, to the SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM of the seminiferous tubules. TIGHT JUNCTIONS form between adjacent SERTOLI CELLS, as well as between the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The stage in the first meiotic prophase, following ZYGOTENE STAGE, when CROSSING OVER between homologous CHROMOSOMES begins.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).

The first alpha-globulins to appear in mammalian sera during FETAL DEVELOPMENT and the dominant serum proteins in early embryonic life.

A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors.

The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.

The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.

A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for STEM CELL FACTOR. This interaction is crucial for the development of hematopoietic, gonadal, and pigment stem cells. Genetic mutations that disrupt the expression of PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-KIT are associated with PIEBALDISM, while overexpression or constitutive activation of the c-kit protein-tyrosine kinase is associated with tumorigenesis.

A large family of RNA helicases that share a common protein motif with the single letter amino acid sequence D-E-A-D (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp). In addition to RNA helicase activity, members of the DEAD-box family participate in other aspects of RNA metabolism and regulation of RNA function.

Cells that can give rise to cells of the three different GERM LAYERS.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.

Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.

A rare tumor of the female genital tract, most often the ovary, formerly considered to be derived from mesonephric rests. Two varieties are recognized: (1) clear cell carcinoma, so called because of its histologic resemblance to renal cell carcinoma, and now considered to be of muellerian duct derivation and (2) an embryonal tumor (called also ENDODERMAL SINUS TUMOR and yolk sac tumor), occurring chiefly in children. The latter variety may also arise in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The convoluted cordlike structure attached to the posterior of the TESTIS. Epididymis consists of the head (caput), the body (corpus), and the tail (cauda). A network of ducts leaving the testis joins into a common epididymal tubule proper which provides the transport, storage, and maturation of SPERMATOZOA.

Messenger RNA that is stored in a masked state for translation at a later time. Distinguish from RNA, UNTRANSLATED which refers to non-messenger RNA, i.e. RNA that does not code for protein.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

The variable phenotypic expression of a GENE depending on whether it is of paternal or maternal origin, which is a function of the DNA METHYLATION pattern. Imprinted regions are observed to be more methylated and less transcriptionally active. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.

The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes.

Pathological processes of the TESTIS.

An in situ method for detecting areas of DNA which are nicked during APOPTOSIS. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is used to add labeled dUTP, in a template-independent manner, to the 3 prime OH ends of either single- or double-stranded DNA. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling, or TUNEL, assay labels apoptosis on a single-cell level, making it more sensitive than agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of DNA FRAGMENTATION.

Validation of the SEX of an individual by inspection of the GONADS and/or by genetic tests.

A class of free-living freshwater flatworms of North America.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

The only genus in the family Oryziinae, order BELONIFORMES. Oryzias are egg-layers; other fish of the same order are livebearers. Oryzias are used extensively in testing carcinogens.

The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction using S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE as the methyl group donor.

The chromosomal constitution of cells, in which each type of CHROMOSOME is represented once. Symbol: N.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The prophase of the first division of MEIOSIS (in which homologous CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION occurs). It is divided into five stages: leptonema, zygonema, PACHYNEMA, diplonema, and diakinesis.

An area occupying the most posterior aspect of the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. It is bounded laterally by the borders of the quadratus lumborum muscles and extends from the DIAPHRAGM to the brim of the true PELVIS, where it continues as the pelvic extraperitoneal space.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.

The external and internal organs related to reproduction.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

A layer of cells lining the fluid-filled cavity (blastocele) of a BLASTULA, usually developed from a fertilized insect, reptilian, or avian egg.

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS or FETUSES.

A genetic process by which the adult organism is realized via mechanisms that lead to the restriction in the possible fates of cells, eventually leading to their differentiated state. Mechanisms involved cause heritable changes to cells without changes to DNA sequence such as DNA METHYLATION; HISTONE modification; DNA REPLICATION TIMING; NUCLEOSOME positioning; and heterochromatization which result in selective gene expression or repression.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

A hematopoietic growth factor and the ligand of the cell surface c-kit protein (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-KIT). It is expressed during embryogenesis and is a growth factor for a number of cell types including the MAST CELLS and the MELANOCYTES in addition to the HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS.

The male sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and none of the female gametes in humans and in some other male-heterogametic species in which the homologue of the X chromosome has been retained.

A form of male HYPOGONADISM, characterized by the presence of an extra X CHROMOSOME, small TESTES, seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated levels of GONADOTROPINS, low serum TESTOSTERONE, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE). Patients tend to have long legs and a slim, tall stature. GYNECOMASTIA is present in many of the patients. The classic form has the karyotype 47,XXY. Several karyotype variants include 48,XXYY; 48,XXXY; 49,XXXXY, and mosaic patterns ( 46,XY/47,XXY; 47,XXY/48,XXXY, etc.).

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

Single cells that have the potential to form an entire organism. They have the capacity to specialize into extraembryonic membranes and tissues, the embryo, and all postembryonic tissues and organs. (Stem Cells: A Primer [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2000 May [cited 2002 Apr 5]. Available from: http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm)

Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in males. Use for male contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

A number of syndromes with defective gonadal developments such as streak GONADS and dysgenetic testes or ovaries. The spectrum of gonadal and sexual abnormalities is reflected in their varied sex chromosome (SEX CHROMOSOMES) constitution as shown by the karyotypes of 45,X monosomy (TURNER SYNDROME); 46,XX (GONADAL DYSGENESIS, 46XX); 46,XY (GONADAL DYSGENESIS, 46,XY); and sex chromosome MOSAICISM; (GONADAL DYSGENESIS, MIXED). Their phenotypes range from female, through ambiguous, to male. This concept includes gonadal agenesis.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A complex neoplasm composed of a mixture of gonadal elements, such as large primordial GERM CELLS, immature SERTOLI CELLS or GRANULOSA CELLS of the sex cord, and gonadal stromal cells. Gonadoblastomas are most often associated with gonadal dysgenesis, 46, XY.

Positional isomer of CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE which is active as an alkylating agent and an immunosuppressive agent.

A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.

A fibroblast growth factor that was originally identified as a mitogen for GLIAL CELLS. It is expressed primarily in NEURONS.

Agents, either mechanical or chemical, which destroy spermatozoa in the male genitalia and block spermatogenesis.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A condition of suboptimal concentration of SPERMATOZOA in the ejaculated SEMEN to ensure successful FERTILIZATION of an OVUM. In humans, oligospermia is defined as a sperm count below 20 million per milliliter semen.

The surgical removal of one or both testicles.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The homologous chromosomes that are dissimilar in the heterogametic sex. There are the X CHROMOSOME, the Y CHROMOSOME, and the W, Z chromosomes (in animals in which the female is the heterogametic sex (the silkworm moth Bombyx mori, for example)). In such cases the W chromosome is the female-determining and the male is ZZ. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A type of male infertility in which no germ cells are visible in any of the biopsied SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES (type I) or in which germ cells are present in a minority of tubules (type II). Clinical features include AZOOSPERMIA, normal VIRILIZATION, and normal chromosomal complement.

Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Animals and plants which have, as their normal mode of reproduction, both male and female sex organs in the same individual.

The first phase of cell nucleus division, in which the CHROMOSOMES become visible, the CELL NUCLEUS starts to lose its identity, the SPINDLE APPARATUS appears, and the CENTRIOLES migrate toward opposite poles.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The fertilized OVUM resulting from the fusion of a male and a female gamete.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Inability to reproduce after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Reproductive sterility is permanent infertility.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.

Nonparasitic free-living flatworms of the class Turbellaria. The most common genera are Dugesia, formerly Planaria, which lives in water, and Bipalium, which lives on land. Geoplana occurs in South America and California.

The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.

Achievement of full sexual capacity in animals and in humans.

A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, CD15 antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.

Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.

An OOCYTE-containing structure in the cortex of the OVARY. The oocyte is enclosed by a layer of GRANULOSA CELLS providing a nourishing microenvironment (FOLLICULAR FLUID). The number and size of follicles vary depending on the age and reproductive state of the female. The growing follicles are divided into five stages: primary, secondary, tertiary, Graafian, and atretic. Follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on the presence of GONADOTROPINS.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).

Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Movement characteristics of SPERMATOZOA in a fresh specimen. It is measured as the percentage of sperms that are moving, and as the percentage of sperms with productive flagellar motion such as rapid, linear, and forward progression.

The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.

A therapeutic approach, involving chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery, after initial regimens have failed to lead to improvement in a patient's condition. Salvage therapy is most often used for neoplastic diseases.

The developmental stage that follows BLASTULA or BLASTOCYST. It is characterized by the morphogenetic cell movements including invagination, ingression, and involution. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the PRIMITIVE STREAK, and ends with the formation of three GERM LAYERS, the body plan of the mature organism.

Gonadal neoplasm composed entirely of SERTOLI CELLS or may have a component of GRANULOSA CELLS. Some of the Sertoli cell tumors produce ESTROGEN or ANDROGENS, but seldom in sufficient quantity to cause clinical symptoms such as FEMINIZATION or masculinization (VIRILISM).

A condition of having no sperm present in the ejaculate (SEMEN).

A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).

The cap-like structure covering the anterior portion of SPERM HEAD. Acrosome, derived from LYSOSOMES, is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the required hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes necessary for sperm penetration of the egg in FERTILIZATION.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).

The sequence at the 3' end of messenger RNA that does not code for product. This region contains transcription and translation regulating sequences.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.

The fusion of a spermatozoon (SPERMATOZOA) with an OVUM thus resulting in the formation of a ZYGOTE.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

Cyclic AMP response element modulator is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that is regulated by CYCLIC AMP. It plays an important role in SPERMATID development in the mammalian TESTIS.

A family of RNA-binding proteins that has specificity for MICRORNAS and SMALL INTERFERING RNA molecules. The proteins take part in RNA processing events as core components of RNA-induced silencing complex.

A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.

An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

Methods for maintaining or growing CELLS in vitro.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Neoplasms composed of tissues of the OVARY or the TESTIS, not neoplasms located in the ovaries or testes. Gonadal tissues include GERM CELLS, cells from the sex cord, and gonadal stromal cells.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.

Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the TGF-beta superfamily, as the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. Inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta A or a beta B subunit to form inhibin A or inhibin B, respectively

The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination.

Carrier proteins produced in the Sertoli cells of the testis, secreted into the seminiferous tubules, and transported via the efferent ducts to the epididymis. They participate in the transport of androgens. Androgen-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as SEX HORMONE-BINDING GLOBULIN. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosaccharide modifications.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The Caenorhabditis elegans sex determination gene mog-1 encodes a member of the DEAH-Box protein family. (1/2975)

In the Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite germ line, the sex-determining gene fem-3 is repressed posttranscriptionally to arrest spermatogenesis and permit oogenesis. This repression requires a cis-acting regulatory element in the fem-3 3' untranslated region; the FBF protein, which binds to this element; and at least six mog genes. In this paper, we report the molecular characterization of mog-1 as well as additional phenotypic characterization of this gene. The mog-1 gene encodes a member of the DEAH-box family. Three mog-1 alleles possess premature stop codons and are likely to be null alleles, and one is a missense mutation and is likely to retain residual activity. mog-1 mRNA is expressed in both germ line and somatic tissues and appears to be ubiquitous. The MOG-1 DEAH-box protein is most closely related to proteins essential for splicing in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but splicing appears to occur normally in a mog-1-null mutant. In addition to its involvement in the sperm-oocyte switch and control of fem-3, zygotic mog-1 is required for robust germ line proliferation and for normal growth during development. We suggest that mog-1 plays a broader role in RNA regulation than previously considered. (+info)

Bmp4 is required for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo. (2/2975)

In many organisms the allocation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) is determined by the inheritance of maternal factors deposited in the egg. However, in mammals, inductive cell interactions are required around gastrulation to establish the germ line. Here, we show that Bmp4 homozygous null embryos contain no PGCs. They also lack an allantois, an extraembryonic mesodermal tissue derived, like the PGCs, from precursors in the proximal epiblast. Heterozygotes have fewer PGCs than normal, due to a reduction in the size of the founding population and not to an effect on its subsequent expansion. Analysis of beta-galactosidase activity in Bmp4(lacZneo) embryos reveals that prior to gastrulation, Bmp4 is expressed in the extraembryonic ectoderm. Later, Bmp4 is expressed in the extraembryonic mesoderm, but not in PGCs. Chimera analysis indicates that it is the Bmp4 expression in the extraembryonic ectoderm that regulates the formation of allantois and primordial germ cell precursors, and the size of the founding population of PGCs. The initiation of the germ line in the mouse therefore depends on a secreted signal from the previously segregated, extraembryonic, trophectoderm lineage. (+info)

Germ cell development in the XXY mouse: evidence that X chromosome reactivation is independent of sexual differentiation. (3/2975)

Prior to entry into meiosis, XX germ cells in the fetal ovary undergo X chromosome reactivation. The signal for reactivation is thought to emanate from the genital ridge, but it is unclear whether it is specific to the developing ovary. To determine whether the signals are present in the developing testis as well as the ovary, we examined the expression of X-linked genes in germ cells from XXY male mice. To facilitate this analysis, we generated XXY and XX fetuses carrying X chromosomes that were differentially marked and subject to nonrandom inactivation. This pattern of nonrandom inactivation was maintained in somatic cells but, in XX as well as XXY fetuses, both parental alleles were expressed in germ cell-enriched cell populations. Because testis differentiation is temporally and morphologically normal in the XXY testis and because all germ cells embark upon a male pathway of development, these results provide compelling evidence that X chromosome reactivation in fetal germ cells is independent of the somatic events of sexual differentiation. Proper X chromosome dosage is essential for the normal fertility of male mammals, and abnormalities in germ cell development are apparent in the XXY testis within several days of X reactivation. Studies of exceptional germ cells that survive in the postnatal XXY testis demonstrated that surviving germ cells are exclusively XY and result from rare nondisjunctional events that give rise to clones of XY cells. (+info)

Ialpha exon-replacement mice synthesize a spliced HPRT-C(alpha) transcript which may explain their ability to switch to IgA. Inhibition of switching to IgG in these mice. (4/2975)

Antibody class switching is regulated by transcription of unrearranged C(H) genes to produce germline (GL) transcripts which direct the choice of isotype and are required for switching. However, their role is unknown. GL transcripts are initiated at the I exons located upstream of each switch region. Although deletion of the I exon by gene targeting prevents switch recombination to that CH gene, the Ialpha exon can be replaced by an entirely different DNA segment, a minigene driven by the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter and encoding hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT), oriented in the sense direction, without reducing antibody class switching to IgA. To understand why HPRT substitution of the Ialpha exon does not disrupt switch recombination, we have analyzed the structure of the transcript from the targeted allele in these mice. We identify a spliced transcript in which the HPRT exons are spliced to the C(alpha) gene segments, resulting in a structure similar to normal GL transcripts. The abundance of this transcript is similar to that of the normal alpha GL RNA. We also demonstrate that switching to the four IgG subclasses in B cells from these mice is reduced in comparison to wild-type mice. We discuss the possibility that the strong PGK promoter inserted at the Ig alpha locus may interfere with interaction of the promoters for gamma GL transcripts with the 3' IgH enhancer. (+info)

Production of donor-derived offspring by transfer of primordial germ cells in Japanese quail. (5/2975)

We transfused concentrated primordial germ cells (PGCs) of the black strain (D: homozygous for the autosomal incomplete dominant gene, D) of quail into the embryos of the wild-type plumage strain (WP: d+/d+) of quail. The recipient quail were raised until sexual maturity and a progeny test of the putative germline chimeras was performed to examine the donor gamete-derived offspring (D/d+). Thirty-one percent (36/115) of the transfused quail hatched and 21 (13 females and 8 males) of them reached maturity. Five females and 2 males were germline chimeras producing donor gamete-derived offspring. Transmission rates of the donor derived gametes in the chimeric females and males were 1.8-8.3% and 2.6-63.0%, respectively. Germline chimeric and the other putative chimeric males were also test-mated with females from the sex-linked imperfect albino strain (AL: d+/d+, al/W, where al indicates the sex-linked imperfect albino gene on the Z chromosome, and W indicates the W chromosome) for autosexing of W-bearing spermatozoa: No albino offspring were born. (+info)

Histone ubiquitination and chromatin remodeling in mouse spermatogenesis. (6/2975)

Male infertility in HR6B knockout mice is associated with impairment of spermatogenesis. The HR6B gene is a mammalian, autosomal homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene Rad6 encoding a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. In addition, X-chromosomal HR6A has been identified, in human and mouse. RAD6 in yeast is required for a variety of cellular functions, including sporulation, DNA repair, and mutagenesis. Since RAD6 and its mammalian homologs can ubiquitinate histones in vitro, we have investigated the pattern of histone ubiquitination in mouse testis. By immunoblot and immunohistochemical analysis of wild-type mouse testis, a high amount of ubiquitinated H2A (uH2A) was detected in pachytene spermatocytes. This signal became undetectable in round spermatids, but then increased again during a relatively short developmental period, in elongating spermatids. No other ubiquitinated histones were observed. In the HR6B knockout mice, we failed to detect an overt defect in the overall pattern of histone ubiquitination. For somatic cell types, it has been shown that histone ubiquitination is associated with destabilization of nucleosomes, in relation to active gene transcription. Unexpectedly, the most intense uH2A signal in pachytene spermatocytes was detected in the sex body, an inactive nuclear structure that contains the heterochromatic X and Y chromosomes. The postmeiotic uH2A immunoexpression in elongating spermatids indicates that nucleosome destabilization induced by histone ubiquitination may play a facilitating role during histone-to-protamine replacement. (+info)

Activin and TGFbeta limit murine primordial germ cell proliferation. (7/2975)

Mammalian primordial germ cells (PGCs) proliferate as they migrate from their initial location in the extraembryonic mesoderm to the genital ridge, the gonadal anlage. Once in the genital ridge, PGCs cease dividing and differentiate according to their gender. To identify ligands that might limit PGC proliferation, we analyzed growth factor receptors encoded in RNA obtained from purified germ cells shortly after their arrival in the genital ridge. Receptors for two members of the TGFbeta superfamily were found, TGFbeta1 and activin. As the signal-transducing domains of both receptor systems are highly conserved, the effects of both TGFbeta1 and activin on PGCs would be expected to be similar. We found that both ligands limited the accumulation of germ cells in primary PGC cultures. BrdU incorporation assays demonstrated that either ligand inhibits PGC proliferation. These results suggest that these signal transduction pathways are important elements of the mechanism that determines germ cell endowment. (+info)

A novel quantitative morphometry of germ cells for the histopathological evaluation of rat testicular toxicity. (8/2975)

A view that 14 stages of rat spermatogenic cycle could be arranged into 4 groups, viz., conventional stages I-VI, VII-VIII, IX-XI and XII-XIV, according to the features of elongated spermatids was previously presented. A novel morphometry of seminiferous epithelia based on these 4 groups was also proposed. In the present study, utility of the proposed morphometry in the histopathological evaluations of testicular toxicities was monitored in comparison with the conventional one. After administrating adriamycin, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether or 1,3-dinitrobenzene to rats, the viability of their germ cells was estimated by the proposed morphometry and the conventional one employed stages II-III, V, VII, X and XII. In every case, the evaluating results of the proposed morphometry were similar to those of the conventional one. Thus, it was verified that the proposed morphometry was identical with the conventional one in respect of reliable detection of the testicular toxicities. In addition, in situ terminal dUTP nick end labeling indicated that death of spermatogonia, pachytene spermatocytes or round spermatids induced by the above 3 toxic compounds was exclusively apoptotic death. In conclusion, the proposed morphometry would be useful as a practical tool in the evaluation of testicular toxicities. (+info)

Primordial germ cells, germ cells that still have to reach the gonads (also known as PGCs, precursor germ cells or gonocytes) ... The somatic cells on the path of germ cells provide them attractive, repulsive, and survival signals. But germ cells also send ... This means that they can differentiate in any cell type in the body and thus germ cells. Specification of primordial germ cells ... The first way is called preformistic and involves that the cells destined to become germ cells inherit the specific germ cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_cell

Male germ-line stem cells divide asymmetrically to give one stem cell and a spermatogonia cell (unspecialised male germ cell) ... Germ cell nest breakdown involves the degeneration of many germ cell nuclei and the invasion of pre-granulosa cells into the ... In the germ cell nest, one germ cell matures into an oocyte whereas others act as 'nurse cells', transferring their contents ... In mammals, germ cells form syncytia of hundreds of germ cells interconnected by intercellular bridges. As they share a common ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_cell_nest

... (GCT) is a neoplasm derived from germ cells. Germ-cell tumors can be cancerous or benign. Germ cells normally ... Childhood Extracranial Germ Cell Tumors Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors Packer RJ, Cohen BH, Cooney K, ... The nongerminomatous or nonseminomatous germ-cell tumors (NGGCT, NSGCT) include all other germ-cell tumors, pure and mixed. The ... International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (February 1997). "International Germ Cell Consensus Classification: a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor

GCNH is expressed mainly in the germ cells of gonads and is involved in the regulation of embryogenesis and germ cell ... The germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF), also known as RTR (retinoid receptor-related testis-associated receptor) or NR6A1 (nuclear ... Lan ZJ, Chung AC, Xu X, DeMayo FJ, Cooney AJ (Dec 2002). "The embryonic function of germ cell nuclear factor is dependent on ... Kapelle M, Krätzschmar J, Husemann M, Schleuning WD (May 1997). "cDNA cloning of two closely related forms of human germ cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_cell_nuclear_factor

Primordial germ cell (PGC) migration is the process of distribution of primordial germ cells throughout the embryo during ... Down-regulation will result in reduced cell-cell adhesion which allows the germ cells to separate and begin the migration ... Coffman, Clark R. (May 2003). "Cell migration and programmed cell death of Drosophila germ cells". Annals of the New York ... the germ cells move towards the somatic gonadal precursor cells and associate with them. These two associated cell types then ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_germ_cell_migration

Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor Cancer.net: Germ Cell Tumor include extracranial germ cell tumor ... An extracranial germ cell tumor (EGCT) occurs in the abnormal growth of germ cells in the gonads (testes or ovaries) and the ... "Mixed Germ Cell Tumor - American Urological Association". www.auanet.org. Retrieved 2019-05-29. "Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor ... Shaikh F, Hale J (2013-08-03), "Clinical Treatment of Extracranial Pediatric Germ Cell Tumors", Pediatric Germ Cell Tumors, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracranial_germ_cell_tumor

... (OGCTs) are heterogeneous tumors that are derived from the primitive germ cells of the embryonic gonad ... OGCT is caused mainly due to the formation of malignant cancer cells in the primordial germ cells of the ovary. The exact ... In order to heal the tissue and replace the damage, the cells undergoes cell division. Each time the cell divides, there is a ... Wang Y, Yang JX, Yu M, Cao DY, Shen K (2018). "Malignant mixed ovarian germ cell tumor composed of immature teratoma, yolk sac ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_germ_cell_tumors

... s are tumors that derive from germ cell rest remnants in the mediastinum. They most commonly occur ... They are much less common than germ cell tumors arising in the testes, and account for only 1 to 5% of all germ cell neoplasms ... "Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors". Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 18 (4): 383-392. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1009353. "Mediastinal Germ Cell ... Others hypothesize a widespread distribution of germ cells to multiple sites during normal embryogenesis, with these cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediastinal_germ_cell_tumor

... (GCNIS) represents the precursor lesion for many types of testicular germ cell tumors. The term ... Not all germ cell tumors (GCTs) arise from intratubular germ cell neoplasia. The following testicular GCTs do not arise from ... Chemotherapy used for metastatic germ cell tumours may also eradicate GCNIS. Carcinoma in situ Germ cell tumor ITGCN. H&E stain ... Almost all invasive germ cell tumours of the testis in adults Fifty percent of patients with GCNIS developed invasive germ cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_cell_neoplasia_in_situ

Mural cell Pneumocyte Type I cell Type II cell Club cell Goblet cell Pulmonary neuroendocrine cell Enteroendocrine cell G cell ... Hepatic stellate cell Cholecystocyte Centroacinar cell Pancreatic stellate cell alpha cell beta cell delta cell PP cell (F cell ... Podocyte Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell Sertoli cell Leydig cell Granulosa cell Peg cell germ cells (which migrate ... cell Parafollicular cell Parathyroid gland Parathyroid chief cell Oxyphil cell Urothelial cell Germ layer List of distinct cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_cell_types_derived_from_the_germ_layers

Michael Ashburner (May 27, 2013). "Nebenkern (Gene Ontology term)". (Germ cells, Drosophila). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebenkern

Jamnongjit, Michelle; Hammes, Stephen R. (August 2005). "Oocyte maturation: The coming of age of a germ cell". Seminars in ... Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 8: Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine, Cham: Springer International Publishing ... Oocytes are immature egg cells that develop to maturity within a follicle in the ovary. Oocyte abnormalities can occur due to ... The germinal vesicle breaks down and spindles assemble as homologous chromosomes align the cell's equator for the first meiotic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocyte_abnormalities

oskar plays role in recruiting other germ line genes to the germ plasm for PGC (primordial germ cell) specification. oskar mRNA ... meaning that the P granules play a role in the cell cycle of germ cells. It is still unclear exactly how the nuclear granules ... These ribonucleoprotein granules are found in every species' germ line cells. Although they are mobile, they typically localize ... September 2018). "Drosophila primordial germ cells". eLife. 7. doi:10.7554/eLife.37949. PMC 6191285. PMID 30260314. Wang JT, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_(gene)

In 2003 Extavour did a study at Cambridge University on the mechanisms of germ cell formation that showed animal germ cells ... She is known for demonstrating that germ cells engage in cell to cell competition before becoming a gamete, which indicates ... Derivation of male germ cells from induced pluripotent stem cells by inducers: A review "NSF Award Search: Award#0955517 - RCN ... An embryonic cell receives chemical signals from neighboring cells that activate (or repress) the genes that allow for germ- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassandra_Extavour

Blastocyst or parthenogenetic split blastocyst obtained by somatic cell nuclear transfer technology; or Germ cells voluntarily ... Chinese law, Stem cells, Biotechnology law, Stem cell research, Medical law, Science and technology in China). ... Stem cell research in China thus is unlikely ever to be prone to the intense Christian moral values in the West, especially so ... Funding for stem cell research by the Chinese government is extremely limited compared to Western nations, with the Chinese ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_laws_and_policy_in_China

Embryonic stem cells and germ cells have also been described as immortal. Immortal cell lines of cancer cells can be created by ... when a cell splits symmetrically to produce two daughter cells, the process of cell division can restore the cell to a youthful ... Among the most commonly used cell lines are HeLa and Jurkat, both of which are immortalized cancer cell lines. HeLa cells ... "On the immortality of stem cells". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 17 September 2020. Surani, Azim (1 April 2009). "Germ cells: the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_immortality

September 2004). "European consensus on diagnosis and treatment of germ cell cancer: a report of the European Germ Cell Cancer ... Germ cell cancer". Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. W. Albrecht; et al. (2004). "Testicular tumor markers: Corner- ... stones in the management of malignant germ cell tumors" (PDF). J Lab Med. 28 (2): 109-115. doi:10.1515/labmed.2004.018. S2CID ... Cell Biol. 116 (3): 799-807. doi:10.1083/jcb.116.3.799. PMC 2289307. PMID 1730777. Micanovic R, Gerber LD, Berger J, Kodukula K ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_alkaline_phosphatase

... germ cells can arise from adult somatic cells in the floral meristem. Other animals without a designated germ line include ... There are approximately 220 types of somatic cells in the human body. In most animals, separation of germ cells from somatic ... any mutation that occurs in a cell other than a gamete, germ cell, or gametocyte. Unlike germline mutations, which can be ... from normal cell to cancer cell. Cells with heterozygous loss-of-function mutations (one good copy of a gene and one mutated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_mutation

Her findings up to this point indicated that germ cells avoid differentiation into somatic cells through a combination of her ... Sedwick, Caitlin (2011-09-05). "Ruth Lehmann: Germ cells do things differently". The Journal of Cell Biology. 194 (5): 660-661 ... "Isoprenoids Control Germ Cell Migration Downstream of HMGCoA Reductase". Developmental Cell. 6 (2): 283-293. doi:10.1016/s1534- ... and the Chair of the Department of Cell Biology. Her research focuses on germ cells and embryogenesis. Lehmann initially became ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Lehmann

... embryonic stem cells and iPSCs, to the incompletely or partially pluripotent cell that can form cells of all three germ layers ... Cell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the ... In cell biology, a unipotent cell is the concept that one stem cell has the capacity to differentiate into only one cell type. ... A close synonym for unipotent cell is precursor cell. Biology portal Induced stem cells Cell totipotency was discovered by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_potency

These somatic cells are diploid, containing two copies of each chromosome, whereas germ cells are haploid, as they only contain ... in the somatic cell types than in the male germline cells. In female mice, somatic cells were also found to have a higher ... Murphey P, McLean DJ, McMahan CA, Walter CA, McCarrey JR (2013). "Enhanced genetic integrity in mouse germ cells". Biol. Reprod ... is often used in biology to refer to the cells of the body in contrast to the reproductive (germline) cells, which usually give ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_(biology)

Mitotic cell division is only seen in diploid somatic cells. Only some cells like germ cells take part in reproduction. As ... germ cells are cells that give rise to gametes, and stem cells are cells that can divide through mitosis and differentiate into ... There are approximately 220 types of somatic cell in the human body. Theoretically, these cells are not germ cells (the source ... or vegetal cell, is any biological cell forming the body of a multicellular organism other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_cell

Expression in post-meiotic male germ cells". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (34): 23347-53. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54503-8. PMID 1744129 ... 2002). "Array analysis of the genes regulated during neuronal differentiation of human embryonal cells". Biochem. Cell Biol. 79 ... relationship to actin cytoskeletal remodeling and cell motility". Histochem. Cell Biol. 127 (1): 109-13. doi:10.1007/s00418-006 ... Cell. 23 (4): 607-18. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2006.06.026. PMID 16916647. v t e (Genes on human chromosome 2, All articles with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMSB10

... whereas nongerminomatous germ-cell tumors display a variety of differentiation. Like other germ-cell tumors, germinomas can ... Microscopic examination typically reveals uniform cells that resemble primordial germ cells. Typically, the stroma contains ... As with other germ-cell tumors (GCTs) occurring outside the gonads, the most common location of intracranial germinoma is on or ... Nongerminomatous germ-cell tumors may be associated with increased markers such as alpha-fetoprotein with yolk sac tumors, as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinoma

... s are the most common type of germ cell tumors (both benign and malignant) diagnosed in neonates, ... Rescorla FJ (March 1999). "Pediatric germ cell tumors". Semin Surg Oncol. 16 (2): 144-58. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2388(199903)16 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrococcygeal_teratoma

In the primordial germ cells (PGC) there is a more extensive erasure of epigenetic information. However, some rare sites can ... Endogenous is generated by cell-cell signaling (e.g. during cell differentiation early in development), while exogenous is a ... Surani MA, Hajkova P (2010). "Epigenetic reprogramming of mouse germ cells toward totipotency". Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on ... Firstly just after fertilization and secondly, in the developing primordial germ cells, the precursors to future gametes. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance

Buckland-Nicks, John (1998). "Prosobranch parasperm: Sterile germ cells that promote paternity?". Micron. 29 (4): 267-280. doi: ... In chichlid fish, it has been found that increased sperm competition can lead to evolved larger sperm numbers, sperm cell sizes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_competition

"Germ cell migration in zebrafish is dependent on HMGCoA reductase activity and prenylation". Developmental Cell. 6 (2): 295-302 ... Inhibition of its activity and the concomitant lack of isoprenoids that yields can lead to germ cell migration defects as well ... Van Doren M, Broihier HT, Moore LA, Lehmann R (December 1998). "HMG-CoA reductase guides migrating primordial germ cells". ... expression of the transcripts in hepatic and nonhepatic cells". DNA and Cell Biology. 9 (9): 677-90. doi:10.1089/dna.1990.9.677 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMG-CoA_reductase

Meiotic pathways are normally restricted to germ cells. Meiotic proteins drive double stranded DNA breaks, chiasma formation, ... In cutaneous T-cell lymphoma meiosis proteins have been shown to be regulated with the cell cycle. Lymphoma cell lines have ... v t e (Cell cycle, All stub articles, Cell cycle stubs). ... In cell biology, Meiomitosis is an aberrant cellular division ... During meiosis, there are 2 sets of cell divisions, the second division is similar to mitosis in that sister chromatids are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiomitosis

... is a Canadian scientist whose research explores the role of epigenetics in germ cell (i.e. sperm and oocyte) ... The chromatoid body of male germ cells: similarity with processing bodies and presence of Dicer and microRNA pathway components ... Chromatin remodelling and epigenetic features of germ cells. S Kimmins and P Sassone-Corsi. Nature 434 (7033), 583-589. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Kimmins

Together, they published a monograph on the vital staining of connective tissue cells. The discovery of Vitamin E came as a ... Bishop and Evans narrowed down that this factor came from the lipid extract of lettuce and wheat germ. The name "Vitamin E" ... and the male rats became sterile since the sperm-forming cells in the testes would deteriorate. Initially called "Factor X", ... On the differential reaction to vital dyes exhibited by the two groups of connective-tissue cells. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Bishop

He called the particles "pangens", later abbreviated to "gene". In a similar vein, Weismann in his 1893 work Germ-Plasm said " ... rejected the idea that these particles were thrown off from all the cells of the body. ... presupposing the existence of material particles in the germ which possess the properties of the living being ... I must ... Weismann, August (1893), The Germ-Plasm. A Theory of Heredity, trans. Parker, W. Newton, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Variation_of_Animals_and_Plants_Under_Domestication

8 December A U.S. airstrike in Kirkuk, Iraq, kills Islamic State cell facilitator Abu Anas. The U.S. Department of Defense will ... Brown, Emma, "Meet the teen who just won $75,000 for inventing a system to keep germs from spreading on airplanes," ... cell phones, and archaeological and historic items without suffering any casualties, after which the aircraft successfully ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_in_aviation

This process of erasure and reprogramming is necessary such that the germ cell imprinting status is relevant to the sex of the ... Cell. 176 (5): 952-965. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.043. PMID 30794780. Wood AJ, Oakey RJ (November 2006). "Genomic imprinting ... of the parents and are maintained through mitotic cell divisions in the somatic cells of an organism. Appropriate imprinting of ... In germline cells the imprint is erased and then re-established according to the sex of the individual, i.e. in the developing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_imprinting

... amniotic stem cells and umbilical cord blood stem cells. They are being studied as possible treatments of a number of ... Until germ theory was accepted in the mid-1800s, it was assumed that puerperal fever was caused by a variety of sources, ... OCLC 748863692.[page needed] Dziadosz M, Basch RS, Young BK (March 2016). "Human amniotic fluid: a source of stem cells for ... in Thailand Childbirth in Trinidad and Tobago Childbirth in Zambia It is currently possible to collect two types of stem cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth

Hsp70-2 specifically is developmentally expressed in male germ line cells during meiosis, where it is necessary for the ... Molecular Cell Biology. 20 (11): 665-680. doi:10.1038/s41580-019-0133-3. PMID 31253954. S2CID 195739183. Kishor A, White EJ, ... Expression of heat shock protein 70kDa protein 2 in transformed tumor cells has been implicated in the rapid proliferation, ... June 2021). "DNAJC9 integrates heat shock molecular chaperones into the histone chaperone network". Molecular Cell. 81 (12): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA1B

"Transsynaptic transport of wheat germ agglutinin expressed in a subset of type II taste cells of transgenic mice". BMC ... WGA enters the cell by binding to oligosaccharides, and is then taken up via endocytosis via a caveolae-dependent pathway. ... It was shown that pH and endocytosis are crucial for the HSV to infect a cell. Transport of the viral particles along the axon ... There is also a group of tracers that consist of protein products that can be taken up by the cell and transported across the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterograde_tracing

Cloning from somatic cells rather than germ cells may begin life with a higher initial load of damage. Dolly the sheep died ... cells upon cell division, with the mother cell experiencing aging, while the daughter is rejuvenated. There is negligible ... Senescent cells within a multicellular organism can be purged by competition between cells, but this increases the risk of ... Levels of CD4 and CD8 memory T cells and naive T cells have been used to give good predictions of the expected lifespan of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senescence

Cell. Biol. 25 (2): 612-20. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.2.612-620.2005. PMC 543415. PMID 15632063. Shattuck TM, Välimäki S, Obara T, Gaz ... 2003). "Somatic and germ-line mutations of the HRPT2 gene in sporadic parathyroid carcinoma". N. Engl. J. Med. 349 (18): 1722-9 ... "Entrez Gene: CDC73 Cell division cycle 73, Paf1/RNA polymerase II complex component, homolog (S. cerevisiae)". Sood R, Bonner ... Cell division cycle 73, Paf1/RNA polymerase II complex component, homolog (S. cerevisiae), also known as CDC73 and parafibromin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC73

TTC39B is expressed in a multitude of tissues: testis, lung, islets of langerhans, pancreas, kidney, pooled germ cell tumors, ... Conjugation of ubiquitin monomers or polymers leads to different effects within a cell. Ubiquitination has been associated with ... protein degradation, DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, kinase modification, endocytosis, and regulation of other cell ... cell-cycle, transcription, and protein transport complexes. Two more TPR domains are found in the TTC39B protein: TPR1 which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetratricopeptide_repeat_protein_39B

"The mitochondrial bottleneck occurs without reduction of mtDNA content in female mouse germ cells". Nature Genetics. 39 (3): ... The resulting reduction in per-cell copy number of mtDNA plays a role in the mitochondrial bottleneck, exploiting cell-to-cell ... The bottleneck exploits random processes in the cell to increase the cell-to-cell variability in mutant load as an organism ... the cells of the inner cell mass restrict mtDNA replication until they receive the signals to differentiate to specific cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA

Racial disparities among boys with testicular germ cell tumors in the United States. J Urol. 2008, 179(5):1961-5. Epub 2008 Mar ... Isolation and characterization of human spermatogonial stem cell-derived pluripotent cells. Stem Cells. 27(1):138-149, 2009. ... Non-Palpable Leydig Cell Tumors Diagnosed by Fine Needle Aspiration. Journal of Urology, 158: 543-544, 1997, Black LD, Nudell ... To solve the problem of limited embryonic stem cell availability, Turek and his colleagues invented a process by which the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_J._Turek

Pluripotent stem cells, such as hESCs can undergo gastrulation to give rise to the three germ layers. A significant level of ... Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are able to undergo lineage-specific differentiation into specific types of cells, known as ... Cooper, Thomas A.; Wan, Lili; Dreyfuss, Gideon (February 2009). "RNA and Disease". Cell. 136 (4): 777-793. doi:10.1016/j.cell. ... SON is expressed preferentially in undifferentiated stem cells. Depletion of SON results in stem cell differentiation. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZTTK_syndrome

A small spur has been observed, located at the posterior of the cell body, adjacent to the flagellum, but this may be an ... B. salamandrivorans differs from B. dendrobatidis primarily in the formation of germ tubes in vitro, the formation of colonial ... B. dendrobatidis also contains a variety of proteolytic enzymes and esterases that help it digest amphibian cells and use ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachochytrium_dendrobatidis

Polymorphonuclear cells also infiltrate the epithelium, and chronic inflammatory cells infiltrate the lamina propria. Atrophic ... C. albicans and C. dubliniensis are also capable of forming germ tubes (incipient hyphae) and chlamydospores under the right ... Apart from true hyphae, Candida can also form pseudohyphae - elongated filamentous cells, lined end to end. As a general rule, ... Smears and biopsies are usually stained with periodic acid-Schiff, which stains carbohydrates in fungal cell walls in magenta. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_candidiasis

There he conducted research that would make him the foremost expert on cell makeup of the human eye lens. Alcalá developed ... Agustín Stahl concluded that the epidemic was caused by a "germ" in the terrain, however his findings were inconclusive. In ... Physiology is the study of life, specifically, how cells, tissues, and organisms function. She is a scientist who did her ... believed at first to be a germ) that was destroying the island's sugar canes. In the latter part of the 19th Century, an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_scientists_and_inventors

... the receptor expression is increased in the analysis of testicles containing higher numbers of early germ cells and cyst cells ... cells continuously duplicate their genetic information without division into two cells. This creates very large cells, but ... These stem cells are important to the reproduction of Drosophila as they turn into sperm cells. In Drosophila testicles, the ... Molecular Cell Biology. 15 (3): 197-210. doi:10.1038/nrm3756. PMID 24556841. S2CID 641731. Schoenfelder KP, Montague RA, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Mahowald

May 2016). "Divergent lncRNAs Regulate Gene Expression and Lineage Differentiation in Pluripotent Cells". Cell Stem Cell. 18 (5 ... LINE-1 (L1) is transcribed and retrotransposed most frequently in the germ-line and during early development; as a result SINEs ... Molecular Cell Biology. 7 (8): 612-6. doi:10.1038/nrm1946. PMID 16723972. S2CID 22274894. Feng J, Bi C, Clark BS, Mady R, Shah ... There is research to suggest that this phenomenon is particularly seen in the gene-regulation of pluripotent cells. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_interspersed_nuclear_element

List of human cell types derived from the germ layers Brian Keith Hall (2005). Bones and cartilage: developmental and ... Osteochondroprogenitor cells are progenitor cells that arise from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in the bone marrow. They have ... Sox9 blocked osteochondroprogenitor cells were found to express osteoblast marker genes, reprogramming the cells into the ... McBride, SH; Falls T; Knothe Tate ML (2008). "Modulation of stem cell shape and fate B: mechanical modulation of cell shape and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteochondroprogenitor_cell

Cells of similar types migrated to their correct location and reaggregated to form germ layers in their developmentally correct ... cells move to be near other cells of similar adhesive strength in order to maximize the bonding strength between cells and ... allowing them to dissociate into individual cells, and mixed these different types of cells together. Cells of different ... Cell sorting Cell adhesion Morphogenesis Wound healing Metastasis Foty, Ramsey A.; Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1 February 2005). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_adhesion_hypothesis

Throughout the book, Jews are equated with "germs" and presented as the "international poisoners" of society. According to ... Redlich, Fritz C. (22 March 1993). "A New Medical Diagnosis of Adolf Hitler: Giant Cell Arteritis - Temporal Arteritis". Arch ... giant-cell arteritis, tinnitus, and monorchism. In a report prepared for the OSS in 1943, Walter C. Langer of Harvard ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler

In music and jazz improvisation, a melodic pattern (or motive) is a cell or germ serving as the basis for repetitive pattern. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodic_pattern

Cell Biology Signal transduction Developmental biology Post-embryonic development Sex-determination systems The germ line ... doi:10.1895/wormbook.1.71.1. Hubbard, E. Jane (2005). "Introduction to the germ line". WormBook: 1-4. doi:10.1895/wormbook.1.18 ... Bioinformatics, Biology books, Cell biology, Caenorhabditis elegans, Proteins, Animal developmental biology). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WormBook

At about week 6, epithelial sex cords develop within the forming testes and incorporate the germ cells as they migrate into the ... These are Leydig cells. Soon after they differentiate, Leydig cells begin to produce androgens. The androgens function as ... The mesoderm-derived epithelial cells of the sex cords in developing testes become the Sertoli cells, which will function to ... Androgens promote the enlargement of skeletal muscle cells in a coordinated manner by acting on several cell types in skeletal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen

"Repopulation of testicular Seminiferous tubules with foreign cells, corresponding resultant germ cells, and corresponding ... In usual circumstances, when foreign cells (such as cells or organs from other people, or infectious bacteria) are put into a ... These simple transplantation methods follow from earlier observations by developmental biologists that germ stem cells are ... Cell Stem Cell. 23 (5): 665-676.e4. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2018.09.004. ISSN 1934-5909. PMID 30318303. (All articles with dead ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_sperm

Wishig to study germ cells, he served as a postdoctoral fellow under Ralph L. Brinster at University of Pennsylvania between ... In 2011, Ogawa and his colleagues succeeded to produce functional sperm from spermatogonial stem cells with the testis of mouse ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takehiko_Ogawa

Disruption of the cell membrane is another property of alcohols that aid in cell death. Alcohols are cheap and effective ... ". "How Cold Does the Temperature Need to be to Kill Germs?". "20467413". US EPA. Retrieved 28 October 2014. "Physical agents ... When the concentration of dissolved materials or solute is higher inside the cell than it is outside, the cell is said to be in ... Thus, fungal and human cells are similar at the molecular level, making it more difficult to find a target for an antifungal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial

Russell is most recognized for her ground breaking work in pigmentation, blood-forming cells, and germ cells. She also raised ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_S._Russell

This gives women the ability to delay pregnancy and avoid many of the infertility problems that arise from germ cell ... despite recent reports of the potential existence of stem cells which may be used to restore the ovarian reserve. Women who ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_and_female_fertility

Ponnudurai, T; Meuwissen, J. H. E. Th; Verhave, J. P; Leeuwenberg, Anna D. E. M; World Health Organization (‎World Health OrganizationWorld Health Organization, 1980)‎ ...

https://apps.who.int:80/iris/browse?authority=Germ+Cells&type=mesh

Ponnudurai, T; Meuwissen, J. H. E. Th; Verhave, J. P; Leeuwenberg, Anna D. E. M; World Health Organization (‎World Health OrganizationWorld Health Organization, 1980)‎ ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?locale-attribute=en&type=mesh&authority=Germ+Cells

The cells usually form the eggs (ova) in females and the sperm in males. Germ cell tumors are made up of these underdeveloped ... cells. The tumors may be cancer (malignant) or not cancer (benign). ... Germ cells form as a baby grows in the womb. ... What are germ cell tumors in children?. Germ cells form the ... Germ cell tumors are made up of these underdeveloped cells. Germ cell tumors are rare. They may be cancer (malignant) or not ...

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/germ-cell-tumors-in-children

Germ Cell Tumor - Childhood. Germ Cell Tumor - Childhood. This is Cancer.Nets Guide to Germ Cell Tumor - Childhood. Use the ...

https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/germ-cell-tumor-childhood

... and GC14 in developing testicular germ cells. Sources of RNA for … ... Expression of testicular germ cell genes identified by differential display analysis J Androl. 2003 Mar-Apr;24(2):173-84. doi: ... and GC14 in developing testicular germ cells. Sources of RNA for the initial DDRT-PCR screen were purified mouse type A ... and GC14 transcripts were not detected in either cultured testicular interstitial cells or cultured Sertoli cells. RT-PCR ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12634303/

Get information about the types of germ cell tumours, symptoms, diagnosing and treatment. ... Germ cell ovarian tumours. Germ cell ovarian tumours begin in the ovarian cells that develop into eggs (germ cells). They are ... Types of germ cell tumours. There are different types of tumour which develop in ovarian germ cells. These tumours can be non ... Benign germ cell ovarian tumours Mature teratomas are the most common type of ovarian germ cell tumour. They are non cancerous ...

https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/ovarian-cancer/types/germ-cell

... staging system for germ cell tumors are listed below (see Tables 1 and 2). Malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary follow the ... encoded search term (Germ Cell Tumor Staging) and Germ Cell Tumor Staging What to Read Next on Medscape ... staging system for germ cell tumors are listed below (see Tables 1 and 2). [1, 2, 3] Malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary ... Management of ovarian germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jul 10. 25(20):2938-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2156855-overview

Here, the authors discuss embryonic microRNAs that are highly expressed in testicular germ cell tumours, critically assess the ... are the most frequent cancer type in young men and originate from the common precursor germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS). For ... Germ cell neoplasia in situ. (GCNIS). The pre-invasive lesion from which type II testicular germ cell tumours (seminomas and ... We performed a review of PubMed (2019), using the search terms of "germ cell cancer" or "germ cell tumour", "miRNA" and "plasma ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41585-020-0296-x?error=cookies_not_supported&code=5ac48b6c-b352-4044-8146-33942aaf7a38

We hypothesized that perchlorate exposure affects primordial sexual differentiation by reducing the number of germ cells in the ... suggesting that perchlorate could disrupt the earliest stages of primordial sexual differentiation when primordial germ cells ( ... may stem from early changes to germ cell development. ... Germ cells Is the Subject Area "Germ cells" applicable to this ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0157792

my nephew has just been diagnoised with germ cell cancer but it is not in his testicals he is one of the 5% that has it ... Germ Cell Cancer Is Very Treatable. Hi. I had Germ Cell Cancer in 2005 and the tumors were located in my left abdomen area. I ... My son had a germ cell tumor. Where is his tumor? My sons was in his brain on his pituitary gland. Germ cell tumors are very ... Germ Cell Cancer. My husband was diagnosed with germ cell cancer in 2007 (29 years of age) - the tumor was the size of his fist ...

https://csn.cancer.org/discussion/comment/1612861/

It is the most common type of malignant germ cell ovarian cancer, but accounts for less than 1 percent of ovarian tumors ... Dysgerminoma is a germ cell tumor and a type of malignant ovarian cancer. ... Dysgerminoma is a germ cell tumor and a type of malignant ovarian cancer. It is the most common type of malignant germ cell ... Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Mast Cell Leukemia. Mast Cell Sarcoma. Mastocytoma. Mastocytosis Melanocytic Nevus. Melanoma. Meningiomas ...

https://www.knowcancer.com/oncology/dysgerminoma/

The pathology report showed a mixed nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT) measuring 5.0 × 4.7 × 4.6 cm and confined to the ... No immature teratoma or germ cell tumor elements were seen. He is now entering the surveillance phase of care. ... Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumor of Testis and Interrupted Treatment. .social-ris-container { display: flex; justify-content: ...

https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/nonseminomatous-germ-cell-tumor-testis-and-interrupted-treatment

Adolescent milk fat and galactose consumption and testicular germ cell cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15:2189-95 ... A population-based case-control study on social factors and risk of testicular germ cell tumours ... A population-based case-control study on social factors and risk of testicular germ cell tumours ... mixed germ cell tumour (M9085: n=49) and choriocarcinoma (M9100: n=1) according to Parkin et al.25 More detailed descriptions ...

https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/3/9/e003833

Germ Cell Tumor Market Size, Share, Trends, By Disease Outlook (Testicular, Ovarian, Others), By Drugs Outlook, By Route Of ... Germ Cell Tumor Market. Germ Cell Tumor Market Size, Share, Trends, By Disease Outlook (Testicular, Ovarian, Others), By Drugs ...

https://www.reportsanddata.com/download-free-sample/5401

Molecular mechanisms controlling germline and somatic stem cells: similarities (...) ... Pathology germ cell tumors References Xi R, Kirilly D, Xie T. ... Home , B. Cellular pathology , germ cells. germ cells. Friday ... Raz E. Guidance of primordial germ cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2004 Apr;16(2):169-73. PMID: 15196560 ... Raz E. Primordial germ-cell development: the zebrafish perspective. Nat Rev Genet. 2003 Sep;4(9):690-700. PMID: 12951570 ...

http://www.humpath.com/spip.php?article3521

Notch-Directed Germ Cell Proliferation Is Mediated by Proteoglycan-Dependent Transcription. Sandeep Gopal, Aqilah Amran, Andre ... Notch-Directed Germ Cell Proliferation Is Mediated by Proteoglycan-Dependent Transcription Message Subject (Your Name) has ... is important for germ cell maintenance. However, mechanisms that regulate GLP-1 expression are undefined. Here, we demonstrate ... thus providing a potential communication nexus between the germline and its somatic environment to control germ cell fate ...

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.229997v1

Germ cell and somatic stem cell biology in reproduction. Germ cell and somatic stem cell biology in reproduction. *. Regulation ... Combining Stem Cells and Biomaterial Scaffolds for Constructing Tissues and Cell Delivery **NEW** ... Somatic stem cells of the ovary and their relationship to human ovarian cancers ... Regulatory challenges for the manufacture and scale-out of autologous cell therapies ...

https://www.stembook.org/node/412

Germ Cell Tumor Drug: Bleomycin (active name: Bleomycin Sulfate) Drug: Etoposide Drug: Cisplatin Drug: Pegylated G-CSF ( ... Accelerated vs Standard BEP Chemotherapy for Patients With Intermediate and Poor-risk Metastatic Germ Cell Tumours (P3BEP). ... Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal. Neoplasms. Neoplasms by Histologic Type. Cisplatin. Etoposide. Etoposide phosphate. ... The assessment of response of germ cell tumours is measured by changes in serum tumour markers and imaging at 6 months from ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02582697

FIGURE 1. Regulation of germ cell migration.. A: 4-week embryo. Differentiation of primordial germ cells (PGC) occurs from ... Fig1-Regulation of Germ cell migration. Published August 14, 2013. at 1181 × 650 in Sexual Differentiation. ← Previous Next → ... epiblast-derived cells present in the yolk sac near the base of the allantois. PGCs express PMRD1, the receptors C-KIT and ...

https://www.endotext.org/chapter/sexual-differentiation/fig1-regulation-of-germ-cell-migration/

Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor-CTHP Image. Description:. Extragonadal germ cell tumor; drawing shows parts of the body where ... Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor-CTHP Image. Add to My Pictures View/Download:. Small: 720x576 ... Extragonadal germ cell tumors form in parts of the body other than the gonads (testicles or ovaries). This includes the pineal ... extragonadal germ cell tumors may form, including the pineal gland in the brain, the mediastinum (the area between the lungs, ...

https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=10689

Instead, this study will reduce the dose and area of radiation therapy that has been used to treat germ cell tumors within the ... This study will treat germ cell tumors with radiation therapy to the tumor site as well as to the ventricles within the brain ( ... Primary intracranial germ cell tumors (GCTs) represent 3-5% of all central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Approximately two- ... ACNS1123 aims to reduce the long-term problems associated with CSI in children and adolescents with localized germ cell tumors ...

https://www.childrensoncologygroup.org/acns1123

Germ cell cancers (GCC) are unique because of a number of characteristics. In spite of their clinical presentation, i.e., ... Germ cell cancers (GCC) are unique because of a number of characteristics. In spite of their clinical presentation, i.e., ... Germ cell cancers (GCC) are unique because of a number of characteristics. In spite of their clinical presentation, i.e., ... Germ cell cancers (GCC) are unique because of a number of characteristics. In spite of their clinical presentation, i.e., ...

https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/role-of-epigenetics-in-the-etiology-of-germ-cell-cancer

The wheat germ cell-free expression system combines the advantages of cell-free and eukaryotic systems and is well suited for ... Cell-free expression. Cell-free solubility. Anaplasma marginale. ACR67103.1. Full length. Major surface protein 2 variant 9H1. ... Wheat germ cell-free expression system as a pathway to improve protein yield and solubility for the SSGCID pipeline. ... Combining the wheat germ cell-free expression system with a crystallization method such as microcapillary crystallization may ...

https://journals.iucr.org/f/issues/2011/09/00/en5477/index.html

Wheat Germ) (An Eukaryotic Cell Free Protein Expression system (CFPE/CFPS) with High Yield and Excellent Scalability, 50 ... ALiCE® Cell Free Protein Expression Kit (Plant Cell Lysate). An eukaryotic cell free expression system with unprecedented 3 mg/ ... wheat germ, Leishmania tarentolae, rabbit reticulocyte, insect or human cells. CFPE system from wheat germ extract is suitable ... Next Generation Cell Free Protein Expression Kit (Wheat Germ) (part #: CFPS700) a next generation product protocol to ensure ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/fr/product/SIGMA/CFPS700?context=product

... as Rbp9 over-expression can partially drive germ cell differentiation in bam mutant, but lack of Rbp9 blocks Bam driving germ ... Germ cell development is an essential process to ensure continuity of species. Drosophila oogenesis has long been served as a ... In this study, we aimed to further study the function of Rbp9 in germ cell differentiation. Firstly, we confirmed rbp9 mutant ... The function of rbp9 in germ cell differentiation is required for both adult stage and before adult stage. Though Rbp9 is ...

https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/14193

Trail: Reactions of normal and tumor cell surfaces to enzymes, I. wheat-germ lipase and associated mucopolysaccharides. This ... Reactions of normal and tumor cell surfaces to enzymes, I. wheat-germ lipase and associated mucopolysaccharides. Joseph C. Aub ... Reactions of normal and tumor cell surfaces to enzymes, I. wheat-germ lipase and associated mucopolysaccharides. ...

https://www.dadamo.com/dadamowiki/wiki.pl/Reactions_of_normal_and_tumor_cell_surfaces_to_enzymes%2C_I._wheat-germ_lipase_and_associated_mucopolysaccharides

Primordial Germ Cell Cultures for Transgenic Fish Production ... Primordial Germ Cell Cultures for Transgenic Fish Production. ...

https://iiseagrant.org/research-project/primordial-germ-cell-cultures-for-transgenic-fish-production/

hCG Induced Hyperthyroidism Due to a Metastatic Germ Cell Tumor Authors. * Hammad Hussain University of Kansas Medical Center: ... Hussain, H., & Eck, L. M. (2012). hCG Induced Hyperthyroidism Due to a Metastatic Germ Cell Tumor. Kansas Journal of Medicine, ...

https://journals.ku.edu/kjm/article/view/11408

Germ cells are derived from somatic cells called epiblast. During this process, the DNA methylation level is substantially ... In this study, we used a cell culture system that recapitulates the germ cell differentiation in mice to understand the ... in Kyoto University developed a method to derive germ cells from mouse pluripotent stem cells in a culture dish. The produced ... Germ cells produced in a culture dish will enable us to address many fundamental questions. Uncovering the mechanism of the DNA ...

https://www.kyushu-u.ac.jp/en/researches/view/32

... termed nongerminomatous malignant germ cell tumors (NGMGCTs), are tumors with an intermediate or poor prognosis. The second ... with malignant NGMGCTs being closest to embryonic stem cells. Chromosome copy number variations (CNVs) at cytobands 4q13.3- ... Intracranial pediatric germ cell tumors (GCTs) are rare and heterogeneous neoplasms and vary in histological differentiation, ... de Jong J, Looijenga LH: Stem cell marker OCT3/4 in tumor biology and germ cell tumor diagnostics: history and future. Crit Rev ...

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-11-132

Anatomy49

Organisms23

Diseases30

Chemicals and Drugs61

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment33

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes67

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

The Caenorhabditis elegans sex determination gene mog-1 encodes a member of the DEAH-Box protein family. (1/2975)

Bmp4 is required for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo. (2/2975)

Germ cell development in the XXY mouse: evidence that X chromosome reactivation is independent of sexual differentiation. (3/2975)

Ialpha exon-replacement mice synthesize a spliced HPRT-C(alpha) transcript which may explain their ability to switch to IgA. Inhibition of switching to IgG in these mice. (4/2975)

Production of donor-derived offspring by transfer of primordial germ cells in Japanese quail. (5/2975)

Histone ubiquitination and chromatin remodeling in mouse spermatogenesis. (6/2975)

Activin and TGFbeta limit murine primordial germ cell proliferation. (7/2975)

A novel quantitative morphometry of germ cells for the histopathological evaluation of rat testicular toxicity. (8/2975)

No FAQ available that match "germ cells"

Germ Cells

Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal

Testis

Spermatogenesis

Testicular Neoplasms

Germinoma

Spermatozoa

Sertoli Cells

Seminiferous Tubules

Spermatogonia

Spermatocytes

Spermatids

Gonads

Seminoma

Meiosis

Wheat Germ Agglutinins

Seminiferous Epithelium

Dysgerminoma

Oogenesis

Ovary

Germ Layers

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

Gametogenesis

Teratoma

Endodermal Sinus Tumor

Oogonia

Sex Differentiation

Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 6, Group A, Member 1

Cell Differentiation

Tooth Germ

Infertility, Male

Cryptorchidism

Mediastinal Neoplasms

Octamer Transcription Factor-3

Oocytes

RNA-Binding Proteins

Ovum

Immunohistochemistry

Carcinoma, Embryonal

Retroperitoneal Neoplasms

Molecular Sequence Data

RNA, Messenger

In Situ Hybridization

Embryo, Nonmammalian

Sperm Count

Caenorhabditis elegans

Sex Determination Processes

Embryo, Mammalian

Blood-Testis Barrier

Base Sequence

Pachytene Stage

Drosophila Proteins

Stem Cells

Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins

Apoptosis

Choriocarcinoma

alpha-Fetoproteins

Bleomycin

Cell Lineage

Fertility

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit

DEAD-box RNA Helicases

Pluripotent Stem Cells

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Embryonic Development

Drosophila

Mutation

Disorders of Sex Development

Amino Acid Sequence

Testosterone

Orchitis

Mesonephroma

Epididymis

RNA, Messenger, Stored

Mice, Transgenic

Genomic Imprinting

Cisplatin

Fetus

Chimera

Mice, Inbred C57BL