A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)
The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.
Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water.
Large natural streams of FRESH WATER formed by converging tributaries and which empty into a body of water (lake or ocean).
DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.
A group of PROTEOBACTERIA represented by morphologically diverse, anaerobic sulfidogens. Some members of this group are considered bacterial predators, having bacteriolytic properties.
A group of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that is able to oxidize acetate completely to carbon dioxide using elemental sulfur as the electron acceptor.
One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eukarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least four kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA; EURYARCHAEOTA; NANOARCHAEOTA; and KORARCHAEOTA.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
A partially enclosed body of water, and its surrounding coastal habitats, where saltwater from the ocean mixes with fresh water from rivers or streams. The resulting mixture of seawater and fresh water is called brackish water and its salinity can range from 0.5 to 35 ppt. (accessed http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/estuaries01_whatis.html)
A great expanse of continuous bodies of salt water which together cover more than 70 percent of the earth's surface. Seas may be partially or entirely enclosed by land, and are smaller than the five oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic).
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of archaea.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Inland bodies of still or slowly moving FRESH WATER or salt water, larger than a pond, and supplied by RIVERS and streams.
Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into RIBOSOMES. Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in OPERONS dispersed throughout the GENOME, whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.
Adverse effect upon bodies of water (LAKES; RIVERS; seas; groundwater etc.) caused by CHEMICAL WATER POLLUTANTS.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Pacific Ocean" is a geographical term referring to the largest ocean in the world, covering an area of about 63,800,000 square miles (165,200,000 square kilometers), and it is not a medical term.
A plant family of the order Rhizophorales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida, that includes mangrove trees.
The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Substances or organisms which pollute the water or bodies of water. Use for water pollutants in general or those for which there is no specific heading.
Environments or habitats at the interface between truly terrestrial ecosystems and truly aquatic systems making them different from each yet highly dependent on both. Adaptations to low soil oxygen characterize many wetland species.
Uranium. A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.
Contamination of bodies of water (such as LAKES; RIVERS; SEAS; and GROUNDWATER.)
The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.
The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.
The science of the earth and other celestial bodies and their history as recorded in the rocks. It includes the study of geologic processes of an area such as rock formations, weathering and erosion, and sedimentation. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid.
The Arctic Ocean and the lands in it and adjacent to it. It includes Point Barrow, Alaska, most of the Franklin District in Canada, two thirds of Greenland, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Lapland, Novaya Zemlya, and Northern Siberia. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p66)
The enrichment of a terrestrial or aquatic ECOSYSTEM by the addition of nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, that results in a superabundant growth of plants, ALGAE, or other primary producers. It can be a natural process or result from human activity such as agriculture runoff or sewage pollution. In aquatic ecosystems, an increase in the algae population is termed an algal bloom.
'Anaerobic Bacteria' are types of bacteria that do not require oxygen for growth and can often cause diseases in humans, including dental caries, gas gangrene, and tetanus, among others.
Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Pollutants, present in water or bodies of water, which exhibit radioactivity.
A group of the proteobacteria comprised of facultatively anaerobic and fermentative gram-negative bacteria.
Industrial chemicals which have become widespread environmental pollutants. Each aroclor is a mixture of chlorinated biphenyls (1200 series) or chlorinated terphenyls (5400 series) or a combination of both (4400 series).
Substances which pollute the soil. Use for soil pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading.
The flow of water in enviromental bodies of water such as rivers, oceans, water supplies, aquariums, etc. It includes currents, tides, and waves.
A major group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing two or more rings. The vast number of compounds of this important group, derived chiefly from petroleum and coal tar, are rather highly reactive and chemically versatile. The name is due to the strong and not unpleasant odor characteristic of most substances of this nature. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p96)
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
The spectrum of different living organisms inhabiting a particular region, habitat, or biotope.
Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants.
Liquid water present beneath the surface of the earth.
An area of water mostly surrounded by land, usually smaller than a gulf, and affording access to the sea.
Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.
Organic matter in a state of advanced decay, after passing through the stages of COMPOST and PEAT and before becoming lignite (COAL). It is composed of a heterogenous mixture of compounds including phenolic radicals and acids that polymerize and are not easily separated nor analyzed. (E.A. Ghabbour & G. Davies, eds. Humic Substances, 2001).
The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of organisms which inhabit the OCEANS AND SEAS.
A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.
The study of early forms of life through fossil remains.
Metals with high specific gravity, typically larger than 5. They have complex spectra, form colored salts and double salts, have a low electrode potential, are mainly amphoteric, yield weak bases and weak acids, and are oxidizing or reducing agents (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A kingdom in the domain ARCHAEA comprised of thermoacidophilic, sulfur-dependent organisms. The two orders are SULFOLOBALES and THERMOPROTEALES.
An order of amoeboid EUKARYOTES characterized by reticulating pseudopods and a complex life cycle with an alternation of generations. Most are less than 1mm in size and found in marine or brackish water.
A phylum of bacteria consisting of the purple bacteria and their relatives which form a branch of the eubacterial tree. This group of predominantly gram-negative bacteria is classified based on homology of equivalent nucleotide sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA or by hybridization of ribosomal RNA or DNA with 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA.
Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The continent lying around the South Pole and the southern waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. It includes the Falkland Islands Dependencies. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p55)
A family of colorless sulfur bacteria in the order Thiotrichales, class GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA.
Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.
The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms, forming the basis of classes such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons, which play a vital role in energy production and chemical synthesis.
Phenols substituted with one or more chlorine atoms in any position.

Desulfocella halophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic, fatty-acid-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from sediments of the Great Salt Lake. (1/2414)

A new halophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium, strain GSL-But2T, was isolated from surface sediment of the Southern arm of the Great Salt Lake, UT, USA. The organism grew with a number of straight-chain fatty acids (C4-C16), 2-methylbutyrate, L-alanine and pyruvate as electron donors. Butyrate was oxidized incompletely to acetate. Sulfate, but not sulfite or thiosulfate, served as an electron acceptor. Growth was observed between 2 and 19% (w/v) NaCl with an optimum at 4-5% (w/v) NaCl. The optimal temperature and pH for growth were around 34 degrees C and pH 6.5-7.3, respectively. The generation time under optimal conditions in defined medium was around 28 h, compared to 20 h in complex medium containing yeast extract. The G+C content was 35.0 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain GSL-But2T belongs to the family Desulfobacteriaceae within the delta-subclass of the Proteobacteria and suggested that strain GSL-But2T represents a member of a new genus. The name Desulfocella halophila gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed for this organism. The type strain of D. halophila is strain GSL-But2T (= DSM 11763T = ATCC 700426T).  (+info)

Isolation from estuarine sediments of a Desulfovibrio strain which can grow on lactate coupled to the reductive dehalogenation of 2,4, 6-tribromophenol. (2/2414)

Strain TBP-1, an anaerobic bacterium capable of reductively dehalogenating 2,4,6-tribromophenol to phenol, was isolated from estuarine sediments of the Arthur Kill in the New York/New Jersey harbor. It is a gram-negative, motile, vibrio-shaped, obligate anaerobe which grows on lactate, pyruvate, hydrogen, and fumarate when provided sulfate as an electron acceptor. The organism accumulates acetate when grown on lactate and sulfate, contains desulfoviridin, and will not grow in the absence of NaCl. It will not utilize acetate, succinate, propionate, or butyrate for growth via sulfate reduction. When supplied with lactate as an electron donor, strain TBP-1 will utilize sulfate, sulfite, sulfur, and thiosulfate for growth but not nitrate, fumarate, or acrylate. This organism debrominates 2-, 4-, 2,4-, 2,6-, and 2,4,6-bromophenol but not 3- or 2,3-bromophenol or monobrominated benzoates. It will not dehalogenate monochlorinated, fluorinated, or iodinated phenols or chlorinated benzoates. Together with its physiological characteristics, its 16S rRNA gene sequence places it in the genus Desulfovibrio. The average growth yield of strain TBP-1 grown on a defined medium supplemented with lactate and 2,4,6-bromophenol is 3.71 mg of protein/mmol of phenol produced, and the yield was 1.42 mg of protein/mmol of phenol produced when 4-bromophenol was the electron acceptor. Average growth yields (milligrams of protein per millimole of electrons utilized) for Desulfovibrio sp. strain TBP-1 grown with 2,4,6-bromophenol, 4-bromophenol, or sulfate are 0.62, 0.71, and 1.07, respectively. Growth did not occur when either lactate or 2,4,6-bromophenol was omitted from the growth medium. These results indicate that Desulfovibrio sp. strain TBP-1 is capable of growth via halorespiration.  (+info)

Diversity of nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) genes in continental shelf sediments. (3/2414)

Diversity of the nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) gene was examined in sediments obtained from the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean continental shelves. Approximately 1,100 bp of the nosZ gene were amplified via PCR, using nosZ gene-specific primers. Thirty-seven unique copies of the nosZ gene from these marine environments were characterized, increasing the nosZ sequence database fourfold. The average DNA similarity for comparisons between all 49 variants of the nosZ gene was 64% +/- 10%. Alignment of the derived amino acid sequences confirmed the conservation of important structural motifs. A highly conserved region is proposed as the copper binding, catalytic site (CuZ) of the mature protein. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated three major clusters of nosZ genes, with little overlap between environmental and culture-based groups. Finally, the two non-culture-based gene clusters generally corresponded to sampling location, implying that denitrifier communities may be restricted geographically.  (+info)

Dense populations of a giant sulfur bacterium in Namibian shelf sediments. (4/2414)

A previously unknown giant sulfur bacterium is abundant in sediments underlying the oxygen minimum zone of the Benguela Current upwelling system. The bacterium has a spherical cell that exceeds by up to 100-fold the biovolume of the largest known prokaryotes. On the basis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequence data, these bacteria are closely related to the marine filamentous sulfur bacteria Thioploca, abundant in the upwelling area off Chile and Peru. Similar to Thioploca, the giant bacteria oxidize sulfide with nitrate that is accumulated to +info)

Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids. (5/2414)

The Hata Member of the Bouri Formation is defined for Pliocene sedimentary outcrops in the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. The Hata Member is dated to 2.5 million years ago and has produced a new species of Australopithecus and hominid postcranial remains not currently assigned to species. Spatially associated zooarchaeological remains show that hominids acquired meat and marrow by 2.5 million years ago and that they are the near contemporary of Oldowan artifacts at nearby Gona. The combined evidence suggests that behavioral changes associated with lithic technology and enhanced carnivory may have been coincident with the emergence of the Homo clade from Australopithecus afarensis in eastern Africa.  (+info)

Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14 contains a novel degradation pathway for limonene. (6/2414)

Strain DCL14, which is able to grow on limonene as a sole source of carbon and energy, was isolated from a freshwater sediment sample. This organism was identified as a strain of Rhodococcus erythropolis by chemotaxonomic and genetic studies. R. erythropolis DCL14 also assimilated the terpenes limonene-1,2-epoxide, limonene-1,2-diol, carveol, carvone, and (-)-menthol, while perillyl alcohol was not utilized as a carbon and energy source. Induction tests with cells grown on limonene revealed that the oxygen consumption rates with limonene-1,2-epoxide, limonene-1,2-diol, 1-hydroxy-2-oxolimonene, and carveol were high. Limonene-induced cells of R. erythropolis DCL14 contained the following four novel enzymatic activities involved in the limonene degradation pathway of this microorganism: a flavin adenine dinucleotide- and NADH-dependent limonene 1, 2-monooxygenase activity, a cofactor-independent limonene-1, 2-epoxide hydrolase activity, a dichlorophenolindophenol-dependent limonene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase activity, and an NADPH-dependent 1-hydroxy-2-oxolimonene 1,2-monooxygenase activity. Product accumulation studies showed that (1S,2S,4R)-limonene-1,2-diol, (1S, 4R)-1-hydroxy-2-oxolimonene, and (3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate were intermediates in the (4R)-limonene degradation pathway. The opposite enantiomers [(1R,2R,4S)-limonene-1,2-diol, (1R, 4S)-1-hydroxy-2-oxolimonene, and (3S)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate] were found in the (4S)-limonene degradation pathway, while accumulation of (1R,2S,4S)-limonene-1,2-diol from (4S)-limonene was also observed. These results show that R. erythropolis DCL14 metabolizes both enantiomers of limonene via a novel degradation pathway that starts with epoxidation at the 1,2 double bond forming limonene-1,2-epoxide. This epoxide is subsequently converted to limonene-1,2-diol, 1-hydroxy-2-oxolimonene, and 7-hydroxy-4-isopropenyl-7-methyl-2-oxo-oxepanone. This lactone spontaneously rearranges to form 3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate. In the presence of coenzyme A and ATP this acid is converted further, and this finding, together with the high levels of isocitrate lyase activity in extracts of limonene-grown cells, suggests that further degradation takes place via the beta-oxidation pathway.  (+info)

Role of methanogens and other bacteria in degradation of dimethyl sulfide and methanethiol in anoxic freshwater sediments. (7/2414)

The roles of several trophic groups of organisms (methanogens and sulfate- and nitrate-reducing bacteria) in the microbial degradation of methanethiol (MT) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) were studied in freshwater sediments. The incubation of DMS- and MT-amended slurries revealed that methanogens are the dominant DMS and MT utilizers in sulfate-poor freshwater systems. In sediment slurries, which were depleted of sulfate, 75 micromol of DMS was stoichiometrically converted into 112 micromol of methane. The addition of methanol or MT to DMS-degrading slurries at concentrations similar to that of DMS reduced DMS degradation rates. This indicates that the methanogens in freshwater sediments, which degrade DMS, are also consumers of methanol and MT. To verify whether a competition between sulfate-reducing and methanogenic bacteria for DMS or MT takes place in sulfate-rich freshwater systems, the effects of sulfate and inhibitors, like bromoethanesulfonic acid, molybdate, and tungstate, on the degradation of MT and DMS were studied. The results for these sulfate-rich and sulfate-amended slurry incubations clearly demonstrated that besides methanogens, sulfate-reducing bacteria take part in MT and DMS degradation in freshwater sediments, provided that sulfate is available. The possible involvement of an interspecies hydrogen transfer in these processes is discussed. In general, our study provides evidence for methanogenesis as a major sink for MT and DMS in freshwater sediments.  (+info)

Molecular analysis of microbial community structures in pristine and contaminated aquifers: field and laboratory microcosm experiments. (8/2414)

This study used phylogenetic probes in hybridization analysis to (i) determine in situ microbial community structures in regions of a shallow sand aquifer that were oxygen depleted and fuel contaminated (FC) or aerobic and noncontaminated (NC) and (ii) examine alterations in microbial community structures resulting from exposure to toluene and/or electron acceptor supplementation (nitrate). The latter objective was addressed by using the NC and FC aquifer materials for anaerobic microcosm studies in which phylogenetic probe analysis was complemented by microbial activity assays. Domain probe analysis of the aquifer samples showed that the communities were predominantly Bacteria; Eucarya and Archaea were not detectable. At the phylum and subclass levels, the FC and NC aquifer material had similar relative abundance distributions of 43 to 65% beta- and gamma-Proteobacteria (B+G), 31 to 35% alpha-Proteobacteria (ALF), 15 to 18% sulfate-reducing bacteria, and 5 to 10% high G+C gram positive bacteria. Compared to that of the NC region, the community structure of the FC material differed mainly in an increased abundance of B+G relative to that of ALF. The microcosm communities were like those of the field samples in that they were predominantly Bacteria (83 to 101%) and lacked detectable Archaea but differed in that a small fraction (2 to 8%) of Eucarya was detected regardless of the treatment applied. The latter result was hypothesized to reflect enrichment of anaerobic protozoa. Addition of nitrate and/or toluene stimulated microbial activity in the microcosms, but only supplementation of toluene alone significantly altered community structures. For the NC material, the dominant subclass shifted from B+G to ALF, while in the FC microcosms 55 to 65% of the Bacteria community was no longer identifiable by the phylum or subclass probes used. The latter result suggested that toluene exposure fostered the proliferation of phylotype(s) that were otherwise minor constituents of the FC aquifer community. These studies demonstrated that alterations in aquifer microbial communities resulting from specific anthropogenic perturbances can be inferred from microcosm studies integrating chemical and phylogenetic probe analysis and in the case of hydrocarbon contamination may facilitate the identification of organisms important for in situ biodegradation processes. Further work integrating and coordinating microcosm and field experiments is needed to explore how differences in scale, substrate complexity, and other hydrogeological conditions may affect patterns observed in these systems.  (+info)

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geologic sediments" is not a term used in medical definitions. Geological sediments are deposits of material that accumulate over time, usually in layers, as a result of natural geological processes such as weathering, erosion, and deposition. These sediments can eventually become rock formations and provide important clues about the Earth's history, including information about past climates, environments, and life on Earth.

Seawater is not a medical term, but it is a type of water that covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface. Medically, seawater can be relevant in certain contexts, such as in discussions of marine biology, environmental health, or water safety. Seawater has a high salt content, with an average salinity of around 3.5%, which is much higher than that of freshwater. This makes it unsuitable for drinking or irrigation without desalination.

Exposure to seawater can also have medical implications, such as in cases of immersion injuries, marine envenomations, or waterborne illnesses. However, there is no single medical definition of seawater.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fresh Water" is not a medical term. It is a term used to describe water that contains low concentrations of dissolved salts and other dissolved minerals. It is distinguished from saline water, which includes saltwater found in the ocean and brackish water found in estuaries. Fresh water is essential for many biological processes and is the primary source of water for human consumption, agriculture, and industrial use.

Water microbiology is not a formal medical term, but rather a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms found in water. It involves the identification, enumeration, and characterization of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microscopic organisms present in water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater.

In a medical context, water microbiology is relevant to public health because it helps to assess the safety of water supplies for human consumption and recreational activities. It also plays a critical role in understanding and preventing waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to illnesses such as diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory problems.

Water microbiologists use various techniques to study water microorganisms, including culturing, microscopy, genetic analysis, and biochemical tests. They also investigate the ecology of these organisms, their interactions with other species, and their response to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.

Overall, water microbiology is a vital field that helps ensure the safety of our water resources and protects public health.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.

Chemical water pollutants refer to harmful chemicals or substances that contaminate bodies of water, making them unsafe for human use and harmful to aquatic life. These pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and improper disposal of hazardous materials.

Examples of chemical water pollutants include heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and cadmium), pesticides and herbicides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and petroleum products. These chemicals can have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, disrupt ecosystems, and pose risks to human health through exposure or consumption.

Regulations and standards are in place to monitor and limit the levels of chemical pollutants in water sources, with the aim of protecting public health and the environment.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rivers" is not a medical term or concept. It is a geographical term referring to large, flowing bodies of water that usually empty into a sea or an ocean. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) refers to the specific regions of DNA in a cell that contain the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomes are complex structures composed of proteins and rRNA, which play a crucial role in protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins.

In humans, there are four types of rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S, and 5S. These rRNAs are encoded by multiple copies of rDNA genes that are organized in clusters on specific chromosomes. In humans, the majority of rDNA genes are located on the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22.

Each cluster of rDNA genes contains both transcribed and non-transcribed spacer regions. The transcribed regions contain the genes for the four types of rRNA, while the non-transcribed spacers contain regulatory elements that control the transcription of the rRNA genes.

The number of rDNA copies varies between species and even within individuals of the same species. The copy number can also change during development and in response to environmental factors. Variations in rDNA copy number have been associated with various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.

Methane is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that is often mentioned in the context of medicine and health. Medically, methane is significant because it is one of the gases produced by anaerobic microorganisms during the breakdown of organic matter in the gut, leading to conditions such as bloating, cramping, and diarrhea. Excessive production of methane can also be a symptom of certain digestive disorders like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).

In broader terms, methane is a colorless, odorless gas that is the primary component of natural gas. It is produced naturally by the decomposition of organic matter in anaerobic conditions, such as in landfills, wetlands, and the digestive tracts of animals like cows and humans. Methane is also a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 25 times greater than carbon dioxide over a 100-year time frame.

Environmental biodegradation is the breakdown of materials, especially man-made substances such as plastics and industrial chemicals, by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi in order to use them as a source of energy or nutrients. This process occurs naturally in the environment and helps to break down organic matter into simpler compounds that can be more easily absorbed and assimilated by living organisms.

Biodegradation in the environment is influenced by various factors, including the chemical composition of the substance being degraded, the environmental conditions (such as temperature, moisture, and pH), and the type and abundance of microorganisms present. Some substances are more easily biodegraded than others, and some may even be resistant to biodegradation altogether.

Biodegradation is an important process for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, as it helps to prevent the accumulation of harmful substances in the environment. However, some man-made substances, such as certain types of plastics and industrial chemicals, may persist in the environment for long periods of time due to their resistance to biodegradation, leading to negative impacts on wildlife and ecosystems.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in developing biodegradable materials that can break down more easily in the environment as a way to reduce waste and minimize environmental harm. These efforts have led to the development of various biodegradable plastics, coatings, and other materials that are designed to degrade under specific environmental conditions.

Deltaproteobacteria is a class of proteobacteria, which are a group of gram-negative bacteria. Deltaproteobacteria are characterized by their unique arrangement of flagella and their ability to perform anaerobic respiration, which means they can grow without oxygen. They play important roles in various environments such as soil, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, where they are involved in processes like sulfur cycling and denitrification. Some members of this class are also known to cause diseases in humans, such as the genera Myxococcus, Bdellovibrio, and Desulfovibrio.

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are a group of bacteria that chemically reduce sulfates to produce hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, and other sulfur compounds. They are anaerobic, meaning they do not require oxygen to live and grow. These bacteria are commonly found in environments like soil, water, and the digestive tracts of animals, including humans.

In the medical context, SRB can be associated with certain health conditions. For example, they can contribute to dental cavities by producing acid as a byproduct of their metabolism. They can also cause infections in people with compromised immune systems or implanted medical devices, such as heart valves or joint replacements. These infections can lead to the production of harmful sulfur compounds that can damage tissues and cause symptoms like pain, swelling, and discharge.

SRB are also known to play a role in some types of anaerobic digestion, where they help break down organic matter in wastewater treatment plants and other industrial settings. However, their ability to produce corrosive sulfur compounds can cause problems in these environments, such as damage to pipes and equipment.

Archaea are a domain of single-celled microorganisms that lack membrane-bound nuclei and other organelles. They are characterized by the unique structure of their cell walls, membranes, and ribosomes. Archaea were originally classified as bacteria, but they differ from bacteria in several key ways, including their genetic material and metabolic processes.

Archaea can be found in a wide range of environments, including some of the most extreme habitats on Earth, such as hot springs, deep-sea vents, and highly saline lakes. Some species of Archaea are able to survive in the absence of oxygen, while others require oxygen to live.

Archaea play important roles in global nutrient cycles, including the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle. They are also being studied for their potential role in industrial processes, such as the production of biofuels and the treatment of wastewater.

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water with a free connection to the open sea, within which seawater is measurably diluted with freshwater derived from land drainage. Estuaries are characterized by their unique physical properties, including a mixing zone of seawater and freshwater, as well as a distinct salinity gradient. They provide critical habitat for many species of fish, birds, and other wildlife, and perform important ecological functions such as water filtration, nutrient cycling, and storm protection. Estuaries are also economically valuable, supporting industries such as fishing, shipping, and tourism.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oceans and Seas" are not medical terms. Generally speaking, an ocean is a large body of saltwater that covers a majority of the Earth's surface, and a sea is a smaller body of saltwater that may be partially enclosed by land. However, if you have any questions related to marine biology or environmental science, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Archaeal DNA refers to the genetic material present in archaea, a domain of single-celled microorganisms lacking a nucleus. Like bacteria, archaea have a single circular chromosome that contains their genetic information. However, archaeal DNA is significantly different from bacterial and eukaryotic DNA in terms of its structure and composition.

Archaeal DNA is characterized by the presence of unique modifications such as methylation patterns, which help distinguish it from other types of DNA. Additionally, archaea have a distinct set of genes involved in DNA replication, repair, and recombination, many of which are more similar to those found in eukaryotes than bacteria.

One notable feature of archaeal DNA is its resistance to environmental stressors such as extreme temperatures, pH levels, and salt concentrations. This allows archaea to thrive in some of the most inhospitable environments on Earth, including hydrothermal vents, acidic hot springs, and highly saline lakes.

Overall, the study of archaeal DNA has provided valuable insights into the evolutionary history of life on Earth and the unique adaptations that allow these organisms to survive in extreme conditions.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

An "ecosystem" is not a term that has a specific medical definition, as it is a concept that is more commonly used in the fields of ecology and environmental science. However, I can provide you with the general ecological definition of an ecosystem:

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment, including both biotic factors (plants, animals, microorganisms) and abiotic factors (climate, soil, water, and air). These interactions create a complex network of relationships that form the foundation of ecological processes, such as energy flow, nutrient cycling, and population dynamics.

While there is no direct medical definition for an ecosystem, understanding the principles of ecosystems can have important implications for human health. For example, healthy ecosystems can provide clean air and water, regulate climate, support food production, and offer opportunities for recreation and relaxation, all of which contribute to overall well-being. Conversely, degraded ecosystems can lead to increased exposure to environmental hazards, reduced access to natural resources, and heightened risks of infectious diseases. Therefore, maintaining the health and integrity of ecosystems is crucial for promoting human health and preventing disease.

I'm happy to help, but it seems there might be some confusion in your question. "Lakes" is not a medical term that has a specific definition in the context of medicine or healthcare. It is a geographical term used to describe large bodies of water surrounded by land. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is not a type of gene itself, but rather a crucial component that is transcribed from genes known as ribosomal DNA (rDNA). In cells, rRNA plays an essential role in protein synthesis by assembling with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomes. Ribosomes are complex structures where the translation of mRNA into proteins occurs. There are multiple types of rRNA molecules, including 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNAs in eukaryotic cells, each with specific functions during protein synthesis.

In summary, 'Genes, rRNA' would refer to the genetic regions (genes) that code for ribosomal RNA molecules, which are vital components of the protein synthesis machinery within cells.

Chemical water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater) with harmful chemicals or substances that negatively impact water quality and pose a threat to human health, aquatic life, and the environment. These chemical pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural activities, waste disposal, oil spills, and chemical accidents. Examples of chemical pollutants include heavy metals (such as mercury, lead, and cadmium), pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and other hazardous substances. These chemicals can have toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects on living organisms and can disrupt ecosystems, leading to decreased biodiversity and impaired ecological functions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Pacific Ocean" is a geographical term referring to the largest single body of saltwater on Earth, extending from the Arctic in the north to the Antarctic in the south. It covers an area of about 63,800,000 square miles (165,200,000 square kilometers).

If you're looking for a medical term or definition, I'd be happy to help with that as well. Could you please provide more context?

Rhizophoraceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as mangrove family. It includes several genera of trees and shrubs that are adapted to grow in the brackish water of coastal swamps and estuaries in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The plants in this family have specialized root systems, called prop roots or stilt roots, which provide support and help the plants take in oxygen from the air. They also have thick, leathery leaves that are resistant to saltwater. Some of the well-known genera in Rhizophoraceae include Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Ceriops, and Kandelia.

Biodiversity is the variety of different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms that live in an ecosystem. It also includes the variety of genes within a species and the variety of ecosystems (such as forests, grasslands, deserts, and oceans) that exist in a region or on Earth as a whole. Biodiversity is important for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, providing resources and services such as food, clean water, and pollination, and contributing to the discovery of new medicines and other useful products. The loss of biodiversity can have negative impacts on the functioning of ecosystems and the services they provide, and can threaten the survival of species and the livelihoods of people who depend on them.

I apologize, but there seems to be a misunderstanding. "Soil microbiology" is not a medical term; rather, it is a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms in soil. It involves understanding the diversity, ecology, and biochemistry of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and other microscopic life forms found in soil. This field has applications in agriculture, environmental science, and waste management but is not directly related to medical definitions or human health.

Anaerobiosis is a state in which an organism or a portion of an organism is able to live and grow in the absence of molecular oxygen (O2). In biological contexts, "anaerobe" refers to any organism that does not require oxygen for growth, and "aerobe" refers to an organism that does require oxygen for growth.

There are two types of anaerobes: obligate anaerobes, which cannot tolerate the presence of oxygen and will die if exposed to it; and facultative anaerobes, which can grow with or without oxygen but prefer to grow in its absence. Some organisms are able to switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism depending on the availability of oxygen, a process known as "facultative anaerobiosis."

Anaerobic respiration is a type of metabolic process that occurs in the absence of molecular oxygen. In this process, organisms use alternative electron acceptors other than oxygen to generate energy through the transfer of electrons during cellular respiration. Examples of alternative electron acceptors include nitrate, sulfate, and carbon dioxide.

Anaerobic metabolism is less efficient than aerobic metabolism in terms of energy production, but it allows organisms to survive in environments where oxygen is not available or is toxic. Anaerobic bacteria are important decomposers in many ecosystems, breaking down organic matter and releasing nutrients back into the environment. In the human body, anaerobic bacteria can cause infections and other health problems if they proliferate in areas with low oxygen levels, such as the mouth, intestines, or deep tissue wounds.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Water pollutants refer to any substances or materials that contaminate water sources and make them unsafe or unsuitable for use. These pollutants can include a wide range of chemicals, microorganisms, and physical particles that can have harmful effects on human health, aquatic life, and the environment as a whole. Examples of water pollutants include heavy metals like lead and mercury, industrial chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins, agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilizers, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and microplastics. Exposure to water pollutants can cause a variety of health problems, ranging from minor irritations to serious illnesses or even death in extreme cases. Additionally, water pollution can have significant impacts on the environment, including harming or killing aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems, and reducing biodiversity.

I apologize for any confusion, but "wetlands" is a term related to environmental science and ecology rather than medicine. Wetlands are transitional areas between land and water that are characterized by the presence of water, which can be permanent or temporary. They are critical ecosystems that provide various important functions, such as water filtration, flood control, and habitat for diverse plant and animal life, including many species of migratory birds.

If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, please don't hesitate to ask!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uranium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol "U" and atomic number 92. Uranium is a dense, silvery-gray metal that is hard and brittle at room temperature. It's primarily used as a fuel in nuclear power plants and in the manufacture of weapons.

While uranium does not have direct medical applications, it does pose potential health risks due to its radioactivity. Exposure to high levels of radiation from uranium can lead to acute radiation sickness, anemia, and an increased risk of cancer. However, under normal circumstances, the general public is not exposed to significant amounts of uranium, so it's not a common health concern.

Water pollution is defined medically as the contamination of water sources by harmful or sufficient amounts of foreign substances (pathogens, chemicals, toxic compounds, etc.) which tend to interfere with its normal functioning and can have negative effects on human health. Such pollutants can find their way into water bodies through various means including industrial waste disposal, agricultural runoff, oil spills, sewage and wastewater discharges, and accidental chemical releases, among others.

Exposure to polluted water can lead to a range of health issues, from minor problems like skin irritation or stomach upset, to severe conditions such as neurological disorders, reproductive issues, cancer, and even death in extreme cases. It also poses significant risks to aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems and leading to the decline or extinction of various species. Therefore, maintaining clean and safe water supplies is critical for both human health and environmental preservation.

Environmental monitoring is the systematic and ongoing surveillance, measurement, and assessment of environmental parameters, pollutants, or other stressors in order to evaluate potential impacts on human health, ecological systems, or compliance with regulatory standards. This process typically involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources, such as air, water, soil, and biota, and using this information to inform decisions related to public health, environmental protection, and resource management.

In medical terms, environmental monitoring may refer specifically to the assessment of environmental factors that can impact human health, such as air quality, water contamination, or exposure to hazardous substances. This type of monitoring is often conducted in occupational settings, where workers may be exposed to potential health hazards, as well as in community-based settings, where environmental factors may contribute to public health issues. The goal of environmental monitoring in a medical context is to identify and mitigate potential health risks associated with environmental exposures, and to promote healthy and safe environments for individuals and communities.

Base composition in genetics refers to the relative proportion of the four nucleotide bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine, so the base composition is often expressed in terms of the ratio of adenine + thymine (A-T) to guanine + cytosine (G-C). This ratio can vary between species and even between different regions of the same genome. The base composition can provide important clues about the function, evolution, and structure of genetic material.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geology" is not a medical term. It is a scientific discipline that deals with the Earth's physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes that act on it. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help!

In the context of medicine and biology, sulfates are ions or compounds that contain the sulfate group (SO4−2). Sulfate is a polyatomic anion with the structure of a sphere. It consists of a central sulfur atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement.

Sulfates can be found in various biological molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, which are important components of connective tissue and the extracellular matrix. Sulfate groups play a crucial role in these molecules by providing negative charges that help maintain the structural integrity and hydration of tissues.

In addition to their biological roles, sulfates can also be found in various medications and pharmaceutical compounds. For example, some laxatives contain sulfate salts, such as magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) or sodium sulfate, which work by increasing the water content in the intestines and promoting bowel movements.

It is important to note that exposure to high levels of sulfates can be harmful to human health, particularly in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a common air pollutant produced by burning fossil fuels. Prolonged exposure to SO2 can cause respiratory problems and exacerbate existing lung conditions.

The Arctic region is not a medical term per se, but it is a geographical and environmental term that can have health-related implications. The Arctic is defined as the region surrounding the North Pole, encompassing the Arctic Ocean and parts of Canada, Greenland (Denmark), Russia, the United States (Alaska), Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland. It is characterized by its cold climate, permafrost, and unique ecosystems.

Exposure to the harsh Arctic environment can pose significant health risks, such as hypothermia, frostbite, and other cold-related injuries. Additionally, the Arctic region has been impacted by climate change, leading to changes in the distribution of wildlife, which can have implications for food security and infectious disease transmission.

Therefore, while not a medical term itself, understanding the Arctic regions and their unique environmental and health challenges is important in fields such as wilderness medicine, environmental health, and public health.

Eutrophication is the process of excessive nutrient enrichment in bodies of water, which can lead to a rapid growth of aquatic plants and algae. This overgrowth can result in decreased levels of oxygen in the water, harming or even killing fish and other aquatic life. The primary cause of eutrophication is the addition of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, from human activities such as agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater discharge, and air pollution.

In advanced stages, eutrophication can lead to a shift in the dominant species in the aquatic ecosystem, favoring those that are better adapted to the high-nutrient conditions. This can result in a loss of biodiversity and changes in water quality, making it difficult for many organisms to survive.

Eutrophication is a significant global environmental problem, affecting both freshwater and marine ecosystems. It can lead to harmful algal blooms (HABs), which can produce toxins that are dangerous to humans and animals. In addition, eutrophication can impact water use for drinking, irrigation, recreation, and industry, making it a critical issue for public health and economic development.

Anaerobic bacteria are a type of bacteria that do not require oxygen to grow and survive. Instead, they can grow in environments that have little or no oxygen. Some anaerobic bacteria can even be harmed or killed by exposure to oxygen. These bacteria play important roles in many natural processes, such as decomposition and the breakdown of organic matter in the digestive system. However, some anaerobic bacteria can also cause disease in humans and animals, particularly when they infect areas of the body that are normally oxygen-rich. Examples of anaerobic bacterial infections include tetanus, gas gangrene, and dental abscesses.

Bacterial RNA refers to the genetic material present in bacteria that is composed of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Unlike higher organisms, bacteria contain a single circular chromosome made up of DNA, along with smaller circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These bacterial genetic materials contain the information necessary for the growth and reproduction of the organism.

Bacterial RNA can be divided into three main categories: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). mRNA carries genetic information copied from DNA, which is then translated into proteins by the rRNA and tRNA molecules. rRNA is a structural component of the ribosome, where protein synthesis occurs, while tRNA acts as an adapter that brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

Bacterial RNA plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including gene expression, protein synthesis, and regulation of metabolic pathways. Understanding the structure and function of bacterial RNA is essential for developing new antibiotics and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

Radioactive water pollutants refer to contaminants in water sources that contain radioactive materials. These materials can include substances such as radium, uranium, and cesium, which emit ionizing radiation. This type of pollution can occur through various means, including the disposal of radioactive waste from nuclear power plants, hospitals, and research facilities; oil and gas drilling operations; and mining activities.

Exposure to radioactive water pollutants can have serious health consequences, as ionizing radiation has been linked to an increased risk of cancer, genetic mutations, and other harmful effects. Therefore, it is essential to regulate and monitor radioactive water pollution to protect public health and the environment.

Gammaproteobacteria is a class of proteobacteria, a group of Gram-negative bacteria. This class includes several important pathogens that can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants. Some examples of Gammaproteobacteria include Escherichia coli (a common cause of food poisoning), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections), Vibrio cholerae (the causative agent of cholera), and Yersinia pestis (the bacterium that causes plague).

Gammaproteobacteria are characterized by their single flagellum, which is used for motility, and their outer membrane, which contains lipopolysaccharides that can elicit an immune response in host organisms. They are found in a wide range of environments, including soil, water, and the guts of animals. Some species are capable of fixing nitrogen, making them important contributors to nutrient cycling in ecosystems.

It's worth noting that while Gammaproteobacteria includes many pathogenic species, the majority of proteobacteria are not harmful and play important roles in various ecological systems.

Aroclors are a series of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures that were manufactured by the Monsanto Company. They were widely used as cooling and insulating fluids in electrical equipment, such as transformers and capacitors, due to their non-flammability, chemical stability, and electrical insulating properties.

The term "Aroclor" is followed by a four-digit number that indicates the specific mixture and its average degree of chlorination. For example, Aroclor 1242 contains approximately 42% chlorine by weight, while Aroclor 1260 contains approximately 60% chlorine by weight.

Because of their persistence in the environment and potential toxicity to humans and wildlife, the production and use of PCBs, including Aroclors, were banned in the United States in 1979 under the Toxic Substances Control Act. However, due to their widespread historical use, PCBs continue to be a significant environmental pollutant and can still be found in many older electrical equipment, building materials, and soil and water samples.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "soil pollutants" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Soil pollution refers to the presence or accumulation of hazardous substances, chemicals, or other pollutants in soil that can have negative effects on plant life, human health, and the environment.

However, if you're asking about potential health effects of exposure to soil pollutants, it could include a variety of symptoms or diseases, depending on the specific pollutant. For example, exposure to lead-contaminated soil can lead to developmental delays in children, while exposure to certain pesticides or industrial chemicals can cause neurological problems, respiratory issues, and even cancer.

If you have more specific information about a particular substance or context, I may be able to provide a more precise answer.

I'm not aware of a medical definition for the term "water movements." It is possible that it could be used in a specific context within a certain medical specialty or procedure. However, I can provide some general information about how the term "water" is used in a medical context.

In medicine, "water" often refers to the fluid component of the body, which includes all the fluids inside and outside of cells. The movement of water within the body is regulated by various physiological processes, such as osmosis and hydrostatic pressure. Disorders that affect the regulation of water balance can lead to dehydration or overhydration, which can have serious consequences for health.

If you could provide more context or clarify what you mean by "water movements," I may be able to give a more specific answer.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds characterized by the presence of two or more fused benzene rings. They are called "polycyclic" because they contain multiple cyclic structures, and "aromatic" because these structures contain alternating double bonds that give them distinctive chemical properties and a characteristic smell.

PAHs can be produced from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Natural sources include wildfires, volcanic eruptions, and the decomposition of organic matter. Anthropogenic sources include the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gasoline, as well as tobacco smoke, grilled foods, and certain industrial processes.

PAHs are known to be environmental pollutants and can have harmful effects on human health. They have been linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly lung, skin, and bladder cancers, as well as reproductive and developmental toxicity. PAHs can also cause skin irritation, respiratory problems, and damage to the immune system.

PAHs are found in a variety of environmental media, including air, water, soil, and food. They can accumulate in the food chain, particularly in fatty tissues, and have been detected in a wide range of foods, including meat, fish, dairy products, and vegetables. Exposure to PAHs can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact.

It is important to limit exposure to PAHs by avoiding tobacco smoke, reducing consumption of grilled and smoked foods, using ventilation when cooking, and following safety guidelines when working with industrial processes that produce PAHs.

Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons between two species. The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, hence the term "oxidation-reduction."

In biological systems, redox reactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, and signaling. The transfer of electrons in these reactions is often facilitated by specialized molecules called electron carriers, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2).

The oxidation state of an element in a compound is a measure of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost relative to its neutral state. In redox reactions, the oxidation state of one or more elements changes as they gain or lose electrons. The substance that is oxidized has a higher oxidation state, while the substance that is reduced has a lower oxidation state.

Overall, oxidation-reduction reactions are fundamental to the functioning of living organisms and are involved in many important biological processes.

'Biota' is a term that refers to the total collection of living organisms in a particular habitat, ecosystem, or region. It includes all forms of life such as plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. Biota can be used to describe the communities of living things in a specific area, like a forest biota or marine biota, and it can also refer to the study of these organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment. In medical contexts, 'biota' may specifically refer to the microorganisms that inhabit the human body, such as the gut microbiota.

Petroleum is not a medical term, but it is a term used in the field of geology and petrochemicals. It refers to a naturally occurring liquid found in rock formations, which is composed of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, organic compounds consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen.

Petroleum is not typically associated with medical definitions; however, it's worth noting that petroleum and its derivatives are widely used in the production of various medical supplies, equipment, and pharmaceuticals. Some examples include plastic syringes, disposable gloves, catheters, lubricants for medical devices, and many active ingredients in medications.

In a broader sense, environmental or occupational exposure to petroleum and its byproducts could lead to health issues, but these are not typically covered under medical definitions of petroleum itself.

Groundwater, in the context of environmental or public health, is often referred to in relation to potential sources of drinking water or as a potential route of exposure for contaminants. However, groundwater itself is not a medical term, but rather a geological one. Here's a simple definition:

Groundwater is the water that saturates the pore spaces within soil and rock formations below the land surface of Earth. It's a significant source of fresh water for many uses, including drinking, agriculture, and industry. However, it can also be vulnerable to contamination from various sources, such as agricultural runoff, industrial discharge, or improper waste disposal. Therefore, protecting groundwater quality is a critical public health issue.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Bays" is not a medical term or abbreviation in common use. It's possible that you may have heard this term used in a different context, such as in anatomy to describe a body of water (like a bay in geography), or it could be a typo. If you have more context or information about where you encountered this term, I'd be happy to help you further!

In the context of medicine and toxicology, sulfides refer to inorganic or organic compounds containing the sulfide ion (S2-). Sulfides can be found in various forms such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), metal sulfides, and organic sulfides (also known as thioethers).

Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas with a characteristic rotten egg smell. It can cause various adverse health effects, including respiratory irritation, headaches, nausea, and, at high concentrations, loss of consciousness or even death. Metal sulfides, such as those found in some minerals, can also be toxic and may release hazardous sulfur dioxide (SO2) when heated or reacted with acidic substances.

Organic sulfides, on the other hand, are a class of organic compounds containing a sulfur atom bonded to two carbon atoms. They can occur naturally in some plants and animals or be synthesized in laboratories. Some organic sulfides have medicinal uses, while others may pose health risks depending on their concentration and route of exposure.

It is important to note that the term "sulfide" has different meanings in various scientific contexts, so it is essential to consider the specific context when interpreting this term.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Humic Substances" are not considered medical terms with a specific clinical definition. They are organic compounds that are commonly found in soil, sediments, and water, formed by the decomposition and transformation of plant and animal materials over time. Humic substances can have various complex structures and properties, and they play important roles in nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and water quality. However, they are not typically discussed in the context of medical definitions or healthcare.

I apologize for the confusion, but "Marine Biology" is not a medical term. Instead, it is a branch of biology that deals with the study of marine organisms, their behaviors, and their interactions with the marine environment. Marine biologists investigate various aspects of marine life, such as the ecology, physiology, and genetics of marine plants, animals, and microorganisms. They also study the impact of human activities on marine ecosystems and work towards conservation efforts to protect these environments.

In the context of medical definitions, 'carbon' is not typically used as a standalone term. Carbon is an element with the symbol C and atomic number 6, which is naturally abundant in the human body and the environment. It is a crucial component of all living organisms, forming the basis of organic compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

Carbon forms strong covalent bonds with various elements, allowing for the creation of complex molecules that are essential to life. In this sense, carbon is a fundamental building block of life on Earth. However, it does not have a specific medical definition as an isolated term.

Paleontology is not a medical field, but rather it is a branch of earth sciences and biology that deals with the study of prehistoric life forms through the examination of plant and animal fossils, including those of extinct organisms. It involves various disciplines such as stratigraphy, geochronology, and systematics to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth.

However, I understand that you are looking for information related to a non-medical topic, so here is some additional context:

Paleontology can be divided into several subdisciplines, including vertebrate paleontology (the study of fossilized animals with backbones), invertebrate paleontology (the study of fossilized animals without backbones), paleobotany (the study of fossil plants), micropaleontology (the study of microscopic fossils), and taphonomy (the study of the processes that occur after an organism's death, leading to its preservation as a fossil).

Paleontologists use various techniques to study fossils, including comparative anatomy, histology (the study of tissue structure), and geochemistry. They also rely on other scientific fields such as genetics, physics, and chemistry to help them interpret the data they collect from fossils.

Through their research, paleontologists can learn about the morphology, behavior, ecology, and evolutionary relationships of extinct organisms, providing valuable insights into the history of life on Earth.

Heavy metals are a group of elements with a specific gravity at least five times greater than that of water. They include metals such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), thallium (Tl), and lead (Pb). These metals are considered toxic when they accumulate in the body beyond certain levels, interfering with various biological processes and causing damage to cells, tissues, and organs.

Heavy metal exposure can occur through various sources, including occupational exposure, contaminated food, water, or air, and improper disposal of electronic waste. Chronic exposure to heavy metals has been linked to several health issues, such as neurological disorders, kidney damage, developmental problems, and cancer. Monitoring and controlling exposure to these elements is essential for maintaining good health and preventing potential adverse effects.

Crenarchaeota is a phylum within the domain Archaea. Members of this group are typically extremophiles, living in harsh environments such as hot springs, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and highly acidic or alkaline habitats. They are characterized by their unique archaeal-type rRNA genes and distinct cell wall composition. Some Crenarchaeota have been found to be involved in nitrogen and carbon cycling in various environments, including the ocean and soil. However, much is still unknown about this group due to the difficulty of culturing many of its members in the lab.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Foraminifera" is not a medical term. It is a term from the field of biology and refers to a type of single-celled organism called protozoa. These organisms have shells with tiny openings or pores called foramen, hence the name Foraminifera. They are commonly found in marine environments and their fossilized remains are used in various scientific fields such as geology and paleontology.

Proteobacteria is a major class of Gram-negative bacteria that includes a wide variety of pathogens and free-living organisms. This class is divided into six subclasses: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, and Zeta proteobacteria. Proteobacteria are characterized by their single circular chromosome and the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their outer membrane. They can be found in a wide range of environments, including soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals. Some notable examples of Proteobacteria include Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Yersinia pestis.

Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a long aliphatic chain, which are important components of lipids and are widely distributed in living organisms. They can be classified based on the length of their carbon chain, saturation level (presence or absence of double bonds), and other structural features.

The two main types of fatty acids are:

1. Saturated fatty acids: These have no double bonds in their carbon chain and are typically solid at room temperature. Examples include palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0).
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: These contain one or more double bonds in their carbon chain and can be further classified into monounsaturated (one double bond) and polyunsaturated (two or more double bonds) fatty acids. Examples of unsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid (C18:1, monounsaturated), linoleic acid (C18:2, polyunsaturated), and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3, polyunsaturated).

Fatty acids play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as energy storage, membrane structure, and cell signaling. Some essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through dietary sources.

The Antarctic regions typically refer to the geographical areas surrounding the continent of Antarctica, including the Southern Ocean and various subantarctic islands. These regions are known for their extreme cold, ice-covered landscapes, and unique wildlife adapted to survive in harsh conditions. The Antarctic region is also home to important scientific research stations focused on topics such as climate change, marine life, and space exploration. It's worth noting that the Antarctic Treaty System governs these regions, which prohibits military activity, mineral mining, nuclear testing, and nuclear waste disposal, and promotes scientific research and cooperation among nations.

Thiotrichaceae is a family of proteobacteria characterized by the ability to oxidize inorganic sulfur compounds. The name Thiotrichaceae comes from the Greek words "thio," meaning sulfur, and "tricha," meaning hair, which refers to the filamentous or hair-like appearance of many members of this family. These bacteria are often found in environments with high sulfur content, such as sulfur springs, hot vents, and sewage treatment plants. They play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of sulfur in the environment.

Bacterial typing techniques are methods used to identify and differentiate bacterial strains or isolates based on their unique characteristics. These techniques are essential in epidemiological studies, infection control, and research to understand the transmission dynamics, virulence, and antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial pathogens.

There are various bacterial typing techniques available, including:

1. **Bacteriophage Typing:** This method involves using bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to identify specific bacterial strains based on their susceptibility or resistance to particular phages.
2. **Serotyping:** It is a technique that differentiates bacterial strains based on the antigenic properties of their cell surface components, such as capsules, flagella, and somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens.
3. **Biochemical Testing:** This method uses biochemical reactions to identify specific metabolic pathways or enzymes present in bacterial strains, which can be used for differentiation. Commonly used tests include the catalase test, oxidase test, and various sugar fermentation tests.
4. **Molecular Typing Techniques:** These methods use genetic markers to identify and differentiate bacterial strains at the DNA level. Examples of molecular typing techniques include:
* **Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE):** This method uses restriction enzymes to digest bacterial DNA, followed by electrophoresis in an agarose gel under pulsed electrical fields. The resulting banding patterns are analyzed and compared to identify related strains.
* **Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST):** It involves sequencing specific housekeeping genes to generate unique sequence types that can be used for strain identification and phylogenetic analysis.
* **Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS):** This method sequences the entire genome of a bacterial strain, providing the most detailed information on genetic variation and relatedness between strains. WGS data can be analyzed using various bioinformatics tools to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), gene deletions or insertions, and other genetic changes that can be used for strain differentiation.

These molecular typing techniques provide higher resolution than traditional methods, allowing for more accurate identification and comparison of bacterial strains. They are particularly useful in epidemiological investigations to track the spread of pathogens and identify outbreaks.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "soil" is not a term that has a medical definition. Soil is defined as the top layer of earth in which plants grow, a mixture of organic material, clay, sand, and silt. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "hydrocarbons" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. They are primarily used in industry as fuel, lubricants, and as raw materials for the production of plastics, fibers, and other chemicals.

However, in a broader scientific context, hydrocarbons can be relevant to medical discussions. For instance, in toxicology, exposure to certain types of hydrocarbons (like those found in gasoline or solvents) can lead to poisoning and related health issues. In environmental medicine, the pollution of air, water, and soil with hydrocarbons is a concern due to potential health effects.

But in general clinical medicine, 'hydrocarbons' wouldn't have a specific definition.

Chlorophenols are a group of chemical compounds that consist of a phenol ring substituted with one or more chlorine atoms. They are widely used as pesticides, disinfectants, and preservatives. Some common examples of chlorophenols include pentachlorophenol, trichlorophenol, and dichlorophenol.

Chlorophenols can be harmful to human health and the environment. They have been linked to a variety of adverse health effects, including skin and eye irritation, respiratory problems, damage to the liver and kidneys, and an increased risk of cancer. Exposure to chlorophenols can occur through contact with contaminated soil, water, or air, as well as through ingestion or absorption through the skin.

It is important to handle chlorophenols with care and to follow proper safety precautions when using them. If you are concerned about exposure to chlorophenols, it is recommended that you speak with a healthcare professional for further guidance.

1] "Geologic Map Legends". Coastal Plain Rocks and Sediments. Maryland Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 26 May ... "Geologic Unit: Arundel". National Geologic Map Database. USGS. Harris, Jerald D. (1998). "Large, Early Cretaceous theropods in ...
The sediments were deposited during the Late Ordovician glaciation. The following fossils were reported from the formation: ... The Tenjong Dendang Formation is a geologic formation in Malaysia. The band of graptolite- and trilobite-bearing shales ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Coordinates on Wikidata, Geologic formations of Malaysia, ...
"A Brief Summary of the Geologic History of Ohio", page 1. Madin; "3. Early Sediments: Oregon's first coast". Murray (1974); " ... Arkansas Geologic Survey. 2007. "A Brief Summary of the Geologic History of Ohio". GeoFacts. Number 23. Ohio Department of ... This was a major boon to his reputation as his research was foundational to understanding that interval of American geologic ... ISBN 0-691-11345-9. Madin, Ian P. "Oregon: A Geologic History." Interpretive Map Series 28. Oregon Department of Geology and ...
Geologic groups of Asia, All stub articles, Asian geologic formation stubs, Japan geography stubs, Upper Cretaceous Series of ... It consists of both fluvial and shallow marine sediments. The plesiosaur Futabasaurus was found in this unit (specifically the ... The Futaba Group is a Late Cretaceous geologic group in Japan. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered ...
"A Brief Summary of the Geologic History of Ohio", page 1. Madin; "3. Early Sediments: Oregon's first coast". Murray (1974); " ... Arkansas Geologic Survey. 2007. "A Brief Summary of the Geologic History of Ohio". GeoFacts. Number 23. Ohio Department of ... The geologic turmoil on the west coast was maintained as the Pacific Plate continued to slide under the North American Plate. ... Powerful geologic forces began to fold and distort the rocks of Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming, beginning the processes that would ...
This caused deposition of much fly ash in sediments across the world. See Fly ash#In the geologic record. The Siberian ...
The sediments of the formation reflect a marine near-shore depositional environment. Cardozo, M. (1990). "The Copara ... Articles containing Spanish-language text, Geologic formations of Peru, Lower Cretaceous Series of South America, Cretaceous ... Metallotect in Central Peru: Geologic Evolution and Ore Formation". In Fontboté, L.; Amstutz, G.C.; Cardozo, M.; Cedillo, E.; ...
doi:10.1007/s10040-007-0191-z. (Geologic formations of Zambia, Geologic formations of Zimbabwe, Triassic System of Africa, ... The formation is composed of fluvial sediments, mainly gritstones and coarse sandstones. Uranium is present in the Escarpment ... The Escarpment Grit is a Triassic geologic formation. It is also referred to as the Nyoka Grit. ... d'Engelbronner, E.R. (1996). "New palynological data from Karoo sediments, Mana Pools basin, northern Zimbabwe". Journal of ...
Sediments from the surrounding mountains filled the valley over geologic time periods. After lakes within the valley receded, ... Large amounts of sediment from the volcanic San Juan Mountains continued to wash down into these lakes, along with some sand ... Sediments from both mountain ranges filled the deep chasm of the valley, along with huge amounts of water from melting glaciers ... and in buried deposits indicates that some of the sediment has been washed down in torrential flash floods. In 2002, geologists ...
... looks at geologic sediments and rocks, for signs of ancient earthquakes. It is used to supplement seismic ... Paleoseismology is usually restricted to geologic regimes that have undergone continuous sediment creation for the last few ...
Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 75:1-568 (Coordinates on Wikidata, Geologic formations of Colorado, Geologic ... The sediments fall in the Bridgerian and Uintan stages of the NALMA classification. The Washakie Formation has provided many ... The Washakie Formation is a geologic formation in northern Colorado and southern Wyoming. It preserves many mammal, bird, ...
The result is a sequence of sediments that wedges out in one direction. This is usually the case on the margins of geologic ... When a tectonic phase occurred while sedimentation of new sediments continued, every new layer will have a slightly different ...
On the geologic map, "Trenton Gravel" is used to describe most of these sediments. However, much of the alluvial sediments that ... The sediments deposited in that sea are now located in the Great Valley section. (See below) The sediments placed from the ... The Pennsylvania Geologic Survey Physiographic Provinces and Sections of Pennsylvania The Geologic Story of Pennsylvania ... The sediments that were deposited in a sea between an island-arc and the Iapetus eventually were squeezed and deformed along a ...
After millions of years, these sediments have been titled and uplifted. Weathering has removed more easily eroded material ... Structurally, the Marlboro Mountains constitute a geologic formation known as a dip slope. The sedimentary layers comprising ... The Marlboro Mountains are primarily formed of shallow marine/delta sediments deposited during the late Ordovician, ... form an imposing geologic barrier just west of the Hudson River. They subdivide the relatively flat Hudson River Valley (a ...
20 (1). v t e (Coordinates on Wikidata, Geologic formations of Alberta, Geologic formations of British Columbia, Permian ... John Group). It is unconformably overlies Mississippian sediments such as those of the Rundle Group. The Belloy Formation is ... Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Belloy Formation". Archived from the original on 2012-07-08. Retrieved 2009-02-12. ...
The formation comprises siliciclastic sediments. The fossil fauna suggests a warm water, nearshore current was active allowing ... Journal of Paleontology 56(5):1138-1170 (Coordinates on Wikidata, Geologic formations of Bolivia, Silurian System of South ... The Llallagua Formation is a Rhuddanian to Homerian geologic formation of western Bolivia. ...
... can be preserved in sediments. Sedimentology Sequence stratigraphy Tectonic-climatic interaction Sadler, Peter M. "Sediment ... "The stratigraphic filter and bias in measurement of geologic rates." Geophysical Research Letters 38.11 (2011): L11405. Schumer ... Conversely, it also explains that the maximum sediment accumulation rates seen in the Cambrian at the start of the Phanerozoic ... The Sadler effect describes variation in apparent sediment accumulation rates and bed thicknesses back through time inherent to ...
Turbidites are the geologic deposits of a turbidity current, which is a type of amalgamation of fluidal and sediment gravity ... Marine sediment, or ocean sediment, or seafloor sediment, are deposits of insoluble particles that have accumulated on the ... depth versus age Sediment-water interface Sedimentary rock Sediment transport Coastal sediment transport Coastal sediment ... the sediment becomes lithified. The various sources of seafloor sediment can be summarized as follows: Terrigenous sediment is ...
Geologic Activity. National Park Service. Irvin, James R. Great Plains Gallery Archived July 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine ( ... Subsequent erosion stripped the granite of the overlying sediments and the softer adjacent schist. Some schist does remain and ... The Black Hills area was uplifted as an elongated geologic dome. ... so the geologic formations of the heart of the Black Hills ... but were later buried by sandstone and other sediments during the Cambrian. Remaining buried throughout the Paleozoic, they ...
The report based these boundaries off the alluvial sediments found using various geologic maps. Groundwater is difficult to ...
Such fan deposit likely contain the largest accumulations of gravel in the geologic record. Several kinds of sediment deposits ... permeable axial river sediments that alternate with fan sediment beds. Alluvium - Loose soil or sediment that is eroded and ... The sediments in an alluvial fan are usually coarse and poorly sorted, with the coarsest sediments found on the proximal fan. ... An alluvial fan is an accumulation of sediments that fans out from a concentrated source of sediments, such as a narrow canyon ...
However, extensive sediments and landforms remain from the last 2.5 million years of the Quaternary. A thin blanket of ... The geology of Estonia is the study of rocks, minerals, water, landforms and geologic history in Estonia. The crust is part of ... The Haanja Heights and Otepaa Heights have up to 100 meters of glacial sediment, or up to 207 meters in the Abja Valley in the ... They are linked by the Latvian Saddle, which is shallower with two kilometers of sediment. Precambrian rocks do not outcrop ...
Layers of ashfall and crumbling sediment also rise about 40 feet (12 m) high, on the south rim of the crater. Sand dunes have ... These have been closely studied by geologists to learn more about geologic processes deep underground. Hunt's Hole is a little ... These rest on the basalt flow where it is present or on older sediments. The ejecta at Kilbourne Hole contains dropstones and a ... A maar forms when rising magma encounters sediment beds saturated with groundwater. The magma heats the groundwater to the ...
Before the Rove sediments were laid down, during the Archean Eon, the Algoman orogeny added landmass along a border from South ... "Voyageurs National Park, Geologic History". National Park Service, Explore Geology: 1. Retrieved March 25, 2010. {{cite journal ... The Rove Formation is the youngest of the many Animikie layers; it consists of gently tilted fine-grained sediments. It is ... After the Rove Formation sediments were deposited, the Penokean orogeny added more land mass by accretion that occurred from ...
The park's geologic record preserves three different groups of rock and sediment. The oldest rocks are Early to Middle ... Geologic map of the Colorado National Monument and adjacent areas, Mesa County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic ... Geologic formations with imbedded sand dunes, Protected areas established in 1911, Protected areas of Mesa County, Colorado, ...
The lowest glacial sediments (now near sea level) are from Salmon Springs or older glaciations. At the peak of the most recent ... During recent geologic history, the Chuckanut formation was overridden by four or more glaciations. Point Roberts consists of a ... Sediments settling from the melting, floating ice resulted in the accumulation of 300 feet or more of glacial marine drift over ... Easterbrook, 1976; Geologic Map of Western Whatcom County, Washington, USGS, Map I-854-B) This glacial marine drift is ...
Other sediments may have been added but, if they ever existed, were completely removed by erosion. Such gaps in the geologic ... At the same time, sediment filled the lakes behind the dams. Sediment would fill a lake behind a 150-foot (46 m)-high dam in ... A geologic formation is a rock unit that has one or more sediment beds, and a member is a minor unit in a formation. Groups are ... Next in the geologic column is the 200-foot (60 m)-thick Toroweap Formation (see 6c in figure 1). It consists of red and yellow ...
Later in the Permian Ohio was subjected to geologic uplift and its sediments were eroded away. Permian fossils aren't ... Geologic units in Ohio Paleoportal: Ohio Ohio History Central: Fossils Trammel Fossil Park (Commons category link is on ... Wikisource has original works on the topic: Paleontology in the United States#Ohio "A Brief Summary of the Geologic History of ... "A Brief Summary of the Geologic History of Ohio", page 1. Shrake (2003); "Where Fossils are Found in Ohio", page 2. Mayor (2005 ...
One of the early geologic structures is the Peninsular Arch which formed during the Jurassic. The oldest sediments that are ... Geologic Map of the State of Florida Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine General Facts about the Gulf of Mexico v t e ( ... Most of the state of Florida is covered by Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene siliciclastic-bearing sediments deposited during ...
14,250 years ago: Unmistakable human artifacts deposited into sediments of this age at Meadowcroft Rockshelter, Pennsylvania. ... The assumptions implicit in geologic dating methods also may yield a general bias in the dating in this time line. 1,600,000 to ... This time line of the geologic history of the United States chronologically lists important events occurring within the present ... Because of the inaccuracies inherent in radiocarbon dating and other methods of interpreting the geologic (and archaeological) ...
If the basin forms slowly, as in the northern Appalachians, it fills with shallow-water sediments. If it forms rapidly, as in ... The name flysch was introduced in geologic literature by the Swiss geologist Bernhard Studer in 1827. Studer used the term for ... The insight that flysch is actually a deep marine sediment typical for a particular plate tectonic setting came only much later ... Flysch consists of repeated sedimentary cycles with upwards fining of the sediments. There are sometimes coarse conglomerates ...
Geologic formations of New York (state), Geologic formations of New Jersey). ... Fossil fish vertebrae and teeth are preserved in its sediments. "Gateway National Recreation Area," Hunt, Santucci, and ... The Gardener's Clay Formation is a Pleistocene geologic unit straddling the New York-New Jersey border. ...
Lake or marine sediment. A sedimentary deposit laid down conformably on the floor of, or along the shore of, a lake, sea, or ... Silt, clay, and diatomite; Middle Pleistocene lacustrine sediments of lava-dammed lakes; western Snake River Plain (Middle ... This category is also used for lake or marine deposit (non-glacial) and Lake sediments. ... Includes peat beds and non-glacial sediments locally. Mostly pre-Wisconsin in age. ...
Geological Survey and NOAAs Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary to map the geologic substrates of Stellwagen Bank and to ... Sea-floor sediment samples, seabed imagery, and CTD instrument data collected on Stellwagen Bank in May and June, 2015, U.S. ... Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary Geologic Mapping Active By Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center December 28, ... Sea-floor sediment samples, seabed imagery, and CTD instrument data collected on Stellwagen Bank in May and June, 2015, U.S. ...
1] "Geologic Map Legends". Coastal Plain Rocks and Sediments. Maryland Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 26 May ... "Geologic Unit: Arundel". National Geologic Map Database. USGS. Harris, Jerald D. (1998). "Large, Early Cretaceous theropods in ...
Art in Context: Glaciers in Pennsylvania: Evidence from Geologic Mapping and Lake Sediments by Dr. Matthew Finkenbinder. *. ... Art in Context: Glaciers in Pennsylvania: Evidence from Geologic Mapping and Lake Sediments by Dr. Matthew Finkenbinder. ... First, I will present an overview of a sediment core record collected from Nuangola Bog in Luzerne County. The sediment record ... Second, I will discuss a recent geologic mapping project in Pike County that I completed in collaboration with scientists at ...
Geologic Formations in the County. Unconsolidated deposits. Alluvium (Qa). Alluvium & glacial outwash sediments (Qa). Loess. ... In Carlisle County, water is obtained from unconsolidated sediments of Tertiary and Quaternary age. The oldest geologic ... For more information, see the definitions of geologic terms and rock descriptions, a geologic map of Carlisle County, a summary ... These deposits are a marked contrast to the underlying older hard rocks, because most of the Cretaceous and younger sediments ...
Application to Geologic and Fisheries Research.. Title. High Resolution Benthic Mapping Using Multibeam Sonar, Videography, and ... Sediment Sampling in the Gulf of Maine: Application to Geologic and Fisheries Research.. ... High Resolution Benthic Mapping Using Multibeam Sonar, Videography, and Sediment Sampling in the Gulf of Maine: ...
Geologic Sediments. Water Pollutants, Chemical. To see the data from this visualization as text, click here. ...
This incredible true story is recorded in rock and sediment. You can explore the geologic clues and special landscapes made by ... Geologic evidence that didnt fit with this idea led geologist J Harlen Bretz to hypothesize that the Channeled Scabland was ... Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail 1008 Crest Drive Coulee Dam, WA 99116 ... Later, in the Camas Prairie of northwestern Montana, he discovered giant ripple marks of sediment made by powerful currents ...
levels of stream sediments due to an enhanced presence of. minerals with high specific gravities and a correspondingly ... transporting capacities for sediment by streams in the east. Further,. background concentrations of metals in rocks apparently ... Implications of Stream-Sediment Geochemistry in the Northern Carlin Trend, Nevada October 2, 2019 ... been found in stream sediments in the Santa Renia Fields and. Beaver Peak 71/2-minute quadrangles, which straddle the northern ...
The geologic time scale is based principally on the relative ages of sequences of sedimentary strata. Establishing the ages of ... Home Science Earth Science, Geologic Time & Fossils Earth Sciences Paleontology. The geologic time scale is based principally ... Filamentous and spheroidal microfossils are important in many Precambrian sediments such as chert. They occur in rocks as old ... A small proportion of types of organisms has undergone little or no apparent change over long intervals of geologic time, but ...
Grasby, S. E., Them, T. R. II., Chen, Z., Yin, R. & Ardakani, O. H. Mercury as a proxy for volcanic emissions in the geologic ... Stable C and N isotope analysis of sediments. Homogenized sediments were transferred to tin capsules and combusted in a Thermo ... 2) show sediments that date to the YD onset transitioning directly to early Holocene muddy peat with little to no later YD ... Moore, C.R., Brooks, M.J., Goodyear, A.C. et al. Sediment Cores from White Pond, South Carolina, contain a Platinum Anomaly, ...
Description: Identification of minerals, sediments and rocks; interpretation of topographic maps and geologic maps. Laboratory ... and interpretation of geologic maps. Laboratory must be taken concurrently with Historical Geology. ...
The core will be used to reconstruct the geologic history of the island. ... Collecting sediment core with vibracore equipment at Mullet Key, FL By St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center ... Dan Ciarletta (right) working alongside Julie Bernier (left) to collect a sediment core on Mullet Key, an island within Fort de ...
Description: Identification of minerals, sediments and rocks; interpretation of topographic maps and geologic maps. Laboratory ... and interpretation of geologic maps. Laboratory must be taken concurrently with Historical Geology. ...
Geologic Time Scale after Gradstein et al. (2012). Upper Frigate = Flamingo and Lower Frigate = Cleia. Petrel Formation = ... In the well Sunset 1, the gross gas column thickness is 96 m representing 36.23% of the 265m Plover Formation sediment ... In the well Chuditch 1, the Plover Formation sediment thickness is 116 m, andthe gross gas column thickness is 25.13 m ... Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous sediments are absent or are mainly confined to these depocentres, and both consist of thin ...
Holocene Evolution of the Southern Washington and Northern Oregon Shelf and Coast: Geologic Discussion and GIS Data Release ... Grid Representing the Sediment Thickness Between the Lowstand and Ravinement Surfaces. Metadata also available as - [Questions ... Grid Representing the Sediment Thickness Between the Lowstand and Ravinement Surfaces Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster ... al., 1980) has been used to define the extent and lithology of shelf sediments associated with the Columbia River littoral cell ...
J. Sediment. Res. 1987, 57, 845-862. [Google Scholar]. *JICA-Japan International Cooperation Agency. South Sinai Groundwater ... 3. Geologic Setting. Geologically, the W. El-Aawag watershed consists mostly of rocks that ranged from the Precambrian to the ... The sediments have high infiltration rates, porosity, and permeability [14,70], which enhances groundwater recharge as well as ... Abu Risha, U.; Mosaad, S.; El Abd, E.S.; Hasanein, A.M. The impact of the geologic setting on the Quaternary aquifer, El-Tur ...
To my knowledge, meandering hard rock riverbeds are explained as the result of encased flow in soft sediments covering the hard ... why some groups of organisms, such as mollusks, are found in many geologic strata.. * why organisms (such as brachiopods) which ... But it does not explain three-dimensional meandering carved by muddy sediment flows and water streams both free-flowing and ... Yun, 1989, describes beautifully preserved algae from Late Precambrian sediments. Why dont any modern-looking plants appear ...
Alluvial sediments have deposited in the Mississippi River valley as the river flooded in recent geologic time. When these ... A pattern of higher V in soil developed on these young sediments reflects long-range transport of V-bearing material from areas ... Central and Southern High Plains of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas (quartz-rich eolian sands and alluvial sediments ... The significant spatial variations shown by most elements and minerals can commonly be attributed to geologic sources in ...
Sediments of the Geologic Time 4-week residency at the Banff Centre for Arts & Creativity. Tue, Oct 10 2017. September 11, 2017 ... Cover Story - April 2017: "Banff Geologic Time". Mon, Apr 3 2017. The April 2017 Monthly Cover Story "Banff Geologic Time" is ... Sediments of the Geologic Time 4-week residency at the Banff Centre for Arts & Creativity 10 October 2017 ... "Geologic Time" is a thematic residency programme of the Banff International Curatorial Institute, Visual + Digital Arts ...
Geologic Classification of minerals, rocks, soils, sediments and more. (25 pages) Time table of mankind: a summary of the ... Geologic time table: ages and periods of life on earth and earlier (7 pages, under construction) ...
Another significant geologic feature of the Central Valley lies hidden beneath the delta. The Stockton Arch is an upwarping of ... Over the millennia, the valley filled with the sediments of these same ranges, as well as the rising Sierra Nevada to the east ... the crust beneath the valley sediments that extends southwest to northeast across the valley. ...
Geologic characteristics of sediment-and volcanic-hosted disseminated gold deposits : search for an occurrence model /. 1985. ...
These groupings are occasionally found in a certain vertical order within the sediments. This order is the so-called Geologic ... The "Geologic Column" is more of a concept than a reality.[248] Eighty to eighty-five percent of Earths land surface does not ... They are based on the assumption that Evolution with its "geologic periods" is correct.[255] The age estimate is assigned using ... turbidity currents: mass movements of sediment in deep water which can occur at very high speeds. They lay down huge masses of ...
A total of 964 stream sediments and 42 rock samples were analyzed. The study area is divided into four geologic terranes based ...
A geologic formation or part of a formation (such as gravel, sand, or porous stone) that supplies water to wells or springs. ... An aquifer formed as a result of sediments deposited in river channels or on floodplains. Because they are shallow and ...
... dating of the upper siliciclastic sediments to help bridge the lacuna that arose from previous relative geologic dating. Ten ... dating of the upper siliciclastic sediments to help bridge the lacuna that arose from previous relative geologic dating. Ten ... dating of the upper siliciclastic sediments to help bridge the lacuna that arose from previous relative geologic dating. Ten ... Through the application of OSL, the age framework of the uppermost part of sediments in the study area was established. The OSL ...
The lithified sediments formed strata that became the bedrock beneath the Pittsburgh area. Geologic forces have been changing ... Kollar and Brezinski (2010) visualized the pre-Ice Age ancestral Monongahela River through a geologic lens using two paintings ... In Pittsburgh, Monongahela River sediments were laid down as terrace deposits (clay, silt, cobbles, and boulders), creating a ... This scientific discipline offers insight into the natural dynamics that shape landscapes through deposition of sediments, ...
... the geochemistry and the sediments of the geologic record. ... Time-averaged information, as is captured in the geologic ...
  • The goal of the USGS is to develop high-resolution (1:25,000) interpretive maps based on seabed sampling and previously-collected multibeam sonar data that show the bank's surficial geology and seabed sediment dynamics. (usgs.gov)
  • For more information, see the definitions of geologic terms and rock descriptions , a geologic map of Carlisle County , a summary of the geology of Kentucky , and a discussion of fossils and prehistoric life in Kentucky . (uky.edu)
  • These outstanding examples of cataclysmic flood geology, exceptional scenery, and places for scientific research are all part of the Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail. (nps.gov)
  • The 1998 cruise also collected sediment grab samples, bottom photographs, and video images to verify the sidescan-sonar imagery and to document the seafloor geology. (usgs.gov)
  • I am still very active within two of our research groups within Quaternary Sciences at the Department of Geology:(1) Glacial Processes, Sediments and Landforms and, (2) Reconstruction of Quaternary environments in Polar and mid-latitude regions - palaeoglaciology and climate history. (lu.se)
  • December 2021: Submitting first paper from the project 'The Siljan Lake District - Quaternary geology from deglaciation and into present time' to Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: "Deglaciation history and subsequent lake dynamics in the Siljan region, south-central Sweden, based on new LiDAR evidence and sediment records. (lu.se)
  • Organisms preserved as fossils that lived over a relatively short span of geologic time and that were geographically widespread are particularly useful for stratigraphic correlation. (britannica.com)
  • These fossils are indexes of relative geologic age and may be termed index fossils . (britannica.com)
  • The primary sources of data are "geohistorical," Dietl says, meaning the fossils, the geochemistry and the sediments of the geologic record. (scienceblog.com)
  • Scientists have discovered that virtually all fossils found in the Cambrian sediments of the geologic column appear suddenly and are exceptionally preserved. (icr.org)
  • Geodiversity refers to the full variety of natural geologic (rocks, minerals, sediments, fossils, landforms, and physical processes) and soil resources and processes that occur in the park. (nps.gov)
  • In total over 36,000 vertebrate fossils (including mammoths , mastodons , ground sloths , horses , camels and deer ), more than 100 species of fossil invertebrates and over 100 species of fossil plants were found in sediments deposited by an alpine lake during the last interglacial period . (wikipedia.org)
  • Methods include geologic field work, sequence stratigraphy, heavy mineral petrography and geochemistry, zircon U/Pb geochronology, and low-temperature thermochronology. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • In Carlisle County, water is obtained from unconsolidated sediments of Tertiary and Quaternary age. (uky.edu)
  • Over the last million years, unconsolidated Quaternary sediments have been deposited along the larger streams and rivers. (uky.edu)
  • Stratigraphy and history of the Quaternary Period with emphasis on glaciation, glacial sediments, and landforms. (sfu.ca)
  • The emphasis is on developing an understanding of (1) the recent geologic record in four dimensions (time being the fourth dimension), (2) important natural process that have shaped the landscape during the Quaternary and (3) Quaternary sediments and landforms. (sfu.ca)
  • This project involved creating a county-wide map of glacial landforms and sediments and, using various techniques, dating the age of the deposits to determine the timing of ice advance and retreat. (wilkes.edu)
  • Later, in the Camas Prairie of northwestern Montana, he discovered giant ripple marks of sediment made by powerful currents flowing over the bottom of ancient Glacial Lake Missoula. (nps.gov)
  • Those clouds of sediment over Nantucket Shoals consist of very fine sediment eroded by large, wind-driven waves from the now-submerged offshore glacial deposits that form Nantucket Shoals," Giese said. (nasa.gov)
  • The area around Cascade Springs is underlain by coarse-grained glacial sediment deposited when glaciers covered high elevations of the Wasatch Range approximately 30,000 to 10,000 years ago. (utah.gov)
  • This research focuses on quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of the upper siliciclastic sediments to help bridge the lacuna that arose from previous relative geologic dating. (lu.se)
  • Second, I will discuss a recent geologic mapping project in Pike County that I completed in collaboration with scientists at the Pennsylvania Geological Survey. (wilkes.edu)
  • Robust erosion and high stream flow emanating from high ridges in the east probably contributed significantly to increased metal concentrations in background levels of stream sediments due to an enhanced presence of minerals with high specific gravities and a correspondingly diminished presence of those with low specific gravities. (gsnv.org)
  • A total of 964 stream sediments and 42 rock samples were analyzed. (cdc.gov)
  • For example, glacier advance and erosion formed lakes and bogs, which have filled in with water and sediments. (wilkes.edu)
  • These field activity data releases, publications, and maps are part of the combined effort by the U.S. Geological Survey and NOAA's Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary to map the geologic substrates of Stellwagen Bank and to study the ecology of fish and invertebrate species that inhabit the bank's sandy substrates off Boston, Massachusetts. (usgs.gov)
  • Location and analyses of sediment samples collected on Stellwagen Bank off Boston, Massachusetts from November 5, 2013 to April 30, 2019 on U.S. Geological Survey field activities. (usgs.gov)
  • The significant spatial variations shown by most elements and minerals can commonly be attributed to geologic sources in underlying parent materials, but other spatial variations seem clearly related to additional factors such as climate, the age of soils, transported source material, and anthropogenic influences. (usgs.gov)
  • The term sedimentary rock applies both to consolidated, or lithified sediments (bound together, or cemented) and unconsolidated sediments (loose, like sand ). (jrank.org)
  • [248] Eighty to eighty-five percent of Earth's land surface does not have even 3 of the 10 "geologic periods" appearing in the correct consecutive order required by Evolutionism. (christiananswers.net)
  • Understanding the origins of the landscape features in Pittsburgh that make hundreds of bridges a necessity requires background knowledge of two long and widely spaced periods of Earth's geologic history. (carnegiemnh.org)
  • My research centers around the history of Earth's climate, flora and fauna that is locked inside ocean, lake and terrestrial sediments. (columbia.edu)
  • As human activity increasingly affects our planet and the Anthropocene is recognizable as a stratigraphic epoch, Earth's geologic history has never been more relevant. (columbia.edu)
  • Reconstructions of Earth's magnetic field prior to the record of historic observations are reliant on measurements on archaeologic (e.g. ceramics) and/or geologic (e.g. volcanic rocks, sediments) material that are able to record the ambient magnetic field at the time of their formation/manufacturing, the study of archaeo-/palaeomagnetism. (lu.se)
  • Coastal Plain Rocks and Sediments. (wikipedia.org)
  • These deposits are a marked contrast to the underlying older hard rocks, because most of the Cretaceous and younger sediments remain unconsolidated and soft. (uky.edu)
  • To my knowledge, meandering hard rock riverbeds are explained as the result of encased flow in soft sediments covering the hard rocks and subsequent entrenchment in the subjacent hard rock. (creation.com)
  • Riverbed meandering in hard rock is only present in horizontally-layered rocks, which are in turn the result of massive, water-borne sediment flows. (creation.com)
  • I am an organic and isotope geochemist who studies the history of our Earth through the rocks and sediments that accumulate on land, in lakes and at the bottom of the ocean. (columbia.edu)
  • carried samples of the moon's surface back to earth, the rocks and sediments has shown something incredible. (bartleby.com)
  • Weathering of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks produces rock fragments, or clastic sediments, and mineral-rich water , or mineral solutions. (jrank.org)
  • Due to their interlocking crystals, chemical sediments always form consolidated sedimentary rocks. (jrank.org)
  • Organic sedimentary rocks form from organically derived sediments. (jrank.org)
  • Geologists use this information to interpret the geologic history of an area, and to search for economically important rocks and minerals. (jrank.org)
  • A geologic formation or part of a formation (such as gravel, sand, or porous stone) that supplies water to wells or springs. (cdc.gov)
  • Samples of gravel and sand separated from sediment samples. (utexas.edu)
  • Under the right conditions, minerals precipitate out of mineral-rich water to form layers of one or more minerals, or chemical sediments. (jrank.org)
  • The geologic time scale is based principally on the relative ages of sequences of sedimentary strata . (britannica.com)
  • why some groups of organisms, such as mollusks, are found in many geologic strata. (creation.com)
  • The lithified sediments formed strata that became the bedrock beneath the Pittsburgh area. (carnegiemnh.org)
  • Now, scientists are suggesting a new geologic epoch, marked by the detonation of the first atomic bomb. (syfy.com)
  • This crystal and thousands of others were described by D. A. Kring, A. R. Hildebrand, and W.V. Boynton, 1994, Provenance of mineral phases in the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sediments exposed on the southern peninsula of Haiti, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 128, 629-641. (usra.edu)
  • In a series of projects we investigate these syntectonic archives in terms of depositional facies, chronostratigraphy, and sediment provenance. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • After transport and laying down, or deposition, of sediments by wind , water, or ice , compaction occurs due to the weight of overlying sediments that accumulate later. (jrank.org)
  • The latter probably have been preferentially flushed down stream because of high transporting capacities for sediment by streams in the east. (gsnv.org)
  • But it does not explain three-dimensional meandering carved by muddy sediment flows and water streams both free-flowing and trapped beneath sediments. (creation.com)
  • Routine core analysis determines basic petrophysical properties of cores or outcrop samples recovered from geologic formations at depth or at surface exposure. (intertek.com)
  • They are based on the assumption that Evolution with its "geologic periods" is correct. (christiananswers.net)
  • The sampler was equipped with a video camera and a CTD and was deployed in drift mode to collect sediment for grain-size analysis, video imagery of the seabed, and measurements of water column properties. (usgs.gov)
  • By washing the muddy sediments over a series of sieves, along with working out how much silt versus clay was left suspended in the water, the students determined the size of the materials that made up a sample of the seafloor. (utexas.edu)
  • Both require lengthy processing to remove "noise" that can muddy the geologic information. (utexas.edu)
  • Geologic evidence that didn't fit with this idea led geologist J Harlen Bretz to hypothesize that the Channeled Scabland was formed by cataclysmic floods. (nps.gov)
  • That type of damage is not produced by any other geologic process, so the features are diagnostic evidence of an impact event. (usra.edu)
  • Yun, 1989, describes beautifully preserved algae from Late Precambrian sediments. (creation.com)
  • Researchers produced the 1,800 year climate record by analyzing levels of unsaturated fats in algae buried in the sediments of Kongressvatnet Lake, in western Svalbard. (upi.com)
  • Ten sub-surface sediment samples were collected from the eastern part of the basin, and quartz OSL dating using single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol was conducted for. (lu.se)
  • On day-cruises offshore of Galveston Island they collect seismic data, multibeam data, and sediment samples. (utexas.edu)
  • The protocol involved looking for foraminifera or formams-a sand-grain sized type of plankton-among a sample of actual sand grains separated from the larger sediment samples. (utexas.edu)
  • The Apollo 11 mission brought back the first geologic samples from the Moon back to Earth. (bartleby.com)
  • A procedure for the determination of very low polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations in sediment samples has been developed by gas chromatography-quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-QIT MS) after extraction with dichloromethane and purification by using silica gel cleanup. (who.int)
  • Optimum values for these parameters were selected for the development of the method involving PAH determination in sediment samples. (who.int)
  • N. fowleri and thermophilic amebae were detected in recreational water and sediment samples throughout the facility. (cdc.gov)
  • Below are data releases associated with the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary Geologic Mapping project. (usgs.gov)
  • High Resolution Benthic Mapping Using Multibeam Sonar, Videography, and Sediment Sampling in the Gulf of Maine: Application to Geologic and Fisheries Research. (unh.edu)
  • You can explore the geologic clues and special landscapes made by the Ice Age Floods at sites along the Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail. (nps.gov)
  • The core will be used to reconstruct the geologic history of the island. (usgs.gov)
  • I am particularly focused on the geologic history of the water cycle and the application of novel isotopic approaches to understanding this history. (columbia.edu)
  • The data can help reveal the geologic history of the Texas coast. (utexas.edu)
  • Dan Ciarletta (right) working alongside Julie Bernier (left) to collect a sediment core on Mullet Key, an island within Fort de Soto Park in Pinellas County, Florida. (usgs.gov)
  • Nittrouer, C.A., 1978, The process of detrital sediment accumulation in a continental shelf environment: an examination of the Washington shelf: PhD Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. (usgs.gov)
  • 1. A mound-like accumulation of wind-blown sediment, usually sand, collected within and behind, and stabilized by, vegetation (definition modified from Khalaf et al. (agu.org)
  • A small proportion of types of organisms has undergone little or no apparent change over long intervals of geologic time, but most organisms have progressively changed, and earlier forms have become extinct and, in turn, have been succeeded by more modern forms. (britannica.com)
  • First, I will present an overview of a sediment core record collected from Nuangola Bog in Luzerne County. (wilkes.edu)
  • The sediment record extends back to the time of ice sheet retreat across the landscape and records the timing of ice melt and the corresponding climate changes. (wilkes.edu)
  • Time-averaged information, as is captured in the geologic record, says Lane, allows us to sort out natural changes from those induced by human activities. (scienceblog.com)
  • But lake sediments, with a record of summertime temperatures, can tell scientists how climate varied the rest of the year and in places where ice sheets are absent. (upi.com)
  • April 2021: Field work with lake sediment coring in small basin around the Mesolithic camp site at Sammakko in northernmost Sweden, aiming at paleoenvironmental reconstruction for the first millennium after deglaciation. (lu.se)
  • The Tertiary Period began 70 million years ago, with deposits of marine and fresh- to brackish-water sediments. (uky.edu)
  • The retreating waters of the Flood on the other hand, were in places kilometers deep and it is quite possible that at the bedrock-water interface turbulence (caused by the friction with the sediment) created meandering patterns - a special case of confined flow. (creation.com)
  • In this Geologic Time Resorts activity students do in-depth research on a given geologic time period of the Phanerozoic Eon and create brochures 'selling' their time period as a resort destination. (carleton.edu)
  • By the time excavation had been completed, the team consisting of more than 250 volunteers and 40 project scientists removed approximately 8000 cubic meters of sediment. (wikipedia.org)
  • This time coring lake sediment successions in Lake Siljan with aim to constrict processes and timing of lage subaqueous slumps detected from previous multi beam scanning of the lake floor. (lu.se)
  • This grid coverage represents the thickness of sediment deposited between the lowstand and ravinement surfaces. (usgs.gov)
  • These factors include: (1) unfavorable layer geometries, (2) flow of warm brines from depth, (3) elevated geotherms due to the thermogenic properties of salt and its varying thickness, and (4) widespread low porosity and permeability sediments within the gas hydrate stability zone. (searchanddiscovery.com)
  • Much of this research uses the organic components of sediments and their molecular and isotopic character. (columbia.edu)
  • These organic sediments come from either animals or plants and usually consist of body parts. (jrank.org)
  • There, thick deposits of impact melt spherules, capped with a layer of iridium-rich, and shocked quartz-bearing sediment, were measured by Alan Hildebrand and David Kring in February 1990. (usra.edu)
  • Instead, they fossilized en masse, leaving behind coal deposits so massive we're still plumbing their depths today. (syfy.com)
  • The lack of traditional BSRs is likely the result of geologic conditions that make it difficult to recognize gas hydrate deposits. (searchanddiscovery.com)
  • Although, many seismic signatures were found that suggest widespread occurrence of gas within the upper sediment column, few BSRs were found. (searchanddiscovery.com)
  • This incredible true story is recorded in rock and sediment. (nps.gov)
  • If so, cementation of the unconsolidated sediments forms a consolidated rock. (jrank.org)
  • These are the fundamental questions my research seeks to answer through studies of the elemental, molecular and isotopic composition of sediment archives. (columbia.edu)
  • Pecos NHP is in a broad rolling valley between the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and Glorieta Mesa and is at a geologic crossroads where three physiographic provinces meet. (nps.gov)
  • [245] These groupings are occasionally found in a certain vertical order within the sediments. (christiananswers.net)
  • Beneath the sedimentary wedge in the western part of the survey, an anomalous sedimentary package was found, that is described here as the diapiric, gassy sediment package (DGSP). (searchanddiscovery.com)
  • August 2020: Reconnaissance for later lake sediment corings around a new-found Stone Age camp site (Mesolithic, c. 9000 years back) at Sammakko, northernmost Sweden. (lu.se)
  • The study area is divided into four geologic terranes based on a review of the available literature. (cdc.gov)
  • Through the application of OSL, the age framework of the uppermost part of sediments in the study area was established. (lu.se)
  • Graduate student Catherine Ross separating a sediment sample by grain size using a sequence of sieves. (utexas.edu)
  • however, they sometimes occur as impressions or carbonized films in finely laminated sediments. (britannica.com)
  • According to Graham Giese, a marine geologist at the Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies, the suspended sediment was most likely comprised of silts and clays stirred up from the shallow seafloor. (nasa.gov)
  • We need both ice core and lake sediment records," glaciologist Elisabeth Isaksson said. (upi.com)
  • other sediments may only be compacted together (for example, coal). (jrank.org)
  • 1980) has been used to define the extent and lithology of shelf sediments associated with the Columbia River littoral cell. (usgs.gov)
  • River meandering is a fairly straightforward process and it is almost certainly and exclusively caused by flow dynamics and sediment transportation. (creation.com)
  • An aquifer formed as a result of sediments deposited in river channels or on floodplains. (cdc.gov)
  • Millions of years ago, the Sweetwater River established its path through the valley when it was filled with sediments. (hmdb.org)
  • The sandstone layer in which the pinnacles, pillars, arches, and knobs of Fantasy Canyon are formed consists of ancient river channel sediments. (utah.gov)
  • Prior suggestions for the beginning of the Anthropocene include the industrial revolution, but that only really shows up in the sediments of Europe. (syfy.com)
  • This order is the so-called Geologic Column an idealized grouping of the generalized systems into a single, vertically-stacked series. (christiananswers.net)
  • The "Geologic Column" is more of a concept than a reality. (christiananswers.net)
  • To address this challenge, the Ibadan Hydrogeophysics Research Site was established in 2019 as the first field-scale hydrogeological research laboratory in Nigeria to advance understanding of the geologic, hydraulic, and hydrogeochemical variabilities within crystalline basement aquifers. (mdpi.com)
  • Students profile a beach and mechanically process sediment to document the changes along a shoreline. (carleton.edu)
  • The natural movement of sediment has built up a shoal island off the Outer Banks in North Carolina. (nasa.gov)
  • These data are part of the effort to map geologic substrates of the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS) region off Boston, Massachusetts. (usgs.gov)
  • From my dictionaries and Google Translate, I determine that there is only one word in Arabic for (geologic) sand: raml. (agu.org)
  • Perhaps these words do not describe sand in a geologic sense, but they certainly work as everyday substitutes or specifiers. (agu.org)