Genotype. Medical search

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.

The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples.

Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the southeastern and eastern areas of the Asian continent.

A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.

A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.

A flavoprotein amine oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reversible conversion of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.1.1.171.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Methods used to determine individuals' specific ALLELES or SNPS (single nucleotide polymorphisms).

A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.

Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.

The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.

A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

Enzyme that catalyzes the movement of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionone to a catechol or a catecholamine.

A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, -Xaa-*-Xbb-Xcc, when neither Xaa nor Xbb is Pro. It is a Cl(-)-dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally membrane-bound and active at neutral pH. It may also have endopeptidase activity on some substrates. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.15.1.

Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.

Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Europe.

A class of protein components which can be found in several lipoproteins including HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and CHYLOMICRONS. Synthesized in most organs, Apo E is important in the global transport of lipids and cholesterol throughout the body. Apo E is also a ligand for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) that mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in cells. There are several allelic isoforms (such as E2, E3, and E4). Deficiency or defects in Apo E are causes of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.

A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from ACETYL-COA to arylamines. It can also catalyze acetyl transfer between arylamines without COENZYME A and has a wide specificity for aromatic amines, including SEROTONIN. However, arylamine N-acetyltransferase should not be confused with the enzyme ARYLALKYLAMINE N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE which is also referred to as SEROTONIN ACETYLTRANSFERASE.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Tandem arrays of moderately repetitive, short (10-60 bases) DNA sequences which are found dispersed throughout the GENOME, at the ends of chromosomes (TELOMERES), and clustered near telomeres. Their degree of repetition is two to several hundred at each locus. Loci number in the thousands but each locus shows a distinctive repeat unit.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

The discipline studying genetic composition of populations and effects of factors such as GENETIC SELECTION, population size, MUTATION, migration, and GENETIC DRIFT on the frequencies of various GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES using a variety of GENETIC TECHNIQUES.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

A large group of cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) monooxygenases that complex with NAD(P)H-FLAVIN OXIDOREDUCTASE in numerous mixed-function oxidations of aromatic compounds. They catalyze hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of substrates and are important in the metabolism of steroids, drugs, and toxins such as PHENOBARBITAL, carcinogens, and insecticides.

A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic variability in individual responses to drugs and drug metabolism (BIOTRANSFORMATION).

The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.

Sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of serotonergic neurons. They are different than SEROTONIN RECEPTORS, which signal cellular responses to SEROTONIN. They remove SEROTONIN from the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE by high affinity reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS. Regulates signal amplitude and duration at serotonergic synapses and is the site of action of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS.

Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

A major and the second most common isoform of apolipoprotein E. In humans, Apo E4 differs from APOLIPOPROTEIN E3 at only one residue 112 (cysteine is replaced by arginine), and exhibits a lower resistance to denaturation and greater propensity to form folded intermediates. Apo E4 is a risk factor for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.

A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.

A positive-stranded RNA virus species in the genus HEPEVIRUS, causing enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (HEPATITIS E).

The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.

A cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of many drugs and environmental chemicals, such as DEBRISOQUINE; ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS; and TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS. This enzyme is deficient in up to 10 percent of the Caucasian population.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

Using MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques, such as DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; PULSED-FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; and DNA FINGERPRINTING, to identify, classify, and compare organisms and their subtypes.

An analysis comparing the allele frequencies of all available (or a whole GENOME representative set of) polymorphic markers in unrelated patients with a specific symptom or disease condition, and those of healthy controls to identify markers associated with a specific disease or condition.

A glutathione transferase that catalyzes the conjugation of electrophilic substrates to GLUTATHIONE. This enzyme has been shown to provide cellular protection against redox-mediated damage by FREE RADICALS.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

The production of offspring by selective mating or HYBRIDIZATION, GENETIC in animals or plants.

The combined effects of genotypes and environmental factors together on phenotypic characteristics.

Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.

Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Genetic loci associated with a QUANTITATIVE TRAIT.

Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.

The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.

Detection of a MUTATION; GENOTYPE; KARYOTYPE; or specific ALLELES associated with genetic traits, heritable diseases, or predisposition to a disease, or that may lead to the disease in descendants. It includes prenatal genetic testing.

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

Enzymes catalyzing the dehydrogenation of secondary amines, introducing a C=N double bond as the primary reaction. In some cases this is later hydrolyzed.

Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.

A genus of REOVIRIDAE, causing acute gastroenteritis in BIRDS and MAMMALS, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. Seven species (Rotaviruses A thru G) are recognized.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A form of gene interaction whereby the expression of one gene interferes with or masks the expression of a different gene or genes. Genes whose expression interferes with or masks the effects of other genes are said to be epistatic to the effected genes. Genes whose expression is affected (blocked or masked) are hypostatic to the interfering genes.

Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.

A characteristic showing quantitative inheritance such as SKIN PIGMENTATION in humans. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of protozoa.

Technique that utilizes low-stringency polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with single primers of arbitrary sequence to generate strain-specific arrays of anonymous DNA fragments. RAPD technique may be used to determine taxonomic identity, assess kinship relationships, analyze mixed genome samples, and create specific probes.

The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.

Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.

A specific mannose-binding member of the collectin family of lectins. It binds to carbohydrate groups on invading pathogens and plays a key role in the MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Former kingdom, located on Korea Peninsula between Sea of Japan and Yellow Sea on east coast of Asia. In 1948, the kingdom ceased and two independent countries were formed, divided by the 38th parallel.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.

A genus in the family CALICIVIRIDAE, associated with epidemic GASTROENTERITIS in humans. The type species, NORWALK VIRUS, contains multiple strains.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

A genus of coccidian parasites of the family CRYPTOSPORIDIIDAE, found in the intestinal epithelium of many vertebrates including humans.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Specific regions that are mapped within a GENOME. Genetic loci are usually identified with a shorthand notation that indicates the chromosome number and the position of a specific band along the P or Q arm of the chromosome where they are found. For example the locus 6p21 is found within band 21 of the P-arm of CHROMOSOME 6. Many well known genetic loci are also known by common names that are associated with a genetic function or HEREDITARY DISEASE.

A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.

The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.

Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.

INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.

Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.

The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

The detection of RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS by selective PCR amplification of restriction fragments derived from genomic DNA followed by electrophoretic analysis of the amplified restriction fragments.

Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.

The genetic process of crossbreeding between genetically dissimilar parents to produce a hybrid.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.

Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

A country in northern Africa between ALGERIA and LIBYA. Its capital is Tunis.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters.

A coordinated international effort to identify and catalog patterns of linked variations (HAPLOTYPES) found in the human genome across the entire human population.

A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (POACEAE). Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia.

A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.

The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)

The intergenic DNA segments that are between the ribosomal RNA genes (internal transcribed spacers) and between the tandemly repeated units of rDNA (external transcribed spacers and nontranscribed spacers).

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS C ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.

Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Africa.

A liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase capable of biotransforming xenobiotics such as polycyclic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons into carcinogenic or mutagenic compounds. They have been found in mammals and fish. This enzyme, encoded by CYP1A1 gene, can be measured by using ethoxyresorufin as a substrate for the ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity.

A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in humans, other primates, CATTLE; DOGS; and some other animals which have contact with humans. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.

Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.

The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

One of three major isoforms of apolipoprotein E. In humans, Apo E2 differs from APOLIPOPROTEIN E3 at one residue 158 where arginine is replaced by cysteine (R158--C). In contrast to Apo E3, Apo E2 displays extremely low binding affinity for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) which mediate the internalization and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in liver cells. ApoE2 allelic homozygosity is associated with HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.

Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.

Proteins, usually found in the cytoplasm, that specifically bind calcitriol, migrate to the nucleus, and regulate transcription of specific segments of DNA with the participation of D receptor interacting proteins (called DRIP). Vitamin D is converted in the liver and kidney to calcitriol and ultimately acts through these receptors.

Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

A family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses infecting birds and most mammals, especially humans. They are grouped into multiple genera, but the viruses are highly host-species specific and tissue-restricted. They are commonly divided into hundreds of papillomavirus "types", each with specific gene function and gene control regions, despite sequence homology. Human papillomaviruses are found in the genera ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; BETAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; GAMMAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; and MUPAPILLOMAVIRUS.

Widely distributed enzymes that carry out oxidation-reduction reactions in which one atom of the oxygen molecule is incorporated into the organic substrate; the other oxygen atom is reduced and combined with hydrogen ions to form water. They are also known as monooxygenases or hydroxylases. These reactions require two substrates as reductants for each of the two oxygen atoms. There are different classes of monooxygenases depending on the type of hydrogen-providing cosubstrate (COENZYMES) required in the mixed-function oxidation.

Diseases of plants.

Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.

Plasma glycoproteins that form a stable complex with hemoglobin to aid the recycling of heme iron. They are encoded in man by a gene on the short arm of chromosome 16.

OXIDOREDUCTASES which mediate vitamin K metabolism by converting inactive vitamin K 2,3-epoxide to active vitamin K.

An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.1.1.70.

A fatal disease of the nervous system in sheep and goats, characterized by pruritus, debility, and locomotor incoordination. It is caused by proteinaceous infectious particles called PRIONS.

Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.

A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17.

Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Parliamentary democracy located between France on the northeast and Portugual on the west and bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

A 34-kDa glycosylated protein. A major and most common isoform of apolipoprotein E. Therefore, it is also known as apolipoprotein E (ApoE). In human, Apo E3 is a 299-amino acid protein with a cysteine at the 112 and an arginine at the 158 position. It is involved with the transport of TRIGLYCERIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; CHOLESTEROL; and CHOLESTERYL ESTERS in and out of the cells.

The complete genetic complement contained in the DNA of a set of CHROMOSOMES in a HUMAN. The length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.

Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships.

Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.

The different ways GENES and their ALLELES interact during the transmission of genetic traits that effect the outcome of GENE EXPRESSION.

A country in western Europe bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, the English Channel, the Mediterranean Sea, and the countries of Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, the principalities of Andorra and Monaco, and by the duchy of Luxembourg. Its capital is Paris.

An infant during the first month after birth.

Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.

The mating of plants or non-human animals which are closely related genetically.

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

Identification of genetic carriers for a given trait.

Direct nucleotide sequencing of gene fragments from multiple housekeeping genes for the purpose of phylogenetic analysis, organism identification, and typing of species, strain, serovar, or other distinguishable phylogenetic level.

Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game.

The largest of the continents. It was known to the Romans more specifically as what we know today as Asia Minor. The name comes from at least two possible sources: from the Assyrian asu (to rise) or from the Sanskrit usa (dawn), both with reference to its being the land of the rising sun, i.e., eastern as opposed to Europe, to the west. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p82 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p34)

The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

Formerly known as Siam, this is a Southeast Asian nation at the center of the Indochina peninsula. Bangkok is the capital city.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.

A field of study concerned with the principles and processes governing the geographic distributions of genealogical lineages, especially those within and among closely related species. (Avise, J.C., Phylogeography: The History and Formation of Species. Harvard University Press, 2000)

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Sulfhydryl compounds in melanocytes of yellow (Ay/a), nonagouti (a/a), and agouti (A/A) mice. (1/50503)

CLEFFMANN (1953, 1963a,b) has reported that yellow but not black melanocytes of agouti (A/A) rabbits contained reducing sulfhydryl compounds. We have attempted to repeat CLEFFMANN's observations in mouse melanocytes of the lethal yellow (Ay/a), nonagouti (a/a) and agouti (A/A) genotypes. Our results contradict those of CLEFFMANN and reveal that yellow and black melanocytes, regardless of genotype, possess equivalent amounts of histochemically detectable sulfhydryl compounds. These results do not support the hypothesis that agouti-locus genes act by controlling the sulfhydryl metabolism of pigment cells. (+info)

JunB is essential for mammalian placentation. (2/50503)

Lack of JunB, an immediate early gene product and member of the AP-1 transcription factor family causes embryonic lethality between E8.5 and E10.0. Although mutant embryos are severely retarded in growth and development, cellular proliferation is apparently not impaired. Retardation and embryonic death are caused by the inability of JunB-deficient embryos to establish proper vascular interactions with the maternal circulation due to multiple defects in extra-embryonic tissues. The onset of the phenotypic defects correlates well with high expression of junB in wild-type extra-embryonic tissues. In trophoblasts, the lack of JunB causes a deregulation of proliferin, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) gene expression, resulting in a defective neovascularization of the decidua. As a result of downregulation of the VEGF-receptor 1 (flt-1), blood vessels in the yolk sac mesoderm appeared dilated. Mutant embryos which escape these initial defects finally die from a non-vascularized placental labyrinth. Injection of junB-/- embryonic stem (ES) cells into tetraploid wild-type blastocysts resulted in a partial rescue, in which the ES cell-derived fetuses were no longer growth retarded and displayed a normal placental labyrinth. Therefore, JunB appears to be involved in multiple signaling pathways regulating genes involved in the establishment of a proper feto-maternal circulatory system. (+info)

Metallothionein-null mice absorb less Zn from an egg-white diet, but a similar amount from solutions, although with altered intertissue Zn distribution. (3/50503)

The influence of metallothionein (MT) on Zn transfer into non-gut tissues was investigated in MT-null (MT-/-) and normal (MT+/+) mice 4 h after oral gavage of aqueous 65ZnSO4solution at doses of 154, 385, 770 and 1540 nmol Zn per mouse. Zn transfer was not significantly different between MT+/+ and MT-/- mice and was directly proportional to the oral dose (slope = 0.127, r = 0.991; 0. 146, r = 0.994, respectively). Blood 65Zn and plasma Zn concentrations increased progressively in MT-/- mice at doses >154 nmol Zn, reaching levels of 2.4% of oral dose and 60 micromol/L, respectively, at the 1540 nmol Zn dose. The corresponding values for MT+/+ mice were approximately half, 1.0% and 29 micromol/L. Intergenotypic differences were found in tissue distribution of 65Zn within the body; MT-/- mice had higher 65Zn levels in muscle, skin, heart and brain, whereas MT+/+ mice retained progressively more Zn in the liver, in conjunction with a linear increase in hepatic MT up to the highest Zn dose. MT induction in the small intestine reached its maximum at an oral dose of 385 nmol Zn and did not differ at higher doses. Absorption of a 770 nmol 65Zn dose from a solid egg-white diet was only one fourth (MT+/+) and one eighth (MT-/-) of the Zn absorption from the same dose of 65Zn in aqueous solution. MT+/+ mice had greater (P < 0.05) Zn absorption from the egg-white diet than did MT-/- mice, indicating that gut MT confers an absorptive advantage, but only when Zn is incorporated into solid food. (+info)

Hereditary juvenile haemochromatosis: a genetically heterogeneous life-threatening iron-storage disease. (4/50503)

Juvenile haemochromatosis is a rare inborn error of iron metabolism with clinical manifestations before 30 years of age. Unlike adult haemochromatosis which principally affects men, juvenile haemochromatosis affects the sexes equally; it causes early endocrine failure, dilated cardiomyopathy and joint disease. We report four patients (two of each sex) from three pedigrees affected by juvenile haemochromatosis with a mean onset at 22 years (range 14-30). All had endocrine deficiency with postpubertal gonadal failure secondary to pituitary disease; two suffered near-fatal cardiomyopathy with heart failure. Mean time to diagnosis from the first clinical signs of disease was 9.8 years (range 0.5-20) but general health and parameters of iron storage responded favourably to iron-depletion therapy. A 24-year-old man listed for heart transplantation because of cardiomyopathy [left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction 16%] responded to intravenous iron chelation with desferrioxamine combined with phlebotomy (ejection fraction 31%). A 27-year-old woman with subacute biventricular heart failure refractory to medication required orthotopic cardiac transplantation before the diagnosis was established (LV ejection fraction 25%). Genetic studies showed that these two patients with cardiomyopathy from unrelated families were heterozygous for the HFE 845G-->A (C282Y) mutation and wild-type at the H63D locus: complete sequencing of the intron-exon boundaries and entire coding sequence of the HFE gene failed to identify additional lesions. Two siblings in a pedigree without cardiomyopathy were wild-type at the HFE C282Y locus; although the brother harboured a single copy of the 187C-->G (H63D) allele, segregation analysis showed that in neither sibling was the iron-storage disease linked to MHC Class I markers on chromosome 6p. Juvenile haemochromatosis is thus a genetically heterogenous disorder distinct from the common adult variant. (+info)

Clusters of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: analysis of person-to-person transmission by genotyping. (5/50503)

Genotyping at the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nuclear rRNA operon was performed on isolates of P. carinii sp. f. hominis from three clusters of P. carinii pneumonia among eight patients with haematological malignancies and six with HIV infection. Nine different ITS sequence types of P. carinii sp. f. hominis were identified in the samples from the patients with haematological malignancies, suggesting that this cluster of cases of P. carinii pneumonia was unlikely to have resulted from nosocomial transmission. A common ITS sequence type was observed in two of the patients with haematological malignancies who shared a hospital room, and also in two of the patients with HIV infection who had prolonged close contact on the ward. In contrast, different ITS sequence types were detected in samples from an HIV-infected homosexual couple who shared the same household. These data suggest that person-to-person transmission of P. carinii sp. f. hominis may occur from infected to susceptible immunosuppressed patients with close contact within hospital environments. However direct transmission between patients did not account for the majority of cases within the clusters, suggesting that person-to-person transmission of P. carinii sp. f. hominis infection may be a relatively infrequent event and does not constitute the major route of transmission in man. (+info)

Structure of cag pathogenicity island in Japanese Helicobacter pylori isolates. (6/50503)

BACKGROUND: cag pathogenicity island (PAI) is reported to be a major virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori. AIM: To characterise cagA and the cag PAI in Japanese H pylori strains. METHODS: H pylori isolates from Japanese patients were evaluated for CagA by immunoblot, for cagA transcription by northern blot, and for cagA and 13 other cag PAI genes by Southern blot. cagA negative strains from Western countries were also studied. Induction of interleukin-8 secretion from gastric epithelial cells was also investigated. RESULTS: All Japanese strains retained cagA. Fifty nine of 63 (94%) strains had all the cag PAI genes. In the remaining four, cag PAI was partially deleted, lacking cagA transcripts and not producing CagA protein. Details of the PAI of these strains were checked; three lacked cagB to cagQ (cagI) and continuously cagS to cag13 (cagII), and the remaining one lacked cagB to cag8. Western cagA negative strains completely lacked cag PAI including cagA. Nucleotide sequence analysis in one strain in which the cag PAI was partially deleted showed that the partial deletion contained 25 kb of cag PAI and the cagA promoter. Interleukin-8 induction was lower with the cag PAI partial deletion strains than with the intact ones. All Japanese cag PAI deleted strains were derived from patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia, whereas 41 of 59 (70%) CagA-producing strains were from patients with peptic ulcers or gastric cancer (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Most Japanese H pylori strains had the intact cag PAI. However, some lacked most of the cag PAI in spite of the presence of cagA. Thus the presence of the cagA gene is not an invariable marker of cag PAI related virulence in Japanese strains. (+info)

Disruption of the Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoite-specific gene BAG1 decreases in vivo cyst formation. (7/50503)

The bradyzoite stage of the Apicomplexan protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii plays a critical role in maintenance of latent infection. We reported previously the cloning of a bradyzoite-specific gene BAG1/hsp30 (previously referred to as BAG5) encoding a cytoplasmic antigen related to small heat shock proteins. We have now disrupted BAG1 in the T. gondii PLK strain by homologous recombination. H7, a cloned null mutant, and Y8, a control positive for both cat and BAG1, were chosen for further characterization. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis of bradyzoites with BAG1 antisera demonstrated expression of BAG1 in the Y8 and the PLK strain but no expression in H7. All three strains expressed a 116 kDa bradyzoite cyst wall antigen, a 29 kDa matrix antigen and the 65 kDa matrix reactive antigen MAG1. Mice inoculated with H7 parasites formed significantly fewer cysts than those inoculated with the Y8 and the PLK strains. H7 parasites were complemented with BAG1 using phleomycin selection. Cyst formation in vivo for the BAG1-complemented H7 parasites was similar to wild-type parasites. We therefore conclude that BAG1 is not essential for cyst formation, but facilitates formation of cysts in vivo. (+info)

Ovine MHC class II DRB1 alleles associated with resistance or susceptibility to development of bovine leukemia virus-induced ovine lymphoma. (8/50503)

For the further characterization of bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-induced leukemogenesis, we investigated the association between polymorphism of ovine leukocyte antigen (OLA)-DRB1 gene and tumor development after infection of sheep with BLV. We infected 28 sheep with BLV and cloned exon 2 of the OLA-DRB1 gene from asymptomatic animals and from animals with lymphoma Sequence analysis revealed that, among 12 healthy sheep without any evidence of tumor, ten (83.3%) carried DRB1 alleles encoding Arg-Lys (RK) at positions beta70/71 as compared with only 6 (37.5%) of the 16 sheep with lymphoma, which suggested that alleles encoding the RK motif might protect against development of tumors after infection by BLV. By contrast, alleles encoding Ser-Arg (SR) at positions beta70/71 were present at a significantly elevated frequency in sheep with lymphoma as compared with the healthy carriers, which indicated that OLA-DRB1 alleles encoding the SR motif might be positively related to susceptibility to tumor development. The two amino acids in these motifs line a pocket that accommodates the side chain of a bound peptide according to a model of the crystal structure of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR1. To analyze immunoreactions of sheep with alleles that encoded RK or SR at beta70/71, we selected sheep with either the RK/SR genotypes or the SR/SR genotypes and immunized them with a mixture of multiple synthetic antigenic peptides that corresponded to T-helper, T-cytotoxic, and B-cell epitopes of the BLV envelope glycoprotein gp51. Two weeks after the last immunization, all of the sheep were challenged with BLV. Sheep with the RK/SR genotype produced neutralizing antibodies against BLV; they eliminated BLV completely within 28 weeks of the BLV challenge, and they gave strong lymphocyte-proliferative responses to the peptides used for immunization. Moreover, such animals did not develop lymphoma. By contrast, sheep with the SR/SR genotype continued to produce BLV throughout the experimental period and developed terminal disease. Our results indicate that the differences in immunoresponse were due to differences in major histocompatibility complex class II alleles and reflected the risk of BLV-induced leukemogenesis. In addition, it appears that susceptibility to tumor development may be determined to some extent by polymorphic residues binding to antigenic peptides directly within the binding cleft of the OLA-DR molecule. (+info)

The genotype of an organism is its complete set of genetic material. Genotype can also be used to refer to the alleles or ... The possible genotypes of the offspring can then be determined by combining the parent genotypes. In the example on the right, ... Genotyping refers to the method used to determine an individual's genotype. There are a variety of techniques that can be used ... Plants with the BB and Bb genotypes will look the same, since the B allele is dominant. The plant with the bb genotype will ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype

If the haplotypes are determined the multilocus genotype is referred to as a phased genotype, otherwise it is referred to as ... the multilocus genotype can be represented as {A/G,T/C}. If the genome is not haploid then the multilocus genotype does not ... A multilocus genotype is the combination of alleles found at two or more loci in a single individual. For example, in a diploid ... Some authors suggest that the term multilocus genotype should only be applied to phased multilocus data while others apply it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilocus_genotype

49 red-flowered plants with the genotype AA 42 pink-flowered plants with genotype Aa 9 white-flowered plants with genotype aa ... Genotype frequency in a population is the number of individuals with a given genotype divided by the total number of ... Although allele and genotype frequencies are related, it is important to clearly distinguish them. Genotype frequency may also ... Compare genotype frequency: let's now calculate the genotype frequency of aa homozygotes (white-flowered plants). f ( a a ) = 9 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype_frequency

The genotype-first approach is a type of strategy used in genetic epidemiological studies to associate specific genotypes to ... A genotype-first approach to defining the subtypes of a complex disease. Cell 156, 872-877 (2014). Mefford, H. C. Genotype to ... and characterize uncommon or heterogeneous diseases based on patient's genotype. In 2014 the genotype-first approach was used ... A genotype-first approach for the molecular and clinical characterization of uncommon de novo microdeletion of 20q13.33. PLoS ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype-first_approach

The genotype-phenotype distinction is drawn in genetics. "Genotype" is an organism's full hereditary information. "Phenotype" ... "The Genotype-Phenotype Distinction". Retrieved 21 June 2017. Pigliucci, Massimo (2010). "Genotype-phenotype mapping and the end ... its genotype would be responsible for its phenotype (the white color). The mapping of a set of genotypes to a set of phenotypes ... back to genotype space (G2) where Mendelian genetics can predict the next generation of genotypes, thus completing the cycle. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype–phenotype_distinction

The genotype-phenotype map is a conceptual model in genetic architecture. Coined in a 1991 paper by Pere Alberch, it models the ... Pigliucci, Massimo (2010). "Genotype-phenotype mapping and the end of the 'genes as blueprint' metaphor". Philosophical ... is of greater complexity than a straightforward one-to-one mapping of genotype to/from phenotype. accommodates a parameter ... The map visualises a relationship between genotype & phenotype which, crucially: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype–phenotype_map

When genotyping transgenic organisms, a single genomic region may be all that needs to be examined to determine the genotype. A ... Many types of genotyping are used in agriculture. One type that is used is genotyping by sequencing because it aids agriculture ... Genotyping is the process of determining differences in the genetic make-up (genotype) of an individual by examining the ... Genotyping is used in the medical field to identify and control the spread of tuberculosis (TB). Originally, genotyping was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyping

... is the use of statistical methods and mathematical algorithms in DNA Profiling. It may be used instead ... Probabilistic genotyping, unlike traditional methods, avoids the need for subjective judgment. The reliability of the method ... "Defense lawyers want to peek behind the curtain of probabilistic genotyping". ABA Journal. December 2017. Retrieved March 12, ... has been questioned by some defense lawyers because the source code of some probabilistic genotyping programs is proprietary. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_genotyping

... is a modern technique for obtaining DNA for genotyping that is characterized by the indirect sampling of ... The method by which samples are collected in noninvasive genotyping is what separates the technique from traditional genotyping ... Noninvasive genotyping is widely utilized in conservation efforts, where capture and sampling may be difficult or disruptive to ... In conservation, noninvasive genotyping has been used to supplement traditional techniques with broadly ranging levels of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noninvasive_genotyping

For simple genotyping of an SNP, it is easier to just make the amplicon small to minimize the chances you mistake one SNP for ... Because DASH genotyping is measuring a quantifiable change in Tm, it is capable of measuring all types of mutations, not just ... The use of SNPs is being extended in the HapMap project, which aims to provide the minimal set of SNPs needed to genotype the ... It is a form of genotyping, which is the measurement of more general genetic variation. SNPs are one of the most common types ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNP_genotyping

The genotype can affect treatment of HCV infections. Recent studies show that HCV genotypes consist of 8 genotypes and 67 ... It is usually difficult to treat the people with HCV genotype 1.[citation needed] Genotype 2 and genotype 3 are less common ... The complexity of the HCV genotypes made the treatment specific for the associated genotype. The treatment for the HCV genotype ... All the genotypes and subtypes affect the liver to the same extent of damage irrespective of the HCV genotype Among the common ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCV_genotypes

In the field of genetic sequencing, genotyping by sequencing, also called GBS, is a method to discover single nucleotide ... He, Jiangfeng; Zhao, Xiaoqing; Laroche, André; Lu, Zhen-Xiang; Liu, HongKui; Li, Ziqin (2014-01-01). "Genotyping-by-sequencing ... Vaux, Felix; Dutoit, Ludovic; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2022). "Genotyping-by-sequencing for biogeography". ... "An evaluation of genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to map the Breviaristatum-e (ari-e) locus in cultivated barley". BMC Genomics. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyping_by_sequencing

This is a list of notable software for haplotype estimation and genotype imputation. Alphabetical order: AlphaImpute Beagle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_haplotype_estimation_and_genotype_imputation_software

Berkhoffii Genotype III". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 46 (5): 1858-60. doi:10.1128/JCM.02456-07. PMC 2395075. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartonella_vinsonii

Line-Cross Analysis Genotype-Phenotype Maps The Rise of Genetic Architecture (Articles with short description, Short ... Stadler, Peter F.; Stadler, Bärbel M. R. (2015-04-14). "Genotype-Phenotype Maps". Biological Theory. 1 (3): 268-279. CiteSeerX ... Genetic architecture is sometimes studied using a genotype-phenotype map, which graphically depicts the relationship between ... the genotype and the phenotype. Genetic architecture is incredibly important for understanding evolutionary theory because it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_architecture

Genotype and QT interval duration are the strongest predictors of outcome for patients with LQTS. These have been combined to ... "Genotype risk relationship". Tranebjaerg L, Bathen J, Tyson J, Bitner-Glindzicz M (September 1999). "Jervell and Lange-Nielsen ... To be specific, the presence of QTc >500 ms and LQT2 and LQT3 genotype are associated with the highest incidence of recurrence ... Nadolol, a powerful non-selective beta blocker, has been shown to reduce the arrhythmic risk in all three main genotypes (LQT1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome

DNA markers are either a genotype or a phenotype. A genotype is a set of genes in an organism and a phenotype is an organism's ... "Genotype versus phenotype". evolution.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-16. "Naming the Dead: The final stages of DVI" (PDF). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_identification

In this deficiency the genotype is not associated with the phenotype. The presence of certain mutations in genes has no ... There is no strict genotype-phenotype correlation in isolated GKD; it can be either symptomatic or asymptomatic. Symptomatic ... National Library of Medicine (17 December 2012). "Genotype-Phenotype Correlation". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 21 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol_kinase_deficiency

"A novel abetalipoproteinemia genotype. Identification of a missense mutation in the 97-kDa subunit of the microsomal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-TP

Genotypes are the inherited compositions of an organism. (Austin, "Genotype," n.d.) Genetic Engineering is a field of work and ... The studies of microorganisms involve studies of genotype and expression system. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_genetics

"The Genotype/Phenotype Distinction". stanford.edu. "The Wikipedia Of Farming Is Here". Popular Science. Harper, Caleb; Siller, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Agriculture_Initiative

Genotype A) ^ ^ (Genotype B) ^ , , , , Environ <------> Other Environ <------> Other extreme extreme extreme extreme The ... But differing genotypes within a single species may also show differing reaction norms relative to a particular phenotypic ... For every genotype, phenotypic trait, and environmental variable, a different reaction norm can exist; in other words, an ... One advantage of plants is that the same genotype, such as a recombinant inbred line (RIL), can be repeatedly evaluated in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_norm

The key is being able to efficiently extract genotypes corresponding to chosen subsets of markers so as to facilitate gene- ... These contain, at a minimum, data about the phenotypes, the marker genotypes, any family structures, and map positions of the ... Howie BN, Donnelly P, Marchini J (2009). "A flexible and accurate genotype imputation method for the next generation of genome- ... Browning BL, Browning SR (2009). "A unified approach to genotype imputation and haplotype-phase inference for large data sets ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega2,_the_Manipulation_Environment_for_Genetic_Analysis

"Archimedes and its Genotype." Journal of Paleontology. SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology. Vol. 27, No. 5 (Sep., 1953), pp. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes_(bryozoan)

A genotype-phenotype study". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 86 (7): 1041-6. doi:10.1302/0301-620x. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_multiple_exostoses

The genotype of freedom. 11.02-14.02.2016 "Arsenal of Love". 09.02-13.03.2016 "Maria Primachenko. Boundless". 23.03-10.04.2016 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystetskyi_Arsenal_National_Art_and_Culture_Museum_Complex

Dean L (December 2019). "Voriconazole Therapy and CYP2C19 Genotype". In Pratt VM, McLeod HL, Rubinstein WS, et al. (eds.). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voriconazole

January 2010). "Single Nucleotide Differences (SNDs) in the dbSNP Database May Lead to Errors in Genotyping and Haplotyping ... 2004). "Discrepancies in dbSNP confirmation rates and allele frequency distributions from varying genotyping error rates and ... 2001). "High-Throughput Variation Detection and Genotyping Using Microarrays". Genome Research. 11 (11): 1913-1925. doi:10.1101 ... These include: (1) multiple independent submissions; (2) frequency or genotype data; (3) submitter confirmation; (4) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DbSNP

Dean L (2016). "Diazepam Therapy and CYP2C19 Genotype". In Pratt VM, McLeod HL, Rubinstein WS, et al. (eds.). Medical Genetics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazepam

Dean L (2012). "Omeprazole Therapy and CYP2C19 Genotype". In Pratt VM, McLeod HL, Rubinstein WS, et al. (eds.). Medical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeprazole

... patients with a slow-clopidogrel-metabolization genotype had poorer clopidogrel responses, but therapy adjustments based on ... The addition of genotyping to pharmacodynamics data obtained from the platelet-function tests, according to Collet, did not ... Based on the study, he said, "We can say that determination of the metabolizer profile according to genotyping in these kinds ... ARCTIC-GENE included 1390 patients from the parent trial who were genotyped and consented to participation; of those, 935 were ...

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/810441

A pipetting robot assists multi-well sample loading in genotyping assays. ... Genotyping Made Easy with Automation. A pipetting robot assists multi-well sample loading in genotyping assays. ... Researchers performing genotyping assays need to load their samples with precision. To transfer the minute volumes required, ... Download this application note from INTEGRA to learn about an automated system allowing precise pipetting in genotyping assays ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/the-marketplace/genotyping-made-easy-with-automation-70430

... Nat Genet. 2013 Jun;45(6):580-5. doi: 10.1038/ng.2653. ... Here we describe the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, which will establish a resource database and associated tissue ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23715323/?dopt=Abstract

This study aimed to estimate the frequency of the SNPs [‎+45T,G and +276G,T]‎ genotypes and investigate the association between ... Report of an international collaborative study to evaluate a WHO HIV-1 RNA genotype reference panel / HC Holmes, CL Davis, and ... Detection and genotyping of human papillomavirus in breast cancer tissues from Iraqi patients ... Collaborative study to establish a World Health Organization international Hepatitis B virus genotype panel for HBsAG Assays ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Genotype&type=mesh

Guidance on how to clarify activities and assign responsibilities when developing a TB genotyping program. Provided by the ... CDC Tuberculosis Genotyping Laboratory Proceduresplus icon *Science behind Tuberculosis Genotyping. *Description of Genotyping ... Genotyping laboratory. Managing genotyping database and tracking isolates that are submitted for genotyping. State/large city ... Receiving and recording genotyping laboratory reports. State/large city TB program. Responding to genotyping results. State/ ...

https://www.cdc.gov/tb/programs/genotyping/Chap5/5_Developing_2_Initial.htm?r=1

Nearest Genotypes. The following section shows a list of the closest genotypes that are related to this particular genotype. ... KIR » Genotype information. This module displays all populations that contain this genotype. The list of populations is sorted ... These genotypes only differ in one gene which is denoted by an X. The list is sorted by the number of populations in descending ... Allele frequency net database (AFND) 2020 update: gold-standard data classification, open access genotype data and new query ...

http://allelefrequencies.net/kir6001c.asp?kgen_id=91

Cytomegalovirus Genotypes - Urine (Surplus) (SSCMVG_A) Data File: SSCMVG_A.xpt First Published: June 2017. Last Revised: NA ... Data were submitted after all the testing on CMV genotyping was complete. The data were not edited. Data Access: All data are ... Rapid Genotyping of Cytomegalovirus in Dried Blood Spots by Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assays Targeting the Envelope Glycoprotein ... tested and found with urinary CMV shedding and sufficient DNA for genotyping. ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/1999-2000/SSCMVG_A.htm

... ... The introduction of DENV-3 genotype III in Latin American countries has been associated with dengueoutbreaks, and the role of ... 2008)‎. Dengue virus serotype 3 (‎genotype III)‎ from Colombia: A perspective of its pathogenic potential.. WHO Regional Office ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/170477

Impact of Genotype on the Occurrence of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. *. Carolina Bongini, ... Genotype is not predictive of onset or severity of AF, which appears rather driven by hemodynamic determinants of atrial ... To analyze the prevalence and clinical correlates of AF in relation to genotype in a large HC cohort, prevalence and clinical ... Impact of Genotype on the Occurrence of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ...

https://www.ajconline.org/article/S0002-9149

... four reviews examine whats known about the associations between genotype and phenotype, and more. ... The links between genotype and phenotype, along with the advances that have improved our understanding of the factors that ... The first examines the sources of genotype-phenotype associations, and looks at the progress being made in interpreting these ... while the last one focuses on the use of single-cell genomics to map human cellular phenotypes to genotypes. ...

https://www.genomeweb.com/scan/science-reviews-explore-links-between-genotype-phenotype

genotyping. Results: Seventeen DNA samples of Brucella strains isolated in Sicily, previously genotyped, and twelve DNA samples ... Lab on a chip genotyping for Brucella spp. based on 15-loci multi locus VNTR analysis BMC Microbiol. 2009 Apr 7;9:66. doi: ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19351390/

... dictionary.reference.com/browse/genotype ; official dictionaries do not allow for genotype to refer to a single SNP location. ( ... The definition of genotype here is actually not common usage; quoting the "talking dictionary" used elsewhere on SNPedia http ... Overall, though, its a good idea to refer to the historic usage of the term genotype on this page, and indicate how it differs ... And the difference between a genoset as a collection of SNPs and a genotype defined as you suggest is actually fairly ...

https://snpedia.com/index.php/Talk:Genotype

... The pluses and minuses of different sequencing strategies ... Genotyping. When 23AndMe offered genetic tests for $99 (now $199), it made a big splash in the news. Its still a very popular ... Genotyping is offered by several direct-to-consumer companies, in which single bases are identified in certain locations in the ... Nonetheless, the ability of 23AndMe and other similar genotyping testing companies to report medical insights via the test was ...

https://www.jax.org/news-and-insights/jax-blog/2016/September/genomes-versus-exomes-versus-genotypes

The European Sequencing and Genotyping Infrastructure (ESGI) project is a collaborative project and coordination support action ... The European Sequencing and Genotyping Infrastructure (ESGI) project is a collaborative project and coordination support action ... that aims to integrate the capacity for large-scale genomic analysis and technical expertise in sequencing and genotyping ...

https://www.sanger.ac.uk/collaboration/european-sequencing-and-genotyping-infrastructure/

Genotype - Never Stop (Original Mix). request. view. 2013. Genotype - Financial War: The Red Storm (Original Mix). request. ...

https://dnbradio.com/dnb/genotype-the-reign/8365

RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences Laboratory for Genotyping Development. Team Leader: Yukihide Momozawa (D.V.M., Ph ...

https://www.riken.jp/en/research/labs/ims/genotyping_dev/index.html

Here we report a large-scale field experiment to disentangle the effects of genotype, environment, age and year of harvest on ... Laboratory-based studies of the effect of plant genotype on plant microbiome composition often do not consider the influence of ... Our results demonstrate how genotype-by-environment interactions contribute to the complexity of microbiome assembly in natural ... For example, to test for genotype-by-site interactions we compared the NBM with fixed effects Genotype+Site+Age+Year+Genotype ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12151?error=cookies_not_supported&code=4b2db4dd-dc7b-42d3-a32e-0674d5940ae4

In contrast, pulmonary disease is very rare in children with the PI *Z*Z genotype, while adults with this genotype who smoke ... Genotyping: TaqMan-based genotyping assay to detect Z and S alleles only. ... Genotyping Assay: This test detects only the Z and S alleles which account for 95% of disease causing variants. ... An individuals genotype and history of environmental exposures contribute to a highly variable phenotype, even among family ...

https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/service/h/hereditary-liver/tests/alpha-1-antitrypsin

Genotype-phenotype correlations in ataxia telangiectasia patients with ATM c.3576G,A and c.8147T,C mutations Nienke J H van Os ... Exploring genotype-phenotype relationships in Bardet-Biedl syndrome families Sheila Castro-Sánchez, María Álvarez-Satta, Marta ...

https://jmg.bmj.com/keyword/genotype-phenotype

GENOTYPE COMPOSITION Genomic Feature Construct Lab of Origin Zygosity Parental Zygosity knu3Tg Tg(elavl3:EGFP) Huh Lab unknown ...

https://www.zfin.org/action/genotype/view/ZDB-GENO-060301-1

While several genotype imputation algorithms are available, this chapter focuses on a heuristic algorithm, as implemented in ... Genotype imputation is a cost-effective way to increase the power of genomic selection or genome-wide association studies. ... Genotype imputation is a cost-effective way to increase the power of genomic selection or genome-wide association studies. ... While several genotype imputation algorithms are available, this chapter focuses on a heuristic algorithm, as implemented in ...

https://medworm.com/7340310/genotype-imputation-to-increase-sample-size-in-pedigreed-populations/

... Fasting Serum Insulin and Plasma Adiponectin Concentrations ... genotype. This study was conducted in a subset of 237 overweight and obese participants [body mass index (BMI)≥25 kg/m(2)]. ...

https://greenmedinfo.com/article/green-tea-extract-decreased-fasting-insulin-concentrations-those-elevated-base

Genotype Hemagglutinins, Viral Humans Measles Virus Molecular Epidemiology Molecular Sequence Data Nucleoproteins Phylogeny ... Title : New Measles Genotype, Uganda Personal Author(s) : Muwonge, Apollo;Nanyunja, Miriam;Rota, Paul A.;Bwogi, Josephine;Lowe ... The minimum nucleotide divergence between the Ugandan viruses and the most closely related reference strain, genotype D2, was ... Therefore, Ugandan viruses should be considered a new, proposed genotype (d10). This new sequence information will expand the ...

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/7880

Structure of the p7 channel of Hepatitis C virus, genotype 5a. *PDB DOI: 10.2210/pdb2M6X/pdb ... but large variation in drug efficacy among the various HCV genotypes has been difficult to explain without detailed molecular ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2M6X

Facial Phenotype-Genotype Correlations In Angelman Syndrome. ← Back to Search. Dr. Peter Hammond UCL Eastman Dental Institute, ... Facial Phenotype-Genotype Correlations In Angelman Syndrome. $10,500. Is there a characteristic or noteworthy facial appearance ...

https://www.angelman.org/research/facial-phenotype-genotype-correlations-in-angelman-syndrome/

Allele and genotype frequencies for five PCR-based DNA markers (LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8 and GC) were determined in 100 unrelated ... LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8 and GC Allele and Genotype Frequencies in the Northwest Italian Population. ... Allele and genotype frequencies for five PCR-based DNA markers (LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8 and GC) were determined in 100 unrelated ...

https://www.astm.org/jfs14427j.html

... the prevalent genotype was 3-ADON (59.9%), while the NIV genotype accounted for the remaining 40.1%. Both geographical and ... Data on the distribution of Fusarium trichothecene genotypes in cereals in Europe are scattered in time and space. Furthermore ... Here we describe the results of a collaborative integrated work which aims (1) to characterize the trichothecene genotypes of ... Here we describe the results of a collaborative integrated work which aims 1) to characterize the trichothecene genotypes of ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00406/full

Therefore, this study suggested that the important characters responsible for diversity in the sugarcane genotypes could be ... An experiment comprising of 400 sugarcane genotypes (174 local and 226 introduced) was conducted between March 2012 and October ... traits showed high positive loading on the first two PCs and accounted for most of the variation observed among the genotypes. ... Figure 1.Genotype by trait (GT) biplot of 400 sugarcane genotypes in Ethiopia. Genotypes are denoted by code number of ...

https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=69323

The genotypes of French hepatitis C virus (HCV) isolates were investigated by amplification of a domain from the non-structural region 3 (NS3) using nested PCR, followed by hybridization with two genotype- specific probes, FI (HCV type I-specific) and F2 (HCV type II-specific). (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Viekira Pak is indicated for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection. (clinicaladvisor.com)
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection, with or without ribavirin, including those with compensated cirrhosis. (clinicaladvisor.com)
On Thursday, January 28, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Zepatier (elbasvir and grazoprevir) with or without ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes 1 and 4 infections in adult patients. (hemophiliafed.org)

The links between genotype and phenotype, along with the advances that have improved our understanding of the factors that impact the human phenotype, are discussed in four reviews appearing in Science this week. (genomeweb.com)
The first examines the sources of genotype-phenotype associations, and looks at the progress being made in interpreting these associations in humans. (genomeweb.com)
An individual's genotype and history of environmental exposures contribute to a highly variable phenotype, even among family members. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
A phenotype is the way the genotype is expressed. (millsranch.net)
The genotypes supply the framework for the phenotype which will be expressed. (millsranch.net)
The phenotype is dependent on the genotype but may also be influenced by environmental elements. (millsranch.net)
On the flip side, a person's genotype is that which we call the genes which help to create that phenotype. (millsranch.net)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Genotype/phenotype association in indian congenital aniridia. (who.int)
Familial Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy, Portuguese type: Phenotype and genotype. (bvsalud.org)

The third review highlights data linking gut microbiota and host phenotypic expression, health, and disease, while the last one focuses on the use of single-cell genomics to map human cellular phenotypes to genotypes. (genomeweb.com)
The genotype is used to understand the connection between genotypes and phenotypes. (idtdna.com)

Genotyping is offered by several direct-to-consumer companies, in which single bases are identified in certain locations in the genome where variations often occur. (jax.org)
Given that we need huge numbers of sequences to start identifying and understanding patterns in the genome, it's argued that getting genotype or exome data from hundreds of thousands or millions of people is more valuable at this time than a lower number of whole genome sequences. (jax.org)
Unlike sequencing, which provides ACTG sequences of the entire genome or large portions thereof, genotyping focuses on specific bases in the genome known to vary from person to person. (jax.org)
Think of it this way: Even if you are an expert and decide the most relevant 1,000,000 DNA bases to include in your genotyping test, you are still eliminating more than 3,100,000,000 bases in the genome. (jax.org)
ESGI involves a network of leading European genome research centres that aims to integrate the capacity for large-scale genomic analysis and technical expertise in sequencing and genotyping technology among the partner institutes. (sanger.ac.uk)
Genotype imputation is a cost-effective way to increase the power of genomic selection or genome-wide association studies. (medworm.com)
Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) protocols based on restriction enzymes and target enrichment allow a cost-effective SNP discovery by reducing the genome complexity. (cgiar.org)
Genotyping is the process of determining the DNA sequence, called a genotype, at specific positions within the genome of an individual. (idtdna.com)
The Chinese National Human Genome Center has used the SNPlex genotyping system in conjunction with Applied Biosystems' CE sequencing platforms to lead many national and international genomics research projects related to large scale DNA sequencing, functional genomics, proteomics, and SNP detection. (technologynetworks.com)
In the experiment "Population structure of Chinese southwest wheat germplasms resistant to stripe rust and powdery mildew using the DArT-seq technique", published in Ciência Rural (vol. 48, no. 4), the researchers genotyped the whole genome of wheat cultivars from southwestern China using the DART-seq™ technique. (scielo.org)
Whole-genome analysis showed 90.4% identity with other genotype 5 viruses from humans. (cdc.gov)

The introduction of DENV-3 genotype III in Latin American countries has been associated with dengueoutbreaks, and the role of the virus with respect to the occurrence of dengue haemorrhagic fever (‎DHF)‎has been different depending on the country. (who.int)
DENV-3 genotype III circulating in São Paulo, Brazil,from 2003 to 2008 is not associated with dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. (who.int)

Lamson D , Renwick N , Kapoor V , Liu Z , Palacios G , Ju J , MassTag polymerase-chain-reaction detection of respiratory pathogens, including a new rhinovirus genotype, that caused influeza-like illness in New York State during 2004-2005. (cdc.gov)
This was a hospital -based, analytical cross-sectional study carried out on 226 symptomatic women wherein cervico-vaginal samples were obtained during gynaecological examination for Pap smears, HPV- DNA and genotype detection with linear array HPV strip, conducted from November 2019 to January 2021. (bvsalud.org)
A total of 22 A. baumanni strains were isolated from 126 animal meat samples and were genotyped by ERIC-PCR method and by PCR detection of their virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants. (biomedcentral.com)
MV detection, isolation and genotyping are performed mainly at designated local governmental (i.e. municipal or prefectural) public health institutions within each local government area. (who.int)
The detection of high-oncogenic HPV genotypes in patients with breast cancer supports the hypothesis of an etiologic role for the virus in breast cancer development. (who.int)
We evaluated the performance of short-term repeat HPV test done at colposcopy ~2 months after enrolment, viral load reflected by HC2 relative light units (RLU), and HPV16/18 genotyping by Cobas for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or more severe (CIN3+) in screened HPV positive women. (who.int)

Affymetrix Inc. introduced Axiom Turkey Genotyping Array, developed in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service (ARS) along with Aviagen and Hendrix Genetics. (feedstuffs.com)

Rapid Genotyping of Cytomegalovirus in Dried Blood Spots by Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assays Targeting the Envelope Glycoprotein gB and gH Genes 2012. (cdc.gov)
A genotype is an individual's collection of genes. (snpedia.com)
Analyses of sequences of the nucleoprotein (N) and hemagglutinin (H) genes showed that the Ugandan isolates were all closely related, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that these viruses were members of a unique group within clade D. Sequences of the Ugandan viruses were not closely related to any of the World Health Organization reference sequences representing the 22 currently recognized genotypes. (cdc.gov)
Accurate assessment of genetic diversity is very important in crop breeding as it helps in the selection of desirable genotypes, identifying diverse parental combination for further improvement through selection in the segregating populations, and introgressing desirable genes from diverse germplasm into the available genetic base. (scirp.org)
Therefore, dual typing of partial regions of both genes is increasingly used for genotyping of norovirus strains [ 6,12 ]. (cdc.gov)

For some of these samples (HB1, HB2, HN1, HN2, HN3, HN4), part of the NS3, core and envelope regions were sequenced and the corresponding deduced consensus sequences were compared with those of prototype isolates of the four HCV genotypes (types I to IV). (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Phylogenetic analysisshowed that São Paulo DENV-3 sequences belong to genotype III and that Puerto Rico strains are closelyrelated to South American strains. (who.int)
The HuCaT tool was validated with a set of 1310 norovirus and 239 sapovirus sequences covering all known human norovirus and sapovirus genotypes. (cdc.gov)
Noroviruses are associated with an compared to an established set of reference sequences to determine estimated 70,000-200,000 deaths annually [2,3 ] while sapoviruses genotypes and polymerase types based on phylogenetic clustering, or by primarily cause sporadic AGE in young children although outbreaks in employing NCBI BLAST web service. (cdc.gov)
We report isolation of JEV genotype 5 virus from patient specimens and differences in sequences among other JEV strains (genotypes 1-5). (cdc.gov)
We compared the entire ORF sequences of K15P38 virus with previously reported strains of JEV genotypes 1-5. (cdc.gov)
Methods: We calculated CBD prevalences from allele-specific DNA sequences of 853 workers for Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-DPB1 genotypes and groups characterized by number of E69-containing alleles and by calculated surface electronegativity of HLA-DPB1. (cdc.gov)
all were genotype B3 and all sequences linked to this outbreak are identical. (cdc.gov)
The sequences are also identical to the genotype B3 virus that caused a large outbreak in the Philippines in 2014. (cdc.gov)

Seventeen DNA samples of Brucella strains isolated in Sicily, previously genotyped, and twelve DNA samples, provided by MLVA Brucella VNTR ring trial, were analyzed by MLVA-15 on Agilent 2100. (nih.gov)
Here we describe the results of a collaborative integrated work which aims (1) to characterize the trichothecene genotypes of strains from three Fusarium species, collected over the period 2000-2013 and (2) to enhance the standardization of epidemiological data collection. (frontiersin.org)
Information on host plant, country of origin, sampling location, year of sampling and previous crop of 1147 F. graminearum , 479 F. culmorum , and 3 F. cortaderiae strains obtained from 17 European countries was compiled and a map of trichothecene type B genotype distribution was plotted for each species. (frontiersin.org)
All information on the strains was collected in a freely accessible and updatable database (www.catalogueeu.luxmcc.lu), which will serve as a starting point for epidemiological analysis of potential spatial and temporal trichothecene genotype shifts in Europe. (frontiersin.org)
However, the envelope protein contained Lys 84, which was specific to strains of genotype 5 viruses from South Korea. (cdc.gov)

Overall, though, it's a good idea to refer to the historic usage of the term genotype on this page, and indicate how it differs from the current usage, especially as used within SNPedia. (snpedia.com)

DENV-3 phylogenetic analysis has revealed the existence of four to five DENV-3 genotypes. (who.int)
Phylogenetic analyses categorize seven genotypes of citrus tristeza virus (CTV). (pucv.cl)
HuCaT tool assigned genotypes to all queries with 100 % accuracy and was much faster (17 s) than BLAST (150 s) or phylogenetic analyses approaches. (cdc.gov)
Phylogenetic tree of Japanese encephalitis virus genotypes 1-5, South Korea. (cdc.gov)

This module displays all populations that contain this genotype. (allelefrequencies.net)
These genotypes only differ in one gene which is denoted by an X . The list is sorted by the number of populations in descending order. (allelefrequencies.net)
Genotyping is the experimental procedure that identifies the differences in DNA sequence among individuals or populations. (idtdna.com)
High-throughput genotyping services offered through the program will enable researchers to study large populations of individuals to gain an understanding of genetic areas of interest and further expand research into potentially finding cures for a variety of diseases that include cancer, heart disease and diabetes, among others. (technologynetworks.com)
This study aimed to verify how populations of Chilean CTV isolates changed following inoculation from infected sweet orange to Mexican lime trees, and to determine if CTV genotype populations influenced transmission efficiency via Aphis gossypii. (pucv.cl)
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed variation in genotypes of populations of CTV in Mexican lime, after graft inoculations using infected sweet orange chip-buds. (pucv.cl)
Severe genotypes (VT) were detected after inoculation of mild isolate CTV populations (T30). (pucv.cl)
The common genotypes were observed primarily in U.S.-born populations despite the large foreign-born population residing in Harris County. (biomedcentral.com)

Allele and genotype frequencies for five PCR-based DNA markers (LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8 and GC) were determined in 100 unrelated individuals from Piedmont (Northwest Italy). (astm.org)
The Genotype table provides access to individual level genotypes and population allele frequencies. (coriell.org)
When a full-sib family is analyzed, we use parental genotypes to predict the expected segregation in terms of allele dosages in the offspring. (biomedcentral.com)
This mixture model approach is computationally demanding but allows for automatic assignment of genotype categories by explicit modelling of the means of the distributions as a function of the allele ratios. (biomedcentral.com)
Genotypes for rs1554597, rs805304 and rs805305 were obtained with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by enzyme restriction (RFLP), while rs18582 was determined using Allele-Specific oligonucleotide PCR (ASO-PCR). (bvsalud.org)

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype in melanoma patients and controls from Sicily and Calabria, two regions of Southern Italy never investigated on this issue before, that present a peculiar gene pool because of their geographical and historical characteristics. (unime.it)
In this preliminary study, bladder cancer risk was slightly elevated for subjects carrying the variant genotype of p53 codon 72 or in subjects carrying the GSTT1 null genotype. (cdc.gov)

Beginning with a diverse microbial community generated from field-grown tomato plants, we inoculated replicate plants across five plant genotypes for four eight-week long passages, sequencing the microbial community at each passage. (biorxiv.org)
In this paper, we evaluate the potential of rapid fluorescence transients, aided by machine learning techniques, to classify plant genotypes. (unl.pt)

In the The methods used by the Centers for Disease Control same way, TB genotyping helps distinguish between and Prevention (CDC) contract genotyping laboratories persons whose TB disease is the result of TB infection will not genotype Mycobacterium avium or other non- that was acquired in the past, as compared to recently tuberculous mycobacteria. (cdc.gov)
Understanding jurisdictional epidemiologic characteristics for the most common Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyped clusters is needed for tuberculosis prevention programs. (biomedcentral.com)
Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) isolates is used to identify tuberculosis (TB) cases that are closely related and when combined with epidemiologic data can be used to characterize jurisdictional Mtb strain transmission dynamics. (biomedcentral.com)

Biologists have mapped the list of genotypes for particular traits for a wide variety of species. (millsranch.net)
Recent advancements in development of molecular techniques and computational tools facilitate new methods for automated, high-throughput genotype calling in tetraploid species. (biomedcentral.com)
Nonadditive effects at the genotype level that we report here are nearly as large as what has been recorded for plant species mixtures and may have important, though under-appreciated, roles in ecosystems. (nau.edu)
The symptoms caused by this pathogen, their expression and severity are influenced by CTV genotypes, host species, cultivars, and infected host rootstocks. (pucv.cl)

There's still significant disagreement among experts about how to strategize sequencing and genotyping programs. (jax.org)
The European Sequencing and Genotyping Infrastructure ( ESGI ) project is a collaborative project and coordination support action for integration funded by the European Union FP7 programme. (sanger.ac.uk)
To assess for asymptomatic norovirus infections, stools from asymptomatic children were collected monthly, screened for norovirus by RT-qPCR and genotyped by sequencing. (unc.edu)
and Vanderbilt University DNA Sequencing and Genotyping Facility (United States). (technologynetworks.com)
Multiplexed ISSR Genotyping by Sequencing (MIG-Seq). (bvsalud.org)
Multiplexed inter- simple sequence repeat (ISSR) genotyping by sequencing (MIG-seq) is a simple, rapid, and inexpensive method for detecting single- nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) using next-generation sequencing (NGS). (bvsalud.org)

Universal genotyping (i.e., submitting all isolates from a TB program to the genotyping laboratories) holds great promise for improving TB control. (cdc.gov)
We believe that, within the next few years, programs will want to have all their M. tuberculosis complex isolates genotyped, just as they now have all their isolates analyzed for drug susceptibility patterns. (cdc.gov)
However, for programs to implement a genotyping program, they will have to invest additional resources to pay for shipping the isolates to the genotyping laboratories. (cdc.gov)
There are three options for selecting the isolates that will be submitted to the genotyping laboratories for genotyping. (cdc.gov)
The association between sequence diversity and putative biological difference for isolates within the same genotype remains to be elucidated. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
HBV genotype D was the only detectable genotype in those patients, with absence of "a" determinant mutations among those isolates. (who.int)
In the current study, a cluster was defined as ≥2 Mtb isolates from different diagnosed TB cases having the same genotype, defined as the same spacer oligonucleotide genotype (spoligotype) and 24 loci variable number of tandem repeat - mycobacterial intersperse repetitive units (VNTR-MIRU) - GENType) occurring in a jurisdiction during a defined period [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has a dynamic TB epidemiologic platform which stores information in the TB Genotyping Management System (TB GIMS) [ 4 ] including select patient-level surveillance data from the U.S. Public Health Service mandated (and required) Report of Verified Case of Tuberculosis [ 5 ] (RVCT) and genotyping cluster information such as GENTypes defined as Mtb isolates with identical spoligotype and VNTR-MIRU patterns. (biomedcentral.com)

Approximately 2% of individuals with the PI *Z*Z genotype develop severe liver disease in childhood while approximately 10% of adults over 50 years of age develop cirrhosis. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
18 years: Give 2 ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir tabs once daily (in AM) and 1 dasabuvir tab twice daily (AM and PM). Genotype 1a without cirrhosis or genotype 1b with cirrhosis: treat for 12 weeks with ribavirin. (clinicaladvisor.com)
Genotype 1a with cirrhosis: treat for 24 weeks with ribavirin (based on prior treatment history, 12 weeks treatment may be considered for some patients). (clinicaladvisor.com)
Genotype 1b without cirrhosis: treat for 12 weeks. (clinicaladvisor.com)
This was a single-arm, phase 2 study that evaluated glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for 8 weeks among 203 treatment-naive or -experienced patients (previously treated with interferon or peginterferon ± ribavirin, or sofosbuvir plus ribavirin ± peginterferon) with genotype 2, 4, 5, or 6 infection without cirrhosis. (hcvguidelines.org)
While not a head-to-head comparison, the results of ENDURANCE-2 and SURVEYOR-II, part 4 indicate that glecaprevir/pibrentasvir administered for 8 or 12 weeks is highly efficacious among genotype 2-infected, treatment-naive patients without cirrhosis. (hcvguidelines.org)
A meta-analysis of real-world cohorts that examined glecaprevir/pibrentasvir treatment response among adults demonstrated SVR12 rates of 99.0% (n=274) and 98.0% (n=29) among participants with genotype 2 infection without or with compensated cirrhosis, respectively, with 8 weeks of treatment ( Lampertico, 2020 ). (hcvguidelines.org)
The daily fixed-dose combination of sofosbuvir (400 mg)/velpatasvir (100 mg) for 12 weeks was approved by the FDA for the treatment of genotype 2 infection in patients without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis. (hcvguidelines.org)
ASTRAL-1 also included 104 genotype 2 treatment-naive and -experienced participants without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis, all of whom achieved SVR12 ( Feld, 2015 ). (hcvguidelines.org)
Pooled analysis of all genotype 2 patients in ASTRAL-1 and ASTRAL-2 demonstrated 100% SVR12 in participants with compensated cirrhosis (29/29) and 99% SVR12 in treatment-naive participants (194/195). (hcvguidelines.org)
The safety and efficacy of Zepatier with or without ribavirin was evaluated in clinical trials of 1,373 participants with chronic HCV genotype 1 or 4 infections with and without cirrhosis. (hemophiliafed.org)
Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) who carry two copies of the PNPLA3 p.I148M variant, may exhibit faster progression to cirrhosis , while those with this genotype who also have diabetes and indeterminate Fibrosis-4 (FIB4) scores may have the same risk of cirrhosis as patients with a high FIB4, according to investigators. (medscape.com)
They first characterized the relationship between PNPLA3 genotype and cirrhosis via univariable and multivariable analyses. (medscape.com)
These efforts revealed that the genotype predicted cirrhosis in both cohorts, with associations also detected for well-documented clinical risk factors, including diabetes, obesity, and high ALT. (medscape.com)
Of note, PNPLA3 genotype demonstrated an additive effect for cirrhosis when detected in conjunction with these risks. (medscape.com)
Although it may be possible to develop more complex polygenic risk scores for cirrhosis, these ﬁndings suggest that genotyping of PNPLA3 alone, which is less expensive than genomewide genotyping and easier to understand, may have similar clinical applicability for NAFLD. (medscape.com)
Cite this: PNPLA3 Genotype, Diabetes Predict Cirrhosis in NAFLD - Medscape - Apr 04, 2023. (medscape.com)

And the difference between a genoset as a collection of SNPs and a genotype defined as you suggest is actually fairly significant, since genosets are commonly mixing SNPs from different chromosomes (and loci), whereas a genotype defined as two alleles is limited to a single locus (and obviously therefore a single chromosome). (snpedia.com)
TaqMan-based genotyping assay to detect Z and S alleles only. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
Dr. Chen and colleagues therefore recommended that NAFLD patients with metabolic risk factors (particularly diabetes) and indeterminate FIB4 routinely undergo PNPLA3 genotyping, with referral to hepatology if positive for two risk alleles. (medscape.com)

The combined variant genotypes (heterozygous or homozygous variant) of p53 codon 72 and GSTT1 null were observed in 29% of cases and in 44% of controls, respectively. (cdc.gov)

Increased excretion of β2microglobulin was associated with the A/G genotype of rsCC8187710 from ABCC2 ( P = 0.003) and the following genotypes of ABCC4 SNPs: A/G from rs1059751 ( P = 0.023), G/G from rs1059751 ( P = 0.030) and C/C of rs3742106 ( P = 0.041). (lww.com)

Based on the study, he said, "We can say that determination of the metabolizer profile according to genotyping in these kinds of patients undergoing angioplasty is a good marker of treatment response. (medscape.com)
The discussant for Collet's presentation, Dr Jurriën M ten Berg (St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands), said ARCTIC-GENE's results aren't "the end of personalized medicine," but "we may conclude from [it and ARCTIC] that [neither] platelet-function testing nor genotyping alone is enough to risk-stratify our PCI patients. (medscape.com)
There was poor concordance between patients' pharmacodynamic profiles (based on platelet function) and metabolizer profiles (based on genotype). (medscape.com)
To analyze the prevalence and clinical correlates of AF in relation to genotype in a large HC cohort, prevalence and clinical profile of AF were assessed in 237 patients with HC, followed for 14 ± 10 years. (ajconline.org)
Of the 142 genotype 2-infected patients, 137 (96%) were treatment naive. (hcvguidelines.org)
In an integrated analysis of 297 DAA-naive, noncirrhotic patients with genotype 2 infection treated with 8 weeks of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in 6 phase 2 or 3 clinical trials, SVR12 was 98% (252/257) ( Naganuma, 2019 ). (hcvguidelines.org)
Additionally, a real-world cohort of treatment-naive, noncirrhotic genotype 2 patients from Italy treated with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for 8 weeks achieved an SVR rate of 98% (173/175) ( D'Ambrosio, 2019 ). (hcvguidelines.org)
Among patients with genotype 2 receiving sofosbuvir/velpatasvir, the presence of baseline NS5A or NS5B RASs was not associated with virologic failure ( Asselah, 2018 ). (hcvguidelines.org)
Today's approval provides another oral treatment option for patients with genotypes 1 and 4 HCV infections without requiring use of interferon," said Edward Cox, M.D., director of the Office of Antimicrobial Products in the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. (hemophiliafed.org)
It is recommended that healthcare professionals screen genotype 1a-infected patients for certain viral genetic variations prior to starting treatment with Zepatier to determine dosage regimen and duration. (hemophiliafed.org)
Zepatier was granted breakthrough therapy designation for the treatment of chronic HCV genotype 1 infection in patients with end stage renal disease on hemodialysis and for the treatment of chronic HCV genotype 4 infection. (hemophiliafed.org)
Inorder to evaluate DENV-3 genotypes circulating in São Paulo state from 2003 through 2008 we analyzedthe NS1 region of DENV-3 isolated from patients residing in Ribeirão Preto and presenting with differentclinical manifestations of dengue disease. (who.int)
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of occult HBV infection among Egyptian chronic HCV patients, the genotype and occurrence of surface gene mutations of HBV and the impact of co-infection on early response to treatment. (who.int)
Researchers in Germany report that viral genotype and load, as well as liver enzyme levels, are predictors for treatment outcomes in chronic hepatitis C. Their multicentre, retrospective investigation examined the data for 260 patients in Europe who were treated with pegylated interferon alfa, or with standard interferon. (i-base.info)
None of the latter three factors were predictive for sustained virologic response when analysis was restricted to the subgroup of genotypes 2- and 3-infected patients," Berg and coauthors wrote. (i-base.info)
These findings suggest that NAFLD patients with indeterminate FIB4 and metabolic risk factors should routinely undergo PNPLA3 genotyping, lead author Vincent L. Chen, MD , of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and colleagues reported. (medscape.com)
We found that PNPLA3 genotyping in conjunction with clinical risk factors may improve risk stratification in patients with NAFLD," the investigators concluded. (medscape.com)
This study is focused on the prevalent NS5 coding region resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) in DAA-naive genotype (GT)1 HCV-infected patients and their potential impact on success rates. (unl.pt)
TB patients within the large genotype clusters were geographically dispersed throughout Chiang Rai Province. (cdc.gov)
This study shows that genotype-guided recall of FH patients and subsequent cascade screening is feasible and could facilitate more appropriate clinical management. (cdc.gov)
Pharmacogenomic testing (CYP2C19 genotyping) could help patients make decisions about antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), but genotypes are often unknown at the time of the procedure. (cdc.gov)
This study in Iraq used in situ hybridization to detect the frequency and genotyping of HPV in tissue specimens from 129 patients diagnosed with malignant breast cancer, 24 with benign breast tumours and 20 healthy controls. (who.int)

As it turned out, according to Collet, "there was a high proportion of poor responders [to clopidogrel based on platelet-function testing] among the slow metabolizers [determined by genotype]," both periprocedurally and 14 to 30 days later (by which time antiplatelet therapy in poor responders had been adjusted). (medscape.com)
The study tested the impact of genotype-guided prescription advice on antiplatelet therapy switching in 1,063 individuals who had undergone PCI and who subsequently underwent CYP2C19 genotyping. (cdc.gov)

A pipetting robot assists multi-well sample loading in genotyping assays. (the-scientist.com)
Researchers performing genotyping assays need to load their samples with precision. (the-scientist.com)
The SNPlex Service Provider Program is based on the SNPlex™ Genotyping System, which consists of custom designed assays, universal core reagents, analysis software, and fully supported system documentation that are optimized for the use on Applied Biosystems' CE platforms. (technologynetworks.com)

Hopes were that its genetic substudy, ARCTIC-GENE [1], would show that poor clopidogrel responsiveness would concentrate in PCI candidates carrying clopidogrel-metabolization loss-of-function gene variants and that treatment adjustments based on their genotype would improve ischemic outcomes--in particular, the trial's primary end point of death, MI, stroke , stent thrombosis, or urgent revascularization at one year. (medscape.com)
of those, 935 were genotyped as rapid metabolizers of clopidogrel (456 had been in the parent trial's standard-therapy and 479 in its monitoring arms) and 459 as slow metabolizers of the drug (238 and 221, respectively) based on their distribution of several variants of CYP2C19 . (medscape.com)

Ted added, 'We did blood genotyping to see if any new mutations appeared. (medlineplus.gov)

We isolated Japanese encephalitis virus genotype 5 from human specimens in South Korea. (cdc.gov)

The program members will provide assistance with medium to large-scale genotyping research, such as validation or fine mapping studies that require obtaining high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. (technologynetworks.com)
Automated dosage scoring is much needed in high-throughput genotyping technologies. (biomedcentral.com)

To see individual level genotypes, click on the arrow next to the population abbreviation and it will open to display the genotypes of individuals from that population. (coriell.org)
Individuals who had high-risk CYP2C19 genotypes and were prescribed clopidogrel had a 2.89-fold-increased hazard of adverse events in comparison to those who were treated with or switched to other medications. (cdc.gov)
State of abnormal sensitivity, of genotype nature, allowing clear symptom manifestations triggered by substances by which most individuals appear to be unaffected. (bvs.br)

In the absence of pre-PCI genotyping, clinicians are increasingly prescribing other medications, which could be switched to clopidogrel, if CYP2C19 genotyping after PCI indicates normal metabolizer status. (cdc.gov)
Also, the CYP2C19 genotype test is available for guiding relevant drugs use in some health care facilities. (bvsalud.org)

their GSTM1/GSTT1 genotype was defined by polymerase chain reaction on a sample of oral mucosa cells obtained by buccal swabs. (unime.it)
Genotypes of p53 codon 72 and GSTT1 were analysed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymerase. (cdc.gov)

The 1000 Genomes Browser http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/variation/tools/1000genomes/ hosted by NCBI provides access to variant calls, genotype calls, and supporting sequence read alignments produced by the 1000 Genomes project. (coriell.org)

The epidemiology of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the pattern of HPV genotype distribution are parameters needed to assess the risk of cervical cancer . (bvsalud.org)

It can be concluded that MP, GMP, STI, YI, HM and DI indices with the most positive and significant correlation with the yield at both non-stress and stress environments would be better indices to screen barley genotypes, although none of the indices could undoubtedly identify high yield genotypes under both conditions. (bvsalud.org)
2004). abiotic stresses that adversely affects growth, To identify drought-tolerant genotypes, metabolism, and yield of barley under dryland yield stability of genotypes under both drought conditions. (bvsalud.org)

Tena, E. , Mekbib, F. and Ayana, A. (2016) Genetic Diversity of Quantitative Traits of Sugarcane Genotypes in Ethiopia. (scirp.org)
Ratooning of seven sugarcane varieties during 1996-97, 1998-99 and 1999-2000 revealed that Bannu-1, S-84-I-351 and Naurang-98 out yielded rest of the genotypes. (scialert.net)

While several genotype imputation algorithms are available, this chapter focuses on a heuristic algorithm, as implemented in the AlphaImpute software. (medworm.com)

Identification of antibiotic resistance genotype. (who.int)

Unexpected was the "very low concordance" between genotyping and either pharmacodynamic response to clopidogrel or associated clinical outcomes. (medscape.com)
I think that these findings support the recent guidelines that were released on stable CAD stating that we should not in routine practice use that kind of [platelet-function or genotype-guided] approach to refine treatment with the goal of improving clinical outcomes. (medscape.com)
Nonetheless, the ability of 23AndMe and other similar genotyping testing companies to report medical insights via the test was curtailed by the FDA , although some limited clinical reporting has resumed . (jax.org)
True, not all bases are created equal for clinical relevance or insight, but there's a lot of missing information in a genotype. (jax.org)
The Minnesota Green Tea Trial was a 12-mo randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 937 healthy postmenopausal women assigned to either decaffeinated GTE (1315 mg total catechins/d) or a placebo, stratified by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotype. (greenmedinfo.com)
The adamantane derivatives have been used in HCV clinical trials, but large variation in drug efficacy among the various HCV genotypes has been difficult to explain without detailed molecular structures. (rcsb.org)

What is tuberculosis (TB) genotyping? (cdc.gov)
M. tuberculosis can be genotyped. (cdc.gov)
Universal program-wide genotyping provides the best understanding of the epidemiology of tuberculosis transmission within the entire TB program's jurisdiction and uncovers the greatest number of unexpected outbreaks, clusters, and false-positive cultures. (cdc.gov)
We analyzed data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Tuberculosis Genotyping Information Management System (TB GIMS). (biomedcentral.com)
In Harris County from 2009 to 2015, 1655 of 1705 (97.1%) culture positive tuberculosis cases were genotyped and assigned a GENType, and 1058 different GENTypes were identified. (biomedcentral.com)

The program provides a broad range of support, including planning, sample extraction, genotyping, data interpretation and statistical analysis through the participating service providers. (technologynetworks.com)
Statistical analysis indicated that being of HCV of genotypes 2 or 3, having high levels of alanine aminotransferase before starting treatment, and having a low viral load at baseline were independent predictors for attaining a sustained virologic response. (i-base.info)

We have genotyping capabilities, fixed array technology, unrivaled chip design, and our genomics laboratories are ISO 17025 certified. (neogen.com)
Neogen Genomics is a service provider for Illumina designed genotyping arrays. (neogen.com)

Programs may also have to hire additional staff or assign new duties to existing staff so they are able to administer the program and respond to newly identified genotyping clusters. (cdc.gov)
The analyzed genotype clusters represent 14.1% (233/1655) of all genotyped cases: G00010 ( n = 118), G00014 ( n = 38), G00769 ( n = 33), G01521 ( n = 26), and G08964 ( n = 18). (biomedcentral.com)
To better plan and finance TB control and prevention strategies, responsible public health programs need an accurate description of current TB epidemiologic trends within jurisdictions including common genotype clusters and their epidemiologic characteristics. (biomedcentral.com)
In the current study, we investigate and describe the 5 largest clusters of genotyped TB cases in HC between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2015 and analyze epidemiologic trends of TB in this large, highly populated U.S. county. (biomedcentral.com)

The use of microsatellites for detecting DNA polymorphism, genotype identification and genetic diversity in wheat. (scielo.org)
These data further suggest that genetic diversity and genotype-by-herbivore interactions can affect fundamental ecosystem processes such as litter decomposition and nutrient flux. (nau.edu)

The BD Onclarity ™ HPV assay also identifies HPV genotypes 16, 18, and 45, which are associated with the majority of cervical cancers worldwide, and are disproportionally responsible for up to 94 percent of glandular cervical cancer cases. (prnewswire.com)

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 3 million Americans are infected with HCV, of which genotype 1 is the most common and genotype 4 is one of the least common. (hemophiliafed.org)

Infectious diseases of coverage compared with many other measles genotypes. (cdc.gov)
Baseline data on cir- region, which were used for further fever outbreaks in Uganda and the Demo- culating measles virus genotypes are analysis. (cdc.gov)

Our results demonstrate how genotype-by-environment interactions contribute to the complexity of microbiome assembly in natural environments. (nature.com)
However, these studies are just beginning to be extended to the genotype level and to our knowledge have not incorporated the effects of herbivory or genotype-by-herbivore interactions. (nau.edu)
To assess whether differences in genetic susceptibility to oxidative stress modify asbestos -related lung cancer risk (caused by lung inflammation, free radical production), we examined possible interactions between manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) genotypes and asbestos in a hospital-based case-control study of 811 white lung cancer cases and 957 friend/spouse controls. (cdc.gov)

In contrast, pulmonary disease is very rare in children with the PI *Z*Z genotype, while adults with this genotype who smoke cigarettes have a significantly increased risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (cincinnatichildrens.org)
Applied Biosystems has announced that it has established a global genotyping service provider program for scientists interested in the study of how specific genetic variations may impact health or disease. (technologynetworks.com)
Research to practice implications of high-risk genotypes for beryllium sensitization and disease. (cdc.gov)
HLA Genotype as a Risk Factor for Celiac Disease Among Relatives The presence of a high-risk genotype is the most important predictor of screening positivity, according to this study of various patient- and relative-related factors on the risk of celiac disease. (medscape.com)

III Diagnosis and Typing -- Ch.8 Vector Analysis / John C. Beier -- Ch.9 Genotyping of Plasmodium spp. (who.int)

During the last 6 months, identical genotype B3 viruses were also detected in at least 14 countries and at least 6 U.S. states, not including those linked to the current outbreak. (cdc.gov)

Blocking antibody titers to these two genotypes did not correlate with each other, suggesting multiple exposure rather than cross-reactivity between genotypes. (unc.edu)
Asbestos exposure, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) genotype, and lung cancer risk. (cdc.gov)
We observed no statistically significant interaction between MnSOD genotype and asbestos exposure for lung cancer risk. (cdc.gov)

However, MV was confirmed in all cases by RT-PCR and determined to be the H1 genotype strain, the predominant genotype reported from China and parts of South-Eastern Asia over the past three years. (who.int)
In 2010, JEV genotype 1 was the predominant virus circulating. (cdc.gov)

The goal of the program is to provide these researchers with a comprehensive solution for genotyping research through the global service providers participating in the program. (technologynetworks.com)

We aimed to evaluate the performance of short-term repeat HPV testing, semi-quantitative HPV viral load, and HPV16/18 genotyping for triage of HPV positive women in the ESTAMPA study. (who.int)

Data were submitted after all the testing on CMV genotyping was complete. (cdc.gov)
Data on the distribution of Fusarium trichothecene genotypes in cereals in Europe are scattered in time and space. (frontiersin.org)
With the 1000 Genomes Browser, users can access genotype data from either the Phase 3 or Phase 1 call sets. (coriell.org)

Genotypes clustered for high mean values of various traits could be exploited for further improvement of the crop either through selection or through hybridization. (scirp.org)

Strain: HA3, Genotype: nuIs11. (umn.edu)
Because the genotype H1 strain is not endemic in Indonesia, Japan or the Republic of Korea, we obtained epidemiological information from local health authorities at each reporting prefecture to clarify travel itineraries, including domestic transit, of the five cases. (who.int)

This study was conducted to identify the various genotypes particularly the high- risk HPV types in normal and abnormal cervical cytology from women in Yaoundé, Cameroon . (bvsalud.org)

BD intends to seek approval in future submissions for reporting of HPV types beyond 16, 18 and 45 consistent with the extended genotyping capabilities of the assay's design and aligned with evolving cervical cancer screening guidelines. (prnewswire.com)

Fifty-three of 126 (42%) treatment-naive and -experienced participants with genotype 2 had the L31M RAS within the NS5A gene at baseline. (hcvguidelines.org)

What if you're speaking about the genotype of something that's looking if someone that's got many traits. (millsranch.net)

TB genotyping results, when combined with epidemio- media, it is called an isolate. (cdc.gov)
This highly reproducible method gives from efforts to prevent activation of latent TB infection, results in a standardized 15-digit code that can be genotyping offers a powerful tool to help direct the easily analyzed and communicated between labora- tories and TB programs (e.g., 777777777760771). (cdc.gov)
The results obtained showed that (i) HN4 appears to be more closely related to type III than to type IV HCV genotypes, which suggests that in France there may exist additional although minor genotypes besides the two major types, FI and F2. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
My genotype yielded equally puzzling results. (the-scientist.com)
These results show that mixing litter genotypes can alter rates of decay and nutrient flux and that the effects are reduced with herbivory. (nau.edu)
however, these results may not be conclusive due to mixture with the VT genotype. (pucv.cl)
Results: Of 18 groups of at least 10 workers with specific genotypes, CBD prevalence was highest, 72.7%, for the HLA-DPB1*02:01:02/DPB1*17:01 genotype. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy3

Organisms15

Diseases23

Chemicals and Drugs57

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment57

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes66

Disciplines and Occupations7

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science8

Named Groups6

Health Care33

Geographicals22

Sulfhydryl compounds in melanocytes of yellow (Ay/a), nonagouti (a/a), and agouti (A/A) mice. (1/50503)

JunB is essential for mammalian placentation. (2/50503)

Metallothionein-null mice absorb less Zn from an egg-white diet, but a similar amount from solutions, although with altered intertissue Zn distribution. (3/50503)

Hereditary juvenile haemochromatosis: a genetically heterogeneous life-threatening iron-storage disease. (4/50503)

Clusters of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: analysis of person-to-person transmission by genotyping. (5/50503)

Structure of cag pathogenicity island in Japanese Helicobacter pylori isolates. (6/50503)

Disruption of the Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoite-specific gene BAG1 decreases in vivo cyst formation. (7/50503)

Ovine MHC class II DRB1 alleles associated with resistance or susceptibility to development of bovine leukemia virus-induced ovine lymphoma. (8/50503)

Genotype

Polymorphism, Genetic

Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

Alleles

Gene Frequency

Genetic Predisposition to Disease

Genetic Variation

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Phylogeny

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Case-Control Studies

Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length

Phenotype

Hepacivirus

Haplotypes

Molecular Sequence Data

Homozygote

Molecular Epidemiology

Asian Continental Ancestry Group

Genetic Markers

China

Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)

Risk Factors

Base Sequence

Heterozygote

Mutation

Genotyping Techniques

Glutathione Transferase

Hepatitis C

Linkage Disequilibrium

Hepatitis C, Chronic

RNA, Viral

Models, Genetic

Ribavirin

Hepatitis B virus

Cluster Analysis

Catechol O-Methyltransferase

Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A

Antiviral Agents

DNA Primers

Interferon-alpha

European Continental Ancestry Group

Apolipoproteins E

Microsatellite Repeats

Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase

DNA, Viral

Minisatellite Repeats

Japan

Cohort Studies

Genetics, Population

Genome, Viral

Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases

Pharmacogenetics

Odds Ratio

Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins

Polyethylene Glycols

Prevalence

Chromosome Mapping

Apolipoprotein E4

DNA Fingerprinting

Hepatitis E virus

Viral Load

Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6

Hepatitis B

Crosses, Genetic

Molecular Typing

Genome-Wide Association Study

Glutathione S-Transferase pi

DNA Mutational Analysis

Breeding

Gene-Environment Interaction

Brazil

Viral Nonstructural Proteins

Hepatitis E

DNA, Bacterial

Quantitative Trait Loci

Bacterial Typing Techniques

Amino Acid Substitution

Promoter Regions, Genetic

Species Specificity