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The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.

The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.

The complete genetic complement contained in the DNA of a set of CHROMOSOMES in a HUMAN. The length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.

The genetic complement of MITOCHONDRIA as represented in their DNA.

The complete gene complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a fungus.

The amount of DNA (or RNA) in one copy of a genome.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The genetic complement of an archaeal organism (ARCHAEA) as represented in its DNA.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The genetic complement of an insect (INSECTS) as represented in its DNA.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

The complete genetic complement contained in a set of CHROMOSOMES in a protozoan.

The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.

The genetic complement of CHLOROPLASTS as represented in their DNA.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

The genetic complement of a helminth (HELMINTHS) as represented in its DNA.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

The genetic complement of PLASTIDS as represented in their DNA.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The presence of two or more genetic loci on the same chromosome. Extensions of this original definition refer to the similarity in content and organization between chromosomes, of different species for example.

A coordinated effort of researchers to map (CHROMOSOME MAPPING) and sequence (SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA) the human GENOME.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The sequential location of genes on a chromosome.

A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Databases devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, a REPLICATION ORIGIN, for successful replication, propagation to and maintenance as an extra chromosome in bacteria. In addition, they can carry large amounts (about 200 kilobases) of other sequence for a variety of bioengineering purposes.

Processes occurring in various organisms by which new genes are copied. Gene duplication may result in a MULTIGENE FAMILY; supergenes or PSEUDOGENES.

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.

The addition of descriptive information about the function or structure of a molecular sequence to its MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA record.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.

Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Overlapping of cloned or sequenced DNA to construct a continuous region of a gene, chromosome or genome.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

The naturally occurring transmission of genetic information between organisms, related or unrelated, circumventing parent-to-offspring transmission. Horizontal gene transfer may occur via a variety of naturally occurring processes such as GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; and TRANSFECTION. It may result in a change of the recipient organism's genetic composition (TRANSFORMATION, GENETIC).

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Elements that are transcribed into RNA, reverse-transcribed into DNA and then inserted into a new site in the genome. Long terminal repeats (LTRs) similar to those from retroviruses are contained in retrotransposons and retrovirus-like elements. Retroposons, such as LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS do not contain LTRs.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Databases containing information about NUCLEIC ACIDS such as BASE SEQUENCE; SNPS; NUCLEIC ACID CONFORMATION; and other properties. Information about the DNA fragments kept in a GENE LIBRARY or GENOMIC LIBRARY is often maintained in DNA databases.

Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.

Partial cDNA (DNA, COMPLEMENTARY) sequences that are unique to the cDNAs from which they were derived.

Techniques of nucleotide sequence analysis that increase the range, complexity, sensitivity, and accuracy of results by greatly increasing the scale of operations and thus the number of nucleotides, and the number of copies of each nucleotide sequenced. The sequencing may be done by analysis of the synthesis or ligation products, hybridization to preexisting sequences, etc.

Genes bearing close resemblance to known genes at different loci, but rendered non-functional by additions or deletions in structure that prevent normal transcription or translation. When lacking introns and containing a poly-A segment near the downstream end (as a result of reverse copying from processed nuclear RNA into double-stranded DNA), they are called processed genes.

Mapping of the linear order of genes on a chromosome with units indicating their distances by using methods other than genetic recombination. These methods include nucleotide sequencing, overlapping deletions in polytene chromosomes, and electron micrography of heteroduplex DNA. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 5th ed)

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

An increased tendency of the GENOME to acquire MUTATIONS when various processes involved in maintaining and replicating the genome are dysfunctional.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of CHROMOSOMES; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc.

A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.

The genetic complement of a microorganism as represented in its DNA or in some microorganisms its RNA.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.

The parts of a GENOME sequence that are involved with the different functions or properties of genomes as a whole as opposed to those of individual GENES.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.

Annual cereal grass of the family POACEAE and its edible starchy grain, rice, which is the staple food of roughly one-half of the world's population.

In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Any of the DNA in between gene-coding DNA, including untranslated regions, 5' and 3' flanking regions, INTRONS, non-functional pseudogenes, and non-functional repetitive sequences. This DNA may or may not encode regulatory functions.

The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

The number of copies of a given gene present in the cell of an organism. An increase in gene dosage (by GENE DUPLICATION for example) can result in higher levels of gene product formation. GENE DOSAGE COMPENSATION mechanisms result in adjustments to the level GENE EXPRESSION when there are changes or differences in gene dosage.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

Nucleotide sequences repeated on both the 5' and 3' ends of a sequence under consideration. For example, the hallmarks of a transposon are that it is flanked by inverted repeats on each end and the inverted repeats are flanked by direct repeats. The Delta element of Ty retrotransposons and LTRs (long terminal repeats) are examples of this concept.

The portion of an interactive computer program that issues messages to and receives commands from a user.

Genomes of temperate BACTERIOPHAGES integrated into the DNA of their bacterial host cell. The prophages can be duplicated for many cell generations until some stimulus induces its activation and virulence.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

A mutation named with the blend of insertion and deletion. It refers to a length difference between two ALLELES where it is unknowable if the difference was originally caused by a SEQUENCE INSERTION or by a SEQUENCE DELETION. If the number of nucleotides in the insertion/deletion is not divisible by three, and it occurs in a protein coding region, it is also a FRAMESHIFT MUTATION.

A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Genes that are located on the MITOCHONDRIAL DNA. Mitochondrial inheritance is often referred to as maternal inheritance but should be differentiated from maternal inheritance that is transmitted chromosomally.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of CHLOROPLASTS.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

A form of GENE LIBRARY containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns).

A method for comparing two sets of chromosomal DNA by analyzing differences in the copy number and location of specific sequences. It is used to look for large sequence changes such as deletions, duplications, amplifications, or translocations.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.

Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.

Cells lacking a nuclear membrane so that the nuclear material is either scattered in the cytoplasm or collected in a nucleoid region.

The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Copies of transposable elements interspersed throughout the genome, some of which are still active and often referred to as "jumping genes". There are two classes of interspersed repetitive elements. Class I elements (or RETROELEMENTS - such as retrotransposons, retroviruses, LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS) transpose via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Class II elements (or DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS - such as transposons, Tn elements, insertion sequence elements and mobile gene cassettes of bacterial integrons) transpose directly from one site in the DNA to another.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

Copies of nucleic acid sequence that are arranged in opposing orientation. They may lie adjacent to each other (tandem) or be separated by some sequence that is not part of the repeat (hyphenated). They may be true palindromic repeats, i.e. read the same backwards as forward, or complementary which reads as the base complement in the opposite orientation. Complementary inverted repeats have the potential to form hairpin loop or stem-loop structures which results in cruciform structures (such as CRUCIFORM DNA) when the complementary inverted repeats occur in double stranded regions.

Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.

Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. PLASTID GENOMES are used in phylogenetic studies.

Insertion of viral DNA into host-cell DNA. This includes integration of phage DNA into bacterial DNA; (LYSOGENY); to form a PROPHAGE or integration of retroviral DNA into cellular DNA to form a PROVIRUS.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

The functional genetic units of ARCHAEA.

A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The grain is used for FOOD and for ANIMAL FEED. This should not be confused with KAFFIR LIME or with KEFIR milk product.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

Any of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a fragment of DNA formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. Circular DNA is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the T-cell receptor. (Riger et al., Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Specific regions that are mapped within a GENOME. Genetic loci are usually identified with a shorthand notation that indicates the chromosome number and the position of a specific band along the P or Q arm of the chromosome where they are found. For example the locus 6p21 is found within band 21 of the P-arm of CHROMOSOME 6. Many well known genetic loci are also known by common names that are associated with a genetic function or HEREDITARY DISEASE.

Very long DNA molecules and associated proteins, HISTONES, and non-histone chromosomal proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE). Normally 46 chromosomes, including two sex chromosomes are found in the nucleus of human cells. They carry the hereditary information of the individual.

Highly repeated sequences, 100-300 bases long, which contain RNA polymerase III promoters. The primate Alu (ALU ELEMENTS) and the rodent B1 SINEs are derived from 7SL RNA, the RNA component of the signal recognition particle. Most other SINEs are derived from tRNAs including the MIRs (mammalian-wide interspersed repeats).

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc.

Low-copy (2-50) repetitive DNA elements that are highly homologous and range in size from 1000 to 400,000 base pairs.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.

Complex sets of enzymatic reactions connected to each other via their product and substrate metabolites.

A nucleic acid sequence that contains an above average number of GUANINE and CYTOSINE bases.

Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Highly repeated sequences, 6K-8K base pairs in length, which contain RNA polymerase II promoters. They also have an open reading frame that is related to the reverse transcriptase of retroviruses but they do not contain LTRs (long terminal repeats). Copies of the LINE 1 (L1) family form about 15% of the human genome. The jockey elements of Drosophila are LINEs.

The pattern of GENE EXPRESSION at the level of genetic transcription in a specific organism or under specific circumstances in specific cells.

The genetic process of crossbreeding between genetically dissimilar parents to produce a hybrid.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

The common chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family HOMINIDAE. It lives in Africa, primarily in the tropical rainforests. There are a number of recognized subspecies.

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eukarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least four kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA; EURYARCHAEOTA; NANOARCHAEOTA; and KORARCHAEOTA.

Genetic loci associated with a QUANTITATIVE TRAIT.

Two identical genes showing the same phenotypic action but localized in different regions of a chromosome or on different chromosomes. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.

A small order of primarily marine fish containing 340 species. Most have a rotund or box-like shape. TETRODOTOXIN is found in their liver and ovaries.

Stretches of genomic DNA that exist in different multiples between individuals. Many copy number variations have been associated with susceptibility or resistance to disease.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The chromosomal constitution of cells, in which each type of CHROMOSOME is represented twice. Symbol: 2N or 2X.

The number of mutations that occur in a specific sequence, GENE, or GENOME over a specified period of time such as years, CELL DIVISIONS, or generations.

Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.

An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.

The parts of the messenger RNA sequence that do not code for product, i.e. the 5' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS and 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS.

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters.

Copies of DNA sequences which lie adjacent to each other in the same orientation (direct tandem repeats) or in the opposite direction to each other (INVERTED TANDEM REPEATS).

The protein complement of an organism coded for by its genome.

Distinct units in some bacterial, bacteriophage or plasmid GENOMES that are types of MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS. Encoded in them are a variety of fitness conferring genes, such as VIRULENCE FACTORS (in "pathogenicity islands or islets"), ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE genes, or genes required for SYMBIOSIS (in "symbiosis islands or islets"). They range in size from 10 - 500 kilobases, and their GC CONTENT and CODON usage differ from the rest of the genome. They typically contain an INTEGRASE gene, although in some cases this gene has been deleted resulting in "anchored genomic islands".

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.

Diseases of plants.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

A plant species of the family POACEAE. It is a tall grass grown for its EDIBLE GRAIN, corn, used as food and animal FODDER.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Chromosomal, biochemical, intracellular, and other methods used in the study of genetics.

The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.

The Alu sequence family (named for the restriction endonuclease cleavage enzyme Alu I) is the most highly repeated interspersed repeat element in humans (over a million copies). It is derived from the 7SL RNA component of the SIGNAL RECOGNITION PARTICLE and contains an RNA polymerase III promoter. Transposition of this element into coding and regulatory regions of genes is responsible for many heritable diseases.

The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of algae.

Genes whose nucleotide sequences overlap to some degree. The overlapped sequences may involve structural or regulatory genes of eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells.

Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of MAMMALS.

Retroviruses that have integrated into the germline (PROVIRUSES) that have lost infectious capability but retained the capability to transpose.

An analysis comparing the allele frequencies of all available (or a whole GENOME representative set of) polymorphic markers in unrelated patients with a specific symptom or disease condition, and those of healthy controls to identify markers associated with a specific disease or condition.

The process of pictorial communication, between human and computers, in which the computer input and output have the form of charts, drawings, or other appropriate pictorial representation.

A family of BACTERIOPHAGES and ARCHAEAL VIRUSES which are characterized by long, non-contractile tails.

Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction using S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE as the methyl group donor.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Contiguous large-scale (1000-400,000 basepairs) differences in the genomic DNA between individuals, due to SEQUENCE DELETION; SEQUENCE INSERTION; or SEQUENCE INVERSION.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ETH1 gene, an inducible homolog of exonuclease III that provides resistance to DNA-damaging agents and limits spontaneous mutagenesis. (1/8283)

The recently sequenced Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome was searched for a gene with homology to the gene encoding the major human AP endonuclease, a component of the highly conserved DNA base excision repair pathway. An open reading frame was found to encode a putative protein (34% identical to the Schizosaccharomyces pombe eth1(+) [open reading frame SPBC3D6.10] gene product) with a 347-residue segment homologous to the exonuclease III family of AP endonucleases. Synthesis of mRNA from ETH1 in wild-type cells was induced sixfold relative to that in untreated cells after exposure to the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). To investigate the function of ETH1, deletions of the open reading frame were made in a wild-type strain and a strain deficient in the known yeast AP endonuclease encoded by APN1. eth1 strains were not more sensitive to killing by MMS, hydrogen peroxide, or phleomycin D1, whereas apn1 strains were approximately 3-fold more sensitive to MMS and approximately 10-fold more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide than was the wild type. Double-mutant strains (apn1 eth1) were approximately 15-fold more sensitive to MMS and approximately 2- to 3-fold more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide and phleomycin D1 than were apn1 strains. Elimination of ETH1 in apn1 strains also increased spontaneous mutation rates 9- or 31-fold compared to the wild type as determined by reversion to adenine or lysine prototrophy, respectively. Transformation of apn1 eth1 cells with an expression vector containing ETH1 reversed the hypersensitivity to MMS and limited the rate of spontaneous mutagenesis. Expression of ETH1 in a dut-1 xthA3 Escherichia coli strain demonstrated that the gene product functionally complements the missing AP endonuclease activity. Thus, in apn1 cells where the major AP endonuclease activity is missing, ETH1 offers an alternate capacity for repair of spontaneous or induced damage to DNA that is normally repaired by Apn1 protein. (+info)

hnRNP C and polypyrimidine tract-binding protein specifically interact with the pyrimidine-rich region within the 3'NTR of the HCV RNA genome. (2/8283)

Like other members of the Flaviviridae family, the 3' non-translated region (NTR) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is believed to function in the initiation and regulation of viral RNA replication by interacting with components of the viral replicase complex. To inves-tigate the possibility that host components may also participate in this process, we used UV cross-linking assays to determine if any cellular proteins could bind specifically to the 3'NTR RNA. We demonstrate the specific interaction of two host proteins with the extensive pyrimidine-rich region within the HCV 3'NTR. One host protein migrates as a doublet with a molecular weight of 57 kDa and is immunoreactive with antisera specific for polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB), and the other protein (35 kDa) is recognized by a monoclonal antibody specific for heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (hnRNP C). These results suggest that recognition of the large pyrimidine-rich region by PTB and hnRNP C may play a role in the initiation and/or regulation of HCV RNA replication. (+info)

Comparison of synonymous codon distribution patterns of bacteriophage and host genomes. (3/8283)

Synonymous codon usage patterns of bacteriophage and host genomes were compared. Two indexes, G + C base composition of a gene (fgc) and fraction of translationally optimal codons of the gene (fop), were used in the comparison. Synonymous codon usage data of all the coding sequences on a genome are represented as a cloud of points in the plane of fop vs. fgc. The Escherichia coli coding sequences appear to exhibit two phases, "rising" and "flat" phases. Genes that are essential for survival and are thought to be native are located in the flat phase, while foreign-type genes from prophages and transposons are found in the rising phase with a slope of nearly unity in the fgc vs. fop plot. Synonymous codon distribution patterns of genes from temperate phages P4, P2, N15 and lambda are similar to the pattern of E. coli rising phase genes. In contrast, genes from the virulent phage T7 or T4, for which a phage-encoded DNA polymerase is identified, fall in a linear curve with a slope of nearly zero in the fop vs. fgc plane. These results may suggest that the G + C contents for T7, T4 and E. coli flat phase genes are subject to the directional mutation pressure and are determined by the DNA polymerase used in the replication. There is significant variation in the fop values of the phage genes, suggesting an adjustment to gene expression level. Similar analyses of codon distribution patterns were carried out for Haemophilus influenzae, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their phages with complete genomic sequences available. (+info)

Complete genomic sequence of the lytic bacteriophage DT1 of Streptococcus thermophilus. (4/8283)

Streptococcus thermophilus lytic bacteriophage DT1, isolated from a mozzarella whey, was characterized at the microbiological and molecular levels. Phage DT1 had an isometric head of 60 nm and a noncontractile tail of 260 x 8 nm, two major structural proteins of 26 and 32 kDa, and a linear double-stranded DNA genome with cohesive ends at its extremities. The host range of phage DT1 was limited to 5 of the 21 S. thermophilus strains tested. Using S. thermophilus SMQ-301 as a host, phage DT1 had a burst size of 276 +/- 36 and a latent period of 25 min. The genome of phage DT1 contained 34,820 bp with a GC content of 39.1%. Forty-six open reading frames (ORFs) of more than 40 codons were found and putative functions were assigned to 20 ORFs, mostly in the late region of phage DT1. Comparative genomic analysis of DT1 with the completely sequenced S. thermophilus temperate phage O1205 revealed two large homologous regions interspersed by two heterologous segments. The homologous regions consisted of the early replication genes, the late morphogenesis genes, and the lysis cassette. The divergent segments contained the DNA packaging machinery, the major structural proteins, and remnants of a lysogeny module. (+info)

Interferon-induced human MxA GTPase blocks nuclear import of Thogoto virus nucleocapsids. (5/8283)

Interferon-induced human MxA protein belongs to the dynamin superfamily of large GTPases. It exhibits antiviral activity against a variety of RNA viruses, including Thogoto virus, an influenza virus-like orthomyxovirus transmitted by ticks. Here, we report that MxA blocks the transport of Thogoto virus nucleocapsids into the nucleus, thereby preventing transcription of the viral genome. This interaction can be abolished by a mAb that neutralizes the antiviral activity of MxA. Our results reveal an antiviral mechanism whereby an interferon-induced protein traps the incoming virus and interferes with proper transport of the viral genome to its ultimate target compartment within the infected cell. (+info)

Evolutionary relationships among diverse bacteriophages and prophages: all the world's a phage. (6/8283)

We report DNA and predicted protein sequence similarities, implying homology, among genes of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) bacteriophages and prophages spanning a broad phylogenetic range of host bacteria. The sequence matches reported here establish genetic connections, not always direct, among the lambdoid phages of Escherichia coli, phage phiC31 of Streptomyces, phages of Mycobacterium, a previously unrecognized cryptic prophage, phiflu, in the Haemophilus influenzae genome, and two small prophage-like elements, phiRv1 and phiRv2, in the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The results imply that these phage genes, and very possibly all of the dsDNA tailed phages, share common ancestry. We propose a model for the genetic structure and dynamics of the global phage population in which all dsDNA phage genomes are mosaics with access, by horizontal exchange, to a large common genetic pool but in which access to the gene pool is not uniform for all phage. (+info)

Expression of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein in tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) deficient in the production of its native coat protein supports long-distance movement of a chimeric TMV. (7/8283)

Alfalfa mosaic virus (AlMV) coat protein is involved in systemic infection of host plants, and a specific mutation in this gene prevents the virus from moving into the upper uninoculated leaves. The coat protein also is required for different viral functions during early and late infection. To study the role of the coat protein in long-distance movement of AlMV independent of other vital functions during virus infection, we cloned the gene encoding the coat protein of AlMV into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-based vector Av. This vector is deficient in long-distance movement and is limited to locally inoculated leaves because of the lack of native TMV coat protein. Expression of AlMV coat protein, directed by the subgenomic promoter of TMV coat protein in Av, supported systemic infection with the chimeric virus in Nicotiana benthamiana, Nicotiana tabacum MD609, and Spinacia oleracea. The host range of TMV was extended to include spinach as a permissive host. Here we report the alteration of a host range by incorporating genetic determinants from another virus. (+info)

Sequence heterogeneity within three different regions of the hepatitis G virus genome. (8/8283)

Two sets of primers derived from the 5'-terminal region and the NS5 region of the hepatitis G virus (HGV) genome were used to amplify PCR fragments from serum specimens obtained from different parts of the world. All PCR fragments from the 5'-terminal region (5'-PCR, n = 56) and from the NS5 region (NS5-PCR, n = 85) were sequenced and compared to corresponding published HGV sequences. The range of nucleotide sequence similarity varied from 74 and 78% to 100% for 5'-PCR and NS5-PCR fragments, respectively. Additionally, five overlapping PCR fragments comprising an approximately 2.0-kb structural region of the HGV genome were sequenced from each of five sera obtained from three United States residents. These sequences were compared to 20 published sequences comprising the same region of the HGV genome. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences obtained from different individuals were homologous from 82.9 to 93. 6% and from 90.4 to 99.0%, respectively. Sequences obtained from follow-up specimens were almost identical. Comparative analysis of deduced amino acid sequences of the HGV structural proteins and hepatitis C virus (HCV) structural proteins combined with an analysis of predicted secondary structures and hydrophobic profiles allowed prediction of processing sites within the HGV structural proteins. A phylogenetic sequence analysis performed on the 2.0-kb structural region supports the existence of three previously identified HGV genetic groups. However, phylogenetic analysis performed on only small DNA fragments yielded inconsistent genetic grouping and failed to confirm the existence of genetic groups. Thus, in contrast to HCV where almost any region can be used for genotyping, only large or carefully selected genome fragments can be used to identify consistent HGV genetic groups. (+info)

LAT manages this suppression of the viral genome through miRNAs that block viral transcription factors such as ICP0 and ICP4 ... One epigenetic mechanism employed in the control of latency for CMV is heterochromatization of the viral genome. Studies have ... Cameron, Craig E.; Gotte, Matthias; Raney, Kevin (2009-05-28). Viral Genome Replication. Springer Science & Business Media. ... These miRNAs also change the methylation of the histones in the viral genome. In the latent phase there is a lot of H3K9 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_of_human_herpesvirus_latency

Their viral genome will integrate with host DNA and replicate along with it, relatively harmlessly, or may even become ... The largest bacteriophage genomes reach a size of 735 kb. Bacteriophage genomes can be highly mosaic, i.e. the genome of many ... Black LW, Thomas JA (2012). "Condensed genome structure". Viral Molecular Machines. Advances in Experimental Medicine and ... of the viral genome of bacteriophage MS2. Some dsDNA bacteriophages encode ribosomal proteins, which are thought to modulate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage

Viral DNA are an example of extrachromosomal DNA. Understanding viral genomes is very important for understanding the evolution ... Some viruses, such as HIV and oncogenic viruses, incorporate their own DNA into the genome of the host cell. Viral genomes can ... viral dsRNA by TLR3, viral ssRNA by TLR7/TLR8, viral or bacterial unmethylated DNA by TLR9. TLR9 has evolved to detect CpG DNA ... The recognition of viral DNA is an important part of immune responses. For this virus to persist, the circular genome must be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNA

... genomes are linear, around 11.1 kb in length. The genome codes for 5 proteins. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. ... The virus exits the host cell by budding, and tubule-guided viral movement. Fish serve as the natural host. "Viral Zone". ... Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral G glycoproteins to host receptors, which mediates clathrin- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhabdovirus

The genome codes for 8 proteins. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by virus attaches to ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 13 August 2015. ICTV Report: Paramyxoviridae Viralzone: Ferlavirus (Articles with short ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferlavirus

Genomes are circular, around 3.2kb in length. The genome codes for 7 proteins. Viral replication is nucleo-cytoplasmic. ... ". "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 12 June 2015. Guo, Haitao; Mason, William (2005). "Identification and Characterization of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avihepadnavirus

Some viral families, such as the Bromoviridae instead opt to have multipartite genomes, genomes split between multiple viral ... In the presence of the viral genome, the discs are stacked, then a tube is created with room for the nucleic acid genome in the ... The structure of a virus is given by its coat of proteins, which surround the viral genome. Assembly of viral particles takes ... The resulting capped leader RNA is used to prime transcription on the viral genome. However some plant viruses do not use cap, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_virus

The genome codes for 12 proteins. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into ... Genomes are linear and segmented, segments are around 1162 to 3849 base pairs (total size around 26 kb). ... The virus exits the host cell by monopartite non-tubule guided viral movement. The virus is transmitted via a vector (delphacid ... The genus has two species: Echinochloa ragged stunt virus Rice ragged stunt virus "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryzavirus

The genome codes for 30 proteins. Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 12 June 2015. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ... Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 30kb in length. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atadenovirus

Genomes are linear, around 7.5kb in length. The genome codes for 6 proteins. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the ... The virus exits the host cell by tripartite non-tubule guided viral movement. Citrus trees serve as the natural host with ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarivirus

The genome codes for 90 proteins. Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral ... ". "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ... Genomes are circular, around 82-86kb in length. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammabaculovirus

Genomes are linear, around 9kb in length. The genome codes for 6 proteins. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the ... The virus exits the host cell by tripartite non-tubule guided viral movement. Shallot, onion, and garlic serve as the natural ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allexivirus

The genome has three double stranded RNA segments. All have extended highly conserved terminal sequences at both ends. Viral ... Genomes are linear double-stranded RNA which is around 12.5 kbp in length. The genome codes for four proteins. ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphachrysovirus

Genomes are linear, around 135kb in length. The genome codes for 126 proteins. Viral replication is nucleo-cytoplasmic. Entry ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. Willis, Dawn B. (1990). "Taxonomy of Iridoviruses". In Gholamreza, Darai (ed.). ... into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral proteins to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloriridovirus

... to show both complete and deleted versions of viral genomes in leukemic cells. Her work on these viral partial and complete ... She and her team have built a global HIV database of more than 840,000 sequences from publications of the viral genome. In ... "COVID-19 Viral Genome Analysis Pipeline". cov.lanl.gov. Retrieved 2021-09-28. Vartabedian, Ralph (2 July 2020). "The ... Her strategies can examine millions of global genomes stored by GISAID, and it flags mutations that vary from the original ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Korber

Genomes are circular, around 3.2kb in length. The genome codes for 7 proteins. Viral replication is nucleo-cytoplasmic. ... ". "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthohepadnavirus

Genomes are circular. The genome codes for 8 proteins. Viral replication is nuclear/cytoplasmic. Replication follows the dsDNA( ... The virus exits the host cell by nuclear pore export, and tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. The ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soymovirus

Genomes are linear and segmented, around 2.7-3kb in length. The genome codes for 5 proteins. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. ... Chronic infection in adults, and acute viral disease in young salmonid fish can occur. The genus contains the following species ... ". "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquabirnavirus

Genomes are circular and non-segmented. The genome codes for 5 proteins. Viral replication is nuclear/cytoplasmic. Replication ... The virus exits the host cell by nuclear pore export, and tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. The ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavemovirus

Genomes are linear, around 16-17kb in length. The genome codes for 10 proteins. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into ... The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are ... ". "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 13 August 2015. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarivirus

Genomes are linear, around 33kb in length. The genome codes for 45 proteins. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 1 July 2015. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peduovirinae

Genomes are linear and segmented, around 15.3.2-3.5kb in length. The genome codes for 5 proteins. Viral replication is ... ". "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomobirnavirus

Genomes are linear, around 20kb in length. The genome codes for 40 proteins. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammalipothrixvirus

Genome replication is bidirectional.[citation needed] Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by ... By weight, the genome constitutes ~50% of the viron. The genome encodes 9 structural proteins, an adenylated transferase B type ... The maximum length is ~17 nm.[citation needed] The double stranded DNA genome is linear, around 40-42kb in length, and encodes ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 1 July 2015. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podoviridae

Genomes are linear, around 6.5kb in length. The genome codes for 3 proteins. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 13 August 2015. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepovirus

Genomes are linear, around 7.5-8.0kb in length. The genome codes for 3 proteins. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into ... The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement. Plants, pome fruits, citrus, and pear serve as the natural host ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ... Viral plant pathogens and diseases, Virus genera). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichovirus

Genomes are linear and segmented, around 15.8kb in length. The genome codes for 11 proteins. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 13 August 2015. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ... The virus exits the host cell by monopartite non-tubule guided viral movement. Marine photosynthetic protists serve as the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimoreovirus

The genome codes for 40 proteins. Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral ... Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 35-36kb in length and have a guanine/cytosine content of 53-59%. ... Diagnosis of aviadenovirus is by histopathology, electron microscopy, viral isolation, ELISA and PCR. In addition, virus ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 12 June 2015. Avian Adenoviruses, reviewed and published by WikiVet at http://en.wikivet.net/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_adenovirus

... genomes are linear, around 15kb in length. The genome codes for 8 proteins. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. ICTV Report: Paramyxoviridae Viralzone: Respirovirus (Articles with short ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirovirus

Genomes are linear and segmented, around 2.1kb in length. The genome codes for 2 proteins. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. ... ". "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 13 August 2015. ICTV Online Report Partitiviridae Viralzone: Cryspovirus (Articles with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryspovirus

"CDC issues travel advisory for 14 countries with alarming viral outbreaks]". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Archived from the ... "Novel genetic loci underlying human intracranial volume identified through genome-wide association". Nature Neuroscience. 19 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcephaly

Jactive modules integrate PPI network and gene expression data where as MoBaS integrate PPI network and Genome Wide association ... "Amber Suppression Technology for Mapping Site-specific Viral-host Protein Interactions in Mammalian Cells". Bio-protocol. 12 ... "Detecting Protein Function and Protein-Protein Interactions from Genome Sequences". Science. 285 (5428): 751-753. CiteSeerX ... potentially interacting proteins can be identified by determining the presence or absence of genes across many genomes and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–protein_interaction

"KEGG Organisms: Complete Genomes". Genome.jp. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012.. ... Viral quasispeciesEdit. Main article: Viral quasispecies. Viruses have enormous populations, are doubtfully living since they ... "Genome Biology and Evolution. 9 (3): 502-503. doi:10.1093/gbe/evx045. PMC 5381533. PMID 28391326.. ... "Genome Biology and Evolution. 9 (3): 491-501. doi:10.1093/gbe/evx026. PMC 5381558. PMID 28186559.. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species

... possibly of viral origin) and two whole genome duplications.[31] Though the molecules of the AIS are well-conserved, they are ... International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (October 2004). "Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome". ... Also, viral fusion proteins cause the formation of the placental syncytium[23] to limit exchange of migratory cells between the ... Most viral vaccines are based on live attenuated viruses, whereas many bacterial vaccines are based on acellular components of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system

Viral Zone *^ Complete Genome Sequence of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Strain A104 Isolated from a Yellow-Necked Mouse ( ...

https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBE_virus

"Molecular cloning of poliovirus cDNA and determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the viral genome". Proc. Natl. ... "Poliovirus cell entry: common structural themes in viral cell entry pathways". Annu Rev Microbiol 56: 677-702. doi:10.1146/ ...

https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/போலியோ_வைரஸ்

Human ACE2 genome location and ACE2 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. ... "In Ennaji MM (ed.). Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens: Fundamental and Basic Virology Aspects of Human, Animal and Plant ... The binding of the SARS-CoV-2 virus through mACE2 receptors present in heart tissue may be responsible for direct viral injury ... The expression level of ACE2 at the cell surface is another critical factor affecting viral susceptibility and probably plays a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin_converting_enzyme_2

Monto AS (1984). "Coronaviruses". In Evans AS (ed.). Viral infections of humans. Viral infections of humans: epidemiology and ... They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense RNA genome.[7] The genome size of coronaviruses is about 26 to 32 kilobases,[8 ... The viral envelope is made up of a lipid bilayer in which the membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) structural proteins are ... enveloped = has viral envelopes covering their protective protein capsids; positive sense = the RNA sequence may be directly ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus

പഠനത്തിനായി തെരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത എച്ച് ഐ വി ബാധിതരായ 5400 പേരിൽ നടത്തിയ പരീക്ഷണത്തിലൂടെ എയ്ഡ്സിനെതിരായ പ്രതിരോധ വാക്സിൻ കണ്ടെത്താനുള്ള അവസാനവട്ട പഠന ഗവേഷണ പ്രവർത്തനങ്ങൾ ദക്ഷിണാഫ്രിക്കയിൽ പുരോഗമിച്ചുവരുന്നു. ശ്രമം വിജയകരമായാൽ എയ്ഡ്സിനെ ഭൂമുഖത്ത് നിന്ന് തുരത്താനാകുമെന്നാണ് ഗവേഷകരുടെ അവകാശവാദം. HVTN 702 എന്ന് നാമകരണം ചെയ്തിരിക്കുന്ന പഠന ഗവേഷണ പ്രവർത്തനങ്ങൾ അവസാന ഘട്ടത്തിലാണ്. ...

https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/എച്ച്.ഐ.വി._വാക്സിൻ

Helga Rübsamen-Waigmann ... [et al.] (编). Viral Infections and Treatment.. Hoboken: Informa Healthcare. 2003: 111 [2012-09-14] ... Sequencing and Analyses of All Known Human Rhinovirus Genomes Reveals Structure and Evolution. Science. 2009, 324 (5923): 55-9 ... Fendrick AM, Monto AS, Nightengale B, Sarnes M. The economic burden of non-influenza-related viral respiratory tract infection ...

https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/普通感冒

... els registres de seqüències de genomes es poden agrupar en grups de genomes idèntics que contenen tots el mateix conjunt de ... Per al SARS-CoV-2, més de 330.000 seqüències genòmiques virals han estat generades per estudis d'epidemiologia molecular a tot ... Variant analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes». Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 98, 7, juny 2020, pàg. 495-504. DOI: ... cov-lineages/pangolin: Software package for assigning SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences to global lineages». Github. ...

https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variant_501.V2

Antibiotics have no effect against viral infections and thus have no effect against the common cold.[45] Antibiotics are often ... Researchers from the University of Maryland, College Park and the University of Wisconsin-Madison have mapped the genome for ... Isolation of the actual viral agent involved is rarely performed.[32] It is generally not possible to identify the specific ... "The economic burden of non-influenza-related viral respiratory tract infection in the United States". Arch. Intern. Med. 163 ...

https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_

"Genome Variation in Cryptococcus gattii, an Emerging Pathogen of Immunocompetent Hosts". mBio. American Society for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptococcosis

Genome-wide distribution of DNA repair in human somatic cellsEdit. Differential activity of DNA repair pathways across various ... leading to replicational and transcriptional errors needed for neoplasia or may trigger viral interactions) leading to pre- ... Fry RC, Begley TJ, Samson LD (2004). "Genome-wide responses to DNA-damaging agents". Annual Review of Microbiology. 59: 357-77 ... There are "backup" NHEJ pathways in higher eukaryotes.[30] Besides its role as a genome caretaker, NHEJ is required for joining ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair

"The Human Genome Project Timeline"। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৩ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০০৬।. *↑ Avery, OT; MacLeod, CM; McCarty, M (১৯৪৪)। "Studies ... "Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage"। The Journal of General Physiology। 36 (1 ...

https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/জিন

Organellar genomes[edit]. Plastomes and mitogenomes[edit]. The human mitochondrial genome has retained genes encoding 2 rRNAs ( ... Viral eukaryogenesis, hypothesis that the cell nucleus originated from endosymbiosis. References[edit]. .mw-parser-output . ... Genome comparisons suggest a close relationship between plastids and cyanobacteria.[64]. *Many genes in the genomes of ... genome encoding thousands of proteins.[23] Plastids and mitochondria exhibit a dramatic reduction in genome size when compared ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiogenesis

"Genome Research. 19 (5): 826-837. doi:10.1101/gr.087577.108. PMC 2675971. PMID 19307593.. ... or viral causes.[93] The incidence worldwide is less than 1%.[94] Individuals affected by vitiligo sometimes suffer ... Two subsequent genome-wide association studies found no significant correlation between these genes and skin color, and suggest ... "Genome-Wide Association Studies of Quantitatively Measured Skin, Hair, and Eye Pigmentation in Four European Populations" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_tone

"Engineering the transmissible gastroenteritis virus genome as an expression vector inducing lactogenic immunity". Journal of ... acute viral nasopharyngitis/. viral pneumonia. DNA virus. *Epstein-Barr virus *EBV infection/Infectious mononucleosis ...

https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/കൊറോണ_വൈറസ്

The genomes of RNA viruses are based on RNA rather than DNA. The RNA viral genome can be double-stranded (as in DNA) or single- ... Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA. Mutations result from errors during DNA or viral replication, mitosis, or meiosis or ... In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal ... "Genome Research. 19 (10): 1693-5. doi:10.1101/gr.098376.109. PMC 2765273. PMID 19797681.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_mutation

Of FIV's genome, Pol is the most conserved across FIV strains along with gag. On the contrary, env, vif, orfa, and rev are the ... This interaction causes the viral and cellular membranes to fuse, allowing the transfer of the viral RNA into the cytoplasm, ... The FIV virus genome is diploid. It consists of two identical single-strands of RNA in each case about 9400 nucleotides ... The viral envelope also has surface projections that are small, 8 nm, and evenly cover the surface.[9] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIV

"Expression of biologically active viral satellite RNA from the nuclear genome of transformed plants". Nature. 321 (6068): 446. ... "Maternal siRNAs as regulators of parental genome imbalance and gene expression in endosperm of Arabidopsis seeds". Proceedings ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baulcombe

... elevated IgM indicates viral hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis, while IgG is elevated in viral hepatitis, autoimmune ... Other methods have assumed the existence of similar proteins,[122] a known genome sequence,[123] or combined top-down and ... Multiple copies of the V, D and J gene segments exist, and are tandemly arranged in the genomes of mammals. In the bone marrow ... Humans and higher primates also produce "natural antibodies" that are present in serum before viral infection. Natural ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

Evidence of transmission of hepatitis D virus to spouses from sequence analysis of the viral genome. Hepatology. 1995, 22 (6): ... 肝炎病毒（英语：Viral hepatitis）（B型肝炎病毒）－喠液，陰部分泌物（註：A型肝炎及E型肝炎是透過糞口途徑傳播，C型肝炎很少由性行為傳染[45]D型肝炎只會傳染有B型肝炎的人，傳播途徑不明，但可能也可以透過性行為傳染[46][47][48] ... Oral sex and the transmission of non-viral STIs (PDF). Sex Transm in. 1998, 74 (1): 95-100 [2015-

https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/性傳染病

... due to the viral vector inserting the CAR gene into a tumor suppressor or oncogene in the host T cell's genome. Some retroviral ... CRISPR/Cas9 has recently been used instead of retroviral vectors to integrate the CAR gene into specific sites in the genome.[ ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimeric_antigen_receptor_T_cell

Viruses with a DNA genome, except for the DNA reverse transcribing viruses, are members of three of the four recognized viral ... See also: Viral quasispecies. Species definitionEdit. Species form the basis for any biological classification system. Before ... Viral classification starts at the level of realm and continues as follows, with the taxonomic suffixes in parentheses:[8] ... All viruses that have an RNA genome, and that encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), are members of the kingdom ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_species

Edwards RA, Rohwer F (June 2005). "Viral metagenomics". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 3 (6): 504-10. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1163. ... By comparing the genomes of modern organisms (in the domains Bacteria and Archaea), it is possible to infer the existence and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms

Gilbert F (1998). "Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Chromosome 17". Genet Test. 2 (4): 357-81. ... ERBB2 loca leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2, neuro/glioblastoma derived oncogene homolog (avian) ...

https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosomang_17_

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_classification

Ang klasipikasyon ng mga virus, mga viroid, mga prion at lahat ng iba pang mga sub-viral na ahente na nagpapakita ng mga ... Ang hanay ng mga kromosoma sa isang sihay o ibang mga lokasyon ay sama samang tinatawag na genome. Sa mga eukaryote, ang ... ang mga genome ng mga organismo ay malaking nagbabago na nagreresulta sa phenomenon ng ebolusyon. Ang pagpili ng mga ... Ang impormasyong henetiko sa isang genome ay nasa loob ng mga gene at ang kumpletong pagbuo ng impormasyong ito sa isang ...

https://tl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolohiya

This classification does not correlate well with phylogenies built from other parts of the viral genome, such as the NS1 ... The genome is about 5000 nucleotides long.[25] CPV2 continues to evolve, and the success of new strains seems to depend on ... Myofibers are the site of viral replication within cells.[5] The disease may or may not be accompanied with the signs and ... Even less frequently, the disease may also lead to a generalized infection in neonates and cause lesions and viral replication ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_parvovirus

JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Genome%2C+Viral&type=mesh

These alleged ancient viral sequences are thought to have entered the genome via viral infection, initially served no purpose ... over the past 100 million years of mammalian evolution-with their viral-like DNA proliferating across creatures genomes.1 ... the great ongoing myths of evolution is that the genomes of animals and humans are littered with vast amounts of genomic viral ... So, where do viruses come from that essentially share the same sequences as those found in their host genomes? Perhaps the ...

https://www.icr.org/article/8661

Genes QTLs Strains Markers Genome Information Ontologies Cell Lines References Download Submit Data ... OntoMate (Literature Search) JBrowse (Genome Browser) Synteny Browser (VCMap) (beta) Variant Visualizer Multi-Ontology ...

https://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/ontology/annot.html?acc_id=HP:0006572

... including the use of viral CRISPR vectors for genome‐wide loss‐of‐function screens, multiplexed gene editing or disease ... As a result, over the past two years, four major classes of viral vectors have already been engineered and applied as CRISPR ... Once specificity and safety have been improved further, viral vector‐mediated in vitro/in vivo CRISPR delivery and expression ... throughput genome annotation and paved the way for conceptually novel therapeutic strategies. A large part of the attraction of ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/CRISPR-genome-engineering-and-viral-gene-delivery%3A-Schmidt-Grimm/b65545f73bc03031270ce062bdf04ec961fb58b4

... and metadata annotation standards for viral genomes. This report describes the issues involved in viral genome annotation and ... Yet, as viral genome sequences begin to fill the worlds biological databases, it is critically important to recognize that the ... Towards Viral Genome Annotation Standards, Report from the 2010 NCBI Annotation Workshop.. Viruses. 2010-10-13; 2.10: 2258-2268 ... With this in mind, the NCBI Genome Annotation Workshop recently hosted a study group tasked with developing sequence, function ...

https://www.jcvi.org/publications/towards-viral-genome-annotation-standards-report-2010-ncbi-annotation-workshop

... a reduced accumulation of viral defective genomes. These molecules are incomplete viral genome segments that activate the ... The appearance in 2009 of a new H1N1 pandemic influenza strain reinforced the search to identify viral pathogenicity ...

https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006650

Thus, the viral comparative genomic studies could benefit from more generic, fast and accurate tools for classifying and typing ... The classification and annotation of these genomes constitute important assets in the discovery of genomic variability, ... on whole genomes and pol fragments. The performance of CASTOR, its genericity and robustness could permit to perform novel and ... Advances in cloning and sequencing technology are yielding a massive number of viral genomes. ...

https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12859-017-1602-3/tables/3

Grouping of Hantaviruses by Small (S) Genome Segment Polymerase Chain Reaction and Amplification of Viral RNA from Wild-Caught ... Grouping of Hantaviruses by Small (S) Genome Segment Polymerase Chain Reaction and Amplification of Viral RNA from Wild-Caught ... A single pair of consensus primers in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified a conserved region of the small genome ...

https://www.ajtmh.org/abstract/journals/tpmd/47/2/article-p210.xml?rskey=w3lomm&result=1

Active viral genes in the human genome. Viruses insert their genomes into their hosts as a provirus. Today, there are about 30 ... Remnants of ancient viral pandemics in the form of viral DNA sequences embedded in our genomes are still active in healthy ... Comments Off on Humans are 8% viruses - how the ancient viral DNA in your genome plays a role in human disease and development ... Humans are 8% viruses - how the ancient viral DNA in your genome plays a role in human disease and development , Kiowa County ...

https://aidsprojectci.org/humans-are-8-viruses-how-the-ancient-viral-dna-in-your-genome-plays-a-role-in-human-disease-and-development-kiowa-county-press/

... genome editing systems have become one of the most robust platforms in basic biomedical research and therapeutic applications. ... Non-viral delivery systems for CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing: Challenges and opportunities Biomaterials. 2018 Jul;171:207- ... Alternative non-viral delivery systems for CRISPR/Cas9 are urgently needed. With the rapid development of non-viral vectors, ... or protein and then discuss the limitations and challenges of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing. Furthermore, current non-viral ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29704747/?dopt=Abstract

This limitation constrains viral genomic studies that depend on accurate identification of hemi-genome or whole genome, within- ... The present study aimed to assess the utility, accuracy and cost-effectiveness of nanopore sequencing for HCV genomes. We also ... High throughput characterization of full genome, within-host variants is still not possible despite advances in next generation ... Cost effective HCV whole genome sequencing and within-host variant identification without haplotype reconstruction are ...

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-021-07460-1/figures/5

... Author: Mengual-Chuliá, Beatriz Bedhomme, Stephanie Lafforgue, Guillaume ... Assessing parallel gene histories in viral genomes. Show full item record Mengual-Chuliá, B.; Bedhomme, S.; Lafforgue, G.; ... Assessing parallel gene histories in viral genomes. RiuNet: Institutional repository of the Polithecnic University of Valencia ... largely dissimilar in genome, evolutionary distance and biology. Our method pinpoints viral genes with common evolutionary ...

https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/80673

JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it ...

https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/73561

keywords = "efficient pipeline, multi-organ sequencing, viral genomes, genome analysis, parvovirus B19, JC polyomavirus, ... A hybrid pipeline for reconstruction and analysis of viral genomes at multi-organ level. In: GigaScience. 2020 ; Vol. 9, No. 8. ... A hybrid pipeline for reconstruction and analysis of viral genomes at multi-organ level. / Pratas, Diogo; Toppinen, Mari; ... A hybrid pipeline for reconstruction and analysis of viral genomes at multi-organ level. GigaScience. 2020 Aug;9(8):086. doi: ...

https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/en/publications/a-hybrid-pipeline-for-reconstruction-and-analysis-of-viral-genome

Viral Epidemiology Branch. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics. National Cancer Institute. National Institutes of ... Department of Genome Sciences. University of Washington. Seattle, Washington. DAVID L. EATON, Ph.D. Department of Environmental ... Department of Genome Sciences and Medicine. University of Washington. Seattle, Washington. MARGARET GALLAGHER, Ph.D Division of ... Human Genome Epidemiology: A Scientific Foundation for Using Genetic Information to Improve Health and Prevent Disease. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/resources/books/huge/contributors.htm

Structures of influenza A virus RNA polymerase offer insight into viral genome replication ... Structures of influenza A virus RNA polymerase offer insight into viral genome replication ...

https://www.well.ox.ac.uk/publications/1039322

Viral RNA Extraction, Full-Genome Sequencing, and Sequence Analysis. We extracted viral RNA by using the QIAamp Viral RNA Kit ( ... Viral RNA Extraction, Full-Genome Sequencing, and Sequence Analysis Evolutionary Analysis Cite This Article ... Hong M, Na W, Yeom M, Park N, Moon H, Kang B-K, et al. Complete genome sequences of H3N2 canine influenza virus with the matrix ... and segments from incomplete genomes and intersubtype reassortant viruses. For concatenated full-genome phylogenies (Figure 4, ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/12/17-0246

The maturation protein is responsible for attaching the virus to an F-pilus and delivering the viral genome into the host ... We traced approximately 80% of the backbone of the viral genome, built atomic models for 16 RNA stem-loops, and identified ... This atomic description of genome-capsid interactions in a spherical ssRNA virus provides insight into genome delivery via the ... of the backbone of the viral genome, identifying regions that react with the maturation protein and providing insights into the ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature20589?error=cookies_not_supported&code=9db592fd-261e-4c16-8ffc-ebf9ee7c4592

Cryo-electron microscopy reveals detailed blueprint of viral genome replication machinery 13 days ago - By News Medical ...

http://www.masterdoctor.net/news/cryo-electron-microscopy-reveals-detailed-blueprint-of-viral-genome-replication-machinery.n/?channel=

Enrichment methods and PCR preamplification generated greater sequence depth and were more effective for samples with low viral ... NGS provided a rapid, inexpensive method for generating whole HCV genomes to define infecting genotypes, RAVs, comprehensive ... and other coinfections were compared using a panel of samples with different viral loads, genotypes, and mixed HCV genotypes/ ... subtypes [geno(sub)types]. Each NGS method generated near-complete genome sequences from more than 90% of samples. ...

https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/publications/655287

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain ... ecotropic viral integration site 2Bprovided by HGNC. Primary source. HGNC:HGNC:3500 See related. Ensembl:ENSG00000185862 MIM: ... RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: Homo sapiens Annotation Release 110 details.... The following sections contain reference ... Knockdown of ecotropic viral integration site 2B (EVI2B) by siRNA enhances the early stages of HIV-1 replication in HeLa-CD4 ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2124

Hepatitis C viral genome. Courtesy of Hepatitis Resource Network. View Media Gallery ... Hepatitis C viral genome. Courtesy of Hepatitis Resource Network. View Media Gallery ... at both ends of the genome. The genome has approximately 9500 base pairs and encodes a single polyprotein of 3011 amino acids ... The HCV genome consists of a single, open reading frame and two untranslated, highly conserved regions, 5-UTR and 3-UTR, ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/177792-3830/what-are-the-racial-predilections-for-hepatitis-c-virus-hcv-infection

1/f correlations in viral genomes--a Fast-Fourier Transformation (FFT) Study. Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics. 2006 ... 1/f correlations in viral genomes--a Fast-Fourier Transformation (FFT) Study. ... This suggests the presence of long-range correlations in their genomes. The presence of 1/f noise in a given frequency interval ... We have studied the presence of long-range correlations in the complete genomes of ten different dsDNA viruses and ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/27599

Pieces (number of genome segments). 2 viral Infectivity. Sedimentation Coefficients(s). 30-31S;22-24 3 host RNAs in virion (12) ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Arbocat/VirusDetails.aspx?ID=274&SID=4

Genome, Viral [‎9]‎. Genomica [‎61]‎. Genotipo [‎6]‎. Genotoxinas [‎13]‎. Genotyping Techniques [‎2]‎. ...

https://apps.who.int:80/iris/browse?locale-attribute=pt&etal=-1&type=mesh&starts_with_previous=I&offset=3019&rpp=20&order=ASC&sort_by=-1

Hepatitis C viral genome. Courtesy of Hepatitis Resource Network. * Natural history of hepatitis C virus infection. ... J Viral Hepat. 2017 May. 24 (5):380-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text]. ... The increasing burden of mortality from viral hepatitis in the United States between 1999 and 2007. Ann Intern Med. 2012 Feb 21 ... Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance. Nature. 2009 Sep 17. 461(7262):399-401. [ ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177792-clinical

Viral strains. Eleven strains of HAdV-8 were isolated from sporadic cases of EKC in Japan (Table 1). Strains number 1, 2, and 3 ... genome types HAdV-8/D7 to HAdV-8/D10 were reported [12]. Following this nomenclature system, genome types HAdV-8/D11 and HAdV-8 ... previously known HAdV-8 genome types. This new pattern revealed a new genome type of HAdV-8 that we designated as HAdV-8K in ... with those of all previously known genome types of HAdV-8. One new genome type was discovered and designated as HAdV-8K. ...

http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v17/a336/index.html

On complete genome sequence analysis, the virus strain was found to belong to BVDV group 1b. ... used in certain laboratories worldwide is contaminated with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (ncpBVDV). ... Complete Genome Sequence of Noncytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 1 Contaminating a High-Passage RK-13 Cell Line ... "Complete Genome Sequence of Noncytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 1 Contaminating a High-Passage RK-13 Cell Line" (2015). ...

https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gerc_facpub/3/

... that a non-uniform distribution of InSi and dS occurs over the viral ORF highlighting regions of the viral genome with ... The phylogenetic analysis of the 5′-untranslated region (5UTR) of the GBV-C genome has led to the segregation of viral strains ... GB virus C (GBV-C) evolutionary patterns revealed by analyses of reference genomes, E2 and NS5B sequences amplified from viral ... GB virus C (GBV-C) evolutionary patterns revealed by analyses of reference genomes, E2 and NS5B sequences amplified from viral ...

https://ghtm.ihmt.unl.pt/publications/gb-virus-c-gbv-c-evolutionary-patterns-revealed-by-analyses-of-reference-genomes-e2-and-ns5b-sequences-amplified-from-viral-strains-circulating-in-the-lisbon-area-portugal/

They are also associated with lower reductions in viral load in the first week of therapy. Using in vitro short-term dose- ... We use pre-treatment whole-genome sequences of HCV from 507 patients infected with HCV subtype 3a and treated with sofosbuvir ... of polymorphisms in NS2 and NS3 proteins associated with poor treatment outcomes emphasises the value of systematic genome-wide ... containing regimens to detect viral polymorphisms associated with response to treatment. We find three common polymorphisms in ...

https://www.immunology.ox.ac.uk/publications/1206296

These alleged ancient viral sequences are thought to have entered the genome via viral infection, initially served no purpose in the host, and then later during evolution's long, slow changes were supposedly converted ("exapted") to various useful purposes-like aiding in the elaborate process of human reproduction. (icr.org)
1 These are called endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), and 8% of the human genome is populated by these sequences. (icr.org)
Using the comparative tools of evolutionary genetics, secular scientists compared the gene sequences of viruses to their counterparts in animal genomes and found that, at most, the variation in these sequences indicates they can be no more than 50,000 years old. (icr.org)
2 So, if these viral-like sequences are not millions of years old, then where did they come from? (icr.org)
Third, important functions are now being attributed to ERV sequences in mammalian genomes. (icr.org)
So, where do viruses come from that essentially share the same sequences as those found in their host genomes? (icr.org)
Yet, as viral genome sequences begin to fill the world's biological databases, it is critically important to recognize that the scientific promise of this era is dependent on consistent and comprehensive genome annotation. (jcvi.org)
Remnants of ancient viral pandemics in the form of viral DNA sequences embedded in our genomes are still active in healthy people, according to new research that my colleagues and I recently published. (aidsprojectci.org)
We searched for sequences that matched each HML-2 provirus in the genome and found 37 different HML-2 proviruses that were still active. (aidsprojectci.org)
We traced approximately 80% of the backbone of the viral genome, built atomic models for 16 RNA stem-loops, and identified three conserved motifs of RNA-coat protein interactions among 15 of these stem-loops with diverse sequences. (nature.com)
Each NGS method generated near-complete genome sequences from more than 90% of samples. (ox.ac.uk)
GB virus C (GBV-C) evolutionary patterns revealed by analyses of reference genomes, E2 and NS5B sequences amplified from viral strains circulating in the Lisbon area (Portugal). (unl.pt)
and finally (v) that genetic recombination clearly impacts the GBV-C evolution extensively, this being shown for both reference genomes and NS5B GBV-C sequences amplified from Portuguese residents. (unl.pt)
We use pre-treatment whole-genome sequences of HCV from 507 patients infected with HCV subtype 3a and treated with sofosbuvir containing regimens to detect viral polymorphisms associated with response to treatment. (ox.ac.uk)
Depletion of either the pol complex or the suite of insertion polymerases demonstrate that TLS polymerases suppress the frequency of viral genome rearrangements, particularly at GC-rich sites and repeat sequences. (arizona.edu)
This approach has been called " genomic epidemiology "-using pathogen genome sequences to detect emerging diseases, assess their potential virulence and resistance to antibiotics, and monitor their spread in populations. (cdc.gov)
With the aid of software that cross-referenced the gene pairs with their known sequences on the genome, they assembled a digital sculpture of the genome. (wired.com)
While each of these functions can be accomplished using existing tools, iVar contains an intersection of functionality from multiple tools that are required to call iSNVs and consensus sequences from viral sequencing data across multiple replicates. (github.com)
A bigger surprise came from analysis of the genetic sequences, which revealed that these genes made up a mere 1.5 per cent of the genome. (newscientist.com)
Current diagnostic PCR assays target a variety of SARS CoV-2 genes and the vast majority target sequences in regions of the SARS CoV-2 genome that are highly conserved. (who.int)
More than 7.5 million viral sequences have been uploaded to the global database GISAID , and scientists have sorted millions into tree diagrams tracking the virus's evolution. (technologyreview.com)
During past viral outbreaks, researchers rushed to patent genomic sequences of the viruses as they were discovered, leading to disputes and delays in research coordination. (typepad.com)
A novel family of repeat sequences in the mouse genome responsive to retinoic acid. (nih.gov)
Draft genome sequences of two Bison-type and two Sheep-type strains of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. (usda.gov)

One of the great ongoing myths of evolution is that the genomes of animals and humans are littered with vast amounts of genomic viral DNA fossils. (icr.org)
Viral genomic single-stranded RNA directs the pathway toward a T =3 capsid. (nature.com)
As viral genomic imprints in host genomes , endogenous viral elements (EVEs) shed light on the deep evolutionary history of viruses , ancestral host ranges , and ancient viral-host interactions . (bvsalud.org)
What genomic studies are CDC public health scientists doing-and which genomes are they writing about? (cdc.gov)
Genomes are found at all three corners of the epidemiologic triangle: human or animal hosts are engaged in genomic contests with pathogens of all kinds, played out in an environment teeming with the genomes of other people, animals, plants, and microbes. (cdc.gov)
L2 loop variants were introduced into both sub-genomic replicon and full-length infectious clones of HCV and viral replication was examined in the presence and absence of exogenous IFNλ4. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Viral genome-linked protein is covalently linked to the 5'-end of the positive-strand, negative-strand genomic RNAs and subgenomic RNA. (icr.ac.uk)
Those tiny spelling changes in the viral genome usually have no effect on how the virus causes disease, but they do serve as distinct genomic fingerprints. (nih.gov)
Based on the distinct genomic fingerprint carried by the 28 genomes, the researchers went on to discover that more than one-third of Boston area cases without any known link to the conference could indeed be traced back to the event. (nih.gov)

Improvements in DNA sequencing technologies portend a new era in virology and could possibly lead to a giant leap in our understanding of viral evolution and ecology. (jcvi.org)
ABSTRACT Affordable next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies for hepatitis C virus (HCV) may potentially identify both viral genotype and resistance genetic motifs in the era of directly acting antiviral (DAA) therapies. (ox.ac.uk)
We used whole-genome sequencing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients to identify genotypic clusters and assess the association between previous incarceration and TB transmission in the community. (cdc.gov)
But this wasn't easy to study: Sequencing the genome destroys its shape, and electron microscopes can barely penetrate its active surface. (wired.com)
Approaches include genome-wide genotyping and association analysis, exome/genome sequencing and transcriptomics. (epfl.ch)
andersen-lab/ivar: iVar is a computational package that contains functions broadly useful for viral amplicon-based sequencing. (github.com)
iVar is a computational package that contains functions broadly useful for viral amplicon-based sequencing. (github.com)
What are whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing? (medlineplus.gov)
Genome sequencing machines are essential to preventing viral outbreaks, but funding is key. (nautil.us)
With the growth of genome sequencing data, it is now possible predict with more certainty whether a given bacterial species has the genetic ability to create a new natural product. (illinois.edu)
Our Viral Genome Sequencing service is one of several specialized applications within our Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) service portfolio. (harvard.edu)
Data from COVID-19 case investigations, contact tracing, the Commonwealth's immunization registry and whole genome sequencing were collated and analysed as part of this study. (who.int)
Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. (akjournals.com)

We find most Y-family polymerases involved in the nucleotide insertion and bypass of lesions restrict HCMV genome synthesis and replication. (arizona.edu)
In contrast, other TLS polymerases, such as the polymerase complex, which extends past lesions, was required for optimal genome synthesis and replication. (arizona.edu)
Given the strong genetic association between these variants and IFNL4 , these data suggest a nuanced effect of each individual position on viral replication, the combined effect of which might mediate resistance to the effects of IFNλ4. (microbiologyresearch.org)
These agents interfere with HCV replication by inhibiting a key viral enzyme, NS3/4A serine protease. (medscape.com)
NS5A is integral for HCV RNA viral replication. (medscape.com)
Ledipasvir inhibits HCV NS5A protein, which is required for viral replication. (medscape.com)
Protein p48 may play a role in viral replication by interacting with host VAPA, a vesicle-associated membrane protein that plays a role in SNARE-mediated vesicle fusion. (icr.ac.uk)
Acts as a genome-linked replication primer. (icr.ac.uk)
RNA interference (RNAi) is a wide-spread gene silencing mechanism that control diverse biological functions and triggered by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) processed from the viral genome or its replication intermediates. (lsu.edu)
Thus, identification of host genes involved in viral genome replication will facilitate the development of antiviral drugs. (lsu.edu)
In this dissertation, I present how I designed and conducted genome-wide genetic screens to look for novel worm genes required for antiviral immunity and viral genome replication. (lsu.edu)
To look for worm genes required for Orsay virus genome replication I used a triple mutant that carries the FR1gfp replicon transgene as reporter for loss of viral genome replication. (lsu.edu)
The transgene-mediated viral genome replication also ensures that no false positive mutants will be picked up because of failure in virus genome replication initiation. (lsu.edu)
Most importantly, I found that most of these 12 candidate genes also play essential role in directing the genome replication of Orsay virus, which naturally infects C. elegans . (lsu.edu)
To my knowledge, this is the first work that has successfully led to the identification of critical worm factors required for viral genome replication. (lsu.edu)

This work adapted clinically relevant high-capacity adenoviral vectors devoid of all viral genes for the delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery using a single viral vector to enable fast transfer of the Cas9 gene and gRNA expression units into the HCAdV genome. (semanticscholar.org)
Indeed, genes within a genome have not all followed the same evolutionary path due to events such as incomplete lineage sorting, horizontal gene transfer, gene duplication and deletion, or recombination. (upv.es)
Our method pinpoints viral genes with common evolutionary patterns. (upv.es)
Among the assigned pA sites, twenty are for expression of individual single genes and the rest for multiple genes (average 2.7 genes per pA site) in cluster-gene loci of the genome. (prelekara.sk)
A few novel viral pA sites that could not be assigned to any known KSHV genes are often positioned in the antisense strand to ORF8, ORF21, ORF34, K8 and ORF50, and their associated antisense mRNAs to ORF21, ORF34 and K8 could be verified by 3′RACE. (prelekara.sk)
By studying the pairs, the researchers could tell which genes had been near each other in the original genome. (wired.com)
Because it often uses repurposed viruses to deliver therapeutic genes, gene therapy has been caught in a vicious cycle for nearly two decades owing to immune response, insertional mutagenesis, viral tropism, off-target activity, unwanted clinical outcomes (ranging from illness to death of participants in clinical trials), and patchy regulations (23, 28-31). (swfinstitute.org)
In this project I performed experimental evolution of a small RNA virus to asses the stability of changes in its genome architecture (relocation, duplication and insertion of foreign genes). (weebly.com)
In participating UK research institutions, investigators can publish open access in Genome Research, Genes & Development, RNA, and Learning & Memory without article publication charges and all staff can read the entire renowned Cold Spring Harbor journal collection. (cshlpress.org)

Even now, some of its proviruses in the human genome retain the ability to make viral proteins. (aidsprojectci.org)
Additionally, each tissue sample also contained genetic material from at least one provirus that could still produce viral proteins. (aidsprojectci.org)
The fact that thousands of pieces of ancient viruses still exist in the human genome and can even create proteins has attracted considerable attention from researchers, especially since related viruses still active today can cause cancer. (aidsprojectci.org)
The identification of polymorphisms in NS2 and NS3 proteins associated with poor treatment outcomes emphasises the value of systematic genome-wide analyses of viruses in uncovering clinically relevant polymorphisms that impact treatment. (ox.ac.uk)
Viruses take advantage of this system by delivering their own RNA to the Ribosomes and tricking into making viral proteins. (fieldofscience.com)
The viral proteins are then transferred onto nitrocellulose paper and reacted with the patient's serum. (cdc.gov)
Positive and negative control serum specimens are run simultaneously to allow identification of viral proteins. (cdc.gov)
Table 1 lists the major structural proteins coded for by the HIV genome. (cdc.gov)
Although the overall sensitivity and specificity of the Western blot for detection of antibodies to the various viral proteins are high, there has been substantial debate regarding the interpretive criteria. (cdc.gov)
The finding of polymorphisms in NS2 and NS3 proteins associated with poor treatment outcomes emphasises the value of more systematic genome-wide analyses of HCV in uncovering indirect but clinically relevant mechanisms of antiviral resistance. (ox.ac.uk)
The spike protein portion of the Coronavirus genome is introduced into the plant so that the plant's cellular machinery can synthesize multiple spike proteins, according to an article from February 2022 in Cellular and Molecular Immunology . (health.com)
May recruit ribosome to viral RNA thereby promoting viral proteins translation (By similarity). (icr.ac.uk)

According to evolutionary theory, viruses have repeatedly integrated themselves into the DNA of germline cells (those that produce eggs and sperm) over the past 100 million years of mammalian evolution-with their viral-like DNA proliferating across creatures' genomes. (icr.org)
Pandemics during evolution have led to the integration of viruses into our genome. (aidsprojectci.org)
Viruses insert their genomes into their hosts as a provirus. (aidsprojectci.org)
Scientists believe that these viruses once infect the population widely, as they have taken hold not only in the human genome, but also in the genome of chimpanzees, gorillas and other primates. (aidsprojectci.org)
This atomic description of genome-capsid interactions in a spherical ssRNA virus provides insight into genome delivery via the host sex pilus and mechanisms underlying ssRNA-capsid co-assembly, and inspires speculation about the links between nucleoprotein complexes and the origins of viruses. (nature.com)
We have studied the presence of long-range correlations in the complete genomes of ten different dsDNA viruses and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers' yeast) chromosome I. We have also studied the correlation between the distribution of the gene length and the domain of '1/f region' of their genomes. (who.int)
In this study, we conducted a comprehensive in silico screening of a large data set of available mammalian genomes for EVEs deriving from members of the viral family Flaviviridae , an important group of viruses including well-known human pathogens, such as Zika, dengue , or hepatitis C viruses . (bvsalud.org)
Viral DNA in human genomes, embedded there from ancient infections, serve as antivirals that protect human cells against certain present-day viruses, according to new research. (news-medical.net)
Remnants of ancient viruses in the human genome are active in healthy tissues as well as diseased ones, limiting their utility as disease biomarkers, according to a study by Aidan Burn at Tufts University in Boston, USA and colleagues, publishing October 18th in the open access journal PLOS Biology. (news-medical.net)
To answer these questions we need to deconstruct the origins of the human genome - a story more fantastic than anything we previously imagined, with viruses playing a bigger part than you might care to believe. (newscientist.com)
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that have long been considered to be small in terms of particle and genome size compared to cellular life forms. (weebly.com)
Giant viruses have blurred the classic definition of viruses, as their recent discovery eliminated the separation of cellular and viral genomes by size. (weebly.com)
Its genome is about 30 kb , which is one of the largest among RNA viruses. (wikizero.com)
Ari Helenius was the primary individual to show that some enveloped viruses fuse with the endosomes to ship their genome into the cytosol (Helenius et al. (achengula.com)
Mutation rate drives viral evolution and genome variability, thereby enabling viruses to escape host immunity and to develop drug resistance. (unicampus.it)
The initial focus of MacInnis, Sabeti, and their Broad colleagues has been on developing genome data and tools for surveillance of viruses and other infectious diseases in and viral outbreaks in West Africa, including Lassa fever and Ebola virus disease. (nih.gov)

The maturation protein is responsible for attaching the virus to an F-pilus and delivering the viral genome into the host during infection 8 , but how the genome is organized and delivered is not known. (nature.com)
Acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection becomes chronic in 70% of patients, which represents a high rate of chronicity for a viral infection. (medscape.com)
In this report, a genome landscape of pA sites of viral transcripts in B lymphocytes with Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection was constructed using a modified PA-seq strategy. (prelekara.sk)
A Viral Genome Landscape of RNA Polyadenylation from KSHV Latent to Lytic Infection. (prelekara.sk)
It's known that if we artificially introduce short synthetic RNA fragments into mammalian cells that match to viral RNA, the cells primed with this RNA can resist infection. (fieldofscience.com)
The viral S gene is important as it codes for the Spike protein which is the molecule that makes contact with, and allows entry of the virus into susceptible host cells, causing infection. (who.int)
To date, WHO has designated 4 SARS CoV-2 genotypes that meet the working definition of a VOC: i) contain mutations divergent from the Wuhan strain and ii) that the mutations impact one or more of the aspects of viral infection that have public health significance. (who.int)
For example, treatment of hepatitis C, a common viral infection and a cause of liver cirrhosis, with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin is complicated by hemolytic anemia induced by ribavirin. (cdc.gov)
Digging into Microbial Ecosystems Deep Underground JGI users and microbiome researchers at Colorado State University have many questions about the microbial communities deep underground, including the role viral infection may play in other natural ecosystems. (doe.gov)
Viral infection in primary antibody deficiency syndromes. (cdc.gov)
Yellow fever (YF) is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease caused by yellow fever virus infection and is identical to other viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) in characteristics, such as Dengue hemorrhagic fever, Lassa fever, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. (cusabio.com)
Viral Infection-Induced Differential Expression of LncRNAs Associated with Collagen in Mouse Placentas and Amniotic Sacs. (nih.gov)

Paola Rojas-Estévez: performed the phylogenetic múltiples países en el 2022. (bvsalud.org)

The adaptation of the CRISPR/Cas9 DNA engineering machinery for mammalian cells has revolutionized our approaches to low‐ or high‐throughput genome annotation and paved the way for conceptually novel therapeutic strategies. (semanticscholar.org)
Did you know there is an estimated 10^31 virus-like particles that exist on the Earth and they are present in the blood, nose, mouth, lung, vagina, gastrointestinal tract, conjunctiva, skin, and the mammalian genome? (swfinstitute.org)

We identified two novel pestivirus -like EVEs in the reference genome of the Indochinese shrew (Crocidura indochinensis). (bvsalud.org)
Reads were aligned against the MPXV reference genome using minimap2 v.2.24 and phylogenetic inference was performed using maximum likelihood estimation. (bvsalud.org)
SARS-CoV-2 reference genome was obtained from the GenBank database. (unicampus.it)
De novo assembly and annotation of the North American bison (Bison bison) reference genome and subsequent variant identification. (usda.gov)

With this in mind, the NCBI Genome Annotation Workshop recently hosted a study group tasked with developing sequence, function, and metadata annotation standards for viral genomes. (jcvi.org)
Metrics of sequence coverage and depth, quasispecies diversity, and detection of DAA resistance-associated variants (RAVs), mixed HCV genotypes, and other coinfections were compared using a panel of samples with different viral loads, genotypes, and mixed HCV genotypes/subtypes [geno(sub)types]. (ox.ac.uk)
Enrichment methods and PCR preamplification generated greater sequence depth and were more effective for samples with low viral loads. (ox.ac.uk)
Complete Genome Sequence of Noncytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus " by Bora Nam, Ganwu Li et al. (uky.edu)
On complete genome sequence analysis, the virus strain was found to belong to BVDV group 1b. (uky.edu)
and Balasuriya, Udeni B. R., "Complete Genome Sequence of Noncytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 1 Contaminating a High-Passage RK-13 Cell Line" (2015). (uky.edu)
The sequence of the human genome. (akjournals.com)
Complete genome sequence of four strains of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo isolated from cattle in the Central United States. (usda.gov)
Complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli Antibiotic-Resistance Isolate AR Bank #0346. (usda.gov)
Complete genome sequence of a type III ovine strain of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. (usda.gov)

A single pair of consensus primers in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified a conserved region of the small genome segment of twenty hantavirus isolates. (ajtmh.org)
Virus mutagenic capability depends upon several factors, including the fidelity of viral enzymes that replicate nucleic acids, as SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). (unicampus.it)

A topical review of recent advances to in vivo delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system using various packaging formats, including viral, mRNA, plasmid, and protein-based approaches, focusing on the challenges to efficacy for various delivery formats. (semanticscholar.org)
In this review, we analyze the pros and cons of delivering CRISPR/Cas9 systems in the form of plasmid, mRNA, or protein and then discuss the limitations and challenges of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing. (nih.gov)
Packaging of the genome into a protein capsid and its subsequent delivery into a host cell are two fundamental processes in the life cycle of a virus. (nature.com)
The stem-loop at the 3′ end of the genome interacts extensively with the maturation protein, which, with just a six-helix bundle and a six-stranded β-sheet, forms a genome-delivery apparatus and joins 89 coat protein dimers to form a capsid. (nature.com)
Figure 5: Binding of maturation protein to genome and bacterial F-pilus. (nature.com)
As depicted in basic biology textbooks and the public imagination, the human genome is packaged in bundles of DNA and protein on 23 chromosomes, arrayed in a neatly X-shaped form inside each cell nucleus. (wired.com)
However, in a recent study, the protein with a mobility of 160 kilodaltons (kd) present in commercially available Western blots and in viral lysate antigen preparations was identified as a multimer of the gp41 protein (10,11). (cdc.gov)
Adenoviruses, which exist in the wild in humans and typically cause mild infections such as the common cold, have been genetically engineered to express viral antigens found in SARS-CoV-2, usually those of the infamous spike protein that the coronavirus uses to break into human cells. (allianceforscience.org)
3026 /gene="POL" /product="viral genome-linked protein" /note="VPg" mat_peptide 3027. (cdc.gov)

A More Intuitive Phytozome Interface Phytozome v13 now hosts upwards of 250 plant genomes and provides users with the genome browsers, gene pages, search, BLAST and BioMart data warehouse interfaces they have come to rely on, with a more intuitive interface. (doe.gov)

The most famous HERV integrated into the human and animal genomes, syncytin, is a gene derived from an ancient retrovirus that plays an important role in the formation of the placenta. (aidsprojectci.org)

The focus is on pathogen genomes, applying advances in molecular and bioinformatics methods first developed for human genome research. (cdc.gov)
Jorge L. Contreras (University of Utah - S.J. Quinney College of Law) has posted Pathogen Genomes as Global Public Goods (And Why They Should not Be Patented) on SSRN. (typepad.com)
Such legislation, if enacted, would enable researchers, likely based in countries where pathogenic outbreaks first occur, to obtain U.S. patents on pathogen genomes that are critical to disease response. (typepad.com)

This table contains TPR, FPR and F-measure of COMET, REGA and CASTOR on the prediction of HIV-1 M pure subtypes and CFRs complete genomes. (biomedcentral.com)

HERVs, or human endogenous retroviruses, make up about 8% of the human genome, left behind as a result of infections that humanity's primate ancestors suffered millions of years ago. (aidsprojectci.org)
New tools for editing genetic code offer hope for new treatments for inherited diseases, some cancers, and even stubborn viral infections. (genetherapynet.com)
The UVRI is the largest Government Research Institution in Uganda dealing in health research pertaining to human infections and disease processes associated with or linked to viral etiology and is host to a number of partner organizations including those funded by US CDC, US NIH, MRC-UK and IAVI, as well as national and regional reference laboratories. (lshtm.ac.uk)

Wuhan strain will continue to arise, yet not all viral variants generated through mutation of the virus are important or have immediate public health relevance. (who.int)
Genome-wide association studies (or GWAS) are large-scale genetic investigations of human disease that measure simultaneously hundreds of thousands of genetic variants scattered throughout the human genome. (cdc.gov)

Towards Viral Genome Annotation Standards, Report from the 2010 NCBI Annotation Workshop. (jcvi.org)
This report describes the issues involved in viral genome annotation and reviews policy recommendations presented at the NCBI Annotation Workshop. (jcvi.org)

A set of exciting new strategies that aim at further increasing the therapeutic index of CRISPR technologies, by reducing the size of Cas9 expression cassettes and thus enhancing their compatibility with viral gene delivery vectors are highlighted. (semanticscholar.org)
Although viral vectors have been widely used in the delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in vitro and in vivo, their fundamental shortcomings, such as the risk of carcinogenesis, limited insertion size, immune responses and difficulty in large-scale production, severely limit their further applications. (nih.gov)
With the rapid development of non-viral vectors, lipid- or polymer-based nanocarriers have shown great potential for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. (nih.gov)
Furthermore, current non-viral vectors that have been applied for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery in vitro and in vivo are outlined in details. (nih.gov)
Adenoviruses are not the only viral vectors that can be used: pharmaceutical giant Merck says it is working on a potential COVID vaccine using an engineered vesicular stomatis virus , previously used successfully in its Ebola vaccine. (allianceforscience.org)

Like modern HIV, these ancient retroviruses had to insert their genetic material into their host's genome to replicate. (aidsprojectci.org)

NGS provided a rapid, inexpensive method for generating whole HCV genomes to define infecting genotypes, RAVs, comprehensive viral strain analysis, and quasispecies diversity. (ox.ac.uk)
The phylogenetic analysis of the 5′-untranslated region (5'UTR) of the GBV-C genome has led to the segregation of viral strains into six genotypes, but incongruent results are frequently obtained depending on the genome region analyzed. (unl.pt)
Adaptation of hepatitis C virus to interferon lambda polymorphism across multiple viral genotypes. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Viral samples were taken from 11 strains isolated from sporadic cases of EKC and identified as HAdV-8 by the neutralization method with type-specific antiserum against HAdV-8 between 1986 and 2003 in Japan. (molvis.org)

RÉSUMÉ Une analyse documentaire des informations publiques disponibles a été entreprise afin de passer en revue les connaissances et les lacunes actuelles sur le coronavirus du syndrome respiratoire du Moyen-Orient (MERS-CoV), notamment sur son origine, la transmission, les mesures de lutte efficaces et la prise en charge. (who.int)
Chinese researchers isolated the virus and three days later shared data from the viral genome internationally, calling it a new Coronavirus 2 . (bvsalud.org)

It consists of a double-stranded 172 Kb DNA genome, enclosed within an icosahedral capsid, surrounded by a phospholipid rich envelope Footnote 1 Footnote 3 . (canada.ca)
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus with a genome of approximately 197.209 bp. (bvsalud.org)
The characterization and molecular cloning of the double-stranded RNA genome of an Australian strain of infectious bursal disease virus. (nchu.edu.tw)

Consequently, it is important to study and characterize SARS-CoV-2 RdRp mutation in order to assess possible drug-resistance viral phenotypes. (unicampus.it)

Each month starting today, GEN Edge will publish Gene Therapy Briefs, a roundup of commercial developments in gene therapy and other genome editing technologies. (genengnews.com)

To illustrate the applicability of the method, we have chosen two viral datasets, namely papillomaviruses and Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) isolates, largely dissimilar in genome, evolutionary distance and biology. (upv.es)
In the case of papillomaviruses, gene clusters match well our knowledge on viral biology and life cycle, illustrating the potential of our approach. (upv.es)

The recent advances in the development of non-viral delivery systems for CRISPR-Cas9 are surveyed and challenges and future directions in this field are discussed. (semanticscholar.org)

By targeting germ cells, these retroviruses have incorporated themselves into ancestral human genomes over millions of years and may have implications for how researchers screened and tested for disease today. (aidsprojectci.org)

Today, there are about 30 different types of human endogenous retroviruses in humans, representing more than 60,000 proviruses in the human genome. (aidsprojectci.org)

How the combined use of small vivo Cas9 orthologues, tissue-specific minimal promoters, AAV serotypes, and different routes of administration has advanced the development of efficient and precise genome editing is discussed and comprehensively review the various in vivo AAV-CRISPR systems that have been effectively used in animals. (semanticscholar.org)
Cationic Polymer-Mediated CRISPR/Cas9 Plasmid Delivery for Genome Editing. (semanticscholar.org)
In recent years, CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) genome editing systems have become one of the most robust platforms in basic biomedical research and therapeutic applications. (nih.gov)
Jack K. Allen, CFA, senior research analyst with Baird, wrote in a research note that the death of Terry Horgan was one of several unwelcome developments to have occurred in genome editing in recent weeks. (genengnews.com)
The Alliance for Regenerative Medicine's (ARM) Gene Editing Task Force on Tuesday released a set of principles for human genome editing endorsed by thirteen of its members who are involved in the development of gene therapies or gene-editing technology. (genetherapynet.com)

On top of his EPFL affiliation, Jacques is also Head of Precision Medicine at the University Hospital (CHUV) in Lausanne, Group Leader at the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, and Co-director of the Health2030 Genome Center at Campus Biotech in Geneva. (epfl.ch)

The picture is one of mind-blowing fractal glory, and the technique could help scientists investigate how the very shape of the genome, and not just its DNA content, affects human development and disease. (wired.com)
In a recent review, Dr Teri Manolio from the National Human Genome Research Institute explored current and potentially encouraging near term clinical applications of GWAS, in the areas of disease risk prediction and screening, disease classification, and drug development and toxicity. (cdc.gov)

A high-passage rabbit kidney RK-13 cell line (HP-RK-13[KY], originally derived from the ATCC CCL-37 cell line) used in certain laboratories worldwide is contaminated with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (ncpBVDV). (uky.edu)
They did not prevent the proviral integration reaction, but negatively interfered with late steps of the HIV-1 life cycle: alphaRep4E3 blocked the viral genome packaging, whereas alphaRep9A8 altered both virus maturation and genome packaging. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
On top of that, huge chunks of the genome are made up of mysterious virus-like entities called retrotransposons, pieces of selfish DNA that appear to serve no function other than to make copies of themselves. (newscientist.com)
All in all, the virus-like components of the human genome amount to almost half of our DNA. (newscientist.com)
The VOC differ from the original Wuhan virus as they have mutations across the genome. (who.int)
Genome-to-genome analysis highlights the effect of the human innate and adaptive immune systems on the hepatitis C virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
We conducted epidemiologic investigations on six farms to identify the source of virus introduction, track cross-species transmission, and assess viral evolution. (cdc.gov)
My main research areas are virus evolution, genome evolution, experimental evolution and computational molecular evolution. (weebly.com)
Here, I studied the evolution of genome architecture and complexity in a plant RNA virus, funded by the John Templeton Foundation ( JTF22371 ) and the EU FP7 Program ( FP7-ICT-2013-10 610427 EvoEvo ). (weebly.com)
The yellow fever virus genome. (cusabio.com)
We also conducted an in cellulo genome-wide comparative study of nucleosome positions and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) integration sites identified experimentally in vivo. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
The endocytic pathway contain the virus binding to the host cell receptors, activation of signaling pathways, formation of endocytic vesicles, supply of viral cargo to endosomal compartments, sorting, and eventually escaping into the cytosol (Cossart and Helenius, 2014). (achengula.com)
According to the study, copper destroyed the viral genomes and affected virus morphology by disintegrating the virus envelope. (logically.ai)

The spherical extracellular viral particles contain cross-sections through the viral genome, seen as black dots. (masslive.com)

JGI Part of Berkeley Lab Team Awarded Best Use of HPC in Life Sciences The HPCwire Editors Choice Award for Best Use of HPC in Life Sciences went to the Berkeley Lab team comprised of JGI and ExaBiome Project team, supported by the DOE Exascale Computing Project for MetaHipMer, an end-to-end genome assembler that supports "an unprecedented assembly of environmental microbiomes. (doe.gov)

[20] SARSr-CoV is similar to other coronaviruses in that its genome expression starts with translation by the host cell's ribosomes of its initial two large overlapping open reading frames (ORFs), 1a and 1b, both of which produce polyproteins . (wikizero.com)

Structure of epsilon15 bacteriophage reveals genome organization and DNA packaging/injection apparatus. (nature.com)
It's become clear that the spatial organization of chromosomes is critical for regulating the genome,' said study co-author Job Dekker, a molecular biologist at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. (wired.com)

WHEN, in 2001, the human genome was sequenced for the first time, we were confronted by several surprises. (newscientist.com)

The 5' methylated cap and 3' polyadenylated tail allows the positive-sense RNA genome to be directly translated by the host cell's ribosome on viral entry . (wikizero.com)

A Powerful Technique to Study Microbes, Now Easier In JGI's Genome Insider podcast: LLNL biologist Jennifer Pett-Ridge collaborated with JGI scientists through the Emerging Technologies Opportunity Program to semi-automate experiments that measure microbial activity in soil. (doe.gov)

Symptoms when produced are undistinguishable from other acute viral syndromes. (canada.ca)

For the less known TuMV, our results trigger new hypotheses about viral evolution and gene interaction. (upv.es)
For this project, I studied key events that occurred during papillomavirus genome evolution. (weebly.com)

They became part of the human genome because of the way they replicate. (aidsprojectci.org)

Catalyzes the covalent attachment VPg with viral RNAs (By similarity). (icr.ac.uk)
The results of a study from researchers from Institut Pasteur illustrate how small non-coding RNAs can act as epigenetic molecules capable of transmitting traits across generation, over and above the information encoded in our genomes. (pasteur.fr)
PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are considered to be the "guardian of the genome" given their ability to repress transposable elements and preserve genome integrity in animal germlines. (pasteur.fr)

The restriction patterns revealed that the genome types were HAdV-8A and HAdV-8B in 1986, HAdV-8K in 1991, and HAdV-8E in 1996. (molvis.org)

To report the complete genome and phylogenetic analysis of a human monkeypox case detected in Colombia. (bvsalud.org)

To determine genome structure without being able to directly see it, the researchers first soaked cell nuclei in formaldehyde, which interacts with DNA like glue. (wired.com)

Like other flaviviruses, YFV contains a small glycoprotein-containing lipid envelope surrounding a nucleocapsid which encloses one viral RNA. (cusabio.com)

Anatomy15

Organisms33

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs38

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

Phenomena and Processes142

Disciplines and Occupations5

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science15

Health Care5

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ETH1 gene, an inducible homolog of exonuclease III that provides resistance to DNA-damaging agents and limits spontaneous mutagenesis. (1/8283)

hnRNP C and polypyrimidine tract-binding protein specifically interact with the pyrimidine-rich region within the 3'NTR of the HCV RNA genome. (2/8283)

Comparison of synonymous codon distribution patterns of bacteriophage and host genomes. (3/8283)

Complete genomic sequence of the lytic bacteriophage DT1 of Streptococcus thermophilus. (4/8283)

Interferon-induced human MxA GTPase blocks nuclear import of Thogoto virus nucleocapsids. (5/8283)

Evolutionary relationships among diverse bacteriophages and prophages: all the world's a phage. (6/8283)

Expression of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein in tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) deficient in the production of its native coat protein supports long-distance movement of a chimeric TMV. (7/8283)

Sequence heterogeneity within three different regions of the hepatitis G virus genome. (8/8283)

Genome

Genome, Bacterial

Genome, Viral

Genome, Plant

Genome, Human

Genome, Mitochondrial

Genome, Fungal

Genome Size

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Genome, Archaeal

Phylogeny

Base Sequence

Genome, Insect

Evolution, Molecular

Genome, Protozoan

Genomics

Genome, Chloroplast

Chromosome Mapping

Genome, Helminth

Open Reading Frames

Genome, Plastid

Sequence Alignment

Synteny

Human Genome Project

DNA, Viral

Molecular Sequence Data

Gene Order

Computational Biology

Genetic Variation

Models, Genetic

Amino Acid Sequence

Databases, Genetic

Recombination, Genetic

Species Specificity

Multigene Family

Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial

Gene Duplication

Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid

RNA, Viral

Genes, Viral

Software

Molecular Sequence Annotation

DNA Transposable Elements

Base Composition

DNA, Mitochondrial

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Mutation

Cloning, Molecular

Contig Mapping

DNA, Bacterial

Conserved Sequence

DNA, Plant

Viral Proteins

Gene Transfer, Horizontal

Transcription, Genetic

Retroelements

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Databases, Nucleic Acid

Chromosomes, Plant

Expressed Sequence Tags

High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing

Pseudogenes

Physical Chromosome Mapping

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Algorithms

Biological Evolution

Virus Replication

Genomic Instability

Genes, Bacterial

Polyploidy

Genetic Markers

DNA

Gene Expression Profiling

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Genes, Plant

Genome, Microbial

Plasmids

Internet

Genome Components

Cell Line