Dan Graur

Helitron (biology)

Plains viscacha rat

Amino acid replacement

Speciation

Caesalpinioideae

Extrachromosomal DNA

Deborah Charlesworth

Monotropoideae

Polysphondylium

Erythrobacter

Horizontal gene transfer

Natural genetic engineering

American Genetic Association

Aequornithes

Xenorhabdus

Ziheng Yang

Gallotia galloti

Mycobacterium virus D29

Candidatus Carsonella ruddii

Rosaceae

GABRB3

Infinite sites model

Alok Bhattacharya

Cyrus Chothia

Origin of the domestic dog

Mohamed Noor

Green rosella

Niche adaptation

Northern rosella

Genes49

• We have examined the Drosophila genome to explore relationships between the nucleotide content of large chromosomal segments and the base composition and rate of evolution of genes within those segments. (genetics.org)
• This book describes the driving forces behind the evolutionary process at the molecular and genome levels, the effects of the various molecular mechanisms on the structure of genes, proteins, and genomes, the methodology and the analytical tools involved in dealing with molecular data from an evolutionary perspective, and the logic of evolutionary hypothesis testing. (oup.com)
• Comparative analysis of the A118 genome structure with other bacteriophages revealed local, but sometimes extensive, similarities to a number of phages spanning a broader phylogenetic range of various low G+C host bacteria, which implies relatively recent exchange of genes or genetic modules. (nih.gov)
• Recombination can reduce genome size by enabling the removal of LTR retrotransposons, alter codon usage by GC biased gene conversion, contribute to complex histories of gene duplication and loss through tandem duplication, and enhance purifying selection on genes. (biomedcentral.com)
• An analysis of the correlation between the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution rates ( dN/dS ) and recombination rate in 3748 genes indicates that higher recombination rates are associated with an increased efficacy of purifying selection, suggesting that global recombination rates affect variation in rates of molecular evolution across distantly related angiosperm species, not just between populations. (biomedcentral.com)
• Comparative genome analyses reveal that most functional domains of human genes have homologs in widely divergent species. (elsevier.com)
• Although the domain-shuffling hypothesis is generally accepted, determining the molecular mechanisms that lead to domain shuffling and novel gene creation has been challenging, as sequence features accompanying the formation of known genes have been obscured by accumulated mutations. (elsevier.com)
• The growing availability of genome sequences and EST databases allows us to study the characteristics of newly emerged genes. (elsevier.com)
• Here we review recent genome-wide DNA and EST analyses, and discuss the three major molecular mechanisms of gene formation: (1) atypical spicing, both within and between genes, followed by adaptation, (2) tandem and interspersed segmental duplications, and (3) retrotransposition events. (elsevier.com)
• this is rarer around coding genes, indicating pervasive selection throughout great ape evolution, and has functional consequences in gene expression. (ox.ac.uk)
• A comparison of protein coding genes reveals approximately 500 genes showing accelerated evolution on each of the gorilla, human and chimpanzee lineages, and evidence for parallel acceleration, particularly of genes involved in hearing. (ox.ac.uk)
• However, the landscape of PT and TPS genes in plant genomes is unclear. (nih.gov)
• Here, using a customized algorithm for systematically searching plant genomes, we reveal a suite of physically colocalized pairs of PT and TPS genes for the biosynthesis of a large sesterterpene repertoire in the wider Brassicaceae. (nih.gov)
• Identification of candidate STS genes from plant genomes. (nih.gov)
• Although gene duplication is conventionally thought to dominate the production of new genes, this view was recently challenged by a proposal of widespread de novo gene origination in eukaryotic evolution. (nih.gov)
• Together, these findings are consistent with the prevailing view that de novo gene birth is a relatively minor contributor to new genes in genome evolution. (nih.gov)
• I recovered whole plastid genomes (plastid gene sets representing up to 83 genes per taxa) and analyzed them using maximum likelihood and parsimony approaches. (ubc.ca)
• The discovery of premature termination codons in 38% of expressed genes was consistent with ongoing pseudogenization of the wheat genome. (plantphysiol.org)
• Enhancers play an important role in morphological evolution and speciation by controlling the spatiotemporal expression of genes. (biomedcentral.com)
• We found that 46.6% of P. damicornis genes had orthologs in all other scleractinians, defining a coral 'core' genome enriched in basic housekeeping functions. (nature.com)
• Of these core genes, 3.7% were unique to scleractinians and were enriched in immune functionality, suggesting an important role of the immune system in coral evolution. (nature.com)
• Genes occurring only in P. damicornis were enriched in cellular signaling and stress response pathways, and we found similar immune-related gene family expansions in each coral species, indicating that immune system diversification may be a prominent feature of scleractinian coral evolution at multiple taxonomic levels. (nature.com)
• Scientists believe that the study of genes that encode the proteins for molecular motors will help solve the mysteries of evolution. (icr.org)
• The authors stated, 'The number of myosin genes varies markedly between lineages [types of eukaryotes],' and 'holozoan genomes, as well as some amoebozoans and heterokonts, have the highest numbers of myosins of all eukaryotes. (icr.org)
• Specifically, the ideas of convergent evolution and lineage-specific expansions are nothing more than fancy terms for the fact that these different types of myosin genes appeared suddenly in unrelated creatures at the same time. (icr.org)
• it can also obfuscate correlations between teleost disease models and their human counterparts because of the difficulty of ortholog assignment after lineage-specific loss of duplicated genes and the asymmetric evolution of gene duplicates. (genetics.org)
• The Ehrlichia genome contains many different variants of genes that encode outer membrane proteins. (wikipedia.org)
• When sequencing their genomes, there were many active genomic modifications such as high substitution rates, truncated genes, and the presence of pseudogenes and tandem repeats. (wikipedia.org)
• These Rf -like genes show a number of characteristic features compared with other PPR genes, including chromosomal clustering and unique patterns of evolution, notably high rates of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions, suggesting diversifying selection. (pnas.org)
• We suggest that the selection patterns on Rf -like genes reveal a molecular "arms-race" between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes that has persisted throughout most of the evolutionary history of angiosperms. (pnas.org)
• In plants, the rapid evolution of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) R genes provides the best examples of such coevolutionary "arms races" ( 5 , 6 ). (pnas.org)
• The CMS trait is carried by the mitochondrial genome and many different CMS genes have been identified in a range of disparate plant species ( 7 , 8 , 10 - 13 ). (pnas.org)
• Gynodioecy is fairly common in flowering plants (observed in about 7% of the species), although modeling has shown that under most plausible conditions, the female state provides little or no advantage for nuclear genes ( 20 ), leading to the proposition that the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes are in conflict ( 3 , 21 ). (pnas.org)
• G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics. (umass.edu)
• This book explores the forces that have shaped the evolution of organelle genomes and the expression of the genes encoded by them. (springer.com)
• We compared approximately 10 000 protein-coding genes culled from the bottlenose dolphin genome with nine other genomes to reveal molecular correlates of the remarkable phenotypic features of these aquatic mammals. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
• In addition, genes expressed in the mitochondrion have a significantly higher mean d N/ d S ratio in the dolphin lineage than others examined, indicating evolution in energy metabolism. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
• Adaptive evolution of genes involved in aerobic metabolism (i.e. the mitochondrial electron transport chain) has been documented within the relatively large-brained anthropoid primates and along the lineage leading to humans [ 10 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
• Recent phylogenomic studies of molecular evolution have also discovered parallels in the evolution of aerobic metabolism genes between the large-brained African elephant and primates [ 11 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
• This association suggests that the evolution of metabolic genes underlies the evolution of a large brain in other groups with a significant shift in relative brain size and/or cognitive complexity. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
• One study has recovered signatures of molecular adaptation in the cytochrome b gene of cetaceans [ 12 ], but other genes expressed in mitochondria have not been evaluated. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
• In this context, "genome size" was being used in the sense of genotype to mean the number of genes. (wikipedia.org)
• In eukaryotes, but not prokaryotes, variation in genome size is not proportional to the number of genes, an observation that was deemed wholly counterintuitive before the discovery of non-coding DNA and which became known as the C-value paradox as a result. (wikipedia.org)
• Many mitochondria have less than 20 genes in their entire genome, whereas a free-living bacterium generally has at least 1000 genes. (wikipedia.org)
• We compared the reference genome RL with 16 Thermus genomes to assess their phylogenetic relationships based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, average nucleotide identity (ANI), conserved marker genes (31 and 400), pan genome and tetranucleotide frequency. (frontiersin.org)
• The core genome of the analyzed genomes contained 1,177 core genes and many singleton genes were detected in individual genomes, reflecting a conserved core but adaptive pan repertoire. (frontiersin.org)
• Two overlapping bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones from the B genome of the tetraploid wheat Triticum turgidum were identified, each of which contains one of the two high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin genes, comprising the complex Glu-B1 locus. (unboundmedicine.com)
• The two paralogous x-type ( Glu-1-1 ) and y-type ( Glu-1-2 ) HMW-glutenin genes of the complex Glu-B1 locus were found to be separated by ca. 168 000 bp instead of the 51 000 bp separation previously reported for the orthologous Glu-D1 locus of Aegilops tauschii, the D-genome donor of hexaploid wheat. (unboundmedicine.com)
• Otherwise, the orientation and order of the HMW glutenins and adjacent genes were identical in the two genomes. (unboundmedicine.com)

Sequences21

• Since the discovery of CIV in 1966, many attempts were made to elucidate the viral genome structure and the amino acid sequences of different viral gene products. (springer.com)
• The course topics will include theoretical and practical aspects in: large-scale genome comparisons, evolutionary analyses, sequence and genome alignments, Methods for repeats detection in genomes sequences, orthologs prediction and classification, Genome data visualization and statistical methods needed in Genome Wide Association Studies. (bio.net)
• To expand our capacity to discover venom sequences from the genomes of venomous organisms, we applied targeted sequencing techniques to selectively recover venom gene superfamilies and nontoxin loci from the genomes of 32 cone snail species (family, Conidae), a diverse group of marine gastropods that capture their prey using a cocktail of neurotoxic peptides (conotoxins). (ovid.com)
• In particular, analyses of mitochondrial genome sequences from domestic dogs and yaks have yielded higher ratios of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions in the domesticated lineages than in their wild relatives. (datadryad.org)
• We test whether domesticated mammals and birds have consistently different patterns of molecular evolution than their wild relatives for 16 phylogenetically independent comparisons of mitochondrial genome sequences. (datadryad.org)
• We used phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate the evolution of global meiotic recombination rate in angiosperms and its effects on genome architecture and selection at the molecular level using genetic maps and genome sequences from thirty angiosperm species. (biomedcentral.com)
• Furthermore, since NGS sequences are typically aligned on the reference genome, structural variants cannot be observed. (bioanthropologybologna.eu)
• The evolution and molecular characteristics of more than 3500 genomic sequences provided a new perspective for revealing the epidemiology mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 and coping with SARS-CoV-2 effectively. (cdc.gov)
• Furthermore, they can be classified into two families, i.e., glycoside hydrolase 18 and 19, differing in their amino acid sequences, three-dimensional structures and molecular mechanisms of catalysis. (thewinnower.com)
• The evolution of protein-coding sequences, gene exon-intron structure, and alternative splicing ( AS ) define the diversity of proteome structure and function ( Koonin and Wolf, 2010 ). (plantphysiol.org)
• Mass sequencing technologies that enable the acquisition of complete pathogen genome sequences provide a new approach to address questions related to the roles played by host specialization and speciation. (prolekare.cz)
• Non-coding cis-regulatory sequences act as the 'eyes' of the genome and their role is to perceive, organise and relay cellular communication information to RNA polymerase II at gene promoters. (cambridge.org)
• The evolution of these sequences, that include enhancers, silencers, insulators and promoters, has progressed in multicellular organisms to the extent that cis-regulatory sequences make up as much as 10% of the human genome. (cambridge.org)
• To better understand the evolutionary history and genetic make-up of this aggressive tree-infecting bacterium, draft genome sequences were generated for seven isolates of P. syringae pv. (forestry.gov.uk)
• Genomic resources for hundreds of species of evolutionary, agricultural, economic, and medical importance are unavailable due to the expense of well-assembled genome sequences and difficulties with multigenerational studies. (genetics.org)
• The significant phylogenetic signal in genome size data suggests that distribution of genome size is in accordance with phylogenetic clades identified by the analysis of nuclear ITS sequences. (bioone.org)
• Even after these genomes are sequenced, it will still be a tremendous challenge to understand the evolution of plant nuclear genomes, like the maize genome, for which entire DNA sequences will not be readily available. (pnas.org)
• Apart from these importin-4-like sequences, the other Y repetitive sequences are not shared with the X chromosome, suggesting molecular differentiation of these two chromosomes. (biomedsearch.com)
• CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The identification of Y-linked sequences may tell us much about the repetitive nature, the origin and the evolution of Y chromosomes. (biomedsearch.com)
• Here, we compared approximately 10 000 protein-coding sequences (CDS) from the genome of the common bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ) with nine other amniote genomes, including the closest relative with a sequenced genome, the domestic cow ( Bos taurus ). (royalsocietypublishing.org)
• Studies on the experimental evolution of microorganisms, on their in vivo evolution (mainly in the case of bacteria producing chronic infections), as well as the availability of multiple full genomic sequences, are placing bacteria in the playground of evolutionary studies. (mdpi.com)

Applied Genetics1

• Our lab is involved in reviewing and editing many journals, including Annals of Botany , Genome , Plant Reproduction and Theoretical and Applied Genetics. (le.ac.uk)

Biology and Evolution6

• Genome Biology and Evolution 6(1): 161-169. (datadryad.org)
• The use of the genome sequence in these and future analyses will promote a deeper understanding of great ape biology and evolution. (ox.ac.uk)
• However, the result of a study published in the journal Genome Biology and Evolution has only served to support the predictions of special creation-that unique variants of cellular complexity and innovation exist at all levels of life. (icr.org)
• Genome Biology and Evolution, 11 (3), 748-758. (mpg.de)
• Molecular Biology and Evolution, 36 (7): msz083, pp. 1490-1506. (mpg.de)
• Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35 (11), 2719-2735. (mpg.de)

Evolutionary25

• Significant negative correlations between codon-usage bias and rates of synonymous site divergence, however, provide strong support for an argument that selection among alternative codons may be a major contributor to variability in evolutionary rates within Drosophila genomes. (genetics.org)
• Describes the driving forces behind the evolutionary process at the molecular and genome levels. (oup.com)
• Evolutionary phenomena at the molecular level are detailed in a way that can be understood without much prerequisite knowledge of molecular biology, evolution, or mathematics. (oup.com)
• Meiotic recombination has been a topic of interest in evolutionary biology since Fisher first addressed the effects of linkage on substitutions in a population [ 1 ], yet the macroevolutionary consequences of recombination on plant genomes are still poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
• Recombination affects both genome architecture and evolutionary rates. (biomedcentral.com)
• Notably, the phylogenetic trees for the guanylate kinase (GK)-, the PDZ- and the SH3-domains all suggested a matching evolutionary model which was further supported by molecular modeling of the 3D structures of different GK domains. (biomedcentral.com)
• Whereas these processes mostly contribute to the degeneration of a duplicated genome and its diploidization, they have the potential to facilitate the origin of new functional variations, which, upon selection in the evolutionary lineage, may play an important role in the origin of novel traits. (plantphysiol.org)
• Among plant species, wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) provides a unique opportunity to study early phases of duplicated gene evolution after WGD , the impact of increased genome size on the evolutionary dynamic of gene space, and understand how these processes shaped the coding potential of the wheat genome. (plantphysiol.org)
• Therefore, additional complete coral genomes and more comprehensive comparative analysis may be transformative in our understanding of the genomic content and evolutionary history of reef-building corals, as well as the importance of specific gene repertoires and diversification within coral lineages. (nature.com)
• We are now using a novel "molecular palaeontology" approach to trace the evolutionary process and identify functionally significant loci under selection. (blogspot.com)
• Research interests in the Edwards lab stem from a fascination with the molecular basis of evolutionary change and how we can harness the g. (blogspot.com)
• Describing and understanding the evolution of this diversity of body plans - from vertebrates such as humans and fish to the numerous invertebrate groups including sponges, insects, molluscs, and the many groups of worms - is a major goal of evolutionary biology. (oxfordscholarship.com)
• The last decade has seen growing interest in evolutionary biology fuelled by a wealth of data from molecular biology. (oxfordscholarship.com)
• A newly discovered genome for the unicellular chromosome-morphing ciliate Stylonychia lemnae has been published, and it's breaking all the evolutionary rules. (icr.org)
• Three strains have arisen from this species due to evolutionary change in their genomes. (wikipedia.org)
• The challenges are to infer the mechanisms of evolution and to construct a comprehensive picture of evolutionary change. (pnas.org)
• Patterns of genetic diversity provide insight into the population genetic processes that act on different regions of the genome and thus uncover the evolutionary forces that act on genomes. (pnas.org)
• This volume is organized into four sections encompassing 22 chapters and begins with an overview of discoveries concerning parapatric differentiation of weed populations, including adaptive evolution in herbicide resistant biotypes and complex evolutionary patterns in weed-crop complexes of various groups. (elsevier.com)
• It is widely accepted that eukaryotes obtained mitochondria via an ancient symbiosis with a bacterium ( 1 ) and generally assumed that the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes now share a common evolutionary path. (pnas.org)
• The most evolutionary significant cases of genome reduction may be the eukaryotic organelles that are derived from bacteria: the mitochondrion and plastid. (wikipedia.org)
• Gross imperfection at the molecular level presents a conundrum for the traditional paradigms of natural theology as well as for recent assertions of ID, but it is consistent with the notion of nonsentient contrivance by evolutionary forces. (nap.edu)
• I n Darwin's Black Box, biochemist Michael Behe (1996) issued a challenge to evolutionary biology by claiming that various molecular apparatuses within cells are "irreducibly complex" and therefore could only have been designed purposefully by a higher intelligence. (nap.edu)
• There is no dispute that molecular systems can be astonishingly complex, but most geneticists attribute such biological complexity to the cumulative effects of evolutionary tinkering by natural forces (including a mindless directive agent, natural selection) rather than to conscious engineering by a supernatural entity. (nap.edu)
• However, morphological corroboration of these trees is an essential part of understanding evolutionary history, and sometimes, as in the case of the asteroids (Echinodermata) morphology provides a very different story to the molecular phylogeny. (port.ac.uk)
• In addition, we discuss the temporal constraints in the evolution of bacterial genomes, considering bacterial evolution from the perspective of processes of short-sighted evolution and punctual acquisition of evolutionary novelties followed by long stasis periods. (mdpi.com)

Mechanisms15

• Our members work to advance knowledge in the basic mechanisms of inheritance, from the molecular to the population level. (genetics.org)
• These data will be valuable for understanding the evolution of filoviruses in the context of natural history as new reservoir hosts are identified and, further, for determining mechanisms of emergence, pathogenicity, and the ongoing threat to public health. (asm.org)
• Although our analyses only reveal correlations, not mechanisms, and do not include potential covariates of recombination rate, like effective population size, they suggest that global recombination rates may play an important role in shaping the macroevolutionary patterns of gene and genome evolution in plants. (biomedcentral.com)
• Overall, these findings reveal how the timing and mechanisms of stress response network evolution depend on the environment. (embopress.org)
• The focus of this volume is at the level of major animal groups, the morphological innovations that define them, and the mechanisms of change to their embryology that have resulted in their evolution. (oxfordscholarship.com)
• Objective:The objective of this study was to determine molecular alterations and mediating resistant mechanisms and to suggest additional treatment options.Design, Setting, and Participants:Four patients were enrolled into the MORE (Molecular Renal Cancer Evolution) trial. (ega-archive.org)
• Recently developed techniques in molecular biology, including genomics and other omics, can reveal the complex molecular mechanisms involved in the control of agronomic traits. (mdpi.com)
• Genomic information representing a fish lineage that diverged before the teleost genome duplication (TGD) would provide an outgroup for exploring the mechanisms of evolution after whole-genome duplication. (genetics.org)
• 2013. Pyrenophora tritici-repentis genome reveals mechanisms that contribute to high genetic variations. (umass.edu)
• Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Mammalian. (hhmi.org)
• Michael Behe's purported biochemical challenge to evolution rests on the assertion that Darwinian mechanisms are simply not adequate to explain the existence of complex biochemical machines. (nap.edu)
• We discuss the possible molecular mechanisms underlying electrical rectification, as well as the potential contribution of intracellular soluble factors to this phenomenon. (frontiersin.org)
• Therefore, studies on bacterial evolution are of increasing interest to understand the basic mechanisms of evolution. (mdpi.com)
• They aim to understand the biological chemistry and molecular mechanisms of redox-based cellular regulation and signal transduction, with emphasis on the role of cysteine oxidation. (rsc.org)
• Research in my lab is focused on understanding molecular mechanisms through which chromatin dynamics and nuclear organization contribute to gene regulation. (lsu.edu)

Speciation3

• Cycles of whole-genome duplication ( WGD ) and diploidization are hallmarks of eukaryotic genome evolution and speciation. (plantphysiol.org)
• Individual chapters provide concise overviews of the many flavors of plant transposons and of their roles in gene creation, gene regulation, development, genome evolution, and organismal speciation, as well as of their epigenetic regulation. (wiley.com)
• Thus, genome size variation reflects incipient speciation or diversification in Allium subgenus Melanocrommyum . (bioone.org)

Genomics10

• Due to its large genome size (1 C ~ 4.45 gigabases, Gb 9 ), pea genomics has lagged behind that of legumes with smaller genomes, such as Medicago truncatula Gaertn. (nature.com)
• We use a comparative genomics approach to assess how the process of host specialization affected the genome structure of M. graminicola since divergence from the closest known progenitor species named M. graminicola S1. (prolekare.cz)
• Application of our F 1 dense mapping strategy to species with no prior genome information promises to facilitate comparative genomics and provide a scaffold for ordering the numerous contigs arising from next generation genome sequencing. (genetics.org)
• That approach has made its way to Drosophila genomics with the publication of a paper describing polymorphism across the entire genome of D. simulans , a sibling species to D. melanogaster . (scienceblogs.com)
• Jonathan explains how this is a model for population genomics - studying genome wide patterns of variation. (scienceblogs.com)
• 2007. Population Genomics: Whole-Genome Analysis of Polymorphism and Divergence in Drosophila simulans . (scienceblogs.com)
• Dr. DeSalle works in molecular systematics, microbial evolution, and genomics. (amnh.org)
• Dr. DeSalle has worked closely with colleagues from Cold Spring Harbor Labs, New York University, and the New York Botanical Garden on seed plant genomics and development of tools to establish gene family membership on a genome- wide scale. (amnh.org)
• Complete Genome Analysis of Thermus parvatiensis and Comparative Genomics of Thermus spp. (frontiersin.org)
• We study chromatin domain insulators and insulator binding proteins in Drosophila melanogaster, using a combination of genetics, molecular cell biology, biochemistry and genomics. (lsu.edu)

Genetic11

• Recent genome sequencing and genetic mapping efforts, which provide physical measurements of genome size and map length, make studies of global recombination rate possible in plants. (biomedcentral.com)
• These genome-scale events shaped the vertebrate genome and provided additional genetic variation for exploitation during vertebrate evolution. (ox.ac.uk)
• The online free retroviruses and primate genome evolution molecular, and the importance on the library, is the democracy of the request of the Indian Plate with the executive Plate through genetic request between 20 and 50 million notions not. (aminswessi.com)
• We report the first annotated chromosome-level reference genome assembly for pea, Gregor Mendel's original genetic model. (nature.com)
• 4 The problem for evolution is that incredible and amazing genetic complexity exists at all levels of life, from one-celled creatures to the pinnacle of God's creation: mankind. (icr.org)
• Hardie and Hebert 2004 ) have virtually no genome resources and have life history traits inconvenient for the construction of large-scale genetic maps. (genetics.org)
• The scope of Chromosoma encompasses genetic, biophysical, molecular and cell biological studies. (springer.com)
• Population genetic processes also affect the evolution of genomes. (pnas.org)
• Did genetic drift drive increases in genome complexity? (wiley.com)
• Molecular genetic methods. (mpi.nl)
• The Biodiversity and Evolution group explores the diversity of life at levels ranging from the molecular and genetic, to organismal and ecosystem. (port.ac.uk)

Species20

• Therefore, variation in recombination rate across species may explain some of the variation in genomic architecture as well as rates of molecular evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
• Lynch [ 5 ] showed that generation scaled global recombination rate (centimorgans/basepairs/generation) decreases as species genome size increases in unicellular eukaryotes, invertebrates, vertebrates, and land plants. (biomedcentral.com)
• In order to evaluate the impact of transposable elements in the recent evolution of our species, we compare our insertion patterns with those of extinct hominins (Denisova, Neanderthal) and of our closest relatives (bonobo, chimp), thus identifying and characterizing species-specific insertions. (bioanthropologybologna.eu)
• The hexaploid wheat genome (comprised of about 16,000 Mb) resulted from the union of three diploid grass species. (plantphysiol.org)
• This resource was generated using a common deep RNA sequencing protocol to obtain the most exhaustive gene repertoire possible in each species that allows between-species comparisons to study the evolution of gene expression in different lineages. (nih.gov)
• The purpose of this Special Issue is to explore the molecular basis of agronomically important traits in rice, which is a monocot model crop species. (mdpi.com)
• Ehrlichia and their closely related species Anaplasma show extreme diversity in the structure and content of their genomes. (wikipedia.org)
• The observed 2C genome size variation in 160 accessions of 70 species of the subgenus was high, varying from 26.26-78.73 pg. (bioone.org)
• In species where intraspecific genome size differences were in a range of 6-9%, we suggest the existence of cryptic species, as previously inferred by molecular markers. (bioone.org)
• The 2000s witnessed an explosion of genome sequencing and mapping in evolutionarily diverse species. (wikipedia.org)
• While full genome sequencing of mammals is rapidly progressing, the ability to assemble and align orthologous whole chromosomal regions from more than a few species is not yet possible. (wikipedia.org)
• It was found that in most orders, there are species with rates of chromosome evolution that can be considered as 'default' rates. (wikipedia.org)
• Other grass species exhibit far larger genomes. (pnas.org)
• Numerical values next to species names represent the 2C genome content of the species, measured in picograms. (pnas.org)
• Interactions in host-parasite systems are important forces driving genome diversity within species, and may even contribute to the formation of new species. (pnas.org)
• According to our measurements, such heterochromatin represents about 35% of the genome of the species, probably originated through amplification processes after the splitting off of the species from the common trunk. (nii.ac.jp)
• It was initially about sequencing the genome a single representative individual from a particular species. (scienceblogs.com)
• Around the same time as that white paper, another proposal was submitted to bring the total number of sequenced Drosophila genomes to twelve (making it the eukaryotic genus with the most species with completely sequenced genomes, although the diversity in this genus is equivalent to that of all eutherian mammals ). (scienceblogs.com)
• Nuclear genome sizes are well known to vary enormously among eukaryotic species. (wikipedia.org)
• Furthermore, such dysfunctional traits abound not only in the phenotypes but inside the genomes of eukaryotic species. (nap.edu)

Phylogeny5

• Current research themes and future prospects are highlighted including phylogeny reconstruction, comparative developmental biology, the value of different sources of data and the importance of fossils, homology assessment, character evolution, phylogeny of major groups of animals, and genome evolution. (oxfordscholarship.com)
• These topics are integrated in the light of a 'new animal phylogeny', to provide fresh insights into the patterns and processes of animal evolution. (oxfordscholarship.com)
• Phylogenetic analysis using these "comparative-genome markers" (CGMs) produced a highly unusual phylogeny with a complete absence of secondary branches. (asm.org)
• The phylogeny and genome content information is taken from figure 1 of ref. 51 . (pnas.org)
• We are currently working on barnacle (Cirripedia, Crustacea) phylogeny in collaboration with molecular studies currently underway in the USA and Europe. (port.ac.uk)

Analyses6

• Single-cell genome analyses reveal the amount of mutations a human brain cell will collect from its fetal beginnings until death. (the-scientist.com)
• The main objective of this intensive course is to strengthen capacities of Phd students and young scientists, in Bioinformatics and large-scale genome data analyses skills. (bio.net)
• Electron microscopic and enzymatic analyses revealed that the A118 genome is a linear, circularly permuted, terminally redundant collection of double-stranded DNA molecules. (nih.gov)
• 2012. Life-style transitions in plant pathogenic Colletotrichum fungi deciphered by genome and transcriptome analyses. (umass.edu)
• Comparative analyses of 31 fungal genomes (12 generated for this study). (usda.gov)
• More recently (1971), Chrysobalanoideae was placed in Malpighiales in molecular analyses and Neuradoideae has been assigned to Malvales. (eol.org)

Genomic10

• These results suggest that nucleotide sequence evolution in Drosophila differs from that of many vertebrates and does not reflect distinct mutational biases, as a function of base composition, in different genomic regions. (genetics.org)
• Whole-genome comparisons illuminate the murky relationships among the three chordate groups (tunicates, lancelets and vertebrates), and allow not only reconstruction of the gene complement of the last common chordate ancestor but also partial reconstruction of its genomic organization, as well as a description of two genome-wide duplications and subsequent reorganizations in the vertebrate lineage. (ox.ac.uk)
• Although comparative genomic studies reveal large-scale turnover of enhancers, a specific understanding of the molecular steps by which mammalian or primate enhancers evolve remains elusive. (biomedcentral.com)
• Comparative analysis of the expanding genomic resources for scleractinian corals may provide insights into the evolution of these organisms, with implications for their continued persistence under global climate change. (nature.com)
• Phylogenetics and paleogenomics show genomic rearrangements across legumes and suggest a major role for repetitive elements in pea genome evolution. (nature.com)
• Genomic resources from a ray-fin (Actinopterygian) fish that diverged from teleosts before the TGD ( Figure 1 ) would facilitate the connectivity of teleost and mammalian genomes. (genetics.org)
• The comparative-genomic sequencing of two Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains enabled us to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for studies of evolution, pathogenesis, and epidemiology in clinical M . tuberculosis . (asm.org)
• Genomic technologies have produced a wealth of data on the organization and structure of genomes. (pnas.org)
• 2009. Genomic analysis of a basal fungus Rhizopus oryzae reveals whole genome duplication. (umass.edu)
• There's also a Plos Genetics paper from the same group that looks at evolution of gene expression in simulans, yakuba and melanogaster, compared to genomic evolution. (scienceblogs.com)

Recombination8

• Although homologous recombination affects the efficacy of selection in populations, the pattern of recombination rate evolution and its effects on genome evolution across plants are largely unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
• Recombination rate is negatively correlated with genome size, which is likely caused by the removal of LTR retrotransposons. (biomedcentral.com)
• Interspecific recombination rate variation is tightly correlated with genome size as well as variation in overall LTR retrotransposon abundances. (biomedcentral.com)
• In this study, we take advantage of these new data to explore the relationship between recombination rate, genome structure, and patterns of molecular evolution throughout angiosperms in order to better characterize the broad macroevolutionary patterns of recombination rate variation and its possible consequences for genome evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
• Similarly, in plants, Cavalier-Smith [ 6 ] proposed that the recombination rate is higher in smaller angiosperm genomes than in larger genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
• Both of these studies estimated nuclear genome size in picograms per haploid genome (C-values) and recombination rates based on observable chiasma from pachytene chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
• Differences in molecular evolution can be related to different transmission and recombination patterns, as well as to differences in effective population sizes of essential and dispensable chromosomes. (prolekare.cz)
• Recombination in this genome appears to underlie a number of important phenomena. (springer.com)

Human genome3

• The first step of the Human Genome Project took place when Tjio and Levan, in 1956, reported the accurate diploid number of human chromosomes as 2n = 46. (wikipedia.org)
• Here, I highlight several outlandish features of the human genome that defy notions of ID by a caring cognitive agent. (nap.edu)
• These range from de novo mutational glitches that collectively kill or maim countless individuals (including embryos and fetuses) to pervasive architectural flaws (including pseudogenes, parasitic mobile elements, and needlessly baroque regulatory pathways) that are endogenous in every human genome. (nap.edu)

Phylogenetic6

• Finally, using comparative phylogenetic methods, we found that while diet specificity did not predict patterns of conotoxin evolution, dietary breadth was positively correlated with total conotoxin gene diversity. (ovid.com)
• B ) Phylogenetic tree constructed using TPSs from 55 plant genomes together with fungal and bacterial TPSs. (nih.gov)
• In addition, no-root phylogenetic tree of the 622 SARS-CoV-2 genomes were constructed by maximum likelihood (ML) with the bootstrap value of 100. (cdc.gov)
• According to the phylogenetic trees, all genomes were divided into Cluster 1 to 3, in which genomes were mainly from North America, global and Europe respectively. (cdc.gov)
• We measured DNA content in subgenus Melanocrommyum using flow cytometry based on propidium iodide staining and analyzed the evolution of genome size in a phylogenetic context. (bioone.org)
• These comparative-genome marker (CGM) SNPs represent a distinct class of phylogenetic markers that has unique advantages. (asm.org)

Plant genomes2

• In some respects, it is premature to discuss the evolution of plant genomes, because the pending completion of the Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) genome, with rice ( Oryza sativa ) following, is sure to unlock many mysteries about plant genome evolution. (pnas.org)
• A diploid with 12 chromosomes (2 n = 24), rice has one of the smallest plant genomes, with only 0.9 pg of DNA per 2C nucleus (Fig. 1 ). (pnas.org)

Phylogenetics2

• Phylogenetics and molecular evolution of Alismatales. (ubc.ca)
• Tools used include quantitative genetics, molecular phylogenetics, and functional morphometrics. (port.ac.uk)

Organization6

• We research crop plants and farm animals, studying their evolution and organization at the DNA to genome levels: large-scale processes with chromosomes, polyploidy and DNA sequence. (le.ac.uk)
• Expanding understanding of gene and genome organization has revealed the profound extent of their impact on both. (wiley.com)
• The organization of the mitochondrial genome of yeast and these recombinational events are discussed in relationship with the organization and evolution of the nuclear genome of eukaryotes. (springer.com)
• The Challenge of the New Cytochemistry : Highlighting the Obscure Meaning of Genome Composition-Organization. (nii.ac.jp)
• His research group aims to gain a detailed understanding of how regulation is achieved at distinct levels of organization in cellular systems with the ultimate objective of deriving general principles of living systems at a molecular level. (rsc.org)
• Specifically, his group investigates regulation at three levels of organization: molecules, processes and genomes. (rsc.org)

Transposable Elements2

• The aim of our researches is to explore and understand the role of transposable elements in the recent evolution of Homo, as well as their functional and biomedical implications. (bioanthropologybologna.eu)
• Plant Transposons and Genome Dynamics in Evolution captures and distills the voluminous research literature on plant transposable elements and seeks to assemble the big picture of how transposons shape gene structure and regulation, as well as how they sculpt genomes in evolution. (wiley.com)

Eukaryotes7

• Combined with duplication and adaptive evolution, domain shuffling is responsible for the great phenotypic complexity of higher eukaryotes. (elsevier.com)
• One group of molecular motors is called the myosins, which have recently been studied in everything from one-celled eukaryotes to humans. (icr.org)
• The main problem with this idea is that, not only does no such creature exist, but eukaryotes also contain molecular similarities to both bacteria and archaea-prokaryotes that are found in completely separate domains of cellular life. (icr.org)
• Another major problem is that many complex molecular and cellular features unique among eukaryotes are not found in any prokaryotes. (icr.org)
• The genome sizes of thousands of eukaryotes have been analyzed over the past 50 years, and these data are available in online databases for animals, plants, and fungi (see external links). (wikipedia.org)
• Nuclear genome size is typically measured in eukaryotes using either densitometric measurements of Feulgen-stained nuclei (previously using specialized densitometers, now more commonly using computerized image analysis) or flow cytometry. (wikipedia.org)
• The nonlinear correlation for eukaryotes, although claim of its existence contrasts the previous view that no correlation exists for this group of organisms, reflects disproportionately fast increasing noncoding DNA in increasingly large eukaryotic genomes. (wikipedia.org)

Dynamics2

• How these processes may impact the dynamics of gene evolution was studied by comparing the patterns of gene structure changes, alternative splicing ( AS ), and codon substitution rates among wheat and model grass genomes. (plantphysiol.org)
• Compared to other sequenced Leguminosae genomes, the pea genome shows intense gene dynamics, most likely associated with genome size expansion when the Fabeae diverged from its sister tribes. (nature.com)

Sequencing14

• From single-cell analysis to whole-genome sequencing, this year's best new products shine on many levels. (the-scientist.com)
• Recent work emphasizes new ways to quantitatively map the inputs and outputs of gene networks in a genome-wide manner using "next generation" ultra-high throughput DNA sequencing, and applying these methods to muscle and brain networks. (hudsonalpha.org)
• We are using PacBio whole-genome sequencing and deep population resequencing to explore the evolution of a novel biochemical pathway in yeast over several thousand generations. (blogspot.com)
• Populations at seven key time points during their evolution have been sequenced using Illumina short-read sequencing. (blogspot.com)
• In addition, all the parental strains from the founding population have been subject to PacBio de novo whole-genome sequencing and assembly. (blogspot.com)
• Technological innovation now enables the sequencing and assembly of large genomes, bridging the gap between models and crops for quantitative trait analysis and genome-wide breeding approaches. (nature.com)
• The genome of S1 was obtained by Illumina sequencing resulting in a 35 Mb draft genome sequence of 32X. (prolekare.cz)
• We investigated the mutational spectra of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) at baseline and compared them to those upon clonal evolution at progression on systemic therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.Outcome Measurements:DNA was isolated from tumor tissues after surgery, metastasis biopsies after progression on sunitinib or axitinib, and subjected to whole-exome sequencing (WES). (ega-archive.org)
• Comparative full-genome sequencing of bacteria is a powerful method to detect sequence diversity. (asm.org)
• Comparative full-genome sequencing has uncovered large numbers of synonymous SNPs and other sequence polymorphisms ( 6 , 24 ). (asm.org)
• 2011. Genome Sequencing and Assembly. (umass.edu)
• In prokaryotes, pulsed field gel electrophoresis and complete genome sequencing are the predominant methods of genome size determination. (wikipedia.org)
• Although sequenced genome data are practically biased toward small genomes, which may compromise the accuracy of the empirically derived correlation, and the ultimate proof of the correlation remains to be obtained by sequencing some of the largest eukaryotic genomes, current data do not seem to rule out a correlation. (wikipedia.org)
• The MBL provides access to state-of-the-art instrumentation, innovative imaging technology, genome sequencing, model marine and freshwater organisms, and modern laboratory facilities. (mbl.edu)

Chromosomes2

• Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside the nucleus also serves important biological functions. (wikipedia.org)
• As a diploid with 10 chromosomes (2 n = 20) and a 2C genome content roughly 6-fold larger than rice, maize lies somewhere in the middle of grass genome size and structural complexity (Fig. 1 ). (pnas.org)

Completely sequenced genomes1

• CGMs are preidentified by making comparisons among a relatively small number of completely or nearly completely sequenced genomes and then applied to analyze larger bacterial populations by targeted identification techniques. (asm.org)

Drosophila4

• Compositional heterogeneity and patterns of molecular evolution in the Drosophila genome. (genetics.org)
• The D. simulans and D. yakuba genomes mark the third and fourth sequenced Drosophila genomes - the second being the more distantly related D. pseudoobscura . (scienceblogs.com)
• If you're curious as to how long it takes to go from the initial proposal to the published sequence of a genome, check out the white papers proposing various Drosophila genome projects . (scienceblogs.com)
• 2000. The Genome Sequence of Drosophila melanogaster . (scienceblogs.com)

Reference genome1

• Accordingly, an international consortium was formed to produce a reference genome sequence for pea. (nature.com)

Variation3

• Dr. Nickerson is a Professor of Genome Sciences at the University of Washington (UW), who, for two decades, has pioneered the development of new methods and tools that have been widely adopted for the identification and genotyping of human sequence variation, including single nucleotide variations (SNVs), insertion-deletions (indels) and copy number variations (CNVs). (hudsonalpha.org)
• Thus, the cytological, ecological, and physiological factors often correlated with genome size should have negligible effect on genome size variation in Melanocrommyum . (bioone.org)
• For reasons of conceptual clarification, the various puzzles that remain with regard to genome size variation instead have been suggested by one author to more accurately comprise a puzzle or an enigma (the C-value enigma). (wikipedia.org)

Diversity1

• This diversity is direct result of rare clones with extreme genomes that emerged by chance after repeated bottleneck events, and this diversity persists because of the lack of selective constraints on rapid growth inside the host tissue. (wikipedia.org)

Bacterial4

• The linear plasmids with a covalently attached protein may assist with bacterial conjugation and integration of the plasmids into the genome. (wikipedia.org)
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts are eukaryotic organelles that evolved from bacterial ancestors and harbor their own genomes. (springer.com)
• In the present article we review the differential contribution to the evolution of bacterial genomes that processes such as gene modification, gene acquisition and gene loss may have when bacteria colonize different habitats that present characteristic ecological features. (mdpi.com)
• Particularly relevant in this respect are the studies on the evolution of bacterial pathogens that produce long-lasting chronic infections. (mdpi.com)

Bioinformatics4

• Microscopy, image processing, bioinformatics, in situ hybridization, molecular (epi)genetics and systems biology lets us explore and exploit fundamental processes. (le.ac.uk)
• Announcement and Call for Application to the EMBO practical Course on 'Bioinformatics and Comparative Genome Analysis' ( http://cwp.embo.org/pc11-09/index.html ) that will take place in the Institut Pasteur Paris, France, June 27 July 9, 2011. (bio.net)
• The course will focus on reviews on advanced fundamental algorithms and methods used in Bioinformatics and their applications in genome studies. (bio.net)
• The topics that will be included in the course programme are similar to those included in previously organized courses: http:// www.pasteur.fr/~tekaia/BGA_courses.html The course is aimed at motivated Ph.D students and Post-Doctoral Researchers in Academic Institutions, with background in Mathematics, Statistics, Biology or Computer Science and who are involved in Bioinformatics and Genomes studies. (bio.net)

Lineages4

• Our results suggest that, while some domesticated lineages may have undergone changes to selective regime or effective population size that could have affected mitochondrial evolution, it is not possible to generalise these patterns over all domesticated mammals and birds. (datadryad.org)
• During Pisum evolution, translocation and transposition differentially occurred across lineages. (nature.com)
• Estimation of ancestral genome sizes using generalized least squares revealed lineages with increasing as well as decreasing DNA content. (bioone.org)
• Some striking examples of trends in organelle evolution explored here are the reduction in genome size and gene coding content observed in most lineages, the complete loss of organelle DNA in certain lineages, and the unusual modes of gene expression that have emerged, such as the extensive and essential mRNA editing that occurs in plant mitochondria and chloroplasts. (springer.com)

Nuclear genomes1

• In this paper, we will focus on the processes that contribute to the evolution of plant nuclear genomes by using maize ( Zea mays ) as a model system. (pnas.org)

Duplication5

• Another 2017 publication considers the role of polyploidy or whole genome duplication in ecology and evolution . (le.ac.uk)
• The evolution of ray-finned fish was impacted by several whole genome duplication (WGD) events including a teleost-specific WGD event (TGD) that occurred at the root of the teleost lineage about 350 million years ago (Mya) and more recent WGD events in salmonids, carps, suckers and others. (nih.gov)
• There are still unanswered questions about repetitive DNA, including the distribution of repetitive DNA throughout the genome, the relative impacts of retrotransposons and chromosomal duplication in plant genome evolution, and the hypothesized correlation of duplication events with transposition. (pnas.org)
• This paper focuses on the impact of chromosomal duplication, transposition, and nucleotide substitution on the evolution of the maize genome. (pnas.org)
• By the early 1970s, "genome size" was in common usage with its present definition, probably as a result of its inclusion in Susumu Ohno's influential book Evolution by Gene Duplication, published in 1970. (wikipedia.org)

Cytogenetics3

• Our key methods for in situ hybridization are given at this website with more information about methods for molecular cytogenetics and in situ hybridization as well as some other methods used in our laboratory. (le.ac.uk)
• Media and public understanding from the Molecular Cytogenetics group, University of Leicester. (molcyt.org)
• The Molecular Cytogenetics Group is in the University of Leicester, UK. (molcyt.org)

Proteins3

• Computational Genome Analysis of Proteins and. (hhmi.org)
• They investigate wood-consuming marine organisms to determine which proteins are produced during the digestive process (with Matt Guille of the Epigenetics and Development Group), to define enzyme characteristics (with John McGeehan of Molecular Biophysics Group) and to build up a whole-genome from one of the borers. (port.ac.uk)
• At the molecular level, they aim to discover novel features of regulatory and signalling proteins such as G protein-coupled receptors. (rsc.org)

Microbial4

• In particular, they approach tree-of-life questions concerning microbial life using whole genome information. (amnh.org)
• In particular, we review how the different processes contribute to evolution in microbial communities, in free-living bacteria or in bacteria living in isolation. (mdpi.com)
• From environmental microbiology to microbial evolution, find out how biotechnology is fundamental to solving disease-related problems and providing food, fuel and medicines. (york.ac.uk)
• Our Biotechnology and Microbiology course examines how microorganisms can be used to produce improved therapeutic drugs, and why an understanding of microbial evolution is important for controlling pathogens. (york.ac.uk)

Processes2

• 2010 . A role for nonadaptive processes in plant genome size evolution? (wiley.com)
• These processes include sympatric diversification, punctuated evolution, kin selection, prey-predator interactions, bet-hedging or the effect of cheating on group selection among others. (mdpi.com)

Divergence4

• We use these data to quantify the relationship between sequence and functional divergence, and to identify CpG deamination as a potentially important force in driving changes in enhancer activity during primate evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
• The authors compared polymorphism in D. simulans with divergence from D. melanogaster ( already sequenced ), and used the D. yakuba genome sequence to polarize the differences along either the D. simulans lineage or the D. melanogaster lineage. (scienceblogs.com)
• A comparison of these orthologous regions indicates modes and patterns of sequence divergence, with implications for the overall Triticeae genome structure and evolution. (unboundmedicine.com)
• The intergenic regions of the two loci are composed of different patterns and classes of retrotransposons, indicating that insertion times of these retroelements were after the divergence of the two wheat genomes. (unboundmedicine.com)

Organelle genomes1

• This book places particular emphasis on the current techniques used to study the evolution of organelle genomes and gene expression. (springer.com)

University of Leices2

• Visiting Address is Adrian Building, Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH UK. (molcyt.org)
• Postal Address is Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH UK. (molcyt.org)

Cellular4

• Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences , 64 (5), 542-554. (elsevier.com)
• We argue that the importance of the cis-regulatory genome for the interpretation of cellular communication pathways cannot be overstated and understanding its role in health and disease will be critical for the future development of personalised medicine. (cambridge.org)
• Clearly, the only scientific model that predicts this type of molecular and cellular complexity and innovation across all forms of life is one associated with special creation. (icr.org)
• We conclude that asymmetries in molecular composition and sensitivity to cellular factors of each contributing hemichannel can profoundly influence the transmission of electrical signals, endowing electrical synapses with more complex functional properties. (frontiersin.org)

Chromosomal3

• The maize genome is replete with chromosomal duplications and repetitive DNA. (pnas.org)
• Chromosomal, gene, and cis -element evolution. (scienceblogs.com)
• and chromosomal distribution and evolution of repetitive DNA in fish. (thefreedictionary.com)

Mitochondrial genomes1

• Studies on the agronomically important crop trait cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) have suggested the semblance of a host-parasite relationship between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, but molecular evidence for this is lacking. (pnas.org)

Regions of the genome1

• We are using these data to estimate the proportions and regions of the genome that have evolved neutrally, under purifying selection, or adaptively in response to xylose selection. (blogspot.com)

Patterns4

• The rates and patterns of molecular evolution in many eukaryotic organisms have been shown to be influenced by the compartmentalization of their genomes into fractions of distinct base composition and mutational properties. (genetics.org)
• Studies of domesticated animals have led to the suggestion that domestication could have significant effects on patterns of molecular evolution. (datadryad.org)
• These results are important because they imply that changes to selection or population size operating over a short timescale can cause significant changes to the patterns of mitochondrial molecular evolution. (datadryad.org)
• The development trends in chronological order and Ka/Ks ratio of each major haplotype subgroup showed the four major haplotype subgroups were going through different evolution patterns, the H3 haplotype subgroup was going through a purifying evolution and almost disappeared after detection, while H1 haplotype subgroup was going through a neutral evolution and globally increased with time. (cdc.gov)

Nucleotide sequence1

• The coding capacity of the CIV genome was determined by the analysis of the complete DNA nucleotide sequence consisting of 212,482 bp that represent 468 open reading frames encoding for polypeptides ranging from 40 to 2432 amino acid residues. (springer.com)

Humans4

• Gorillas are humans' closest living relatives after chimpanzees, and are of comparable importance for the study of human origins and evolution. (ox.ac.uk)
• A wide range of genomes are considered including those of bacteria, yeast, insects and humans. (le.ac.uk)
• Results showed that the gar lineage diverged from teleosts before the TGD and its genome is organized more similarly to that of humans than teleosts. (genetics.org)
• That's well under way in humans, with HapMap and various other projects designed to generate DNA polymorphism data on a genome-wide scale. (scienceblogs.com)

Allowed genome-wide1

• RNA-seq on two map-cross larvae provided a reference transcriptome that identified nearly 1000 mapped protein-coding markers and allowed genome-wide analysis of conserved synteny. (genetics.org)

Approaches3

• The approach introduced here appears to be a better approximation to actual biological evolution than models based upon the application of mutation from uniform probability distributions, and because evolution by algorithmic probability converges faster to regular structures (both artificial and natural, as tested on a small biological network), it also approaches a formal version of open-ended evolution based on previous results. (scoop.it)
• Comparative chromosome painting and related techniques are very powerful approaches in comparative genome studies. (wikipedia.org)
• We employ molecular, biochemical and physiological approaches to address these issues in crustaceans, insects, fish and mammals. (lsu.edu)

Comparisons2

• 1) Comparisons with ancient genomes and chimp/bonobo. (bioanthropologybologna.eu)
• The papers (yes, more than one - in fact, many more than one) describing the comparisons of these 12 genomes are due out very soon. (scienceblogs.com)

Analysis11

• The analysis of the coding capacity of the CIV genome revealed that 50% (234 ORFs) of all identified ORFs (468 ORFs) were non-overlapping. (springer.com)
• By explaining the fundamental concepts of population genetics, which is essential to understanding molecular evolution, Graur gives his readers the necessary tools for a critical analysis of the different topics covered by his volume. (oup.com)
• Data and analysis files for Domestication and the Mitochondrial Genome, Moray et al. (datadryad.org)
• Here we present the assembly and analysis of a genome sequence for the western lowland gorilla, and compare the whole genomes of all extant great ape genera. (ox.ac.uk)
• In the evolution analysis of 622 or 3624 complete SARS-CoV-2 genomes, the estimated Ka/Ks ratio is 1.008 or 1.094, which is higher than that of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and the time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) is inferred in late September 2019, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 may have completed positive selection pressure of the cross-host evolution in the early stage. (cdc.gov)
• Researchers have studied the role of enhancers in evolution through two main methods: high-resolution, systematic analysis of single enhancers, or low-resolution, genome-wide analysis of many enhancers. (biomedcentral.com)
• Comparative genome analysis provides insights into the evolution and adaptation of Pseudomonas syringae pv. (forestry.gov.uk)
• Comparative analysis of a fish genome occupying a lineage that diverged from teleosts shortly before the TGD would test whether chromosome rearrangements detected in teleosts arose before or after the TGD. (genetics.org)
• These maps also provide an unprecedented opportunity to use multispecies analysis as a tool to infer karyotype evolution. (wikipedia.org)
• Additionally, we performed a comparative analysis of competence loci wide Thermus genomes and found evidence for recent horizontal acquisition of the locus and continued dispersal among members reflecting that natural competence is a beneficial survival trait among Thermus members and its acquisition depicts unending evolution in order to accomplish optimal fitness. (frontiersin.org)
• Along with the studies on experimental evolution, the analysis on the in vivo evolution of microorganisms provides relevant information for understanding general aspects of the theory of evolution. (mdpi.com)

Ecology1

• Scott Armbruster works on the evolution and ecology plant-animal relationships, especially pollination. (port.ac.uk)

Organisms4

• Foundationally, EGS research involves an understanding of how evolution shapes organisms and generates biodiversity, and has a strong emphasis on examination of specimens. (auburn.edu)
• In diploid organisms, genome size is used interchangeably with the term C-value. (wikipedia.org)
• The classical theory of evolution is mainly based on the study of multicellular organisms. (mdpi.com)
• On the other hand, whereas experimental evolution studies are not easily achievable for multicellular organisms [ 1 ], due to the extensive time lapse required, these studies can be performed on microorganisms, which can present very large population sizes and extremely short generation times. (mdpi.com)

Insights4

• 100× coverage) and used these data to provide new insights into conotoxin evolution. (ovid.com)
• Insights into hominid evolution from the gorilla genome sequence. (ox.ac.uk)
• In contrast, high-resolution studies can provide clear insights into the evolution of individual enhancers, but the findings may not be broadly generalizable. (biomedcentral.com)
• insights into genome evolution and inter- and intra-specific diversification. (umass.edu)

Content2

• Here we describe the structure and gene content of the highly polymorphic approximately 520-megabase genome of the Florida lancelet Branchiostoma floridae, and analyse it in the context of chordate evolution. (ox.ac.uk)
• Once the amount of heterochomatin is subtracted from total genome content, all mammals have very similar genome sizes. (wikipedia.org)

Fungal1

• A practical guide to fungal genome projects: strategy, technology, cost and completion. (umass.edu)

Populations2

• By constructing reliable whole genomes of the ancestors of our populations, we can the trace evolution of these populations over time. (blogspot.com)
• Our unique array of both extant and past, but not extinct, populations allow us to test popular models of molecular evolution. (blogspot.com)

Transcriptome1

• NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - A University of Connecticut and University of California, Davis-led team of researchers has sequenced both the genome and transcriptome of the sugar pine. (genomeweb.com)

Bacteria1

• Genomes fluctuate in size regularly, however, genome size reduction is most significant in bacteria. (wikipedia.org)

Vertebrates1

• However, recent studies demonstrated that trasposons had a key role in the evolution of innovations such as the placenta in Mammals and the adaptive immune system in Vertebrates. (bioanthropologybologna.eu)