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Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

A strain of Rattus norvegicus used as a normotensive control for the spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR).

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

A strain of Rattus norvegicus with elevated blood pressure used as a model for studying hypertension and stroke.

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.

A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Techniques for measuring blood pressure.

Method in which repeated blood pressure readings are made while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It allows quantitative analysis of the high blood pressure load over time, can help distinguish between types of HYPERTENSION, and can assess the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy.

Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

Animals that are produced through selective breeding to eliminate genetic background differences except for a single or few specific loci. They are used to investigate the contribution of genetic background differences to PHENOTYPE.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Rats bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.

Period of contraction of the HEART, especially of the HEART VENTRICLES.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.

The pressure due to the weight of fluid.

A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19.

Inbred rats derived from Sprague-Dawley rats and used for the study of salt-dependent hypertension. Salt-sensitive and salt-resistant strains have been selectively bred to show the opposite genetically determined blood pressure responses to excess sodium chloride ingestion.

The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Devices for continuously measuring and displaying the arterial blood pressure.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

Sodium chloride used in foods.

The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.

An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. It is produced from angiotensin I after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME. The amino acid in position 5 varies in different species. To block VASOCONSTRICTION and HYPERTENSION effect of angiotensin II, patients are often treated with ACE INHIBITORS or with ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Post-systolic relaxation of the HEART, especially the HEART VENTRICLES.

Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.

A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE.

A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.

Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an ARTERY produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of BLOOD from the left ventricle of the HEART as it contracts.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

The main trunk of the systemic arteries.

The blood pressure in the ARTERIES. It is commonly measured with a SPHYGMOMANOMETER on the upper arm which represents the arterial pressure in the BRACHIAL ARTERY.

Sodium or sodium compounds used in foods or as a food. The most frequently used compounds are sodium chloride or sodium glutamate.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The pressure of the fluids in the eye.

A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.

A diet which contains very little sodium chloride. It is prescribed by some for hypertension and for edematous states. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.

A BLOOD PRESSURE regulating system of interacting components that include RENIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN II; and angiotensinase. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming ANGIOTENSIN I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, contained in the lung, acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to ANGIOTENSIN II, an extremely powerful vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II causes contraction of the arteriolar and renal VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE, leading to retention of salt and water in the KIDNEY and increased arterial blood pressure. In addition, angiotensin II stimulates the release of ALDOSTERONE from the ADRENAL CORTEX, which in turn also increases salt and water retention in the kidney. Angiotensin-converting enzyme also breaks down BRADYKININ, a powerful vasodilator and component of the KALLIKREIN-KININ SYSTEM.

Transmission of the readings of instruments to a remote location by means of wires, radio waves, or other means. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A response by the BARORECEPTORS to increased BLOOD PRESSURE. Increased pressure stretches BLOOD VESSELS which activates the baroreceptors in the vessel walls. The net response of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM is a reduction of central sympathetic outflow. This reduces blood pressure both by decreasing peripheral VASCULAR RESISTANCE and by lowering CARDIAC OUTPUT. Because the baroreceptors are tonically active, the baroreflex can compensate rapidly for both increases and decreases in blood pressure.

Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of MAMMALS.

The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, and feeding.

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

The HEART and the BLOOD VESSELS by which BLOOD is pumped and circulated through the body.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.

The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.

Transducers that are activated by pressure changes, e.g., blood pressure.

A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.

A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.

A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls.

Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.

The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

Laboratory rats that have been produced from a genetically manipulated rat EGG or rat EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. They contain genes from another species.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

The blood pressure in the VEINS. It is usually measured to assess the filling PRESSURE to the HEART VENTRICLE.

An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.

Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.

An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.

The circulation of the BLOOD through the vessels of the KIDNEY.

Instruments for measuring arterial blood pressure consisting of an inflatable cuff, inflating bulb, and a gauge showing the blood pressure. (Stedman, 26th ed)

A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. Included are ANGIOTENSIN II analogs such as SARALASIN and biphenylimidazoles such as LOSARTAN. Some are used as ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS.

The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.

The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

The volume of BLOOD passing through the HEART per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with STROKE VOLUME (volume per beat).

The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.

The force per unit area that the air exerts on any surface in contact with it. Primarily used for articles pertaining to air pressure within a closed environment.

Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.

A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).

Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.

The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

Genetic loci associated with a QUANTITATIVE TRAIT.

Sodium excretion by URINATION.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the DIAPHRAGM, eventually connecting to the ABDOMINAL AORTA.

Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Africa.

A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (>140 mm Hg) and diastolic (>90 mm Hg) blood pressure on at least two occasions 6 h apart. HYPERTENSION complicates 8-10% of all pregnancies, generally after 20 weeks of gestation. Gestational hypertension can be divided into several broad categories according to the complexity and associated symptoms, such as EDEMA; PROTEINURIA; SEIZURES; abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION and liver functions.

An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.

The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a cardiovascular disease. The disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or FETUS.

A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.

A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, -Xaa-*-Xbb-Xcc, when neither Xaa nor Xbb is Pro. It is a Cl(-)-dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally membrane-bound and active at neutral pH. It may also have endopeptidase activity on some substrates. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.15.1.

The pressure within a CARDIAC VENTRICLE. Ventricular pressure waveforms can be measured in the beating heart by catheterization or estimated using imaging techniques (e.g., DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY). The information is useful in evaluating the function of the MYOCARDIUM; CARDIAC VALVES; and PERICARDIUM, particularly with simultaneous measurement of other (e.g., aortic or atrial) pressures.

Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

Bleeding within the SKULL that is caused by systemic HYPERTENSION, usually in association with INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOSCLEROSIS. Hypertensive hemorrhages are most frequent in the BASAL GANGLIA; CEREBELLUM; PONS; and THALAMUS; but may also involve the CEREBRAL CORTEX, subcortical white matter, and other brain structures.

A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.

An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of natural angiotensins. Upon successive enzyme cleavages, angiotensinogen yields angiotensin I, II, and III with amino acids numbered at 10, 8, and 7, respectively.

Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.

A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins.

Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.

The blood pressure in the central large VEINS of the body. It is distinguished from peripheral venous pressure which occurs in an extremity.

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS. Many drugs in this class specifically target the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.

An angiotensin receptor subtype that is expressed at high levels in a variety of adult tissues including the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, the KIDNEY, the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM and the NERVOUS SYSTEM. Activation of the type 1 angiotensin receptor causes VASOCONSTRICTION and sodium retention.

Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (LUNG COMPLIANCE) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure.

A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.

Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.

The consumption of liquids.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.

A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.

Processes and properties of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.

A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.

The position or attitude of the body.

The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to INULIN clearance.

DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Brain dysfunction or damage resulting from sustained MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION. When BLOOD PRESSURE exceeds the limits of cerebral autoregulation, cerebral blood flow is impaired (BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING; SEIZURES; altered mental status (in some cases progressing to COMA); PAPILLEDEMA; and RETINAL HEMORRHAGE.

Glucose in blood.

The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.

The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS.

Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.

A strain of Rattus norvegicus which is a model for spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, INSULIN-DEPENDENT).

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

Compounds with a BENZENE fused to IMIDAZOLES.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Agents that inhibit SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS. They act as DIURETICS. Excess use is associated with HYPOKALEMIA.

The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.

Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.

An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.

Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).

An NADPH-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-ARGININE and OXYGEN to produce CITRULLINE and NITRIC OXIDE.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.

The blood pressure as recorded after wedging a CATHETER in a small PULMONARY ARTERY; believed to reflect the PRESSURE in the pulmonary CAPILLARIES.

The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries.

Blood pressure levels that are between normotension and hypertension. Individuals with prehypertension are at a higher risk for developing cardiovascular diseases. Generally, prehypertension is defined as SYSTOLIC PRESSURE of 131-139 mm Hg and/or DIASTOLIC PRESSURE of 81-89 when the optimal is 120/80 mm Hg. For diabetics and other metabolism diseases the prehypertension is around 110-129/70-79 mm Hg.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

Animals that are generated from breeding two genetically dissimilar strains of the same species.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A 105-kDa serum glycoprotein with significant homology to the other late complement components, C7-C9. It is a polypeptide chain cross-linked by 32 disulfide bonds. C6 is the next complement component to bind to the membrane-bound COMPLEMENT C5B in the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. It is encoded by gene C6.

A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.

The outer zone of the KIDNEY, beneath the capsule, consisting of KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL; and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL.

The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the left HEART VENTRICLE. Its measurement is an important aspect of the clinical evaluation of patients with heart disease to determine the effects of the disease on cardiac performance.

A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.

A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.

... appropriately inbred rats of fixed genotype are crucial. A system for banking specific hypertensive rat strains and appropriate ... range of pressures for each rat is suggested. The age and weight of the rats at the time of blood pressure determination, ... For example, WKY rats exhibit considerable heterogeneity when obtained from different sources. This heterogeneity is observed ... were convened to evaluate the current status and need for genetically defined animal models for the study of hypertension. The ...

https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-93-010.html

Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rat Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats Previous Indexing. Rats (1980-1981). Rats, Inbred Strains (1982-1998). Public ... Salt-sensitive and salt-resistant strains have been selectively bred to show the opposite genetically determined blood pressure ... Rats, Inbred WF [B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400.360] * Rats, Inbred WKY [B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700. ... Dahl Hypertensive Rats Dahl Rat Dahl Rats Dahl Salt-Resistant Rats ...

https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D020303

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D020303

In particular, the Zucker fatty rat and the spontaneously hypertensive obese rat (SHROB). This one suffers macro- and ... Rat. The obese spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHROB), also known as Koletsky rat, is a rat strain of spontaneous hypertension ... Interestingly, control lean SHROB rats also develop diabetic retinopathy [142]. The effect of diet on blood pressure changes ... V. Sexl, G. Mancusi, G. Raberger, and W. Schutz, "Age-related changes in vascular reactivity in genetically diabetic rats," ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijhy/2013/230868/

To study the clinical significance of presenting blood pressure parameters and heart rate in patients with hypertensive crisis ... WKY) rats, we determined the surface and volume densities of cerebral capillaries, and the regional cerebral blood flow distal ... Understanding the effects of inbreeding and genetic drift within populations and hybridization between genetically ... regardless of the heterozygosity of strain-specific DNA sequences present in these mouse strains. Further research is needed to ...

https://antibact24h.us/buy_ritosin_online.html

... sustained reduction of blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats and provide important information for a potential gene ... Rats MH - Rats, Inbred SHR MH - Rats, Inbred WKY MH - Rats, Wistar MH - Receptors, Endothelin/*antagonists & inhibitors MH - ... PG - 144-7 AB - Strains of A. eucrenophila isolated from fresh water (2 strains) and infected fish (4 strains) were tested for ... antiglucocorticoid properties in the rat. PG - 749-53 AB - In the rat, the conformationally highly bent steroid 21-hydroxy-6, ...

https://lexsrv3.nlm.nih.gov/LexSysGroup/Projects/tc/2009/docs/testData/In/jdi/2004/9801.2004.baseline.sorted

... of blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats and provide important information for a potential gene therapy approach to ... Rats MH - Rats, Inbred SHR MH - Rats, Inbred WKY MH - Rats, Wistar MH - Receptors, Endothelin/*ANTAGONISTS & INHIBITORS MH - ... Strains of A. eucrenophila isolated from fresh water (2 strains) and infected fish (4 strains) were tested for haemolytic ... Rat livers were cold- preserved in University of Wisconsin solution for 30 hours then subjected to 1-hour warm ischemia after ...

https://data.lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/public/ii/information/DataSets/medlin200UIs_Jan20_1999.txt

Inbred C57BLFerretsAnimals, NewbornRats, NudeMice, KnockoutRats, Inbred LewRats, Inbred WKYRats, Inbred Strains ... Blood Pressure. PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.. ... Abstract To elucidate the mechanisms controlling pH i in myocardium of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), experiments ... Genetically developed small pigs for use in biomedical research. There are several strains - Yucatan miniature, Sinclair ...

https://lookformedical.com/en/search/myocardium

Inbred LEC Rats, Inbred Lew Rats, Inbred OLETF Rats, Inbred SHR Rats, Inbred Strains Rats, Inbred WF Rats, Inbred WKY Rats, ... Blood Physiology Blood Platelet Disorders Blood Platelets Blood Preservation Blood Pressure Blood Pressure Determination Blood ... Genetically Modified Animals, Inbred Strains Animals, Laboratory Animals, Newborn Animals, Outbred Strains Animals, Poisonous ... Nucleotide Exchange Factors ras Proteins ras-GRF1 Rat-Bite Fever Rate Setting and Review Ratibida Rationalization Rats Rats, ...

https://nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov/projects/mesh/.newterms/mshd2008.txt

Spontaneously hypertensive Hypertension Arterial High blood pr Vessels Tissue Heart Result Muscle

In particular, the Zucker fatty rat and the spontaneously hypertensive obese rat (SHROB). (hindawi.com)
To demonstrate the potential therapeutic effects of somatic gene delivery in treating hypertension, we used spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as a model. (nih.gov)

SUPPLEMENTS FOR EMBRYONIC CRYOPRESERVATION OF HYPERTENSIVE RATSTRAINS NIH GUIDE, Volume 21, Number 38, October 23, 1992 PA NUMBER: PA-93-010 P.T. 34 Keywords: Preservation of Organs/Tissue Hypertension Biological Resources National Heart Lung and Blood Institute PURPOSE The objective of this supplement program is to preserve embryos from phenotypically and genotypically unique rat strains used in hypertension research. (nih.gov)
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Summary The objective of this program is to preserve phenotypically and genotypically unique rat strains used in hypertension research. (nih.gov)
The administrative supplement program will allow unique and valuable strains to be preserved so that both existing and newly developed models of hypertension, including those derived from traditional breeding techniques as well as molecular genetic technologies, will be available to investigators for future use. (nih.gov)
Background The impetus for this program comes from deliberations by the NHLBI Arteriosclerosis, Hypertension, and Lipid Metabolism Advisory Committee (AHLMAC) and two separate expert panels of scientists that were convened to evaluate the current status and need for genetically defined animal models for the study of hypertension. (nih.gov)
The expert panels noted the lack of standardized genetic rat models of hypertension due to independent breeding and the absence of appropriate inbred controls. (nih.gov)
The panels assessed the extent to which phenotypic and genotypic variability among genetic rat models of hypertension is impeding research in the field. (nih.gov)
Inbred rats derived from Sprague-Dawley rats and used for the study of salt-dependent hypertension. (nih.gov)
PG - 229-36 AB - The tissue kallikrein-kinin system has been postulated to play a role in blood pressure homeostasis and the pathogenesis of clinical hypertension. (nih.gov)
These results show that kallikrein gene delivery causes a sustained reduction of blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats and provide important information for a potential gene therapy approach to human hypertension and related diseases. (nih.gov)

There is a clear association between body mass index and arterial pressure even in nonobese, lean people [ 4 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation. (lookformedical.com)

Funds will be provided to investigators with active grants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) so that embryos of hypertensive and normotensive control rat strains with well-defined phenotypic and genotypic characteristics that are of value to the study of high blood pressure can be cryopreserved for future revitalization and use. (nih.gov)
In 1988, Reaven, hypothesized that insulin resistance is the common etiological factor of a group of disorders, such as high blood pressure, hyperinsulinemia, high levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL), triglycerides, and cholesterol, and low levels of high density lipoproteins (HDL). (hindawi.com)
A single injection of naked human kallikrein DNA constructs caused a prolonged reduction of high blood pressure for up to 8 weeks. (nih.gov)

Quoting prof. Yki-Järvinen "…after all, from a clinical point of view, type II diabetes mellitus is a disease of blood vessels, not muscle. (hindawi.com)
The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. (lookformedical.com)
The circulation of blood through the CORONARY VESSELS of the HEART. (lookformedical.com)

A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. (lookformedical.com)
Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION). (lookformedical.com)
Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. (lookformedical.com)

This program announcement, Supplements for Embryonic Cryopreservation of Hypertensive Rat Strains, is related to the priority area of heart disease and stroke. (nih.gov)
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION). (lookformedical.com)
Damage to the MYOCARDIUM resulting from MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION (restoration of blood flow to ischemic areas of the HEART. (lookformedical.com)

This effort is necessary due to extensive genetic heterogeneity associated with many hypertensive rat strains and to the emergence of new molecular genetic technologies that will result in the availability of many new strains in the near future. (nih.gov)

It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow. (lookformedical.com)

Anatomy24

Organisms21

Diseases29

Chemicals and Drugs65

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment50

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes74

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science5

Named Groups2

Health Care21

Geographicals1

Rats, Inbred BN

Rats, Inbred Lew

Rats, Inbred Strains

Rats, Inbred F344

Rats, Inbred WKY

Species Specificity

Blood Pressure

Rats, Inbred SHR

Hypertension

Rats, Inbred ACI

Rats, Inbred WF

Pressure

Blood Pressure Determination

Rats, Inbred BUF

Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory

Antihypertensive Agents

Heart Rate

Animals, Congenic

Disease Models, Animal

Phenotype

Rats, Mutant Strains

Systole

Kidney

Hypertension, Renal

Hydrostatic Pressure

Renin

Rats, Inbred Dahl

Hemodynamics

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Time Factors

Blood Pressure Monitors

Body Weight

Sodium Chloride, Dietary

Vascular Resistance

Angiotensin II

Rats, Wistar

Diastole

Hypertension, Renovascular

Sympathetic Nervous System

Desoxycorticosterone

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular

Sodium Chloride

Pulse

Analysis of Variance

Norepinephrine

Hypotension

Organ Size

Aorta

Arterial Pressure

Sodium, Dietary

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Intraocular Pressure

Captopril

Diet, Sodium-Restricted

Intracranial Pressure

Renin-Angiotensin System

Tetrazoles

Telemetry

Baroreflex

Chromosomes, Mammalian

Circadian Rhythm

Reference Values

Cardiovascular System

Aging

Risk Factors

Genotype

Hydrochlorothiazide

Arteries

Transducers, Pressure

Hydralazine

Amlodipine

Aldosterone

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Pressoreceptors

Cardiovascular Diseases

Regional Blood Flow

Prospective Studies

Vasodilation

Vasoconstriction